被禁止的性行為與性暴力

性暴力: 性騷擾: 性騷擾的形式 3

一項美國的中學性騷擾報告調查了8-11年級（14-17歲）在校學生。調查發現4/5的男女學生在學校經歷過某種形式的性騷擾。甚至，據該報告報導“在學校的言辭和舉止的性騷擾常常就發生在教師的眼皮底下，在小學就可能發生，而且讓男孩和女孩都感到非常苦惱”。總而言之，“性騷擾成了在校男女生日常生活的一部分”[1]。第二個大學校園性騷擾的報告調查了大學生（18-24歲）。調查發現“接近2/3的大學生報告說他們在大學已經遭遇到某種形式的性騷擾”。並且“接近1/3的大學生報告說他們經歷過以性含義的方式被觸摸、突然被抓住和被掐捏等諸如此類的身體接觸形式的性騷擾”。最後，第二個報告陳訴道“女同性戀、男同性戀、雙性戀和性別轉換（LGBT）的大學生與異性戀大學生受到的性騷擾相差不大”[2]。

現在尚不確定從這些調查結果是否就能夠做出一個大體的結論。例如，在芬蘭的一項全國性的性調查中，受調查者被問到他們是否在18歲以前就已經受到過性騷擾。在美國和芬蘭的調查結果證明全部都相似：少女和男同性戀青少年比同年齡的異性戀青少年更多地受到性騷擾。不過，實際的調查資料存在顯著差異：只有17%的女生和8%的男生報告有這樣的經歷。另一方面，其中許多人不僅被一人性騷擾，而且被多人（男友、女友、其他男孩和女孩以及成人）性騷擾。

現有的不同來源的調查資料就能夠充分反映美國和歐洲的一些有意義的文化差異，不僅性騷擾本身有文化差異，而且被調查者理解性騷擾的方式和研究者的研究方式也存在文化上的差異。有充分的理由可以認為，一些文化比另一些文化在性方面更具有侵犯性。也有充分的理由可以認為，一些文化對性騷擾這個單一的問題更為敏感。最後要說明的是，用於不同國家的各種各樣的研究手段常常不具有可比性。

芬蘭的性騷擾

本圖表顯示受到各種人員性騷擾的小於18歲的男女青少年的百分比。

資料來源：O. Kontula and E. Haavio-Mannila, Sexual Pleasures-Enhancement of Sex Life in Finland, 1971-1992, Chapter 11. For the full text of the survey, 請點擊此处。

Prohibited Sexual Behavior and Sexual Violence

Sexual Violence: Sexual Harassment: Forms of Harassment 3

An American report on sexual harassment in school surveyed students from the 8th to 11th grade (ages 14-17). It found that four of five students - female and male - had experienced some type of sexual harassment in school. Indeed, according to the report, “sexual harassment - words and actions - in school happens often, occurs under teachers' noses, can begin in elementary school, and is very upsetting to both girls and boys”. In sum: "Sexual harassment is part of everyday life for boys and girls at school." (1) A second report on sexual harassment on campus surveyed college students (ages 18-24). It found that “nearly two-thirds of college students say they have encountered some type of sexual harassment while at college” and that “nearly one-third of students say they have experienced physical harassment, such as being touched, grabbed, or pinched in a sexual way.” Finally, the report stated that “lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) students are more likely than heterosexual students to be sexually harassed.” (2)
It is unclear whether one can draw general conclusions from these findings. For example, respondents in a national sex survey in Finland were asked whether they had been sexually harassed before the age of 18. The overall pattern proved to be similar in both the Finnish and American studies: Female and homosexual male adolescents had been subjected to more harassment than heterosexual males of the same age. However, the actual figures were very different: Only 17% of the women and 8% of the men reported such experiences. On the other hand, many of them had been harassed not only by one, but by several people (boyfriends, girlfriends, other boys and girls, adults).
The present divergent data could very well reflect some significant cultural differences between the US and Europe, not only with regard to the behavior itself, but also to the way it is perceived by the respondents and studied by the researchers. It may very well be that some cultures are sexually more aggressive than others. It may also be that some are more sensitive to the entire issue of sexual harassment. Finally, the various research instruments used in different countries often do not allow valid comparisons.

(1) AAUW: Hostile Hallways - Bullying, Teasing, and Sexual Harassment in School (2001).
     For the full text click here.
(2) AAUW: Drawing the Line - Sexual Harassment on Campus (2006). For details click here.