Original editors: Vern L. Bullough
and Bonnie BulloughEdited
by Erwin J. Haeberle.
Original editors: Vern L. Bullough and Bonnie Bullough
Originally published by:
GARLAND PUBLISHING. INC.
New York & London 1994
Garland Reference Library of Social Science (Vol.
685)
Copyright © 2006 Erwin J. Haeberle. All rights reserved.
Attention!
Authors who want to write additional articles for this free electronic encyclopedia are invited to e-mail their
contributions to the editor Erwin J. Haeberle mail to: haeberlee@web.de
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication
Data
Human sexuality: an encyclopedia/edited by Vern L. Bullough
and Bonnie Bullough.
p. cm. - (Garland reference library of social science; vol.
685)
ISBN 0-8240-7972-8 (alk. paper)
1. Sex - Dictionaries. I. Bullough, Vern L. II. Bullough,
Bonnie. III. Title: Human sexuality. IV. Series: Garland reference library of
social science; v. 685
HQ9.H846 1994
306.7'03 - dc20
93-32686
CIP
Printed on acid-free, 250-year-life paper
Manufactured in the United States of America
DEDICATION
To Our Contributors and Colleagues in the Field of Human Sexuality
A
Abortions in Ancient Times
Anti-Abortion Laws
Problems Caused by the Laws
Changing Policies
The Right to Life and Pro-Choice Movements
Abortion Procedures
Ethical and Political Issues
ADDICTION: SEX ADDICTION
ADULTERY
Historical Concepts of Adultery
Modem Concepts and Patterns of Adultery
Swinging
Open Marriage
AGING AND SEXUALITY
AIDS AND HIV INFECTION
Prevalence
Testing
Research and Treatment
Psychosocial Aspects of AIDS
Treatment Groups
Other Issues of Economics and of Public Policy
AIDS and Politics
Legal and Ethical Issues
A Cross-Cultural View
AIDS and the Future
AIDS, RELIGION, AND SEXUAL ORIENTATION
AMBISEXUALITY
ANAL SEX
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Introduction
Orgasmic Response
Preorgasmia or Primary Anorgasmia
Secondary Anorgasmia
ANTHROPOLOGY: INFLUENCE OF CULTURE ON SEX
The Culture of Anthropology: Its Paradigm
Methods, Findings, and InterpretationsParticipant Observation: Method
Participant Observation: Findings and Interpretations
Cross-Cultural Research: Method
Cross-Cultural Research: Findings and InterpretationsContemporary Perspectives and Concerns About Anthropology, Sex, and Culture
APHRODISIACS AND ANAPHRODISIACS
ART: PAINTING, SCULPTURE, AND OTHER VISUAL ART
THE ARTS AND SEXUALITY
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
AUTOEROTICISM
B
BENJAMIN, HARRY
BERDACHE AND AMAZON ROLES AMONG AMERICAN INDIANS
Folklore, Literature, and Humor
Behavior
Law
The Imaginary and the Real
BISEXUALITY
BLOCH, IWAN
BODY IMAGERY
AND GUIDED IMAGERY
BONDAGE
BOOKSELLING
IN THE FIELD OF SEXOLOGY
BUDDHISM AND SEX
Introduction
Masturbation and bukkake
Bukkake on the Internet
The Mainstreaming of Bukkake
Sexual Health
Risks
Discussion
References
BUTCH AND FEMME, TOP AND BOTTOM, IN A GAY WORLD
Butch and Femme in the Lesbian Community
Butch and Fern, Top and Bottom, Among Gay Men
Conclusions
C
CALDERONE, MARY S.
