被禁止的性行為與性暴力

性暴力: 強姦: 女性受害人

正如本教程前面的內容已經闡述的那樣，實際上人類的性行為的種類並不存在任何限制。任何這樣的行為都同樣有可能被強制，不過，按照我們的定義，任何這樣的強制都是強姦。不過，因為不同的法律傳統的緣故，這種強制並不會在任何地方都該受到處罰。顯而易見，我們現有的這個導論性質的教程不可能探究許多細節，但是，為了找准研究方向起見，在此對最重要的強姦類型作一個簡要的例舉也許是莫無裨益的。

① 強姦兒童

當成人與兒童發生性接觸的時候，無論任何情況下，當然它就是按照定義所界定的強姦。這就是“法定強姦 （statutory rape，由法律界定的強姦）[1]”，因為兒童不能給予法律規定的有效允諾。如果父母或兄弟姐妹涉及其中，這也就是亂倫。

② 法定強姦

通常，法律也通過設定一個最小的“允諾年齡”來設法防止十幾歲的青少年受到來自成人的有害的性求愛。“低於法定年齡”的十幾歲的青少年不能給予法律意義上的允諾，因而，與他們的任何性接觸也就是法定強姦。不過，不同的國家有不同的“允諾年齡”。

③ 熟人（約會）強姦

一些婦女被她們認識的人（熟人、男友和約會對象）強姦。這樣的背信棄義始終讓受害人感到震驚，但是，卻總是不大容易提起訴訟，因為這名罪犯通常會要求她允諾發生性接觸。一些此類的案例有天壤之別——有些被告卻脫卸了責任，其他的被告則被判有罪。

④ 婚內強姦

在過去，婚內強姦不是一項犯罪，但是最近數十年來，法律已經改革，強姦罪也覆蓋了這樣的案例。對於受害人來說，這種形式的家庭暴力也可能是非常傷人的，因為她通常感到要獲得幫助難上加難。

⑤ 陌生人強姦

相比較其它的強姦案例，這種犯罪相對罕見。不過，對受害人來說，它通常非常具有傷害性，而且強姦犯常常尤其充滿暴力和危險。

⑥ 強姦妓女

在無防衛的環境裏（大街、單獨住在公寓、或應招前往它處）工作的妓女面臨被侵略成性或心理嚴重不正常的主顧強姦和/或傷害的危險。在妓女的權利被承認的國家裏，罪犯可能和會受到起訴。

⑦ 群夥強姦

在有些案例，3個或更多的男人參與強姦單一的受害人。這種有3人或3人以上的“群夥強姦（gang rape）”常常尤其充滿暴力和危險，因為這些男人會逐步顯現一種從眾心理，這種心理在犯罪期間常常會得到強化。因而，這些男人作為一個團夥，他們可能會走極端，這是他們作為個體（犯罪時）也許會避免的。這樣的強姦慣常在通俗的話裏被稱為“群夥強姦”，然而，這種表達也已經逐漸被用來描述在多方意願下達成的性偶遇，例如，在換偶者之間也會使用這個用語。

⑧ 伴有折磨的強姦

強姦常常會連同折磨女性和男性囚犯/戰俘一起實施。

Prohibited Sexual Behavior and Sexual Violence

Sexual Violence: Rape: Female Victims

As the previous sections of this course have demonstrated, there are virtually no limits to the variety of human sexual behavior. Any such behavior can also be coerced, however, and, according to our definition, any such coercion is rape. However, because of different legal traditions, not all of it may punishable everywhere. Obviously, the present introductory course cannot go into too many details, but for the purpose of a first orientation, it may be helpful to offer a brief list of the most important types of rape.

Rape of Children
When adults have sexual contact with children it is, of course, rape by definition, no matter what the circumstances. It is “statutory rape” (rape as defined by statute), because children cannot give legally valid consent. If parents or siblings are involved, it is also incest.

Statutory Rape
As a rule, the law also tries to protect teenagers from harmful advances by adults by setting a minimum “age of consent”. Teenagers who are “under age” cannot give lawful consent, and any sexual contact with them is also statutory rape. However, different countries have different “ages of consent”.

Acquaintance (Date) Rape
Some women are raped by people they know (acquaintances, boyfriends, dates). Such a breach of trust is always shocking for the victim, but it is not always easy to prosecute, because the offender usually claims that she consented. Some spectacular cases of this sort have gone either way - some of the accused were acquitted, others convicted.

Spousal rape
In the past, spousal or marital rape was not a crime, but in recent decades the laws have been reformed to cover such cases as well. For the victim, this form of domestic violence can also be very traumatic, because she usually finds it very difficult to find help.

Rape by a stranger
Compared to the other cases of rape, this crime is relatively rare. However, for the victim it usually is very traumatic, and the rapist is often especially violent and dangerous.

Rape of a prostitute
A prostitute who works in an unprotected environment (in the street, alone in an apartment, or on call) runs the risk of being raped and/or injured by aggressive or seriously disturbed customers. In countries where her rights are recognized, the offender can and will be prosecuted.

Gang rape
In some cases, three or more men participate in raping a single victim. This “gang rape” by three or more is often especially violent and degrading, because the men develop a group mentality which often reinforces itself during the commission of the crime. Thus, as a group, the men may go to extremes that they would avoid as individuals. Such a rape used to be called “gang bang” in colloquial language, but, in the meantime, the expression has increasingly also been used for consensual encounters, for example among “swingers”.

Rape as torture
Rape has also often been used in connection with the torture of female and male prisoners.