被禁止的性行为与性暴力

卖淫: 法律方面 1

卖淫在大多数国家是违法的。它也许是一项单纯的轻度犯罪（例如在美国大多数州内），或也许是一种会被判处死刑的严重罪行（在一些穆斯林国家里）。但是，无论这些国家的法律做出怎样的规定，所有这些国家一样都有兴旺发达的“性交易（sex trade）”[1]。

考虑到这一基本事实，其它国家已经在寻求不同的解决之道。既然把卖淫犯罪化并不能消除卖淫，并且实际上可能会强化并不引人注意的那些特征，我们希望另一些管理方法可能证明更加有益于解决问题。例如：

• 祛罪化管理，即撤消各种反卖淫的刑事法律。

• 合法化管理，即让卖淫成为一种符合某些通用的法律规则的合法行为。

• 制度化管理，即以某种官方的方式通过管理来调控卖淫。

实际上，就卖淫来说，对上述术语并不存在普遍认可的精确含义。甚至，有时候这些术语可交替使用（祛罪化管理与合法化管理是等同的意思，继而，合法化管理常常与制度化管理也是等同的意思）。这可能使得讨论卖淫问题变得困难起来。在本教程里，我们使用上述定义的术语。

祛罪化管理是三个管理卖淫方法中最清晰明了的。这种管理方法简单地任凭卖淫放任自流。但是，这种管理方法未能顾及卖淫有时相当可观收入的课税问题。从这个意义上看，卖淫祛罪化管理对必需赋税的其它行业的人是不公正的和不公平的。

合法化管理可能会创造征税的机会，但是征税的力度常常并不够，而且税收比祛罪化管理方法多不到哪儿去。不过，当通用的法律规则制定得更有针对性的时候，卖淫的合法化管理也能够合并到制度化管理的方案里去。

由一些政府机构实行的卖淫制度化管理一定要制定细节，有时要制定得详尽和具有可操作性。例如，可以规定妓院要获得营业许可证，并接受常规检查。也可以规定妓女持证上岗、注册登记、购买失业和健康保险，进行常规卫生保健检查，使用安全套，等等。

在实践中，这三种管理方法各有千秋。没有哪一种方法都能完好地解决与卖淫相关的问题[2]。不过，这些问题存在的真相却不能否认。

[1]. 这是“性产业(sex industry)”的一个重要组成部分。——校者注。

[2]. 另参见：潘绥铭.析“性产业合法化”与“性产业社会管理化”.[J].华人性研究，2008：1(4)：31-36 ——译者注。

Prohibited Sexual Behavior and Sexual Violence

Prostitution: Legal Aspects 1

Prostitution is illegal in most countries. It may be a simple misdemeanor (for example in most of the USA), or it may be a serious crime carrying the the death penalty (in some Muslim countries). However, no matter what their laws may say, all of these countries also have a flourishing “sex trade”.
In view of this fact, other countries have looked for different approaches. Since criminalizing prostitution does not eliminate it and may actually reinforce its most unattractive features, one hopes that some other method may prove more helpful. For example:

• Decriminalization, i.e. repealing the criminal laws against prostitution.
• Legalization, i.e. making it a legal activity subject to certain general rules.
• Regulation, i.e. controlling prostitution by regulating it in some official manner.

Actually, with regard to prostitution, there is no general agreement on the exact meaning of these terms. Indeed, sometimes they are used interchangeably (decriminalization is equated with legalization which, in turn, is often equated with regulation). This can make the discussion difficult. In the present course, we use the terms as defined above.
Decriminalization is the least ambiguous of the three approaches. It simply leaves the prostitutes to their own devices. However, it fails to deal with the issue of taxing their sometimes considerable income. In this sense, it is unjust and unfair to people in other lines of work who must pay their taxes.
Legalization may create a chance for taxation, but very often it does not go that far and amounts to little more than decriminalization. However, it can also blend into regulation when general rules become more specific.
Regulation by some government agency is bound to go into detail, sometimes into great detail. It may, for example, require brothels to be licensed and regularly inspected. It may also require prostitutes to have working permits, to register, to pay unemployment and health insurance, to undergo regular health checks, to use condoms etc.
In practice, each of the three approaches has its own advantages and drawbacks. None offers a perfect solution to the problems connected with prostitution. The fact that problems exist cannot be denied.