Margaret Sanger

避孕

錯綜複雜的問題

歷史記載: 瑪格麗特·桑格—計劃生育的先驅

瑪格麗特·桑格
Margaret Sanger
(1883-1966)

作為紐約貧民區的一名護士，瑪格麗特·桑格目睹了許許多多婦女的生育悲劇。不久，她意識到她能夠通過給婦女傳授有關怎樣避孕的知識來為她們提供最好的服務。因此，她著手撰寫和出版有關避孕知識的宣傳冊，這些知識在那時還是非常敏感的話題。在寫作過程中，她創用了術語“計劃生育”（birth control，翻譯成“控制生育”更確切——譯者注）。
1916年，桑格和她的妹妹在布魯克林(美國紐約市西南部的一區——譯者注)開了一家計劃生育診所，這是美國此類診所的第一家。診所開張不久就以“妨害公眾罪”的名義被查封，並且桑格姊妹被送進囚犯工廠服了30天的勞役。當時針對桑格的一系列相繼的指控、起訴和員警行動最終激起了越來越多的公眾反對，他們支持桑格的工作，並且於1936年導致法院裁決允許醫生處方使用避孕藥具。可是，許多州仍維持禁止出售避孕藥具的法令，直到1965年和1970年美國最高法院的兩個裁決之後，最後的禁令才得以取消。
1927年，桑格成立了“美國計劃生育聯盟”（American League for Birth Control），1942年經過數次機構合併和更名，美國“計劃生育聯合會”（Planned Parenthood Federation）宣告成立。1953年瑪格麗特·桑格成為“國際計劃生育聯合會”（International Planned Parenthood Federation）的第一任主席，並且在她的晚年，她主要投身於非洲的計劃生育事業。

Contraception

A Complex Issue

Historical Notes: Margaret Sanger - A Pioneer of Planned Parenthood

As a nurse in the poorer sections of New York, Margaret Sanger saw much sexual misery. She soon realized that she could help poor women best by giving them information about how to prevent unwanted pregnancies. Therefore, she began writing and publishing about this then very touchy subject. In the process, she coined the term "birth control".
In 1916 Sanger and her sister opened a birth control clinic in Brooklyn, the first of its kind in the US. This clinic was immediately closed as a "public nuisance", and the Sanger sisters were sentenced to 30 days in the workhouse. Many subsequent accusations, prosecutions and police actions against Sanger eventually led to increasing public support for her work and to a 1936 court decision allowing doctors to prescribe contraceptives. However, many states still retained laws against their sale, and it was not until after two US Supreme Court decisions in 1965 and 1970 that the last restrictions were removed.
In 1927 Sanger organized the "American League for Birth Control" and in 1942, after several organizational mergers and name changes, a "Planned Parenthood Federation" came into existence. In 1953 Margaret Sanger became the first president of the "International Planned Parenthood Federation", and she devoted her remaining years mainly to problems of birth control in Asia.

[Course 2] [Description] [How to use it] [Introduction] [Conception] [Pregnancy] [Birth] [Infertility] [Contraception] [A Complex Issue] [Methods of Contracep.] [Abortion] [Additional Reading] [Examination]