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Paul Knobel An Encyclopedia of Male Homosexual Poetry, © Paul Knobel 2002
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A'in i Akbari anthology Anthology in Persian from India. Ca. 1600. An anthology of the poems of fifty-nine poets which appears at the end of the A'in i Akbari (which is itself the third and last volume of the history of the reign of the Emperor Akbar, the Mughal Emperor of India who ruled 1556-1605, which history is called the Akbar Nama). The work was compiled by *Abu 'l-Fazl 'Allami, probably in Delhi. The A'in-i Akbari describes exhaustively the administration of Akbar, giving a vivid portrait of his court and is a coda to the history; the anthology is included at the end to show the poets popular at the time. (On the Akbar Nama see the entry "Akbar-Nama" in Encyclopedia Iranica.) The anthology at the end of the A'in i Akbari consists only of poems by poets of the reign of Akbar, as the anthologist states at the beginning of the anthology "Poets of the Age". These poets seem to be all minor Persian poets of the time since no references to them have been found in the Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, or Encyclopedia Iranica with the exception of one or two - such as the brother of the anthologist, *Abu'l-Fayz-i Fayzi; some poets are discussed in Rypka, History of Iranian Literature. The poets came from Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India and other countries adjacent to these. The only complete English translation of the A'in i Akbari so far is by Heinrich Blochmann and *H. S. Jarrett and was published in three volumes. Heinrich Blochmann, who edited the text in Persian, translated the first volume, which was published in 1868 while the second and third volumes were translated by H. S. Jarrett with the final volume - with the anthology - being published in 1894 in Calcutta (see the entry Heinrich Blochmann in Encyclopedia Iranica on p. 314 and C. A. Storey, Persian Literature: A Bio-bibliographical Survey, Volume 1, Part 1, 1939, p. 550). The poetry is uniformly love poetry and the beloved referred to in the poems is a youth. The homosexual context in many cases is plain and this is pointed out by the words "the lovely boy" and "the beautiful boy" added by H. S. Jarrett in square brackets in many poems; however, in those poets in which the beloved is not specifically equated to a male youth there is no suggestion he is female and the English translation is *non-gender specific. Thus the whole work can be read as a homosexual anthology and H. S. Jarrett's notes in effect constitute a criticism of the work and make the homosexual interest clear. In the Blochmann and Jarrett translation, see pp. 627, 634, 636, 642 ("the lovely boy"), 643 ("the lovely boy"), 646, 648, 650-54, 657 ("the beautiful boy"), 658, 662, 664, 667 ("the lovely boy"), 669 ("the sweet boy"), 670 ("the beautiful boy"), 672 ("the beautiful boy"), 677 ("the beautiful boy") and 679 ("The beloved [boy] came") for explicit homosexual poems by the poets or stated to be so by H. S. Jarrett. The anthologist gives brief information on the poet before his poems. It is unclear in many cases as to whether the poet is given under his real name or *takhallus. The poetry is conventinal Persian love poetry of the time strongly mystical and showing the influence of *Sufism. This is an outstanding homosexual anthology of love poems and the first gay anthology in English as such, though paradoxically a translation. Editions of the text, manuscripts and commentaries of the A 'in-i Akbari. For editions, manuscripts and commentaries to 1939 see C. A. Storey, Persian Literature: A Bio-bibliographical Survey, Volume 1, Part 1, 1939, pp. 549-51; this includes an exhaustive listing of all known manuscripts in Europe, India and Pakistan to 1939, some of which appear to be illustrated. Pages 541 to 549 discuss the Akbar Nama overall and since many manuscripts and editions include the A'in i Akbari this should also be consulted. Editions. Edited by S. Ahmad Khan (Delhi, 1855; volumes 1 and 3 only; with illustrations); edited by Heinrich Blochmann (Calcutta, 1867-77). Translation. English. Francis Gladwin (Calcutta, 3 volumes 1783-86 - "an abridged and inaccurate paraphrase of Daftars i-iii" - Storey, Persian Literature, op. cit., p. 550) (reprinted). The British Library General Catalogue, under Abu 'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak, called 'Allami, lists an 81 page edition translated by Gladwin, London, 1777, and it is not known if either this edition or the Calcutta edition includes the poetry anthology. An edition of Francis Gladwin's translation was published in London in 1800 in 2 volumess (rare: a copy is in the Australian National Library, Canberra). *H. S. Jarrett's translation was published 1894 in volume 3 of the A'in i Akbari in the translation in 3 volumes started by H. Blochmann (Calcutta, 3 volumes, 1869-94; repr. Delhi, 1965 with introduction by S. L. Goomer). On the work see Jan Rypka, History of Iranian Literature, pp. 722-25: "The Age of Akbar". Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1987. Strong poems of black consciousness and the African heritage. A *black poet and activist at the London Black Lesbian and Gay Centre. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Tongues Untied, 11-22; biog., 2. The Abbasid period of Arabic poetry refers to the period 750-945 when the capital of the Islamic empire was *Baghdad in Iraq. The period lasted from 750 to the Mongol invasion in 1258 and followed the *Umayyad period. In the Abbasid period Islam expanded into Iran and, in the west, to Spain, where local dynasties took control. A large volume of sexual homopoetry was produced: see *Abu Nuwas, *Al-'Abbas, *Al-Bahili, *Dibil ibn 'Ali (pseud.), *Ibn al-Hadjdjadj, *Khamriyya (poems associated with *wine drinking), *Ibn Sukkara, *Mus'ab, Muti' ibn Iyas, *Sulami. Criticism: see *Muhammad Haddara and *Yusuf Bakkar for extended studies in Arabic. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopdia Britannica. Criticism. Wright, Homoeroticism in Classical Arabic Literature, 1-24 - discussion of *satire in early Abbasid poetry by J. W. Wright; 24-54 - articles by Franz Rosenthal. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active from before 1982. Latterly involved in the *men's movement, he has edited New Men, New Minds (1987) and Men and Intimacy (1991). Bibliographies. Young, The Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2: Changing Always, privately printed, no date. Poet and critic from the United States writing in English. 1943-92. The author of the books Wrecked Hearts, 1978 (review: Gay Sunshine no. 40/41, Summer/Fall 1977, 35) and Stretching the Agape Bra, 1980. From 1975 he was a well known poet in *San Francisco, also known for his comics. He wrote a major article on gay *West Coast poets. He published the biographical work in prose, Lives of the Poets, in San Francisco, in 1986 (reviewed in James White Review, vol. 4 no. 2, Winter 1987, 16). This book examines the question of sensuality and *Romanticism in poets' lives and relates to a controversy with *Antler about the place of drugs and alcohol in poets' lives. He wrote for *The Advocate, studied to be a Benedictine monk for two years and married. A biographical note in James White Review, vol. 3 no. 4, Summer 1986, 2, states he studied poetry under Karl Shapiro, John Berryman and *Robert Duncan and teaches at San Francisco State University. His death is recorded in the James White Review, vol. 10 no. 2 (Winter 1993), 2. Interview: see James White Review vol.1 no. 4 (Summer 1984), 11; this contains very important comments on gay United States poetry from 1970 and states he is editor of the San Francisco journal Poetry Flash and the occasional literary magazine Soup (published in 1986). Bibliographies. Young, The Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 3-4: Wrecked Hearts and Transmuting Gold, both published by Dancing Rock Press, San Francisco, 1978. Gay Poetry Anthologies. We Bumped Off Your Friend the Poet, 10-11. Son of the Male Muse, 11-12 (with photograph of the author p.11); biog., 186. "To A Soviet Artist in Prison", 11, is about the gay Soviet film maker *Sergei Parajanov. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Active ca. 1150. Not found in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Gay Poetry Anthologies. In Praise of Boys, 22: poem about *wine and a friend. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Active ca. 1050. Not found in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10417: short *boy-love poem trans. into English by *Erskine Lane in Gay Sunshine no. 20 (January/February 1974), 13. Gay Poetry Anthologies. In Praise of Boys, 19: about a mole on Ahmad's neck which attracts men. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Died 1024. Many entries in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, are under this name. *Abu Zayd is possibly the same poet. Gay Poetry Anthologies. In Praise of Boys, 25: *gazelle trope. Bellamy, Banners of the Champions, 190: gazelle trope (stated to be from *Cordova, died 1024). Poet from Australia writing in English. Active 1991. The name may be a pseudonym as there is no X in Arabic. Published in * Cargo. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Pink Ink, 146-47; biog., 293. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Active before 1492. 'Abdallah is a common word in Arabic and means *slave of Allah. Almost certainly a pseudonym. Criticism. See *Norman Roth, "'Deal Gently with the Young Man': Love of Boys in Medieval Hebrew Poetry of Spain", Speculum 57 (1982), 32: love poem about a male *fawn; said to be one of the sons of the *Cordoba caliph. 'Abdu 'l-Ha'i Taban, called Taban Poet from India who wrote in Urdu. Active ca. 1750. Criticism. *C. M. Naim, "The Theme of Homosexual (Pederastic) Love in Pre-Modern Urdu Poetry", in Studies in the Urdu Gazal and Prose Fiction, edited by M. U. Memon, 1979, 124-25: states he was in love with another poet named Sulaiman (who seems to have formed attachments with at least two other poets). Rahman, "Boy love in the Urdu ghazal", Paidika vol. 2 no. 1 (1989), 15; called Taban; a poem which mentions his lover Sulaiman. Sadiq, History of Urdu LIterature, 107: re the poet Jan Janan Mazhar taking a fancy to him. Poet from Egypt who wrote in Arabic. Died ca. 1965. Manuscripts are known to exist which contain relevant poems (Dr Yousef Kholaif, University of Cairo to the author, February 1987). Compare two entries under the name "Abd al-Hamid" in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, one of which may be this poet. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Active ca. 950. No entry in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Criticism. Nykl, Hispano-Arabic Poetry, 63: states he "excelled in.. descriptions of... beautiful boys". Abdullah the Satirist of Shiraz (pseud.) Pseudonym of a poet in English from Great Britain. 1875-1947. Pseudonym of *Aleister Crowley. Abdullah means slave of Allah and *Shiraz is a town in Iran famously associated with poetry. Poet from France who wrote in Latin. 1079-1142. Abelard, a scholar at *Paris was famous for his love for the nun Eloise, for which he was castrated. He later retired to the monastery of Cluny. "David's Lament", his major gay poem, is a retelling of the Old Testament story of *David and Jonathan in Latin and shows strong homoerotic feeling; stronger even than the Hebrew original. *Hilary the Englishman was his pupil. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 119: "David's Lament for Jonathan" (English trans. by *Helen Waddell). Hidden Heritage, 130. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 116: "David's Lament for Jonathan" (trans. *Helen Waddell). Medieval Latin Poems of Male Love and Friendship, 62-67; biog., 152-53. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 159-63. Poet from India who wrote in Persian. Active ca. 1630. See *Sarmad, who wrote love poems to him. He was reputedly a Hindu boy when Sarmad wrote his poems and was also a poet who wrote a single couplet (reference cited in Sarmad entry). Poet from Spain who wrote in Hebrew. 1092-1167. Very little of his poetry exists. A philosopher, scientist and biblical commentator. Father of a large family; see also the entry for his son *Isaac ibn Ezra. Text. Diwan, edited by Dr Jakob Egers, Berlin, 1886. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 257-58: two poems trans. into English. Criticism. *Jefrim Schirmann, "The Ephebe in Medieval Hebrew Poetry", Sefarad I5 (1955), 60: states he "left us some stanzas addressed to *boys" (poems 188 and 189). *Norman Roth, " 'Deal Gently with the Young Man': Love of Boys in Medieval Hebrew Poetry of Spain", Speculum 57 (1982), 48-49: trans. of poem into English. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active ca. 1966. A *black poet who is a graduate of *Yale. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 1-3: a poem about *prostitution; biog., 172. Poet from India who wrote in Urdu. 1692-1747. He lived in *Delhi, wrote *ghazals and is a major Urdu poet. Biography: see Sadiq, History of Urdu Literature, 99-100 (also discusses homosexuality in his * masnavi). Not found in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Translation. English: see *C. M. Naim, "The Theme of Homosexual (Pederastic) Love in Pre-Modern Urdu Poetry", in Studies in the Urdu Gazal and Prose Fiction, edited by M. U. Memon, 1979, pp. 141-42. Criticism. C. M. Naim, "The Theme of Homosexual (Pederastic) Love in Pre-Modern Urdu Poetry", in Studies in the Urdu Gazal and Prose Fiction, edited by M. U. Memon, 1979, 124-states his verse is full of *pederastic references and displays similarity to that of *Mir Taqi Mir; 130 - states Abru expresses contempt for heterosexual love; 125 - wrote an important homosexual * masnavi in which he lays down the ways in which a boy should dress to attract lovers. Rahman, "Boy love in the Urdu ghazal", Paidika vol. 2 no. 1 (1989), 14 - overt reference to homosex; two poems quoted; 17 - poem quoted; 18-19; 21. Absolutely Queer: An anthology of gay and lesbian poetry Anthology in English from Great Britain. Peterborough: Poetry Now, 1993, 90 pages. Not sighted. This work is not held in the *British Library. Compare * Poetry Now Book of Gay Verse (possibly the two are the same work). Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Active ca. 1150. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Orgasms of Light, 18: very fine gay love poem with *garden trope. Editor from Iraq of works in Arabic. Active ca. 850. The first manuscript editor of *Abu Nuwas and *Abu Tammam. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. 1059-1126. Gay Poetry Anthologies. In Praise of Boys, 30: *non gender specific poem, "In Your Absence". Abu Bakr Muhammed ibn al-Arabi Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. 1076-1151. No entry in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. (His dates are taken from Reid, * Eternal Flame.) Gay Poetry Anthologies. Orgasms of Light, 13: fine homoerotic poem about a beautiful boy. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 313. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. 1256-1344. A commentator on the Koran, he travelled in Tunis, Egypt and Syria and wrote the first Turkish grammar and a grammar of Persian. Text: see *Arthur Wormhoudt, Arab Translation Series, no.120 (1989). Biography: see Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 221-25. Poet from Iraq who wrote in Arabic. 828-888. In the Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, volume 5, p. 778, in the *"Liwat" (sodomy) article, he is cited as author of a lost work on eroticism. A few poems survive which are licentious. Possible gay reference only. He was something of a buffoon in real life. Biography: see Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, Supplement, pp. 16-17. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Died 1372. See Ian Gibson, Federico García Lorca (London, 1989), p. 467: a *non gender specific poem which could have been written about a man. From *Granada. Abu 'l-Fayz-i Fayzi Poet from India who wrote in Persian. 1547-1595. The brother of 'Abu 'l-Fazl 'Allami who compiled the homosexual anthology in the 'A'in iAkbari. He had a large library of 4,6QQ volumes. He used the name Fayzi in his writing. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopædia of Islam, second edition: see "Faydi". Gay Poetry Anthologies. A'in i Akbari anthology, 61B-33 - 'cupbearer trope, see 627-2B for specific homopoems, 'hyacinth trope 62B (not directly gay); biog. note, 54B and 61B. Criticism. Rypka, History of Iranian Literature, 299 (where his name is spelt bu'l-Fayd Faydi) - stated to be a prominent Indo-Persian poet. Anthologist from India of a work in Persian; letter writer in Persian; biographer and critic in Persian; translator from Sanskrit to Persian. 1551-1602. He compiled the homosexual anthology of love poems addressed to beautiful youths in the * A 'in i Akbari (part of the Akbar Nama, an historical account of the reign of the Mughal Emperor of India, Akbar); he wrote biographical and critical notes on the poets. A courtier at the court of Akbar from 1574, he was born at Agra, India, was a liberal thinker who opposed the Muslim clerics and was informal secretary to Akbar. He was assassinated by the heir to the throne. His elder brother was the poet Faydi (see entry *Abu 'l-Fayz-i Fayzi) who is included in the anthology. He translated the *Bhagavad Gita from Sanskrit to Persian and translated other works; numerous translations from Sanskrit to Persian were completed in the reign of Akbar (see Rypka, History of Iranian Literature, p. 724). He supposedly translated the Bible into Persian. Letters of his survive and an autobiographical account of his life is at the end of the A'in i Akbari (volume 3). Biography. On his life see the Introduction to the *Heinrich Blochmann translation of the A'in i Akbari (Calcutta, 1867-77), volume 1, pp. i-xxxvi. There is an account of his life in the edition of the same work edited by S. L. Goomer (Delhi, 1965). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopædia of Islam, first edition: see "Abu 'l Fadl" Encyclopædia of Islam, second edition: see "Abu 'l-Fadl 'Allami." Encyclopædia Iranica: see "Abu'l-Fazl 'Allami" - states "by the age of fifteen he had read widely in Arabic, Greek philosophy and *Sufism". Gay Poetry Anthologies. A'in i Akbari anthology, 617-70: critical and biographical notes on the poets. Criticism. Rypka, History of Iranian Literature, 434, 449, 724 (brief mentions of his literary work). Abu 'l-Salt Umayya, also spelt Abu 's-Salt Omayya Poet from Egypt who wrote in Arabic. Ca. 1067-ca. 1133. A scientist and philosopher who lived in Egypt. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition (see Abu 'l-Salt Umayya). Criticism. Woods, Articulate Flesh: Male Homo-eroticism and Modern Poetry, 25: Abu 's-Salt Omayya-trans. of homopoem into English. Abu Mohammed El Kasim Ben Aliel Hariri von Basra, also spelt Abu Mohammed Abu'l-Kasim Poet from Iraq who wrote in Arabic. 1054-1122. Born in *Basra. Compare *Abul Qasim (possibly the same poet). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 76-77: trans. into German by *Friedrich Rückert. Criticism. *Jefrim Schirmann, "The Ephebe in Medieval Hebrew Poetry", Sefarad I5 (1955), 61: regarding translation into Hebrew by *Alharizi of his Maqamat. Poet from Iraq who wrote in Arabic. Ca. 756-810. The author of many poems on *wine and homosexuality, he lived in *Baghdad in the *Abbasid period. He features in the * Arabian Nights as a libertine poet in connection with the *debate on love. Homosexual poems by him are cited (e.g., in the Arabian Nights translated by *Richard Burton, 1885 printing, see vol. 5, pp. 419-23; see also "Abu Nuwas and the Three Boys" in the same edition, vol. 5, pp. 64-68). It was from the European translations of the Arabian Nights that he became known in European languages. His teacher *Waliba is believed by some to have had sexual relations with him. W. H. Ingrams, Abu Nuwas in Life and Legend (Port Louis, Mauritius, 1933), is a concise introduction. In Arabic the first reference to him is in *Ibn Khallikan's biographical dictionary. Ali Shalaq, La Poésie érotique dAbu Nuwas (Paris, 1952), is a study of his erotic poetry. Text of the poems. His textual history is complicated. For the various editions, problems and manuscripts to date see the entry in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, cited below. For the most scholarly edition to date see *Ewald Wagner, Der Diwan des Abu Nuwas, in three volumes: vol. 1, Weisbaden and Cairo, 1958, vol. 2, Wiesbaden and Beirut, 1972, vol. 3, Stuttgart and Beirut, 1988 (this work, due to its being published in so many places is hard to find complete). He was first edited in printed form by W. Ahlwardt: Diwan des Abu Nuwas, vol. 1, Die Weinlieder (The Wine Songs), Greifswald, 1861. There is controversy about the corpus of his poems, which survive in two manuscript traditions, one tradition edited by *Abu Bakr al-Suli and one by *Hamza al-Isfahi (both active 850). Recent manuscript finds have given us more sources of texts. He did not make collections of his poems (compare *Omar Khayyam) and the corpus of his works (as with Omar Khayyam) may be an anthology of work by several poets. Journal. Newsletter of the Abu Nuwas Society (Spring 1994+) is a somewhat satirical journal based on Abu Nuwas's approach to life with many gay articles. W. H. Ingrams (in the work cited above, ca. 1933) refers to a cycle of tales on him in Swahili in Zanzibar; this information is cited in O Tribe That Loves Boys by Hakim Bey (pseud.), 1993, [unpaginated], fifth page from the last. It is not known whether these tales are in poetry or prose. Other tales about him come from Morocco. Translation. Dutch: Andreas Eppinkk and M. Perla ibn Yacub (before 1988) - listed as being in manuscript in the thesis of *Maarten Schild in his bibliography, p. 211; English: *Arthur Wormhoudt (1974) - two versions (or perhaps printings) exist - see the Wormhoudt entry; there is also a translation by Arthur Wormhoudt bearing the date 1989 (sighted in the *Library of Congress and with no pagination); *Hakim Bey (pseud.) (1993); French: *Vincent Monteil (1979); German: A. von Kremer (1855), Wilhelm Ahlwardt (1861; selection); Italian: Hammadi Jouini, Abu Nuwas poeta del vino e del'amore, Palermo (1989). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Islam, first edition; written by *Carl Brockelmann (1913). Islam Ansiklopedisi; written by *Helmut Ritter (name spelt Ebu Nuwas). Encyclopedia of Islam, second edition; written by *Ewald Wagner (1960); with important bibliography. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 7-8 (by *Maarten Schild): notes he only wrote about women when they resembled *boys. Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Dictionnaire Gay: see "Nawas, Abou". Gay Histories and Cultures. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 19. Orgasms of Light, 132 (poems about the *coming of the beard and wine linked with homosexuality); biog., 256. Gay Roots, 593-94. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 296-98 - brilliant English translation (though not directly from the Arabic text); 300. Poems of Love and Liberation, 13. Criticism. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 175. *Marc Daniel, "Arabic Civilization and Male Love" Gay Sunshine 32 (Spring 1977), 5, 10. *Norman Roth, "'Deal Gently with the Young Man': Love of Boys in Medieval Hebrew Poetry of Spain", Speculum 57 (1982), 26-27, 29: quotes poems. Woods, Articulate Flesh: Male Homo-eroticism and Modern Poetry, 25, 35. Wright, Homoeroticism in Classical Arabic Literature, 9-16; see also the index. Woods, History of Gay Literature, 5457. Poet from Iran who wrote in Persian. 968-1049. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literature: states he "formulated the first rule of *Sufi communities" but no quatrains authenticated to him exist. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 329; biog., 327. Criticism. Levy, Persian Literature, 36-7; see especially poems on p. 37; states he introduced the * rubai into Persian. Poet from Afghanistan. Active before 1900? His date is uncertain. Herat, from where he takes his name, is in Afghanistan. He possibly wrote in Urdu, Pashto or Persian. Criticism. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 17-18: *S. W. Foster states here that he was a poet "famous for his love for a Christian boy (presumably a *slave)". Poet from Syria who wrote in Arabic; active also in Egypt. Ca. 804-845 (or 846). One of the best known Arabic poets. He is equal in importance to *Abu Nuwas and was unmarried. From Syria he travelled to Egypt and then to Iraq and compiled several important poetry anthologies. His poetry was first collected by *Abu Bakr al-Suli. In the text and English translation by *Arthur Wormhoudt, 1974 (based on al-Tibrizi), see the section "Love", pp. 178-112, where almost all poems are to male beloveds or *non gender specific and the *fawn trope is much used. Not all poems attributed to him are unequivocally by him. A gay poem attributed to him is in *Richard Burton's translation of the * Arabian Nights (1885), vol. 5, pp. 177-78 (trope of the *coming of beard); see also * Alf layla wa layla. There is a commentary on his poetry by al-Tibrizi (published in Cairo, ca. 1952) who also edited the text. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition: by *Helmut Ritter. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Delight of Hearts, 24. Criticism. *Arthur Wormhoudt, "Classic Arabic Poetry", *Gay Books Bulletin, no. 4 (Fall 1980), 24: states "his diwan has a whole section devoted to poems where the beloved is masculine"; translation of two homopoems. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Active ca. 1250. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Orgasms of Light, 18: gay love poem. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Active ca. 1150. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Orgasms of Light, 17: a gay love poem about parting; compare a similar one by *Abul Hasan. Poet possibly from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Active before 1243. See *Abd al-Rahman who is possibly the same poet. Also spelt Abu Zaid. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Orgasms of Light, 13: called Abu Zayd. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 133-4: the same poem and called Abu Zaid from *The Pennants (1243) and stated to be from Africa. Bellamy, Banners of the Champions, 190: *gazelle trope. Poet from Spain, who wrote in Arabic. Active before 1243. See *Abul Hasan al-Husri: possibly this is the same poet. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 132: Abul Hasan, *Seville; no date but before 1243 as he is in the anthology * The Pennants. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 310: fine poem. Criticism. Woods, Articulate Flesh: Male Homo-eroticism and Modern Poetry, 35: Abul Hasan Yafar. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Active ca. 1050. See *Abul Hasan: possibly the same poet. Gay Poetry Anthologies. In Praise of Boys, 19: not an openly homosexual poem. Abul Hasan 'Ali ibn Nasr al-Katib Anthologist and poet who wrote in Arabic. Active before 1500? Author of The Encyclopedia of Pleasure, edited and annotated by Salah Addin Khawwam, Toronto: Aleppo Publications, 1977, 386 pages and translated into English by 'Adnan Jarkas and Sal Addin Khawwam; bibliography pp. 381-86. In this work see pp. 13 (*Abu Nuwas), 16-23 and Chapter Nine, "Of *Pederasty", 153-87. The discussion in Chapter Nine cites many homopoems and homopoets and amounts to an anthology of homopoetry. The date is conservative based on the poets and poems (it could be earlier). This translation appears to be very rare (as is possibly the case with the manuscript on which it is based) and no information has been found on the author; the copy consulted was from the *Library of Congress. He could be from *Mamluk Egypt. Poet from Egypt who wrote in Arabic. Active some time in the *Mamluk period (1250-1517). He wrote homosexual poems (Dr. Abdul Jaleel, University of Cairo, to the author, 22 February, 1987). Not found in Encyclopedia of Islam, second edition. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Active ca. 1150. For possible indentification see Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, under Abu'l Kasim. *Abu Mohammed El Kasim is possibly this poet. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Orgasms of Light, 16. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Active ca. 1050. Gay Poetry Anthologies. In Praise of Boys, 26: *wine drinking poem, *non gender specific. Poet from Toledo in Spain who wrote in Hebrew. 1248-after 1295. He was involved with the * Kabbala. Text: see the edition edited by D. Yellin, Jerusalem, 1932. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias: see Encyclopedia Judaica under "Abulafia, Todros ben Judah ha-Levi". Criticism. *Jefrim Schirmann, "The Ephebe in Medieval Hebrew Poetry", Sefarad I5 (1955), 58 (spelt Todros Abulafya) - this mentions, in a collection of *epigrams, "love talks and beautiful lads" and, pp. 61-62, notes sentimental leanings for *boys (though he sings more of beautiful girls). Pagis, Hebrew Poetry, 65. Ach Kerl ich krieg dich nicht aus meinem Kopf - Männerliebe in deutschen Gedichten unseres Jahrhunderts Anthology in German from Germany. 1997. 203 pages. The title means " Ah, guy, I cannot get you out of my head: male homosexual love in German poetry of our century." Compiled by *Hans Stempel and *Martin Ripkens it consists of 133 poems of 65 twentieth century poets covering love, passion and departing with poems about such topics as sex and boys and covering all styles, themes and traditions. Not seen; description taken from the description in the *Prinze Eisenherz catalog. Characters and trope in Greek from Turkey or Greece, later appearing in Latin, Italian and English. They date in literature from ca. 700 B.C. Achilles is the main character in *Homer's *epic poem *The Iliad, which revolves round the grief and anger of Achilles at the death of his companion and close friend, Patroclus (see especially Achilles speech in Book 18). Discussion as to whether Achilles and Patroclus were lovers is first known from The Myrmidons (in fragment 135), a play by the fifth century B.C. Greek dramatist *Aeschylus. *Phaedrus, in his speech in Plato's Symposium, also refers to the relationship. Other Greek tragedians dealt repeatedly with the homosexual loves of Achilles (see *E. Beyer). The relationship appears in *Aeschines (at Timarchus 142) and in later authors such as *Theocritus ("Idyll 29", lines 31-34) and in the * Mousa Paidike (Palatine Anthology, xii 217). The Latin poet *Martial (ii 43, 9) also refers to it as does the English poet 'Christopher Marlowe. The Italian poet *Dante (in Inferno, Canto Five, lines 65-66), may refer to this subject; in Italian see also *Ficino. *W. M. Clarke, "Achilles and Patroclus in Love", Hermes 106 (1978), 38-96, examines the issue of whether they were lovers, concluding that they were in love. A reply by D. S. Barrett, "The Friendship of Achilles and Patroclus", Classical Bulletin 57 (1981), 87-93, concludes they were just good friends. Much of the twentieth century debate rests on whether Homer needed to make the relationship overt. It should be pointed out that Aeschylus's speech in The Symposium turns not on friendship versus love but on who was the lover or senior partner (in Greek terms, *erastes) and who was the junior (or *eromenos): that is, it accepts that they were lovers. W. M. Clarke lists the ancient sources referring to the topic in full on page 25 of his article. The editors of Homer's text are crucial to this issue: the text we have dates from 180 B.C. and a fifth century Athenian version may have been quite different (indeed, there may have been several fifth century written versions since the work emerged out of oral traditions). When recited orally, the personality of the *singer and the nature of the audience would have had a bearing on the relationship as presented in the poem and also on presentation (or suppression) of homoerotic elements. An interpretation based on *Sigmund Freud is provided by W. Thomas MacCary in Childlike Achilles: Ontogeny and Phylogeny in The Iliad (New York, 1982); he states "in a poem about a war fought for a woman the focus of attention is on the relationship between the hero and his dear male companion" (page xii). Certainly the relationship is strongly homoaffectional irrespective of whether they were lovers and, in The Iliad as we have the text, the relationship of Achilles and Patroclus is a stronger passion than the love of Helen and Paris, which provoked the Trojan war. Mock epics satirizing The Iliad, which are known from ancient times, also bear on this topic; see *Mary Koukoules for modern gay parodies. For artistic representation see * Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae, volume 1, part 1, 466-505, and the plates in volume 1, part 2. Compare *Gilgamesh where the relationship of Gilgamesh and Enkidu has many similar elements and may come from a common stock of Middle Eastern myth: it has been claimed by M. L. West in The East Face of Helicon (Oxford, 1997) that the Akkadian version of Gilgamesh influenced Homer (see also Chapter 7, pp. 334-401, "The Iliad and Gilgamesh"). *Pobratim, a modern Balkans concept of blood brotherhood between men, appears in *oral epics from the Balkans; some of these epics may date back to Homer's time and relate to the Homeric tradition. The possibility of Achilles and Patroclus being lovers was first raised in modern discourse by *E. F. M. Benecke. A *Byzantine epic poem called the Achilleis (circa fifteenth century) based on the deeds of Achilles exists: see Kindlers neues literatur Lexikon, vol. 18: "Byzantinische Achilleis". *Hubert Fichte is a modern gay critic who has discussed the relationship. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10734: cites *Homer's The Iliad re Achilles' *transvestite disguise and companionship with Patroclus. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, item 481. Dictionaries. Howes, Broadcasting It. Anthologies. Iolaus (1902), 72-72 (quotes Iliad Book 23, lines 59 ff.) and 83-85 (from Theocritus, "Idyll 29"). Iolaus (1906), 68-73; 83-85 (same references as in 1902 edition). Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 16-17. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 16-22. Criticism. Symonds, Problem in Greek Ethics, 3. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 449: citing his article in Anthropophyteia no. 9, 291 ff. Dover, Greek Homosexuality, 41. Buffiere, Eros adolescent, 367-374. Sergent, Homosexuality in Greek Myth, 250-58. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 8-9: see the entry "Achilles"; see also 495-96. Poet, editor, autobiographer, diarist and letter writer from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1876-1967. J. R. Ackerley was best known as the editor of the British Broadcasting Commission's literary journal The Listener, which had a poetry page which he edited. He is mainly known for prose works. He is most famous for his autobiography, My Father and Myself (1968) published after his death; this disclosed that his father apparently had had a homosexual relationship and, as well, Ackerley is open about his own homosexuality. This was the first open gay autobiography in Great Britain of the *gay liberation period and was published one year after adult male homosexual acts were decriminalized. Hindu Holiday, London, 1932, details his experiences in India as secretary to the homosexual Maharajah of Chhokrapur and was daring for its time ("He wanted someone to love him... He wanted a friend" - see "Explanation" at the beginning.) He published one book of poems in his lifetime, Poems by Four Authors (Cambridge, 1923). Micheldever and other Poems was published posthumously in 1972. Ackerley spent his life looking for the Ideal Friend whom he never found; after leaving the BBC he lived with his sister and his dog, Tulip, who was his closest companion. My Dog Tulip, 1965, deals with his relationship with his dog and has some sexual undertones touching on *bestiality; see also, in this respect, his novel We Think The World of You (1960). He wrote a poem to his dog Queenie: "Piddle piddle and sign/ I'll smell your arse, you smell mine;/ Human beings are prudes and bores,/ You smell my arse, I'll smell yours." (quoted in The Listener, 21 September 1989, 30, in a review of the *Peter Parker biography cited below). J. R. Ackerley was highly influential as editor of The Listener (published from 1929 to ca. 1990) which was one of the most important poetry outlets in Great Britain; but the word homosexual was not allowed to be mentioned in it, and a poem by James Kirkup mentioning toilet sex was censored in the early 1950s though other poems by Kirkup and by *Francis King, *E. M. Foster and *Christopher Isherwood were published. Ackerley's manuscripts are with his executor, Francis King, and not all his writings have been published. He is mentioned affectionately in James Kirkup's autobiographies as greatly helping the poet in his career. Text of poems. Neville Braybrooke was said to be working on a complete poems on the inside flap of the United States edition of J. R. Ackerley s Letters (New York, 1975). Diary: see My Sister and Myself: The Diaries of J R Ackerley, edited by Francis King (1982). Letters: see The Ackerley Letters, edited Neville Braybrooke, 1975 (only a selection but containing much gay material and shedding light on many English gay literary personalities). The biography of him by *Peter Parker (London, 1989), is one of the most important gay English language biographies published so far. Compare *Daryl Hine and *Howard Moss regarding editorship of journals and publication of poetry. *William Plomer was a lover. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionary of National Biography: Missing Persons; notes he was "energetically homosexual" (written by Peter Parker). Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 9. Howes, Broadcasting It. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage, 1. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 307-08: "After the Blitz", 1941, a brilliant poem in the manner of *Cavafy about sex with a soldier. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 107, 221. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 379-86; extract from My Father and Myself. Poet from Columbia who lives in the United States writing in English. Born 1954. Born in Columbia, since 1989 he has lived in Philadelphia where he is a leader of the Latino cummunity. His poems have been published widely in gay periodicals. Books of poems: Grasping for Light (1989), Migrations to Solitude (1993) and Songs to Survive the Body (1993). Subjects include *Aids and loss. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gay Histories and Cultures. Poetic genre in Hebrew from Israel and later in English, Arabic, Persian. From ca. 150 B.C. (the date is very uncertain). A poetic form where the first letter of each line spells a word or words. Sometimes, in love poetry, the name spelt is that of the *beloved; in homosexual love poems this can be a man (e. g., in an acrostic written by *Aleister Crowley). The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics traces the form from the Hebrew *"Psalm 119" onwards (ca. 150 B.C. in the present text). English. *Earl of Surrey (possible gay acrostic), *Aleister Crowley, *lvor Treby. In Arabic and Persian it is used in the *qasida. Greek. It was used from the *Hellenistic period, though gay examples have not come to light; see the Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium for use in the Byzantine period. Poet, autobiographer, translator and historian from Great Britain who wrote in English; he also lived in China and Italy. 