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被禁止的性行为与性暴力
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成人与儿童的性接触:
人种学记载
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詹姆士·库克船长
(1728 -1779)，英国探险家，曾被邀请去观看一个在塔希提岛的传统娱乐表演——由专职人员所实施的公开的性交仪式，在这个案例中，成年男子和即将进入青春期的女孩进行性交。为了尊重该地的习俗，他既没有干涉也没有表示不赞成这种行为。详情请点击此处。
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Captain James Cook
(1728 -1779), the English explorer, was invited to watch a traditional entertainment in Tahiti – public sexual intercourse performed by professionals, in this case a man and a prepubescent girl. Respecting local customs, he neither interfered nor expressed his disapproval. See also
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当人种学家在无文字文化的社会里观察、描述和分析成人与儿童的性接触时，他们才得知西方的概念无论如何不适用了。西方人关于儿童、青少年、允诺发生性行为的年龄的现代定义、甚至“性接触”的定义在多样化的非欧洲的人群中不适用了。在许多这些无文字的社会，禁止性伴之间的任何性接触的年龄差异极大，而且有一些这样的社会在特定的情形之下允许甚或要求进行性接触。最明显和最普遍的例子莫过于女孩一旦发育到青春期就会结婚。所嫁的丈夫通常是成人，有时是较年长的少年。（事实上，这种习俗从前在西方国家里也存在过。）然而，一些没有文字的社会也鼓励很年轻的女孩与成年男子性交。例如，当库克船长（Captain
Cook）来到塔希提岛（Tahiti）的时候，他和他的船员都被邀请去观看一名男人与一名十一二岁的女孩进行公开的性交[2]。非洲有的部落的人们认为性成熟的女孩为了适当的发育需要受纳一名勇士的精液[3]。在一些部落里，人们鼓励或要求发育到青春期的年轻男孩与年长的女人发生性交[4]。最后需要例举的是，在许多社会，父母或保姆会刺激婴儿和儿童的性器官，而且当他们发育到青春期时还教他们自娱（手淫）[5]。（再强调一遍，这种习俗在中世纪的欧洲曾经也普遍。）
在本教程里，这些并不太多的举例已经足以归纳一个一般性的观点：我们西方现时的有关成人与儿童性接触的观念、态度和法律并不是到处都适用。（当然，）这并不意味着我们现代工业化社会现在应该采纳古希腊、帝国时期的中国、部落社会的非洲或沦为殖民地前的塔希提岛的风俗，不过这确实意味着我们应该知晓我们所生活的社会的历史文化背景。这会对我们的道德价值观产生决定性影响，除此之外，这种文化背景可能会发生变化，我们的道德价值观也会如此。
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Prohibited Sexual Behavior and Sexual Violence |
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Adult Sexual Contact with Children: Ethnological Note |
When ethnologists discovered, described and analyzed adult sexual contact with children in preliterate societies, they learned that their Western concepts did not always apply. Their modern definitions of childhood, adolescence and adulthood, age of consent and even of “sexual contact” did not fit the realities in various non-European peoples. Many of these prohibited any sexual contact between partners of widely divergent ages, but some permitted or even required it under certain circumstances. The most obvious and most common example was the marriage of girls as soon as they reached puberty. The husbands were usually adults, sometimes older male adolescents. (Actually, this practice was formerly also found in Western countries). However, some societies also encouraged very young girls to have sexual intercourse with an adult male. For example, when
Captain Cook came to Tahiti, he and his crew were invited watch the public sexual intercourse of a man with an 11- or 12-year old girl (1). An African tribe believed that sexually immature girls needed to receive the semen of a warrior for their proper physical development (2). In some tribes young boys reaching puberty were encouraged or required to have their first intercourse with older women (3). Finally, in many societies parents or nurses stimulated the sex organs of infants and young children or taught them to masturbate when they reached puberty (4). (Again, this practice was also common in medieval Europe.)
In the present course, these few examples have to suffice to make a simple point:
Our present Western ideas, attitudes and laws about adult sexual contact with children have not always been shared everywhere. This does not mean that our modern industrialized societies should now adopt the customs of ancient Greece, imperial China, tribal Africa, or pre-colonial Tahiti, but is does mean that we should be aware of the historical context in which we live. It determines our present moral values, but as this context may change, so may our values.
(1) James Cook, “Account of a Voyage Around the World” (1769)
(2)
Growing up among the Masai
(3)
Sex Training – Instruction of Boys
(4)
Sex Training - Genital Stimulation
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