被禁止的性行为与性暴力

成人与儿童的性接触: 儿童色情 1

描写参与性活动的儿童，无论是单独的性活动还是与他人的性活动，实际上在任何地方都被作为“儿童色情”所禁止。依据具体情节不同，儿童色情可能包括以“煽情姿势”甚或无任何明显性含义的儿童裸体照片。再一次重申，在本教程上下文所指的“儿童”的法定定义包括“小于18周岁的任何个人”。描写参与性活动的儿童常常借助个人电脑，要么以图画、绘画和照片的形式，要么作为电影、录像、DVD和网络视频被传播。生产和拥有这样的材料是一种严重犯罪。

当一说到“色情”的时候，通常就“儿童色情”的具体定义并不存在普遍一致的看法，因为具有不同文化背景的人具有不同的性态度。的确，甚至具有相同文化背景的这些人随着时间的推移也会改变观点。例如，在美国，教育专家曾推荐过一些含有儿童裸体照片的性教育书籍，而且在1970年代人们广泛地使用过这类书籍。如今，人们认为这些书籍含有色情内容，而且不再销售。与之相似的是，由刘易斯·卡洛尔100多年前拍摄的年轻女孩裸体照片，不仅被她们的父母，而且受到无数的照片痴迷者喜欢，他们对这些并无淫秽的感觉。最后，作为到意大利文艺复兴时期兴建的巴洛克风格教堂的游客能很容易地发现，其中一些教堂包括有各种姿势的儿童裸体油画、壁画和雕塑；如果在今天，这些作品会导致其艺术家当场被捕。

然而，在特定的庞大的“灰色地带”之外，存在许多人们一致认为的描述裸体或性行为的照片和电影：如果没有性剥削儿童的意图，这些照片和电影就不可能被制作出来。甚至其中一些儿童明白无误地是性暴力的受害者。

Prohibited Sexual Behavior and Sexual Violence

Adult Sexual Contact with Children: Child Pornography 1

The depiction of children engaged in sexual activity, either alone or with others, is prohibited practically everywhere as “child pornography”. Depending on the case, this can also include pictures of nude children in “provocative poses” or even without any obvious sexual connotations. The legal definition of “child” in this context may, once again, include “any person under the age of 18”. The depictions are often circulated with the help of personal computers, either in the form of drawings, paintings, and photos, or as films, videos, DVDs, and live webcams. Producing and possessing such material is a serious crime.
As with “pornography” in general, there is no universal agreement about the concrete definition of “child pornography”, because people with different cultural backgrounds have different attitudes. Indeed, even those with the same background may change their views over time. In the USA and Europe, for example, certain sex education books containing photographs of nude children were recommended by pedagogical experts and widely used in the 1970s. Today, they are considered pornographic and are no longer for sale. Similarly, the nude photographs of young girls taken by Lewis Carroll over 100 years ago were innocently enjoyed not only by their parents, but also by countless photo enthusiasts until quite recently when they became controversial. Finally, as visitors to Italian Renaissance and Baroque Churches can easily discover, some of them contain paintings, frescos, and statues of nude children in poses that today would lead to the immediate arrest of the artists.
Nevertheless, outside a certain large “grey area” there are many sexually explicit photos and films about which there is general agreement: They could not have been made without the sexual exploitation of children. Indeed, some of the children are clearly the victims of sexual violence.