1904-1994. He was educated at *Oxford where he was a noted *aesthete in the 1920s along with his gay friend *Brian Howard. He published two volumes of poems at Oxford: Aquarium (1923), and An Indian Ass (1925). After leaving Oxford he published two further volumes of poems, Five Saints and an Appendix (1927) and This Chaos (Paris: Hours Press,1930, 31 pages, edition of 150 copies). Rare. Copy sighted: *Library of Congress. He was friends with *Osbert Sitwell, and a supporter of *modernism but was not approved of by *F. R. Leavis. The aesthete Anthony Blanche in the novel Brideshead Revisited (1945) by *Evelyn Waugh is based partly on him but also on Brian Howard (see James Lord, Some Remarkable Men, New York, 1996, p. 27). He lived in *Beijing 1932-39 and produced a book of Chinese translations, Modern Chinese Poetry (London, 1936). Later he settled at the family home, the villa La Pietra, near *Florence, in Italy, which, on his death, he left to New York University with an endowment of some twenty-five million United States dollars. He was very guarded about his homosexuality while he was alive. *A. L. Rowse stated he was homosexual in a 1986 interview in The Advocate (no. 447, 27 May 1986, 122). Duncan Fallowell in To Noto, or London to Sicily in a Ford (London, 1989), pp. 108-112, makes clear in a description of a meeting that he was gay. James Lord, Some Remarkable Men, 1996, states that he threatened to sue people in the 1950s and 1960s for saying he was gay (see pp. 77-79); on page 8 it is stated his "favorite lover" during his Oxford years was Evelyn Waugh; pp. 12-15 deal with his openly gay life in *Peking as "a libertine lover of pretty young *boys" (p. 15) and with his fondness for *opium. James Lord, a handsome young man, was an intimate friend of Acton. A *Catholic from a rich Anglo-United States family and something of a snob, he was close to the British Royal Family (Prince Charles, the present heir to the British throne, and Lady Diana, his wife, stayed with him at the villa). This may explain some of his reticence about being known as gay. Alexander Zielcke, born ca. 1945, a handsome man of Polish-German origin, lived with him for many years, on what appears to have been a non-sexual basis (see James Lord, Some Remarkable Men, pp. 64-68); he lived in a flat with a girlfriend (p. 68). Acton's life in James Lord's Some Remarkable Men, pp. 3-87, is the most candid life so far. Autobiographies: see Memoirs of an Aesthete (1948), and later More Memoirs (1970); the first was translated into Italian as Memorie di un eteta, 1965. He also wrote a volume of history on the Bourbon rulers of *Naples. A volume of essays Oxford, China and Italy was published in 1984 for his eightieth birthday by his friends Edward Chaney and Neil Ritchie. Tributes included poems and articles by *John Betjeman, *John Lehmann, *Peter Quennell and *A. L. Rowse and a select bibliography of his works by Neil Ritchie. There is an essay on his poetry by John A. Wood pages 25-33 (with quotations); many love poems quoted are *non gender specific and there are overtones of *sado-masochism. A major study of his influence and life is by *Martin Green (who implied he was homosexual). *Norman Douglas was a friend. Bibliography: see Neil Ritchie, Harold Acton: A Bibliography, Florence, 1984 (500 copies printed). Obituaries: Guardian Weekly, 13 March 1994, 26 by Peter Quennell (no mention of his sexuality); Art Newspaper no. 37, April 1994, 5 (with reprint of extract from Duncan Fallowell's book To Noto, or London to Sicily in a Ford, cited above, making his homosexuality clear). See also the article in the New Yorker, 10 July 1995, "A Last Fantasy in Florence" by David Plante 40-55 (on his villa and lifestyle). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Criticism. Gay News 96 (June 3-16, 1976), 21: review of Christopher Hollis, Oxford in the Twenties by Peter Burton - states there seems "no doubt at all" about him being gay. Bronski, Culture Clash, 69: states he is homosexual. Handsome and popular gay actors have been celebrated in poetry from circa 40 B.C. from the time of the Latin speaking 'Maecenas from Italy. Some actors were the lovers of famous men (for example, the Chinese actor *Hsu Tzu-Yun, about whom a whole anthology of poems exists); others have been the butt of *satire because of their homosexuality, as in eighteenth century English poetry (e.g., *Samuel Foote). In *Shakespeare's plays, where female roles were acted by *boys and there was possible homosexual involvement, see Howes, Broadcasting It under "Boy players". Male homosexuality has flourished in the theater in many cultures. In English. *Shakespeare, who was an actor, is the best example. Homosexuality in the English theater was especially prevalent in the *Elizabethan period (see *Robert M. Wren) though in the eighteenth century there were several poems accusing actors of homosexuality (e.g., * Love in the Suds). Other relevant English entries: *Charles Churchill, *David Garrick, *Ben Jonson, *D. S. Mitchell, *Adrian Rawlins, *William Shakespeare, * Sodom and Onan, *C. W. Stoddard. Chinese. *Zhou Xiaoshi (active 265-420), *Yuan Mei; see also "Theater - Chinese. *Chou En Lai, vice premier of China and a *scholar, is reputed to have been interested in drama and played female roles in the 1920s. German. *Karl Meier (founder of the Swiss gay journal * Der Kreis was an actor). Greek: see *"The Trojan War", *Yannis Ritsos. Japanese. *Soin, *Yukio Mishima. See the index of Leupp, Male Colors: The Construction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan and throughout. Latin. 'Maecenas, *Propertius; see also *lnfibulation. Russian: see *Karatygin. Sanskrit: see "Theater and opera. See Murray, Islamic Homosexualities, 256-66 regarding Indonesia (re Javanese. Bahasa Indonesia') and the Philippines (re Tagalog'): possible material only. Poet who wrote in Greek. Active 359-336 B.C. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Not in Oxford Classical Dictionary. Der kleine Pauly, volume 1, 62: see "Adaios 1". Gay Poetry Anthologies. Les Amours masculines, 41: spelt Addee. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 65: trans. *A. Elliot. Poems of Love and Liberation, 28; called Addeus of Macedon. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 44: a poem from *Palatine Anthology Book 10, poem 20 (his name is spelt Addaeus). Poet probably from the United States who wrote in English. Active before 1924. Not in the * National Union Catalog. Possibly a pseudonym. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 69: a poem on a *pedophile theme. Poet from France who wrote in French. Ca. 1250-ca. 1288. *Troubadour poet who died in Italy. Referred to in *Herelle manuscript 3188, folio 357-58 (homosexual reference not stated). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Poet and critic from Russia writing in Russian. 1884-1972. An emigre writer who left Russia in 1922. He published two collections of verse in Russia: Clouds (1916) and Purgatory (1922). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Terras, Dictionary of Russian Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Out of the Blue, 25: states he was "openly gay". Poet from Australia writing in English. Born 1943. He was author of the first openly gay erotic poems published in Australia (in 1970). These two poems were the title poem of his books of poems Canticles On The Skin (Sydney, 1970), and the poem "Action would kill it/ a gamble", first published in Australia in * Poet's Choice (Sydney, 1971), edited and published by *Philip Roberts (also published in * The Male Muse, as cited below). "Action would kill it/ a gamble" has been frequently anthologized in general anthologies of Australian poetry. The poems at end of his novel Zimmer's Essay (Sydney, 1974), pp. 101-25 (especially "envoi", p. 110, "action would kill it", p. 19, "The Mark Up", p. 120, "Some More experiences", p. 125) are also relevant. Zimmer's Essay features a homosexual *rape scene. (On this novel see the entry in Hurley, Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia: Zimmer's Essay.) In his major volume Cross the Border (Sydney, 1977), see pp. 26-27 "Lovesong for *Robert Creeley", p. 53 "The Literary Life" (re Jack Kerouac), pp. 61-84 the sequence "The Glorious Lie" (dedicated "for Christopher Edwards" - on whom see *David Malouf), pp. 122-23 "Out of time and the self's dark ring in radiant twilight" ("my other sex"), and the sequence "The Grail Poems" pp. 125-42 (numerous homosexual references and the whole sequence is based on *King Arthur - e.g. see "*Fairy Tale from Across the Border", p. 127, "Gawain", p. 133-34, "Knight and Lady", pp. 135-36 and "Lancelot," p. 136, which is very strongly homosexual). The title of the book may refer, amongst other things, to crossing the border between homosexuality and heterosexuality or between heterosexuality and bisexuality. See in addition, "The Imitator" in Collected Poems (Sydney, 1977), pp. 17-24 (see *Austlit Record 91502 where the homosexuality is noted); "A Wind without Flags", pp. 50-51 (*Austlit Record 53957). Poems dealing with *lesbianism were published in Poetry Magazine no. 1, 1969. He was strongly influenced by the United States poets *Robert Duncan (especially in Cross the Border, but see also "Sonnets for Robert Duncan 1919-1988" in The Clean Dark, Sydney, 1989, pp. 74-77). In Black Water, Sydney, 1999, the title poem is something of an *elegy for *Robert Duncan. He was part of the *Generation of 68 and was influential as editor of the journal New Poetry from 1971 (see his entry Oxford Companion to Australian Literature). Criticism: see Martin Duwell in Australian Literary Studies 14 (1989), 232-33, and Martin Duwell's Ph. D. thesis, University of Queensland, English Department. Autobiography: see Outrider, Australian Writing 1988 issue, x-xii, where he states *Rimbaud was a major influence on him. He has had two long term female partners. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Hurley, Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Male Muse, 11; biog.,118. Fra mann til mann, 94-95. Poet and translator from Great Britain, born in New Zealand and writing in English. Born 1934. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Oxford Companion to New Zealand Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies.Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 64: trans. of Greek poem by *Marcus Argentarius into English. Writer from Great Britain who wrote in English and also wrote poems in Latin. 1672-1719. It is implied that he was homosexual in the poem The *He-Strumpets (1710). A minor poet best known as a prose writer, he was a member of the Kit Kat Club with *Sir Samuel Garth. He formed a close friendship with Sir Richard Steele and they published the journals The Tatler (1709-11) and The Spectator (1711-12) which they largely wrote; these journals set the pattern for many succeeding literary journals emanating from *London (their prose is somewhat *camp). It was almost certainly implied they were homosexuals by *Alexander Pope (see *hermaphrodites). Joseph Addison was satirized as Atticus by Pope in Epistle to Dr Arbuthnot lines 193-214. See various editions of his works for his poems; his Latin poems are usually included in his works. No poems seem directly relevant. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English LIterature. Dictionary of National Biography: states he married at the age of fifty. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1866-1916. The * British Library General Catalogue reveals that he wrote a book on Exeter Cathedral. He used the pseudonym Percy Hemingway. Spelling is taken from Reade and the British Library General Catalogue entry; Young's spelling, Adelshaw, (see below) is wrong. Bibliographies. Murray, Catalogue of Selected Books, items 1, 2 and 26 - Last Verses, 1920 and The Happy Warrior, 1896, published under the pseudonym of Percy Hemingway. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1756: The Happy Warrior and Other Verses, London, *Elkin Mathews, 1896, published under the pseudonym Percy Hemingway. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reade, Sexual Heretics, 424-25: a poem from The Happy Wanderer and Other Verses (1896) on the *decadent model which is openly homosexual ("My lover's limbs are strong, his heart is light.") Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 96. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Active 1894. He used the pseudonym *Alan Stanley. Nothing is listed in the *National Union Catalog under Addleshaw. Bibliographies. Murray, Catalogue of Selected Books, item 69: same book as Bullough. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 11029: under Alan Stanley (pseud.), Love Lyrics, London: Gay and Bird, 1894. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reade, Sexual Heretics, 347-48: poem "August Blue" from Love Lyrics (about the beauty of a youth while sailing with him); the poet longs "To *kiss with lips that burn." Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 70-71; biog., 118. Criticism. Smith, Love in Earnest, 250 - bibliography listing only Love Lyrics, London, 54 pp.; pseudonym not noted. Addressees refers to males to whom poets have written love poems or poems of sexual desire. Poems date from ancient Greece in Greek from 600 B.C. and later in other languages. However, this does not mean that the sexual desire was necessarily consumated; compare *lovers (where sexual relations were consummated). The earliest addressee is *Lycus in poems in Greek from ca. 600 B.C. written by *Alcaeus of Mytilene. Poems relating to addressees survive in Persian, English, German, Italian, Spanish, Russian and Chinese: see *Abnai Chand, *Bathyllus, *Cardenio, *Tommaso de' Cavalieri, *Loukas Chalandritsanos - the youth to whom Byron addressed his last poem, a love poem, *Cleobulus, *Dahoum. *Salvador Dali, *Karl Theodor German, *Sergei Gorodetsky, *Graf von Harrach, *Hsu Tzu-yun, Count von *Kaiserlink, *Myiscus. Compare *beloved. City in Australia in which English is the main spoken language. Founded in 1836. It is the capital of the state of South Australia. Gay poets include *C. R. Jury, John Bray and *Mikol Furneaux. Work on the city's gay history and culture was done by John Lee (ca. 1950 - 1991): see his essay "Male Homosexual Identity and Subculture in Adelaide Before World War II", in Garry Wotherspoon and *Robert Aldrich Essays in Australian Gay Culture (Sydney, 1992), pp. 95-112. There is a gay library in the Aids Council of South Australia, Norwood. The Dr. Duncan *Bookshop was an important *gay liberation bookshop in the 1980s which did much to promote gay culture. Trope in Greek from Greece appearing later in Latin, Hebrew, Italian, French, and English. From 100 B.C. The word has come to mean a beautiful, desirable male. See the volume Attis, Adonis, Osiris in James Frazer, The Golden Bough (London, 1903), for discussion of Adonis in the ancient world. In ancient Greek myth he was a beautiful youth killed by a boar who was loved by the goddess of love, Venus (also called Aphrodite). He is the archetype of a beautiful man and an excuse for poets to portray one. The word comes from the Hebrew word for *God and may also mean a beautiful male lover as in *lsaac Ibn Schaul (see Jefrim Schirmann, "The Ephebe in Medieval Hebrew Poetry", Sefarad I5 (1955), 58); see also *Song of Songs. Greek: see *Bion (regarding his Lament for Adonis), *Anacreontea. Latin: see *Ovid, Metamorphoses x, 300-59,708-39, *Godfrey of Winchester, *Laevius, John Milton. For artistic depiction in classical art see * Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae, vol. 1, part 1, 222-29 and the plates in vol. 1 part 2. English. Great Britain: see *Marc Almond, *Shakespeare (re his long poem Venus and Adonis which is the best known English reference), *Shelley (who wrote Adonais, an *elegy for John Keats), *C. A. Trypanis, *Ted Hughes. Australia: see *Don Maynard. French: see *Ronsard in *Les Amours masculines, 86-87; Jacques d'Adelswärd Fersen, *Germain Nouveau. Italian: see *G. Marino. Arabic: see *Adonis (pseud.) Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 8. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amour bleu, 48. Pseudonym of an Arabic poet from Syria. Born 1930. His real name is Ali Ahmad Said. *Adonis means beautiful man. See his Songs of Mihyar the Damascene (1960). The poem is a hymn to Sufism and uses *Sufi language which is highly erotic (it has been translated into French). Born in Syria, he was exiled in Lebanon where he edited an influential poetry journal Mawaqif; from 1986 he has been resident in Paris. He has edited an anthology of classical Arabic poetry and has written studies of classical and modern poetry. Editor from Spain of works in Greek; translator from Greek into Spanish; critic writing in Spanish. Active 1950-59. He is the translator of the Greek poet *Theognis into Spanish: see Liricos griegos, Barcelona, 1959 (this work includes the Greek text). See also "Sobre el texto de Theognide" (On the text of Theognis) which is a review of the edition of J. Carrière, Emerita, vol. 18 (1950), 204-14 and 534 ff. See *Douglas Young, Theognis (Leipzig,1961), xxi: a list of articles on *Theognis of whom F. R. Adrados is an important commentator. City in Turkey in which Greek was the main language. It flourished from at least 250 B.C. The city from which *Diotimus (active 250 B.C.) and, it is thought, *Asclepiades (active 250 B.C.) came. The Adramyttium peninsula is south of the site of Troy. References. Pauly, Wissowa, Paulys Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, vol. i, 404: see "Adramytteion". Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 464: re Diotemus (i.e. Diotimus). Poet from Sweden who wrote in Swedish. 1884-1965. Best known as a major Swedish painter known as GAN, he also wrote poems especially early in his career, influenced by *Oscar Wilde. A lover was Karl Edvard Holmstrom who died ca. 1914. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Journal published in the United States from 1967 in English. One of the longest running United States gay journals, founded just before the beginning of the *gay liberation period in *Los Angeles. Its coverage of literature has varied from the excellent to the mediocre. Many book reviews, interviews and articles have dealt with literary figures, including poets (for instance *Frank Golovitz). An occasional poem has been printed (e.g., by James Holmes). J. K. Simes Horvath and Dal McIntrye had poems published (Jim Kepner to the author, October 1988). An index compiled by *Robert Ridinger exists for the period 1967-1982 . The Advocate was criticised in 1974 in * Gay Sunshine - when it had just been purchased by David Goodstein - for being too conservative: see Gay Sunshine no. 24, p. 9. Despite this, it is one of the most important journals for United States gay culture - and, indeed, world gay culture, since the United States has been so influential on gay culture from the beginning of the gay liberation period in 1968. The Advocate's owner from 1974-82, David Goodstein (1932-1982), was a wealthy Californian business man (obituary in The Advocate no. 425, July 23, 1985, 10-11; see also no. 430). He left his papers and an endowment to *Cornell University through the Mariposa Foundation, to be used for the study of sexuality. Under Goodstein, the journal changed from a small Los Angeles based paper to a national magazine appealing especially to the gay middle classes. After his death the paper went downhill becoming somewhat tawdry. From the early 1990s, it has had a more cultural emphasis (e.g., *Camille Paglia has had a column) latterly with an emphasis also on gay rights. Its recent standard in respect of gay culture has been variable; in the late 1990s book reviews have again appeared. It includes a supplement for sexual advertisements which has formed over half the bulk of the paper at times. Overall, The Advocate is outstanding for its coverage of United States gay culture. The thesis of Alan D. Winter, The Gay Press (1976), discusses The Advocate in Chapter 2, pp. 42-51. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gay Histories and Cultures. Philosopher from Great Britain and France who wrote in English. Ca. 1110-1167. His De spirituali amicitia (Spiritual friendship) is a Christian counterpart to *Cicero's Laelius de amicitia (Laelius on Friendship) which is referred to many times in the work and on which it relies as indeed on the teachings of Jesus Christ notably that "God is love" (Gospel of John Chapter 4, verse 16). It was a highly influential work which forms the background to much Latin poetry written in monasteries in the *middle ages. It was translated into English as Spiritual Friendship, by M. E. Laker(Kalamazoo, Michigan: Cistercian Fathers, 1974); biography of Aelred, pp. 3-14. Brian Patrick McGuire, Brother and Lover - Aelred of Rievaulx, 1994, places Aelred in his twelfth century context. See also *Friendship - Latin. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Pseudonym of 'Enea Silvio Piccolomini. Poet and critic from Greece who wrote in Greek. 525 B.C.-456 B.C. Aeschylus was a tragic dramatist who wrote in verse. In Plato's * Symposium, section 180, Phaedrus states that Aeschylus was mistaken in his assertion in his play, The Myrmidons, that *Achilles in *Homer's Iliad was the lover of Patroclus; according to Phaedrus, it was the other way round and Achilles was beardless and the younger man (Phaedrus is here referring to the concepts of *erastes and *eromenos). In The Symposium, section 179, Phaedrus uses the word erastes ("lover") to refer to Patroclus, thus making it clear he saw Achilles and Patroclus as lovers. As an interpretation of the relationship of *Achilles and Patroclus in homosexual terms, these sections of The Symposium constitute the beginnings of gay poetry criticism. The part of The Myrmidons referred to has survived as fragment 135. Criticism: see *Paul Brandt. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias: Oxford Classical Dictionary, 17-19. Bibliographies: Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 37: Die Myrmidonen. Gay Poetry Anthologies: Kupffer, Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 187. Criticism: Symonds, A Problem in Greek Ethics, 27-28. Courouve, Ces petits grecs, 19. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 24-25. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, vol. 1, 16. Poem from Great Britain written in English. Published in 1881. A poem satirizing *Oscar Wilde acompanying a caricature in the journal Punch, 25 June 1881, (Punch's Fancy Portraits No. 37): "Aesthete of Aesthetes!/ What's in a name?/ The poet is WILDE/ But his poetry's tame." Reproduced in Robin Spencer, The Aesthetic Movement (1972), p. 99. The authorship is unknown. An accurate summary of Wilde's mediocre poetry. Aesthetes, also spelt esthetes Aesthetes (or esthetes in United States spelling) are men who are obsessed with beauty. They exist in relation to homosexuality and poetry from 206 B.C. in Chinese from China and later in other languages. Poet esthetes who are linked to homosexuality have a long history, especially in East Asia and *Islamic countries. While aesthetes are not necessarily homosexuals *effeminacy linked with them usually gives them a homosexual connotation.*Oscar Wilde is the best example of a homosexual esthete and was perceived as such in the British press of the late *Victorian period. Chinese. The tradition is very old, dating from at least the *Han dynasty (206 B.C.-220) and *T'ang dynasty (618-907); almost every poet is involved in it as the cult of beauty was intimately associated with the writing of Chinese poetry: see especially *Seven Sages, *Orchid Terrace Poets, *Yuan Mei (active ca. 1750 ). Chinese culture influenced Japanese, Korean and Vietnamese cultures and Chinese esthetic principles carried over into these cultures. For a study of the esthetics of homosexuality see *Mao-feng chu. Japanese: see *Yukio Mishima, *Yoshida Kenko. A cult of beauty was very strong, especially from the sixteenth century. "Iki" or "chic" - "a highly sophisticated sensibility, a way of feeling, thinking and behaving" - was a feature: see Shuzo Kuki, Reflections on Japanese Taste: The Structure of Iki (1930), translated by John Clark (Sydney, 1998); the author lived in Europe in the 1920s and was fluent in German, French and English. At the end of the nineteenth century, Japanese esthetic ideas were to influence the European *esthetic movement which arose from 1880. In this movement "the beautiful" was consciously offered as an aim in life. The English writer *Walter Pater was an influential thinker. English. *Walter Hamilton wrote the first study. See *Harold Acton, *E. Briggs, John Betjeman, John Glassco, *A. D. Hope, *Brian Howard, *Lionel Johnson, *Oscar Wilde (recognized as an esthete from 1881). The opera Patience with libretto by *W S. Gilbert satirized esthetes. *Aubrey Beardsley was one, though whether homosexuallly active may never be known; he was certainly intimately linked to homosexual circles. For an Australian satire see *Clem Christesen. The MA Thesis of Jonathan Watkins, University of Sydney, Department of Fine Arts, 1984, titled The Development of Art for Art's Sake in Australia: 1880-1915, on the influence of the aesthetic movement in Australia, is important for providing the background to this movement in Australia, 1880-1915; a copy is in the University of Sydney Library. French. French had a strong tradition of aesthetes: see *Huysmans (who wrote a novel which was highly influential), Jacques d'Adelsward Fersen, *Marcel Proust, *Montesquiou, *Cocteau. German: see *Stefan George, *Elisar von Kupffer. Italian: see *D'Annunzio, *Mario Praz. Portuguese: *Antonio Botto, *Fernando Pessoa. Persian. Turkish, and Urdu: as paintings, especially *Persian paintings illustrating * Divan poets show, estheticism was a major feature of poetry readings and literary gatherings; in these languages see also *Wine, *Cupbearer. Bengali: see *Tagore. See as well, *Dandy, *Decadent movement, *Effeminacy, *Eighteen-nineties, *Fop and *Gay sensibility. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gay Histories and Cultures. Aesthetic movement, also spelt Esthetic movement Movement in Europe in French in France, English in Great Britain and other *European languages and in east Asia in Chinese and Japanese from ca. 1880 to ca. 1910. The aesthetic movement was a major literary movement involving homosexuality which arose in Europe from 1880 and spread to European colonies all over the world and as far as Japan. In origin, it goes back to 1850. (The *decadent movement and *symbolism are interrelated literary movements.) See *Richard Ellmann, The Modern Tradition (1965), pp. 101-228, "The Autonomy of Art", for documents. Though the aesthetic movement is usually taken to be a later nineteenth century European movement, in China and Japan aestheticism had a long history, especially in relation to poetry and painting (see below). In English. *Rossetti, the *Pre-Raphaelite group, *Pater and the art critic John Ruskin were important forerunners and *W. S. Gilbert satirized the movement in the comic opera Patience (1881). One of the major tenets was *art for art's sake: the idea that art should exist solely for the sake of its beauty and should not serve any particular purpose - as *Marxism and *Socialism proposed. (The Socialist gay poet and writer, *Edward Carpenter, represents a contrary view though *Oscar Wilde was also influenced by Socialism.) Oscar Wilde was the key figure in Great Britain while *Walter Pater was highly influential (see *aesthetes for a list of poets who adopted the aesthetic movement pose). In French, the main initiator was *Huysmans, though in poetry the movement emerges from the work of *Baudelaire. *Verlaine was a major poet. The first book on the movement was Walter Hamilton, The Aesthetic Movement in England (1882). On the English aesthetic movement in Great Britain, see also Alfred J. Farmer, Le Mouvement esthétique et décadent en Angleterre 1873-1900 (Paris, 1931). The homosexual poets of the *eighteen-nineties - e.g., *Theodore Wratislaw - were greatly influenced by and embody in their work, the tenets of aestheticism. In the United States, poets who went to *Harvard in the late nineteenth century show its influence. The American poet *Edgar Allen Poe was regarded as a precursor by some, especially in France. The aesthetic movement is closely linked with the decadent model of literature and was highly influential in all the *European languages and in English as far away from Great Britain as Australia. In poetry it took the form of the expression of things beautiful and pleasurable - and especially beautiful men (the cult of *Antinous in its modern form dates from this time). *Eighteen nineties anthologies include aesthetic movement poets. For German see the *Munich group of poets from which the movement emerged. *Richard Wagner's music was a focus. In Portuguese. *Antonio Botto and *Fernando Pessoa were major poets. All journals associated with the aesthetic movement need to be assessed (see, e. g., the English journal * Century Guild Hobby Horse). In Russian many poets around the turn of the century show its influence (e.g., *Kuzmin); the ballet impresario Sergei Diaghilev was a major figure. *Vladimir Nabokov's work, especially his parody novel Pale Fire, shows he works in the aesthetic tradition. A Russian emigré writer his works stand in opposition to the Soviet tradition of socialist realism which, following *Marx, became an orthodoxy. Japanese. The European aesthetic movement reached and influenced Japan from ca. 1910, where it was on fertile ground, as Japan had a long tradition of aestheticism strongly inlfuenced by Chinese civilization (with which Japan's literati were closely linked since they all wrote Chinese characters and the Japanese system of writing was based on the Chinese). For Chinese aestheticism see *Han period, *Sung period, *Yuan Mei, *Orchid Pavilion. Japanese art reached Europe from the later nineteenth century and this in turn influenced the aesthetic movement, though Chinese and Japanese poetry was little known in Europe and its offshoot civilizations at this time; see Michael Sullivan, The Meeting of Eastern and Western Arf(London, 1973), 197-254. The "discovery" of Japanese prints by the artist Whistler at this time opened a new perspective on book illustration. Persian. There is a strong aesthetic element in traditional Persian poetry and art especially in the *illustrations to Persian poetry. Compare *social constructionism, *Marxism. Contrast *Puritanism. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage, 2-5. Aesthetic of homosexuality, also spelt esthetic of homosexuality Concept and philosophy in English, French, German, Chinese and Japanese in Great Britain, France, Germany and Japan dating from at least 1895 in English and French and probably earlier in Japanese and Chinese. The idea that the expression of beauty in gay literary and artistic works is linked to homosexual sensibilities. The idea arose basically out of the *decadent movement. German. See *Hubert Fichte - the main person in European languages to recently raise this issue. English. *Oscar Wilde was a crucial person in the *Eighteen-nineties period. *Camp is a kind of parody of any serious view of gay aesthetics. Jacob Stockinger has tried to elaborate an aesthetic. The question of a black gay aesthetic is discussed in an essay in the black gay anthology * Brother to Brother by *Charles I. Nero, pp. 229-52. Japanese. The concept of iki in Japanese has homosexual undertones; iki means "smartness" or "style". See Kuki Shuzo, Reflections on Japanese Taste: The Structure of Iki, trans. by John Clark, Sydney, 1997. French. See *Dominique Fernandez. Chinese. This idea may go back to ancient China (e.g., the *Han Period). *See also Aesthetes. Poet who possibly wrote in Turkish. Active before 1838. Probably a poet from the *Ottoman period. Not found in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: Die Männerliebe der Griechen, 123-24. Afghani love song, called "Zekhmi Dil" Song from Afghanistan written in Pashto. Before 1962. See *Allen Edwardes, The Cradle of Erotica, 1962, p. 200, the song is called "Zekhmi Dil" ("Wounded Heart") and is said to be a pederastic love song of the Pathans - "There's a girl across the river with a postern like a peach, but alas! I cannot swim"; Edwardes states the word *boy is altered to girl by the ist-zen (anus beater) of Kabul. It is not known how accurate this title "Zekhmi Dil" is or where it came from. The poem has been "completed" by E. A. Lacey in Gay Roots (see reference below) but the work here is more a version based on the song (which is about a beautiful boy across the river whom the singer wants to penetrate). E. A. Lacey states it is a traditional Afghani folk song quoted by innumerable writers on India and the Pashtuns of the Northwest frontier. The language Pashto is sometimes called Afghan. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gay Roots: An Anthology of Gay History, 363: trans. by *E. A. Lacey. Criticism. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 17: cites the two lines and calls the poem "Zekhmi Dil". Languages spoken in the continent of Africa. Works of relevance date from 2,175 B.C. Human habitation in Africa goes back 6 million years and human art in Africa is the earliest known art in the world, dating from some 3 million years ago (see the illustration of the so-called Makapansgat pebble from Transvaal, the first known work of human art on page 41 of Julian Bell, What is Painting?, London, 1999). Africa divides up into Northern Africa - where the Sahara Desert predominates and where Arabic is the main language and Egyptian (2,200 B.C.+) the most ancient language - and Sub-saharan Africa, all of Africa below the Sahara desert. The modern African states mainly date from European colonization and tribal groupings linked to language are more crucial. Maps of African tribes are in Tom Phillips, Africa: Art of A Continent, 1995; this work discusses Africa systematically and maps of tribes are before the commencement of the text for each section. A concise introduction to the languages of Africa is "Languages" in R. Oliver and others, editors, Cambridge Encyclopedia of Africa, 1991, 75-77; it is generally agreed that over 1,000 languages are spoken. Indigenous languages. The indigenous languages spoken in Africa divide into several language families: these include, as presently understood, Niger-Congo spoken in central Africa, the *Bantu languages spoken over almost the entire south of the continent (300 languages, all very close), and the Khoisan family (spoken in south western Africa). Several hundred languages are spoken, the Niger-Congo group being the largest language family. There are vast oral literatures in African languages though only some languages have been translated into European languages (mainly into English and French) making assessment for homosexuality difficult. The Bantu language group, spoken across southern Africa, includes Xhosa, Shona (see *Overview - Shona), Sotho, Tswana and Zulu, all of whose oral literatures have been examined in some detail: see *praise poems. Somali is spoken in the horn of Africa and Swahili to the south of it. Hausa is spoken north of Nigeria in west Africa. Malagasy is spoken on the island of Madagascar and is an *Austronesian language. For information on languages in the southern half of the continent, see John Middleton, Encyclopedia of Africa: South of the Sahara, 4 volumes, 1999. *Afro-Asiatic languages. Arabic, ancient Egyptian and Ethiopic are major and ancient languages in this group which are probably indigenous, being spoken first in Egypt in the form of Egyptian from before 3,000 B.C.; Coptic is a modern descendent of ancient Egyptian. Arabic is now spoken across north Africa and throughout the Sahara where *Islam is the major religion. See *Overview - Egyptian, Overview, - *Arabic. Introduced languages. European languages. These are principally English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Flemish (a language of Belgium close to Dutch which controlled the Republic of the Congo; French is also spoken in Belgium) and Afrikaans. The Afro-Asiatic language Arabic, spoken in the northern half of the continent, was also introduced. See *Overview - English in South Africa, *Overview - Afrikaans. *Gregory Woods has written an article on gay English poems in Africa. See overall Joseph Greenberg, The Languages of Africa (1963), and Michael Mann, editor, A Thesaurus of African Languages (1987). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 22-24: "Africa, Sub-saharan". Kindlers neues Literatur Lexikon vol. 20, 747: books listing African languages. Katzner, Languages of the World, 6-7: list of languages. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage, 5-8: "African Literatures" - mostly deals with contemporary material. Criticism. Woods, History of Gay Literature, 302-312: a survey of poets writing in English who mention homosexuality. Poet from Romania writing in Romanian. Born ca. 1970. In Index on Censorship no.1 of 1995, p. 50, two poems are translated into English with a photo of the handsome young poet. Apparently he is the first openly gay poet in Romania. Afro-Americans, also called African Americans, Blacks, and Negroes Homopoetry associated with Afro-Americans in English in the United States, also sometimes called blacks and people of color and formerly Negroes, may go back at least to *minstrel songs (from 1854), though - so far - minstrel material is homosexual by context only and then only by implication. *Paul Laurence Dunbar, usually seen as the first notable black poet, reputedly had some homosexual experience. The *Harlem Renaissance was a great revival of Negro culture in *New York beginning in the 1920s; *Countee Cullen, *Langston Hughes and *Claude McKay were the main gay poets. The first gay article on the Harlem Renaissance was written by *Eric Garber who has compiled a detailed bibliography. There is a strong tradition of black *bawdry - see *toasts. For oral *songs, which constitute a rich Afro-American tradition, see *Bessie Smith and *Ma Rainey. Very little homobawdry is known so far; references to homosexuality are mainly negative. *Leroi Jones published the first openly gay poem of the contemporary period., while *Adrian Stanford was the first openly gay poet to publish a volume. The gay novelist James Baldwin wrote some poetry. There has been a great outpouring of openly gay poetry by black poets from 1983 onwards. At least two United States published journals *Blackheart (ca. 1982-86, three issues), edited by *Isaac Jackson, and Other Countries (1988+) have come into being (see The Advocate no. 518, 14 February 1989, 51-54). For anthologies see *Anthologies - Black. * In the Life, edited by Joseph Beam, was the first anthology to reach a wide audience and * The Road Before Us is outstanding; * Milking Black Bull (1995) is an anthology of the second wave of black gay poets. * Voices Against the Wilderness (1983), was the first black gay poetry anthology. The cities of *New York, *Philadelphia and *Washington have large black populations and have produced black gay poets and writers. Poets of note include *O. A. Ajanaku, *Assotto Saint (pseud. of Ives Lupin), Jim Beam, *Blackberri, *Richard Bruce (pseud. of *Richard Bruce Nugent), *Ernest Clay (partner of *Louie Crew), *Melvin Dixon, *Salih Michael Fisher, *Craig G. Harris, *Essex Hemphill, *Craig Hickman, *Isaac Jackson, *Stephen Jonas (pseud.), *Brad Johnson, *Steve Langley, *Craig Reynolds, *D. A. Richards, *Marlon Riggs, *Philip Robinson, *Shahid (pseud. of *Roosevelt Williamson), *Reginald Shepherd, *Sidney Smith (*pederasty activist), Jerry Thompson, *Derek Walcott (not from the United States but lives there for much of the year), *Donald W. Woods. Of *nineteen nineties poets *Thomas Glave is outstanding. See Emmanuel S. Nelson, "Towards a Transgressive Aesthetic; Gay Readings of Black Writing", James White Review, spring 1994, vol. 11. no 3, 17-18. The Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, New York, is a special black library attached to *New York Public Library which may have relevant material. See also *Negritude. Debbie Douglas and others, Ma-ka: diasporic juks: contemporary writing by queers of African descent, Toronto, 1997, is an anthology of writings. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Sexual Behaviour: see "Negro". Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures: see "African American Gay Culture"; see also "Black Power Movement" and "Black and White Men Together". Criticism. Brother to Brother, xxi-xxxi: gives the background to contemporary gay writing. Afro-Asiatic languages, also called Afroasiatic languages (formerly called Semitic languages) Language family spoken in west Asia and north Africa from the Sahara to the Mediterranean. Material dates from ca. 2,175 B.C., the earliest gay poetry being in Egyptian. The languages are sometimes called Hamito Semitic languages (or Semitic) though this term is now not used; they include ancient Egyptian and modern Coptic (descended from ancient Egyptian and spoken by Christians in Egypt; Muslims speak Arabic), Akkadian (the ancient language of Iraq), Aramaic (the language of Christ which replaced Akkadian as a lingua franca and gradually became the modern Syriac), Berber (spoken in Morocco; though there has been some doubt that the language is afro-Asiatic), Hebrew, and - the most widely spoken of the group - Arabic, the language of the * Koran. Canaanite languages (see *Kadesh) are, with Egyptian, the most ancient of the languages. They are a group of the northern central or northwestern Afro-Asiatic group spoken in ancient Lebanon and Syria and include Phoenician (a dialect of Hebrew, sometimes called Punic, which is related to Ugaritic; on this language see the entry in the Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics), Moabite, Hebrew and recently discovered languages such as Eblaic. They were written in cuneiform and date to the third millenium B.C. Much literary material in these ancient languages remains unanalysed (see e. g., F. Fonzarelli, The Ebla Language and Semitic Linguistics, Florence, 1984). Other languages in the Northwestern group (from the Syrian area) include Amorite; all are close to Akkadian. All the Afro-Asiatic languages, both ancient and modern, are very close. Whether they were first spoken in north Africa in Egypt or in west Asia is disputed. Syrian was an important language of transmission of Greek culture to the Arabic world. Through Syrian culture too, cultures to the east of it were transmitted to Mediterranean cultures and beyond. Hebrew, the language of the * Old Testament (or Tanach as its is known to Jews) is known by Jews around the world, especially since its revival in the late nineteenth century. It is the national language of Israel. Aramaic, the language of Jesus Christ, is close to extinction; one homopoem survives in the language (see *Overview - Hebrew, Aramaic). Ethiopic, spoken in Ethiopia, has two dialects: Ge'ez is the literary language, Amharic is the main modern vernacular. The Afroasiatic language group has the oldest recorded tradition of homosexual poetry: see *Overview - Egyptian; see also * Gilgamesh. For information on the literatures of these languages see Queneau, Histoire des littératures, volume one. