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被禁止的性行為與性暴力
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賣淫:
有關的歷史記載
2
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因為賣淫既具有生物方面也具有社會文化方面的研究價值，“性學之父”愛文·布洛赫（Iwan
Bloch）認為賣淫對於他的新科學來說是最重要和最有益的研究課題。對賣淫的研究因此需要多學科的研究方法——一個在自然科學與社會科學之間的跨學科研究。的確，布洛赫本人就沿著這一條研究思路開始了一個雄心勃勃的研究計畫，但是在他能夠完成這個計畫[《賣淫》（Die
Prostitution）第1卷，1912）]之前就英年早逝。
另一個從未完成的對賣淫的研究是更早由威廉·馮·洪堡（Wilhelmvon
Humboldt）所提出的，這是一個作為《人類依附史》（History
of Dependency in the Human Race，1826/27）的一部分所擬定的大綱。在洪堡的簡短大綱裏，他已經為理解賣淫找到了這個關鍵的概念——依附（dependency）。在保持經濟上、社會交往上和心理上依附他人的先決條件下，賣淫業才會興起與繁榮起來；而其他人因而會利用這些先決條件。這對許多被迫依附男人的婦女更為如此，但是，對依賴于從其主顧取得收入的妓男[2]來說也是如此。
然而，這並不是全部的事實——真實的情況卻更為複雜——洪堡的見識仍然對賣淫提供了最有希望的科學研究方法。例如，他的見識解釋了為什麼賣淫會隨著不斷增加的貧困而增加，解釋了為什麼性交易主要會涉及到貧窮婦女和兒童，還解釋了為什麼性觀光事業指向的目標是貧窮國家。洪堡的見識同樣解釋了當婦女獲得教育並由此能改善其經濟與社會地位的時候，為什麼妓女的數量卻會增加。
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妓院代幣
一旦進入一家妓院，就要購買這樣的代幣，而後用來支付所提供的性服務。（左）
帝制的中國妓院代幣。（右）
古羅馬妓院代幣。（蒙中國古代性文化博物館惠允，江蘇省吳江市同裏鎮。）
Brothel tokens
Upon entering a brothel, such tokens
were purchased and then used to pay for
the services provided.
(Left)
Tokens from imperial China. (Right) Tokens from ancient Rome.
(Courtesy China Sex Museum, Tongli))
.
妓院代幣是控制妓女的有效手段，妓女想要逃跑，是不可能帶走法定貨幣的。——譯者注。 |
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Prohibited Sexual Behavior and Sexual Violence
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Prostitution: Historical Note 2
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The “father of sexology”
Iwan Bloch considered prostitution to be the most important and most rewarding subject for his new science because it had both biological and socio-cultural aspects. Its study therefore required an interdisciplinary approach – a co-operation between the natural and the social sciences. Indeed, Bloch himself began an ambitious research project along these lines, but died before he could complete it (“Die Prostitution” vol. I, 1912).
Another, never completed study of prostitution had been outlined much earlier by
Wilhelm von Humboldt as part of a planned “History of Dependency in the Human Race” (1826/27). In his brief outline, Humboldt had already found the key concept for understanding prostitution – dependency. Prostitution arises and flourishes under conditions that keep certain people economically, socially, and psychologically dependent on other people who can therefore take advantage of them. This is especially true of many women who are forced to depend on men, but it also applies to male prostitutes who depend on the income from their customers.
While this is not the whole truth - the reality is more complicated - Humboldt’s insight nevertheless still offers the most promising scientific approach to prostitution. It explains, for example, why prostitution increases with increasing poverty, why sexual trafficking involves mostly poor women and children, and why sex tourism targets poor countries. It also explains why the number of prostitutes decreases when women are given access to education and thus can improve their economic and social status.
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Brothel tokens
Upon entering a brothel, such tokens were purchased and then used to pay for the services provided.
(Left) Tokens from imperial China. (Right) Tokens from ancient Rome.
(Courtesy China Sex Museum,Tongli) |
