被禁止的性行為與性暴力

成人與兒童的性接觸: 兒童色情 1

描寫參與性活動的兒童，無論是單獨的性活動還是與他人的性活動，實際上在任何地方都被作為“兒童色情”所禁止。依據具體情節不同，兒童色情可能包括以“煽情姿勢”甚或無任何明顯性含義的兒童裸體照片。再一次重申，在本教程上下文所指的“兒童”的法定定義包括“小於18周歲的任何個人”。描寫參與性活動的兒童常常借助個人電腦，要麼以圖畫、繪畫和照片的形式，要麼作為電影、錄影、DVD和網路視頻被傳播。生產和擁有這樣的材料是一種嚴重犯罪。

當一說到“色情”的時候，通常就“兒童色情”的具體定義並不存在普遍一致的看法，因為具有不同文化背景的人具有不同的性態度。的確，甚至具有相同文化背景的這些人隨著時間的推移也會改變觀點。例如，在美國，教育專家曾推薦過一些含有兒童裸體照片的性教育書籍，而且在1970年代人們廣泛地使用過這類書籍。如今，人們認為這些書籍含有色情內容，而且不再銷售。與之相似的是，由路易斯·卡洛爾100多年前拍攝的年輕女孩裸體照片，不僅被她們的父母，而且受到無數的照片癡迷者喜歡，他們對這些並無淫穢的感覺。最後，作為到義大利文藝復興時期興建的巴羅克風格教堂的遊客能很容易地發現，其中一些教堂包括有各種姿勢的兒童裸體油畫、壁畫和雕塑；如果在今天，這些作品會導致其藝術家當場被捕。

然而，在特定的龐大的“灰色地帶”之外，存在許多人們一致認為的描述裸體或性行為的照片和電影：如果沒有性剝削兒童的意圖，這些照片和電影就不可能被製作出來。甚至其中一些兒童明白無誤地是性暴力的受害者。

Prohibited Sexual Behavior and Sexual Violence

Adult Sexual Contact with Children: Child Pornography 1

The depiction of children engaged in sexual activity, either alone or with others, is prohibited practically everywhere as “child pornography”. Depending on the case, this can also include pictures of nude children in “provocative poses” or even without any obvious sexual connotations. The legal definition of “child” in this context may, once again, include “any person under the age of 18”. The depictions are often circulated with the help of personal computers, either in the form of drawings, paintings, and photos, or as films, videos, DVDs, and live webcams. Producing and possessing such material is a serious crime.
As with “pornography” in general, there is no universal agreement about the concrete definition of “child pornography”, because people with different cultural backgrounds have different attitudes. Indeed, even those with the same background may change their views over time. In the USA and Europe, for example, certain sex education books containing photographs of nude children were recommended by pedagogical experts and widely used in the 1970s. Today, they are considered pornographic and are no longer for sale. Similarly, the nude photographs of young girls taken by Lewis Carroll over 100 years ago were innocently enjoyed not only by their parents, but also by countless photo enthusiasts until quite recently when they became controversial. Finally, as visitors to Italian Renaissance and Baroque Churches can easily discover, some of them contain paintings, frescos, and statues of nude children in poses that today would lead to the immediate arrest of the artists.
Nevertheless, outside a certain large “grey area” there are many sexually explicit photos and films about which there is general agreement: They could not have been made without the sexual exploitation of children. Indeed, some of the children are clearly the victims of sexual violence.