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被禁止的性行為與性暴力
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成人與兒童的性接觸: 有關的人種學記載
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詹姆士·庫克船長
（1728
-1779），英國探險家，曾被邀請去觀看一個在塔希提島的傳統娛樂表演——由專職人員所實施的公開的性交儀式，在這個案例中，成年男子和即將進入青春期的女孩進行性交。為了尊重該地的習俗，他既沒有干涉也沒有表示不贊成這種行為。詳情請點擊此處。 |
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Captain James Cook
(1728 -1779), the English explorer, was invited to watch a traditional entertainment in Tahiti – public sexual intercourse performed by professionals, in this case a man and a prepubescent girl. Respecting local customs, he neither interfered nor expressed his disapproval. See also
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當人種學家在無文字文化的社會裏觀察、描述和分析成人與兒童的性接觸時，他們才得知西方的概念無論如何不適用了。西方人關於兒童、青少年、允諾發生性行為的年齡的現代定義、甚至“性接觸”的定義在多樣化的非歐洲的人群中不適用了。在許多這些無文字的社會，禁止性伴之間的任何性接觸的年齡差異極大，而且有一些這樣的社會在特定的情形之下允許甚或要求進行性接觸。最明顯和最普遍的例子莫過於女孩一旦發育到青春期就會結婚。所嫁的丈夫通常是成人，有時是較年長的少年。（事實上，這種習俗從前在西方國家裏也存在過。）然而，一些沒有文字的社會也鼓勵很年輕的女孩與成年男子性交。例如，當庫克船長（Captain
Cook）來到塔希提島（Tahiti）的時候，他和他的船員都被邀請去觀看一名男人與一名十一二歲的女孩進行公開的性交[2]。非洲有的部落的人們認為性成熟的女孩為了適當的發育需要受納一名勇士的精液[3]。在一些部落裏，人們鼓勵或要求發育到青春期的年輕男孩與年長的女人發生性交[4]。最後需要例舉的是，在許多社會，父母或保姆會刺激嬰兒和兒童的性器官，而且當他們發育到青春期時還教他們自娛（手淫）[5]。（再強調一遍，這種習俗在中世紀的歐洲曾經也普遍。）
在本教程裏，這些並不太多的舉例已經足以歸納一個一般性的觀點：我們西方現時的有關成人與兒童性接觸的觀念、態度和法律並不是到處都適用。（當然，）這並不意味著我們現代工業化社會現在應該採納古希臘、帝國時期的中國、部落社會的非洲或淪為殖民地前的塔希提島的風俗，不過這確實意味著我們應該知曉我們所生活的社會的歷史文化背景。這會對我們的道德價值觀產生決定性影響，除此之外，這種文化背景可能會發生變化，我們的道德價值觀也會如此
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Prohibited Sexual Behavior and Sexual Violence |
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Adult Sexual Contact with Children: Ethnological Note |
When ethnologists discovered, described and analyzed adult sexual contact with children in preliterate societies, they learned that their Western concepts did not always apply. Their modern definitions of childhood, adolescence and adulthood, age of consent and even of “sexual contact” did not fit the realities in various non-European peoples. Many of these prohibited any sexual contact between partners of widely divergent ages, but some permitted or even required it under certain circumstances. The most obvious and most common example was the marriage of girls as soon as they reached puberty. The husbands were usually adults, sometimes older male adolescents. (Actually, this practice was formerly also found in Western countries). However, some societies also encouraged very young girls to have sexual intercourse with an adult male. For example, when
Captain Cook came to Tahiti, he and his crew were invited watch the public sexual intercourse of a man with an 11- or 12-year old girl (1). An African tribe believed that sexually immature girls needed to receive the semen of a warrior for their proper physical development (2). In some tribes young boys reaching puberty were encouraged or required to have their first intercourse with older women (3). Finally, in many societies parents or nurses stimulated the sex organs of infants and young children or taught them to masturbate when they reached puberty (4). (Again, this practice was also common in medieval Europe.)
In the present course, these few examples have to suffice to make a simple point:
Our present Western ideas, attitudes and laws about adult sexual contact with children have not always been shared everywhere. This does not mean that our modern industrialized societies should now adopt the customs of ancient Greece, imperial China, tribal Africa, or pre-colonial Tahiti, but is does mean that we should be aware of the historical context in which we live. It determines our present moral values, but as this context may change, so may our values.
(1) James Cook, “Account of a Voyage Around the World” (1769)
(2)
Growing up among the Masai
(3)
Sex Training – Instruction of Boys
(4)
Sex Training - Genital Stimulation
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