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绪论 - 什么是性行为? |
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“性驱力” |
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心理学中的“驱力” |
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动物的基本“驱力”
动物基本上为静息的并且必须被“驱动”去进食、喝水和交配吗？或者要问一问：动物只是活着因此而有时会饥饿、口渴和预备去交配？
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在当代科学讨论中，词语“驱力”不再像过去一样被频繁地使用了。事实上，许多科学家已经完全拒绝了这个概念。当把饥饿当作饥饿驱力来讨论时，他们未发现有什么真正的益处，而且不再谈论动物“满足它们的口渴驱力”，他们更愿意简单地说，因为动物口渴了它们才饮水。此外，动物基本上为静息的和必须被“驱动”到活跃状态的观念面临着越来越多的质疑。然而，“驱力”的概念仍然受到心理学家的肯定，他们想要表述具有一些心理基础的动机。从而，在心理学教科书中，把术语“驱力”定义为生物有机体的行为唤起状态（aroused
condition），它驱使动物避免身心不适（或痛苦），或者驱使动物实现生理平衡状态。这种意义上的驱力是那些诸如饥饿、口喝、需要睡眠和需要调节体温等的驱力。食物缺乏、睡眠不足、体温过高或过低会激发这种驱力。这些生理需要越是不平衡，所激发的这种驱力就越强。出于同样的原因，当获得了充足食物、解决了口渴、充分地睡眠和调节好了体温的时候，这种驱力就得以消除，直到新的不平衡再一次激发这种驱力。最后，教科书显然会描述道：这些驱力为生物有机体执行着维持生命的机能；没有食物、缺乏水分、睡眠缺乏和过高或过低的体温，生物有机体终将会死亡。
Basic “drives” in animals
Are animals basically inert and must be “driven” to feed, drink, and copulate? Or are they simply alive and therefore sometimes hungry, thirsty, and ready to mate?
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Introduction - What is sexual behavior? |
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The “Sex Drive”
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"Drives" in Psychology
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In contemporary
scientific discussions, the word "drive"
is no longer used as often as before.
Many scientists have, in fact, rejected
the concept altogether. They do not see
any real advantage in describing hunger
as a hunger drive, and instead of
talking about animals “satisfying their
thirst drive”, they prefer to say simply
that animals drink because they are
thirsty. Furthermore, the idea that
animals are basically inert and have to
be "driven" into activity is
increasingly being questioned.
Nevertheless, the concept of "drive" has
retained some appeal for psychologists
who want to describe motivations that
have some physiological basis. Thus, in
textbooks of psychology,
the term "drive" may be defined as an "aroused condition in which an organism's behavior is directed toward avoiding discomfort or a state of physiological imbalance".
Drives in this sense are, for example,
hunger, thirst, the need for sleep, and
the need for moderate temperatures. A lack of food, liquid, and sleep, or a temperature that is either too hot or too cold activates the drive.
The greater the imbalance, the stronger the drive. By the same token, when sufficient food, liquid, and sleep, and a moderate temperature have been obtained, the drive is satisfied until a new imbalance activates it again. Finally, it is clear that these drives perform a vital function for the organism. Without food, liquid, or sleep, and in boiling or freezing temperatures, the organism would eventually die. |
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