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被禁止的性行为与性暴力
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性暴力:
强奸:
定义
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“强奸（rape）”这个英语单词起源于拉丁动词“rapere”，意思是用暴力抓住。正像我们已经明白的一样，这个单词原初是指绑架和性攻击，因为绑架和性攻击一度是同一项犯罪的两个方面。甚至至今，这个单词仍保留了一些非性方面的内涵[例如，有这样的表达：“掠夺一个国家（rape
of
a
country）”和1712年亚历山大·蒲柏的滑稽诗《夺发记》（The
Rape
of
the
Lock）]”[1]。在本教程里，我们使用如下的定义：
这个定义适合于解释所有的性暴力案例，但是并没有获得所有国家法律的认可。许多立法机构把强奸定义得更为狭义：“未经允诺的阴道性交”，而且这个定义显然并没有包括口交和肛交。另有一些立法机构把口交和肛交也包括进强奸的定义，但是只有存在被“阴茎插入”时才算强奸。另有一些立法机构的定义更为广泛，把像扫柄、瓶子和振动器等这样的物体的插入也包括进强奸的定义里。还有另外的法律包括强制手交（forcible
masturbation）和性器官并置（apposition
of
sex
organs）。有一些法律的定义只包括对女性的强奸，而在单独的法律条款里列举对男人的强奸。最后要说明的是，就“允诺”的有效性，并不存在普遍一致的解释。毕竟，尽管给定了允诺的定义，但是，因为允诺的个人是“未成年的”、或罹患精神病的、或以某种方式受到威胁或被强迫的、或在酒精或其它某种药品作用下，这种允诺就可以是无效的。这些情形下发生的案例，不同的国家会对其进行不同的处理，通常也会被起诉。
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Prohibited Sexual Behavior and Sexual Violence
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Sexual Violence: Rape: Definition
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The English word “rape” is derived from the Latin verb “rapere”: to seize by force. As we have seen, originally it referred to both abduction and sexual assault, because they were once two facets of the same crime. Even today, the word has retained some non-sexual connotations (e.g. the expression “rape of a country” and Alexander Pope’s poem of 1712 “The Rape of the Lock”). In the present context, we use the following definition:
This definition fits all cases of sexual violence, but it is not universally shared. Many legislatures define rape much more narrowly as “vaginal intercourse without consent” and this clearly does not include oral and anal intercourse. Some other legislatures include them, but only if there is “penetration” by a penis. Others go further and include the penetration by an object like a broomstick, a bottle, a vibrator etc. Still others include forcible masturbation and the mere apposition of sex organs. Some legal definitions cover only the rape of females and list the rape of males under separate statutes. Finally, there is no universal agreement about the validity of “consent”. After all, the consent, although given, may be invalid because the consenting person is “under age” or mentally impaired, or is being threatened or coerced in some way, or is under the influence of alcohol or some other drug. These cases are usually also prosecuted, by they are handled differently in different countries.
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