变异的性行为

性少数: 7.易性癖者

拒绝性别指派手术

也有反对任何性别指派手术的易性癖者。他们想要保持现在的这个模样，并代之以强烈要求社会对所有类型的性变异要有更多的容忍。的确，一些研究者认为不仅指派的性别（性别角色）而且性自认（性别认同）都是被社会建构的结果。所以，归根结底，所有的性别问题可以归咎到这个很大的社会问题——女性气质和男性气概的不必要的狭隘的定义问题。按照这种观点，易性癖不是一个医学问题，而是在特定的外部环境之下，特定个体对不适当的社会压力和不适当的文化要求所做出（顺从社会性别标准的）的反应。简而言之，外科手术是对一个更为根本的问题的错误解决方法，这个根本问题是：我们怎样才能建构一个接纳人类性状态的全部的性象谱？[1]

易性癖的这种解释受到了那些质疑生物原因的学者们的辩驳，而且似乎他们还要具有更充分的论据。不过，到目前为止，辩论的双方都提出了确实的证据。无论如何，即使到如今，人们可能会认为易性癖的谜底仍然远没有被揭开。

我们现在的导论性质的课程不允许我们就这个论题展开更加细致的讨论。它将是专门针对性别研究中的另一个主题。

Variations in Sexual Behavior

Sexual Minorities: 7. Transsexuals

No Surgery

There are also transsexuals who oppose any sex reassignment surgery. They want to remain as they are and demand instead greater social tolerance for sexual diversity of all kinds. Indeed, some researchers believe that not only the sex of assignment (gender role), but also the sexual self-identification (gender identity) are socially constructed. In the final analysis, therefore, all gender problems can be traced to the larger social issue of needlessly narrow definitions of femininity and masculinity. According to this view, transsexualism is not a medical condition, but the response of certain individuals in certain situations to inappropriate social pressure and undue cultural demands. In short, surgery is the wrong answer to a more fundamental question: How can we build a society that accepts the full spectrum of the human sexual condition?
This explanation of transsexualism is disputed by those who suspect a biological cause, and they still seem to have the better arguments. However, so far, neither side has been able to offer conclusive proof. In any case, one can say that, even today, the riddle of transsexualism is still far from being solved.
The present introductory course does not allow us to go into greater detail about this. It will be the subject of another, special course on gender.