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性行为的发展 |
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性行为的发展概述
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驱力之说 |
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弗洛伊德的性发展模式
1-3.:
口腔、肛门和生殖器期的不完整的性驱力。 4.
潜伏期. 5.
生殖器成熟期,
健全驱力的性表达：伊洛斯(Eros)——生存本能。
Freud’s Model of Sexual Development
1. - 3.: Partial drives of the oral, anal, and phallic stages. 4. Latency period. 5. Genital maturity, expression of a healthy drive: Eros, the life instinct.
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在20世纪早期，西格蒙德·弗洛伊德提出了性行为发展的模式，不仅被承其衣钵的精神分析学者和其他学院派专家所接受，而且以肤浅的方式被公众所接纳，风行了数十年。当今，弗洛伊德的理论不再像从前一样地流行了。事实上，大多数性学家已经不声不响地摒弃了他的理论，并且现在使用不同的模式解释人类的性行为。尽管如此，出于历史的原因，至少性行为的发展概述弗洛伊德有关儿童的性(sexuality)的发展观点也许会有用处：
人类的性行为是一种强大的驱力：伊洛斯(Eros)——生存本能的性表达。这种性表达以数个时期发展着：①口欲期。婴儿通过母亲(吸吮乳房、放置物品于口中)寻求满足-②肛门性欲期。儿童的愉悦满足聚焦于肛门(排便和憋便。这也是训练儿童使用卫生间习惯的时期。)-③生殖器崇拜期。儿童开始对性器官感兴趣，其愉悦来自于性器官。在这个期间，心理冲突出现，也就是对另一性别的父母的爱，而厌恶其自身性别的父母(所谓男孩的恋母情结，女孩的恋父情结)[1]；一旦以某一种或另一种方式克服了这个心理冲突，这个儿童会步入-④潜伏期，在此期间，所有的性欲望被压抑。不过，在青春期的威力下，性欲望被唤醒；此时，这个年轻人终于进入-⑤生殖器官期。不完整的性驱力(口欲、肛门欲和生殖器崇拜欲)现在获得了适当的平衡。这些性驱力的成功整合会导致“生殖器成熟”，即获得参与满足异性性关系的能力。另一方面，如果在早期发展出了什么差错，生殖器成熟就不能完成，而这个个体的性表达以多种多样的可能方式被削弱。
当然，这种概括是肤浅的。弗洛伊德的理论本身以数个时期演变了许多年，并且比这里能够解释的要复杂得多。可是，就像已经指明的那样，当今的研究者不再关注他的理论了。他们也不再相信“性驱力”了。作为替代，他们现在更愿意把性行为解释成“脚本的”行为。
[1].
原著者黑伯乐教授的原文是：“During
this phase, conflicts arise, namely the
love for the parent of one own’s sex and
hatred of the parent belonging to the
other sex (the so-called Oedipus complex
in males, the Electra complex in
females).”此处的翻译将爱和恨父母的性别做了颠倒的翻译，刚好相反。估计原作者系笔误。——译者注。
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In the early 20th century,
Sigmund Freud developed a model of sexual development that was widely accepted for many years, not only by his fellow psychoanalysts and other academic specialists, but also, in a superficial way, by the general public. Today, Freud’s theories are no longer as popular as before. In fact, most sexologists have quietly abandoned them and now use different models to explain human sexual behavior. Still, for historical reasons it may be useful to summarize at least Freud’s view of childhood sexuality:
Human sexual behavior is the expression of a powerful drive:
Eros, the life instinct. This expression develops in several stages: 1. The oral stage. The the infant seeks gratification through the mouth (suckling, putting things in the mouth). 2. The anal stage. The child’s pleasurable sensations are
focused on the anus (eliminating and withholding feces. This is also the period of toilet training). 3. The phallic stage. The child becomes interested in, and derives pleasure from, the sex organs. During this phase, conflicts arise, namely the love for the parent of the
other sex and hatred of the parent belonging to one's
own sex (the so-called Oedipus complex in males, the Electra complex in females). Once these conflicts have been resolved in one way or another, the child enters 4. the latency period, during which all sexual desires are repressed. However, they reawaken in full force during puberty, when the young person finally enters 5. the genital stage. The partial drives (oral, anal, and phallic) now find their proper balance. Their successful integration results in “genital maturity”, i.e. the ability to enter into satisfying heterosexual relationships. If, on the other hand, something went wrong in the earlier stages, genital maturity is not achieved, and the person’s sexual expression is
impaired in various possible ways.
This summary is, of course, superficial. Freud’s theories themselves developed in various stages over many years and are more complex than can be explained here. However, as already indicated, sex researchers today no longer pay much attention to them. They also no longer believe in a “sex drive”. Instead, they now prefer to describe sexual behavior as being “scripted”.
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