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緒論 - 什麼是性行為? |
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“性驅力” |
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受質疑的“性驅力” |
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性愛藝術
在一些文明和歷史發展階段，男女性愛豐富了精緻的性技巧，這些性技巧需要長期實踐和極大地超越生殖的目的。與生殖目不同的是，這對配偶努力達到很高的身心交融狀態。（自印度繪畫，18世紀。） |
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當今，甚至在“簡單的”生命體中，科學家也在爭論驅力的概念是否真正解釋了許多生命現象。然而，不管怎樣，我們可以很容易地發現至少在性這個議題裏，驅力的概念少有什麼意義。首先，性活動對於任何一個生物有機體來說並不是生存下來所必須的。沒有食物或水會導致死亡，但是，沒有性絕不會使任何動物死亡。第二，性欲的強度並不依賴於性被剝奪的程度，性節制不一定增加性欲，而頻繁的性活動不一定降低性欲。相反，一些已經長時間節欲的人最終卻會喪失在性方面的興趣；而其他在性方面極其活躍的人則仍然很容易地被性喚起。此外，人通常不會故意使自己處於饑渴狀態，但是他們常常積極地嘗試著性喚起。與饑餓和口喝不同，性喚起還可以由單一的心理因素所引起和所加強。最後，饑餓和口渴是不舒適的體驗過程，而性喚起讓人感到愜意並由此而進一步促進性喚起本身（即使它仍然使人“不滿足”）。 |
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Introduction - What is sexual behavior? |
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The “Sex Drive”
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2. What about a “Sex Drive”?
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The art of lovemaking
In some civilizations and historical periods, women and men cultivated elaborate sexual techniques that required long practice and went well beyond the purpose of reproduction. Instead, the couple strove to achieve a higher degree of physical and spiritual health.
(After an Indian painting, 18th century A.D.)
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Today, scientists argue whether, even in "simple" cases, the concept of drive really explains very much. However,
be that as it may, we can easily see that,
at least in the case of sex, this concept makes little sense. First of all, sexual activity is not necessary for the survival of any organism. A lack of food or liquid will lead to death, but a lack of sex has never killed anyone. Secondly, the strength of sexual desire does not depend on the degree of sexual deprivation. Sexual abstinence does not always increase sexual desire, and frequent sexual activity does not always diminish it. On the contrary, some people who have been abstinent for a long time eventually lose all interest in sex, while others who are extremely active continue to be easily aroused. Furthermore, people usually do not make themselves deliberately hungry or thirsty, but they often actively seek sexual arousal. Also, unlike hunger or thirst, this arousal may be caused and increased by psychological factors alone. Finally, hunger and thirst are experienced as unpleasant, while sexual arousal feels good and is thus rewarding in itself even if it remains "unsatisfied."
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