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被禁止的性行为与性暴力
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卖淫:
历史记载
2
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因为卖淫既具有生物方面也具有社会文化方面的研究价值，“性学之父”
爱文·布洛赫(Iwan
Bloch)认为卖淫对于他的新科学来说是最重要和最有益的研究课题。对卖淫的研究因此需要多学科的研究方法——一个在自然科学与社会科学之间的跨学科研究。的确，布洛赫本人就沿着这一条研究思路开始了一个雄心勃勃的研究计划，但是在他能够完成这个计划[《卖淫》（Die
Prostitution）第1卷，1912）]之前就英年早逝。
另一个从未完成的对卖淫的研究是更早由威廉·冯·洪堡（Wilhelmvon
Humboldt）所提出的，这是一个作为《人类依附史》（History
of Dependency in the Human Race，1826/27）的一部分所拟定的大纲。在洪堡的简短大纲里，他已经为理解卖淫找到了这个关键的概念——依附（dependency）。在保持经济上、社会交往上和心理上依附他人的先决条件下，卖淫业才会兴起与繁荣起来；而其他人因而会利用这些先决条件。这对许多被迫依附男人的妇女尤为如此，但是，对依赖于从其主顾取得收入的妓男[2]来说也是如此。
然而，这并不是全部的事实——真实的情况却更为复杂——洪堡的见识仍然对卖淫提供了最有希望的科学研究方法。例如，他的见识解释了为什么卖淫会随着不断增加的贫困而增加，解释了为什么性交易主要会涉及到贫穷妇女和儿童，还解释了为什么性观光事业指向的目标是贫穷国家。洪堡的见识同样解释了当妇女获得教育并由此能改善其经济与社会地位的时候，为什么妓女的数量却会增加。
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妓院代币[3]
一旦进入一家妓院，就要购买这样的代币，而后用来支付所提供的性服务。
(左)
帝制的中国妓院代币。 (右) 古罗马妓院代币。
(蒙中国古代性文化博物馆惠允，江苏省吴江市同里镇。)
Brothel tokens
Upon entering a brothel, such tokens
were purchased and then used to pay for
the services provided.
(Left)
Tokens from imperial China. (Right) Tokens from ancient Rome.
(Courtesy China Sex Museum, Tongli)
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Prohibited Sexual Behavior and Sexual Violence
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Prostitution: Historical Note 2
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The “father of sexology”
Iwan Bloch considered prostitution to be the most important and most rewarding subject for his new science because it had both biological and socio-cultural aspects. Its study therefore required an interdisciplinary approach – a co-operation between the natural and the social sciences. Indeed, Bloch himself began an ambitious research project along these lines, but died before he could complete it (“Die Prostitution” vol. I, 1912).
Another, never completed study of prostitution had been outlined much earlier by
Wilhelm von Humboldt as part of a planned “History of Dependency in the Human Race” (1826/27). In his brief outline, Humboldt had already found the key concept for understanding prostitution – dependency. Prostitution arises and flourishes under conditions that keep certain people economically, socially, and psychologically dependent on other people who can therefore take advantage of them. This is especially true of many women who are forced to depend on men, but it also applies to male prostitutes who depend on the income from their customers.
While this is not the whole truth - the reality is more complicated - Humboldt’s insight nevertheless still offers the most promising scientific approach to prostitution. It explains, for example, why prostitution increases with increasing poverty, why sexual trafficking involves mostly poor women and children, and why sex tourism targets poor countries. It also explains why the number of prostitutes decreases when women are given access to education and thus can improve their economic and social status.
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Brothel tokens
Upon entering a brothel, such tokens were purchased and then used to pay for the services provided.
(Left) Tokens from imperial China. (Right) Tokens from ancient Rome.
(Courtesy China Sex Museum,Tongli) |