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica: "Semitic Languages". See also Encyclopedia Britannica, eleventh edition, "Semitic Languages": fine overview by Theodore Noldeke. Parlett, Languages of the World, 110-11: "Semitic". Poet and anthologist from Turkey who wrote in Greek. Ca. 531-ca.580. One of the rare *Byzantine poets to mention homosexuality (though negatively: Agathias repudiates it). See R. C. McCail, "The Erotic and Ascetic Poetry of Agathias Scholasticus", Byzantion vol. 41 (1971), 205-67, especially 212-15. He compiled an anthology of epigrams, the *Circle, many of which entered the * Palatine Anthology. His name means Agathias the scholar. See also *Eratosthenes Scholasticus. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 25. Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 59-60. Palatine Anthology, v 278 and x 68. Poet and lover fom Greece who wrote in Greek; trope in Greek, English, German. Ca. 416 B.C.-401B.C. Agathon was a tragic dramatist who wrote in poetry, who was famed for his beauty and loved by *Euripides. Fewer than forty lines of his work survive (for sources see the Oxford Classical Dictionary entry). He is accepted as being homosexual in ancient Greek literature: see Dover, Greek Homosexuality (e.g., pp. 140-42). It is at his house that the famous dialogue by *Plato, The *Symposium, takes place. Agathon is one of the five speakers, speaking before Socrates who is the last speaker. As a trope of gay love see in English. *Julian Sturgis, *S. E. Cottam, in German *Wieland, in Greek *Aristophanes, *Euripides, in Italian. *Ficino. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 25. Dictionnaire Gay. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 193. Ioläus (1902), 79. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 6871: re appearance in *Aristophanes' play Thesmophoriazusae. Orgasms of Light, 100. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 37. Age of consent and age of majority Laws in English relating to adulthood and sexuality in Great Britain, the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India, South Africa and other English speaking countries and in other countries and relating to other languages date from before 1500. Laws relating to the age of sexual consent are the main laws since they define the age at which a person can be legally gay. The age of sexual consent is the age at which a person is legally deemed to be capable of giving consent to a sexual act. It varies around the world for homosexuals from twelve to twenty-one (in the state of Western Australia in Australia). (Compare the age of majority, the age at which a person is legally deemed to be an adult; this age is usually higher than the age of consent, frequently by several years). The age of consent is important for the content of gay poetry. Poems referring to sex below the age of consent are unlikely to be written and, if written, to be published. There appears to have been no age of consent in many ancient cultures (such as ancient Greece, Rome, Egypt and China). In European culture and its offshoots the age of consent was formerly the age of entrance to monasteries which was twelve; this age dates from the *middle ages (see Patricia Quinn, Better than the Sons of Kings: Boys and Monks in the early Middle Ages, 1989, for further information). The age of consent was twelve until 1875 in Great Britain for heterosexuals becoming thirteen in 1875, due to feminist agitation against teenage prostitutes, and sixteen, it's present age for heterosexual sex, in 1885; by contrast, when male homosexual acts were decriminalized in Great Britain the age of consent for homosexuals was set at 21 (the age was lowered to 18 in 1991). On the raising of the age of consent in 1875 see Ann Stafford, The Age of Consent(London, 1875). Some sample ages of homosexual consent in 1999: Spain 12, *Vatican City 12, Japan 13, Denmark 15 and Ireland 17. In Canada it is 14 after a court case finding the age of consent at 18 for homosexuals versus 14 for heterosexuals was discriminatory. The United States has many different ages of consent for heterosexuals and homosexuals according to the state in which a person lives: for instance it is 13 in New Mexico, 15 In Colorado and 16 in Indiana, Washington and Maine for homosexuals and in all these states the ages of consent for homosexuals and heterosexuals are the same. In some 18 US states male homosexual acts are illegal (see *Law - English). The latest information on the age of consent worldwide can be found on the *Internet. Very detailed information on European countries is in the articles by Helmut Graupner, "Sexual Consent: The Criminal Law in Europe and Overseas" in Archives of Sexual Behavior vol. 29 no. 5 (2000), in the section "Homosexual Relations", 425-433. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Howes, Broadcasting It. The age of death has increased throughout history (e. g. in Australia it was 47 for males in 1900 and is over 79 in the 1990s). This factor needs to be taken into account in any discussion of homosexuality - and in reading homosexual poetry: for instance the poems of the ancient Greek anthology, the *Mousa Paidike were probably composed by males close in age to the addressees, since the age of death was much lower. With the age of death much being lower in earlier centuries there must have been more *pederasty and less *androphilia. Consequently homosexual poetry in earlier periods had a higher pederastic content and should not in many cases be read as being androphilic. With the age of death rising from the 1950s there has been an increase in androphilia. The age of death is much lower in many African countries, in Asia and IN South America than in developed countries with efficient medical services. Even in developed countries some sections of the population have a lower age of death (e.g. Australian Aborigines in Australia). See G. Acsadi and J. Nemeskeri, History of Human Life Span and Mortality (Budapest, 1970) ; there are many tables in this book - for instance the table on page 224 shows that in ancient *Rome the life span of slaves was 17 and for professionals 36, while the table on page 222 shows the average age of death overall in Rome in the Roman era was 22.6 years. Historian and critic from Portugal who wrote in Portuguese. 1883-1961. A doctor at the Institute of Legal Medicine, *Lisbon, who is the author of a huge survey of homosexuality in Europe: Evolucao da pederastia e do lesbiamo na Europa (The evolution of homosexuality and lesbianism in Europe), first printed in Arquivo da universidade do Lisboa vol. 11 (1926), 336-620. It was published as a book of 292 pages in 1926, with a second edition with additional material in 1934 (with the footnotes deleted but a bibliography added, pp. 359-74). His bibliographies contain many little known items. (Copies sighted: National Library of Lisbon, *Lisbon.) This work consists mostly of discussion of the laws of homosexuality in various European countries: however, there is discussion of literature, including of poetry, throughout. It is one of the most detailed presentations of the various European laws ever. The work contains the first discusssion of homosexuality in relation to Portuguese literature. After opening with consideration of the present extent of homosexuality there are four sections: Section A (pp. 377+), the ancient world (that is, Greece and Rome - with a detailed survey of Latin literature including liberal reference to poetry pp. 390-438), B, the *Middle Ages (pp. 457+), C, 'Renaissance and early modern (1453-1789), pp. 483+, and D, Modern Europe (1789+), pp. 540+. He relies on *Magnus Hirschfeld and gives references. He wrote the article "Crimes e delitos sexuais em Portugal na Epoca das Ordenagoes (Sexualidade anormal)", Archivo de medicina legal, vol. 3 (1930), 118-44, which deals with homosexual crimes in Portugal and is a source of many cases of sodomy. Biography: see his entry in Grande enciclopedia Portuguese e Brasil vol. 1 (1945). A Curriculum Vitae, Lisbon, 1944, 86 pp., exists in the National Library, Lisbon. His papers are with his family. Compare *Monteiro, his colleague at the Institute of Legal Medicine. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Born ca. 1930. He was imprisoned for a period from 16 to 48 years for sex with a 15 year old male. For a photo of Ahlers and his lover Harold Baker see [no author], A Witchhunt Foiled: The FBI vs. NAMBLA, New York: North American Man Boy Love Association, 1985, p. 11. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poems of Love and Liberation, 49. Poet possibly from Iran who wrote in Persian. Died 1123. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition: see the *Kirmani article - states that, with *'Iraki and *Kirmani, he contemplated "divine beauty in earthly forms, preferably in beautiful boys". No separate entry exists on him in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Criticism. Rypka, History of Iranian Literature, 220, 254 (brief mention). Ahmad ibn Kulayb, also spelt Kulaib Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Ca. 1030-1035. See Adam Mez, The Renaissance of Islam (Patna, 1937), pp. 359-60: a grammarian who wrote love poems about Aslam, the son of a Qadhi (with whom he studied), and which were sung at weddings. Criticism. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, vol. 5, 779: a poet and grammarian of *Cordoba who died of grief for the love of another man. Poet who was possibly from Iran and possibly wrote in Persian. Active before 1838. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: Die Männerliebe der Griechen, 141; possibly trans. by *von Hammer Purgstall. His country is given here as Kermjan. Compare Kerman, the capital of Kerman Province, East Central Iran. Possibly the Turkish poet *Ahmedi could be meant. Poet from Turkey who wrote in Turkish. 1334-1413. He was a *court poet at Adrianople (now called Edirne). The language of his * divan became the standard Turkish poetic language for centuries. He wrote *mesnevi. On him see Mitler, Ottoman Turkish Writers. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition: see "Ahmedi". Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition: called "Ahmadi" (stated to be "the greatest Ottoman poet of the fourteenth century" who "first introduced profane subjects"). Criticism. Penguin Book of Turkish Verse, 64: a love poem to a masculine beloved. Gibb, History of Ottoman Poetry, volume 1, 260 ff. Poet from Turkey who wrote in Turkish. Died 1497. He wrote a poem about Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror's infatuation with a youth (Dr Chris Murphy, Turcologist, Harvard to me, 1989). He was tutor and companion to Mehmed II (the Conqueror of Constantinople). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Turkish Verse, 68: *non gender specific love poem ; biog., 8. Eros: Die Männerliebe der Griechen, 125-26: spelt Ahmed Pascha. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 365: poems *"Ghazel" and "Fair Friend" (openly homosexual poem). Editor of works in Greek from Germany; critic in Latin. Active 1855. Editor of the Greek poet *Theocritus: Bucolicorum Reliquiae, 2 volumes (Leipzig, 1855) with Latin notes and lengthy introduction dealing with the manuscripts, early printed editions and versions. Ai Ch'ing (pseud.), also spelt Ai Qing (pseud.) Poet from China writing in Chinese. Born 1910. A Chinese poet who lived in France and returned to China in 1932; his poetry was influenced by the dictates of *Mao and is weaker after the 1942 Yenan declaration (see *Communism). He was influenced by *Shakespeare, *Whitman (especially in his writing of free verse) and *Esenin. His name is spelt Ai Ch'ing (pseud.) (in Wade Giles) and Ai Qing (pseud.) (in Pinyin). Real name: Chiang Hai Ch'eng. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, vol. 1, 1-2. A viral disease especially transmitted in the blood by *anal sex. Contact with the virus, leading to infection, makes a person HIV positive. Aids is the name of the disease in its full blown state and is, in almost all cases, fatal, but may not result in death for up to ten years or longer after initial infection; only a few persons are known to have survived beyond ten years. Drugs are increasingly enabling persons to control HIV and Aids. There has been an enormous literature on Aids. Overall the predominant emotion expressed in poetry occasioned by Aids has been loss; the *elegy has been a favorite form for these poets. It was first known as Aids in 1983 and from this year its impact on gay poetry has been enormous. Initially it led to a marked diminishment in writing on sex. *Denis Altman in prose and *Paul Monette in poetry have written eloquently on it. Aids is a disease affecting both homosexuals and heterosexuals but in developed countries most cases have been homosexual. There are signs the rate of infection amongst homosexuals is declining but Aids is likely to affect gay poetry for years to come. Raymond A. Smith, Encyclopaedia of Aids, 1999, covers all aspects of the subject. Compare *syphilis. English. The first Aids literary anthology (featuring both prose and poetry) was the Australian anthology * Love and Death (Sydney, 1987). In the United States the first anthology featuring Aids, * Poets for Life (1989), contains the work of heterosexual as well as gay poets. *Unending Dialogue (1991) is a collection based on an Aids poetry workshop. A poetry masterpiece about losing a lover has been written by the United States poet *Paul Monette about his lover *Roger Horwitz. Other moving and influential poems are by the United States poets *Michael Lassell, *Rafael Campo and *Mark Doty. The black United States gay poet *Jim Beam, editor of the first black gay anthology, died of Aids. *Gil Cuadros has written memorably from a *Chicano point of view and *Juan David Acosta-Posada from a Latino. *Walt Whitman's civil war poems, inspired by his nursing of wounded soldiers, have been enlisted in the expression of sentiment about the subject. The journal * James White Review (1983+) frequently carries poetry on Aids. As pointed out, Aids has resulted in a lessening of writing on *sex, especially *anal sex, and poetry which is more caring and thoughtful (as distinct from writing about sexual experiences being the norm of gay poetry). It has tended to give a philosophical dimension to the poetry it has inspired, but it has unfortunately led to more poets using *pseudonyms, thus concealing their real identity. *City Lights Review number 2 of 1988, has a forum on "Aids, Cultural Life and the Arts", pp. 8-56. *Thom Gunn has recently written some of the most significant poems in English on Aids and The Poetry Society of America published an anthology of children's responses, Listening to Young Voices, edited by Sandra Isham Vreeland, 32 pages, in 1995: about fifteen children write poems about Aids (this book is not specifically a gay book). Blood Whispers (1991) and Blood Whispers, Volume 2 (1994), edited by Terry Wolverton, are selections of poetry and prose from the United States on Aids (a review of Blood Whispers, Volume 2 is in James White Review, vol. 13 no. 3, Summer 1996, 21). The anthology edited by Carlos A. Rodriquez is a general anthology, not specifically gay, titled POESIdA: An Anthologgy of Aids Poetry from the United States, Latin America and Spain, 1997 (143 poems from 73 poets); review: Lambda Book Report, April 1997, 11-12 - states "perhaps the best poems belong to Cuban authors *Reinaldo Arenas and Severo Sarduy." An anthology, Aids Poetry Project, was announced wih a deadline of December 1 1992, James White Review vol.10 no.1 p. 2; but no record of this work has been found. See *Anthologies - English for poetry anthologies dealing with the subject. Criticism: see Timothy F. Murphy and Suzanne Poirier, Writing Aids: gay literature, language, and analysis (New York, 1993); bibliography of Aids related material 1982-1991, pp. 321-339. Australia: Hurley, Guide to Lesbian and Gay Writing in Australia: see entries under Aids and HIV/AIDS. Aids: the Literary Response edited by Emmanuel S. Nelson, New York, 1992, is a series of essays; only one essay, on the *elegy genre by *Gregory Woods is on poetry: "AIDS to Remembrance: The Uses of Elegy", pp. 155-66. See also *plagues. For English, see, for Australia .Javant Biarujia, *Patrick Gleeson, *Jim Legasse, *Love and Death (and the poets listed), *Les Murray, *Paul Knobel *Alan Wearne, *Stephen J. Williams. United States: see *Greg Baysans, *Ed Drucker (pseud.), *James S. Holmes, *Assotto Saint (pseud.), *Ron Schreiber. Great Britain: see *Pat O'brien. Many *gay liberation poets have died of Aids. See also entries for *Nineteen-eighties and *Nineteen-nineties. On the publishing response to Aids see Michael Denneny, "On Publishing Aids Books: Where we've been, where we're going", Lambda Book Report, February 1999, 21. Raymond A. Smith, Encyclopedia of AIDS, 1999, covers all aspects of the subject. French. See *George Stambolian. The philosophers *Michel Foucault and *Guy Hocquenghem died of Aids. See "Sida" in Dictionnaire Gay and "AIDS Writing in France" in Gay Histories and Cultures. German: see *Jürgen Baldiga, *Horst Bienek, *Stefan Richert, *Manfred Semmelbrauer, *Mario Wirz, *Detlev Meyer. The journal Die Palette vol. 8 no. 16 (Herbst [Autumn] 1992) is a special issue devoted to Aids; it includes poems by *Mario Wirz and a bibliography of literature on Aids p. 94. See also Goodbye to Berlin, pp. 327-40. Greek: see *Andreas Angelakes, *Yannis Ritsos. Spanish: see *Jaime Gil de Biedma, *Xavier Villaurrutia, *Reinaldo Arenas, *Ernesto Banuelos Enriquez, *Manuel Ramos Otero. *Carlos A. Rodriguez-Matos has written a critical article on the subject. Aids has had a devastating impact in Africa where little money is available for treatment. Poetry in *African languages on the subject, if it exists, has not come to light. The South African poet *Stephen Gray has written a moving poem in English. The impact of Aids in India and China is likely to be large. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 29-32. Howes, Broadcasting It. Dictionnaire Gay: see "Sida". Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage, 16-20. Gay Histories and Cultures: see "AIDS", "AIDS Literature", "AIDS in the U.S. media"; see also "ACT UP". Criticism. Woods, History of Gay Literature, 359-74: mainly discussion of Aids poetry. Anthology in English from the United States. 1992. It was conceived by William Parker (1943-1993) as a singer's response to *Aids. Review: Gay and Lesbian Study Group Newsletter vol. 5 no. 2 (October 1995), 20-24. Eighteen songs were originally recorded and the scores have been published by Boosey and Hawkes (#VAB-303). The texts were by the composers (Fred Hirsch Richard Thomas) and by poets (such as James Merrill, *Kabir, translated by *Robert Bly, *David Bergman and others). Composers have continued to add to the songbook. Eight new songs and seven from the original work are included in Heartbeats: New Songs from Minnesota for the AIDS Quilt Songbook (recorded as Innova 500). Not sighted. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gay Histories and Cultures. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1889-1973. In his Collected Poems, second edition, New York, 1970, see the *sequence "Turns and Movies", pp. 3-18 (especially the section "The *Apollo Trio" pp. 4-5), "Gabriel de Ford" pp. 6-7, "Aerial Dodds" pp. 13-14 (portraits of homosexuals.) He was a graduate of *Harvard influenced by *symbolism. His novel Great Circle (1933) is an analysis of an *Oedipal breakdown of a marriage. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Poet from Canada writing in English. Active 1977. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Larkspur and Lad's Love. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born ca. 1943. An Afro-American poet born in Memphis, Tennessee in the United States *south, he now lives in *Chicago where he is a gay activist. Gay Poetry Anthologies. In the Life, 114-15 (a moving poem dealing with his expulsion from the United States navy in 1963 and black gay brotherhood); biog., 250 (stating he is 43 years old). Road Before Us, 5-6; biog., 172. Journal from France written in French. Published in 1909. Akadémos was a monthly journal founded and published by Jacques d'Adelswärd Fersen apparently in *Paris with a * fin de siècle tone. It was artistically produced to a very high standard. There were twelve issues and it was the first gay journal in French. It featured much poetry with gay themes (by, for instance, *Baron de Bideran). It is suspected that poems in the journal are written under pseudonyms and possibly some (or even most) are by Fersen, who wrote poetry. There were reviews of books of poetry as well. It cannot be assumed that because a poem was published or a book reviewed in the journal the author was gay. It had many homoerotic illustrations of nude male sculptures - e.g. of *Antinous in no. 9, September 1909. Number 7 had an article on the French law in relation to male homosexuality. The journal is discussed in Will H. Ogrinc, "A Shrine to Love and Sorrow: Jacques d'Adelswärd Fersen (1880-1923)", in Paidika vol. 3 no. 2 (Issue 10), 46-47; he states a number of contributions under the pseudonym Sonyeuse are by Fersen. See also *Raymond Laurent. Very rare. Copy used: *Harvard University, Widener Library. Review: Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen vol. 10 no. 4 (1909-10), 433-37. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1721-1778. Akenside, a doctor from *Edinburgh, was set up in a house in London by his friend, and probable lover, the lawyer Jeremiah Dyson, who left his wife and family to live with Akenside. He is the author of The Pleasures of the Imagination (1744, revised version 1757), a poem famous in its time and showing the influence of *Plato. A homosexual relationship with Dyson has been alleged by *G. S. Rousseau in Eighteenth Century Life vol. 9 (1985), p. 145: "Dyson was at least homoerotic although the extant evidence suggests that Akenside was exclusively homosexual." Text: Poetical Works, Edinburgh, 1867 (repr.), with biography by Rev. George Gilfillan. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature; notes "his haughty and pedantic manner" was satirized in *Smollett's Peregrine Pickle. Dictionary of National Biography. Akhenaton Poet and pharaoh from Egypt who wrote in Egyptian. Active ca. 1,362 B.C. A ruler of ancient Egypt 1397-1362 B.C. credited with bringing *monotheism to the country, in the form of the god Aton; the pharoah was in effect the *king. He was credited with a homosexual relationship with his favorite and son-in-law Smenkhare, also his co-ruler (however this remains controversial as with much about him, even whether he fathered children). His reputed possible homosexuality is discussed by *Winston Leyland in Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 77-80; no sources are cited here. He wrote the famous "Hymn to the Sun", which, like all religious *hymns of men to a male god, may reveal repressed homosexual feelings (it has often been compared to *David's *"Psalm 104"); for English translations see Adolf Erman, The Ancient Egyptians (New York, 1966), 288-91 (note that on page 289 the words "Thou [that is, the sun] who createst.. in women and makest seed in men" link the sun with semen). Another translation is in James B. Britchard, editor, The Ancient Near East (Princeton, 1958), volume 1, 226230. He reigned as Pharaoh 1373-1362 B.C. and transferred his capital from Thebes, to a new town at Amarna named after himself. He was married to Nefertiti and reputedly had six children. For the text of "Hymn to Sun", see J. B. Pritchard, Ancient Near East Texts Relating to the Old Testament, 1969. For another translation into English: see *Terence Deakin. *Dorothy Porter wrote homosexual poems based on his relationship with Smenkhare. On his life see Cyril Aldred, Akhenaton: Pharaoh of Egypt (1968). The theory of Akhenaton's homosexuality is no longer accepted by most modern Egyptologists. *Akhenaton (pseud.)'s name is based on him. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Dictionnaire Gay. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 434. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1961. A *black poet who lives in *New York. His name is taken from the ancient see his entry. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 7: poem "Cool Waves"; biog., Egyptian pharaoh, homosexual according to some views: 172. Pseudonym of a poet from Russia who wrote in Russian. 1889-1966. A Russian poet who suffered though the Stalinist terror and lived to write about it, becoming in the 1960s and 1970s something of a cult figure because of this. See the "First Dedication" to Poem without a Hero (first published in New York in 1960 but worked on by the poet until her death) in The Complete Poems, 1989, trans. Judith Hemschemeyer, volume 2, pp. 402-03: reference to *Antinous (said to be referring to *Vsevolod Knyazev who was bisexual - though it could refer also to *Mikhail Kuzmin: see John Malmstad, Kuzmin's biographer). The reference was glossed by Akhmatova as "ancient handsome man" (ibid., vol. 2, p. 469). Another possible reference could be to the poet Osip Mandelstam (ibid., vol. 2, p. 771). Knyazev appears in the poem as Dapertutto, a pseudonym he used (ibid., vol. 2, p. 413 line 28). The epigraph contains a line from the homosexual poet *Nikolai Klyuev whom *Simon Karlinsky states "lost his freedom and eventually his life because of a poem he wrote in defence of Akhmatova (Slavic Review vol. 28, 1979, 93). There were homosexual poets in the bohemian circles in *St Petersburg in which Akhmatova moved (e.g. Kuzmin who wrote the introduction to her 1910 volume - see Amanda Haight, Akhmatova, 1977, p. 20). Some are portrayed in the poem: see also the reference to "some Lots from *Sodom'" line 188 vol. 2, p. 423 of the above edition of Poem without a Hero. Akhmatova was the wife of the poet *Nikolai Gumilev. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Terras, Handbook of Russian Literature. Poet from Iraq who wrote in Arabic. Ca. 750-after 808. *'Abbasid poet who wrote love poems. See Abdullah al-Udhari and G. B. H. Wightman, Birds Through a Ceiling: Three Abbasid Poets (1975), pp. 35-64: English translation with many love poems adressed to women, some *non gender specific (pp. 36, 52, 54, 58) and one fine homopoem p. 57; biog. note 21-23. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, volume 1, 9-10: al-'Abbas b. al-Ahnaf. Criticism. *Arthur Wormhoudt, "Classic Arabic Poetry", *Gay Books Bulletin, no. 4 (Fall 1980), 24: states he "wrote some love poems addressed to male lovers'". Poet possibly from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Active before 1211. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Dar al-Tiraz: several fine gay love poems (some only ascribed to him). Poet from Iraq who wrote in Arabic. 925-1009. *Abbasid poet who wrote love poem 24 in the anthology of *al-Tha'alibi. His pseudonym means The Parrot because of his stammering. He settled in *Baghdad where he died. Only the poetry extracts by him in al-Tha'alibi (which the Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, entry describes as elegaic and bacchic) are known. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, volume 1, 845-46. Criticism. *Arthur Wormhoudt, "Classic Arabic Poetry", * Gay Books Bulletin, no. 4 (Fall 1980), 24: "wrote some love poems addressed to male lovers". al-Bahili, al-Husayn ibn al-Dahhak Poet from Iraq who wrote in Arabic. Ca. 778-864. From *Basra, he lived in *Baghdad and is regarded as a minor poet. *Bisexual interest. Called "the libertine" or "the debauched" he spent much time with the frivolous Caliph al-Amin. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition, volume 1, 576: "al-Bahili" (second entry). Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition: "al-Husayn b. al-Dahhak" (states that "dallying with young men" was how he spent much of his time and his *ghazals are written as much to men as women). Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, vol. 5, 778 (in the *"Liwat " [*sodomy] article): a homosexual *libertine poet of the *Abbasid period. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. 1134-1199. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 319: fine love poem; *wine trope. Philosopher from Iraq who wrote in Arabic. Ca. 776-868. His *nisba means goggle-eyed. His works show Greek influence and he read Greek works in translation; of 200 known works, only a few survive. See *Charles Pellat, The Life and Work of Jahiz, London, 1969, p. 27: states he wrote three texts on homosexuality. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition: see "al-Djahiz". Dictionary of Oriental Literatures: see "al-Jahiz". Criticism. Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance and Homosexuality, 19. *Norman Roth, "'Deal Gently with the Young Man': Love of Boys in Medieval Hebrew Poetry of Spain", Speculum 57 (1982), 27: re *debate on love. al-Farazdak, also spelt al-Farazdaq Poet from Iraq who wrote in Arabic. Ca. 650-ca. 730. *Umayyad poet who lived in *Basra and whose * divan consists of over 7,000 verses and is the largest in Arabic. A poetic battle with Jarir with accusations of homosexuality was a famous *satirical poetry battle. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, volume 1, 788: "al-Farazdak" by *R. Blachère. Criticism. *Arthur Wormhoudt, "Classic Arabic Poetry", *Gay Books Bulletin, no. 4 (Fall 1980), 24: wrote poems accusing Jarir of homosexuality in "explicit, almost pornographic detail". Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Died ca. 1134. He travelled widely in Spain and was assassinated between 1134 and ca. 1160 in Marrakesh, Morocco. A commentary on this work, Kalaidal-Ikayn, has also been written. Compare *Ibn Sa'id. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, volume 2, 838. Criticism. *Marc Daniel, "Arab Civilization and Male Love", Gay Sunshine 32 (Spring 1977), 5: collected an anthology with homopoems Kalaid al-Ikayn (The Golden Collar). Philosopher and poet from Iraq who wrote in Arabic. 1058-1111. The foremost mystic, theologian and religious philosopher of medieval Islam; he taught in *Baghdad. He became a *Sufi and was influenced by the Arabic *Neo-Platonism of *al-Farabi and *Ibn Sina. He also wrote in Persian and his works were translated into Urdu. English translation by Madelaine Farah: Marriage and Sexuality in Islam, Salt Lake City, 1984. De Bary, Guide to Oriental Classics, pp. 37-39, lists works by and on him. See also *Philosophers - Arabic on his brother who appears to have been gay. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, vol. 2, 1038-41. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures. Dictionary of Literary Biography. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Orgasms of Light, 133: fine gay love poem trans. by *Winston Leyland. Criticism. *Marc Daniel, "Arab Civilization and Male Love", Gay Sunshine 32 (Spring 1977), 7-8: "author of a number of mystical boy-love poems". al-Ghazali, Ahmad ibn Muhammad Arabic philosopher from Iraq who wrote in Araric. Died 1126. He is the brother of the more renowned *Sufi *al-Ghazali who took his place in *Baghdad when al-Ghazali retired from teaching. He wrote a prose treatise in an epigrammatical style, Sawaneh, on the *Beloved, Lover and Love. This work also had currency in Persian. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition; by *Helmut Ritter. See also the entry "*Kirmani, Awhad al-din" in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition: at p.166 the author states he was a mystic who contemplated "divine beauty in earthly forms, preferably in beautiful boys". Poet who wrote in Arabic. Active before 1200. A poet of the Arabic middle ages. Not found in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. See *Marc Daniel, "Arab Civilization and Male Love", Gay Sunshine 32 (Spring 1977), 6: very fine poem about a wine pourer or *saki and *kissing. Poet from Iraq who wrote in Arabic. 857-922. A poet who was an early *Sufi mystic: see *Louis Massignon who wrote a huge study of his life (see the Louis Massignon entry for possible gay reference). He strongly influenced the Persian poet *'Attar. Poet and historian from Iraq who wrote in Arabic. 1054-1122. Author of The Maqamat (Assemblies), a series of poems in the maqama genre which is in rhymed prose (see Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, vol. 3: "Maqama"); in this work the protagonist Abu Zayd of Suraj tells a series of stories. See *Allen Edwardes and R. E. L. Masters, The Cradle of Erotica (New York, 1962), page v (not paginated; the page before the Contents page) for a quotation from a poem, "The Threnody of Abu Zayd" (English translator not given), from The Maqamat (The Assemblies). The poem is about a young man of strong sexuality who has sex with both men and women. The genre of maqama was popular in Persian, Turkish, Syriac and Hebrew. See also the gay poem in *Richard Burton's translation of the * Arabian Nights (1885), vol. 5, 158, about the *coming of beard. Originally from *Basra, al-Hariri died in *Baghdad. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, vol. 3, 70-71. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 299: re *slave boys from Assemblies 34. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Active before 1243. He lived in *Seville. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 137: a poem about the *coming of the beard (from *The Pennants). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 321 (poem about *coming of beard). Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Active ca. 1050. Compare *al-Jazari. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 315: fine homoerotic poem. Singer from Israel who sings in Arabic. Active 1988. He has set poems of on the theme of boy love to music and performed them and has stated "it's just tradition" (*Arno Schmitt, Berlin, 1989, to the author). A tape is in the possession of Arno Schmitt. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. 1108-1182. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 319: *non gender specific love poem. Poet and philosopher from Syria writing in Arabic. 973-1058. A blind poet from Aleppo who later lived in *Baghdad, he retired to live an ascetic life. He was also a noted thinker. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Islam, first edition. Dictionary of Oriental Literature, vol. 3. Criticism. Wright, Homoeroticism in Classical Arabic Literature, 210-32 - article on *wine and associated imagery by Suzanne Pinckney Stetkevych. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. 1040-1095. Ruler of *Seville 1069-90. Translation. German: trans. by *A. F. Graf von Schack. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 82: Verschiedene Gedichte ["Several poems"; no other details given]. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 75 (name given as al Motamid). Orgasms of Light, 12: called al-Mutamid Allah Muhammad. Criticism. Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance and Homosexuality, 196. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Active ca. 1050. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 317: love poem about a mole on a man's cheek. Poet from Syria who wrote in Arabic. 915-955. Little is known of his life, but he was a wandering singer who lived in Syria, was killed by brigands, never married, and had attachments to rulers for political reasons (e.g., to *Saif al-Daula); he wrote some homosexual poems. See his entry in Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium for his influence on Byzantine Greek. See also Judah Halevi. Text. First printed in Cairo in 1815; there have been many editions and commentaries. Translation. English: *A. J. Arberry (1967) - a selection with little gay interest in the translated poems though some poems do have homosexual undertones, e.g., no. 9. German: *Hammer-Purgstall (1824), O. Rescher (1940). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, vol. 3, 128. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Criticism. In Praise of Boys, 5: sang the praises of boys. *Arthur Wormhoudt, "Classic Arabic Poetry", * Gay Books Bulletin, no. 4 (Fall 1980), 24: stated to be the greatest Arab poet who "has a few poems in his divan which take the theme of homo love and treat them in a profound way" and he wrote about homosexuality in connection with his imprisonment. al-Nafzawi, Abu 'Abdullah Muhammad ibn 'Umar, sometimes called Nafzawi Sexologist, possibly from Tunisia, who wrote in Arabic. Active 1410. His works include homosexual poems cited within the text. He is the author of The Scented Garden, a *manual of sex, first translated into English by *Richard Burton, though this is not a complete translation (published 1886). The work is a * prosimetrum. See The Glory of the Perfumed Garden: The Missing Flowers, trans. by H. E. J., London: *Neville Spearman, 1975, especially Chapters 2, "On Sodomy", and 3, "Pretty Girls are Superior to Boys" (re *debate on love). Both chapters include homosexual poems. For his life see pp. 10-11 of H. E. J.'s edition which has a valuable introduction; he was possibly from Tunis as the work was originally written for a Tunisian patron around 1410. Compare *al-Nawadji. He is called Shayk Nefzawi in the Richard Burton translation and is also called Nefzawi. Text. There are many manuscripts and the text exists in several versions which have many additions and embroiderings. There are a number of published Arabic texts (Fez, Tunis, Cairo etc.). See the introduction to the 1963 edition The Perfumed Garden of Shaykh Nefzawi, trans. by Richard Burton, London, written by *Alan Hull Walton, for further information on him. Translation. English: The Perfumed Garden by *Richard Burton (1886; not complete and omitting the homosexual chapters; this translation is from *Lisieux's 1876 French translation; a complete translation from an Arabic manuscript started by Burton was destroyed by Burton's wife after his death); *H. E. J. (pseud.) (1975); French: M. le Baron R..., titled Le Livre d'amour de l'Orient (ca.1850), published Paris: Bibliothèque des Curieux, 1922; Trans. not known (1876 - published by Lisieux; reprinted 1906, omitting the homosexual chapters); Trans. not known (Paris: Léopold Blondeau, 1960: titled Le Jardin enchanté), *René Khawam (before 1989). Note: it is possible the first three French translations may be the same. See also Bibliographies below. German: H. Conrad (1905), F. Leiter and Hans H. Thai (1929). Bibliographies. Pia, Les Livres de l'Enfer, vol. 1, column 632-37: Cheikh Nefzaoui, trans. into French by Monsieur le baron R***, no place or publisher, 1850 (edition used for the Lisieux edition), Le Jardin parfumé du cheikh Nefzaoui, translated into French but translator not known, Paris: *Lisieux, 1886 (repr. 1904); Le Parfum des prairies, trans. into French, trans. not known but from a manuscript stated on the title page to have been made in 1860, Paris: Jean Fort, 1935; Le Jardin enchanté, Paris: Léopold Blondeau, 1960. al-Nawadji, Mouhammad Poet from Egypt who wrote in Arabic. 1383-1455. *Cairo writer who wrote a treatise on male homosexual love with extensive quotation of poems including poems written by himself. There are four chapters: Chapter 1, "On the names of boys", Chapter 2, "On the different categories of boys", Chapter 3, "Boys who exercise art on men", Chapters 4 and 5, "On the qualities proper to boys". Translation. French: *René Khawam (1989). Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Active ca. 1150. He was the twentieth caliph - mam (or religious leader) of the Muslim community - which title was abolished in 1924. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Gay Poetry Anthologies. In Praise of Boys, 27: *non gender specific poem. