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被禁止的性行為與性暴力
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性暴力:
性騷擾: 性騷擾的形式
2
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2001年，美國教育部修訂了關於學生的性騷擾指南[1]。修訂的指南陳述道： |
“性騷擾是指不受歡迎的具有性的性質的舉止。性騷擾可以包括不受歡迎的性求愛、要求性歡愉，以及其它具有性的性質的口頭、非口頭或身體的舉止。對學生以性別為基礎的性騷擾可能會否決或限制受性騷擾學生參與或接受幫助、服務或學校學業的機會的能力。”
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不過，這個新的指南也強調： |
“重要的是要牢記……防止性騷擾並不要延伸到合法的非性方面的接觸或其它非性方面的舉止。例如，一名高中體育教練擁抱踢球得分的學生，或幼稚園老師把兒童抱在著裝的膝蓋上來安撫，這些都不會認為是性騷擾。同樣地，一位學生示範一項有關運動的技巧或技術，需要與另一位學生發生身體接觸，這不會被認為是性騷擾。但是，在一些情形之下，非性方面的舉止可能會呈現性方面的含義，並上綱上線到性騷擾的程度。例如，一名教師在不適當的情形下反復擁抱和用手臂樓著學生就可能會營造一種敵意的氛圍。”
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後者的注意事項指出反性騷擾法律含混不清和潛在的濫用方面。當許多事例模糊不清的時候，其中就有不同的解釋的可能。一些言辭和手勢可能會被誤解。對一個人看起來完全不傷大雅的擁抱對另一個人來說似乎就含有了性的含義。畢竟，不同文化背景的人常常就身體親近的程度或身體接觸他人的頻率都有寬泛的帶有分歧的傳統、習俗和感覺。至少，在像美國這樣一個多元文化環境裏，許多教師就他們以怎樣的親密程度來接觸學生，已經變得憂心忡忡和過於謹慎了。這種狀況可能會導致一定程度的人際情感疏離和師生關係中缺乏人情溫暖。簡而言之，當必須反對和阻止性騷擾的時候，我們也應該避免不加區別地把每一種人際接觸的事例判定為身體或口頭的與性有關的親狎。
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Prohibited Sexual Behavior and Sexual Violence
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Sexual Violence: Sexual Harassment: Forms of Harassment 2
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The
US Department of Education, in 2001, revised its guidelines concerning the
sexual harassment of students
1. It stated that
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“Sexual harassment is unwelcome conduct of a sexual nature. Sexual harassment can include unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal, nonverbal, or physical conduct of a sexual nature. Sexual harassment of a student can deny or limit, on the basis of sex, the student's ability to participate in or to receive benefits, services, or opportunities in the school's program.”
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However, the new guidelines also emphasized:
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“It is important to recognize that (the)… prohibition against sexual harassment does not extend to legitimate nonsexual touching or other nonsexual conduct. For example, a high school athletic coach hugging a student who made a goal or a kindergarten teacher's consoling hug for a child with a skinned knee will not be considered sexual harassment. Similarly, one student's demonstration of a sports maneuver or technique requiring contact with another student will not be considered sexual harassment. However, in some circumstances, nonsexual conduct may take on sexual connotations and rise to the level of sexual harassment. For example, a teacher's repeatedly hugging and putting his or her arms around students under inappropriate circumstances could create a hostile environment.”
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This latter note of caution points to a dilemma and a potential misuse of laws against sexual harassment. While many cases are unambiguous, there are also cases that are open to different interpretations. Some words and gestures can be misunderstood. A hug that appears perfectly harmless to one person may seem to have sexual implications for another person. After all, people of different cultural backgrounds often have widely divergent traditions, customs, and feelings about the degrees of physical closeness or the frequency of touching others. At any rate, in a multicultural environment like the USA, many teachers have become insecure and over-cautious about how close they should get to their students. This can lead to certain artificial emotional distance and a lack of warmth in the teacher-student relationship. In short,
while sexual harassment needs to be confronted and stopped, one should also avoid sweeping
judgments about every instance of physical or verbal familiarity.
1. U.S. Department of Education: Revised Sexual Harassment Guidance: Harassment of Students by School Employees, other Students, or Third Parties. For the full text, click
here.
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