CANCER AND SEXUALITY
Effects of Cancer Treatment on Male Sexuality
Prostate Cancer
Testicular Cancer
Bladder Cancer
Colon Rectal Cancer
Penile Cancer
Chemotherapy and Radiation TherapyEffects of Cancer Treatment on Female Sexuality
Gynecologic Cancers
Bladder Cancer
Colon Rectal Cancer
Breast Cancer
Chemotherapy and Radiation Therapy
St. Augustine's Influence
The Penitentials
Gratian's Influence
Sexual Sins and Offenses
CASANOVA; CASANOVISM
CASTRATION
CATHOLIC ATTITUDES
TOWARD SEXUALITY
The Narrated and Written Word
Censorship of the Press in England and AmericaSixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries
Eighteenth Century
The Nineteenth Century
Twentieth CenturyTheater and Performance
Art
Music
Film
Radio
Television
Telephone
Conclusion
CENTER
FOR MARITAL AND SEXUAL STUDIES
CERVICAL CAP
CHASTITY GIRDLES
CHILDREN AND SEX
The Infant's Developing Sexuality
Later Childhood Sexual Development
Pediatric and Adolescent Sexual Problems
Sexual Abuse of Children
CHILDREN AND SEX, PART II: CHILDHOOD SEXUALITY
Self-Exploration and Autoerotic Activity
Sexual Fantasy
Encounters With Peers
Inhibiting Sexual Experiences of Infants and Young Children
Child Sexuality as Society Sees It
CIRCUMCISION—MALE: EFFECTS UPON HUMAN SEXUALITY
CLIMACTERIC
CLINICAL INTERVENTION WITH TRANSGENDERED CLIENTS AND THEIR PARTNERS
Terminology
Clinical Intervention
Women Partners of Transvestites
Clinical Treatment of the Couple
Clinical Treatment of the Transsexual
Conclusion
COERCION: SEXUAL COERCION
COITAL POSITIONS
Learning to Communicate
Language Styles Used to Discuss Sexuality
Nonverbal Sexual Communication
Factors Affecting Sexual Communication
Improving Sexual Communication
COMPULSION: SEXUAL
COMPULSION
COMSTOCK, ANTHONY;
COMSTOCKERY
CONDOM
CONFUCIANISM AND SEX
CONTRACEPTION: BIRTH
CONTROL
Historical Methods of Birth Control
Diaphragms
Cervical Caps
Vaginal Sponges
Condoms
Spermicides
Oral Contraceptives
Progestin Implants
Intrauterine Devices (lUDs)
Abstinence
Sterilization
Other Birth Control Methods
Summary
COUNSELING: SEXUALITY COUNSELING
Counseling vs. Psychotherapy
Theoretical Perspectives and Techniques
Sexual Counseling
COURTESANS
COURTSHIP
COUVADE
CROSS-DRESSING
Historical Cross-Dressing
Development of the Medical Model to Explain Transvestism
Current Patterns of Cross-Dressing
Research About Cross-Dressing
D
DATE RAPE; ACQUAINTANCE
RAPE
DAVIS, KATHARINE BEMENT
DICKINSON, ROBERT LATOU
DISABILITIES AND SEXUALITY
Needs of Individuals with Learning Problems
Marriage
Parenting
Policies and Procedures
Principles for Establishing Policies and Procedures
Implementing Sexuality Education Programs
Strategies for Implementing Lessons and Discussions
Instructional Materials
E
EDUCATION: SEXUALITY EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES
Prevalence of Sexuality Education in the United States
Objectives
Content of Sexuality Education
Support for Sexuality Education
Resources for More Information
Controlling Ejaculation
Premature Ejaculation
Ejaculatory Incompetence
ELLIS, ALBERT
ELLIS, HAVELOCK
EMBRYOLOGY: DEVELOPMENT OF SEXUAL AND GENERATIVE ORGANS
Gates 1 and 2: Chromosomal (or Genetic and Gonadal) Sex
Gate 3: Hormonal Sex
Gate 4: Internal Sexual Anatomy
Gate 5: External Sexual AnatomyGate Six: Sexual Dimorphism in Neural Tendencies
Development of the Mammary Glands
Puberty
Anomalous Developments of the Sexual and Generative Organs
EROTICISM
ETHOLOGY AND SEXOLOGY
Ethological Aspects of Sexual Behavior
Proceptive Behavior
Receptive Behavior
Conceptive Behavior
Sociobiological Explanations
Cross-Cultural Research
Legacy of EMS in Western Society
Contemporary Extramarital Sex
Summary
F
FANTASIES AND SEX
FASHION, CLOTHING AND
SEX
FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION
FEMINISM AND SEXOLOGY
Feminists' View of the Social Construction of Sexuality
Factors Affecting Sexology Research
Two Camps of Feminists
The Cultural Context of Sex and Celebration
Rituals of Reversal and Sexual License
Fertility
Marriage Ceremonies
Rites of Passage
Sex in Temples and Sacred Spaces
Conclusion
FLAGELLATION
FOREPLAY
FRAUD: SEX FRAUD
FREUD, SIGMUND
FRIENDSHIP: FEMALE-MALE
FRIENDSHIP
Historical Perspective
Female-Male Friendship
Benefits of Friendship
Barriers to Female-Male FriendshipSocietal Restrictions
Lack of Role Definition
Internal Barriers: JealousyFavorable Conditions for Female-Male Friendship
Sexual Attraction and Female-Male Friendship
G
G SPOT AND FEMALE
PLEASURE
GEBHARD, PAUL H.
