變異的性行為

術語鑒別

隨著歲月的流轉，赫希菲爾德的原初區分導致他做出了進一步的區分。例如，他後來也撰造了術語“易性癖（transsexualism）”，自他之後，其他學者承續了這個領域研究。如今，我們至少知道有數個不同的性少數族群，他們都會穿著另一個性別的服飾。

近數十年來，這個普通的術語“換穿異性服飾（cross-dressing）”逐漸變得普及起來，因為這個術語在沒有暗含行為習慣或特殊的行為動機的前提下，只是描述一種行為。所以，這個術語可以用於上述所提及的所有的性變異行為以及許多其它所涉及到的事例（例如，可以用於正式的場合、化妝舞會，等等）。與之不同的是，術語“跨性別者（transgender）”儘管使用得也相當的普遍，但是它意味著故意與傳統的女性和男性性別角色離經叛道。術語“跨性（transgenderism）”和“跨性者（transgenderist）”起初用於那些對外科性別矯正（所謂的“性別改換”）手術不感興趣的易性癖者，這些易性癖者更願意保持“在兩性之間的狀態”。如今，這種用法已經泛化，包括任何拒絕傳統的女性氣質和男性氣概定義的行為。我們可以在許多不同的個體中觀察到這樣的行為，他們的性行為變異範圍非常之大。這樣的行為也許涉及到或沒有涉及到換穿異性服飾，但是會以某種方式表達他們拒絕傳統的性別角色的意願。

最後提請您注意：性別（gender）與性取向（sexual orientation）相互是獨立存在的。所以：我們在此一點也沒有涉及到任何性少數族群個人特定的性取向，哪怕暗示這些人的性取向都沒有。這些人也許是異性戀的、雙性戀的或同性戀的性取向。

跨性者標誌

該標誌融合男女的生物學標誌再加上十字交叉的箭頭作為兩性的跨性者的標誌

Transgender symbol
merging the biological signs for female and male
and adding a crossed arrow as a combination of both.

Sexual Minorities: 6. Transvestites

Terms

Over the years, Hirschfeld’s original distinction led him to additional distinctions. For example, he later also coined the term “transsexualism”, and after him others continued research in this field. At any rate, today one recognizes several different groups of persons who wear clothing of the other sex:

1. Transvestites (TV) are persons who occasionally, frequently or permanently dress in the clothes of the other sex and also adopt its gestures and mannerisms. However, this behavior does not express a true self-identification with the other sex. On the contrary, while having no doubts about their own femaleness or maleness, transvestites enjoy playing the gender role that contradicts their gender identity. In the case of male transvestites, one may speak of “gynemimesis” (imitation of females); in the case of female transvestites, one may speak of “andromimesis” (imitation of males).
2. Fetishistic transvestites (also called transvestophiles) derive some sexual excitement from wearing clothes of the other sex.
3. Transsexuals (TS) are persons whose self-identification as females or males is contradicted by their physical sex. They feel uncomfortable in their “wrong” bodies and therefore try to adapt their outward appearance to their innermost conviction. Some of them have also organized as a special minority (see below).
4. Intersexuals or intersexes are persons born with some physical irregularity who require medical attention as they grow into adult females and males (see Intersexuality).

In recent decades, the general term “cross-dressing” has become popular, because it simply describes a behavior without implying a habit or a particular motive. Therefore, it can be applied to all the cases mentioned above and also to many others (for example to ceremonial occasions, costume balls, etc.). In contrast, the term “transgender”, while also rather general, implies a conscious divergence from the traditional female and male gender roles. The terms “transgenderism” and “transgenderists” were originally applied to transsexuals who had no interest in sex reassignment surgery (a so-called “sex change”) and preferred to remain “between genders”. Today, the usage has broadened to include any behavior that defies the traditional definitions of femininity and masculinity. Such behavior may be found in many different individuals along a very wide spectrum of variations. It may or may not involve cross dressing, but it will, in some fashion, express the rejection of traditional gender roles.
Finally, please, note: Gender and sexual orientation are independent of each other. Therefore: Nothing is implied here about the sexual orientation of the persons in any of these groups. It may be heterosexual, bisexual, or homosexual.