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性行為的基本類型
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4.
與動物的性接觸 |
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有關人與動物的性接觸文化史
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藝術方面
有關人與動物的性接觸
自古以來，在所有的文化裏，就有有關人與動物的性接觸的描述和刻畫。此處顯示正與驢性交的男人。
[義大利瓦爾·卡莫尼卡穀（Val
Camonica）岩畫，約西元前3000年。] |
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Artistic aspects
Human sexual contact with animals has been described and depicted in all cultures since ancient times. Shown here is a man having intercourse with a donkey. Rock carving,
Val Camonica, Italy,
ca. 3000 B.C. |
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在猶太教與基督教共有的社會裏，人與動物之間的性接觸長期以來曾經是一種犯罪。就像《聖經》中所描述的那樣，古代的希伯萊書[1]以判處死刑的刑罰禁止這樣的行為。猶太教法典擔心寡婦也許會利用寵物狗用於性的目的，甚至不允許她們豢養[異教書22
b；中門書71a（Abodah
Zarah 22b; Baba Metziah 71 a）]。這些猶太教的負面態度後來被基督教所採納，繼而影響到大多數西方國家的世俗法律。世俗法律的這項罪名叫“雞奸（sodomy）”，取自《聖經》的所多瑪之城（the
biblical city of Sodom）[2]，作為“反自然的”性行為的懲罰（創世紀
第19章），該城被上帝摧毀。這種思想到了中世紀人的頭腦裏，這就意味著所有形式的非性交合的性行為[3]，尤其不僅是同性性舉止，而且與動物的性接觸都是有罪的。（實際上，《聖經》並沒有說所多瑪的市民曾經有這樣的性接觸。）甚至，在具有深遠諷刺意義的歷史輪換中，所多瑪的法律最終被用來反對猶太教本身。一些中世紀神學家公開宣稱，基督教徒與猶太人或穆斯林信徒的性接觸在道德準則上等同於與動物的“反自然的”性交，“因為在所多瑪法律和我們的神聖信仰看來，這樣的人決不會與畜牲有什麼差別。”這種處罰被認為是非常嚴厲的。數個世紀過去了，甚至到了現代的晚近時期，男男女女們就這麼被人活埋了，被人處以火刑，要不就提心吊膽地與動物有性接觸。在一些案例裏，那些動物連同這些人一起被處死。
這些宗教和法律傳統也反映到了西方醫學的思想裏。因而，在牧師和立法者看來似乎是罪惡的和犯罪的行為，作為疾病自然而然地受到精神病學家的譴責。對於這些精神病學家來說，與動物的性接觸表明是“性心理紊亂”、“性心理失常”、“不正常的性行為”和“性倒錯”的症候群。教堂和國家所稱的“雞奸”和“反自然的罪行”的東西，精神病學家們連忙譴責為“戀獸癖（zoophilia）”或“人獸交（bestiality）”。參與此類行為的人被公然宣佈為精神病。只有到了20世紀，精神病學家才變得較有自律，並開始避免這樣的不分青紅皂白的概括性評價。
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Basic Types of Sexual Behavior |
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4. Sexual Contact with Animals |
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History 1 |
In Judeo-Christian societies, sexual contact between humans and animals was, for a long time, a criminal offense. As recorded in the Bible, the ancient Hebrews prohibited such activity under the penalty of death (Leviticus 20). The Talmud did not even allow a widow to keep a pet dog for fear that she might use it for sexual purposes (Abodah Zarah 22b; Baba Metziah 71 a). These negative Jewish attitudes were later adopted by the Christian churches which, in turn, influenced the secular law in most Western countries. The crime was called “sodomy”, after the biblical city of Sodom, which was destroyed by God as a punishment for “unnatural” sexual behavior (Genesis 19). To the medieval mind, this meant all forms of non-coital sexual intercourse, especially homosexual acts, but also sexual contact with animals. (Actually, the Bible does not say that Sodom’s citizens had any such contacts.) Indeed, in a deeply ironic turn of history, the sodomy laws were eventually used against the Jews themselves. Some medieval theologians declared that a Christian's sexual contact with a Jew or Moslem was the moral equivalent of "unnatural" intercourse with an animal "inasmuch as such persons in the eyes of the law and our holy faith differ in no wise from beasts." The offense was considered very serious. For centuries, indeed well into modern times, men and women were buried alive, burned at the stake, or hanged for having had sexual contact with animals. In some cases, the animals were executed along with them.
These religious and legal traditions were also reflected in Western medical thinking. Thus, behavior that appeared sinful and criminal to clergymen and legislators was readily denounced as sick by psychiatrists. For them, sexual intercourse with animals symptomatic of a "disorder", an "aberration", "abnormality", or "perversion". What the church and the state had called "sodomy" and a "crime against nature", psychiatry hastened to condemn as "zoophilia" or "bestiality". People who engaged in such behavior were declared to be mentally ill. It was only in the 20th century that psychiatrists became more self-critical and began to avoid such indiscriminate summary judgements. |
