被禁止的性行为与性暴力

卖淫: 女性卖淫

一直以来就存在不同类型和分类的妓女。例如，在古代中国，人们可以把妓女区别为官妓（palace prostitute）、军妓（military prostitute）、家妓（indoor prostitute）、商妓（market prostitute）。在一定的历史时期，按照官方的容忍程度划分，人们也可能把妓女区分为公娼（legal prostitute）和私娼（illegal prostitute）[1]。在古希腊，这是一个卖淫合法的地方，人们把妓女分成两个主要类型：普通妓女（porne）和高级妓女（hetaira）[2]。古罗马人通晓妓女的各种各样的分类，从在酒店或客栈陪宿服务的“陪宿女”（copae）、户外妓女（lupae）和夜行女（noctiliae）和富人的包养情妇（delicatae）[3]。此外，帝制时期的中国，以及古希腊和古罗马曾有过受衙门或君王管理的公娼馆（regulated brothel）。

在现代社会，我们同样找得到大量不同的卖淫形式，并且现今电子技术革命正产生着新兴的卖淫方式。不过，因为卖淫方式由多种社会文化因素所塑形，所以实际的的细节则国与国之间差异很大。这些差异包括多种多样的刑法与民法、法律的解释与执行、宗教传统、妇女的总体地位、贫困的程度、旅游的类型与范围、科技发展水平、等等等等。因而，本教程不可能对现时所有存在的卖淫形式进行完整而精确的讨论。作为变通，我们只会提到一些类型的例子。一些例子只存在于一些国家：街头卖淫（street prostitution）、妓院（brothel）、私宅卖淫（private apartment prostitution）与夜总会（nightclub），以及“应招女郎（call girl） ”与“陪同服务（‘escort’services ）”电话性活动（telephone sex）[4]和互联网卖淫（internet prostitution）。

[1].  中国民间旧时俗称为“窠子”。——译者注。

[2]. 专为高官显贵提供性服务的妓女。——译者注。

[3]. 类似中国古代的家妓和现时中国大陆的“二奶”。——译者注。

[4].  Telephone sex在民间被翻译成“电话做爱”，此处翻译为“电话性活动”则比较中立和专业化，因为“做爱”一般用于褒义，而且从精确性讲，定义模糊，因而是非专业用语。“电话性活动”则涵盖用电话涉及到性的一切交流形式。——译校者注。

Prohibited Sexual Behavior and Sexual Violence

Prostitution: Female Prostitution

There have always been different types or classes of prostitutes. In ancient China, for example, one could distinguish between palace prostitutes, military prostitutes, indoor prostitutes, and market prostitutes. Depending on the degree of official tolerance during certain historical periods, one could also distinguish between legal and illegal prostitutes. In ancient Greece, where prostitution was legal, one recognized two major types - the ordinary prostitute (porne) and the high-class courtesan (hetaira). The ancient Romans knew many different categories, ranging from the accommodating serving girls in taverns (copae), outdoor prostitutes (lupae) and nightwalkers (noctiliae) to the kept women of the rich (delicatae). In addition, imperial China as well as ancient Greece and Rome had regulated brothels.

In our modern world, we also find a great number of different forms of prostitution, and the present electronic revolution is creating new ones. However, the practical details vary a great deal from country to country, because they are shaped by many socio-cultural factors. These include the various criminal and civil laws and their interpretation and enforcement, religious traditions, the general status of women, the level of poverty, the type and extent of tourism, the degree of technological development, and many more. The present course, therefore, cannot provide a complete or even adequate description of all now existing forms of prostitution. Instead, we will mention only a few typical examples. Some of these exist only in some countries: Street prostitution, brothels, private apartment prostitution and nightclubs, “call girl” and “escort” services, “telephone sex”, and internet prostitution.