被禁止的性行為與性暴力

成人與兒童的性接觸: 定義 3

今天，當人們討論成人與兒童的性接觸時，最常聽到的術語就是“孌童癖（pedophilia，照字面的意思就是“兒童的性愛”，自希臘語pais：男孩或兒童；philia：性愛）”。在精神病學裏，孌童癖的意思是指成人對兒童的性欲之愛或對兒童有性吸引力。甚至，有一些成人，其中大多數是男人，他們永久性和強烈地感到有這種吸引力，被稱為“孌童癖者（pedophile）”。在精神病診斷手冊裏，孌童癖在性副態（paraphilia）項下被列為精神障礙。

不過，重要的是要瞭解一下兩個基本事實：

撇開有關“兒童”的不同法律定義和多樣化的允諾年齡不說，有一些“再明白不過的”事例是不容爭辯的：一些成人與兒童發生了性接觸，即與尚未發育到青春期的女孩和/或男孩發生了性接觸。

大多數這樣的成人並不是孌童癖者。他們“真正的”性興趣在於其它的方面，而且他們與兒童發生的性接觸行為仍舊是偶發的或短暫的。他們只是抓住一次發生性接觸的機會，或者屈從於一閃而過的性衝動，或者是出於性好奇，或者利用了意外的機會，或者為利用兒童的依賴性找到了方便的機會。這樣的成人早就被人稱為“境遇性罪犯（situational offender）”，其相對應的稱呼叫“預謀性罪犯（preferential offender）”，即偏好兒童的孌童癖者[1]。

但是，許多孌童癖者會設法控制他們的性衝動。有的甚至有意避免與兒童為伴。因為他們的性興趣不可能改變，這種自我控制是針對孌童癖者的預防治療療程要達到的目標。

Prohibited Sexual Behavior and Sexual Violence

Adult Sexual Contact with Children: Definitions 3

When people today discuss adult sexual contact with children, the term most often heard is “pedophilia” (literally, love of children, from gr. pais: boy or child and philia: love). In psychiatry, pedophilia means an adult’s erotic love of children or the sexual attraction to children. Indeed, there are some adults - most of them men – who persistently and strongly feel this attraction. They are called “pedophiles”. In psychiatric manuals, pedophilia is listed as a mental disorder among the paraphilias.
However, it is important to understand two basic facts:

1. Not every adult who has sexual contact with a child is a pedophile, and
2. not every pedophile has sexual contact with a child.

Leaving aside the different legal definitions of “child” and the varying ages of consent, there are “clear-cut” cases that allow no dispute: Some adults have sexual contact with children, i.e. with girls and/or boys who have not yet reached puberty.
Most of these adults are not pedophiles. Their “real” sexual interest lies elsewhere, and their behavior therefore remains occasional or episodic. They simply seize an opportunity, or follow a fleeting impulse, or are curious, or take advantage of an unexpected situation, or find it convenient to exploit a child’s dependency. Such adults have been called “situational offenders” as opposed to “preferential offenders”, i.e. pedophiles who prefer children 1.
However, many pedophiles manage to control their urges. Some even deliberately avoid the company of children. This self-control is the goal of preventive therapy programs for pedophiles, since their sexual interests are not likely to change.

1. Kenneth V. Lanning, “Child Molesters: A Behavioral Analysis. For Law Enforcement Officers Investigating Cases of Child Sexual Exploitation. In Cooperation with the FBI”, Fourth Edition 2001. (For the full text of this very informative book click here)