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性行為的發展 |
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為了瞭解人類的性行為的複雜性和從嬰幼兒期到老年期的發展規律,研究者已經使用過多種多樣的研究模型或範型(paradigm,希臘語paradeigma:模式、樣式)。例如,他們把性行為比喻為一個輪回或解釋為起伏的波浪。還有人把它看作演變與整合的模式,或者把它看作包括多種動機的單一表達模型。最近,有人把性行為的發展解釋成腳本實現模型或由社會所提供並由個人內化的腳本的整合實現模式。
作為有利於揭示真相、需要仔細揣度的工具,這樣的研究模型當然是有用的,不過這些模型的解釋本身並不是事實真相。研究模型是為了做出比較的目的而建立和所使用的工具,它可以幫助我們解釋其它的未知事物。然而,出於同樣的原因,當研究模型不再用於這個目的的時候,就會被廢棄。它們一旦被揭示出不再合適了,就會由其他人所提供的另外更“適合”和理解得更為透徹的模型所替代。在科學界,這種現象稱為研究範型轉換(paradigm
shift)。這樣的範型轉換始終是和仍將是科學進步的特徵[1]。
在本章�堙A我們提出對人類的性行為發展的解釋,誠然,我們充分意識到這些解釋也許並不是確定無疑的[2]。事實上,將來這些解釋可能會被後續更新和完全不同的模型解釋所修訂、被更正和所替代。我們在此所能做的全部事情就是概要地介紹現今所存在的性學的一致解釋結果。
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Development of Sexual Behavior |
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In order to understand the complexity of human sexual behavior and its development from infancy to old age, researchers have used a variety of models or paradigms (gr. paradeigma: pattern). For example, they have compared its course to a cycle or interpreted it as a rising and falling curve. Some have also seen it as the unfolding and merging of several partial drives or as the manifestation of a single, comprehensive drive. More recently, one has explained it as the acting out of a script or of a combination of scripts that are being provided by society and internalized by the individual. Such models are useful as intellectual tools that help us to understand reality; but they are not reality itself. Models are created and used for the purpose of making comparisons that might help to explain what is otherwise incomprehensible. By the same token, however, the models are abandoned when they no longer serve this purpose. Once they are revealed as inadequate, they are replaced with other models that offer a better “fit” and thus a deeper level of understanding. In science, this is known as a paradigm shift. Such shifts always have been, and still are, characteristic of scientific progress.1
In this course, we provide a description of human sexual development in the full awareness that it may not be definite. In fact, in the future, it is likely to be amended, corrected or replaced by other descriptions following new and very different models.
All we can do here is to summarize the sexological consensus as it exists today.
(1) For a detailed discussion, see the book by Thomas S. Kuhn (1922 - 1996), The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 1962
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