被禁止的性行为与性暴力

性暴力: 强奸: 女性受害人

正如本教程前面的内容已经阐述的那样，实际上人类的性行为的种类并不存在任何限制。任何这样的行为都同样有可能被强制，不过，按照我们的定义，任何这样的强制都是强奸。不过，因为不同的法律传统的缘故，这种强制并不会在任何地方都该受到处罚。显而易见，我们现有的这个导论性质的教程不可能探究许多细节，但是，为了找准研究方向起见，在此对最重要的强奸类型作一个简要的例举也许是莫无裨益的。

强奸儿童
当成人与儿童发生性接触的时候，无论任何情况下，当然它就是按照定义所界定的强奸。这就是“法定强奸(statutory rape，由法律界定的强奸)”^[1]，因为儿童不能给予法律规定的有效允诺。如果父母或兄弟姐妹涉及其中，这也就是乱伦。

法定强奸^[1]
通常，法律也通过设定一个最小的“允诺年龄”来设法防止十几岁的青少年受到来自成人的有害的性求爱。“低于法定年龄”的十几岁的青少年不能给予法律意义上的允诺，因而，与他们的任何性接触也就是法定强奸。不过，不同的国家有着不同的“允诺年龄”。

熟人(约会)强奸
一些妇女被她们认识的人(熟人、男友和约会对象)强奸。这样的背信弃义始终让受害人感到震惊，但是，却总是不大容易提起诉讼，因为这名罪犯通常会要求她允诺发生性接触。一些此类的案例有着天壤之别——有些被告却脱卸了责任，其他的被告则被判有罪。

婚内强奸
在过去，婚内强奸不是一项犯罪，但是最近数十年来，法律已经改革，强奸罪也覆盖了这样的案例。对于受害人来说，这种形式的家庭暴力也可能是非常伤人的，因为她通常感到要获得帮助难上加难。

陌生人强奸
相比较其他的强奸案例，这种犯罪相对罕见。不过，对受害人来说，它通常非常具有伤害性，而且强奸犯常常尤其充满暴力和危险。

强奸妓女
在无防卫的环境里(大街、单独住在公寓、或应招前往他处)工作的妓女面临被侵略成性或心理严重不正常的主顾强奸和/或伤害的危险。在妓女的权利被承认的国家里，罪犯可能和会受到起诉。

群伙强奸
在有些案例，3个或更多的男人参与强奸单一的受害人。这种有3人或3人以上的“群伙强奸(gang rape)”常常尤其充满暴力和危险，因为这些男人会逐步显现一种从众心理，这种心理在犯罪期间常常会得到强化。因而，这些男人作为一个团伙，他们可能会走极端，这是他们作为个体(犯罪时)也许会避免的。这样的强奸惯常在通俗的话里被称为“群伙强奸”，然而，这种表达也已经逐渐被用来描述在多方意愿下达成的性偶遇，例如，在换偶者之间也会使用这个用语。

伴有折磨的强奸
强奸常常会连同折磨女性和男性囚犯/战俘一起实施。

注意：页顶的插图显示《路克瑞莎被奸记》(The Rape of Lucretia，中国大陆此前的文献一般翻译成《路克瑞莎受辱记》，本教程译者以为这个翻译不妥，因为“受”字，可能暗含着本人接受之意，“辱”字并不准确，与“奸”不可同日而语。)油画局部细节，这是一幅提香(约1490-1576)的油画作品。路克瑞莎为罗马早期历史的一个传说中的人物，她的故事曾经由古代的史学家泰特斯·李维斯(Titus Livius，公园前59年 -公元17年 ))首先讲述。她被强奸之后就自杀了，因此成为罗马妇女贞德的楷模。另参见由威廉·莎士比亚所作的叙事诗《路克瑞丝被奸记》(The Rape of Lucrece，1594，注释同上——译者注)，和由本杰明·布里顿(Benjamin Britten，1913-1976)所作的歌剧《路克瑞莎被奸记》(1946)。

[1].涉及到性学的英汉术语的翻译，截至目前，由于翻译成中文文献数量有限和性学在国内理论研究尚未成熟，所以，总体上看尚无翻译标准，例如：甚至《英汉法律词汇》也将词条“statutory rape”翻译成“强奸幼女”，而《英汉国际政治经济法律词汇》则译为“奸污少女构成的强奸罪”。诸如此类的辞典翻译错误，还在于性法学研究的不够深入的缘故。按照本教程的定义，则把该术语翻译成“法定强奸”则是准确的。另参见 本讲成人与儿童的性接触。——译者注。

Prohibited Sexual Behavior and Sexual Violence

Sexual Violence: Rape: Female Victims

As the previous sections of this course have demonstrated, there are virtually no limits to the variety of human sexual behavior. Any such behavior can also be coerced, however, and, according to our definition, any such coercion is rape. However, because of different legal traditions, not all of it may punishable everywhere. Obviously, the present introductory course cannot go into too many details, but for the purpose of a first orientation, it may be helpful to offer a brief list of the most important types of rape.

Rape of Children
When adults have sexual contact with children it is, of course, rape by definition, no matter what the circumstances. It is “statutory rape” (rape as defined by statute), because children cannot give legally valid consent. If parents or siblings are involved, it is also incest.

Statutory Rape
As a rule, the law also tries to protect teenagers from harmful advances by adults by setting a minimum “age of consent”. Teenagers who are “under age” cannot give lawful consent, and any sexual contact with them is also statutory rape. However, different countries have different “ages of consent”.

Acquaintance (Date) Rape
Some women are raped by people they know (acquaintances, boyfriends, dates). Such a breach of trust is always shocking for the victim, but it is not always easy to prosecute, because the offender usually claims that she consented. Some spectacular cases of this sort have gone either way - some of the accused were acquitted, others convicted.

Spousal rape
In the past, spousal or marital rape was not a crime, but in recent decades the laws have been reformed to cover such cases as well. For the victim, this form of domestic violence can also be very traumatic, because she usually finds it very difficult to find help.

Rape by a stranger
Compared to the other cases of rape, this crime is relatively rare. However, for the victim it usually is very traumatic, and the rapist is often especially violent and dangerous.

Rape of a prostitute
A prostitute who works in an unprotected environment (in the street, alone in an apartment, or on call) runs the risk of being raped and/or injured by aggressive or seriously disturbed customers. In countries where her rights are recognized, the offender can and will be prosecuted.

Gang rape
In some cases, three or more men participate in raping a single victim. This “gang rape” by three or more is often especially violent and degrading, because the men develop a group mentality which often reinforces itself during the commission of the crime. Thus, as a group, the men may go to extremes that they would avoid as individuals. Such a rape used to be called “gang bang” in colloquial language, but, in the meantime, the expression has increasingly also been used for consensual encounters, for example among “swingers”.

Rape as torture
Rape has also often been used in connection with the torture of female and male prisoners.