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男性性生理問題 |
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尿道下裂
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尿道下裂：可能的4種發病形式。點擊小圖看大圖
Hypospadia:
Four of its possible forms.
Click on picture
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尿道下裂 (Hypospadia，自希臘語hypo：“在下、在……之下”+spadon：“切開、撕裂”)是男性性器官的一種先天畸形：尿道沒有從陰莖頭開口，而是從陰莖體的某處開口，甚或在陰莖根部開口。所導致的結果是排尿困難，也就是說控制尿流發生困難。
尿道下裂的病因是在胎兒的某個關鍵時期一些激素失衡或缺乏。因為這種失衡，胎兒的性器官未能適當地發育完成。除了出生以前的激素調節失衡以外，各種各樣的遺傳和環境因素也可能是這種畸形的致病原因。畸形輕度者，尿道口狹窄並靠近陰莖頭頂端；畸形嚴重者，尿道口大多為縫隙狀並靠近陰莖的根部。陰莖常常為向下呈彎曲狀。尿道下裂也可能伴發身體其他方面的症狀，例如隱睾症和中間性(intersexuality，見後)。受到該疾病所累的男性數量相對較少(估計為每300人中有1人)，但是，發病率似乎在數個國家正在有所上升。(非常罕見的是，在女性中也發現了相應的病症：由於畸形發育或尿道缺失，膀胱會將尿液排入陰道)嚴重的尿道下裂併發病例可能涉及到更嚴重的中間性(
intersexuality)的症狀。
治
療
對於大多數病例(中間性除外)，早期外科矯治手術是適當的治療措施。由於各種各樣的醫學診治需要，在滿3周歲之前實施手術最為理想。
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Physical Problems in Males
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Hypospadia
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Hypospadia (from gr. hypo: “under” + spadon: “slit”, “break”, or “gash”) is a congenital malformation of the male sex organs: The urethra does not open through the glans of the penis, but somewhere through the underside of the penis shaft or even at the base of the penis. As a result, it is difficult to urinate normally, i.e. to control the stream of urine.
The cause of hypospadia is some hormonal imbalance or deficiency during a certain critical period before the boy is born. Because of this imbalance, the formation of his sex organs could not be properly completed. In addition to
prenatal hormonal problems, various
genetic and environmental factors may also contribute to this malformation. In mild cases of hypospadia the urethral opening is small and lies rather close to the tip of the glans; in severe cases, the opening is more of a gap and lies close to the base of the penis. Very often, the penis is curved, bending downward. There may also be a connection with other physical problems, for example undescended testicles and intersexuality (see there). The number of males affected is relatively small (an estimated 1 in 300), but it seems to be rising in several countries. (Very rarely, a comparable condition is found in females: Because of a malformed or missing urethra, the bladder empties into the vagina.) Severe and complicated cases of hypospadia may be related to the more serious problem of
intersexuality.
Treatment
In most cases (exception: intersexuality),
early corrective surgery is the appropriate treatment. For various medical reasons,
it is best performed before the boy reaches the age of three.
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