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被禁止的性行為與性暴力
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性暴力:
強姦: 定義
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“強姦（rape）”這個英語單詞起源於拉丁動詞“rapere”，意思是用暴力抓住。正像我們已經明白的一樣，這個單詞原初是指綁架和性攻擊，因為綁架和性攻擊一度是同一項犯罪的兩個方面。甚至至今，這個單詞仍保留了一些非性方面的內涵[例如，有這樣的表達：“掠奪一個國家（rape
of a country）”和1712年亞歷山大·蒲柏的滑稽詩《奪發記》（The
Rape of the Lock）]”[1]。在本教程裏，我們使用如下的定義：
這個定義適合於解釋所有的性暴力案例，但是並沒有獲得所有國家法律的認可。許多立法機構把強姦定義得更為狹義：“未經允諾的陰道性交”，而且這個定義顯然並沒有包括口交和肛交。另有一些立法機構把口交和肛交也包括進強姦的定義，但是只有存在被“陰莖插入”時才算強姦。另有一些立法機構的定義更為廣泛，把像掃柄、瓶子和振動器等這樣的物體的插入也包括進強姦的定義裏。還有另外的法律包括強制手交（forcible
masturbation）和性器官並置（apposition
of sex organs）。有一些法律的定義只包括對女性的強姦，而在單獨的法律條款裏列舉對男人的強姦。最後要說明的是，就“允諾”的有效性，並不存在普遍一致的解釋。畢竟，儘管給定了允諾的定義，但是，因為允諾的個人是“未成年的”、或罹患精神病的、或以某種方式受到威脅或被強迫的、或在酒精或其它某種藥品作用下，這種允諾就可以是無效的。這些情形下發生的案例，不同的國家會對其進行不同的處理，通常也會被起訴。
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Prohibited Sexual Behavior and Sexual Violence
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Sexual Violence: Rape: Definition
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The English word “rape” is derived from the Latin verb “rapere”: to seize by force. As we have seen, originally it referred to both abduction and sexual assault, because they were once two facets of the same crime. Even today, the word has retained some non-sexual connotations (e.g. the expression “rape of a country” and Alexander Pope’s poem of 1712 “The Rape of the Lock”). In the present context, we use the following definition:
This definition fits all cases of sexual violence, but it is not universally shared. Many legislatures define rape much more narrowly as “vaginal intercourse without consent” and this clearly does not include oral and anal intercourse. Some other legislatures include them, but only if there is “penetration” by a penis. Others go further and include the penetration by an object like a broomstick, a bottle, a vibrator etc. Still others include forcible masturbation and the mere apposition of sex organs. Some legal definitions cover only the rape of females and list the rape of males under separate statutes. Finally, there is no universal agreement about the validity of “consent”. After all, the consent, although given, may be invalid because the consenting person is “under age” or mentally impaired, or is being threatened or coerced in some way, or is under the influence of alcohol or some other drug. These cases are usually also prosecuted, by they are handled differently in different countries.
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