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic; he also lived in Iraq. Died 1013. His poems have not been collected. He appears in the anthology of *Ibn Hazm. He became laureate to the Umayyad caliph al-Hakim in Iraq but later was forced to return to Spain. He was famous for his chaste love of the enigmatic woman Khalwa. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition, 1113-14: refers to boy love poems and to passion for a Mozarab boy Yahya (i.e. John) or Nusair (Victor?); article written by *Henri Peres. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition: in the *Liwat article see p.779. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 137: from *The Pennants and from *Cordoba. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 312. Criticism. *Marc Daniel, "Arab Civilization and Male Love", Gay Sunshine 32 (Spring 1977), 8. *Norman Roth, "'Deal Gently with the Young Man': Love of Boys in Medieval Hebrew Poetry of Spain", Speculum 57 (1982), 29: states he was in love with a Christian boy. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Ca. 1120-1177. He lived in Valencia. Not found in the index of Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Translation. Spanish: Poemas, trans. Teresa Garulo (Madrid, 1980). Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, item 10428: re a poem "The Weaver Boy" in Gay Sunshine 10 (January 1974), 13 (trans. *Erskine Lane). Cuaderno bibliográfico gay, 13: Poemas, Madrid: Peralta, 1980 (Spanish translation). Gay Poetry Anthologies. In Praise of Boys, 12, 18: fine gay love poems. Bellamy, Banners of the Champions, 189: very fine homosexual love poem. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 318. Criticism. *Norman Roth, "'Deal Gently with the Young Man': Love of Boys in Medieval Hebrew Poetry of Spain", Speculum 57 (1982), 28: pun on *gazelle and *ghazal. Poet who wrote in Arabic. Active ca. 95Q. Not found in Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition. Criticism. 'Arthur Wormhoudt, "Classic Arabic Poetry", 'Gay Books Bulletin, no. 4 (Fall 19BQ), 24: "wrote poems which refer to homosexual lovers in a lighter vein". Poet possibly from Syria who wrote in Arabic. Active 1000. His date is very uncertain. In the Index to Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, there is a brief reference which seems to indicate he was alive in 1000. Consult *Brockelmann for manuscripts. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition: see *"Liwat" article, 779, which states that in his Diyarat monasteries are regarded as places of debauchery. Historian from Egypt who wrote in Arabic. 1445-1505. A manuscript by him dealing withh homosexuality is in the Princeton University Library - see Mach, Catalogue of Arabic Manuscripts in Princeton University Library (1988), item no. 2063. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition, volume 1, 573-75 by *Carl Brockelmann: stated to be "the most prolific writer of the *Mamluk period and perhaps in Arabic literature" who "did not hesitate to treat sexual and pornographic subjects" (p. 574). Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Ca. 961-ca. 1009. The *nisba al-Taliq means the freed one. He lived in *Cordova. Not found in Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition or second edition, under al-Taliq. His full name is al-Sharif al-Taliq: see Monroe, Hispano-Arabic Poetry, p. xiii. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 133 (trans. by *A. J. Arberry from * The Pennants). Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 115 (trans. by *A. R. Nykl): fine gay love poem with *garden trope. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 310: fine *saki poem. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 195-98: called Al-Sharif al-Taliq. Nykl, Hispano-Arabic Poetry, 61-64. Monroe, Hispano-Arabic Poetry, 154. Criticism. Wright, Homoeroticism in Classical Arabic Literature, 140-57; article by Richard Serrano. Poet from Egypt who wrote in Arabic. Active ca. 950. No reference found in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Criticism. *Arthur Wormhoudt, "Classic Arabic Poetry", *Gay Books Bulletin, no. 4 (Fall 1980), 24: states he has "a number of poems about male lovers" in *al-Tha'alabi's anthology; translation of a poem into English, 24-25. al-Tha'alabi, also known as Abu Mansur 'Abd al-Malik ibn Muhammad ibn Isma'il Poet and anthologist from Iran who wrote in Arabic. 961-1038. Compiler of an anthology with many homosexual poems. The Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition, cited below states the anthology is "of his own and the preceding generation" (pp. 730-31). He compiled other anthologies and many other literary works. He was born in Nishapur, Iran, and has an entry in *Ibn Khallikan's biographical dictionary. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition, volume 4, 730-732: the first al-Tha'alabi entry by *Carl Brockelmann, al-Tha'alibi being the *nisba of Ali Mansur 'Abd al-Malik. Criticism. *Arthur Wormhoudt, "Classic Arabic Poetry", *Gay Books Bulletin, no. 4 (Fall 1980), 24: states he made an anthology Yatimat al-dahr (The Pearl or Orphan of the Age) of several hundred Arabic poets who were contemporaries of al-Mutannabi and "many of the poems in the four volumes which run to over a thousand pages have homoerotic content". Poet and anthologist from Tunisia who wrote in Arabic. 1184-1253. Born in Tunis he was the author of a *treatise on love, containing detailed discussion of homosexuality with many poetry quotations. This is a *prosimetrum. Compare *Al-Nawadji. Translation. English: translated by *E. A. Lacey (1988) titled Delight of Hearts, San Francisco: *Gay Sunshine Press, from the French translation of *René R. Khawam, La Prairie des gazelles: Eloge des beaux adolescents (Paris, 1989). E. A. Lacey's English translation also contains a fine introduction by both E. A. Lacey and René Khawam. It consists of the homosexual chapters in his work only. Al-Tifashi is stated to be "an 'active' bisexual" on page 8 of Lacey's translation. Italian: translated from the French translation of René Khawam by Basilio Luoni (Parma, 1981). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition, vol. 4, 751. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 38793. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 300-303: selection of poems from Heart's Delight, section 8 (name spelt Al-Tifachi). Criticism. *Marc Daniel, "Arab Civilization and Male Love", Gay Sunshine 32 (Spring 1977), 5: spelt Ahmed al-Tifachi and he states "homosexuality occupies the highest place" in its account; on p. 9 he states it "contains an entire chapter devoted to homosexuality". Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Died 1126. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 316: love poems. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. 1017-1096. Not found in Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition. Criticism. Woods, Articulate Flesh: Male Homo-eroticism and Modern Poetry, 25: author of a homopoem. Poet from Syria who wrote in Arabic. Active ca. 950. Criticism. *Arthur Wormhoudt, "Classic Arabic Poetry", *Gay Books Bulletin, no. 4 (Fall 1980), 24 states he is in the anthology of *al-Tha'alabi, has several "long poems describing a house of male *prostitution in Aleppo" and states they are "*pornographic." Poet who wrote in Arabic. Active before 1282. Criticism. Reade, Sexual Heretics, 165: a gay poem by this poet is referred to in Richard Burton's essay; cites *Ibn Khallikan (famous historian who lived 1211-82), iii 720. Poet and philosopher who wrote in Latin. Active 1182-died 1202. See also Alexandre Leupin, Barbarolexis (1989), pp. 59-78. Translation. English: J. J. Sheridan (Toronto, 1970). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature : stated to be a *Humanist and *Platonist whose poem De planctu Naturae contains detailed reference to homosexuality. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 32-33. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 16970. Criticism. Goodich, The Unmentionable Vice, 33-35: noting that in De planctu Naturae (The Complaint of Nature, written 116582) "sodomy becomes in this poem an extended form of vice" (p. 34). Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 32-33. Poet from the United States writing in Spanish. Born 1954. Book of poems: De Amor Oscuro/ Of Dark Love (San Francisco, 1991): fine poems based on *García Lorca's homosexual sequence of the same title. It has abstract illustrations. A Chicano poet who is president of El Centro Chicano/ Latino de Escritores and was poetry editor of Out/Look journal. Born in *Los Angeles he grew up in Guadalajara, Mexico, and now teaches at the University of California in Santa Cruz. The author of nine books of poems. * James White Review vol. 8 no. 3 (Spring 1991), 20 (biog. note) states Body in Flames/Cuerpo en Llamas is his most recent book and he lives in *San Francisco. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Foster, Latin American Writers on Gay and Lesbian Themes. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Name of Love, 13; biog. 69: stated to be one of the few openly gay Chicano poets in the United States. Alba and alborada Poetic genre from Spain existing initially in Arabic and later in English. From ca. 1050. Alba ("dawn") means "dawn poem". The form emerged in Spain out of Arabic poetic traditions. An alba refers to lovers parting at dawn; an alborada to them meeting at dawn. A critical work is Jonathan Salville, The medieval erotic alba: structure as meaning, New York, 1972. Arabic: see *Ben Muqana, *Ben Abi Ruh. See *Arthur T. Hatto, Eos: an enquiry into the theme of lovers' meetings and partings at dawn, The Hague, 1965, pp. 236-37: a very fine homosexual love poem; see also the poems in the Arabic section of this work as some of these poems have gay reference e.g., no. 17 by *Ibn al-Mu'tazz, no. 18 by Abu Firas, no. 21 by Al-Sharif Mas'ud al-Bayadi, no. 22 by Abu 'Amir *Ibn Shuhayd, no. 23 by *Ibn Zaydun; others are *non gender specific. Arthur T. Hatto's work is a definitive study of the theme in several languages. English: "My Alba" is a poem written by *Allen Ginsberg. References. Oxford Companion to Spanish Literature. New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics. Architect and poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. 1404-1472. A famous architect who was also a typical *Renaissance man. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 173: states he wrote *Burchiellesque poetry (possible gay reference only). Poet from Spain writing in Spanish; translator from English to Spanish. 1902-1999. See his *"Ode a Platzyko" (source: *Nin Frias, Alexis, p. 181). He was a member of the *Communist Party and lived much of his life in exile from 1939, initially in Argentina in *Buenos Aires and from 1963 in Italy, in *Rome. He was a member of the *generation of 27. He translated *Langston Hughes from English to Spanish. Obituary: Independent International, 3-9 November, 1999, 18 by James Kirkup. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Spanish Literature. Encyclopedia of World Literature in the 20th-Century: Supplement. Poet from the Netherlands writing in Dutch. 1893-1967. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Naar vriendscaap zulk een mateloos verlangen, 48-51: a poem on *pederasty and a poem, "Homosexappeal" (both 1933), from his book Nitsjewo, Amsterdam: C. A. Spin & zioon, 1933 and a poem "Neger" from Verzen voor vrienden, Amsterdam: De Beuk, 1954 (books cited p. 115). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 288: poem "Negro". Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. Active from 1980. Book of poems: Poesie, Torino, Centro Kuliscioff, 1989. Bibliographies. Bibliographies. Leggere omosessuale, item 339: Figli ribelli. Poesie per un diverso in Nuovi poeti italiani no. 1, Einaudi, Torino, 1980, pp. 7-11. Poet from Italy who wrote in Greek. Active 200 B.C. He has some fifteen epigrams in the * Palatine Anthology and also wrote *drinking songs. See *Alcaeus of Mytilene as the problems associated with *homonyms and *ethnics arise with Alcaeus of Messina. (The correct author of certain poems by "Alcaeus" will never be known.) Some entries in the * Palatine Anthology are simply "Alcaeus" so this further complicates the problem. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 35: see Alcaeus (3). Palatine Anthology xii 29-30, 64 (all by Alcaeus)? Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10419-20 (cited as Alcaeus): item 10420 cites works in *Musa Puerilis, London: Heinemann, 1918, Book 12, poems 29-30. Criticism. Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 9 (1908), 269: states the three epigrams in Book 12 of the *Mousa Paidike are by Alcaeus of Messina. Brandt, Sittengeschichte griechenlands, volume 2, 200. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 486. Buffiere, Eros adolescent, 300-301. Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. Born ca. 620 B.C. A poet from the island of Mytilene. His work has only survived in fragments for the most part. Dover, Greek Homosexuality, 195, notes that *Cicero, in Tusculan Disputations iv, 71, writes of Alcaeus "singing of the love of youths", and *Horace in Odes i, 32: 9-11, says that he "sang of Lykos [see *Lycus], beautiful with his dark eyes and dark hair", so he was known in the ancient world as a gay poet. But, as Dover notes (Greek Homosexuality, 195), no fragments have been found to support these remarks. Hubert Martin, Alcaeus, New York, 1972, 114, says that "part - perhaps the bulk - of Alcaeus' poetry was *pederastic rather than heterosexual": this statement is about as far as we can go on present evidence. See also *Alcaeus of Messina, as the problems associated with *homonyms and *ethnics arise with Alcaeus of Mytilene (some poets in the * Palatine Anthology are simply called "Alcaeus", further complicating the problem). Four Greek words from the opening of a poem indicate that Alcaeus was pederastic, if the attribution is correct: "Wine, dear boy, and truth" (fragment 366). These words survive only in a * scholium and could, however, be just a scribe's witty comment added to an existing manuscript when copying it. Text. For the latest edition of his poems see Greek Lyric volume 1 (Cambridge, US, and London, 1988), edited by *D. A. Campbell, pp. 206-455. Criticism: see *Massimo Vetta, "Il P. OXY. 2506 fr. 77 e le poesia pederotica di Alceo", Quaderni Urninati di Cultura Classica, 39 (1982), 7-20. The *Alcaic meter derived from the poet was used by later poets in other European languages. Sometimes his name is spelt Alcaios or Alkaios. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 35: Alcaeus (1) by *C. M. Bowra (notes "his ambitious marriage" in fragment 69). Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 37: cites his drama *Ganymedes. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10419-20 (cited as Alcaeus; see entry *Alcaeus of Messina for details). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Garland of Meleager: he is only possibly the poet in this work. Palatine Anthology xii 29-30, 64 (his name given as Alcaeus, therefore he is only possibly this poet). Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 185. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 58 (the poem in the Palatine Anthology xii 30). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 121. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 88; trans. Mark Beech. Criticism. Symonds, A Problem in Greek Ethics, 26: stating his "love for black-eyed Lycus was remembered by *Cicero and *Horace" but "little, however is left of his erotic poems." Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 8 (1906), 637-38. Brandt, Sittengeschichte griechenlands, volume 2, 185. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 433, 469-70: re his lovers Lycus (possible suspect reading) and possibly Menon. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 9-10. Dover, Greek Homosexuality, 195. Buffiere, Eros adolescent, 246-49. Courouve, Ces petits grecs, 5: citing fragments 92, 102. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 496: stating (incorrectly) that his "surviving corpus takes pederasty as its major theme." Poetic meter in Greek from Greece, also existing in Latin, English, German and Italian. From ca. 620 B.C. A four line stanza, following meters first used by the Greek poet *Alcaeus of Mytilene (active ca. 620 B.C.). It was used by the Latin poet *Horace (37 times), in Italian in the 'Renaissance, and also by English and German poets. English: *Tennyson (see his "O mighty inventor of harmonics"), *A. H. Clough, and *Swinburne. The Oxford English Dictionary entry cites the English poet *Ben Jonson using the phrase, in 1637, in "To Himself " ("take th' Alcaick lute") and lists *Southey in 1793 referring to sapphics and alcaics. German: see *F. G. Klopstock (he composed 17 *odes), *Hölderlin, *Platen, Italian. G. Chiabrera (1552-1638), P. Rolli (1687-1765) and G. Fantoni (1755-1807) wrote in the meter. Compare also *anacreontics, *sapphic. Alciati, Andrea Translator from Latin to Greek from Italy. 1492-1550. His Selecta epigrammata graeca latine versa (Selected Greek Epigrams in Latin Verse) is the first translation of the Greek *Planudean Anthology into Latin: 1529, 217 sheets (trans. with O. Luscinius and I. C. Zuiccauiensus: see the * National Union Catalog entry under *Anthologia Graeca). This includes a poem in Latin on *Ganymede: "Extra Helenam, Iliacique doces raptum Ganymedis,/ Plurimus est intra Iuppiter atque Paris." He also compiled the first emblem book, Emblematorum liber, 1531, Augsburg, using motifs based on the anthology, including the Ganymede motif, and including the Latin poem on Ganymede (see Andreas Alciatus, The Latin Emblems, Toronto, 1985, vol. 1, Emblem 4, for Ganymede). This is the earliest example of a mechanically printed book with poetry featuring a homosexual motif with an accompanying illustration; it ran to many editions: see Encyclopedia of World Art, vol. 4, p. 727. Alciati is sometimes cited as Alciato; the spelling has been taken from Thieme, Becker, Allgemeines Lexikon der bildenden Künstler. Alison Saunders, "Alciati and the Greek Anthology", Journal of Medieval and Ranaissance Studies, vol. 12 no. 1 (Spring 1982), 1-18, discusses poems from the *Planudean Anthology which Alciati used as the basis for emblems. The above Latin poem on Ganymede is cited in this article on p. 7 where the Ganymede emblem poem is also shown. Novel from Italy in Italian. First published in 1652. A famous novel, Alcibiade fanciullo a scola, is about a schoolmaster in Athens, Philotim, who falls in love with his pupil Alcibiades. It was first published in 1562. It is now ascribed to *Antonio Rocco. The title means "Alcibiades the schoolboy at school" and the book consists mainly of a *Platonic dialogue modelled on Plato's * Symposium, with vivid sexual scenes at the end. The 1562 printing contains 4 sonnets by M. V. See also Gustav Brunet, Dissertation sur l'Alcibiade fanciullo a scola, Paris: Jules Gay, 1861. Translation. French: a trans. appeared in Brussels, 1866. English: a trans. by Brian Williams, New York, Global Academic Publishers, was announced for 1988 (not sighted); this publisher ceased publishing. Bibliographies. Pia, Les Livres de l'Enfer, vol. 1, column 9-11: early editions. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amour bleu, 124-26. Criticism. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 34. Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. Active 654-611 B.C. Only *fragments survive. He was associated with the city of *Sparta. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 38-39. Criticism. Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 8 (1906), 637; name spelt Alkman. Poet and philosopher from the United States who wrote in English. 1799-1888. One of the most important figures of *T ranscendentalism who lived in Concord where he set up a school of philosophy. He was a radical and independent thinker, noted for his individualism. Poems: Sonnets and Canzonets (1882). His poems are *mystical like *Emerson's and influenced by Persian poetry: see, for example, "Approaching *God". He was strongly influenced by *Plato and *Neo-Platonism. Not all his works are published. As a teacher he was branded obscene introducing sexuality into his subject matter. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of American Biography. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Katz, Gay American History, 491 : visits *Whitman with *Thoreau; states Thoreau had "no temptations" p. 653, note 114. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in Latin. Ca. 735-804. Strong sexual tones appear in his poem to Arno of Salzburg who may have been his *lover (* Medieval Latin Poems of Male Love and Friendship, no. 26, p. 15). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 112-13. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Medieval Latin Poems of Male Love and Friendship, 14-17; biog., 145. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 142-45. Translator from Greek into English and biographer in English from Great Britain. 1892-1962. An author who wrote on many gay figures and moved in bohemian and gay circles while marrying a lesbian. He is notable as a biographer who discussed homosexuality in his subjects. He translated Greek poets: e. g. *Meleager, The Poems of Meleager of Gadara (1920), and *Anacreon, Medallions in Clay (New York, 1921). He married the poet H. D., *Hilda Doolittle (cited in Grier, The Lesbian in LIterature, p. 38) in 1913; they divorced in 1937. Biographies written by him are: Portrait of a Genius But... The Life of *D. H. Lawrence, 1950; * Lawrence of Arabia, A Biographical Enquiry, 1955, an important work raising the issue of Lawrence's homosexuality (see Chapter 6, pp. 325-33, which presents considerable evidence for homosexuality and concludes: "the trend of his sexual preferences was anti-female and pro-male"). The * British LIbrary General Catalogue lists a large number of books by him including Poems (1934) and a translation of the Boccaccio's ribald Decameron. *Alister Kershaw has compiled A Bibliography... from 1915 to 1945 (1950) and Richard Aldington (with a checklist), 1965. Pinorman (1954) is subtitled "Personal Recollections of *Norman Douglas, *Pino Orioli and Charles Prentice" and is a memorable work of reminiscence which also refers to Douglas's homosexuality (see p. 117, where Douglas's change from heterosexuality to homosexuality is dated from 1897 when a boy in Naples fell in love with him); it also gives details of Douglas's intimate friendship with Orioli, who lived in London as a bookseller from 1913 (see p. 37). Though he states the book is not a biography, it must be regarded as such. There have, however, been some negative views of his opinions expressed here (e.g. by Mark Holloway in his biography of *Norman Douglas and by John Davenport who also wrote on Douglas.) The first twenty pages of his 1929 novel Death of a Soldier are rabidly anti-gay. See also *comradeship. Not in Oxford Companion to English Literature. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10422: The Love of Myrrhine and Konallis, Chicago: Pascal Corvici, 1926. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 46-47: trans. of *Anacreontea. Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 98, 149, 154, 197, 216-17; biog., 229. Historian and critic writing in English and translator from German to English from the United States; he lives in Australia. Born 1954. Author of "Homosexuality in France", a concise survey of homosexuality in France expecially good on the *gay liberation period from 1968, published in Contemporary French Civilization vol. 7 no.1 (Fall 1982), 1-19. An academic at the University of *Sydney and one of the founders of the Gay History Seminars and the Lesbian and Gay Research Foundation, University of Sydney. As translator from German to English, see his discussion of *Platen in his The Seduction of the Mediterranean (1993), pp. 57-68 and footnotes on p.238, with translation of the important homopoems "Warm and clear falls the winter's night in Rome", p. 67, and "To Winckelmann", pp. 57-58. He is the co-editor with Garry Wotherspoon of Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity to World War II (London, 2001) and Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History(London, 2001) Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Mediterranean". Poet and critic from Chile writing in Spanish. Born 1918. A Chilean left-wing poet who has studied and taught in the US. As a critic see his * Walt Whitman en Hispanoamerica (1945). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Spanish Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Orgasms of Light, 19-22: trans. of his poem about the impalement of the Chilean Araucanian leader Caupolican by the Spaniards (trans. by *Erskine Lane) - the Araucano Indians live between Chile and Argentina; biog., 248. Poet from Spain who wrote in Spanish. 1898-1984. Influenced by *Surrealism, he won the *Nobel Prize in 1977 and was one of the *Generation of 1927. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, vol. 2, 1240: implies he might have been gay. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Criticism. Gibson, Federico García Lorca, 420: states he knows the identity of the addressee of *Lorca's eleven Sonnets to an Obscure Love which Lorca read to him. Biographer and critic from South Africa who writes in English; he lives in Australia. Born ca. 1945. A biographer of * William Plomer (London, 1989), and *Roy Campbell (London, 1982), both of which biographies deal candidly with homosexuality in the poets' lives. In Roy Campbell, p. 21, he states, regarding Campbell's time at *Oxford, "Campbell seems also at this period to have had at least two short-lived homosexual affairs. His *bisexuality was yet another facet of his divided nature..." ; on pp. 87-99 he discusses Campbell's rambling *satire of the *Bloomsbury group, The Georgiad, 1929. The main character Androgyno (see *Androgyne) in The Georgiad is linked to Vita Sackville-West and the work was provoked by Mary Campbell, Campbell's wife, having a lesbian affair with her. This is the most important critique of the work to date. The Afrikaans satirical journal Voorslag, 1924 26, edited by Campbell and Plomer is discussed pp. 42-55. The Plomer biography openly discusses Plomer's homosexuality throughout; bibliography of Plomer's work, pp. 331-343; other works consulted, pp. 334-37. Review: Christopher Street no. 133, 42-44. He works at the University of New South Wales, *Sydney, in the English Department, having emigrated to Australia from South Africa. Trope in Persian from Persian and other languages including Hungarian from ca. 1200 or earlier. Alexander the Great, sometimes called Alexander of Macedon (356 B.C.-323 B.C.), was probably a Greek ruler of Turkey and Persia who conquered large parts of west Asia as far as India. However, even his country of birth is problematical; one literary work has him coming from Egypt. Macedonia is between Greece and Albania. Coins survive with his portrait. Though Alexander is reported to have married and had a female harem, there is an ancient tradition, repeated in the literature, that he had sexual relations with a male, Hephaestion, and possibly a eunuch Bagoas: see his entry in Tyrkus, Gay and Lesbian Biography. The city of *Alexandria in Egypt was named after him. Rypka, History of Iranian Literature, pp. 25 -26 and 628- 630, states there were a number of romances and folk *epics based on his life (some in *European languages). It is possible some of these may allude to his supposed homosexuality. Rypka records works in Greek, Persian, Syriac, Coptic, Ethiopic and Armenian. In the oriental Alexander romances he had the character of being the ideal ruler. A cult dedicated to Alexander was established in Rome by the Emperors Caracella and Alexander Severus. *Roger Peyrefitte wrote a study on his life entitled Alexandre. Michael Hattersley's article "The Greatness of Alexander" appeared in The Harvard Gay and Lesbian Review vol. 7 no. 2 (Spring 2000). A major biography has been written by Peter Green; biographies exist in French and German. See also A. B. Bosworth and E. J. Baynham, editors, Alexander the Great in Fact and Fiction (2000). Hungarian. See *George Faludy. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Iranica. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 39-40. Tyrkus, Gay and Lesbian Biography; with bibl. and citing sources for his life. Dictionnaire Gay. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. City in Egypt where Egyptian, Greek and Latin were spoken and Arabic is the main contemporary language. From 331 B.C. The city was founded by Alexander the Great in 331 B.C. (he is reputed to have had a homosexual lover: see Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, pp. 39-40). It was later occupied by the Latin speaking Romans. It has a rich documented history of male homosexual love poetry, possibly the richest surviving of all Mediterranean cities. The *Alexandrian poets were a major school of early Greek poets. Even as late as the fourth century A.D., when the Greek poet *Nonnus lived there, it seems to have had a rich homosexual culture. Greek. The high point of the city under Greek rule was in the Alexandrian period (323-146 B. C.) when the city was famous for its library, the largest in the ancient world (but later destroyed) and where ancient Greek writers such as *Homer were edited, as well as collected: see *Editors - Greek, *Libraries and archives - Greek. The library, which dated from Ptolemy II Philadelphus (308-246 B. C.), had about 700,000 volumes and covered the four main literatures of the then known world. The library was partly destroyed by a fire during the burning of Alexandria in the course of civil war 88-89 B.C. and possibly further damage occurred in 47 B.C. again by fire when Julius Caesar was conquering Egypt. After the fire the rest of the collection was kept in the temple of Jupiter Serapis and a mob of fanatic Christians led by Archbishop Theophilus stormed and destroyed the temple with the great part of its literary treasures in 391. Orosius records visiting the library after the destruction of the temple and seeing only empty shelves. In 645 the Moslem conqueror Omar used what remained of the papyrus and vellum rolls to provide hot water for the soldiers' baths. Thus a major part of ancient Greek literature was destroyed and undoubtedly much gay material. In 1517 Alexandria fell to the Ottoman Turks. In the twentieth century *Alexandria was the home of the major Greek homosexual poet, *Constantine Cavafy. *Edmund Keeley has made a study of the city in Cavafy's work. Very little remains physically of Alexandria's Greek past due to it being pillaged so many times. On it's history see J. L. Pinchin, Alexandria Still: Forster, Durrell and Cavafy (Princeton, 1977), pp. 3-33. See also *Aristarchus, *Asclepiades, *Apollonius Rhodius, *Callimachus, *Clement of Alexandria, 'Hellenistic poets, *Nonnus, *Plotinus, *Posidippus, *Theocritus. Latin: see *Claudian. No gay poets or poems from Arabic have come to light so far. English: see *Mark Doty. *E. M. Forster's Pharos andPharillon (1923), describes the city. *Lawrence Durrell wrote a novel based on the city in the twentieth century. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 40-41. Gay Histories and Cultures. Poets who lived and wrote in the Egyptian city of *Alexandria. The term usually refers to Greek poets of the *Hellenistic period who wrote 323-146 B.C. Greek poets. By far the majority of the surviving homopoems of ancient Greek are the work of'Hellenistic poets (323-146 B.C.), a term loosely used to refer to poets from *Alexandria at the time when Alexandria was the dominant Greek city. A famous controversy between *Callimachus and *Apollonius Rhodius occurred in this period about whether it was better to write *long or short poems. See *Aristarchus, *Apollonius Rhodius (both of whom were librarians at Alexandria's famous library), *Asclepiades, *Callimachus and *Theocritus. Most of the surviving epigrammatists of the * Palatine Anthology, which contains the earliest corpus of surviving Greek homosexual poetry, wrote in the Hellenistic period. Later, *Pancrates was active in the time of *Hadrian. Alexandria, which had a large Jewish population in the ancient world, was the city in which the Greek translation of the * Old Testament from the original Hebrew was made ca. 250 B.C.; this was because the Jews of the city spoke Greek as their native tongue. The twentieth century Greek poet *Constantine Cavafy thus looked back to a great tradition of gay poetry in his city. This tradition undoubtedly sustained him in a time hostile to homosexand raised in a religion - Greek 'Orthodoxy - also hostile. Latin: see *Claudian. References. Queneau, Histoire des littératures, volume one, 446-578. Critic possibly from the United States writing in English. Active 1983. Author of a study of the Greek poet *Cavafy which surveys his homosexuality in sixty-three poems: "Eroticism and Poetry", Journal of the Hellenic Diaspora 10 (1983), 45-65. Lover and trope in Greek from Lebanon, Latin and other languages. From 40 B.C. Greek. In *Meleager (active 100 B.C.) he is named as a lover of the poet. Latin. A character in *Virgil's "Second Eclogue" (composed ca. 40 B.C.) who is loved by *Corydon; this seems to be the main source of later usage with homosexual meaning. The name occurs in 'Renaissance *pastoral poetry and becomes a trope of gay love from this time. Italian: see *Francesco Beccuti. English: see John Dryden, *A. C. Benson (translation of Meleager). Spanish. The name was used by *Nin Frias as the title of his major book on gay culture, Alexis o el significado del temperamento uraño (Alexis, or the significance of the uranian temperament) published in 1932. Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian; he also lived in Great Britain. 1712-1764. He was a beautiful and charming man from *Venice who was a guest at the court of *Frederick the Great and later lived in Great Britain where he was the lover of *Lord Hervey. See Robert Halsbrand, Lord Hervey (Oxford, 1974), pp. viii and 272. His oeuvre is huge and includes poetry and prose. *Voltaire wrote a poem about Algarotti having sex with a man. Text: see Opera, edited by F. Algarotti, 1791-94. Selection: Opere, edited with bibliography by E. Bonora, 1969. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Poet from Spain who wrote in Hebrew. Ca. 1200-ca. 1235. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Judaica. Criticism. Jefrim Schirmann, "The Ephebe in Medieval Hebrew Poetry", Sefarad I5 (1955), 61: re a series of beautiful *epigrams about a youthful lad; p. 65 has a homosexual poem. Pagis, Hebrew Poetry, 65: re an *Anonymous Hebrew gay poem of a man cited in the last chapter of his Tahkemoni recited to him in *Baghdad (translation into English occurs here) but stated to have been written by Alharizi. Poet from Great Britain who writes in English. Active 1990. See his poem "I hate sex" (later called "I love sex") about a heterosexual going to a *gay bar and putting his hand on a man's erect penis. The poem appears in the author's book Solo Programme (ca. 1990). It is about experimentation with homosexuality and implies *bisexuality is natural to people: "a fuck is a fuck is a fuck" it states. He is from Great Britain but visits Australia once a year. His real name is David Allen. (David Hallett to the author, 3 March, 1991.) Poet from the United States who writes in English. Active before 1982. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 34: Queers in Revolt. A Poem for America. Privately printed, no date (*broadside). Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Active ca. 1150. No entry found in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Orgasms of Light, 14: a poem about unhappiness in love. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 321: see "Ibn Iyad". Poet from the Netherlands writing in Dutch. Born 1920. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Naar vriendscaap zulk een mateloos verlangen, 72-73: two poems from Cantus firmus, Amsterdam: De Beuk, 1954 (book cited p. 115). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 300. Allegory and allegorical poetry Genre in Greek from Egypt and later in other languages. From 200 B.C. Allegory is defined by the Oxford Companion to English Literature as "a figurative narrative or description, conveying a moral meaning". In allegory, the surface meaning of a work is not the complete meaning and an underlying meaning must be taken into account to give the full meaning intended. There may be more than one meaning in an allegorical work. As a poetic genre it is documented in gay poetry from interpretations of the Hebrew * Song of Songs (in existence in Greek translation in Egypt by 200 B.C.) where the love poems have been interpreted as being about the relationship between God and humankind and in other ways, such as being about homosexual love. Allegory, by the fact that no sure correspondence is given for the meaning of a literary work, may allow for a gay interpretation of a work in certain cases (e.g. in *Spenser's Book Four of the Faerie Queene, 1596, titled Of *Friendship). Since in allegory there is a hidden meaning to a work, it can also disguise the presence of homosexuality in a work and could be used deliberately for this purpose. Allegorical interpretations may this operate in poems without the homosexual meaning being immediately apparent. They can constitute a secret tradition of interpretation not apparent to ordinary readers. Compare *hermetic readings, *symbolism. Chinese. Allegorical interpretations of poetry are common, especially from the *T'ang period (see Hinsch, Passions of the Cut Sleeve). These render apparently simple Chinese poems works of great complexity. *Indirect language adds to the allegorical dimension in Chinese poetry. Such interpretations were provoked by the absolute power of successive Chinese *emperors and rigid orthodoxy as to what was suitable subject matter for poetry (nothing critical of the state could be published). English: see *Herman Melville, *Edmund Spenser (the best known poet in English to use allegory), *Edward Fitzgerald, *Patrick White. Greek: see *Ganymede, *Plato, *V. Kornaros. Hebrew: see *Song of Songs, *Kabbala. *Norman Roth has discussed allegorical aspects of medieval Hebrew poetry. Italian: see *Burchiellesque and *Bernesque poetry. Latin: see *Petrus Berchorius, *Marsilio Ficino. Persian: see *Rumi, *Sufism, *Edward Fitzgerald. Sanskrit: see *Upanishads. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1977. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 37: Wings of Live Children/Kinderlebenlieder, San Francisco, Ironwood Press and Stonewall Press West, 1977. Anthologist and editor from the United States of works in English. Born 1912. He was the compiler of the seminal *postmodernist poetry anthology New American Poetry (1960). A number of the poets were homosexual or otherwise relevant in relation to homosexual poetry. In the introduction the poets are grouped into five groups: the *Black Mountain group around *Charles Olson, the *San Francisco renaissance, the *Beat poets, the *New York school and a fifth group of no geographical significance. See, in the section Black Mountain group, *Charles Olson ("The Distances", pp. 38-9), *Robert Duncan ("This place rumor'd to have been *Sodom"), *Larry Eigner, *Ed Dorn, Jonathan Williams, James Broughton; in the section San Francisco group - Jack Spicer, *Robin Blase; in the *Beat group section - Jack Kerouac, *Allen Ginsberg ("Malest Cornifici Tuo Catullo", p. 179, Howl, Parts One and Two - see p. 185, fourth line), *Peter Orlovsky; in the section *New York group - James Schuyler ("The Elizabathans Call It Dying", pp. 222-23, "Freely Espousing" pp. 223-24), *Edward Field, *Frank O'Hara (the whole section for his *camp style but especially For "James Dean", the gay actor, pp. 239-42, and "The Day Lady Died", pp. 264-65), John Ashbery; in the section Other Poets - *Michael McClure, *Leroi Jones ("One Night Stand", pp. 360-61 - the phrase "our beards" makes this gay), John Weiners, *David Meltzer. There are important biographical notes pp. 427-45 and statements on poetics pp. 386-426 (especially *"Projective verse" by Charles Olson pp. 386-97) and a bibliography pp. 447-52. His anthology compiled with George Butterick, The Postmoderns: The New American Poetry Revisited (1982), considerably downplays the gay element of the original anthology and omits Leroi Jones's gay poem (29 poets were retained with 9 new poets added). He was editor of the Collected Poems of Frank O'hara (1972), and a posthumous volume of Jack Spicer: One Night Stand and other poems (1980). