被禁止的性行为与性暴力

成人与儿童的性接触: 乱伦

奥西里斯与伊希斯

古埃及冥神奥西里斯(Osiris)与他的妹妹生育女神伊希斯(Isis，此处显示的图片是与他们的儿子何露斯一起)结了婚。一些埃及法老仿效他们，使王室乱伦成了一项传统。这个传统的确切起源及意义仍就充满着争议，而且也不清楚这一传统持续了多久和该怎样地严格遵守。不过，我们的确确信著名的克娄巴特拉(Cleopatra)，这位托勒密十二世的女儿，先后成功地嫁给了她的弟弟托勒密十三世和十四世。

Osiris and Isis
Osiris, the ancient Egyptian god of the dead, was married to his sister Isis, the goddess of life (shown here with their son, Horus). Their example was followed by some pharaohs who made royal incest a tradition. The exact origin and meaning of this tradition are still being disputed, and it is also unclear how long and how strictly it was observed. However, we do know that the famous Cleopatra, a daughter of Ptolemy XII, was successively married to her younger brothers Ptolemy XIII and Ptolemy XIV.

自从远古以来，人类就已经遵守着“乱伦禁忌”，即在近亲属之间禁止性交。只有在古埃及和已经报道的古夏威夷、其它一些太平洋岛屿以及哥伦布发现美洲大陆以前的美国文化里才是例外。不过，即使在此处例举的例外也只适用于王室家庭和上层阶级的特定成员。

因为乱伦禁忌在任何正确的遗传知识之前就早已出现，它的起源并不完全清楚。所以，近亲性交可能的负面效应不可能就会成为驱使制定这项禁忌的动机。一些学者推测，乱伦禁忌的动机只是简单地用来在亲属之间防止性嫉妒（sexual jealousy），因为他们必须和睦地生活和居住在一起。不管怎样，这种禁忌的确防止了在直系家人内的婚配(同族结婚，endogamy)，而且强制人们与家人之外的人婚配(异族结婚，exogamy)。以这种方式相互联系，别的不相干的家族就成了亲戚，而且结成了新联盟。随着这种婚配方式的持续发展，一个扩张永无休止的联盟家族关系网就为他们自己奠定了集团的经济、文化和政治发展基础。从这个意义上看，乱伦禁忌是更广泛的人类任何利益共同体和所有复杂社会系统基础的初元起点。

宙斯与赫拉
宙斯，古希腊众神之王及其妻子赫拉也曾是兄妹。不过，对于希腊人来说，这并不是为人仿效的榜样。来源：FCIT

Zeus and Hera
Zeus, the supreme god of ancient Greece and his wife Hera were also brother and sister. However, for the Greeks, this was not an example to be followed. Source: FCIT

Prohibited Sexual Behavior and Sexual Violence

Adult Sexual Contact with Children: Incest

Since time immemorial, the human race has observed the “incest taboo”, i.e. the prohibition of sexual intercourse between close relatives. Exceptions have been found only in ancient Egypt and have been reported about ancient Hawai’i and some other Pacific and pre-Columbian American cultures. However, even here the exceptions applied only to royal families and certain members of the upper classes.
The origins of this taboo are not entirely clear, because it precedes any adequate genetic knowledge. Therefore, the possible negative effects of inbreeding cannot have been the driving motive. Some scholars have speculated that the motive was simply to prevent sexual jealousies among relatives who had to live and work together. In any case, the prohibition did prevent marriages within the immediate family (endogamy) and forced people to marry outside their families (exogamy). This way, otherwise unrelated households became related and formed new alliances. As this process continued, an ever-enlarging network of allied families laid the foundations for their collective economic, cultural, and political progress. In this sense, the incest taboo is the source of any wider human solidarity and the bedrock of all complex social systems.