变异的性行为

旧金山美国城的性少数就是一个极好的研究案例，组成性少数的艰难起步、成长及其成功的经历，都值得去研究。

自从19世纪中叶“淘金热”的日子开始，这座矗立于太平洋海岸的著名城市就是由各色人种和各种宗教背景的人们的避难所。她作为各种少数族群的城市，也有社会宽容的美誉。但是，这种宽容却从未惠及中国移民，他们遭受到了所有形式的歧视，而且至少在第二次世界大战之后，旧金山同样排斥男同性恋者。事实上，直到1960年代后期，“同志”酒吧依然遭到过警察的搜捕，而其资助人遭到逮捕。男性同性性接触毕竟在加利福尼亚曾经是一项严重的犯罪。

然而，少数人不知疲倦的奔走呼号，不仅在旧金山而且在美国其它城市为“同志”民事权利运动建立起了活动基地。1969年6月，当一名警察搜捕位于纽约的克里斯托弗大街的店名叫“石墙”(Stonewall)的同志酒吧时[1]，遇到了抵抗并导致了暴力抗议。旧金山的“同志与拉拉社团”迅速做出了自己的适当反应。

这座城市的人种少数族群长期以来已经习惯于一年一度游行，以显示他们的存在和选票的力量。这种每年一度的游行始于2月的中国农历新年，结束于10月的意大利人哥伦布发现美洲纪念日。事实上，除了6月以外，几乎每一个月都有这样的游行。这就为“同志”大游行提供了受欢迎的机会，只是简单地利用已经存在的运动模式来达到相同的目标：承认作为社会性少数的地位。的确，这种策略不可辩驳地证明是很成功的。一旦市长和其他政治家看到潜在投票人的巨大数量，像他们总是参加其它政治活动一样加入这种游行队伍就成为必然。不久，选举出了该市市议会的第一个“同志”议员，加利福利亚反男性同性性接触的法律被废止，同性恋作为疾病的诊断标准从美国精神病诊断手册中被剔除。因而，旧金山的“同志与拉拉”已经迈入“正常化”和最终得到全社会承认的直通车。(性少数游行在其它的许多美国城市也是普遍的，而且后续的“同志”大游行也利用了这种现有的组织模式。不过，旧金山为我们提供了最有指导意义的范例。)

Sexual Minorities: Introduction 4 - Minorities in San Francisco

A good example of a sexual minority, its difficult beginnings, its growth, and its successes, can be studied in the American city of San Francisco.
This famous city on the Pacific coast had, since the days of the “Gold Rush” in the mid-19th century, harbored people from every ethnic and religious background. As a city of minorities, it also had a reputation of social tolerance. However, this tolerance had never extended to its Chinese immigrants, who suffered all kinds of discrimination, and, at least after WW II, it had also excluded homosexual men. In fact, well into the 1960’s “gay” bars were raided by the police and the patrons arrested. After all, male homosexual contact was a serious crime in California.
Nevertheless, the tireless work of a few courageous individuals, not only in San Francisco, but also in other American cities, had already laid the the groundwork for a “gay” civil rights movement. When, in June 1969, a police raid on a “gay” bar on New York’s Christopher Street met resistance and caused violent protests, San Francisco's “gay and lesbian community” was ready with an appropriate response of its own.
The city’s ethnic minorities had long been accustomed to demonstrating their presence and voting power in annual parades, beginning with the Chinese New Year in February and ending with the Italian Columbus Day in October. In fact, almost every month had such a parade, except June. This offered a welcome opportunity for a large “gay” parade that would simply use the already existing pattern to achieve the same ends: Recognition as a social minority. Indeed, the stratagem proved successful beyond all expectations. Once the mayor and other politicians saw the enormous numbers of potential voters, they joined the parade as they always had joined the others. Soon, the first “gay” member of the city council was elected, the California law against male homosexual contact was repealed, and the diagnosis of homosexuality as an illness was removed from the diagnostic handbook of American psychiatrists. Thus, San Francisco's “gays and lesbians” were set on the path to “normalization” and eventual full social acceptance. (Minority parades were also common in many other American cities, and their subsequent “gay” parades also took advantage of this existing pattern. However, San Francisco offers the most instructive example.)