概述-历史记载    Introduction - Historical Notes

流行病学教训1   A Lesson in Epidemiology 1

伏尔泰（Voltaire）的讽刺小说《老实人》（1759）（为伏尔泰哲理小说的代表作——译者注）讲述了一位德国天真的年轻贵族的故事（该年轻人名字就是该小说的名称，Candide，中文译为贡第德。关于贡第德的身份，有另外的文献有不同的说法，现摘录于此：“贡第德是一个没有封号、身份不明的平民，他寄居在德国大贵族脱龙克男爵府上，据猜测是男爵之妹的私生子，因为他头脑简单，性格温和，所以大家都叫他老实人。”——王忠祥.聂珍钊主编.外国文学史（第二册）.武汉：华中科技大学出版社，1999，第87页——译者注），他相信了他的哲学老师邦葛罗斯（Pangloss），认为他们生活在“所有可能存在的最好的世界”里。但是，就像注定的那样，年轻人受尽了苦难，一个接着一个，在和邦葛罗斯分开了一段时间后，他终于偶尔碰见他的哲学老师，一副可怜相。邦葛罗斯告诉他：

 “呵，我亲爱的贡第德，你还记得帕柯特吗？那个漂亮的女仆啊，就是服侍我们高贵的男爵夫人的那一位。在她的怀抱里，我领略到了天堂的欢乐，欢乐产生了这些至今仍在折磨着我的地狱之难。她患上了传染病，并且可能因此而死于这病。她从一位有学问的圣芳济会修道士染上该病，修道士已经追溯到了疾病的根源：他的病归咎到一个老伯爵夫人，她从骑兵营的上尉那里挂了花，上尉从侯爵夫人那里中了彩，她又从男侍（担任一个骑士的侍从的男孩，为正在学习的准骑士——译者注）得到了童身。男侍从耶稣会士那里获得了真经，这个会士，啊，在他见习的时候，就径直从哥伦布的一个水手冒险家那里拔得了头酬。至于我呢，不会传染给任何人了，因为我正在死去呢。”

A Lesson in Epidemiology 1

Voltaire’s satirical novel “Candide” (1759) tells the story of a naïve young German nobleman who believes with his philosophy teacher Pangloss that we live “in the best of all possible worlds”. As it turns out, however, he suffers one misfortune after another and, after having been separated from Pangloss, he eventually meets him again by accident in a truly pitiful state. Pangloss tells him:

"O my dear Candide, you remember Pacquette, that pretty maid, who waited on our       noble Baroness. In her arms I tasted the pleasures of paradise, and they produced        these torments of hell which are now destroying me. She was infected with a disease     and perhaps has since died of it. She had received this present from a learned              Franciscan, who had derived it from its source: He was indebted for it to an old                countess, who had it from a captain of the cavalry, who had it from a marquise, who        had it from a page. The page had it from a Jesuit, who, during his novitiate, had              received it in a direct line from one of the fellow adventurers of Christopher Columbus. For my part I shall give it to no one, because I am dying."