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性行为的基本类型 |
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2.
异性性交:
肛交 |
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对待肛交的文化态度 |
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在犹太教和基督教两种传统的宗教文化里，肛交长期以来被视为罪恶和堕落，后来伊斯兰教也采纳了这种态度。中世纪的基督徒谈及“反自然的罪恶”或“保加利亚佬的恶行(buggery[1]，自保加利亚异教徒教派
)”或“所多玛的罪恶(sodomy[2]，自圣经的所多玛之罪恶城)”。正如这些术语所表明的那样，这种行为首先和最多被视为宗教的犯罪。但是，后来也被整成被判重刑的非宗教(即世俗)犯罪。(在某些刑法法规里，口交也包括在犯罪范围之内。)随着时间的推移，这些苛刻的“鸡奸法条”逐渐变得温和起来，也罕有被强制执行的，但是在已经进入21世纪的某些西方国家的法典里仍保留了下来。在这样的法律下，异性性伴和同性性伴可能和曾经被宣告有罪。
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所多玛的毁灭
按照《圣经》的记载，因为所多玛之城的罪恶，上帝毁灭了这座城市(´´世纪
第19章)。
在中世纪，这些罪恶通常被想当然地认定为“反自然的”性行为，尤其在男男之间和男女之间的肛交更是如此。
[西西里岛蒙瑞拉大教堂(Monreale Cathedral)12世纪镶嵌工艺画] |
这份历史遗产后续精神病病态说就更不用提了，因为肛门的排泄功能，现今许多人仍然习惯于认为肛交是猥亵的和令人厌恶的。(就较小的范围看，因为性器官与排尿有关，也被想象成令人厌恶的。)这样的个人态度常常是根深蒂固的和必须得到尊重的。毕竟，告发他人参与他们自己不喜欢的性活动，对于任何人来说都是傲慢的和专横的。不过，从历史和全球视野公正地研究这一问题的科学家们发现，反感肛交的观念并不普遍，而且从来也不普遍。
[1]. 一般文献译为“鸡奸”。——译者注。
[2].一般文献也译为“鸡奸”。——译者注。 |
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Basic Types of Sexual Behavior |
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2. Heterosexual Intercourse: Anal Intercourse |
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Cultural Attitudes |
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In both the Jewish and Christian traditions, anal intercourse was long considered sinful and perverse, an attitude later also adopted in Islam. Medieval Christians spoke of a "crime against nature" or “buggery” (after a heretical sect in Bulgaria) or "sodomy" (after the biblical city of Sodom). As these terms indicate, the behavior was, first and foremost, seen as a religious offense. However, it was later also made a secular crime that carried severe penalties. (In some criminal codes oral intercourse was included as well.) Over time, these harsh “sodomy laws” were softened and rarely enforced, but they remained on the books in some Western countries well into the 21st century. Both heterosexual and homosexual couples could be and were convicted under such laws.
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The destruction of Sodom
According to the Bible, God destroyed the city of Sodom because of its sins (Genesis 19).
In the Middle Ages, these sins were generally assumed to have been “unnatural” sexual behavior,
especially anal intercourse between men, but also between men and women.
(12th century mosaic, Monreale Cathedral, Sicily.) |
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Quite apart from the continuing psychological effects of this historical legacy, many people today remain conditioned to consider the anus filthy and repulsive because of its excretory function. (To a lesser extent, the sex organs are also seen as disgusting because of their association with the release of urine.) Such personal attitudes are often deep-seated and must be respected. After all, it would be arrogant and presumptuous for anyone to tell people to engage in sexual activities they do not like. However, scientists who study the matter impartially from a historical and global perspective, discover that the revulsion against anal intercourse is not and has never been universal. |