GENDER
Sex and Gender
The Cultural Anthropology of Gender
Sex Differences
GENDER: PSYCHOLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS OF MASCULINITY AND FEMININITY
The First Generation of Measures
Sex Stereotypes
Second-Generation Measures of M&F
Ending Dimorphic Sexual Essentialism
Gender Dysphoria and Stigmatization
The Sex Chromosomes
Sperm and Ovum Production
Chromosomes and Anomalous Sexual Development
Genetics and Anomalous Sexual Development
GERMAN SEX RESEARCHERS
GONADS
GRAEFENBERG, ERNST
GRAFFITI
Graffiti Categories
History of Graffiti
Interpretations of Graffiti Content
Sexual Graffiti
Who Writes Graffiti?
GREEKS: SEXUAL CUSTOMS OF THE ANCIENT GREEKS
GUILT: SEX GUILT
H
Normal Embryonic and Fetal Development
Abnormal Genetic Development
Klinefelter's Syndrome
True Hermaphroditism
HINDUISM
HIRSCHFELD, MAGNUS
HOMOPHOBIA
Defining Homophobia
Research on Attitudes About Homosexuality
The Social Construction of Homosexuality
Definitions
The Sexual Aspects of Homosexuality
Psychological Adjustment
Relationship to Other Phenomena
Therapy
Conclusion
HOMOSEXUALITY AND LESBIANISM: CROSS-CULTURAL PERSPECTIVES
Problems of Definition
India
Asia
Native Americans
New Guinea
Conclusion
HORMONES: THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Fetal Sexual Development
Hormonal Control of Sexual Maturation
Gonadal Steroids and Sexual Maturation
Male Reproductive Function
Female Reproductive Function
I
INCUBUS AND SUCCUBUS
INDIANS: NATIVE
NORTH AMERICANS
INFANT SEXUALITY
Sexual Response and Behavior
Circumcision
Toilet Training
Sexual Socialization
INSTITUTE FOR ADVANCED STUDY OF HUMAN SEXUALITYFertility
Causes of Infertility
Infertility in Men
Infertility in Women
Treatment of Men
Treatment of Women
Technologies
Emotional Impact of Infertility
Financial Issues
Legislation
INTIMACYTerminology
Categories of intersex conditions
Some history of the management of intersexuality
Intersexuality among non-human species
Transsexual
Support groups for intersex persons and transsexual persons
Homosexuality
Equality of the Sexes
The Muslim Family
Women in Islam
J
JOHNSON, VIRGINIA E.
JORGENSEN, CHRISTINE
JOURNALS: SEXUALITY JOURNALS
JUDAISM AND SEXUALITY
Attitude Toward Sex
Prohibited and Encouraged Sex
Homosexuality
Onanism
Love and Marriage
Divorce
Abortion
Contraception
Bastardy
Sex for Pleasure
Prostitution
K
The Kinsey Reports
The Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender, and Reproduction
KIRKENDALL, LESTER A.
