被禁止的性行為與性暴力

成人與兒童的性接觸: 亂倫

奧西裏斯與伊希斯

古埃及冥神奧西裏斯（Osiris）與他的妹妹生育女神伊希斯（Isis，此處顯示的圖片是與他們的兒子何露斯一起）結了婚。一些埃及法老仿效他們，使王室亂倫成了一項傳統。這個傳統的確切起源及意義仍就充滿著爭議，而且也不清楚這一傳統持續了多久和該怎樣地嚴格遵守。不過，我們的確確信著名的克婁巴特拉（Cleopatra），這位托勒密十二世的女兒，先後成功地嫁給了她的弟弟托勒密十三世和十四世。

Osiris and Isis
Osiris, the ancient Egyptian god of the dead, was married to his sister Isis, the goddess of life (shown here with their son, Horus). Their example was followed by some pharaohs who made royal incest a tradition. The exact origin and meaning of this tradition are still being disputed, and it is also unclear how long and how strictly it was observed. However, we do know that the famous Cleopatra, a daughter of Ptolemy XII, was successively married to her younger brothers Ptolemy XIII and Ptolemy XIV.

自從遠古以來，人類就已經遵守著“亂倫禁忌”，即在近親屬之間禁止性交。只有在古埃及和已經報導的古夏威夷、其它一些太平洋島嶼以及哥倫布發現美洲大陸以前的美國文化裏才是例外。不過，即使在此處例舉的例外也只適用於王室家庭和上層階級的特定成員。

因為亂倫禁忌在任何正確的遺傳知識之前就早已出現，它的起源並不完全清楚。所以，近親性交可能的負面效應不可能就會成為驅使制定這項禁忌的動機。一些學者推測，亂倫禁忌的動機只是簡單地用來在親屬之間防止性嫉妒（sexual jealousy），因為他們必須和睦地生活和居住在一起。不管怎樣，這種禁忌的確防止了在直系家人內的婚配（同族結婚，endogamy），而且強制人們與家人之外的人婚配（異族結婚，exogamy）。以這種方式相互聯繫，別的不相干的家族就成了親戚，而且結成了新聯盟。隨著這種婚配方式的持續發展，一個擴張永無休止的聯盟家族關係網就為他們自己奠定了集團的經濟、文化和政治發展基礎。從這個意義上看，亂倫禁忌是更廣泛的人類任何利益共同體和所有複雜社會系統基礎的初元起點。

宙斯（Zeus）與赫拉（Hera）

古希臘眾神之王及其妻子赫拉（Hera）也曾是兄妹。不過，對於希臘人來說，這並不是為人仿效的榜樣。來源：FCIT

Zeus and Hera
Zeus, the supreme god of ancient Greece and his wife Hera were also brother and sister. However, for the Greeks, this was not an example to be followed. Source: FCIT

Prohibited Sexual Behavior and Sexual Violence

Adult Sexual Contact with Children: Incest

Since time immemorial, the human race has observed the “incest taboo”, i.e. the prohibition of sexual intercourse between close relatives. Exceptions have been found only in ancient Egypt and have been reported about ancient Hawai’i and some other Pacific and pre-Columbian American cultures. However, even here the exceptions applied only to royal families and certain members of the upper classes.
The origins of this taboo are not entirely clear, because it precedes any adequate genetic knowledge. Therefore, the possible negative effects of inbreeding cannot have been the driving motive. Some scholars have speculated that the motive was simply to prevent sexual jealousies among relatives who had to live and work together. In any case, the prohibition did prevent marriages within the immediate family (endogamy) and forced people to marry outside their families (exogamy). This way, otherwise unrelated households became related and formed new alliances. As this process continued, an ever-enlarging network of allied families laid the foundations for their collective economic, cultural, and political progress. In this sense, the incest taboo is the source of any wider human solidarity and the bedrock of all complex social systems.