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性行為的基本類型 |
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2.
異性性交:
肛交 |
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对待肛交的文化态度 |
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在猶太教和基督教兩種傳統的宗教文化裏,肛交長期以來被視為罪惡和墮落,後來伊斯蘭教也採納了這種態度。中世紀的基督徒談及“反自然的罪惡”或“保加利亞佬的惡行(buggery[1],自保加利亞異教徒教派)”或“所多瑪的罪惡(sodomy[2],自聖經的所多瑪之罪惡城)”。正如這些術語所表明的那樣,這種行為首先和最多被視為宗教的犯罪。但是,後來也被整成要判重刑的非宗教(即世俗)犯罪。(在一些刑法法規裏,口交也包括在犯罪範圍之內。)隨著時間的推移,這些苛刻的“雞奸法條”逐漸變得溫和起來,也罕有被強制執行的,但是在已經進入21世紀的一些西方國家的法典裏仍保留了下來。在這樣的法律下,異性性伴和同性性伴可能和曾經被宣告有罪。 |
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所多瑪的毀滅
按照《聖經》的記載,因為所多瑪之城的罪惡,上帝毀滅了這座城市(創世紀
第19章)。在中世紀,這些罪惡通常被想當然地認定為“反自然的”性行為,尤其在男男之間和男女之間的肛交更是如此。[西西里島,蒙瑞拉大教堂(Monreale
Cathedral)12世紀鑲嵌工藝畫] |
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這份歷史遺產後續精神病病態說就更不用提了,因為肛門的排泄功能,現今許多人仍然習慣於認為肛交是猥褻的和令人厭惡的。(就較小的範圍看,因為性器官與排尿有關,也被想像成令人厭惡的。)這樣的個人態度常常是根深蒂固的和必須得到尊重的。畢竟,告發他人參與他們自己不喜歡的性活動,對於任何人來說都是傲慢的和專橫的。不過,從歷史和全球視野公正地研究這一問題的科學家們發現,反感肛交的觀念並不普遍,而且從來也不普遍。
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Basic Types of Sexual Behavior |
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2. Heterosexual Intercourse: Anal Intercourse |
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Cultural Attitudes |
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In both the Jewish and Christian traditions, anal intercourse was long considered sinful and perverse, an attitude later also adopted in Islam. Medieval Christians spoke of a "crime against nature" or “buggery” (after a heretical sect in Bulgaria) or "sodomy" (after the biblical city of Sodom). As these terms indicate, the behavior was, first and foremost, seen as a religious offense. However, it was later also made a secular crime that carried severe penalties. (In some criminal codes oral intercourse was included as well.) Over time, these harsh “sodomy laws” were softened and rarely enforced, but they remained on the books in some Western countries well into the 21st century. Both heterosexual and homosexual couples could be and were convicted under such laws.
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The destruction of Sodom
According to the Bible, God destroyed the city of Sodom because of its sins (Genesis 19). In the Middle Ages, these sins were generally assumed to have been “unnatural” sexual behavior, especially anal intercourse between men, but also between men and women. (12th century mosaic, Monreale Cathedral, Sicily.) |
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Quite apart from the continuing psychological effects of this historical legacy, many people today remain conditioned to consider the anus filthy and repulsive because of its excretory function. (To a lesser extent, the sex organs are also seen as disgusting because of their association with the release of urine.) Such personal attitudes are often deep-seated and must be respected. After all, it would be arrogant and presumptuous for anyone to tell people to engage in sexual activities they do not like. However, scientists who study the matter impartially from a historical and global perspective, discover that the revulsion against anal intercourse is not and has never been universal. |