不能治癒性傳播疾病-傳染
Incurable
STDs - Infections |
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乙型肝炎
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乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）
Hepatitis B Virus
(HBV)
(橫斷面/cross-section)
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美國乙型肝炎傳播統計Hepatitis B transmission
in the U.S.
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易傳染接觸的形式
Form of infectious contact
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基於1992-1993年病例統計。資料來源：美國疾病控制中心
Based on cases 1992 - 1993. Source:
CDC, USA
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1.
它是什麼？
肝炎(自希臘語：hepatos，肝)是肝臟的發炎，在本例中，由乙型肝炎病毒
(Hepatitis B Virus，簡稱HBV)所引起。肝炎能夠引起短期症狀（急性肝炎），在一些病例，它引起慢性症狀（慢性肝炎）。乙型肝炎的英文字母“B”，代表“血液（Blood）”，它可以被追溯到醫生第一次認識肝炎的時候，那時人們認識到這種病毒是通過輸血傳播的。然而，今天看來，血液途徑的傳播危險是微乎其微了，因為所有的血液捐贈者都做了篩選。同時，我們知道血液並不是唯一傳播這種特殊病毒的媒介，導致肝炎的其他病毒也可能存在於血液裏。2.
它由什麼所引起？
乙型肝炎由乙型肝炎病毒(Hepatitis B Virus，HBV)所引起。該病毒比HIV更具有傳染性。可是，一般說來，它引起的損害要輕許多，因為許多感染者沒有症狀。確實感染了該病毒的人常常只有暫時的症狀，不久又恢復如常。某些病人變成慢性肝炎，而且他們中少數人的症狀可能演變得非常嚴重。
3.
它如何傳播？
乙型肝炎通過諸如血液、精液和陰道分泌物的體液傳播。在唾液、淚液和母乳裏也已經發現了這種病毒。甚至皮膚上一個非常細微的割傷或擦傷也為病毒進入體內提供了可能。性接觸是病毒顯然的傳播途徑，其他的傳播途徑是靜脈毒品注射者之間共用注射針頭。還有另一個途徑是用污染的器械文身和身體穿刺。甚至與人共用污染的剃鬚刀也能導致感染。與感染的家庭成員一起生活冒有一定的風險，因為這種病毒在體外能夠存活數天。醫生和護士由含有污染血液的針頭刺傷能夠被感染。已感染的母親在分娩期間或分娩後短暫的時間裏也能夠將病毒傳染給寶寶。
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Hepatitis B
I (HBV) 1. What is it?
Hepatitis (from gr. hepatos: liver) is an inflammation of the liver caused, in this case, by the Hepatitis B Virus
(HBV). It can create short-term problems (acute hepatitis) and, in some cases, a chronic condition (chronic hepatitis). The “B” in its name stands for “Blood” and dates back to the time when doctors first realized that the virus was transmitted through blood transfusions. However, today this danger is very remote in modern societies, because all blood donations are screened. In the meantime, we know that blood is not the only vehicle to transmit this particular virus, and that other viruses causing hepatitis can also be present in blood.
2. What causes it?
The disease is caused by the Hepatitis B Virus (HBV). It is much more contagious than the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). However, generally speaking, it causes much less damage, because many infected people have no symptoms. Those that do get sick often have only temporary symptoms and soon feel well again. In some patients the disease becomes chronic, and a minority of these may develop very serious health problems.
3. How is it transmitted?
Hepatitis B is transmitted through body fluids like blood, semen, and vaginal secretions. The virus has also been found in saliva, tears, and mother’s milk. Even a very small cut or abrasion in the skin can make it possible for the virus to enter the body. Sexual contact is one obvious way of transmission, another is the sharing of needles among intravenous drug users. Still another is tattooing and piercing with an infected instrument. Even shaving with an infected razor blade can lead to infection. Living with a household member who is infected carries a risk, because the virus can survive outside the body for a few days. Doctors and nurses can get infected by accidentally sticking themselves with a needle containing infected blood. An infected mother can also transmit the virus to her baby during or shortly after birth.
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