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Archiv für Sexualwissenschaft
ìµÛ¡G[¼w]¼Ú¤å•¶Â§B¼Ö(Erwin Haeberle)¡FĶªÌ¡G[¤¤°ê]´^¾å½÷¡F®Õ¹ïªÌ¡G[¬ü]¨¿ªÚ½á
Original: Erwin Haeberle [Germany];
Translator: Xiaohui Peng [China];
Reviser: Fang-fu Ruan [USA]
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1735¦~¡A·ç¨å´Óª«¾Ç®a¥dº¸¡P½d¡PªL©`(Karl von Linné)¤Þ¤J¤F¡§©Ê¤ÀÃþ¤èªk(methodus
sexualis)¡¨¡A§Y«ö·Ó´Óª«ªº¥Í´Þµ²ºc¯S¼x¹º¤À´Óª«ªº¤ÀÃþÅé¨t¡C³oÓ´Óª«¤ÀÃþÅé¨t(²{¤w¼o±ó)µ¹·í®Éªº¤j³¡¤À¾ÇªÌ¯d¤U¤F«D±`²`¨èªº¦L¶H¡A¦ý¬O¦]¬°³oÓ¤ÀÃþÅé¨tÅý¤@ºØ¶¯¿¶¦b¤@¦·ªá¤W©Î¦b¦P¤@ºØªá¤W»P¼ÆÓ»Û¿¶±Â¯»¡A¤]¾D¨ì¤F·í®Éªº¹D¼w½Ã¹D¤hªº©áÀ»¡C¥LÌ»{¬°¦¹¤D¹ï¤W«Òªº½ÚÁ½¡A¤W«Ò¤£¥i¯à³Ð³y¦p¦¹¼Z¸¨ªº¨Æª«¡C·í®É¡A¥L̺´°Ê±Ð®v¤£n¦b¾Ç®ÕùرбªL©`ªº´Óª«¤ÀÃþÅé¨t¡C |
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¬¥®á(Lausanne,·ç¤h¦è³¡«°¥«,¦b¤é¤º¥Ë´ò¥_©¤¡X¡XĶªÌª`)Âå¥Í¼»¥À¦Õ¡P³|¯Á¯S³q¹L¨äµÛ§@¡m½×¤â²]¡n(Onanism¡A1760)¡A¦¨¤F³Ì´I¼vÅT¤Oªº©Ò¿×¤â²]¦³®`½×ªº±À¦æªÌ¡C¦b©¹«áªº150¦~ùØ,¡§¤â²]ºë¯«¿ù¶Ã¡¨ªº®£Äߤ@ª½¬O¯e¯f¹w¨¾©M«C¤Ö¦~©Ê±Ð¨|ªº¥DÃD¡C |
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¤é¤º¥Ë§@®a»P§@¦±®a³Ç®¦-¶®§J¡P¿c±ô(Jean-Jacques
Rousseau)¦b¨äµÛ§@¡m·RÀ±¨à¡n(Émile¡A1762)n¨D¦b¨àµ£´Á©M«C¬K´Á«O«ù¡§²M¥Õ¡¨¡C
³Ç®¦-¶®§J¡P¿c±ô(1712-1778) |
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¼w°ê±Ð¨|®a¡A¹³J.®J´µ¯S(J.
Oest)©MJ. H.§¢´¶(J. H.
Campe)µ¥¡AÄm¨©ó¤Ï¹ï¤â²]ªº±Ð¨|¨Æ·~¡C |
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°¨«¶´µ¡P¼w¡PÂļw(Marquis de
Sade¡Aªk°ê§@®a¡A¨äµÛ§@¦h´y¼g¡§©ÊÅܺA¡¨¡Aªk°ê´¶Ã¹©ô´µ¶Q±Ú¥X¨¡A¤@¥Í¨I²_©ñ¿º¡A1772¦~¥H©Êh«Ý¡A©Ô¥Ö±ø¡A¦P©ÊÅÊ¡A´²µo¬KÃĵ¥¸o³Q§P¦º¦D¡A«á¥Hºë¯«¯f¬°¥Ñ³Q°e¤Jºë¯«¯f°|¡A¤§«á¼ç¤ß¤_¤å¾Ç³Ð§@¡C«á¦º©óºÆ¤H°|¡CSadism-©Êh«Ý¨g¤@µü§Y¥X¦Û©óSade¡C¡X¡XĶªÌª`)¦]¹D¼w«ü±±¦Ó³Q¥}¸T¦b¤Ú´µ¼wºÊº»¡A¦bþ¨½¥L¯µ±K¦a¼g¤F¤@¥»©Ç½Ï¡BµL®¢©MÁ¶Âp¯«©úªº¤â²]¤Û·Q®Ñ(¡m¯Á¦hº¿120¤Ñ¡n)¡C³o³¡®Ñ¤]¼J¯º²z´¼·|¨Ï¤HÃþ´I¦³²z©Ê¡B°ª©|©M¤¯·Oªº¡§¤å©ú¡¨«H¥õ¡C |
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^°ê§@®aº¿ÄR¡P¨Uº¸´µ³q§J©Ô¤Ò¯S(Mary Wollstonecraft)©ó1792¦~µoªí¤F¡m¬°¤k¤HÅv§QÅGÅ@¡n(A
Vindication of the Rights of Woman)¤@®Ñ¡A¦o¦b®Ñ¤¤¥¿¦¡¦an¨D¤k©Ê¦b±Ð¨|¡B¨p¥Í¬¡©M¤½¦@¥Í¬¡¡B¥]¬A¬FªvÅv§Q¤è±ªº¥µ¥¡C¦o¼¹¤U¤F¦o¨ºÓ®É¥N°ü¤k¡§¤Ñ¥Í¡¨©Ê§O¨¤¦âªº°²±¨ã¡A»{¬°°ü¤kªº©Ê§O¨¤¦â¬O¤÷Åv¨î·NÃѧκAªº²£ª«¡Cº¿ÄR¡P¨Uº¸´µ³q§J©Ô¤Ò¯S(1759-1797) |
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³oºØ¤kÅv¥D¸qªº¥Ø¼Ð¦b¦´Á¤]±o¨ì¤F°¨«¶´µ¡P¼w¡P¤Õ¦h¶ë(Marquis de Condorcet
)ªºµÛ§@¤ä«ù¡C¥i¬O¡A³oºØ¤kÅv¥D¸q¥Ø¼Ð¤£¤[´N¦bªk°ê¤j²©Rªº®£©Æ®É´Á(1793-1794)©MÀH«áªº¬Fªv«ì´_´Á³Q©ß±ó¤F¡C |
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³Ç¥XÂå¥Í¬ù¿«¡P¦ë¯S(1728-1793,
^°ê¸Ñå¾Ç®a¤Î¥~¬ìÂå¥Í¡C¥L»{¬°®Ú¾Ú¶Ç¬Vªº³¡¦ì¥i¨M©w©Ê¯fªºÃþ«¬¡A¨Ò¦p²O¯f¬Oµo¥Í¦bÖß½¤¤W¡A¦Ó±ö¬rµw¤U¯i«hµo¥Í¦b¥Ö½§¤W¡C¨Ì·Ó³oºØ°²·Q¡A¥L±N¤@Ó²O¯f±wªÌªºÁw²GºØ´Ó¨ì¦Û¤v¨¤W¡F¥Ñ©ó¸Ó±wªÌÁÙ±w¦³±ö¬r¡A¦]¦Ó¬ù¿«¡P¦ë¯S¦P®É¬V¤W¤F²O¯f©M±ö¬r¡A³Ì«á¦º©ó±ö¬r©Ê¥D°Ê¯ßª¢¡C¡X¡XĶªÌª`)¦b¨äµÛ§@¡m©Ê¯f½×¡n(Treatise of the Venereal
Disease)¡§¶§·õ¡¨¤@³¹¤¤²M·¡¦aÄÄz¤F©ÊªvÀøªº°ò¥»ì²z¡C |
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¨ì¤F18¥@¬ö¥½¡A^°ê±Ð°Ïªª®v´öº¿´µ¡P°¨º¸ÂÄ´µ(Thomas Malthus)µoªí¤F¡m¤H¤fì²z¡n(Essay
on the Principle of Population¡A1798)¡A¥L¦b®Ñ¤¤©áÀ»¤F¥L¨ºÓ®É¥Nªº¡§¤å©ú¡¨¶®¤h¾¥«Èªº¼ÖÆ[¥D¸q«ä·Q¡A¨Ã¹ï¤H¤f¹L³Ñµo¥X¤Fĵ§i¡A»{¬°¹L³Ñªº¤H¤f·|ªýê¤HÃþ¥Ã¤[ªº©¯ºÖ¡C
