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性行為的發展 |
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性行為的發展概述
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驅力之說 |
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佛洛伊德的性發展模式
1-3：口腔、肛門和生殖器期的不完整的性驅力。
4.
潛伏期，
5.
生殖器成熟期，健全驅力的性表達：伊洛斯（Eros）——生存本能。
Freud’s Model of Sexual Development
1. - 3.: Partial drives of the oral, anal, and phallic stages. 4. Latency period. 5. Genital maturity, expression of a healthy drive: Eros, the life instinct.
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在20世紀早期，西格蒙德·佛洛伊德提出了性行為發展的模式，不僅被承其衣缽的精神分析學者和學院派其他專家所接受，而且以膚淺的方式被公眾所接納，風行了數十年。當今，佛洛伊德的理論不再像從前一樣地流行了。事實上，大多數性學家已經不聲不響地摒棄了他的理論，並且現在使用不同的模式解釋人類的性行為。儘管如此，出於歷史的原因，至少概述佛洛伊德有關兒童的性（sexuality）的發展觀點也許會有用處：
人類的性行為是一種強大的驅力：伊洛斯（Eros）——生存本能的性表達。這種性表達以數個時期發展著：①口欲期。嬰兒通過母親（吸吮乳房、放置物品於口中）尋求滿足-②肛門性欲期。兒童的愉悅滿足聚焦於肛門（排便和憋便。這也是訓練兒童使用衛生間習慣的時期。）-③生殖器崇拜期。兒童開始對性器官感興趣，其愉悅來自於性器官。在這個期間，心理衝突出現，也就是對另一性別的父母的愛，而厭惡其自身性別的父母（所謂男孩的戀母情結，女孩的戀父情結）[1]；一旦以某一種或另一種方式克服了這個心理衝突，這個兒童會步入-④潛伏期，在此期間，所有的性欲望被壓抑。不過，在青春期的威力下，性欲望被喚醒；此時，這個年輕人終於進入-⑤生殖器官期。不完整的性驅力（口欲、肛門欲和生殖器崇拜欲）現在獲得了適當的平衡。這些性驅力的成功整合會導致“生殖器成熟”，即獲得參與滿足異性性關係的能力。另一方面，如果在早期發展出了什麼差錯，生殖器成熟就不能完成，而這個個體的性表達以多種多樣的可能方式被削弱。
當然，這種概括是膚淺的。佛洛伊德的理論本身以數個時期演變了許多年，並且比這裏能夠解釋的要複雜得多。可是，就像已經指明的那樣，當今的研究者不再關注他的理論了。他們也不再相信“性驅力”了。作為替代，他們現在更願意把性行為解釋成“腳本的”行為。
[1].
原著者黑伯樂教授的原文是：“During
this phase, conflicts arise, namely the
love for the parent of one own’s sex
and hatred of the parent belonging to
the other sex (the so-called Oedipus
complex in males, the Electra complex in
females).”此處的翻譯將愛和恨父母的性別做了顛倒的翻譯，剛好相反。估計原作者系筆誤。——譯者注。
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In the early 20th century,
Sigmund Freud developed a model of sexual development that was widely accepted for many years, not only by his fellow psychoanalysts and other academic specialists, but also, in a superficial way, by the general public. Today, Freud’s theories are no longer as popular as before. In fact, most sexologists have quietly abandoned them and now use different models to explain human sexual behavior. Still, for historical reasons it may be useful to summarize at least Freud’s view of childhood sexuality:
Human sexual behavior is the expression of a powerful drive:
Eros, the life instinct. This expression develops in several stages: 1. The oral stage. The the infant seeks gratification through the mouth (suckling, putting things in the mouth). 2. The anal stage. The child’s pleasurable sensations are
focused on the anus (eliminating and withholding feces. This is also the period of toilet training). 3. The phallic stage. The child becomes interested in, and derives pleasure from, the sex organs. During this phase, conflicts arise, namely the love for the parent of one own’s sex and hatred of the parent belonging to the other sex (the so-called Oedipus complex in males, the Electra complex in females). Once these conflicts have been resolved in one way or another, the child enters 4. the latency period, during which all sexual desires are repressed. However, they reawaken in full force during puberty, when the young person finally enters 5. the genital stage. The partial drives (oral, anal, and phallic) now find their proper balance. Their successful integration results in “genital maturity”, i.e. the ability to enter into satisfying heterosexual relationships. If, on the other hand, something went wrong in the earlier stages, genital maturity is not achieved, and the person’s sexual expression is
impaired in various possible ways.
This summary is, of course, superficial. Freud’s theories themselves developed in various stages over many years and are more complex than can be explained here. However, as already indicated, sex researchers today no longer pay much attention to them. They also no longer believe in a “sex drive”. Instead, they now prefer to describe sexual behavior as being “scripted”.
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