性行为的基本类型

4. 与动物的性接触

有关人与动物的性接触文化史 2

在18世纪，一个“启蒙时代”，在多数西方国家对与动物的性接触的宗教责难和犯罪起诉逐渐变得不那么严厉了。例如，普鲁士的腓特烈大帝（Frederick the Great[1]，普鲁士第三位国王），自诩为开明之君，他自我觉得不受宗教教条的束缚，而且在性的事物方面，只取务实的态度。当他的骑兵队中的一名士兵被发现与他的母马发生性交时，这位国王颁布了一个简单的处罚令：“小伙子应该被调到步兵团”。

19世纪可以算得上是宗教影响力加诸于欧洲民法和刑法影响力稳步减弱的时期，而直到最后，到了20世纪早期，杰出的瑞士精神病学家奥伽斯特·福勒尔（Auguste Forel）非常强烈地为废除所有的反“鸡奸法律”辩护：

• “当一位可怜的智障者……与一只母牛性交，后者没有以任何方式受到伤害，它的所有者也没有受到伤害……。更何况，……甚至当这名犯人拥有这头母牛时，法官还要惩罚他的鸡奸行为。这样的法律如何拥有权力来处罚一种并没有造成任何伤害的行为？显然是一种宗教神秘主义的遗痕，有几分像惩罚反对圣灵的举动。”[2]

的确，在随后的数十年里，许多西方国家开展了对刑法典的批判性的梳理行动，并最终废除了反与动物性接触的法律。今天，这样的法律只存在于极少数地方。

4. Sexual Contact with Animals

History 2

In the18th century, the “age of enlightenment”, the religious condemnation and criminal prosecution of human sexual contact with animals gradually became less severe in most Western countries. For example, Frederick the Great of Prussia, who considered himself an enlightened ruler, did not feel bound by religious dogmas, and in sexual matters he was simply pragmatic. When one of his cavalry soldiers was discovered having intercourse with his mare, the king meted out a simple punishment: “The fellow shall be transferred to the infantry”. The 19th century saw a steadily diminishing religious influence on European civil and criminal legislation, and finally, in the early 20th century, the eminent Swiss psychiatrist Auguste Forel very drastically pleaded for the abolition of all “sodomy” laws: “When a poor imbecile… copulates with a cow, the latter is not injured in any way; neither is the owner.…Moreover,... the judge punishes sodomy even when the culprit owns the animal. How does the law obtain the right to punish an act which does no harm to anyone? It is evidently a vestige of religious mysticism, something like punishment for sinning against the Holy Ghost.”¹
Indeed, in the following decades, many Western countries began a critical review of their penal codes and eventually abolished their laws against sexual contact with animals. Today, such laws continue to exist only in very few places.

1. Forel, A. The Sexual Question (German original edition.1905), engl ed: New York 1926., p. 400