´öº¿´µ¡P°¨º¸ÂÄ´µ(1766-1834)
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H. ¶Â§B°Ç(Erwin Haeberle) <haeberlee@web.de>
I.Predecessors(Antiquity-1892)
4.The 18th Century
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In 1735 the
Swedish botanist Karl von Linné introduces his "methodus sexualis" i.e. a
classification system in which plants a listed according to the character
and number of their reproductive structures. This system (now obsolete)
greatly impresses most contemporary scholars, but is also attacked as
obscene by moralists, because it allows for the cohabitation of a male
stamen with several female pistils in one and the same flower. This is
considered a defamation of God who cannot possibly have created such
depravity. Teachers are urged not to teach Linné's system in
school. |
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The Lausanne physician Samuel Tissot, through his
book "Onanism" (1760), becomes the most influential propagandist of the
alleged dangers of masturbation. For the next 150 years, the fear of
"masturbatory insanity" remains a dominant theme of disease prevention and
adolescent sexual education. |
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The Genevan writer and composer Jean-Jacques
Rousseau, in his influential book "Émile" (1762), demands the preservation
of sexual 'innocence' in children and adolescents. |
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German educators like J. Oest and J. H. Campe devote
themselves to the fight against masturbation. |
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The Marquis de Sade, imprisoned in the Bastille on a
morals charge, secretly writes bizarre, outrageous and blasphemous
masturbation phantasies ("The 120 Days of Sodom"), which also mock the
"enlightened" belief that rational insight will make human beings
reasonable, noble, and kind. |
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The English writer Mary
Wollstonecraft, in 1792, publishes her "Vindication of the Rights of Woman", in which she demands female
equality in education, private and public life, including politics. She
unmasks the alleged 'natural' role of women in her time as the product of
a patriarchal ideology. |
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The feminist goals had also earlier been supported by
the Marquis de Condorcet in a publication of his own. However, they are
soon abandoned by the reign of terror in the French Revolution and by the
following political restoration. |
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The eminent physician John Hunter spells out the
basic principles of sex therapy in the chapter 'Of Impotence' of his book
"Treatise of the Venereal Disease". |
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Towards the end of the century, the English parson
Thomas Malthus publishes his "Essay
on the Principle of Population" (1798), in which he criticizes the
optimism of the 'enlightened' writers of his time and warns against
overpopulation, which will prevent mankind's lasting happiness. |
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