|
时至今日，妇女始终被指望为避孕负主要的责任。因此，年复一年过去了，我们研制出了数量庞大的各种各样针对女性的避孕方法。除了男女都可运用的禁绝性交避孕法以外，唯独针对妇女研制的避孕方法有机械的方法（女用避孕套、阴道隔膜、宫颈帽和宫内避孕器）、化学的方法（避孕药、避孕贴片、阴道环、皮肤埋置杆、避孕针剂和性交后避孕药）、杀精子方法（杀精子凝胶、杀精子乳膏、杀精子泡沫剂、杀精子泡沫片和栓剂）和排卵期避免性交（安全期避孕）。
使用哪一种避孕方法依多种因素而定。首先，并不是每一种方法对每一个女子都适用。她的个人习惯和偏好起着重要的作用，她的个人健康状态也有着决定性影响；第二，也不是所有的避孕方法到处都得到了可靠的运用。在某些国家，一些避孕方法比其它的方法更积极地被推广。例如，使用宫内避孕器在中国比在美国普遍得多。宫颈帽、皮下埋置杆和避孕针剂的使用也存在着国与国之间的极大差别；最后，须谨记的是，各个国家市场上正在销售的避孕药具商品名各不相同，而且它们的剂量和外观也是各异。所以，下述的内容只是大体的描述，并未涉及避孕药具的商品名、外形差异和各种实用特性。
|
|
Contraception
|
|
Methods
of Contraception:Contraceptive
Methods for Women
|
|
To this day, women have always been expected to take the main responsibility for contraception. Thus, over the years, a great variety of methods had been developed. In addition to
total abstinence, there have been
mechanical methods (female condom, diaphragm and cervical cap, intrauterine devices),
hormonal methods (the “pill”, the patch, the ring, implants, injections, post-coital pills),
spermicidal methods (jellies, creams, foams, foaming tablets, suppositories),
abstinence during fertile days (rhythm method).
Which of these methods is used by which women depends on a great number of factors. First of all, not every method is suitable for every woman. Her personal habits and preferences play an important role, and so does her individual health status. Second, not all methods are available everywhere. In some countries, certain methods are promoted much more vigorously than others. As a result, for example, intrauterine devices are much more popular in China than in the USA. There are also great differences from country to country in the use of cervical caps, implants, and injections. Finally, it has to be kept in mind that the methods are being marketed under different brand names in different countries and also show some variation in their dosage and appearance. The following sections therefore offer only general descriptions and do not go into details about the brand names, different shapes, and availability of the various methods.
|