KRAFFT-EBING, RICHARD VON
L
Medico-scientific Discourse
Standard Discourse
Informal Discourse and Slang
Euphemism
Intimate Language
Insults
EroticaRecreational Use of Sexual Language
Pathological Use of Sexual Language
Male versus Female Use of Sexual Language
Sexual Lexicography
Conclusion
Enforcement-of-Morals Debate and Its Lessons
Four Major Areas of ChangeFreedom of Expression: Obscenity
Contraception and Abortion
Marriage and Divorce
Law Concerning HomosexualitySex Research and Sex Therapy
Child Sexual Abuse
Teenage Sexual Behavior and the Law
Transsexuals
LEARNING THEORIES
AND SEXUALITY
LEHFELDT, HANS
LESBIANISM
LIEF, HAROLD
LIMERENCE
LITERATURE: EROTIC THEMES
The Ancient World: Eastern Culture
The Ancient World: Greece and Rome
The Ancient World: Hebrews and Christians
The Middle Ages
The Renaissance, the Reformation, the Restoration, and the 18th-Century Romantics
Victorians and the Late Romantics
Modern Literature
Conclusion
M
MARTIN, CLYDE E.
MASOCHISM
MASTERS, WILLIAM HOWELL
MASTURBATION
MASTURBATORY INSANITY
MATE SELECTION
MENARCHE
MENOPAUSE
MENSTRUATION
MISCEGENATION
MISOGYNIST, MISOGYNY
MOLL, ALBERT
MONEY, JOHN WILLIAM
MONOGAMY
MORALITY: SEXUAL MORALITY
MORROW, PRINCE A., AND THE SOCIAL HYGIENE MOVEMENT
MOSHER, CLELIA DUEL
MOVIES: SEXUALITY IN
CINEMA
Censorship
Sexuality in Early Films
Early Modern Film
Modern Film
Sexually Liberated Modern Film
The Future
N
O
OBSCENE TELEPHONE CALLS
ONANISM
ORAL-GENITAL SEX
ORGANIZATIONS: PROFESSIONAL
ORGASM
P
PASSION
Passionate Love and Sexual Desire: Cultural and Historical Perspectives
I. Definitions of Passionate Love and Sexual Desire
Overview
II. Anthropological and Evolutionary Perspectives
III. Historical Perspectives
IV. Cross-Cultural Perspectives
A. The Cross-Cultural Data
1. Susceptibility to Passionate Love
2. Intensity of Passionate Love
IV. Directions for Future Research
A. Historical Differences in the Meaning of Passionate Love and Sexual Desire
VII. Gazing Into The Future
A. From Male Supremacy to Gender Equality
B. The Pursuit of Happiness and the Avoidance of Pain
C. A Belief That Things Can Change for the Better
References
PEDERASTY IN ANCIENT AND EARLY CHRISTIAN HISTORY
PETTING
PHEROMONES
PHILOSOPHY AND SEX
PHOBIAS
PHYSICAL DISABILITIES
AND SEX
Some Common Disabling Diseases and Conditions
Cerebral Palsy (CP).
Stroke.
Multiple Sclerosis (MS).
Spinal Cord Injuries (SCI).
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA).
Poliomyelitis (Polio).
Muscular Diseases.
Amputations.
Spina Bifida.
Some Possible Sexual Effects of Disabilities Discussed Above
PIMP
PLEASURE: SEX AND PLEASURE
Pleasure Resistance
Pleasures of Sex
The Connection Between Pleasure and Health.
