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中間性
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怎樣對待中間性 |
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社會-文化的態度
- 法律傳統
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所有的法律傳統均起源於宗教，因為起初所有的法律都是神抵的法律。甚至於當首部法律成文時仍舊是如此。所有的古代法律制定者——從巴比倫統治者哈默拉比(Hammurabi，西元前18世紀)到《聖經》時代的摩西(Moses，約西元前13世紀)都要引用神抵的意志，把其作為它們的法律條款的來源。埃及的法老(pharaos)宣稱他們是神抵的後代，中國和日本的皇帝自稱為天子(其實日本的皇帝自稱為“天皇”，有天子之父的隱喻。——譯者注)，羅馬皇帝被尊崇為神，甚至在西元7世紀，先知先覺者穆罕默德(the Prophet Mohammed)仍宣稱自己有神靈感應(即在當前的伊斯蘭教法律裏保留的主張)。只有到了當代，西方的法律制定者才開始把宗教影響清理出法律。例如，法國皇帝拿破崙(Napoleon)在其1811年的革命性的《刑法典》(Penal Code)就消除了宗教的影響。其後，西方法律逐漸世俗化，尤其在人的性的領域的法律世俗化更為明顯，這些法律條款變得更加注重實效了。畢竟，在現代民主政治體制中，法律被認定為通人情的立法者的作品，而立法者是由委託人選舉出來以表達其委託人意願的代表。可是，這種公眾的意願必須尊重某些不可取消的民事權利。例如，宗教信仰和種族生存的基本權利，而且無論少數民族願意作出什麼樣的決定，他們仍會受到保護。最近數十年，這樣的基本權利在一定程度上也被擴展到了性少數(sexual
minorities)。不過，對於中間性者的法律保護仍然缺乏。所以，中間性援助社團強烈要求另行法律改革，尤其要求在以下的領域進行法律改革。 |
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Intersexuality - Dealing with Intersexuality
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Socio-cultural Attitudes - Legal Traditions
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All legal traditions have a religious origin, because originally all law was divine law. This remained true even when the laws were first written down. All ancient law givers - from the Babylonian ruler
Hammurabi (18th century BC) to the biblical
Moses (ca. 13th century BC) - cited some divine will as the source of their legal codes.
Egyptian pharaos proclaimed their divine birth,
the emperors of China and Japan called themselves sons of heaven,
Roman emperors were venerated as gods, and even in the 7th century AD,
the Prophet Mohammed still claimed divine inspiration, a claim kept alive in current Islamic law. It was only in modern times that Western legislators began to eliminate religious influences from the law, for example the French emperor
Napoleon in his revolutionary Penal Code of 1811. Since then, Western law has become increasingly secular, and especially in the area of human sexuality, has gradually become more pragmatic. After all, in modern democracies the law is seen as the work of human legislators who are elected to express the will of their constituents. This popular will, however, has to respect certain irrevocable civil rights. Thus, for example, the basic rights of religious, racial, and ethnic minorities remain protected, no matter what the majority might wish to decide. In recent decades, and to a certain extent, such basic rights have also been extended to sexual minorities. Nevertheless, in the case of intersexuality, the law remains inadequate. Therefore,
intersex advocacy groups
demand additional legal reforms, especially in the the following areas. |
