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被禁止的性行为与性暴力
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性暴力:
性器官毁损:
方式
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现今，在非洲和中东，女性性器官的手术毁损已经成为一个有争议的国际问题。单纯的阴蒂包皮环切（circumcision），即阴蒂包皮的切除通常并不认为具有争议性，具有争议性的恰恰是以下的手术措施：
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阴蒂切除（clitoridectomy），即手术切除阴蒂头。
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阴户部分切除（excision）[1]，即阴蒂切除加全部或部分小阴唇的切除。
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阴户切除（vulvectomy），为一种非常特殊的女性性器官毁损，即阴蒂-小阴唇切除加全部或部分大阴唇的切除。这些阴唇的残沿然后被缝合在一起，封闭着阴道开口。只有一个小孔残存下来，用来排尿和排经血。
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这些手术通常由年长妇女对非常年轻的女孩实施。按照当地的风俗习惯不同，女孩的年龄从婴儿到青春前期，年龄大小不等。在多数情况下，介于3-8岁之间。手术器械常常是未经消毒的刀子或剃刀。下面我们就这三种女性性性器官毁损方式作一些详细的说明。
[1].为了在专业上便于区别和根据手术的切除范围，译者在这里编译为“阴户部分切除”。——译者注。
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Prohibited Sexual Behavior and Sexual Violence
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Sexual Violence: Mutilation of Female Sex Organs: Forms
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Today, the surgical mutilation of female sex organs in parts of Africa and the Middle East has become a controversial international issue. A simple
circumcision, i.e. the removal of the clitoral foreskin is usually not considered controversial, but the following procedures are:
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Clitoridectomy, i.e. the surgical removal of the clitoral glans.
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Excision, i.e. a clitoridectomy plus the removal of all or part of the inner lips (labia minora).
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Vulvectomy of a very special kind, i.e an excision plus the the removal of all or parts of the outer lips (labia majora). The remaining edges of these lips are then sewn together, closing the vaginal opening. Only a small hole is left for passing urine and menstrual blood.
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These operations are usually performed without anesthesia by elderly women on very young girls. Their ages vary according to local customs from infancy to early adolescence. In most cases, the age lies between 3 and 8. The instruments are often unsterilized knives or razor blades. The following sections provide some details on these three forms of mutilation.
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