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被禁止的性行为与性暴力
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卖淫:
历史记载 1
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舞妓
中国陶塑(唐三彩，公元8-9世纪)(蒙中国古代性文化博物馆惠允，江苏省吴江市同里镇。)
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Dancing Prostitutes
Chinese porcelain figures,
8th.- 9th centy AD.
(Courtesy China Sex Museum, Tongli) |
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卖淫常常被称为“世界上最古老的职业”，甚至自从远古以来就已存在。在古代的近东，卖淫甚至以宗教的面貌出现，那时，为配合对生殖神的祭拜和祈求丰收，“祭祀妓女（sacred
prostitute）”就会去寺庙（卖淫）。然而，我们从《圣经》中获知，这种祭祀仪式的“寺庙卖淫”曾经受到犹太人的猛烈谴责。尽管如此，卖淫以亵渎的方式依然风行于整个古代社会。因而，当考古学家挖掘（古）罗马的城市庞培（于公元79年被火山所摧毁）的时候，他们发现数个妓院其中之一刻有碑铭“宿乐苑（Hic
habitat felicitas）”而并不感到吃惊。在中世纪的欧洲，按照圣·托马斯·阿奎奈（St.
Thomas Aquinas）的观点，卖淫得到官方批准；他的观点认为，废除卖淫将在社会造成混乱，而且“甚至一座宫殿也需要下水道”。在帝制的中国，在数个世纪里卖淫由官衙所管理，最终几乎成为永续的私营妓业。但是，1949年，随着中华人民共和国的建立，卖淫不合法了。实际上，中国历史上，一直就存在一而再、再而三取缔卖淫的尝试，但是，最终都归于失败。其它国家也是如此。例如，美国在第一次世界大战后关闭了合法的妓院，但是，只有产生了诸如从“休闲吧”与“按摩院”到“站街女”、“应召女郎”和“陪同服务”等新型卖淫形式之后，才得以成功。在欧洲，现今实行两种相反的策略：逮捕妓女的主顾（瑞典）或把卖淫变成含有健康保险和退休金保障的“正规工作”（荷兰）。后一种策略似乎在多数欧洲国家正在普遍实行。
因为可以容易在其它文献里查阅到卖淫史，本教程将只对那些仍与现时社会环境有关的方方面面的卖淫现象做简短概述。 |
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Prohibited Sexual Behavior and Sexual Violence
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Prostitution: Historical Note
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Prostitution has often been called “the world’s oldest profession”, and indeed it has existed since time immemorial in all ancient and modern
civilizations. In the ancient Near East, it even had a religious aspect when “sacred prostitutes” worked in the service of a fertility goddess and their earnings went to the temple. However, we know from the Bible that this ritualistic “temple prostitution” was vehemently condemned by the Israelites. Nevertheless, in its profane form, prostitution flourished throughout the ancient world. Thus, when archeologists excavated the Roman city of Pompeii (destroyed in 79 A.D.) they were not surprised to find several brothels, one of them with the inscription “Hic habitat felicitas” (Here dwells happiness). In medieval Christian Europe, prostitution was officially tolerated according to the view of St. Thomas Aquinas that abolishing it would create disorder in the community and that “even a palace needs sewers”. In imperial China, prostitution was, for centuries, regulated by the government, but eventually became an ever-expanding private enterprise. With the founding of the People’s Republic in 1949, however, prostitution became illegal. Actually, in the course of Chinese history, there had already been repeated attempts to eliminate prostitution, but they had all proved futile in the long run. This is also true of other countries. The USA, for example, closed its legal brothels after World War I, but succeeded only in creating new forms of prostitution, from “pick-up bars” and “massage parlors” to “streetwalkers”, “call girls” and “escort services”. In Europe, two opposite strategies are being pursued today: Arresting the customers of prostitutes (Sweden) or turning prostitution into a “regular job” with health insurance and pension plan (Netherlands). This latter approach seems to be gaining ground in most other European countries.
Since the history of prostitution can easily be researched elsewhere, this course will offer only a few brief notes about some of its aspects that are still relevant to the current situation. |
