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緒論 - 什麼是性行為? |
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“性驅力” |
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心理學中的“驅力” |
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動物的基本“驅力”
動物基本上為靜息的並且必須被“驅動”去進食、喝水和交配嗎？或者要問一問：動物只是活著因此而有時會饑餓、口渴和預備去交配？
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在當代科學討論中，詞語“驅力”不再像過去一樣被頻繁地使用了。事實上，許多科學家已經完全拒絕了這個概念。當把饑餓當作饑餓驅力來討論時，他們未發現有什麼真正的益處，而且不再談論動物“滿足它們的口渴驅力”，他們更願意簡單地說，因為動物口渴了它們才飲水。此外，動物基本上為靜息的和必須被“驅動”到活躍狀態的觀念面臨著越來越多的質疑。然而，“驅力”的概念仍然受到心理學家的肯定，他們想要表述具有一些心理基礎的動機。從而，在心理學教科書中，把術語“驅力”定義為生物有機體的行為喚起狀態（aroused
condition），它驅使動物避免身心不適（或痛苦），或者驅使動物實現生理平衡狀態。這種意義上的驅力是那些諸如饑餓、口喝、需要睡眠和需要調節體溫等的驅力。食物缺乏、睡眠不足、體溫過高或過低會激發這種驅力。這些生理需要越是不平衡，所激發的這種驅力就越強。
出於同樣的原因，當獲得了充足食物、解決了口渴、充分地睡眠和調節好了體溫的時候，這種驅力就得以消除，直到新的不平衡再一次激發這種驅力。最後，教科書顯然會描述道：這些驅力為生物有機體執行著維持生命的機能；沒有食物、缺乏水分、睡眠缺乏和過高或過低的體溫，生物有機體終將會死亡。
Basic “drives” in animals
Are animals basically inert and must be “driven” to feed, drink, and copulate? Or are they simply alive and therefore sometimes hungry, thirsty, and ready to mate?
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Introduction - What is sexual behavior? |
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The “Sex Drive”
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"Drives" in Psychology
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In contemporary
scientific discussions, the word "drive"
is no longer used as often as before.
Many scientists have, in fact, rejected
the concept altogether. They do not see
any real advantage in describing hunger
as a hunger drive, and instead of
talking about animals “satisfying their
thirst drive”, they prefer to say simply
that animals drink because they are
thirsty. Furthermore, the idea that
animals are basically inert and have to
be "driven" into activity is
increasingly being questioned.
Nevertheless, the concept of "drive" has
retained some appeal for psychologists
who want to describe motivations that
have some physiological basis. Thus, in
textbooks of psychology,
the term "drive" may be defined as an "aroused condition in which an organism's behavior is directed toward avoiding discomfort or a state of physiological imbalance".
Drives in this sense are, for example,
hunger, thirst, the need for sleep, and
the need for moderate temperatures. A lack of food, liquid, and sleep, or a temperature that is either too hot or too cold activates the drive.
The greater the imbalance, the stronger the drive. By the same token, when sufficient food, liquid, and sleep, and a moderate temperature have been obtained, the drive is satisfied until a new imbalance activates it again. Finally, it is clear that these drives perform a vital function for the organism. Without food, liquid, or sleep, and in boiling or freezing temperatures, the organism would eventually die. |
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