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变异的性行为
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历史背景 2:
“性副态”
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弗里德瑞奇·S.克荛斯(1859 -1938)
，奥地利人种学家，撰
造了术语“性反常行为”。他在巴尔干半岛收集了有关性的民俗学素材，编辑出版了年鉴《人类繁衍》(1904-1913年)，而且是由赫希菲尔德于1918年创立的第一本《性科学杂志》(Zeitschrift für Sexualwissenschaft)的合编者
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Friedrich S. Krauss
(1859 -1938)
an Austrian
ethnologist,
coined the
term “paraphilia“. He collected erotic folklore in the Balkans, edited the journal “Anthropophyteia” (1904-1913) and was co-editor of the first Journal of Sexology (Zeitschrift für Sexualwissenschaft), founded by
Magnus Hirschfeld in 1908. |
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当医学专业人员设法去找到科学的，即更新的、纯粹出于描述性的和道德中立的表达术语来替换倒错“(perversion)”、“失常(aberration)”和“偏离(deviation)”时，他们最终采纳了术语“性副态”(paraphilia[1]，希腊语para：在…近旁；在…旁边；philia：爱)”。但是，从逻辑上说，这种术语表达换汤不换药：从定义上看，性
副态仍然是次等的性爱。这个术语仍然假定和暗示存在“真实的”、“真正的”、“自然的”和“正确的”性爱(philia，爱好、偏好、嗜好)，似乎性爱在其之旁、之后和之下有次等的性爱，正像“真正的”医生之后和之下还站着辅助医务人员一样。从科学的原则说来，这是无根无据的假定。那些使用这个术语的人暗示，他们了解性行为的“真正的”含义和目的，而且他们主张权威人士来改正凡是不符合他们认为理想的东西。从最好的情形看，他们是为人所不知晓的理论家。
的确，各种各样的“性反常行为”的定义没有任何一个恰好达到客观的基本标准。这些定义要么是说教的和无知的，要么是无法原谅地含混不清的，甚或是类语叠用的。例如：一些学者说“非典型的(atypical)和偏激的(extreme)性行为”，其他学者提到“由性对象导致的性唤起，或对互惠的爱慕的性活动可能起干扰作用的性刺激所产生的性唤起”。还有其它的陈述，说什么“性
副态是以被认为偏离行为为特征的性冲动紊乱”，或者他们直接了当地申明“性副态是像性偏离行为一样显然而然的精神紊乱”。后两个定义类语叠用，因而尤其没有什么价值(“性副态是性紊乱并因而是性偏离”)。这就像是说“私通的恋爱事件表明其本身为通奸行为”。这样的空洞套话在任何科学论文里都是毫无价值的。它们什么也没有解释清楚，而且为所有类型的武断说辞开了方便之门。然而，剩下来的定义也并不那么合适。许多人类的行为是未显示精神紊乱状态的“无常规的(atypical)”行为：攀登高耸的山峰、骑车环游世界、进入修道院和发誓不说话、收集精美的顶针，许多许多其它的活动等等。词语“偏激的(extreme)”是一个相对的术语，它从一个说话者到另一个说话者和从一种背景到另一种背景会有不同的具体含义。“互惠的爱慕的性活动”是一个当代西方中产阶级的文化理想，而且从时空上看，决不普遍。另一方面，许多所谓的性副态活动可能非常好地包容了互惠互利和爱情。简而言之，术语“性副态”与这些学者想要替换的那些术语一样，恰恰也是意识形态的和科学启蒙之前的那种表述。
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Variations in Sexual Behavior |
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Historical Background 2: "Paraphilia" |
When the medical profession tried to find a scientific, i.e. purely descriptive, morally neutral expression to replace the judgmental “perversion”, “aberration”, and “deviation“, it finally adopted the term ”paraphilia” (gr. para: beside, and philia: love). However, from the standpoint of logic, this is no improvement: A paraphilia remains, by definition, a second-rate love. The term still assumes and implies the existence of a "real", "true","natural", and "correct" love (philia) which has sisters of minor rank standing beside, behind, or below it, just as the paramedical personnel stands behind or below the "real" doctor. Scientifically speaking, this is an unwarranted assumption. Those who use the term imply that they know the “true” meaning and purpose of sexual behavior, and they claim the authority to correct whatever falls short of what they consider ideal. At best, they are ideologues without being aware of it.
Indeed, none of the various definitions of “paraphilia” meets even the most basic standard of objectivity. They are either moralistic and naïve or inexcusably vague or even tautological. For example: Some writers speak of “sexual behavior that is atypical and extreme”, others refer to “arousal by sexual objects or situations which may interfere with the capacity for reciprocal affectionate sexual activity”. Still others state that “paraphilias are sexual impulse disorders characterized by behaviors that are considered deviant”, or they proclaim categorically that “paraphilias are psychiatric disorders that are manifested as deviant sexual behavior”. The last two definitions are tautological and especially meaningless (“paraphilias are disorders and therefore deviant”). This is like saying that “an extramarital affair manifests itself in adultery” or that “poverty is due to a lack of money”. Such empty formulas are useless in any scientific discourse. They explain nothing and are open to all sorts of arbitrary interpretations. However, the other definitions are not much better: Many human behaviors are “atypical” without indicating a psychiatric disorder: Climbing very high mountains, riding a bicycle around the world, entering a monastery and taking a vow of silence, collecting porcelain thimbles, and many others. The word “extreme” is a relative term which changes its concrete meaning from one speaker and context to another. “Reciprocal affectionate sexual activity” is a cultural ideal of the modern Western middle classes and by no means universal, either historically or geographically. On the other hand, many so-called paraphilic activities can very well include reciprocity and affection. In short, the term “paraphilia” is just as ideological and prescientific as those it was meant to replace. |
