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绪论 - 什么是性行为? |
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“性驱力” |
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受质疑的“性驱力” |
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性爱艺术
在某些文明和历史发展阶段，男女性爱丰富了精致的性技巧，这些性技巧需要长期实践和极大地超越生殖的目的。与生殖目不同的是，这对配偶努力达到很高的身心交融状态。(自印度绘画，18世纪)
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当今，甚至在“简单的”生命体中，科学家也在争论驱力的概念是否真正解释了许多生命现象。然而，不管怎样，我们可以很容易地发现至少在性这个议题里，驱力的概念少有什么意义。首先，性活动对于任何一个生物有机体来说并不是生存下来所必须的。没有食物或水会导致死亡，但是，没有性绝不会使任何动物死亡。第二，性欲的强度并不依赖于性被剥夺的程度，性节制不一定增加性欲，而频繁的性活动不一定降低性欲。相反，某些已经长时间节欲的人最终却会丧失在性方面的兴趣；而其他在性方面极其活跃的人则仍然很容易地被性唤起。此外，人通常不会故意使自己处于饥渴状态，但是他们常常积极地尝试着性唤起。与饥饿和口喝不同，性唤起还可以由单一的心理因素所引起和所加强。最后，饥饿和口渴是不舒适的体验过程，而性唤起让人感到惬意并由此而进一步促进性唤起本身(即使它仍然使人“不满足”)。
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Introduction - What is sexual behavior? |
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The “Sex Drive”
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2. What about a “Sex Drive”?
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The art of lovemaking
In some civilizations and historical periods, women and men cultivated elaborate sexual techniques that required long practice and went well beyond the purpose of reproduction. Instead, the couple strove to achieve a higher degree of physical and spiritual health.
(After an Indian painting, 18th century A.D.)
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Today, scientists argue whether, even in "simple" cases, the concept of drive really explains very much. However,
be that as it may, we can easily see that,
at least in the case of sex, this concept makes little sense. First of all, sexual activity is not necessary for the survival of any organism. A lack of food or liquid will lead to death, but a lack of sex has never killed anyone. Secondly, the strength of sexual desire does not depend on the degree of sexual deprivation. Sexual abstinence does not always increase sexual desire, and frequent sexual activity does not always diminish it. On the contrary, some people who have been abstinent for a long time eventually lose all interest in sex, while others who are extremely active continue to be easily aroused. Furthermore, people usually do not make themselves deliberately hungry or thirsty, but they often actively seek sexual arousal. Also, unlike hunger or thirst, this arousal may be caused and increased by psychological factors alone. Finally, hunger and thirst are experienced as unpleasant, while sexual arousal feels good and is thus rewarding in itself even if it remains "unsatisfied."
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