被禁止的性行為與性暴力

成人與兒童的性接觸: 孌童癖：形成原因

除了使用剛才我們提及的診斷標準以外，孌童癖的精神病診斷也詳列了所涉及的孌童癖者是否是對女性、男性或兩性有性吸引力，也區分“專一型”和“非專一型”孌童癖者；即前者是指專門針對兒童才感到有性吸引力，後者還對成人感到有性吸引力。最後，該詳列清單毫無疑問要確定病例是否還涉及到亂倫。

“典型的孌童癖者”是並不存在的。不過，據我們所知，大多數孌童癖者是男人，而且其中有許多人已婚。他們的性興趣通常在青春期就開始顯露，罕見的病例直到成人期才顯現。當孌童癖者快發育到兒童期時，他們最初隱藏著自己的性欲動機，此外，他們通常在其它方面對他們的興趣和需要十分地敏感。他們罕有對兒童使用強制的，而是設法獲得兒童的信任，通常只要沒有口交、生殖器性交或肛交，他們都會設法贏得他們的同意而發生某種形式性接觸。暴力、強制和性插入[1]只是在相對較少的病例中發生。除了現行可能出現的孌童癖好以外，針對兒童的性暴力罪犯會暴露出他們嚴重的病態人格（personality disorder）。

尚不清楚孌童癖的形成原因。一些研究者懷疑有生物方面的形成原因，另一些學者認為它合併有心理方面的形成原因。也不清楚在特定的人口中究竟有多少孌童癖者。不管怎樣，正如有人已經提到的那樣，大多數針對兒童的性侵犯既有孌童癖者所犯案例，也有非孌童癖者所導致的。

Prohibited Sexual Behavior and Sexual Violence

Adult Sexual Contact with Children: Pedophilia 2

In addition to using the criteria just mentioned, a psychiatric diagnosis also specifies whether the adult is sexually attracted to females, males, or both. It also distinguishes between an “exclusive type” of pedophile, i.e. one who feels attracted exclusively to children, and a “nonexclusive type”, i.e. a pedophile who is also attracted to adults. Finally, it has to be established whether the case is limited to incest.
There is no “typical pedophile”. However, we know that most pedophiles are men, and that many of them are married. Their sexual interests usually begin to manifest themselves in adolescence, in rare cases in adulthood. When pedophiles approach children, they initially hide their erotic motivation, but, as a rule, are otherwise quite sensitive to their interests and needs. They rarely use force, but try to gain the children’s confidence and to obtain their consent to some sexual contact, usually short of oral, genital or anal intercourse. Violence, force and sexual penetration occur only in relatively few cases. Child murders with sexual connotations are much rarer still. Violent sexual offenders against children manifest severe personality disorders in addition to a possibly present pedophilia.
The causes of pedophilia are unknown. Some researchers suspect a biological cause, others a combination of psychosocial causes. It is also unknown how many pedophiles there are in any given population. In any case, as already mentioned, most sexual offenses against children are committed not by pedophiles, but by non-pedophilic men.