被禁止的性行为与性暴力

成人与儿童的性接触: 娈童癖：形成原因

除了使用刚才我们提及的诊断标准以外，娈童癖的精神病诊断也详列了所涉及的娈童癖者是否是对女性、男性或两性有性吸引力，也区分“专一型”和“非专一型”娈童癖者；即前者是指专门针对儿童才感到有性吸引力，后者还对成人感到有性吸引力。最后，该详列清单毫无疑问要确定病例是否还涉及到乱伦。

“典型的娈童癖者”是并不存在的。不过，据我们所知，大多数娈童癖者是男人，而且其中有许多人已婚。他们的性兴趣通常在青春期就开始显露，罕见的病例直到成人期才显现。当娈童癖者快发育到儿童期时，他们最初隐藏着自己的性欲动机，此外，他们通常在其它方面对他们的兴趣和需要十分地敏感。他们罕有对儿童使用强制的，而是设法获得儿童的信任，通常只要没有口交、生殖器性交或肛交，他们都会设法赢得他们的同意而发生某种形式性接触。暴力、强制和性插入[1]只是在相对较少的病例中发生。除了现行可能出现的娈童癖好以外，针对儿童的性暴力罪犯会暴露出他们严重的病态人格（personality disorder）。

尚不清楚娈童癖的形成原因。一些研究者怀疑有生物方面的形成原因，另一些学者认为它合并有心理方面的形成原因。也不清楚在特定的人口中究竟有多少娈童癖者。不管怎样，正如有人已经提到的那样，大多数针对儿童的性侵犯既有娈童癖者所犯案例，也有非娈童癖者所导致的。

Prohibited Sexual Behavior and Sexual Violence

Adult Sexual Contact with Children: Pedophilia 2

In addition to using the criteria just mentioned, a psychiatric diagnosis also specifies whether the adult is sexually attracted to females, males, or both. It also distinguishes between an “exclusive type” of pedophile, i.e. one who feels attracted exclusively to children, and a “nonexclusive type”, i.e. a pedophile who is also attracted to adults. Finally, it has to be established whether the case is limited to incest.
There is no “typical pedophile”. However, we know that most pedophiles are men, and that many of them are married. Their sexual interests usually begin to manifest themselves in adolescence, in rare cases in adulthood. When pedophiles approach children, they initially hide their erotic motivation, but, as a rule, are otherwise quite sensitive to their interests and needs. They rarely use force, but try to gain the children’s confidence and to obtain their consent to some sexual contact, usually short of oral, genital or anal intercourse. Violence, force and sexual penetration occur only in relatively few cases. Child murders with sexual connotations are much rarer still. Violent sexual offenders against children manifest severe personality disorders in addition to a possibly present pedophilia.
The causes of pedophilia are unknown. Some researchers suspect a biological cause, others a combination of psychosocial causes. It is also unknown how many pedophiles there are in any given population. In any case, as already mentioned, most sexual offenses against children are committed not by pedophiles, but by non-pedophilic men.