性行為的基本類型

格雷厄姆與凱洛格的“手淫”觀

在19世紀的美國，兩位把手淫作為罪惡反對得最為激烈的鬥士都是“健康生活”的激進提倡者。他們通過把舊時對於手淫的精神病恐懼心理與新出現的膳食養生結合起來，開闢了反對手淫的新疆域和極大地影響了美國中產階級的文化。西爾威斯特·格雷厄姆（Sylvester Graham）是一位長老會會長，也許今天仍被人作為“金麥粉餅乾（Graham crackers）”的發明者而被人記起，他甚至也支持會降低性衝動（sexual urge）的素食膳食。不過，他首次出名是因為反對“自讀（self-abuse）”的演講和寫作。他通過把幾乎每一種可能的健康問題歸咎到這種“討厭的習慣（loathsome habit）”，成功地恐嚇住了大批的聽眾和讀者。第二位影響甚至更為深遠的反手淫十字軍鬥士、一位狂熱的素食主義者約翰  H.凱洛格。他作為一名內科醫生在密西根州的貝特·克裏克鎮（Battle Creek）曾經經營著一個療養院，用灌腸療法和多種穀物膳食（其中之一有他開發的烤玉米薄餅）為病人治病。他同樣不把性活動看作是健康的行為，自己一直沒有結婚，並且認為手淫尤其有害，稱它為“死亡的無形殺手”。他不允許習慣性手淫者去他的療養院療養，因為他認為這些手淫者無可救藥。反過來，他認為任何對他的治療無效的疾病可歸咎於私下的手淫行為。

1. Sexual Self-stimulation: History

Graham and Kellogg

In 19th-century America, the two greatest fighters against the evils of masturbation were radical proponents of “healthy living”. By conflating old psychiatric fears with a new concern about diet, they conquered new territory and greatly influenced middle-class culture in the US. Sylvester Graham, a Presbyterian minister, may still be remembered today as the inventor of “Graham crackers”, and, indeed, he also championed a vegetarian diet that would dampen the sexual urges. However, he first became known as a popular lecturer and writer against “self-abuse”. He succeeded in scaring his large audiences and many readers by tracing practically every possible health problem to this “loathsome habit”. The next, even more influential anti-masturbation crusader was a physician: Dr. John H. Kellogg. The fanatical vegetarian ran a sanitarium in Battle Creek, Michigan, where he treated his patients with enemas and a diet of various grain products (among other things, he developed toasted corn flakes). He also disapproved of all sexual activity as unhealthy. His own marriage remained unconsummated, and he considered masturbation especially harmful, calling it “the silent killer of the night”. Confirmed masturbators were not admitted to his clinic, because he considered them beyond help. Conversely, any illness that proved resistant to treatment was traceable to secret masturbation.