被禁止的性行为与性暴力

性暴力: 性器官毁损: 术语

最近数十年来，在一些国家，一些传统的女性性器官改造术已经开始吸引全世界的目光。在这种背景下最频繁遇到的术语为“阴蒂包皮环切（female circumcision）”、“生殖器切除（genital cutting）”和“女性生殖器毁损（female genital mutilation，FGM）”。遗憾的是，这些术语没有一个完全合适。第一个术语几乎总是委婉语，因为单纯的阴蒂包皮环切是罕见的。大多数时候，不只是切除阴蒂包皮而已。含混不清的第二个术语同样会掩盖导致女性性器官的严重而永久损伤的手术这个事实。基于这种考虑，第三个术语较为切中要害。不过，这个术语存在形容词“生殖器的（genital）”这一问题。名词“生殖器（genital，自拉丁语：genitalia）”意思是“衍生后代的器官（organ of generation）”或“繁殖器官（reproductive organ）”。这是一个让人产生偏见和对性器官使用不当的术语。在这种使用中，它尤其会令人产生误解，因为在许多场合人们正谈论的恰恰是阴蒂切除（clitoridectomy），即切除阴蒂头。但是，阴蒂没有衍生后代或繁殖的功能，因而并不是“生殖的（genital）”器官。最后要说明的是，正如我们会明白的那样，这种手术程序甚至常常远超出了阴蒂切除的范围，牵涉到更进一步的严重损伤。正如最为精确的描述一样，这种手术成就了这样的一个术语——“女性性器官毁损（mutilation of female sex organs）”。

Prohibited Sexual Behavior and Sexual Violence

Sexual Violence: Mutilation of Female Sex Organs: Terms

In the last few decades, certain traditional alterations of female sex organs in some countries have begun to attract world-wide attention. The most frequently encountered terms in this context are “female circumcision”, “genital cutting”, and “female genital mutilation (FGM). Unfortunately, none of these terms is fully adequate. The first is almost always a euphemism, because a simple circumcision of the clitoral foreskin is rare. Most of the time, there is much more involved. The vague second term also glosses over the fact that the operation usually results in serious, permanent injuries of the female sex organs. In this sense, the third term is closer to the mark. There is a problem, however, with the adjective “genital”. The noun “genitals” (from lat. genitalia) means “organs of generation” or “reproductive organs”. It is a prejudicial and inappropriate term for sex organs. In this case, it is especially misleading, because, in many cases, one is talking about a clitoridectomy, i.e. the cutting out of the clitoral glans. The clitoris, however, has no generative or reproductive function and is therefore not a “genital” organ. Finally, as we shall see, the procedure often goes well beyond even a clitoridectomy and involves further serious injuries. This leaves, as the most precise description, the term “mutilation of female sex organs”.