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors New Revision Series, vol. 10. Biographer, bibliographer and editor from the United States writing in English. Born 1903. A major authority on *Walt Whitman. In the period after 1945, he was the first important contemporary biographer of Whitman and wrote The Solitary Singer: A Critical Biography of Walt Whitman (Chicago, 1955). The book is a detailed study of Whitman's life which has been widely regarded as the "definitive" biography but is cautious on Whitman's homosexuality and must now be regarded as unsatisfactory from this crucial point of view: see, for example, the discussion of *Peter Doyle pp. 398-99. The 1985 reprint has an important "Preface, 1984", in which the author defends his characterization of Whitman as "homoerotic" as distinct from homosexual (page xi). The author states in response to criticism, page xi, "I did not say he was not homosexual". Compare Justin Kaplan, *Paul Zweig and *Charley Shively. His edition of Whitman's Poems (1955), has now been superceded by the New York University edition. The Walt Whitman Handbook, 1946 (repr.) includes Chapter 1, "The Growth of Walt Whitman Biography", pp. 1-103, annotated bibliography, pp. 95-103, and a section on Whitman as a world poet. A revised edition called New Walt Whitman Handbook was published in 1975. He also published Twenty-Five Years of Walt Whitman Bibliography 1918-1942, Boston, 1943, and was editor with *Sculley Bradley of the New York University edition of Whitman, 22 volumes, 1961-84; this is the best text and perhaps his major achievement in relation to Whitman. His "History of My Whitman Studies", Walt Whitman Quarterly vol. 9 no. 2 (Fall 1991), 91-100, details his lifelong achievement in Whitman studies and editing of the poet's text. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1889-1943. See Foster, "Beauty's Purple Flame: Some Minor American Gay Poets'" 17, 18 (re the poem *"Hylas" in North American Review 212 [October 1920], 542, and in his book New Legends, New York, 1929). Foster states Allen was involved in a scandal at a boys' school which resulted in his dismissal in 1923. The source is letters to Foster from Foster's students. Allen wrote many novels and a biography of *Edgar Allan Poe: Israfel (1926); revised edition, 1934. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poems of Love and Liberation, Gay Books Bulletin no. 7 (1982), 12: from "Hylas". Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1946-55. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10424-26: the book A Gift of Poems, 1946, 40 pp., and two poems "New Eden, Melanesia" and "Praises for Melanesia" in * Der Kreis 23: 9, 45-48, September 1955 and 23:5, 30, 1955. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 41: A Gift of Poems, privately printed, 1945. Songwriter and singer from Australia who wrote in English; he lived in the United States for much of his life. 1944-1992. He has an entry in Jay McClaren, The Encyclopedia of Lesbian and Gay Music, vol. 1 (Amsterdam 1989), which lists relevant songs; he was active as a songwriter and singer from 1979 and Jay McClaren cites the records "I could have been a sailor" and "Bi-coastal" and others. He was formerly married to Liza Minelli, the daughter of the gay icon Judy Garland, and died of *Aids. A television documentary was made on his life in Australia in 1996 and a musical was based on his life performed in 1998 The Boy from Oz. Biography: see Stephen Maclean, Peter Allen: The Boy from Oz (Sydney, 1997). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Howes, Broadcasting It. Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music; includes bibliography. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Born 1880. Not in Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 497: poem "Hyacinthus". Criticism. Foster, "Beauty's Purple Flame: Some Minor American Gay Poets", Gay Books Bulletin no. 7 (1982), 16, 18 (re the poem *"Hyacinthus" in Monographs, Boston, 1919); p. 16 quotes from the poem. Poet from New Zealand who wrote in English; translator from Chinese to English; he lived in China from 1927. 1897-1987. A *Communist poet he supported the Revolution and lived in China until his death. He learnt Chinese by translating *Tang poetry and translated *Po Chu-i (also spelt Bai Juyi) and *Li Pai. Poems: see "In Memoriam - *Chou En Lai" in The Freshening Breeze, Beijing, 1977. On the poet, see the "Foreword" by Joseph Needham, in Rewi Alley, Yo Banfa, Auckland, 1976. His poems, like much Chinese poetry celebrate *friendship and *comradeship. His first published poem was "Lines to my Mother". Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to New Zealand Literature. Poet and artist from the United States who wrote in German. 1779-1843. He was a noted American painter from South Carolina in the *south and is regarded as the first important United States *Romantic painter. Poems: The Sylphs of the Seasons and Other Poems (1813; reprinted). See Phoebe Lloyd, "Washington Allston: American Martyr", Art in America, March 1984, 145-55, 177-79, which is the seminal article on his homosexuality (see especially p. 154). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 43-45 by Phoebe Lloyd (of *Philadelphia; see Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, vol i, xxxvii regarding Phoebe Lloyd; the name is possibly a pseudonym): stated to have been a closeted homosexual who twice married and who was possibly the victim of blackmail. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Active 1983. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Voices Against the Wilderness, 37-47; a *black poet from *San Francisco. Poet and songwriter from Great Britain writing in English. Born ca. 1955. Book of poems: The Angel of Death in the *Adonis Lounge, London: *Gay Men's Press, 1988, 64 pages. The poems were written from 1980 to 87 by a poet who is also a singer: see "Saint Judy" (re the gay icon Judy Garland), "The Hustler" (*prostitution) pp. 47-52. He states "I remain a sensualist and adventurer" (Preface). Overall his poems are wild *free verse poems in the *decadent manner featuring prostitution, *drugs and love; the book concludes "I will never love again./ I will never ever/ Love Again." The "New York Poems" sequence, pp. 27-38, powerfully evokes the seediness of gay life in *New York before *Aids. As a singer his recordings with Soft Cell include "Tainted Love" (1980). See Gay Times no. 89 (February 1986), 19: photo and article. Interview: Gay Times, April 1999, 30, 32 and 34. He has an *Internet homepage. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 71-72. Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. Active ca. 30. No entry in Oxford Classical Dictionary. The spelling has been taken from the *Loeb edition of the * Palatine Anthology. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Der kleine Pauly, volume 1, 278 (spelt Alpheios). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Palatine Anthology xii 18. Criticism. Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung" Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 9 (1908), 270. Brandt, Sittengeschichte griechenlands, volume 2, 200. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 486. Language family existing across Asia from Turkey to China. There are three branches: *Turkic (recorded from 1320), Mongolian (see *Overview - Mongolian) and Tungusic (including Manchu, the language of the rulers of China 1644-1908 - see *Overview - Manchu). Turkic is the branch with the largest number of speakers and also has a large number of languages (e.g., Uzbek, Azeri, Tatar, Khazakh, Kirghiz, and Turkmen). The Mongolian languages, spoken in the republic of Mongolia and surrounding countries, form a sub-branch (see entry in Encyclopædia Britannica). They are sometimes linked with the *Uralian languages. Manchu was the language of the last dynasty ruling China and is now nearly extinct (see the entry "Manchu" in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia and the Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics). Japanese is now thought to be an Altaic language: see Roy Andrew Miller, Japanese and other Altaic Languages, Chicago, 1971. *Singing and dancing boy songs have been recorded and are likely in all these languages. In the Turkic group written material is strongly influenced by Persian and *Iranian material; through *Islam Arabic traditions have been influential. For the Mongolian and Tungusic group Chinese and Tibetan literature has been influential. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopædia Britannica. Parlett, Languages of the World, 14-15. International Encyclopedia of Linguistics. Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Altercatio Ganimedis et Helene Poem in Latin recorded in Germany, France, Great Britain and Italy from ca. 1225. The poem consists of a debate between *Ganymede and Helen, the woman over whom the Trojan war was fought (see *Homer). It concerns the relative merits of homosexual versus heterosexual love. A critical edition based on the Berlin manuscript exists: see Rolf Lenz, "'Altercatio Ganimedis et Helene' Kritische Edition mit Kommentar", Mittellateinisches Jahrbuch 7 (1972), 161-86. It may owe something to Arabic debates and ultimately to Greek works: see *Debate on love - Arabic, - Greek, - Latin. Compare the poem *"O admirabile Veneris idolum". Gay Poetry Anthologies. Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance and Homosexuality, 281-89: translation of the Harvard manuscript into English. Medieval Latin Poems of Male Love and Friendship, 104-21; notes p. 159, that the poem was widely known in the middle ages and that there are eight surviving manuscripts. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 176-85. Critic and historian from Australia writing in English; he has lived in the United States and France for periods of his life. Born 1943. An important gay cultural critic of Jewish background who has done much to encourage the emergence of an open gay culture. He was one of the founders of *gay liberation in Australia, after returning from study in the United States. He taught political science at the University of *Sydney and now teaches at Latrobe University, *Melbourne. His books include discussion of contemporary gay literature and culture: see Homosexual: Oppression and Liberation (New York, 1971 Sydney, 1972) especially Chapter 7, "The End of the Homosexual", and the bibliography pp. 231-34 for Novels, Poetry, Essays (though very little poetry is included). The Homosexualization of America: the Americanization of the Homosexual (New York, 1982) is also relevant: see especially Chapter 5, "The Birth of a Gay Culture". Aids in the Mind of America (New York, 1986) deals with *Aids. He edited Homosexuality, Which Homosexuality? (London, 1989), papers from the 1987 gay culture conference in *Amsterdam (see also *Wolfgang Popp). Articles of relevance: "The new fag lit establishment", Campaign no. 58 (October, 1980), 17-18, is an important discussion of literary trends in United States. "Porn Star Poet", Outrage no. 62 (July, 1988), 28-29, is on the poet *Gavin Dillard and includes three of his poems. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Howes, Broadcasting It. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Hurley, Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia. Tyrkus, Gay and Lesbian Biography. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Poet from Spain who wrote in Spanish. 1906-1959. He supported the Republican cause and married. One of the *generation of 1927. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Dictionary of Literary Biography vol.108. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, vol.2, 1240: stated to be *bisexual and also to have been a printer. Editor from Spain, with *Luis A. Cuenca, of a Latin anthology. Active 1986. This anthology, Antología de la poesía latina, must contain some gay poems, apparently from ancient Latin; it is, from its title, not a gay anthology. Bibliographies. Cuaderno bibliográfico gay, 14: Madrid: Alianza Editorial, 1985. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1952. A *New York poet who is also a painter and is of Puerto Rican background. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Angels of the Lyre, 13-14; biog., 237. Poet from Germany who wrote in German. 1897-1922. Poems: Die Nordlichen (1922); these emerged out of his experience as a soldier in World War I. He has a long entry in the * National Union Catalog. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 231. Publisher from the United States who publishes in English. Active from 1986. A publisher from New York of gay books, actively publishing gay poetry from 1986. Alyson have published the anthology * In the Life and *Michael Lassell. James White Review vol.9 no. 4, p. 2, notes plans by the owner Sasha Alyson to sell the press and work full time on *Aids concerns. Poet who wrote in Urdu. Active ca. 1850?; the date is uncertain. Criticism. Rahman, "Boy love in the Urdu ghazal", Paidika vol. 2 no. 1 (1989), 15: "composed a poem, or collection of poems, which were sung and recited by very pretty boys". Poet and journalist from Brazil writing in Portuguese. Active from 1945. He used the pseudonym *Van Jaffa Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poemas do amor maldito, 123; biog., 122. Translator from Arabic to Italian and historian writing in Italian from Italy. 1806-1889. The author of Storia dei Musulmani di Sicilia, Florence, 1854-58, 3 volumes (reprinted 1936). See also the *Elisar von Kupffer entry. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 74: translator of the Arabic poet *Ibn at Tubi into Italian, which translation is apparently in Biblioteca arabo-sicula, Turin and Rome, 1881 (cited in Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 217). Ambler, Sam Book of poems with poems assumed to be on gay themes: After the Howl and other Poems, 1989 - on sale in the gay bookshop Giovanni's Room Bookshop, *Phildelphia, in 1989. The title comes from *Allen Ginsberg. Ameen, Mark Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1958. His first book was A Circle of Sirens (Sea Horse Press, 1985). The Buried Body; A Trilogy (1990), 212 pp., contains a slightly different version of A Circle of Sirens plus two other collections including poems about *Aids. He has been involved in theater. One of the *Three New York Poets (London, Gay Men's Press, 1987), pp. 9-36; biography opposite title. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, 9-22; biog., 9. Amerikanike homophylophile poiese Anthology in Greek from Greece. Published in Athens: Odusseas, 1982, 79 pages. The first contemporary Greek gay anthology, edited by *Andreas Angelakes. The title means "American homophile poetry". Paradoxically in a country with such a long gay tradition of poetry writing as Greece, it is a translation of an excellent selection of contemporary United States gay poets. All the poets are from the United States, except for the British poet James Kirkup and the Canadian poet Ian Young; the title is thus, strictly speaking, not accurate. Contributors (see entries): William Barber, Perry Brass, Dennis Cooper, Gavin Dillard, Jim Eggeling, Kenward Elmslie, Allen Ginsberg, Will Inman, Tom Kennedy, James Kirkup, Erskine Lane, Thomas Meyer, Harold Norse, Robert Peters, Ron Schreiber, Robert Sellman, Ian Young. No copy was in the Library of Congress or any major United States research library in 1989. The title and editor's name have been transliterated according to the Library of Congress system of transliterating modern Greek, with the assistance of Ann Stanley, Greek cataloguer at the University of Sydney, from a copy in the author's possession (purchased from *Elysian Fields bookshop, New York, 1989). Very rare. Anthology in Italian from Italy. Milan: Gammalibri, 295 pages, 1982. The first and only Italian gay poetry anthology so far. It was compiled by *Renzo Paris and *Antonio Veneziani. It is organized on historical lines and covers the period from 1200 to 1980 with an introduction, pp. 9-32 by *Renzo Paris. It is in two sections, poets to 1970, pp. 33-209, and poets 1970-1980, pp. 211-284. There is an introduction to the poets of the 1970s, pp. 213-219, by *Antonio Veneziani and an Index pp. 287-88. Brief biographical and critical notes for each poet precede each poet's poems for the poets to 1970 and follow for those of the 1970s (pp. 283-84). Poets to 1970 (see entries): Dante Alighieri, Cecco Angiolieri, Ludovico Ariosto, Giorgio Baffo, Antonio Beccadelli, Francesco Berni, Arrigo Boito, Michelangelo Buonarroti, Burchiello (pseud.), Giovanni Camerana, Sergio Corazzini, Gabriele D'Annunzio, Giovanni Della Casa, Filippo De Pisis, Ludovico Dolce, Brunetto Latini, Gilio Lelli, Giacomo Leopardi, Niccolo Macchiavelli, Celio Magno, Trebaldino Manfredini, Giambattista Marino, Cecco Nuccoli, Aldo Palazzeschi, Pier Paolo Pasolini, Nanni Pegolotti, Silvio Pellico, Sandro Penna, Angelo Poliziano, Emilio Praga, Rosello Roselli, Filippo Scarlatti, Camillo Scroffa, Umberto Saba, Torquato Tasso, Giovanni Testori (this poet refused permission to publish so his "entry" consists of a blank page), Benedetto Varchi. Poets of the 1970s chosen are (see entries): Biagio Arixi, Dario Bellezza, Gianpiero/ Giampiero Bona, Luciano Massimo Consoli, Giovanni Corsico, Attilio Lolini, Mario Mieli, Stefano Moretti, Pier Giorgio (also spelt Piergiorgio) Paterlini, Elio Pecora, Riccardo Reim, Piero Santi, Gino Scartaghiande, Leonardo Treviglio, Antonio Veneziani. Two poets in the 1970s section are confused; their pages were interchanged (*Giovanni Dall'Orto to the author). A fine historical survey of Italian gay poetry with emphasis on the *gay liberation period. Translation. English: poets and poems included in the anthology are translated in *Anthony Reid's anthology The *Eternal Flame, volume one. Poet from Iran who wrote in Persian. Active ca. 1450. Not found in Rypka, History of Iranian Literature. Criticism. *Ehsan Yarshater, "Persian Poetry in the Timurid and Safavid Periods", in Peter Jackson, editor, Cambridge History of Iran, volume 6, The Timurid and Safavid Periods, 1976, 974, gives a possibly homosexual poem trans. into English. Amir Khosrou (also spelt Khusraw) Poet from India who wrote in Persian and Hindi; he is also claimed by Urdu speakers (Urdu and Hindi were virtually the one language when he wrote). 1253-1325. He was a *Sufi writer who wrote in Persian, lived in India in *Delhi and was called the Parrot of India. He was immensely learned and had a *disciple relationship with Nezam-al-din Awlia in Delhi. The Encyclopedia Iranica entry for him reveals he wrote a number of poems to Nezam, that he died shortly after him and his tomb is near Nezam's. He is widely regarded as the greatest Indo-Persian writer and is revered by Urdu poets. Schimmel in the Encyclopaedia Iranica entry calls him "the greatest Persian-writing poet of medieval India" (p. 963), notes he wrote *epics and especially a new genre historical epic, "is praised as having invented Hindustani music" (p. 964) and states, p. 964, his "knowledge of Arabic, Persian, Turkish and Hindi enabled him to produce exotic puns, word plays, and stunning literary tricks" and his output was huge. *lsma'il I shows his influence. Hindi: some works were written but Schimmel states in the Encyclopaedia Iranica entry p. 964 that discussion continues about their authenticity. His name is also variously spelt Khusrau, Khusraw and Khusrow. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures. Encyclopedia Iranica: see "Amir Khosrow" (by *A. Schimmel). Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion: see "Khusraw, Amir". Gay Poetry Anthologies. Yaraana: Gay Writing from India, xii (poem titled "Bandhish"). Criticism. Arberry, Sufism, 115. Rypka, History of Iranian Literature, 257-59: see "Amir Khusrau". Yarshater, Persian Literature, 407-412. Amis et Amile, also called Amis and Amiloun Poem from the *Middle Ages surviving in Latin from France and in French, Spanish, Italian, Welsh, Norse, Dutch, German, Danish and Swedish versions and dating initially from ca. 1100; versions from other languages also exist. Amis and Amiloun is a *long poem, originally in Latin and dating in a Latin version by Raoul le Tourtier from ca. 1100 (see the Hibbard reference below for all sources). Twenty-three versions in French, including modern French versions, four in English and versions in the other languages listed exist. The poem is about the virtue of *friendship which Amis and Amile (two foster brothers bound together closely) exemplify. It may be read as an *allegory of a homosexual relationship. By some accounts the friends were regarded as *saints. *Walter Pater tells the story in Studies in the *Renaissance (1873), from which work it was taken up by gay readers. The four English versions are apparently from the French. Over one hundred manuscript versions indicate the popularity of the work. Translation. English: translated from French into English by *William Morris as Old French Romances (*Vale Press, 1896). Text. The standard English edition is by MacEdward Leach, Early English Text Society O.S. 203, 1937; four manuscripts exist (see J. Burke Severs, A Manual of the Writings in Middle English, vol.1, 1967, pp. 167-69). For the sources of texts in other languages see Laura A. Hibbard, Mediaeval Romance in England (New York, 1924, reprinted 1969), 65-72. There are many manuscripts which have not been collated. Compare *Castor and Pollux, *Boris and Gleb, *David and Jonathan, *Orestes and Pylades. See also *Chaucer. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Kindlers neues Literatur Lexikon, vol.18. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Iolaus, 106-08: a precis of the story from *William Morris's translation and calling them "the David and Jonathan, the Orestes and Pylades of the mediaeval world" (p. 108). Hidden Heritage, 134-35: the same extract. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 122-24. Criticism. *Herelle manuscript 3188, folio 358, mentions a French version in a homosexual context. Poet and novelist from Great Britain writing in English. 1922-95. He is best known for his novel Lucky Jim (1954) and being an angry young man (i.e., deeply critical of society). In Collected Poems 1944-79 (London, 1979), see "To *Eros", p. 52. See also *Stanley J. Sharpless. Obituary: Guardian Weekly, 29 October, 1995, 10. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 332-33: about sex in boys schools. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 173: same poem. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1926. See the poem Harold Bloom, The Best of the Best American Poetry, 1988-1997, "Garbage", pp. 33-53 at p. 51 - "a closet/ queen". He is regarded as a major United States poet. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors New Revision Series, volume 51. Myth and trope in Latin appearing also in Italian and English. From ca. 40. Amor is the Latin word for love and the Latin name for the Greek god of love, *Eros, invariably personified as a young boy and thus with homosexual implications when in the company of men; it is also the word for love in general in Latin. The Oxford Latin Dictionary, p. 120, cites various Latin poets, including *Virgil. See also *George Buchanan, *Cupid. English: see *C. E. Sayle, *Love in Idleness, *Robin Blaser. More frequently the name *Cupid is used in English instead of Eros or Amor. Italian: see *Petrarch. Latin concept for *Platonic love, dating from *Ficino's Latin commentary of the * Symposium (1469); sometimes called *Amor socraticus. Latin concept for *Socratic love, current from *Ficino's commentary on *Plato's * Symposium (1469); see also *Platonic love. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 131-36. Anthology in English and German translated from the French anthology * Beau petit ami compiled by *Cecile Beurdeley. The German translation by *Doris Plattner and *Michael Lim was published in 1977 and the English by *Michael Taylor was published in 1978. This has been possibly the most widely disseminated of all comprehensive gay anthologies apart from * The Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse. Translation. English. New York, Rizzoli, 1978, 304 pages. It has the same title. Lavishly illustrated, this anthology of gay poetry and prose contains the finest illustrations of all illustrated gay anthologies. It consists of material from *European languages. The English and German editions have the same title L'amour bleu - meaning "Blue love" (that is, sexually illicit love). The original French title Beau petit ami means "Beautiful boy friend". On pp. 300 to 304, "Acknowledgements", there is a list of translators used (apart from *Michael Taylor who did about half of the translations). *Steward Lindh helped with some translations. Beau Petit Ami is identical in illustration, layout and choice of authors with the English edition; the English text seems to have simply been substituted for the French. The phrase "l'amour bleu" was used in Paris in gay circles in the 1970s to mean the love of an older homosexual man for a younger man, that is *pederasty, in contrast to "l'amour rose" (pink love) which conveyed the same idea for heterosexuals (that is, the love of an older male for a younger woman). *Blue has connotations of homosexuality going back to the 1890s and still has erotic connotations in English (e.g. the phrase "blue [i.e., erotic] movies"). This English usage may be related to French usage. Blue may have general bohemian connotations in French; in the artist and poet *Pablo Picasso's "Blue period" (ca. 1900), in which blue is the predominant color of the works, which were all done in Paris, bohemian subject matter and erotic subjects predominated. The anthology consists of poetry combined with prose with lavish illustrations and line drawings by gay artists. The illustrations (which were not done for the volume but cover the whole history of western art) effectively make it a history of gay art. There are 290 illustrations including forty color illustrations. Only European (including Russian) and United States poets are included and the arrangement is chronological, from the Greeks and Romans to James Baldwin. Contributors (see entries): Achilles Tatius, Aeschines, Anacreon, Guillaume Apollinaire, Aretino, Aristophanes, Artemon, James Baldwin, Honoré de Balzac, Matteo Bandello, Richard Barnfield, William S. Burroughs, Catullus, C. P. Cavafy, Jean Cocteau, René Crevel, Aleister Crowley, Robert Desnos, Lord Alfred Douglas, Georges Eekhoud, Charles Henri Ford and Parker Tyler, E. M. Forster, André Gide, Paul Gauguin, Jean Genet, Stefan George, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Count Giuseppe Gorani, Julian Green, Vsevolod V. Ivanov, Henry James, Marcel Jouhandeau, Juvenal, Mikhail Kuzmin, Lautreamont (pseud.), T. E. Lawrence, Paul Leautaud, Federico García Lorca, Jean Lorrain, Lucian, Kurt Malaparte, Thomas Mann, Christopher Marlowe, Martial, Michelangelo, Gerolamo Morlino, Robert Musil, Petronius, Roger Peyrefitte, Charles-Louis Philippe, Philostratus, Pindar, Plato, Politian, Marcel Proust, Rhianos, Arthur Rimbaud, Frederick Rolfe, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Umberto Saba, Maurice Sachs, Marquis de Sade, Denys de Saint Pavin, William Shakespeare, Strato of Sardis, Suetonius, Theocritus, Paul Verlaine, Gore Vidal, Theophile de Viau, Voltaire, Walt Whitman, Tennessee Williams, John Wilmot the Earl of Rochester, Johann von Winckelmann, Xenophon. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 278: New York, Rizzoli, 1978. Translation. German. Jointly published by Office du Livre, Fribourg, Switzerland, and DuMont Buchverlag, Cologne, and printed in Switzerland, 1977, 307 pages, 47 color plates, 245 black and white illustrations; text pp. 11-303; list of translators in the copyright acknowledgements, pp. 304-06; list of illustrations, p. 307. It has the same title as the French and English versions. Translated from the French *Beau petit ami this translation is identical in text and illustration with the English translation L'amour bleu up to page 273. Marcel Jouhandeau (who appears on pages 274-75 of the English edition) is omitted in the German edition and page 274 is left blank but has the Cocteau illustration of page 276 of the English edition. Pages 299-303 contain a selection of poems of English and French gay poets in German published in English and French in the body of the text, including a poem by the French poet *Papillon (p. 299) not in the English translation. Poets in this extra section: English poets - *Christopher Marlowe, *Lord Alfred Douglas, *Aleister Crowley, *Walt Whitman; French poets - *Papillon, *Ronsard, *Agrippa d'Aubigné, *Claude le Petit, *Théophile de Viau, *Voltaire, *Verlaine, *René Crevel Since the English translation uses the same layout and substitutes English text in the place of the German the same plates may have been used. It was translated into German by *Doris Plattner and *Michael Lim. Amour en... vers et contre tout, L' Anthology in French from France. Paris: Editions Walter Rauschenbusch, 1989, 265 pages. An anthology of twentieth century poets giving different views of love - * eros (erotic love), agape (spiritual love) and philia (brotherly love). It was compiled by Dominique Nidas and Jean-Marie Olinque; it is not a specifically gay anthology. The poetry chosen is vague and nebulous. Fifty-seven poets are included, both male and female. List of poets, pp. 261-62. The title is a pun on the French phrase L'amour en face (homosexual love). The work was published by Pastor Joseph Douce and Guy Bondar who seem to have been responsible for its genesis (see the introduction pp. 9-11); Pastor Douce, the pastor of a French gay Christian congregation, was later abducted and killed in mysterious circumstances by the French secret service (see *pedophilia for more information on him). Amours masculines, Les: Anthologie de l'homosexualité dans la littérature Anthology in French from France. Paris: Lieu Commun, 1984, 545 pages. It was compiled by *Michel Larivière with a preface by *Dominique Fernandez. Pp. 31-48 refer to ancient homopoetry and contain a brief discussion of * Gilgamesh, the * Bible and ancient Greek and Latin poetry. The body of the text, pp. 53 to 528, is from the *Middle Ages onwards. It is arranged as follows: *Middle Ages, then by century (sixteenth, seventeenth, eighteenth, ninetenth and twentieth), followed by a contemporary section. Each section has an introduction. Predominance in the selection is given to French writers. Index pages at the end include a list of writers, pp 531-36 and a list of writers arranged chronologically pp. 537-42. There is a list of French gay words by century pp. 523-28. A large proportion of entries are prose writers. The selection is excellent in respect of European language writers but non-European material is neglected. This is the most comprehensive gay poetry and prose anthology in French including the later far ranging anthology * Pour tout l'amour des hommes which was also compiled by *Michel Larivière (compare * L'amour bleu). The work remains overall one of the finest gay anthologies. Review: Guardian Weekly, 2 September 1984, 13. Poets and entries relating to poetry (see entries): Apollinaire (pseud.), Aragon, Aubigné, W. H. Auden, Bachaumont, Béranger, Berthelot, Byron, Carco (pseud.), Casement, Cavafy, Cernuda, Claude Chapelle, Cocteau, Charles Collé, Hart Crane, René Crevel, Dante, Robert Desnos, Words - French, Alfred Douglas, Du Bellay, Antoine Ferrand, Théophile Gautier, Jean Genet, Stefan George, Allen Ginsberg, Glatigny, Goethe, Guillaume de Lorris, Guillaume IX of Aquitaine, Ivanov, Max Jacob, Alfred Jarry, Jean de Meung, L'Estoile, La Fontaine, Lautreamont (pseud.), T. E. Lawrence, Claude Le Petit, Jean Lorrain (pseud.), Pierre Louys (pseud.), Marlowe, François Maynard, Michelangelo, Montesquiou, Marc de Papillon, Wilfred Owen, Pasolini, Louis Perceau, Pessoa, Piron, Platen, Poliziano, Ponchon, Proust, Rilke, Rimbaud, Roman de la Rose, Ronsard, Maurice Sachs, Saint-Amant, Saint-Just, Saint-Pavin, Albert Samain, Surrealism, Tailhade, Verlaine, Viau, Villon, Voltaire, Whitman. A list of writers who refused permission to print poems appears on p. 521 ; permission was refused for publication of poems by *Claudel, *Valery and *Garcia Lorca. The above list does not include prose writers who were not poets or whose prose selection in the anthology does not relate to gay poetry or its background. Character and mythical figure from Greece relating to works in Greek. From ca. 400. A youth with whom *Dionysus fell in love: he appears in the poetry of *Nonnus. Ampelus was killed and turned into the grapevine, a suitable plant since Dionysus was the god of wine. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Buffiere, Eros adolescent, 363: spelt Ampelos. Poet and dramatist from Greece who wrote in Greek. Possibly active ca. 400 B. C. A Greek comic writer active not before *Plato. Only a *fragment survives. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 197. City in the Netherlands in which the main language is Dutch. Amsterdam, though not the capital of the Netherlands (which is Den Haag), is the largest city and has been important as a center of gay activism and gay literature since 1911 (see *J. A. Schorer). Its recorded gay history dates from at least the eighteenth century. Several Dutch *anthologies have emanated from the city which has long been a publishing center, especially for work challenging the acceptable (see also *The Platonic Blow) and is now a center of gay research. The major gay archives and library *Homodok are housed in Amsterdam where gay studies are taught at the *University of Amsterdam which claims to take a *social constructionist approach - in contrast to gay studies at Utrecht, another major center. Amsterdam was the site of two gay studies *conferences in 1983 and 1987. Two journals of *pedophilia have emanated from the city: *Pan (1979+) and * Paidika (1988+). The United States *S/M poet James Holmes lived in the city. A gay history exhibition titled Goed Verkeerd (Wrong lovers) was held in the city in 1989 and a pamphlet was produced titled Two of a kind: a history of gays and lesbians in Holland which has much information on the city (16 pp; bibl. p 16). A memorial for gays killed by the *Nazis has been erected in the city. The city has two gay bookshops: Vrolijk and De Woelraat. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gay Histories and Cultures. Poem and song in German from Germany. 1975. A gay protest song in the form of a *ballad sung in *Munich in 1975, beginning: "Das schwulsein, wenn's im andern ist". Text printed in *J. S. Hohmann, Homosexualität und Subkultur (Lahn?: Verlag Andreas Achenbach Lollar, 1976), p. 32. Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. Ca. 570 B.C.-485 B.C. Anacreon's poems joyously celebrate wine and an *epicurean lifestyle; they are full of light and life. Amorous poems are addressed to the males *Smerdies, *Bathyllus, and *Cleobulus, to whom he wrote a famous short poem: "Cleobulus I love, Cleobulus I'm mad for, Cleobulus I gaze at." Though Bathyllus is frequently referred to, no poem to him survives. *Maximus of Tyre refers to Anacreon's lovers in several fragments. Anacreon also wrote poems to females and thus seems to have been *bisexual. Only fragments survive. His oeuvre is very uncertain since original poems by him have been corrupted by imitations inserted in the surviving manuscripts. He is believed to have come from Teos. Early printed editions. A cult of Anacreon existed from his first publication in book form in 1554 in the *Renaissance, in an edition *Anacreontea, which is a series of poems by other ancient Greek poets imitating Anacreon's poetry (see *D A Campbell, Greek Lyric, vol. 2, 1988, 5-6). Compare *Theognis and *Theognidea and, in Persian, *Omar Khayyam [pseud.], where similar textual traditions exist of a poet whose text is added to by later interlopers. "Anacreon" was very popular in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, perhaps because he was regarded as "saucy": as *Byron wrote in Don Juan book 1, 42, "Anacreon's morals are a still worse example [than *Ovid's]." Editions usually included Latin translations and notes in Latin. Important editors include William Baxter (1695; with Latin trans.), Joshua Barnes (1706; with Latin trans.), *Richard Brunck (1776; with Latin trans.), Giovanni Amaduzzi (1785; text and Latin notes), Jean Baptiste Gail (1801; with Latin trans.) and *Theodor Bergk (1834; Greek text). All the preceding editions were reprinted. Editions frequently included the works of *Sappho. For early editions consult the * British Library General Catalogue, the * National Union Catalog and older European library catalogues (e. g., the *Bibliothèque Nationale). Text. The latest text (with English translation by the editor) is *D. A. Campbell, Greek Lyric, vol. 2, Cambridge and London, 1988 (with bibliography, 19-20); see also the text of *D. L. Page and B. Gentili, Anacreon (Rome, 1958). An important homoerotically illustrated edition is that of the French engraver A.-E. Girodet de Rouçy Trioson, ca. 1800 (see L'Amourbleu, 18-19 for reproduction); these illustrations were included in the English translation by *Thomas Moore. See also the entries *Anacreontics, *C. M. Bowra. For translation, see the * Anacreontea entry. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 57. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 496-97. Dictionnaire Gay. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 38: "Das Bild des Bathyllos" ("The Picture of Bathyllus"), poem; editions of poems - Leipzig: Reclam, 1873 and Leipzig: Teubner, 1890. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, item 10431: The Odes, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1928. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 65: The Odes, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1928. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Garland of Meleager. *Forberg, Manual of Classical Erotology. Eros: Die Männerliebe der Griechen, 83-95: trans. by *Herder. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 24-25,185. Ioläus (1902), 77. Die Bedeutung der Freundesliebe, 18. Men and Boys, 8. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 44-47 (p. 47; trans. by *R. N. Furness). L'amour bleu, 18-19. Les Amours masculines, 39. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 122; biog., 114. "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen", 48-49. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 11-12. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 37-38. Criticism. Symonds, A Problem in Greek Ethics, 25. Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 8 (1906), 642-48. Brandt, Sittengeschichte griechenlands, volume 2, 186-87. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 470-73. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 13-14. Dover, Greek Homosexuality, 196: noting fragments 346 and 357. Buffière, Eros adolescent, 251-56. Courouve, Ces petits grecs, 6: citing fragments 2, 3, 4, 5, 17 (re Bathyllus), 29 (re Bathyllus), 347, 357, 360. Anacreon done into English out of the original Greek Anthology in English from Great Britain. First published in *Oxford by an anonymous publisher, 1683. Anacreon done into English is a work which has claims to be one of the earliest English anthologies with homosexual content, so far located, though it is not an anthology as such. It was reprinted by Edmund *Curll, London, 1713, with the poems of *Sappho, as The Works of Anacreon and Sappho... with *Bion's Idyllium upon the death of *Adonis translated by the Earl of Winchelsea. It was also reprinted Edinburgh, 1886, in Collectanea Adamantea XVI. It consists of a series of translations or versions purportedly of the ancient Greek homopoet *Anacreon which the *British Library General Catalogue entry (under Anacreon) states are by Francis Willis, Thomas Wood, *Abraham Cowley and *John Oldham. The 1713 edition has an introduction identifying the translators. The context is bisexual, with both poems of homosexual and heterosexual love being included. In the 1886 reprinting see p. 11 "The Epicure", p. 30 "Solitude", p. 32 "The Careless Companion", pp. 36-39 *"Bathyllus". The word was reprinted in a edition with fine homoerotic illustrations by thr Nonesuch Press, London, 1923, with a very homoerotic engraved title page by Stephen Gooden (ca. 1893-1955), who also engraved the *bookplates for the Royal Library at Windsor; 725 numbered copies only were printed. There are various *Cupids throughout; see the naked youth illustrating Poem 26 "Bathyllus" (there is no pagination). Anthology in Greek with poets from Greece and Turkey. Poems in the work date from ca. 323 B.C. to 899; the date is very difficult to determine. The Anacreontea consists of fifty-nine short poems supposedly written by the ancient Greek homopoet *Anacreon but now known to have been composed several centuries later, in imitation of him: they date from 323 B.C. to 899 and the dating is very problematical; they were first published by *Henri Estienne in 1554 as a collection of works of Anacreon. Robortello in 1557 ( De Ratione Corrig.) asserted the collection was a fraud (see *fakes); see also J. B. Stark Quaestiones Anacreonticae (1846). It is possible that some of the poems are original poems by Anacreon, though this question may never be resolved. Although the poems are cited as a *forgery though they are more aptly called imitations rather than forgeries. Compare the *Theognidea, a similar corpus based on *Theognis. The gay anthology the * Mousa paidike also provides a point of comparison. The crucial difference between the Anacreontea, the Theognis corpus, and the Mousa Paidike, is that some of the poems of the Anacreontea are bisexual and hetersexual whereas those of the other two works are exclusively homosexual. See also *Anonymous poets - Greek, *pseudonyms. Latest text. *D. A. Campbell, Greek Lyric, vol. 2 (Cambridge and London 1988), 162-257; excellent introduction, pp. 4-18. Campbell states: "the poems were not composed before the Hellenistic period, most of them not until the *Roman and *Byzantine periods" (ibid.,10) and that dates given by experts vary between 323 B.C. and 600 A.D. with one considering the poems could have been composed as late as the ninth century A. D." (ibid., pp. 16-19). Compare *Omar Khayyam (pseud) whose corpus, though ascribed to him, was similarly put together over a long period. If some of the poems were composed in the Byantine period, as seems very likely, they refute the notion of the period as being uniformly homophobic. The poems are joyous celebrations of love, both homo and hetero. Love here is also frequently associated with *wine drinking and the poems were almost certainly composed in a *symposium context (see also *skolia). They constitute, in part, an anthology of homopoems within the context of bisexuality. Homopoems include 10,11,15, 17, 18, 37, 38, 40, 42, 43, 45, 48, 49, 50, 53 in Campbell' s edition cited above; lovers mentioned in these poems are *Bathyllus and *Lyaeus. Many other poems refer to such homosexual tropes as *Eros and *Dionysus (e.g., Eros in poems 6, 13, 30-31 and Dionysus in poems 42, 44, 53); other tropes of gay relevance also appear, for example, *Adonis and *Hermes (see poem 17). The homosexual aspect is thus very strongly present in the body of poems. The only surviving manuscript of the Anacreontea is within the manuscript of the manuscript of the * Palatine Anthology (this manuscript thus contains two homosexual poetry anthologies, the * Mousa Paidike and the Anacreontea). Text. Editions of the Anacreontea were very popular from Henri Estienne's edition onwards; see also *K. Preisendanz. Criticism in general. See Pamela J. Hegedus, Studies in the Anacreontea (1987). *Constantine Trypanis, Greek Poetry, pp. 406-07, has a concise discussion. F. Colincamp, De poetate carminum Anacreonticorum, Paris: Durand, 1848 (source: *Hérelle manuscript 3258) is apparently a *thesis presented at the *Sorbonne; not sighted. See also "Criticism in homosexual terms" below. Translation. "Anacreon" has been widely translated, perhaps as a "saucy" poet; he was possibly popular because of fascination with *bisexuality and *homosexuality. The National Union Catalog entry Anacreon reveals what was taken to be the poetry of this poet - but is now accepted as the later imitations called the Anacreontea - was first translated into Latin in 1554 (by Henri *Estienne in the * editio princeps). Latin translations were popular in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and European vernacular translations in the eighteenth and nineteenth, especially in the *romantic period. *Censorship may have occurred. Some of these works may be imitations of the Anacreontea (see *Anacreontics). Only major translators are listed. Every National Union Catalog and*British Library General Catalogue entry needs to be examined to see if homopoems are included in the translations; since many records in the National Union Catalog are from written library cards information may not always be accurate. The catalogs of other older European libraries need to be consulted. The British Library General Catalogue entry is easier to consult than the National Union Catalog and lists more translators before 1870; both were consulted. The Anacreontea were enormously popular in French, German and Italian. After initial translation into Latin, translation into French occurred in 1556, followed by Spanish (1620), Dutch (1656) and Italian (1693). Catalan: Frederich Renye y Viladot (1878). Czech: S. Roznay (1812). Dutch: J. de Vries (1656), D. M. Ausonius (1724), G. Kempher (1726), J. H. Hoeufft (1816), J. J. L. ten Kate and S. J. van den Bergh (1837). English. The National Union Catalog and *British Library General Catalogue reveal the Anacreontea were first translated into English in 1561, seven years after Estienne's edition of 1554. Estienne's edition included a Latin translation and the English translation is from this Latin edition. The poems were continuously popular from then onwards. Translators, mainly listed in the National Union Catalog and the British Library General Catalogue, include the following: *Thomas Stanley (1651; repr.), *A. Cowley (1656), * Anacreon done into English (Oxford, 1683), Odes... (1702) - see British Library General Catalogue, The Works of Anacreon and Sappho.. , London, *Edmund Curll, 1713 (repr. of the 1683 Oxford edition and repr. 1886), Mr. Addison (1735), Francis Fawkes (1760; repr.), a popular translation, Edward Burnaby Greene (1768), W. Green (1783), Rev. D. H. Urquhart (1787), Thomas Gilpin (1796; repr.), *Thomas Moore (1800; repr.) - another popular translation, Rev. Hercules Younge (1802), Thomas Girdlestone (1803), Thomas Orger (1825), J. B. Roche (1827), Mr. Locke (1827), T. W. C. Edwards (1830), Thomas Bourne (1830), James Usher (1833), F. J. Manning (1837), T. J. Arnold (1869), Frederick J. A. Davidson? (1915), M. (1918), *Richard Aldington (1919), Doris Langley (1926), Ambrose Philips (1927) - held in the *Private Case, Erastus Richardson (1928), *J. M. Edmonds (1931 repr), P. M. Pope (1955), *Guy Davenport (1986; some poems) *D. A. Campbell (1988; the latest and one of the best translations). French: *Rémy Belleau (1556), Anne Ducier (Mademoiselle le Fevre) (1681; repr.), Mr. de Longpierre (1692), Mr de la Fosse (1706), Francois Gagon (1712; repr.), M. Poinsinet de Sivry (1758), J. J. Moutonnet-Clairfons (1773), P. H. Anson (1795), S. P. de Merard Saint-Just (1798), J. J. Rousseau? (1799), Cen. Aubanel? (1801), A. E. H. Poisson de Lachabeaussiere (1803), I. B. de Saint-Victor (1812), M. Aubenal (1801), Girodet (1825), *C. Leconte de Lisle (1852; repr.), E. de Lonlay (1858), H. Rossey (1863), A. F. Didot (1864), E.-P. Dubois-Guchan (1873), Roche-Aymon (1882), G. Beau (1884), Maurice Albert (1885), A. Delboulle (1891), F. Mathews (1927, Paris: Les Presses universitaires), M. Meunier (1932). German: J. W. L. Gleim, J. P. Uz and others (1746), J. H. F. Meinecke (1776), J. F. Degen (1787), *K. W. Ramler (1801), W. Gerhardt (1818), W. Richter (1834), E. Kulmann (1844), *E. Mörike (1846; repr.), E. Burger (1855), Heinrich Stadelmann (1868), F. Eggers (1870), H. J. Junghans (1873), T. C. Feldmann (1875), Moritz Alsberg (1877), Philomusos (pseud.) (1877), L. Wiessel (1886), V. Knauer (1888), O. Kaysel (1890), A. Charisius (1919). Modern Greek: 1895, 1929, 1971 - see British Library General Catalogue for details. Hebrew: Saul Tchernichovski (1920). Hungarian: Pechy Istvan (1874), Poneri Thewrewk Emil (1885). Italian: F. S. Regnier Des Marais (Paris, 1693; Florence 1695), Bartolommeo Corsini (Paris,1672; repr.), A. M. Salvini (Florence, 1695), Paolo Rolli (London, 1739; repr.), F. Catelano ( Venice, 1753), Trans. not known (Venice, 1773), Cesare Gaetani delle Torre (Syracuse,1776), F. S. de'Rogati (Colle,1782; repr.), G. M. Pagnini (Parma,1793 repr), Antonio Winspeare (Venice, 1817), Paolo Costa and Giovanni Marchetti (Bologna,1823), Giuseppe Rivelli (Naples,1835), Prof. Giuseppe Sapio (1867), Andrea Maffei (Milan,1874), L. A. Michelangeli (Bologna,1882), V. Taccone? (Acireale, 1898), Luigi Dolci (Milan, 1901), *Salvatore Quasimodo (ca.1946), Bruno Gentili (Rome, 1958). Italian and Latin bilingual edition: various translators Venice (1670), Antonio La Manna (Palermo, 1843). Latin: *Henri Estienne (1554; repr.), *Eilhard Lubin (1597), William Baxter (1685; repr.), J. Barnes (1705; repr.), Michael Maittaire (1725), J. C. de Pauw (1732), G. Barnes (1736), J. H. Hoeufft (1795), J. B. Gail (1801), G. J. Aislabie (1817), C. F. A. Nobbe (1855) - see also the * National Union Catalog and * British Library General Catalogue as not all translators have been indentified. Polish: Fr. Hr. Skarbka? (1816), A. Naruszewicz (1837), F. D. Kniaznin (1837). Portuguese: Francisco Manoel Gomes da Silveira Malhäo (1808). Provencal: Aubenal (1814). Russian: Nikolai L'vov (1784). Spanish: Estaban Manuel de Villegas (1620) - see British Library General Catalogue entry, F. Gomez de Quevedo y Villega ( 1645), Joseph y Bernabe Canga Arguelles (1795), *J. A. Condé (1796), Don Jose del Castillo y Ayensa (1832), Not known (Puerto Rico, 1838 - see British Library General Catalogue ), F. Baraibar y Zumarraga (1884), A. Lasso de La Vega (1884), Florencio Varmonde (1897), Gregorio Arcila Robledo (1943), M. *Brioso Sanchez (1970, 1981). Swedish: A. G. Sjostrom (1826), J. Traner (1868). Swedish and French F. D. H. M. (1802). Welsh: D. S. Evans (1840?) - kept in the *Private Case. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 66: Anacreontea, West Orange, NJ: Saifer, no date. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 46-47: trans. by *Richard Aldington. Criticism in homosexual terms. Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 8 (1906), 648-51. Brandt, Sittengeschichte griechenlands, volume 2, 186-87. Brandt, Sittengeschichte Griechenlands, volume 3, 235. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 473. A type of poem in Greek from Greece and later in other languages in praise of *wine, love, men, women and song, *bisexual in context; also the name of a poetic meter. From ca. 323 B.C. Anacreontics are modelled on the Greek poet *Anacreon's poems and frequently written in trochaic tetrameter. Poems survive from ca. 323 B.C. The term originally referred to the meter and later the type of poem. The first Anacreontics, apart from Anacreon's own poems, were the * Anacreontea (see the entry in Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium); the name Anacreontics is sometimes used to refer to the Anacreontea. See also *Constantine of Sicily. Latin poets, such as *Horace, used the meter in the *Roman period. From the 'Renaissance, following the rediscovery and publication from manuscript of the Anacreontea in *Henri Estienne's edition in 1554 Anacreontics were written in European languages. As poems, Anacreontics had the reputation of being lascivious verse with homosexual and bisexual undertones. But in many cases they eventually became simply celebrations of epicurean heterosexual behavior (see *epicurus); frequently they are *non-gender specific and the context is ambiguous. In addition, original poetry in the style of the Anacreontea cannot always be separated from translations of the Anacreontea (see the *Anacreontea entry for translation details). Compare *alcaic, *Sapphics. Anacreontics in modern European languages constitute a homosexual (and bisexual) tradition which awaits detailed investigation. English: see *Abraham Cowley (1656), *The Works of Anacreon and Sappho (1713 - reprint of 1683 Oxford edition), *T. Moore (1800) - he was called "Anacreon Moore" by his friend *Byron - and *Digby M. Dolben. French: see *Ronsard, Remy Belleau. Italian. *Tasso, Partini, Monti, Foscoli and *Leopardi wrote them. German. The poets *Gleim, Uz, Gotz were called as a group, the Anakreontiker (see Oxford Companion to German Literature entry); Hagedorn also used them. See "Anakreontik" in Reallexikon der deutschen literatur geschichte, edited by P. Mereker (Berlin 1955), vol. 1, pp. 40-41. Latin: see *Hadrian, *Laevius, Seneca, *Petronius, Claudian, Martianus Capella, Boethius, *Hadrian. Spanish: see *E. de Villegas (1618), J. de *Melendez Valdes, J. *lglesias de la Casa. Bulgarian. Anacreontic poems exist from the late 18th and early 19th centuries: see Yannis Motsios, "The Anacreontic Poetry in Greek and Bulgarian Literature", Balkan Studies vol. 25 no. 2 (1984), 397-407. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics, 33. Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics. Homosexual anal sex is documented in poetry from the ancient Egyptian spell *"Go forth, plant thyself on him", ca. 2,175 B.C. Similar feelings occur in Hebrew in the *Old Testament in the trope of *Sodom and Gomorrah. The Latin poet *Catullus refers to it and it is implied in Greek in the myth of *Ganymede (ca. 700 B.C.) and in the *erastes and *eromenos relationship (as is evinced by *Achilles and Patroclus in *Homer and later implied in the poems of the * Mousa Paidike). (On Greek see the article, with poetry reference, "Anal erotik im alten Hellas" in Ullstein Enzyklopädie der Sexualität; for Latin see the article following on Rome). It is depicted in art on Greek vases (see *Kenneth Dover, *Phallicism). It can be enjoyed by both the active and passive participiants, by fucker and fuckee. Anal sex as a theme rarely appears in later European poetry due to European laws stigmatizing it before 1969 (see * L'amour bleu) and when referred to is mostly provocative - e. g. in the work of *Beccadelli. As a theme it has come to prominence in the poetry of the *gay liberation period dating from 1969. Ritualized initiation involving anal sex occurs in *Papua New Guinea languages and song cycles used in initiation ceremonies may be relevant. Considering its importance, anal sex has been little written about though *censorship has played a part in this until recently in European languages. From 1983, *Aids has turned poets away from anal sex. English. Australia: see *Christopher Brennan, *David Herkt, John Shaw Neilson. Great Britain: see *Rupert Brooke, *Abraham Cowley, * Sodom, or the Quintessence of Debauchery. United States: see *Allen Ginsberg, *Graham Jackson, *Ed Sanders, *Adrian Stanford - re passive anal sex, *Hunce Voelcker, *"Gas, Grass or Ass" (poem), *Whitman - re the Calamus poems. The anthology *Bugger (1964) was the first work in the United States to deal openly with the theme of gay anal sex to any degree. Great Britain and United States - see *Limericks. See also all *bawdry entries relating to English where reference to homosexual anal sex occurs frequently. French. *Rimbaud and *Verlaine wrote a notorious sonnet on the subject ("Sonnet to the Arsehole"). See also *Pierre Louys. German. Forum 1 (1987), 38-72: article by Gerhard Härle (with discussion of the Verlaine/ Rimbaud sonnet); bibl., 69 72. See also his article in: Schwulenreferat im Allgemeinen Studenternausscchuß der FU (editor), editor, Homosexualitat und Wissenschaft (Berlin, 1992), 27-62 on the significance of the anal for the 'aesthetic of homosexual literature. Latin: see *Martial, *Forberg, Manual of Classical Erotology. Anal sex is documented from *Catullus onwards; it is a major motif of the *Priapeia. Persian: see *Obeyd Zukani. Urdu: see Josh Malihabadi (pseud.), *Dard. Yaowoia: see *Cosmogenic song. Japanese. Leupp, Male Colors: The Construction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan, 178: a poem by Fujiwara Yorinaga, from the Heian period, from his diary (before 1000). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 48-50. Howes, Broadcasting It. Ullstein Enzyklopädie der Sexualität: see "anale Phase" and following articles. Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Sex Practice: Anal Sex". Other references. Gay Sunshine no. 24 pp. 27-29 and no. 25, pp.16-17 (articles on Anal Sex). Licking the anus with the tongue. Documented in poetry in Latin from Italy from ca. 85 and later in English. Analingus is also called arse licking in less formal English. Latin: see *Forberg regarding it being hinted at first in *Martial (active ca. 85-103). English. Australia: see *David Widdup. Poet from India writing in English. Born 1972. The author of one book of poems, he is a journalist with the Hyderabad Deccan Chronicle in south India. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Yaraana: Gay Writing from India, 55-56; biog. 219. Poet from India writing in Sanskrit or possibly Pali. Active ca. 500 B. C. The *beloved disciple of the *Buddha (active 500 B.C.) who left a collection of poems called the Theragatha either in Sanskrit or Pali (the language of Buddhist religious texts, a dialect of Sanskrit). His name means "joy, bliss" (compare the sex manual Ananda Ranga). See H. Saddhatissa, The Life of the Buddha (1976), 54-56 and index; states he was the Buddha's cousin who became his personal attendant. *Heart Master Da Love-Ananda took his name from Ananda. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica . Anarchism and anarchist poetry Movement in German, Russian and English. From ca. 1780. Anarchism is "a principle or theory of life and conduct under which society is conceived without government" ( Encyclopedia of Homosexuality). As a movement it arose in the late nineteenth century in Europe. *Surrealism had a significant anarchist element. Contrast *Marxism and *Socialism (both of which are more organized) and compare *libertinism. English. See *Hartford Wits, *Stuart Merrill, *Gay liberation, *Charley Shively, * Fag Rag, *Paul Goodman, *George Barker (Great Britain), *Harry Hooton and James McAuley (Australia), *lan Young (Canadian). German. See John Henry Mackay, * Adolf Brand, *Erich Muhsam. *Raoul Hübner. Anarchism was very strong in *Berlin from 1945 to 1989 when the Berlin wall came down and is a guiding idea in the German gay liberation period anthologies. Russian. Anarchism was a very strong movement in Russia about 1900. Poets active in the period 1900-1917, e.g. *Esenin, may be relevant. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 50-52: by *Charley Shively. Gay Histories and Cultures. Ancient and Modern Pederasty Investigated and Exemplified Anthology in English from Great Britain. Published in 1749, possibly in London. Possibly the first English homosexual anthology. No copy survives so whether poetry is included is not known. Men and Boys, ix, states it was compiled by *Thomas Cannon. See also *lost works And Thus Will I Freely Sing: An Anthology of Lesbian and Gay Writing from Scotland Anthology in English and Gaelic from Great Britain. Edinburgh: Polygon, 1989, 192 pages. Compiled by *Toni Davidson; introduction by *Edwin Morgan, pp. 11-13. A combined male and female anthology; mostly prose but containing some poetry. The title come from a line of the poem "The Nameless Love" by the *Scots poet who wrote in German, John Henry Mackay. The introduction discusses *Hugh Macdiarmid's knowledge of Mackay, the *you strategy and *Compton Mackenzie. Male poets: John McRae pp. 37-40, *Edwin Morgan pp. 127-130, *Christopher Whyte pp. 167-75 (poems in English and Gaelic). See also the prose piece: "A Preface to John Henry Mackay" by *Hubert Kennedy pp. 41-44, with prose by Mackay following. Andere Lieben: Homosexualität in der deutschen Literatur Anthology in German from Germany. Frankfurt, Suhrkamp, 1988, 343 pages. A mixed prose and poetry anthology on historical lines from ancient Greece to contemporary Germany compiled by Joachim Campe. All poets appear only in German translation without the text in the original language. This is the most comprehensive recent German anthology apart from * "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen" though it does not adequately represent the contemporary period. It contains an excellent selection of poems. Notes 319-37, sources 338-41, index 342-43. Most of the anthology is prose however. The title means "different love". Compare *Eros: Die Mannerliebe der Greichen and * Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe. Poets (see entries): Anonymous (page 64), Der Stricker (pseud.) (69-71), Erasmus (83-85), Frederick II (110-13), Stefan George (210-14), Goethe (139-48), Heinrich Heine (178-80), Hilary (61-62), John Henry Mackay (228-32), August von Platen (173-77), Ludwig Renn (261-65), Roswitha (49-54), Schiller (151-53), Walafrid Strabo (48-49), Theocritus (23-28), Heinrich von Veldeke (6467), Christoph Martin Wieland (120-24). Poet from Denmark who wrote in Danish; he also lived in Italy. 1805-1875. He was a famous writer of fairy stories for children which have been translated into many languages. Two poems discovered in a cupboard earlier this century, "Friendship" and "For Ludwig and Edward" reveal homosexual feelings. He wrote several autobiographical works and there have been many biographies; he lived for many years in Italy and led a wandering life living all over Europe. On his homosexuality see Aksel Dreslov, H. C. Andersen og «denne Albert Hansen« (1977), 88 pp. His homosexuality was first raised by Albert Hansen in * Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen in 1901 and was discussed by Hjalmar Helweg in his 1927 book (reprinted, 1954), Forfatteren tile bogen: H C Andersen (see the article in Vennen cited below). Ludwig Muller may have been a lover. *Edmund Gosse wrote a poem on him in English. Biography. See Elias Bredsdorff, Hans Christian Andersen - Eine Biographie, published in Germany, 1993, 493 pp. (in German). Jackie Wullschlager, Hans Christian Andersen: The Life of a Storyteller (2000) makes clear the intense homoeroticism of his relations with men and shows there is no proof he experienced heterosexual relations. Erling Nielsen, Hans Christian Andersen (1805-1875), Copenhagen: Royal Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1983, contains many photographs. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 592-94. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 54-55. Howes, Broadcasting It. Tyrkus, Gay and Lesbian Biography. Dictionnaire Gay. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 38: cites a poem "Es geht bei gedänpfter Trommelklang" [no source given]; set to music by Friedrich Silcher. Hansen, Nordisk Bibliografi, 1: O. T., Copenhagen: Hans Heitzel, 1962 (first edition 1836); see also p. 6: cites Aksel Dreslov, H. C. Andersen og «denne Albert Hansen«, Copenhagen: Samlerens Forlag, 1977. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 385-86: "To Ludwig Miller (1809-1891)" and "For Eduard and Ludwig"; biog. note 381-82. " Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen", 87: German. trans. titled "Der Sahwan". Criticism. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen vol. 3 (1901), 203-30: article on his homosexuality by Alb. Hansen, Copenhagen. Moll, Berühmte Homosexuelle, 51-52. Vennen 7 (1955), 110: poem "Til H. S. (Ind i den dunkle skov i tjorn og krat)"; see also the article H. C. Andersen's "Specielle Psyke" (no author), including another poem. Schyberg, Walt Whitman, 266-68. Anderson, Bruce Author of two articles touching on homosexuality in the French author *Andre Gide (using the pseudonym Galileus Belotti) pp. 97-101 and the Spanish poet *García Lorcia (using his real name) pp. 60-64 in the Melbourne University Magazine ca. 1946-47: for instance in the piece on García Lorca he state "his rather erotic ballad on St. Gabriel" suggests "he had homosexual tendencies" (p. 60). These are possibly the first discussion of these writers in relation to homosexuality in Australia. The author lives in Melbourne, was a close friend of the historian Manning Clark and was in the furniture business. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1903-died before 1995. In the Forests of Hell, 1958 is a prose poem. He is believed to have been gay (*Burton Weiss to the author, oral communication, 1989). Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10432-35: two poems in the journal, One, June/ July 1956 ("After hours") and October/ November 1957 ("Not a new season, but a clarification of a clouded one") and In the Forests of Hell and of Heaven, San Francisco: Gilbert and DeLue, 1958, and Toward other shores, San Francisco: Pan Graphic, 1961. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 70-71: same two books as in Bullough; highly rated by Ian Young. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 315: poem "The Beach Homos". Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Born 1935. A native of Milwaukee, in 1983 he was a dance critic for the * New York Times and has written several books of poems. As poetry critic see *Jack Spicer (very brilliant article). Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 72-73: City Joys, Brooklyn, NY: Release Press, 1975 and Toward the Liberation of the Left Hand, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1977. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Son of the Male Muse, 13-18: fine poems with a photo of the author p. 13; biog., 186. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 548. Name of Love, 2930: fine love poem "Perfection"; biog., 69: notes eight books of poetry by him and he is dance critic for the New York Times and The Dancing Times (London). Word of Mouth, 185-93. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1996. Book of poems including gay poems: The Intense Lover, FLF/STARbooks Press, 1996; biographical information is on the back cover. Widely published in various gay and other journals, he is an Associate Professor of English. Poet and anthologist from Canada writing in English; he lived in Great Britain for most of his life. 1915-1979. He was co-editor, with *Alistair Sutherland, of the fine anthology * Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, a major English gay anthology. Eros was assembled from material gathered by Alistair Sutherland (see Eros, p. 7); the editing was done by Patrick Anderson. He was the first well known poet of Canada to write homopoems after 1940, with poems dating from his book The White Centre (Toronto, 1946): see "Boy in a Russian Blouse" in this book. Autobiographies: Search Me: The Black Country, Canada and Spain, London, 1957; The Character Ball, London, 1963. He also wrote travel books on Greece (e.g., The Smile of *Apollo, 1964) and Singapore (Snake Wine, 1955). Born in Great Britain, he was educated at *Oxford (where he was President of the Oxford Union in 1937) and then at Columbia University, *New York, and lived in Canada from 1938, becoming a Canadian citizen in 1945. He left Canada in 1950 to live in Great Britain where he became head of the English department at Trent Park College, Barnet, Hertfordshire 1968-79. He was married in the 1940s and divorced in 1947. In 1943, John Sutherland, a writer, published an article alleging Patrick Anderson was homosexual in the Canadian journal First Statement (14 May 1943, 3-6), titled "The Writing of Patrick Anderson"; Anderson sued him and forced an apology (see *Robert K. Martin for a discussion). On his later life see "Attic Shapes and Empty Spaces: Patrick Anderson - A memoir", Canadian Literature, vol. 121, 1989, 86-99: this states, p. 87, he had a companion, Orlando Gearing. He was involved with the journal Preview in the 1940s and was a *Marxist at this stage. His final volume was Selected Poems: Return to Canada (Toronto, 1977). Obituary: AB Bookman's Weekly, 16 April, 1979. His manuscripts are at the Public Archives, Ottawa, Ontario, and McGill University Library, Montreal, Quebec (see Dictionary of Literary Biography entry). The manuscripts at Ottawa are the major holdings and consist of some twenty boxes, including a box relating to the selection of the poems in Eros; there are also 700 photographs relating to him in the photography collection. This material was given by Orlando Gearing of Great Britain. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Canadian Literature. Contemporary Authors, vol. 85-88: obituary. Contemporary Authors, vol. 93-96. Dictionary of Literary Biography, vol. 68. Oxford Companion to Canadian Literature, second edition. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, first edition, items 50: The Color as Naked, Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1953. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10436: same book. Homosexuality in Canada, first edition (1979), 5-6: The Color as Naked, Torono, 1953, Return to Canada: Selected Poems, Toronto, ca. 1977, A Visiting Distance; Poems: New, Revised and Selected, Ottowa, 1976, (lists gay poems in the books); also cites his autobiographical works The Character Ball: Chapters of Autobiography, London, 1963 and Search Me; Autobiography: The Black Country, Canada and Spain, London, 157. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 77-78, 80-81: The Colour as Naked, Return to Canada: Selected Poems, A Visiting Distance and The White Centre, Toronto: Ryerson Press, 1946. Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (1984), 136: same works as the first edition. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 386-87: poem "Spiv Song", from The Colour as Naked (1953) re a male *prostitute. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 520-21: "Spiv Song". Poet from Portugal writing in Portuguese. Born 1923. A well known poet, his first openly gay poem was published in 1988 in Coloquio/Letras (Fundacao Calouste Gulbenkian) - see the poem "Poema para o meu amor dolente". Biography: see entry in Alvaro Manuel Machado, Quem e quem na literatura portuguesa (Lisbon, 1979), p. 120. He has been active as a poet from 1942. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Bibliographies. Cuaderno bibliográfico gay, 13: cites Anthología poética 1940-80, Barcelona: Plaza & Janes, 1981 (this is a bilingual anthology in Portuguese with translations into Spanish and with introductory essay). Poet from Brazil writing in Portuguese. 1893-1945. One of the first Portuguese *Modernist poets, he has a huge literary oeuvre but his private writings were not to be published until 1995. About ten gay poems exist. He was gay but not open about it. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Gay Histories and Cultures, 142: *Luis Mott he is said to have been homosexual. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poemas do amor maldito, 131 - a *sonnet; biog., 130. Criticism. Trevisan, Perverts in Paradise, 105: states he wrote poems praising soldiers and adolescents. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 163: stated to have been gay. Pseudonym of a poet possibly from the United States who wrote in English. Born 1880. A writer of conventional but good *boy-love poetry of the time. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 63-64; biog. note p. 63: stated to be the pseudonym of "an American newspaperman". Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 495-96. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 677. Mythical figure and trope in Greek from Greece from 380 B.C. in Greek; later in other languages. Androgynes are creatures uniting the physical characteristics of both sexes and therefore capable of being both male and female. It is a concept very common in the *decadent movement and the *Theosophist movement. See also *angels, *fairy, *feminism, *Theosophy. Carolyn Heilbrun's Towards a Recognition of Androgyny (1973) and Wendy O'flaherty, Women Androgynes and Other Creatures (1980) are recent studies. In June Singer, Androgyny (1977), see Chapter 10 on *Plato, Chapter 13 on the * Kabbala and Chapter 20 on homosexuality. Hebrew. In the first book of the * Bible dealing with the creation of Adam and Eve, the feminine person, Eve, is created out of the masculine, Adam; in the * Kabbala, this took on mystical significance in the idea of Adam Kadmon. Compare *gazelle. Greek. See *Plato's * Symposium, 189-91; *hermaphrodite, *Yannis Ritsos. For the artistic depiction see the * Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae entry "Hermaphroditos". English. Great Britain: see *Shelley, *Pre-Raphaelites, *D. G. Rossetti, *Swinburne, *Simeon Solomon, *Aleister Crowley. United States: see "Tennessee Williams, Tom Clark (re *Charles Olson); see also *lily. German: see the article by L. S. A. M. von Römer, "Uber die androgynische Idee des Lebens" (On the androgyne idea) Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen vol. 5 Part 2 (1903), 707 ff: though written in German this deals with other cultures and is profusely llustrated; it is the major survey to date (it was reprinted in Schmidt, Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen [1984], vol. 2, pp. 139256). Sanskrit: Brhad Aranyaka *Upanisad 1.4.3-4 (source: Encyclopedia of Religion article "Androgyne"). There are myths of the androgynous *Siva in Sanskrit (these almost certainly exist in other *lndian languages); see also *Brahma. Armenian: see *Sergei Parajanov, *Sayat Nova (pseud.). Aranda (a central Australian Aboriginal language) and other central Australian aboriginal languages. A major survey of the central Australian tribes and cultures (including the Arandal is J. Winthuis, Zweigeslechterwesen bei den Zentralaustraliern und anderen Völkern, 1928 (the title means Androgyny Among the Central Australians and Other Tribes) - see p. 126 regarding *pederasty and pp. 170 re the Kurnai and 173 re the Semang; note: the English translation of the first word in the title of this book as "bisexuality" in Magnus Hirschfeld, Men and Women: The World Journey of a Sexologist, New York, 1935 (p. 308) is incorrect since the German word means "having the characteristics of both sexes". All persons in these tribes sing and recite oral poems and *songs. Japanese. Leupp, Male Colors: The Construction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan, p. 174: a poem about a male actor. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion: defined as "a creature which is half male and half female." Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 56-58. Gay Histories and Cultures. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amour bleu, 52: re androgynes in ancient Greek culture. Androphile homosexuality, also called Androphilia Sexual and affectional relationships between adult males, an adult being a person from the time of puberty or the *age of consent. From ca. 1945, it is perhaps the most practiced form of homosexuality. The relationship of *Gilgamesh and Enkidu in Akkadian and other languages seems of this type as does *King David's relationship with Jonathan in Hebrew but it is not possible to decide whether these relationships are androphile since the ages of the persons involved are not known. Whether *Achilles and Patroclus's relationship in ancient Greek falls into this category is debatable. Many ancient Greek relationships were *pederastic, involving an older man and a younger, as seems the case with ancient Latin (see *Catullus, *Martial). The fact that the *age of death today has considerably advanced, due to improvement in medicine, needs to be considered in relation to homosexual relations in the twentieth century; for instance, life expectancy in the ancient world was much lower so more relationships were pederastic. Many Chinese poets had homosexual relationships with each other; on the other hand Japanese poets were more pederastic before the contemporary period. Strong adult *male bonding relationships need to be considered (e.g. that of the Italian poet *Leopardi and *Ranieri). English androphile relationships are especially common in the *gay liberation period. Compare *pederasty, *pedophilia, *Uranian poets. In the contemporary world from 1945 most homosexual relationships are probably androphile. Since, in many cases, especially in earlier centuries, it is not possible to know the ages of the persons involved in homosexual relationships depicted in poems, whether they were androphile cannot be conclusively stated. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 58. Novelist and poet from Poland writing in Polish. 1909-1983. He wrote a few poems (Josef Pyzik, Cracow, to the author, June 1987). Apparently bisexual he married and had two children but left his first wife on the wedding day. His novel The Gates of Paradise, 1948, was translated into English by James Kirkup and published in 1963. A notable film is based on his novel Ashes and Diamonds. Before the war he was a leading right wing writer. He joined the Communist Party in 1949 but later became disillusioned. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Everyman Companion to East European Literature. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History - states in 1942 ge fell in love with the poet Krzystof Baczynski but it was not returned. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 99: lists the novel, The Gates of Paradise, London. 1962. Criticism. Milosz, History of Polish Poetry, 490-93. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1013-14. Poet from Great Britain writing in Welsh. Active 575. The first known Welsh poet, from Wales to the west of England. His poem The Gododdin is a series of elegies describing the death of men with homoerotic overtones: see The Penguin Book of Welsh Verse, trans. by Anthony Conran (1967), pp. 57-78. See also The Oxford Book of Welsh Verse in English, edited by Gwynn Jones, 1977, p. 6: No 11 (lxxxv) from The Gododdin - a poem of lament for his lord with strong affectional undertones. Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. 1940-1991. Compiler and translator of the anthology *Amerikanike homophylophile poiese, the first Modern Greek gay anthology. He also wrote a series of poems based on the life of *Cavafy called Kavaphes kath' hodon (Cavafy on the Way), Athens, 1984, 45 pages, and several homosexual plays. His book of Greek poems whose translated title is Metaphysics of the Night (1982), with fine illustrations by the US photographer Arthur Tress, is a notable gay work. Transliteration of his name here follows the Library of Congress system. He died of *Aids. He has also edited an erotic poetry anthology Poietike anthologia apoklinontos erotismou (Athens: Gnose, 1988). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 503 (spelt Angelakis). Mythical figures and a trope in Hebrew in ancient Israel and later in *European languages; the concept is also known in Arabic, Persian and Turkish. First recorded in Hebrew from ca. 500 B. C. Angels are sexually ambiguous, intervening between humans and *God; because of their sexual ambiguity there can be homosexual connotations (for example, in the story of *Sodom and Gomorrah). Angel comes from the Greek word meaning messenger, and is the equivalent of the Hebrew word mal'akh, messenger, where they are strongly sexual creatures. Angels occur in the Jewish, *Christian and *Islamic religions. Michael and Gabriel are the only two named angels in the * Old Testament, Michael appearing in the Book of Daniel (6th century B.C.). The story of Sodom and Gomorrah in the Old Testament involves homosexual sex with angels and is the main Christian and Judaic source of the trope. The corporeality of angels and exact sexuality are difficult to determine and there were many arguments about them in the Christian *Middle Ages (e.g. how many angels could fit on the tip of a needle). In art they are normally like *androgynes, i. e. neither male nor female, with long hair and ambivalent faces. Arabic: see * Angels of the Lyre, *Minoo S. Southgate, *Charles Wendell (re houris). See also entry "Mala'ika" in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. They are also called houris in Arabic and accompany the faithful in heaven. Turkish: see *Sultan Selim II. Hebrew: see *Sodom and Gomorrah. English. In poetry they provide a coded way of referring to homosexuality: see *C. S. Lewis with regard to *Milton. The English anthology * Angels of the Lyre (1975) uses the trope in its title and has a somewhat *decadent angel drawn by Czanara opposite the title page. The poet *Harold Norse's autobiography is entitled Memoirs of a Bastard Angel (1989). See also *Wayne McNeill. Dutch: see *Guus Vleugel. German: see *Goethe. *Hilary the Englishman wrote a famous Latin homoerotic poem, "To an English Boy", which has a play on the Latin words for angel and English. French: see *Antoine Ferrand. Angels appear in Zoroastrianism in Persian and in the *lslamic religion are closely related to Christianity. Portuguese: see *Sosigenes Marinho Costa. See in general G. Davidson, A Dictionary of Angels, Including the Fallen Angels (1967). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Howes, Broadcasting It. