性行為的發展

性行為的發展概述: 性腳本之說

文化腳本的文化影響

心理內化腳本（intrapsychic script）和人際交往腳本（interpersonal script）必須要放置于大的文化腳本（cultural script）的背景之下來理解；文化腳本提供什麼是“性的”和什麼不是“性的”可廣泛接受的定義。在這個基礎上，文化腳本還要解釋“性的”行為的意義，也就是說，既要解釋“性的”行為的含義，也要解釋“性的”行為的重要性。最為重要的是，文化腳本決定是否-和多大程度上-性別角色行為、性欲行為和生殖行為應該是相互聯繫的。在一些文化體系中，這種聯繫相當鬆散；而在另一些文化體系則非常緊密。例如，一些文化體系堅持性別角色應該清晰地定義每一個相互對應的性別角色[1]，還堅持認為性欲行為應該把性行為限定在女性與男性之間，並且這種性行為應該始終用於生殖的目的。其它的文化體系就寬鬆了許多，認為性欲行為與生殖行為是兩個相互分離的問題，因此也就認可同性間的性關係。

性文化脚本的形成

當然，所有這些都意味著性的學科，即性學（sexology），既從形式上也從內容上同樣由承擔它的文化體系所塑造。的確，“性（sex）”本身就是一個文化的建構事物（或概念）。它並不是一個實際存在物，而是一個“抽象”的定義，是一個反映特定文化關係的理性概念。它是具有特定心緒思索的科學家頭腦的反映物，並且是僅僅基於特定觀點而進入科學家頭腦的產物。因此，研究“性（sex）”就意味著首先要研究特定社會、特定時代的性意識形態（sexual ideology）。

[1]. 即兩性的性別角色行為清晰可辨、各具特徵。——譯者注。

Introduction: A Script?

The Cultural Aspect of Sexual Scripts

The intrapsychic and interpersonal scripts must be seen in the context of a larger cultural script which provides a generally accepted definition of what is “sexual” and what is not. On this basis, it then also explains the significance of “sexual” behavior, i.e. both its meaning and its importance. Most importantly, the cultural script determines if - and how closely - gender role behavior, erotic behavior, and reproductive behavior should be linked. In some cultures, the linkage is rather loose; in others it is very tight. For example, certain cultures insist that the gender roles should be clearly defined in contrast to each other, that erotic behavior should be restricted to intercourse between females and males, and that this intercourse should always serve the purpose of reproduction. Other cultures are less strict. They consider erotic and reproductive behaviors to be separate issues and therefore also allow same-sex relationships.

All of this means, of course, that the study of sex, i.e. sexology, is also, in both form and content, shaped by the culture in which it is undertaken. Indeed, “sex” is itself a cultural construct. It is not something real and definite “out there”, but an intellectual concept reflecting particular cultural concerns. It is a projection of scientists with a certain frame of mind, and it comes into sight only from a special point of view. Studying “sex” therefore means, above all, studying the sexual ideology in a particular society at a particular time.