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性行为的基本类型
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4.
与动物的性接触
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有关人与动物的性接触文化史 1
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艺术方面有关人与动物的性接触
自古以来，在所有的文化里，就有有关人与动物的性接触的描述和刻画。此处显示正与驴性交的男人。[意大利瓦尔·卡莫尼卡谷(Val Camonica)岩画，约公元前3000年]
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Artistic aspects
Human sexual contact with animals has been described and depicted in all cultures since ancient times. Shown here is a man having intercourse with a donkey. Rock carving,
Val Camonica, Italy,
ca. 3000 B.C. |
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在犹太教与基督教共有的社会里，人与动物之间的性接触长期以来曾经是一种犯罪。就像《圣经》中所描述的那样，古代的希伯莱书[1]以判处死刑的刑罚禁止这样的行为。犹太教法典担心寡妇也许会利用宠物狗用于性的目的，甚至不允许她们豢养[异教书22
b；中门书71a（Abodah
Zarah 22b; Baba Metziah 71 a）]。这些犹太教的负面态度后来被基督教所采纳，继而影响到大多数西方国家的世俗法律。世俗法律的这项罪名叫“鸡奸（sodomy）”，取自《圣经》的所多玛之城（the
biblical city of Sodom）[2]，作为“反自然的”性行为的惩罚（创世纪第19章），该城被上帝摧毁。这种思想到了中世纪人的头脑里，这就意味着所有形式的非性交合的性行为[3]，尤其不仅是同性性举止，而且与动物的性接触都是有罪的。（实际上，《圣经》并没有说所多玛的市民曾经有这样的性接触。）甚至，在具有深远讽刺意义的历史轮换中，所多玛的法律最终被用来反对犹太教本身。一些中世纪神学家公开宣称，基督教徒与犹太人或穆斯林信徒的性接触在道德准则上等同于与动物的“反自然的”性交，“因为在所多玛法律和我们的神圣信仰看来，这样的人决不会与畜牲有什么差别。”这种处罚被认为是非常严厉的。数个世纪过去了，甚至到了现代的晚近时期，男男女女们就这么被人活埋了，被人处以火刑，要不就提心吊胆地与动物有性接触。在一些案例里，那些动物连同这些人一起被处死。
这些宗教和法律传统也反映到了西方医学的思想里。因而，在牧师和立法者看来似乎是罪恶的和犯罪的行为，作为疾病自然而然地受到精神病学家的谴责。对于这些精神病学家来说，与动物的性接触表明是“性心理紊乱”、“性心理失常”、“不正常的性行为”和“性倒错”的症候群。教堂和国家所称的“鸡奸”和“反自然的罪行”的东西，精神病学家们连忙谴责为“恋兽癖（zoophilia）”或“人兽交（bestiality）”。参与此类行为的人被公然宣布为精神病。只有到了20世纪，精神病学家才变得较有自律，并开始避免这样的不分青红皂白的概括性评价。
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Basic Types of Sexual Behavior |
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4. Sexual Contact with Animals |
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History 1 |
In Judeo-Christian societies, sexual contact between humans and animals was, for a long time, a criminal offense. As recorded in the Bible, the ancient Hebrews prohibited such activity under the penalty of death (Leviticus 20). The Talmud did not even allow a widow to keep a pet dog for fear that she might use it for sexual purposes (Abodah Zarah 22b; Baba Metziah 71 a). These negative Jewish attitudes were later adopted by the Christian churches which, in turn, influenced the secular law in most Western countries. The crime was called “sodomy”, after the biblical city of Sodom, which was destroyed by God as a punishment for “unnatural” sexual behavior (Genesis 19). To the medieval mind, this meant all forms of non-coital sexual intercourse, especially homosexual acts, but also sexual contact with animals. (Actually, the Bible does not say that Sodom’s citizens had any such contacts.) Indeed, in a deeply ironic turn of history, the sodomy laws were eventually used against the Jews themselves. Some medieval theologians declared that a Christian's sexual contact with a Jew or Moslem was the moral equivalent of "unnatural" intercourse with an animal "inasmuch as such persons in the eyes of the law and our holy faith differ in no wise from beasts." The offense was considered very serious. For centuries, indeed well into modern times, men and women were buried alive, burned at the stake, or hanged for having had sexual contact with animals. In some cases, the animals were executed along with them.
These religious and legal traditions were also reflected in Western medical thinking. Thus, behavior that appeared sinful and criminal to clergymen and legislators was readily denounced as sick by psychiatrists. For them, sexual intercourse with animals symptomatic of a "disorder", an "aberration", "abnormality", or "perversion". What the church and the state had called "sodomy" and a "crime against nature", psychiatry hastened to condemn as "zoophilia" or "bestiality". People who engaged in such behavior were declared to be mentally ill. It was only in the 20th century that psychiatrists became more self-critical and began to avoid such indiscriminate summary judgements. |