Emotional InvolvementSensuality
Fantasy
Romance
Resistance Anticipation
Pain as an Aphrodisiac
Forbiddenness
Novelty, Adventure, Challenge
POLITICAL THEORY: SEX AND POLITICAL THEORY
POLYANDRY
POLYGAMY
POLYGYNY
POMEROY, WARDELL BAXTER
PORNOGRAPHY
History
The Three Commissions
The Evidence
Pornography Defined
Matching Pornography to Fantasy
Labor
Management of Labor
Cesarean Section
Fetal Indications for Cesarean Section
The Types of Cesarean Section
Pregnancy Complications
Medical Problems in Pregnancy
Incidence and Prevalence of Teenage Sexual Activity
Factors That Influence the Initiation of Sexual Activity
Contraceptive Use During Premarital Sexual Behavior
Risks Associated with Premarital Sexual Activity
PREMATURE EJACULATION
PRINCE, VIRGINIA
PRISONS: SEX IN PRISONS
Rape
Consensual Male Homosexual Liaisons
Homosexual Prostitution
Female Homosexual Liaisons
Inmate-Staff Sexual Liaisons
AIDS
Conclusion
PROSTATE
PROSTITUTION
PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORIES
PSYCHOLOGICAL
THEORIES OF SEXUALITY
Love and Sexual Arousal
Limerence
Attachment
Forms of Love
Psychological Determinants of Sexual Behavior
Sexual Orientation
Extramarital Sex
R
RACE, SEX, AND MYTHS: IMAGES OF AFRICAN AMERICAN MEN AND WOMEN
RAPE
RELIGION AND SEXUALITY
Formal or Informal Values
Natural or Unnatural Sex
Control Mechanisms
Two World ViewsThe Fixed World View
The Process World View
General Comparisons
RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE ON SEXUAL ATTITUDES AND FUNCTIONING
S
SACHER-MASOCH,
LEOPOLD RITTER VON
SADE, MARQUIS DE (DONATIEN-ALPHONSE-FRANÇOIS, COMTE DE SADE)
SADISM
SANGER, MARGARET
SATYRS, SATYRIASIS;
SEXUAL ADDICTION
SCIENCE AND SEXOLOGY
Feminist and Other Postpositivist Views of Science
Preventing Presuppositions from Overwhelming Science
The Scientific Restructuring of Sexology
Introduction
Assessment of Sexual Orientation
Measures of Sexual Orientation
The "Limerent and Lusty" Theory of Sexual Orientation
What Causes Variability in Sexual Orientation?
Conclusions
SEXUAL REVOLUTION
SEXUAL VALUES
AND MORAL DEVELOPMENT
Sexual Values
Sexual Morality
Modernity Threatens Traditional Morality
Moral Development
Caring and Moral Emotion
Ethical Action Guides for Sexuality
Trichomoniasis
Chlamydia
Herpes
Gardnerella
Group B. Beta Hemolytic Streptococcus
Syphilis
Gonorrhea
Venereal Warts
Molluscum Contagiosum
Yeasts: Candida Albicans et al.
Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma Infections
Donovanosis
Chancroid
Viral Hepatitis
Cytomegalovirus Infections
Pubic Lice and Scabies
Enteric Infections
AIDS
Conclusion
SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF SEXUALITY
Structural-Functional Theories of Sexuality
Conflict theories
Symbolic Interactionism
Ethnomethodology and Phenomenology
STERILIZATION
STÖCKER, HELENE
STOPES, MARIE
CHARLOTTE CARMICHAEL
STRESS AND SEXUALITY
SURROGATES: SEXUAL
SURROGATES
T
TAOISM AND SEX
THERAPY: SEX THERAPY
Historical Perspectives
Sex Therapy Today
Assessment
Sexual Problems and Therapy
Touch and Childhood Development
Developmental Neuropsychology of Touch
An Obstacle to Affection
Introduction
Historical Perspective
Gender Dysphoria and the Spectrum of Gender Identity Disorders
Transsexualism and Body Image
Evaluation
Trial of Cross-Gender Living—The Real-Life Test
Hormone Therapy
Sex Reassignment Surgery for Primary Transsexuals
Conclusion
U
V
VAN DE VELDE,
THEODOOR HENDRIK
VIRILITY AND MACHISMO
Appendix: ADDITIONAL SOURCES OF SEX INFORMATION
How to Do Further Research
Pathways to Sex InformationQuick Searches
Getting a Basic Background
In-Depth Investigations
Hiring HelpEncyclopedias and Dictionaries
Directories and Catalogs
Classics
Textbooks and Basic Guides
CollectionsLibrary Catalog
Books in Print
Bibliographies
Reviews
Dissertations
Catalog Ordering SourcesData Bases
Conference Papers
Audiovisuals
OrganizationsProfessional Associations
Advocacy and Common-Interest Organizations
Organizations Addressing a Specific Disease or Problem
Self-Help Organizations
Research Centers
Libraries with Collections on Sexual Topics
Universities Granting Degrees in Sexology and Related Programs