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避孕 |
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錯綜複雜的問題
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歷史記載:限制家庭人口規模 |
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安東尼·康斯托克
Anthony Comstock
(1844-1915)
避孕的強權反對者
A powerful foe of contraception.
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通過避免非意願妊娠，男男女女們也從個人的層面設法限制其家庭人口規模，所運用的方法從性交中斷法（coitus abruptus，俄南於體外泄精，聖經，起源第三十八章：第六至十節）到使用各種各樣的陰道拴和草藥調和物。流產也是古代廣泛實踐的限制人口的方法。可是，古代所使用的所有這些方法仍舊不安全和極不可靠，直到19世紀，相繼發明了避孕套、宮頸帽和陰道隔膜後，這一狀況才得到改變。不過，19世紀早期，限制人口規模就已經被看作是正在興起的社會運動，英國尤甚，要求有權對貧困的工人階級婦女使用避孕手段。這個運動卻遭到了來自宗教和政治當局的的反對。甚至卡爾·馬克思和恩格斯也未支持這項運動。在美國，有一個自封的、後來由官方正式任命的道德督察，名叫安東尼·康斯托克，他說服國會通過了一項反對通過郵件派送“淫穢材料”的法律。就他的觀點看，這項法律也包括反對派送避孕知識的材料，所以，他動用他的特權成功地阻止了許多醫學流產而導致多人死亡以及將許多醫生送進了監獄。他也糾纏計劃生育宣導者瑪格麗特·桑格。直到20世紀後半葉，避孕才成為大多數婦女容易利用的節制生育手段。這是由於許多社會學和科學先驅們有膽有識努力的成果。 |
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Contraception |
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A
Complex Issue
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Historical
Notes: Limiting
Family Size |
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Individual women and men also tried to
limit the size of their families by avoiding unwanted pregnancies, using methods from coitus abruptus (the biblical Onan in Genesis 38: 6-10) to various vaginal plugs and herbal concoctions. Abortion was also widely practiced in the ancient world. However, all of these methods remained unsafe and largely unreliable until, in the 19th century, effective condoms could be manufactured and the cervical cap and later the diaphragm were invented. However, the early 19th century already saw a growing social movement, especially in England, demanding access to contraception for poor working mothers. This movement encountered enormous opposition from religious and political authorities. Not even the "liberators of the working class"
Karl Marx and
Friedrich Engels supported it. In the United States,
Anthony Comstock, a self-appointed, later officially authorized moral watchdog, persuaded congress to pass a law against sending “obscene materials” through the mails. For him, this also included contraception information, and, using his special powers, he succeeded in ruining many lives and putting physicians into prison. He also harrassed the birth control advocate
Margaret Sanger. It was only in the second half of the 20th century, that contraception became easily available to most women. This was due to the courageous efforts of many social and scientific pioneers. |