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Other. Adler, The Great Ideas, volume 1, 1-24. Anthology in English from the United States. San Francisco: Panjandrum Press and *Gay Sunshine Press, 1975, 245 pages; biog. notes, pp. 237-45. Compiled by *Winston Leyland. It was the the second United States *gay liberation anthology after * The Male Muse, which was its main inspiration, and contains well chosen poems with fine illustrations featuring gay sex. The fifty-seven poets chosen were usually frequent contributors to the journal *Gay Sunshine and the poems published were mostly chosen from works published there. It consists of United States and Canadian poets. In the "Introduction", pp. 7-12, discussing the history of gay love in poetry, Winston Leyland states that "Gayness extends far beyond physical sexuality" (p. 12) and notes *Allen Ginsberg, *Frank O'Hara, Jack Spicer and John Wieners as seminal poets for the period. Contributors (see entries): Hector Tito Alvarez, William Barber, Bruce Boone, Victor Borsa, Joe Brainard, Perry Brass, Adrian Brooks, Ira Cohen, Kirby Congdon, Ed Cox, Emilio Cubiero, Tim Dlugos, Robert Duncan, David Eberly, Jim Eggeling, Kenward Elmslie, R. Daniel Evans, Gerald Fabian, Salvatore Farinella, Edward Field, Charles Henri Ford, James Giancarlo, Allen Ginsberg, John Giorno, Robert Gluck, Paul Goodman, Steve Jonas, E. A. Lacey, Michael Lally, Gerrit Lansing, Winston Leyland, Gerard Malanga, Paul Mariah, Wayne McNeill, Taylor Mead, Tom Meyer, James Mitchell, James Nolan, Harold Norse, Frank O'Hara, Chuck Ortleb, Stan Persky, Robert Peters, Vincent Sacardi, Ron Schreiber, Perry Scott, Charley Shively, Aaron Shurin, David Emerson Smith, Jack Spicer, George Stanley, Richard Tagett, Hunce Voelcker, John Wieners, Jonathan Williams, Terence Winch, Ian Young. * Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (1984), 136, states Canadian poets include Wayne McNeill, Ian Young and E. A. Lacey. Review: Gay News no. 94 (1976), 17 by *Rictor Norton. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10437. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2327. Poet from Italy writing in Italian. 126Q-131Q. Born in Siena he was opposed to *Dante. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amicizia amorosa, 41-43: *sonnets; biog., 39. Criticism. Arcadie 71 (November 1959), 585-590: article and French translation by *Roger Peyrefitte. Pseudonym of a poet possibly from Iran who wrote in Persian. Active ca. 159Q. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A'in i Akbari anthology, 64B-49 - a homosexual love poem is on p. 649; biog., 64B - states his real name is Yol Quli. Anjos, Augusto de Carvalho Rodrigues dos Poet from Brazil writing in Portuguese. Born 1884. He published a single volume Eu (1912), which had gone into thirty editions by 1965. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poemas do amor maldito, 21; biog., 20. Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, An Bibliography in English from the United States. New York and London: Garland, 2 volumes, 1976. The most comprehensive bibliography of homosexuality in its coverage so far, though no longer the most up to date (for later bibliographies see *Waynes Dynes and *Gary Simes). It was compiled by *Vern L Bullough, *W. Dorr Legg, *Barrett W. Elcano and James Kepner. *Dorr Legg was a major force behind the work which gives evidence of use of major United States research libraries such as the *Library of Congress. Volume 1 covers science, law, religion, medicine etc; volume 2 is literature and is divided into several sections including "Poetry". Overall the work has 15 sections. Despite many imperfections and much carelessness in entries, as far as poetry goes it first cites many little known poets and volumes relating to male homosexuality. "Poetry", volume 2, pp. 255-91, is the largest poetry listing before this Encyclopedia. There are 794 book or journal references to poets and poems (referring to about 370 poets, which is less than the 500 in *Ian Young's bibliography in the second, 1982, edition). It includes both gay male and lesbian poetry. Some ninety percent of the poets are men and all are included in this encyclopedia though reference to lesbian material has not been included. Most entries relate to poets writing in *European languages (there are only a handful of poets from China, for instance). Male and female gay poets are included together, alphabetically arranged. Entries consist of author, title of book (or poem), place of publication, publisher and date of publication. While there are some annotations in the poetry entries, in most cases reasons for inclusion are not given. Most entries are to books but some entries cite poems in journals, notably * One Magazine with which some of the editors were connected. (The method of citation is not always easy to follow). It incorporates many previous works especially in German: e.g. the bibliographies in the * Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwishchenstufen and the work of *Ernst Günther Welter. There are many typographical errors due to the hasty compilation of the work for publication (*Jim Kepner to the author, 1988; he stated the work was put together from file cards and little checking was done, the main effort being in the end to get it published). Some entries lack information on place of publication, publisher and date of publication and sometimes titles are wrongly entered; in addition, transcription of titles frequently does not follow exactly the title on the title page in relation to punctuation. Examination of poetry entries included shows that the reason for an entry can include one poem - or several poems - dealing with homosexuality or about a person known to be homosexual in a book of a poet. The fact that the poet is believed gay is another reason for entries (in which case - e.g., *Allen Ginsberg - all books of poetry are cited though some may not contain obviously gay poems). In cases where entries are not annotated (and most entries are not annotated), books must be examined individually for the reason for entry. Entries for major gay writers, for instance *Martial or *Marlowe do not cite the first edition but usually a commonly available edition. There is an Index of Authors pp. 385-426 and an Index of *Pseudonyms on pp. 427-35. Entries show that the first English bibliography * A Catalogue of Selected Books...of a Student of Boyhood, Youth and Comradeship (1924) was consulted and the poets listed there included. Many poets appear in the first edition of *Ian Young's Male Homosexual in Literature, 1975, and it is uncertain whether they were taken from this source or found independently. Poets in the bibliography also appear in the second edition of Ian Young's bibliography (1982), which supercedes An Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality for almost all items in English (exceptions are references in journals: e.g., the references to poems in the journal One Magazine). The work overall is, after *Ian Young's * Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition (1982), the second most wide ranging listing of homosexual poetry references, ever compiled so far. Its main emphasis however, is on English language poets. See also the introduction and discussion of the evolution of the project volume 1, pp. vii-xxii. There is a list of gay *journals, the most comprehensive to its date (including literary journals); see volume 2, pp. 334-350. A card index of items by Dorr Legg, stated to consist of 25,000 items, exists in the library of *One Inc. which supplements the Annotated Bibliography. A four volume manuscript of an extended bibliography exists at One; this is mentioned in the program of the thirtieth anniversary of *One Institute. Poem in English apparently from the United States. A poem - or part of one - in English quoted on the title page of the novel Imre by *Xavier Mayne (pseud.), Naples, 1906: "The whole heart exhaled into One want,/ I found the thing I sought, and that was - thee." The author has not been identified though he or she may be a United States *transcendentalist such as *Emerson since the poem is in the transcendental vein; see also *mysticism. Also quoted on the title page is the following: "The *Friendship which is Love - the Love which is Friendship". Poem and song in Portuguese from Brazil. Recorded ca. 1920. See Trevisan, Perverts in Paradise, p. 87, re a *Carnival song 1920s on Febronio, a famous gay *prisoner (Trevisan quotes part of the song); see also pp. 79-83. Poems in Acehnese from Indonesia from before 1995. Poems about the beauty of boys are known from before 1995 (Dr. Dede Otomo, Universitas Salitiga, Surabaya, Indonesia, to the author; Dede Otomo is an openly gay Indonesian academic who regularly appears on television in a gay capacity); see his "Homoseksualitas di Aceh" in Gaya Nusantara, no. 11 (July 1989). Acehnese, an *Austronesian language, is spoken in Indonesia on the north of the island of Sumatra, the largest island, adjacent to Java. See C. Snouck Hurgronje, The Achchnese, 2 volumes (London and Leiden, 1906) for details of these people; see also the entry in Amiram Gonen, editor, The Encyclopedia of the Peoples of the World (1993), under "Atjehnese" and in Paul Hockings, editor, Encyclopedia of World Cultures (New York, 1993) (with bibliography). There has been a struggle by the Acehnese to rule themselves for many years. They were effectively self ruling until 1961. The Acehnese are *Muslims, though animistic traditions are present in religious practice. Poems in Armenian from Armenia are known from before 1800. See Hovanessian, Anthology of Armenian Poetry, p. 28 ("Stranger"), p. 33 ("Your Bosom"), p. 34 ("Andouni") - highly *mystical folk poems showing Persian *influence, some capable of homosexual interpretation Poems in Japanese from Japan are known from ca. 1185. Japanese. *Maggie Childs, "Japan's Homosexual Heritage", Gai Saber, volume 1 number 1 (Spring 1977), 41, cites poems about homosexual relationships between monks in the Heian period (which ended in 1185) which were found by the Japanese author S. Takikawa and also in *Gozan literature. See also Partings at Dawn, 123 (from the anthology *Iwatsutsuji). Poems written by male *prostitutes and about them exist. Leupp, Male Colors: The Construction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan, 139: a poem about the relationship of pages and lords. Translation into German: see the Anonymous comic song on pederasty cited in p. 122 of'Ferdinand Karsh-Haack, Das gleichgeslechtliche Leben der Ostasiatischen Kulturvolker, Munich, 1906, cited in the Japanese journal Fuzoku Gaho, 1894, no. 66 and 1897, no. 152. Poems in Korean from Korea are known from ca. 1600. See Lee, Poems from Korea, pp. 155-58; all poems are in the *sijo form and many are *non gender specific love poems. Poems in Spanish from Spain are known from ca. 1600. In Pierre Alzieu, Floresta de poesías eroticaas del siglo de oro (Toulouse, 1975), see poem no. 30, "Hallandose dos damas en faldeta" (pp. 46-47), no. 121 "Aqui, de semilla gomorrea" (pp. 238-39), both the preceding being *sonnets, and no. 129 "A un puto" (To a male *prostitute) (pp. 250-510. These poems are notable works from an era thought to have produced few poems referring to homosexuality. Poet from Great Britain writing in Welsh. Active ca. 850. See Gwen Jones, editor, The Oxford Book of Welsh Verse in Translation (Oxford, 1977), p. 10: from the poem "Hateful old age" - "What I loved as a lad I now curse:/ A girl, a stranger, a horse.../ No girl wants me, no friend haunts me". Anonymous poets and poems - English Poets and poems in English from Great Britain are known from ca. 1595. See the poem "Zeus to steal boy *Ganymede" (trans, from the * Palatine Anthology) in Christopher Street no. 183 (July 1992), 14; this work is possibly by Jeffrey Nickel. Poets and Writers in Folsom Prison (San Francisco, 1974), 59 pp., has some poems of relevance (copy sighted: John Willis collection). See also the poem *"Aesthete of aesthetes" and the collection *In Re Walt Whitman. Many *limericks are anonymous, as are *parodies of poems. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 155-56: an *elegy on *Sir Philip Sidney. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 63: "Blue Boy"; 99: poem "Les Decadents" (ca. 1900). Anonymous poets and poems - French Poems in French from France are known from ca. 1580. See Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, p. 383: apparently an anonymous lampoon about *Viau; p. 404 - poem called *"The Hermaphrodite" (ca. 1580); p. 411 - a street song on the burning at the stake of Chausson (see also *Claude Le Petit). See *Pierre de L'Estoile regarding poems on *Henri III and *Marc Daniel (pseud.) regarding poems from the seventeenth century accusing people of homosexuality or about persons convicted of homosexuality. Poems from French manuscripts found in Paris libraries and archives exist in the collection of *Giovanni Dall'Orto: e.g., Bibliothèque de l'Arsenal MS N. 4123 Recueil Conrart vol. 18, pp. 29, 39, 201, 206, 235, 239, 364; there are quite a large number of these poems from the seventeenth century to 1789. Anonymous poets and poems - Latin Poems in Latin from Italy, France, Great Britain and Germany survive from ca. 525. Anonymous Latin poems (some with English translations) survive in abundance from the early *middle ages from ca. 525, especially in *manuscripts in European libraries in Italy, France, Great Britain and Germany from which countries poems originated; the earliest poems are from north Africa, which had been occupied by the Latin-speaking Romans. The largest collection is in * Medieval Latin Poems of Male Love and Friendship which lists many anonymous poems from *medieval manuscripts. See Anthologies below for poems. The outstanding feature of the manuscript poems is the number of *graffiti poems on homosexual themes, poems which were apparently composed by anonymous scribes and poets and inserted into manuscripts (which mostly originated in monasteries). The use of *pseudonyms by Latin homopoets is a form of anonymous publication. See also *"Quam pravus est". Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 117: from a MS of Monte Cassino. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 114, 118-130 (twelfth century poets), 141 (sixteenth century). Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance and Homosexuality, 381-401. Medieval Latin Poems of Male Love and Friendship, 8-13 (poems from Anthologia Latina from north Africa, dated ca. 525), 22-27 (eleventh century manuscript), 84-143: poems from manuscripts, twelfth and later centuries including * Altercatio Ganimedis et Helene and *Carmina Burana; notes 144-45, 147-48, 155-63. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 140-42: poems from the * Latin Anthology (ca. 525), in Latin, also called the Anthologia Latina; 171-91, poems including some from the *Carmina Burana. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 472: citing a Latin poem on Lantfrid and Cobbo. Poems in Arabic from Spain and Arabic speaking countries (such as Egypt, Spain and Iraq) from before 1211. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Dar al-Tiraz: several fine gay love poems included (from before 1211). Orgasms of Light, 128-29 (ca. 1200?). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 287-95: brilliant gay poems from the * Arabian Nights trans. into English; 300-303 - poems from *al-Tifashi. Criticism. *Norman Roth, "'Deal Gently with the Young Man': Love of Boys in Medieval Hebrew Poetry of Spain", Speculum 57 (1982), 29: poem translated into English. Poems in Chinese from China survive from at least ca. 800. *Graeme Wilson has translated an anonymous poem of ca. 800 (in the collection of *Paul Knobel); the source of this poem was not supplied. Criticism. Hinsch, Passions of the Cut Sleeve, 156 (poet not known; source given foonote 66, p.199) - a *Ch'ing love poem to a man. Partings at Dawn, 104: a homoaffectional poem by a Japanese monk from an old commentary on the *Kokinshu. Poems in German from Germany and Switzerland survive from 1903. For the twentieth century, *Magnus Hirschfeld in Berlins drittes Geschlecht (6th printing, 1905), pp. 15-16, prints a poem of a gay man to his friend. See also *"Schwulenlied", *"An der linken Mann". Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 84-88: a list of over 100 names of which some 15 are definitely poets; poets apparently listed are Peter (1949), Norbert (Switzerland, 1958), Siegfried (1903), Max, Ein Erosjunger (1903), 16jarig, Olka, Niels, Zelte. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Andere Lieben, 64. Criticism. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, vol. 5 Part 1, (1903), 659-60: two poems "Kannst Du den Flug mit mir, o Freundin, wagen" and *"Eros (In des Orasis friedlich stillen Auen)"; see also p. 661. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 236: poem on *comradeship (ca. 1900). Poems in Greek from Greece survive from ca. 700 B.C. There were probably a great number of ancient Greek homosexual poets who wrote anonymously. A large number survive from ancient Greek (see Anthologies below). Many others, whose poems are *lost, undoubtedly existed. Poets may have had their names omitted from manuscripts by *scribes, although in the case of the * Theognidea and the * Anacreontea this can probably never be known. The ascription of the names of famous poets to the work of anonymous poets (e. g., in the Palatine Anthology) undoubtedly has also occurred. Most anonymous poets listed below seem to have written in the period to 150 B.C. (the end of the *Hellenistic age). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Palatine Anthology xii 19, 39-40, 55 (or *Artemon), 61-62, 66-67, 69, 79, 87-90, 96, 99-100, 103-04, 107, 111-12,115-16, 123, 130, 136, 140, 143, 145, 151-52, 155-56, 160. Palatine Anthology: see also Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 487. Eros: Die Männerliebe der Griechen, 61-64, 132 (no names given). Ioläus (1902), 80. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 51, 58-59. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 63-65, 73-74. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 95: list of anonymous poets in * Mousa Paidike; 121 - anonymous fragments; 135 - *epitaphs. Poems of Love and Liberation, 65: Palatine Anthology xii, 219. See also *Theognidea (700-ca. 460 B.C.) and * Anacreontea as both of these works contain *anthologies by what is apparently a large number of anonymous poets. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 43. Criticism. Symonds, A Problem in Greek Ethics, 41. Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 8 (1906), 660. Brandt , "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 9 (1908), 230: re book xi of the * Palatine Anthology; 274-79: book xii of the Palatine Anthology. Brandt, Sittengeschichte griechenlands, volume 2, 201-02. Buffiere, Eros adolescent, 682: eleven poems cited. Anonymous poets - Hebrew and Aramaic Poems in Hebrew from Spain and Iraq and other countries survive from ca. 1300; one poem is partly in Aramaic. Gay Poetry Anthologies. *T. Carmi, The Penguin Book of Hebrew Verse, 361-62, see the poems "The Enthralled Lover" and "The Fifteen-year-old Boy" translated from Hebrew into English (*gazelle, *Fawn and *cup bearer tropes); on p.111 Carmi states the poems in this section come from Spain, Egypt, Italy, France and Germany. Pagis, Hebrew Poetry, p. 65: a fine gay poem heard by *Alharizi in *Baghdad and translated into English (see his entry). Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, pp. 238-39: this poem, from Spain in the middle ages, and here translated into English, shifts into Aramaic in lines 15-25. Poems in Persian possibly from Iran survive from before 1838. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: Die Männerliebe der Griechen, 66-71: translated into German by *Hammer-Purgstall; 135-36. Poems probably in Turkish from Turkey survive from before 1838. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: Die Männerliebe der Griechen, 129-31 (possibly translated into German by *Thomas Schabert), 143-48 (translated into German by *Hammer-Purgstall). These poems are almost certainly Turkish poets; the only other possibility is Persian. Poet possibly from Germany writing in German. Active 1977. A writer of *post modernist free verse. The name of the poet is given as "Anonymous". Gay Poetry Anthologies. Schwüle Lyrik, schwüle Prosa, 7-16; biog., 8 (all data obscured). Poet from Afghanistan writing in Persian. 1006-1089. See Ibn 'Ata'Illa: The Book of Wisdom: Kwaja Abdullah Ansari: Intimate Conversations, translated by Victor Danner and Wheeler Thackston (London, 1994), pp. 184-87. Conventional *Sufi poetry. Poet and letter writer from France, later living in Great Britain, who wrote in Latin. 1033-1109. Born in northern Italy, he was an abbot in France and later Archbishop of Canterbury in Great Britain. Letters: see My Dear Boy: Gay Love Letters through the Centuries, pp. 33-36. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Iolaus (1902), 104-5. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 119-23: letters to monks. Medieval Latin Poems of Male Love and Friendship, 26-29: a poem celebrating his passionate friendship with his friend or lover Gundolf (with English translation); biog., 148-49 (recording his strong disapproval of physical homosexual acts). Poet from the United States writing in English. Active from 1957. See Contact Highs: Selected Poems 1957-87, (1990), 213 pages. Source: *Prinz Eisenherz catalog 90/1, p. 7. His books have only been published in private editions since 1961. Poet who wrote in German. Active before 1964. No entry was found in the *British Library General Catalogue or the * National Union Catalog for this poet. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 38: poem "Die taube Nuß (Drei Jahre lang hab ich... )"; no source given. The Latin name of the * Greek Anthology; it refers to both the *Planudean Anthology (first published in 1494) and the * Palatine Anthology. Entries in older library indexes for these works may be found under this title. Collection of poems in Latin from north Africa from possibly Tunisia or Algeria. Ca. 525. The collection was compiled in the sixth century and contains a selection of gay *epigrams. The poems include the tropes of *Hylas, *Ganymede, *Orestes and Pylades, *Nisus and Euryalus and *Hyacinth. Text: see the edition by *Shackleton Bailey (Stuttgart, Teubner, 1982). Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 44: Karl Bruch, Lateinische Anthologie, Rome, 1884. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Medieval Latin Poems of Male Love and Friendship, 8-13: gives eleven *anonymous poems from the anthology with English trans.; notes 144-45. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 140-42. The Latin name for the *Palatine Anthology, frequently abbreviated to Anth. Pal. in the literature; older library catalogues should be checked under this name. It was compiled ca. 980. Anthologie de l'amour turc Anthology in Turkish translated into French. Paris: Societé du *Mercure de France, 1905, 271 pages. Compiled by 'Edmond Fazy and 'Abdul-Halim Memdouch. Review: Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen vol. 7 (19Q5), B63-67: states seven poets deal with male homosexual love. It consists of a selection of 'Diwan poets. See entries for 'Baki, 'Fuzuli, 'Nabi, 'Nedim, 'Raghile Pascha, 'Selim, 'Zia Pascha (all discussed in the Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen article). This appears to be the first anthology of Turkish poetry in French. Being 'Ottoman Divan poets, the poets all have a significant interest for a homosexual reading. Rare. The Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, holds this work on microfilm. Anthologies in Arabic containing gay poems date from ca. 870 and were compiled in Iraq, Syria, Egypt and Spain. Apart from the *Dar at-Tiraz (ca. 1200) of *Ibn Sana al-Mulk (active ca.1200), so far as is known separate homosexual anthologies in Arabic have not existed, homosexual poems usually being incorporated into general anthologies of love poetry such as that of *Ibn Dawud (active 900), the Yatimat al-Dahr of *al-Tha'alibi (active 1000), the works of *Shihab al-Abchichi and *Shihab an-Nourwairi and the anthology * Moorish Poetry of *Ibn Sa'id (dating 1243). However a selection of extracts from poems on *friendship compiled by *Ibn Quytaiba (ca. 870) is possibly relevant as the first homoerotic anthology. Selections of homopoems are in *manuals of sex and *treatises of sex - e.g. those of *al-Tifashi (active 1200) and *al-Nawadji (active ca. 1400) - and in the * Arabian Nights (from where they have become widely known in translation). A large number of homopoems are cited in The Encyclopedia of Pleasure by *Abul Hasan 'Ali Ibn Nasr al-Katib in his discussion of homosexuality; so many poems are cited in this work as to make the poems included an anthology. The poems of *Abu Nuwas (ca. 756-810) may, in part, constitute an anthology similar to those of *Omar Khayyam and *Anacreon since, as with Omar Khayyam and Anacreon, poems were added to the initial corpus of the poet's work by *scribes (compare also the * Palatine Anthology); if these poems of Abu Nuwas are accepted as a homosexual anthology the first Arabic anthology begins ca. 850. The English anthology * In Praise of Boys is an Arabic homosexual anthology consisting of homosexual poems translated from the poems in the Spanish translation of *Emilio Garcia Gomez's translation of Ibn Sa'id's anthology. Compare overall *Anthologies - Greek (where homo and hetero love poems also exist in the same anthology, as also in Chinese anthologies). A general erotic anthology in French is Anthologie de l'amour arabe, edited by Ferdinand de Martino and Abdel Khalek bey Saroit, with introduction by *Pierre Louys, Paris: Mercure de France, 1902 (rare: the *Bibliothèque nationale holds a copy); a poem to a youth by *Abu Nuwas appears on p. 161 (other poems are to women). Translations of the above works are relevant (e.g., * Moorish Poetry). Most works have not yet been translated into European languages. Works are suspected in *manuscript. See also *Anthologies - Islamic. References. *Marc Daniel, "Arab Civilization and Male Love", Gay Sunshine 32 (Spring 1977), 5. Anthologies in Chinese with gay poems date from 479 B.C. and were compiled in China. No separate Chinese gay anthology is known (though in 1927 a collection of poems on the gay actor Hsu Tzu-Yun, * Yun-lang Hsiao Shih, was published). However homosexual readings of the Chinese classical anthologies are possible from the first collection of poems, the *Shih Ching (before 479 B.C.), a fact noted by the *Ch'ing scholar *Zhao Yi. (The compilation of the Shih Ching is traditionally ascribed to *Confucius, the first Chinese philosopher and the dominant Chinese philosopher until the *Communist period.) Given *gender ambiguity in written Chinese, all anthologies from this anthology are relevant; see also *gender switching. The anthology * Yu-T'ai Hsin-Yung (compiled in 545) included many homosexual love poems as well as heterosexual ones. Intimate *friendship is a constant motif in Chinese poetry to 1911 and the *Republican period. *Arthur Waley and others have commented on homoerotic aspects of this tradition. All poems in general anthologies on this theme are relevant and, as there are a huge number of such poems, large areas of all Chinese anthologies become relevant. For instance, intimate friendship is a theme throughout T'ang-shih san-pai-shou (Three Hundred Tang Poems), the most famous anthology of T'ang Period poetry, compiled in 1763 or 1764 by Heng-t'ang T'ui-shih (see entry in Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature); this anthology was the standard anthology for all scholars from the time of its compilation until the Communist period in 1948. *Indirect language is a most important consideration in Chinese anthologies; because of the use of such language, homosexuality may not be directly apparent. All scholars in Korea, Japan, and Vietnam and many in Tibet (and some in Thailand, Burma, Laos, Cambodia and even India) could read Chinese; hence Chinese poetry collections were read by people in all these countries. In addition, in Korea, Japan and Vietnam, anthologies in Chinese characters based on Chinese models - and deeply imitative of the Chinese - were compiled until around 1900. *Tuan-hsiu-pien, the first collection of homosexual texts in Chinese, is an anthology, but not of poetry. In French an Chinese erotic anthology exists containing poetry: Anthologie de l'amour chinois, compiled by Soulie de Morant (18781955), Paris: Mercure de France, 1932 (rare: the *Bibliothèque Nationale has a microfiche of this work). Gay anthologies in Dutch from the Netherlands date from 1979. Those published so far cover Dutch poetry from the time of *Guido Gezelle. Coverage has been excellent from 1900 on. See entries: *Naar vriendscaap zulk een mateloos verlangen (the first such anthology, published in 1979 and compiled by *Hans Hafkamp), *Mannenmaat (1980), compiled by *Gert Hekma, * David Heeft Ook Een.. (1985) compiled by *Mark Thornton, * Het huis dat *vriendschap heet (1985) compiled by *Rob Mooser and a short poetry anthology of thirty-four pages of 1986, * Hoe kan ik in woorden vangen. Anthologies of gay poetry in English from Great Britain, the United States, Australia, Canada and New Zealand date from 1561. English, with over seventy known gay poetry anthologies has the richest tradition of gay poetry anthologies of any language. The most far reaching (e.g., *Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, *The Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse and *The Eternal Flame) have been some of the most comprehensive ever assembled. Even so, English anthologies have been weak on Asian languages. *The Eternal Flame (of which volume one only, of the two volumes planned, was published in 1992) is by far the finest English language general survey of gay poetry and includes outstanding translations. Collections of gay prose from South Africa and New Zealand have recently been made. See the Overview - English entries for these countries. The first English gay poetry anthology may be, in retrospect, *Thomas Stanley's translation of the Anacreontea in 1561, a translation of a Greek homosexual anthology. * Anacreon done into English (1683; repr.) also has claims as an early anthology. The first gay anthology as such was *Edward Carpenter's * Iolaus (1902) emanating from Great Britain, while the first United States anthology was *Men and Boys (1924); both these anthologies included extensive translation of poems from other languages. For anthologies covering the *eighteen-nineties period see the separate entry *Eighteen-nineties anthologies - English. In the contemporary period Eros: An Anthology of Friendship (1961) is a brilliant general anthology while * Sexual Heretics (1970) covers the period of British poetry from 1850 to 1900. * The Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse (1983) is the most comprehensive recent anthology of poets in English and of poets translated into English. The *gay liberation period from 1968 has been particularly rich in anthologies especially those emanating from the United States - starting in 1973 with * The Male Muse. *Gay Roots (1991), compiled by *Winston Leyland covers this period for United States poets. Australian anthologies start with * Edge City (1983). Apart from the 1977 work * Larkspur and Lad's Love, separate Canadian anthologies do not exist, Canadian authors having been incorporated into United States anthologies. Recent trends have been towards anthologies based on country (see * Take any Train, which is a British anthology), combining gay male and female poets (see *Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, *Pink Ink) and towards increased specialization: see * Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches (an anthology of World War One poets) and *The Road Before Us: 100 Black Gay Poets. *Aids anthologies started with the Australian * Love and Death (1987) and include * Poets for Life (1989). Aids has been a major theme of gay poetry from 1983. For the extensive translation of anthologies from other languages into English (which constitutes another rich tradition of English homosexual anthologies), see *Anthologies - Arabic, - French, - Greek, - Latin, - Turkish, - Urdu. Anthologies of poems compiled by known homosexuals also need to be considered (e.g. *T. E. Lawrence). Gay poems are now being included in general anthologies of sexual material e.g., in Fiona Pitt-Kethley, The Literary Companion to Sex (London, 1992). Great Britain. British anthologies begin with translations of Greek anthologies, notably, the poems of the * Anacreontea translated by *Thomas Stanley in 1561: however these were not really accepted as anthologies at the time, though they may seem so now. (Translations of *Theognis, from 1842, may also be counted anthologies.) The Elizabethan poetry anthology * England's Helicon (1600; reprinted) contained several gay poems mostly in the *pastoral mode and one of *Shakespeare's sonnets appeared in a collection of poems in 1598 - thus showing that in the Elizabethan period homo and heterosexual poems could be in the same anthology. The *lost work * Ancient and Modern Pederasty Investigated (1749) may have contained poetry. See individual entries: * Love in Idleness (1883) - actually a collection by several poets and not an anthology as such, * Iolaus: An Anthology of Friendship (1902; repr.) - the first English gay anthology as such and constantly in print, *Oliver Hill (regarding three *Uranian anthologies published 1923-1930 which contain both homosexually and heterosexually orientated poems and are not as such homosexual anthologies), *Eros: An Anthology of Male Friendship (1961), a very comprehensive collection, * Sexual Heretics (1970) covering the period 1850-1900 and consisting of poetry and prose, * Speaking Out (ca. 1982), *Son of the Male Muse (1983), containing some British poets, *The Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse (1983), very comprehensive including translations from many languages, * Not Love Alone (1985), a contemporary British survey, Tongues Untied (1987), a *Black anthology of British and United States poets, Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches (1989), a brilliant anthology centring on the first World War, *And Thus Will I Freely Sing (1989) consisting of Scots poets in English and Gaelic, * Take Any Train (1990) and the very fine * Language of Water, Language of Fire (1992), both the latter two being general anthologies. * The Eternal Flame (1992) is outstanding in every way. * Beyond Paradise is a combined gay and lesbian anthology published in 1990. * Turning Points (1995) is an anthology of northern gay writers, with a few poems. Translations of anthologies in other languages - as is the case of the * Anacreontea and *Theognis from Greek or *The Penguin Boook of Turkish Verse - also constitute English homosexual anthologies: for a list of languages involved see above in the overall discussion of English anthologies. From 1990, gay sexual poems have started to enter general British anthologies: see for example John Whitworth, The Faber Book of Blue Verse, (London, 1990). United States. American originated gay poetry anthologies start with * Men and Boys (1924), though United States printings of the British originated anthology * Iolaus existed from 1902. The 1964 anthology, * Bugger, was the first anthology devoted to poems about *anal sex; however, its poems were both heterosexual and homosexual. Anthologies are richest in the *gay liberation period from 1968 and more date from this period than prior to it. Since then the United States has predominated in the publication of gay poetry anthologies in English, and, indeed, in any language. A recent development has been a number of anthologies of black writers: see below. See individual entries: Iolaus (1902 onwards; separate United States printings existed), Men and Boys (1924), Four From the Circle (1959), Five x Four [5 x 4] (1959), Eros: An Anthology of Friendship (1963; United States printing), Bugger: An Anthology of Anal Erotic Pound Cake Cornhole, Arse-Freak, & Dreck Poems (1964), Greek Love (1964; includes a large selection of poetry), Angels of the Lyre (1975), In Praise of Boys (1975), Orgasms of Light (1977), Now the Volcano (1978), We Bumped Off Your Friend the Poet (1978), The Poetic Friends Nosegay: An Anthology of Gay Quaker Poetry (1978), L'amour bleu (1978; United States printing of the English translation of *Beau Petit Ami), Gay Bards: An Anthology of Poetry (1979), Hidden Heritage: History and the Gay Imagination: An Anthology (1979), Brother Songs: A Male Anthology of Poetry (1979), I Promise You This: An Anthology of Poems for Harvey Milk (1979), A True Likeness: Lesbian & Gay Writing Today (1980), Sage Writings from the Lesbian and Gay Men's Writing Workshop at Senior Action in a Gay Environment (1980), Son of the Male Muse (1983), Medieval Latin Poems of Male Love and Friendship (1984), In The Life: A Black Gay Anthology (1986), Tongues Untied (1987; British compiled, but includes United States poets), Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time (1988), Poets for Life (1989), In the Manner of Friends: an anthology of lesbian and gay Quaker poetry (ca. 1990), The Road Before Us: 100 Black Gay Poets (1991), Brother to Brother (1991), Unending Dialogue (1991), Here to Dare: 10 Gay Black Poets (1992), Gents, Bad Boys, and Barbarians (1995), The Name of Love (1995), The Badboy Book of Erotic Poetry (1995), The Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature (1998: includes much prose however), A Day for a Lay (1999), The World in Us: Lesbian and Gay Poetry of the Next Wave (2000), Word of Mouth (2000), Love speaks its name: gay and lesbian love poems (2001). These anthologies mainly consist of United States poets though some are general anthologies and some include British and Canadian poets. Recent trends have seen a number of anthologies by black gay poets; Word of Mouth covers poets wrting from 1950. An anthology of gay *Buddhist poems appears in *Winston Leyland, Queer Dharma: voices of Gay Buddhists, 1995, pp. 392-416 (in the section "Queer Dharma Poetry"). Announced for 1993 in James White Review vol. 10 No. 1, p. 2, was The Other Garden, an anthology of English and Spanish poetry but is not known whether this anthology has been published since no record of it has been found. Translations of homosexual anthologies in languages other than English made in the United States and published in the United States also need to be considered. For a list of languages see the general survey above; see also * The Delight of Hearts (1988) and *Gay and Lesbian Poetry: An anthology from Sappho to Michelangelo (1995) both of which are anthologies of English translations. Anthologies of poetry compiled by gays are relevant: see, for instance, *Edward Field. Gay poetry journals such as * Mouth of the Dragon (1974-80) constitute anthologies for the periods published. The * James White Review (1983+) publishes poetry and its issues constitute anthologies. In 1936 Henry Justin Smith and *Lloyd Lewis published Oscar Wilde in America which contains poems on Oscar Wilde written while he was in the United States in 1882. Two brilliant anthologies containing many poems on *Walt Whitman are *In Re Walt Whitman (1893), and *Walt Whitman: The Measure of His Song (1981). The anthologies from Great Britain listed above constitute works available to United States readers (just as United States anthologies now do for readers in other parts of the English speaking world). Gay poetry is now frequently included in general anthologies. Between the Cracks : The Daedalus Anthology of Kinky Verse (1997) edited by *Gavin Dillard contains some gay poems. An anthology mentioned in James White Review vol. 4 no. 1 (Fall 1986), 16 where it was said to be upcoming is The Classic Voice in Contemporary Gay Poetry; the poet *Steven Finch who lives in Switzerland is said to have a poem in it and it was compiled by *William Barber. However, no record of this work has been found. Bibliogaphies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, p. 350: list of (mostly) US anthologies. Canada * Larkspur and Lad's Love (1977) is the only separate Canadian gay poetry anthology recorded. Canadian poets are included in the following United States anthologies: The *Male Muse (1973) which was compiled by the Canadian Ian Young, * Angels of the Lyre (1975), *Son of the Male Muse (1983) - compiled by *Ian Young - and * Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time (1988). They are also included in such British anthologies as * Eros: An Anthology of Friendship (compiled by *Patrick Anderson who was a Canadian) and *The Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse (1983). *Plushis a collection containing the works of five poets, published in 1995; some of the poets are from the United States. Bibliographies. Homosexuality in Canada, first edition (1979), 17-18: lists general poetry anthologies in which "at least one Canadian gay work is printed"; most works refer to anthologies containing a poem or poems by *Ian Young. Australia. Anthologies originating in Great Britain and United States originated mentioned above were read in Australia before contemporary Australian originated anthologies. One Australian poet, *J. Le Gay Brereton, was included in the British anthology Sexual Heretics (1970); he was also included in * The Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse (1983). See entries for *Edge City (1983) - the first anthology (containing combined poetry and prose),* Songs of the Gay Liberation Quire (1986; protest songs), *Love and Death (1987), *Pink Ink (1991), * Australian Gay and Lesbian Writing (1993). The first anthology containing gay poems is believed to have been a song book compiled by Jenny Pausacker in Adelaide in the late seventies: it contained the song "Come all ye merry poofs and dykes", a send up of "Come all ye merry men of England"; no copy has come to light so far. Homosexuality has now entered general anthologies though only in a muted way: see Rodney Hall, The Collins Book of Australian Poetry, 1981 (*Francis Webb, "Homosexual" p. 238; Adamson, "Action would kill it", p. 355); Vincent Buckley, Faber Book of Australian Verse, 1991, p. 223 (*Robert Adamson's "Action would kill it" - dedicated "For Keith Hull, 1961", p. 223); John Tranter and Philiip Mead, The Penguin Book of Modern Australian Poetry, 1991 (Webb, "Homosexual", p.145). Bibliographies. See Hurley, Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia. Other countries. New Zealand. *When Two men Embrace (1999) is the first gay male anthology and is entirely of poems by nine poets. South Africa. The anthology * Invisible Ghetto (1993) from South Africa, a combined prose and poetry anthology was the first gay anthology. India. *A Lotus of Another Color (1993) includes some poems as does *Yaraana (1990). Aids anthologies. Anthologies inspired by *Aids started with the combined poetry and prose anthology the Australian * Love and Death (1987), the first anthology known in the world on this subject. United States. *Poets for Life is the response of seventy-six poets to Aids (note: the poets and the inspirers of their poems in this anthology are not necessarily gay). * Unending Dialogue is another anthology. Great Britain. *How Can You Write a Poem... (1993) was the first British anthology and * Jugular Defences (1994), the second. Anthologies after 1983 should also be consulted (e.g., * Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time) as they may contain poems on Aids. Black antholgies. These have been a recent development in Great Britain and United States giving voice to a new *black gay consciousness. The first were * Voices Against the Wilderness (1983) compiled by *William L. Surrah and * Black Men/ White Men (1983), an anthology about black and white gays being together, but nevertheless containing a selection of black gay poets from *Langston Hughes on. See also *In the Life (1986), *The Road Before Us: 100 Black Gay Poets (1991), * Brother to Brother (1991), *Here to Dare: 10 Black Gay poets (1992) - all compiled in the United States; * Tongues Untied (1987) is a combined United States and British anthology which inspired a film by *Marlon Riggs. The anthology from Great Britain * Not Love Alone (1985) contained the black poet *Stephen Bourne. *Marcellus J. Muthien was in Take Any Train (1990). *Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time (1988) also includes many black poets. Gay Poetry Anthology Index is a list available on the *Internet compiled by Donny Smith; it includes anthologies in languages other than English. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, p. 350: a list of gay English anthologies (includes prose anthologies). Anthologies - European languages Gay poetry anthologies in European languages date from 460 B.C. and have been compiled in all languages and countries from Greek in Greece to Russian in Russia to English in the United Kingdom. Greek. The first European language anthology, the Greek * Theognidea, is believed compiled ca. 460 B.C. but has material possibly dating from 700 B.C. The *Renaissance saw translations into the various European languages of *Theognis (whose corpus may also be an anthology) and the * Anacreontea (now accepted as an anthology but formerly thought to be all the work of the poet *Anacreon). The first surviving modern anthology - consisting of poetry and prose - was the 1838 German anthology by *Heinrich Hössli. Two fine anthologies from the beginning of the twentieth century were the German *Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe in der Weltliteratur and the English anthologist *Edward Carpenter's Iolaus (1902), the first English anthology, later widely reprinted. Latin and to a lesser extent Greek were languages of learning until the twentieth century so anthologies in these languages, especially Latin, provided a source of homoanthologies to the educated persons of Europe (Latin was read by all educated persons in western Europe and by Catholics in eastern Europe). Anthologies have proliferated in the *gay liberation period since 1969. * L'amour bleu (1978), originating in French as *Beau petit ami (which work was translated into English and German as L'amour bleu) has been so far the most widely read of all European anthologies with the exception of * The Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse in English. *The Eternal Flame in English is the most wideranging homosexual anthology ever compiled. English has become the most widely spoken European language so anthologies in it are of special importance. For Catalan. Dutch. English. French. German. Italian. Latin. Portuguese. Russian. Spanish, see 'Anthologies - Catalan etc. So far Russian has had only one anthology * Eros Russe though an anthology has been assembled in English translation: *Out of the Blue. A recent anthology in Slovenian is *Drobci stekla v ustih. T ranslations of older anthologies from one European language to another constitute anthologies: for example, translations of the * Palatine Anthology and of the * Mousa Paidike - both of which have been copiously translated. Similarly with translations of homosexual anthologies from non-European languages (e.g., Arabic) into European languages - for instance, * In Praise of Boys (translated from Spanish to English; the Spanish text is itself a translation from Arabic) and * Partings at Dawn (a translation from works in Japanese to English). Gay poetry anthologies exist in French from 1977 and were compiled in France. French has a long tradition of erotic poetry anthologies dating from 1616 (see, for instance, in Pia, Les Livres de l'Enfer, vol. 1, columns 143-49, the works called Le Cabinet satyrique and Le Cabinet secret du Parnasse). Examination of some of these earlier erotic poetry anthologies held in the *Deane Erotica collection, University of Sydney, shows they are uniformly heterosexual though some may contain an occasional poem on homosexuality - usually dealing with *sodomy - or by a gay poet. For old erotic poetry anthologies with gay material see *Priapus, *Satyr. The first two anthologies were *Beau petit ami (1977) and *Les Amours masculines (1984): both these anthologies are historically centered, very fine works and among the best anthologies in *European languages. Pour tout l'amour des hommes (1998) is the latest anthology which is wide-ranging starting with reference to Gilgamesh and finishing with a selection of twentieth century poets. All these anthologies mix poetry with prose. * L'amour en... vers et contre tout consists of fifty-seven little known poets and was published in 1989. Continuing the earlier trend, a number of general anthologies of French erotic poetry were compiled from the mid-nineteenth century when homosexual poetry first openly appeared (initially dealing with lesbianism as in *Verlaine's volume Les Amies, 1868). *Georges Pillement has edited two general erotic poetry anthologies. *André Malraux compiled a work with some gay poets. See also Marcel Bealu, editor, La Poesie érotique de la langue française (1971; enlarged edition 1976). Translations of anthologies in other languages into French (e.g., the * Mousa Paidike) are also relevant. *Georges Hérelle published an anthology from Greek in 1930. See also *A. Dandini. Bibliographies. Pia, Les Livres de l'Enfer, vol. 2, columns 949-51, 999-1011 (especially a series called Le Parnasse satyrique); lists anthologies which are basically hererosexual but which may contain some gay poems. Anthologies of gay poems in German date from 1838 and were compiled in Germany and Switzerland. The first German anthology *Eros: Die Männerliebe der Griechen (1838) compiled by *Heinrich Hössli was the first modern gay anthology compiled in a *European language and the second German anthology * Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe in der Weltliteratur (1900) was the second. These two works are international in scope, including Arabic, Persian and Turkish poets, though Chinese and Japanese poets are neglected. Each issue of the journal * Blätter für die Kunst was a defacto anthology for the period covered (1892-1919), collecting as it did the work of the *Stefan George circle. *Die Beutung der Freundesliebe fur Fuhrer und Volker (1923) compiled by *Adolf Brand in the Weimar period was a concise anthology concentrating on love and friendship. The period from 1933 to *gay liberation in 1968 is particularly bleak due to the rise of the *Nazis and the Second World War. * Schwule Lyrik, schwule Prose (1977) and * Milchsilber (1979) are gay liberation anthologies produced in west *Berlin which has been a center of gay poetry publishing; both are strikingly illustrated and each has a strong *anarchist streak, as is the case of * Maldoror im blauen Mond (1980), a small anthology *chapbook published in Berlin by the publisher *Maldoror Flugschriften. * Schreibende Schwule (1978) was a prose and poetry compilation based on a gay writing group in Berlin. * Keine Zeit fur gute Freunde (1982), covering the pre-gay liberation decades contained a few poems and covers 1933 to 1959: the title means "no time for a good friend". *Enstellte Engel (Disfigured Angel; 1983) has been highly regarded. * Andere Lieben (1988), an anthology of mixed poetry and prose, is the most comprehensive recent anthology. * Die Stumme Sünde contains an anthology of medieval German poets. *"Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen" is a brilliant anthology of European poetry from ancient Greek to the contemporary period. *Ach Kerl ich krieg dich nicht aus meinem Kopf - Männerliebe in deutschen Gedichten unseres Jahrhunderts (1997) is the most comprehensive anthology of twentieth century poetry. Translations of anthologies originating in other languages into German constitute gay poetry anthologies in German, especially the ancient Greek anthologies such as the * Palatine Anthology and the * Mousa Paidike (see *Friedrich Forberg for Latin). L'amour bleu (1977), a translation of the French anthology * Beau Petit Ami, is in the great tradition of the first two German anthologies; it has remained in print continuously and remains the standard German gay anthology. Its fine illustrations of gay art and large size make it equally an art book. Anthologies - Greek Homosexual poetry anthologies in Greek from Greece date from ca. 460 B.C. Greek has the oldest surviving tradition of explicitly homosexual anthologies in the world in written form. Works come from Greece, Turkey and Egypt. Some written material may predate the appearance of homosexuality on Greek vases (about 490 B.C.) and some material has been dated as originating from 700 B.C.: see *Theognidea. The earliest anthology, Book II of *Theognis, is - in the majority view of scholars - an Athenian song book for singing in a homoerotic *symposium setting, compiled around 460 B.C. So too, is a group of songs containing two homosongs whose text survives in *Athenaeus. Book I of Theognis is a similar anthology but is homosexual only by implication. All Greek anthologies from Theognis to the * Mousa Paidike were song books for symposium settings. See entries: * Theognidea (700-460 B.C.), *Theognis (active 544 B.C.), *Athenaeus (active 200; material dating from ca. 450 B.C.), * Skolia, *Anacreontea (ca. 323B.C.-ca. 899), *Garland of Meleager (80 B.C.), *Garland of Philip (40 A.D.), *Mousa Paidike (117-38) itself Book 12 of the *Palatine Anthology, * Circle of Agathias (568), * Anthology of Constantine Cephalas (ca. 917), Palatine Anthology (ca. 980), *Planudean Anthology (1301). The Idylls of the *Hellenistic poet *Theocritus has claims to be an anthology as it includes forgeries or imitations. Most of the earlier anthologies were apparently assembled over hundreds of years and basically emerge from song traditions at symposiums: see the entry *songs. No anthologies exist from the *Byzantine period and during the Turkish occupation of Greece from the fifteenth to the nineteenth centuries no anthologies have come to light (if any existed - only oral poems from this period may be relevant). *Amerikanike homophylophile poiese (1982) an anthology of modern United States poets translated into modern Greek and Loose-Tongued Greeks (1983) is a collection of *bawdry with many oral homopoems (see the entry *Mary Koukoules) are two contemporary anthologies, though the latter is not specifically a homosexual anthology. Ancient Greek poetry anthologies mix homosexual and heterosexual poems frequently, as in the various works comprising the Palatine Anthology and the Anacreontea. From the first anthology (or possibly two anthologies) - in the Mutinensis manuscript of Theognis - to the Mousa Paidike, there were a series of homosexual anthologies in ancient Greek, proving a continuous gay culture; the passing on of this tradition in the Byzantine period shows continuing interest over 1,500 years. The general tenor of this poetry is joyous and funloving and it is apparent that succeeding anthologies relied on the previous ones. Before the Mousa Paidike the writers of the poems are unknown; or rather it seems, chose not to identify themselves (though see the Theognis entry on this point). The survival of the poems in manuscript in the Byzantine period, and - in the case of the Anacreontea - additions to the corpus of poems in the Byzantine period, refutes the notion that this period was uniformly hostile to homosexuality and that no homopoetry was written in it. The ancient Greek anthologies constitute the richest homosexual anthology tradition in European languages so far located before the *gay liberation period (when English comes into prominence). Translations of the above anthologies, of which there have been many, must also be considered as being anthologies: e.g., of Theognis, the Anacreontea, the Mousa Paidike and the Palatine Anthology. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 67: "Anthology". Criticism. Dover, Greek Homosexuality, 9-10, 14, 15. Anthologies - Islamic languages Homosexual poets are included in regular anthologies in *Islamic languages (Arabic, Persian, Turkish, Udru and other languages). Works survive from ca. 870 in Arabic and were composed in west and central Asia (Turkey, Iraq, Iran, India, Pakistan) and north Africa and Spain. Anthologies of homosexual poems in these languages are all similar in theme and subject matter (see *Influence - Arabic, - Persian, - Turkish). *Wine, the *cupbearer and the *coming of the beard are tropes which occur. See entries *Anthologies - Arabic, - Persian, - Turkish, - Urdu. Compare *Anthologies - European. A gay poetry anthology in Italian dates from 1982 and was compiled in Italy. *L'amicizia amorosa (1982), is the only gay Italian poetry anthology to date; *Piero Lorenzoni in 1976 published a collection of erotic works with significant gay content but this is not a gay anthology. French anthologies have been widely read in Italy. Translation of anthologies in other *European languages (for instance, the *Palatine Anthology) also constitute anthologies in Italian. Since Italian is modern Latin and Latin was read by all *scholars and officials in the *Catholic Church, Latin *anthologies are also relevant: it is from these Latin works that most Italian readers were familiar with gay poetry before the contemporary period. Anthologies of gay poems in Japanese compiled in Japan date from ca. 780. Material of relevance dates from the first Japanese anthologies of poetry: the * Manyoshu (ca. 780) and the imperial anthology the *Kokinshu, both of containing some gay poems. As with Chinese anthologies, homosexual poems are interspersed with heterosexual ones in classical anthologies and need identifying (including those capable of homosexual interpretation). *Indirect language complicates identification of gay poems. The only gay anthology so far, * Iwatsutsuji (Cliff Azaleas - the title is from a poem in the Kokinshu), dates from 1676. Two Chinese anthologies of relevance have been translated into Japanese: the * Shih ching and the *Yu-T'ai Hsin-Yung. Since all Japanese scholars read Chinese until recently and the Chinese material greatly infleunced the Japanese, *Anthologies - Chinese is relevant. The recent English language anthology From the Country of the Eight Islands (1981), translated by *Hiroaki Sato and Burton Watson ends with a selection from the homosexual poems of *Takahashi Mutsuo. Homosexuality has entered the mainstream, at least in translation. An anthology of Japanese gay poetry and prose in English is * Partings at Dawn (1996); this work has no Japanese counterpart however. Anthologies of Latin homosexual poetry relevance date from 525; they were composed in north Africa possibly in Tunisia or Algeria, Italy and west Europe. Though not an anthology exclusively of gay poems, the * Anthologia Latina (ca. 525) contained a selection of gay poems. The ancient collection of poems the *Priapeia - comprising material from 20 B.C. to 120, also has some homosexual connotations; this is not properly speaking a homosexual anthology. As Book I of *Theognis is an anthology, the first printed Latin anthologies were the Latin translations of *Theognis in the sixteenth century, beginning in 1543. Latin translations of the Greek * Anacreontea (from 1561) - which work contains many homopoems - constitute anthologies. *J. J. Reiske translated the Greek * Palatine Anthology into Latin (published 1752 and 1754) and thus constituting an anthology. In 1863 appeared a Latin translation of the * Mousa Paidike (Book 12 of the * Palatine Anthology) by *Deheque (see also the Latin *Dubner translation of the *Palatine Anthology of 1864-1890). All the preceding are, however, only de facto anthologies, being translations from the Greek. *Quinque illustrium poetarum (1791) is a collection of the works of five poets bound together, including three poets who wrote homopoems but is not, strictly speaking, an anthology; it contained the work of *Antonio Beccadelli, *Pacifico Massimo and *Ramusius. *F. K. Forberg included the texts of Latin sexual poems in his 1824 commentary on *Beccadelli making it a quasi anthology; it was not exclusively an anthology of homosexual poems since heterosexual poems were also included. John Boswell made the first actual anthology of Latin poets (from the middle ages) in 1981 at the end of * Christianity, Social Tolerance and Homosexuality though. The text of this work is in English, even though the poems are from Latin. Thomas Stehling's * Medieval Latin Poems of Male Love and Friendship (1984) is the first separate Latin anthology as such (but only covers the period 300 A.D. to 1300). *Gaio verso: poesia latina per l'altro amore(1982) is an anthology of *Roman poets. See also *Erotopaegnia, *Erotopaegnion, James Hutton. No comprehensive anthology of Latin homosexual and gay poems, which survive from the *Roman period to the twentieth century, exists. Although Forberg acts as a quasi-anthology for the *Roman period, there is no anthology for the period from the *Renaissance and, above all, there is no anthology covering the whole Latin heritage. Latin anthologies have been enormously influential since Latin was the language of *scholars and the *Catholic church in Europe and all over the world until the twentieth century. Homosexual poetry anthologies in Persian survive from ca. 1100; they appeared in Iran, Turkey, central Asia and India. As the entire Persian tradition is *pederastic, all anthologies in Persian of classical poets - the dominant style until 1945 (when modern poetry emerged) - must be considered. As an example, see the entry for the * A'in i Akbari anthology, ca. 1600, compiled in India under the Mughal Emperor Akbar, a work which consists entirely of homosexual love poems addressed to young males. The *saki or *cupbearer trope is specially relevant in Persian anthologies; indeed, there exists a genre called * Saqi-nama (Book of the Cupbearer) - of which forty-six at least are known - which may qualify in whole or part as gay anthologies. *Ehsan Yarshater refers in the reference below to an 18th century anthology by the poet 'Abd al-Nabi of Qazvin who compiled a whole tazkira or collection of notices devoted to the writers of saqi-namas (which he defines as collections of couplets in which the charms of the saqi as well as the delights of wine are described); this author has not been found in *Rypka, History of Iranian Literature (compare also the author mentioned in the article "Saqi-name" in Kindlers neues Literatur Lexikon; see also the Saqi-nama entry). The manuscript traditon of *Omar Khayyam (pseud.) constitutes a gay anthology tradition and the work itself is a Saqi-nama. Apart from being written in Persia (modern Iran), Persian poetry was also written in Turkey, in Central Asia, and in the Indian subcontinent following the Seljuk invasion of India and central Asia (see *Zuhuri). Persian literary traditions spread widely across these areas, so Persian poetic homoanthologies probably had wide currency (they were handed on by *scribes until the coming of the printing press in the nineteenth century). Persian poetry influenced Turkish, Arabic and Urdu poetry and in turn interacted with poetry in these languages: see also the anthology entries for these languages all of which are *Islamic languages. Translations of the aforementioned anthologies are also relevant. Criticism. *Ehsan Yarshater, "Persian Poetry in the Timurid and Safavid Periods", in Peter Jackson, editor, Cambridge History of Iran, volume 6, The Timurid and Safavid Periods, 1976, 975. Gay poetry anthologies in Portuguese date from 1969 and were compiled in Brazil and the United States. * Poemas do amor maldito (1969) is an historical gay poetry anthology compiled in Brazil of Brazilian poets; * Twenty-two Poemas Gays was published in Brazil in 1982. In English, * Now the Volcano (1978) is a poetry and prose anthology of contemporary *South American Portuguese and Spanish writers with Portuguese texts for the poets, compiled in the United States by *Winston Leyland. There is no anthology for gay poets from Portugal so far. Anthology in Russian from Russia. Ca. 1925. An anthology of Russian gay poetry was planned by a gay artistic circle called Antinoi' (Antinous) involving *Kuzmin and is recorded in his diary (information from the history of gay Russia on the *Internet by Dr. Dan Healey [pseudonym?]; reference: Mikhail Kuzmin i russkaya kul'tura XXreka: lektsiii materialy konferentsii 15-17 maia 1990g., ed. G. A. Morev, Leningrad: Sovet po istorii mirovoi kul'tury AN SSSR, 1990, p. 187 - this work is the papers of a conference on Kuzmin). The only Russian anthology is in English * Out of the Blue. Anthologies in Sanskrit from India. Anthologies of love poems exist in Sanskrit but no gay anthologies as such are known; these anthologies of love poems, compiled in India, date from 200 B.C. The *Upanishads (before 200 B.C.), one of the masterpieces of ancient Indian poetry, constitutes an anthology of *mystical poems. In anthologies of poems such as Vidyakara's Treasury (English translation by Daniel H. H. Ingalls, Cambridge, Mass., 1968, titled Anthology of Sanskrit Court Poetry) *hymns to *Krishna and *Siva as well as poems in the persona of Siva's consort Radha, written by men, are relevant; see also p. 57 of this work: a poem by Purusottama about a beautiful man. Vidyakara lived ca. 1075 and his collection covers the period 700 to 1050 with poems by many poets. Bhartrhari (possibly living ca. 650: see his entry Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, vol. 2) organized his three anthologies thematically and the first contains love poems (English translation by Barbara Stoler Miller, New York, 1967). The Sanskrit anthologies influenced similar Tamil love *anthologies (though their has been contention as to whether the Sanskrit or the Tamil anthologies are earlier). Both traditions have not yet been examined for homosexuality. Love poems written in the persona of a woman in the above anthologies need to be considered from a homosexual view. References. De Bary, Guide to Oriental Classics, 136-39. New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics, 589-90. Gay anthologies in Spanish date from 1979 and were compiled in Spain, the United States and Mexico. Only three Spanish gay anthologies exist. * Now the Volcano (1979) is a poetry and prose anthology of South American Spanish and Portuguese *gay liberation writers (with the Spanish and Portuguese texts for the poets as well as English translations); it was compiled in the United States by *Winston Leyland. *Poemes Gais (1978) is in Catalan and Spanish and covers *Iberian writers of the *gay liberation period; it was compiled in *Barcelona. * Primera antología de la poesia homosexual (1997) is the first Mexican gay poetry anthology. The anthology Lágrimas y cádenas: poesia y prosa feminista y del ambiente, bilingüe, espaol e inglés, edited by Celia de la Riva Rubio (Michoacán de Ocampo, Mexico: Colectivo Artístico Morelia, 1994) has feminist and homosexual poems and prose; not seen. Spanish translation of Arabic anthologies with a large amount of homopoetry must be considered (see, for instance, *Emilio Garcia Gomez) as well as Spanish translations of other anthologies (e.g., of the * Mousa Paidike and *Palatine Anthology). There is as yet no single historical Spanish anthology of Iberian or *South American writers. Announced for 1993 in * James White Review vol.10 No. 1, p. 2, was an anthology of English and Spanish poetry, The Other Garden but no record of this anthology has been located. Two recent general anthologies of erotic poetry have been compiled by Claudio Schvartz, Nueva antologia de amor and Antología de la poesia erotica (both published in *Buenos Aires before 1995); the second contains some gay poems showing a trend for gay poetry to be included in general anthologies. Anthologies of relevance in Turkish date from ca. 1600 and were compiled in Turkey and in countries of central Asia conquered by Turkey and where Turkish was spoken. All anthologies of *Ottoman *divan poets in Turkish are relevant; these are believed to date from at least 1600. The corpus of poems published under the name of *Yunus Emre is a defacto anthology. Translations of Turkish poetrv. All translations of Ottoman Turkish Divan poets are relevant and, because of the homosexual content of these anthologies, they are defacto anthologies; see, for instance, * Anthologie de l'amour turc (1905), a French translation of Turkish Ottoman poetry, translated by *Edmond Fazy and *Abdul-Halim Memdouch, and * The Penguin Book of Turkish Verse, in English. A French anthology Anthologie de l'amour asiatique (Paris: M de F, 1906; repr. 1907) compiled by Adolphe Thalasso contains some poems relating to Turkish which may be relevant(and also includes work from such languages as Cambodian); rare: a copy is in the Bibliothèque Nationale. *E. J. Gibb compiled the first English anthology in 1882 and another in 1901 ; his History of Ottoman Poetry contains large selections of poetry in translation. See New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics, p. 1314, for a list of English anthologies of Turkish poetry. Anthologies in Urdu of relevance were compiled in Pakistan and date from before 1972. All poetry anthologies in Urdu and translated from Urdu are relevant as the beloved is addressed in the male form in traditional poetry (see *gender switching, *Ralph Russell); anthologies as such have not been traced. Translations. English. See Ahmed Ali, The Golden Tradition (1973), with biographical notes and critical introduction (some poems relevant; see also Chapter 1 on the *gazelle trope). D. Matthews and C. Shackle, An Anthology of Classical Urdu Love Lyrics, 1972, with biographical notes and critical introduction is another such work (see, notably, p. 9). M. A. R. Barker and Shah Abdul Salam, Classical Urdu Poetry, 1977 (3 volumes, apparently in Urdu) is an anthology. Criticism. Rahman, "Boy love in the Urdu ghazal", Paidika vol. 2 no. 1 (1989), 14-15: tazkaras (anthologies with anecdotes and biographical notes) contain the work of minor poets dealing with homosex; poets in such anthologies mentioned. Anthology of Constantine Cephalas Anthology in Greek from Turkey. Compiled ca. 925. An anthology, now lost, dating probably from the late ninth or early tenth century, compiled by *Constantine Cephalas. It is the anthology on which the * Palatine Anthology is based. He used the collections of *Agathias Scholasticus, *Meleager, *Philip of Thessalonica and *Straton. The anthology of Cephalas is thus an important link between the earlier anthologies and the Palatine Anthology. Constantine Cephalas is known to have been in the Palace at *Istanbul in 917. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 67: "Anthology". Poet and anthologist from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1958. Born in *London, he was educated at University of Hull and Sterling where he took a Master of Philology in Modern Poetry. He compiled the anthology * Of Eros and Dust. The author of three books. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Take Any Train, 9-10; biog., 61. Language of water, 32; biog., 77. Of Eros and Dust, 24, 29, 35, 43-45 ("Wilde in the New Nineties" [fine poem about *Oscar Wilde returning from the dead in the 1990s]); biog., 85. Eros in Boystown, 55; biog., 59. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 77, 168. Anthropology is the study of the social organization and meaning of non-literate societies. It emerged as a serious area of study in relation to homosexuality from at least ca. 1885 (with *Richard Burton). Material is in English from Great Britain, Australia and other English speaking countries and in other *European languages as well as major written languages such as Chinese and Japanese. Though reference to foreign peoples goes back to ancient Greek and Chinese historians, the rise of anthropology, as the serious study of tribal peoples from the late nineteenth century, saw the investigation all over the world of sexual customs in non-literate societies. A huge anthropological literature has sprung up which has only been inadequately assessed for homosexuality and hardly at all for homosexuality in relation to poetry (most of which is still only recorded orally); as examples of poetry see *Cosmogonic Song and entries under *Sepik languages. An effect of this research has been to show how absurd were prohibitions against homosexuality in cultures prohibiting it and how relative the prohibitions were: cutures which severely stigmatized anal sex for instance such as English language speaking cultures sometimes dominated others where ritualized *anal sex was part of the cultures (for instance in relation to Papua New Guinea). *Ferdinand Karsh-Haack wrote the first detailed study of homosexuality from an anthropological point of view, in German. Das gleichgeschlechtliche Leben der Naturvölker (Same sex love amongst tribal peoples), which was published in 1911; this was an exhaustive and scholarly analysis of tribal societies worldwide which has still not been superceded in scope. On sexuality and anthropology see David Levinson, Encyclopedia of Cultural Anthropology, New York, 1994, volume 4, "Sexual Behavior", pp. 1161-68; see also "Sexual Orientation" pp. 1173-78. *Social constructionism, which emerged from sociology (which, as a scientific pursuit, split off from anthropology), has been strongly influenced by anthropology. Ellen Lewin and William L. Leap, Out in the Field, 1996, is a collection of essays by openly gay anthropologists mostly about the problems of conducting openly gay research in anthropology, including articles by *Stephen O. Murray, Will Roscoe and James Schafer (review: Journal of the History of Sexuality, vol. 8 no. 2, October 1997, 330-334). English. *Richard Burton's so-called "Terminal Essay" (1885) was the first survey in English of homosexuality and anthropology and includes reference to oral and written homosexual poems; see also *Andrew Lang, *Sir James Frazer, *Roger Goodland (who compiled a massive world-wide Bibliography of Sex Rites and Customs) and *Géza Roheim. The major cultural anthropologist Bronislav Malinowski wrote one of the rare sexual surveys of a tribal people (see *Songs and chants - Trobriand Islands language). The *Human Relations Area Files is a major resource in English, indexing several hundred cultures for homosexuality and giving references to homosexuality. *Gilbert Herdt has recently edited and written brilliantly on Papua New Guinean societies where homosexual rituals involving anal sex between men and boys have been discovered. German: see *Ferdinand Karsch-Haack, *Friedrich S. Krauss, *Gisela Bleibtreu-Ehrenberg, *Hubert Fichte. Spanish and Portuguese: relevant material on non literatre peoples goes back to the invasion of America and the conquest narratives. Homosexuality and poetrv. The anthropological literature has disclosed widespread homosexual practices frequently in relation to initiation ceremonies in tribal cultures (for example in Australia, Papua New Guinea and Africa) where elaborate *song cycles were performed. These ceremonies involved intense *male bonding (see 'Australian Aboriginal Languages, *African languages) with sometimes *anal sex being involved in the ceremonies - see *Papua New Guinea Languages. Most of the world's 6,000 languages have not been written down and a huge volume of oral poetry awaits assessment in languages from non-literate cultures. G. P. Murdoch in Outline of World Cultures, 6th revised edition, New Haven, 1983, lists some 10,000 living 'cultures (ancient cultures and those extinct are not included and since there are more cultures that 'languages of the world and 33,000 language names are known in excess of 33,000 cultures throughout history is possible; it should be noted that some of the known language names duplicate others so the list of known names would be less than 33,000 but at the same time it should be pointed out that the names of some spoken languages are not known and languages thought lost have been rediscovered: see *Dunhuang and Turfan). The entries *tribal languages and *oral poetry are relevant in locating sources of oral homopoetry. 'American Indian Languages and *South American Indian languages have hardly been examined (but see in Spanish *Alberto Cardin). Records for south America are in Spanish and, for Brazil, in Portuguese. Much of this material is disappearing as cultures become literate. Major museums of anthropology include those in universities in which it is taught (such as the Peabody Museum at *Harvard) and major public collections such as the British Museum, London, the Museum of Mankind, London, the Musée de l'homme in *Paris (especially for material in French'), the Smithsonian Museum in 'Washington, the American Museum of Natural History in *New York, the Field Museum in *Chicago and the Australian Museum in *Sydney, to give some examples. For Russian there are major museums in *St. Petersburg and Moscow; for records in Chinese there exists in *Beijing a center for tribal cultures and for material in Japanese there is an anthropology museum in Osaka. Anthropology is widely taught in universities and most universities in which it is taught have anthropology museums. Natural history museums in large cities (such as *New York, *Berlin, *St. Petersburg or *Sydney) usually have sections devoted to human cultures which need to be checked for *aural and *film material. See Robert V. Kemper, The history of anthropology: a research bibliography (New York, 1977). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics: see "Anthropology and Poetry". Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 64-67. Ullstein Enzyklopädie der Sexualität. Gay Histories and Cultures. Bibliographies. Goodland, Bibliography of Sex Rites: the whole book has relevant information; see especially under such terms as *sodomy in the index. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, items 253-524. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, pp.198-228. Pia, Les Livres de l'Enfer, vol. 1, columns 35-36: Fields of Anthropology... by a French Army Surgeon, 2 volumes, Paris: Librarie des Bibliophiles (states in the attached note that the publisher was *Charles Carrington). Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 229-44. Criticism. Journal of Homosexuality vol. 11 no. 3-4 (1985): special issue devoted to anthropology (see *Hijras); produced as a book titled The Many Faces of Homosexuality, edited by Evelyn Blackwood, 1985. Journal in German from Australia. 1904-1913. Anthropophyteia was the second western European journal of *folklore research (the first was *Kryptadia). Ten volumes in all were published in German, edited by *Friedrich Krauss, with material on south Slavic and Ukrainian peoples as well as western Germanic peoples. The Beiwerke were a series of books published in connection with the journal (see Legman, Horn Book, pp. 478-79) ceasing in 1931 with Friedrich Krauss and *Tamio Satow's study of sexuality in Japan. Important articles by *Hans Licht, *Numa Praetorius (pseud.) and others on homopoetry and homosexuality were published (e.g., in volumes 3, 8 and 9). Various issues of the journal were reviewed for homosexuality in the Jahrbuch e. g. volume 7 was reviewed in Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 12 (1911-12), 341-45, volume 8 in Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 13 (1913), 109-112. See also the Friedrich Krauss entry as he himself discussed homosexuality in the journal in an article. Rare. Copy used *Deane Erotica, Fisher library, University of Sydney. Bibliographies. Stern-Szana, Bibliotheca Curiosa et Erotica, 84-92: description of contents and Beiwerke though not complete for Beiwerke. Hayn, Gotendorf, Bibliotheca Germanorum Erotica, vol.1, 93: brief description; vol. 9, 12-17: a very thorough listing of the contents and the Beiwerke (to 1929 only) based on Stern-Szana. Apparently the lover of the *Roman emperor *Hadrian from Italy (who was also a Latin poet); later a trope of gay love in English, French and German. Antinous came from Turkey and lived ca. 110-130. He was probably from Bithynia, Turkey and surviving sculptures depict him as a somewhat plump youth. When Antinous died in mysterious circumstances, Hadrian had statues made of him and placed all over the empire. *Royston Lambert has written the outstanding study of the relationship, a book unlikely to be equalled and which has a brilliant bibliography. Hadrian may have written some poems to Antinous but none have survived. Many statues of him do survive: for a thorough survey, see Christoph W. Clairmont, Die Bildnisse des Antinous (The Portraits of Antinous), Rome, 1966, 62 pp., which includes thirty-eight pages of plates in addition to the text. Many European museums have some of these sculptures (e.g., the Glyptothek in *Munich). The modern cult of Antinous dates from *Winckelmann. As museum collections became more public and his place in Hadrian's affections became more widely known, Antinous became a popular subject for poetry and prose in European languages in the late nineteenth and earlier twentieth centuries; dramatic works were also written (e. g., the drama Antinous: a tragedy by Abbie Carter Goodloe, Philadelphia, 1895). The story of the love of Hadrian and Antinous has inspired several fine novels, notably in English by 'Marguerite Yourcenar. Relevant works are also discussed in the *Hadrian entry. As the archetypal beautiful man who became the lover of a Roman emperor, Antinous came to stand for the archetypal homosexual lover. Poems about him may go back to ancient Greek and Latin (see Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, p. 514). See the following entries. English: *J. A. Symonds (1878), *Charles Kains Jackson, *Hugh McCulloch, *Alan Seeger, *Fernando Pessoa, *Montague Summers, *Mark Doty. French: see * Akadémos, *Yourcenar. German: see *K. H. Ulrichs, *Paul Heyse, *Elisar von Kupffer, *Oscar Linke, 'Rilke, 'Eugen Standen; see also L. Dietrichson, Antinoos (Christiana, 1884), Adolf Hausrath, Antinous (Leipzig: Hirzel, 1886) - listed in Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, p. 62: the author's real name or pseudonym is Paul Taylor), Hugo Held, Die neue Antinous [no other details] (source: Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, p. 63). Russian: see *Mikhail Kuzmin, where Antinous is a constance motif, 'Anna Akhmatova; 'Perelshin uses it (see 'Out of the Blue, 190). See also 'Pancrates. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 71: see "Antinous (2)". Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 161-63. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 67-68. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 62, 63: see above for details. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, items 528 (citing Royston Lambert) and 1576 (citing Christoph W. Clairmont). Criticism. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, vol. 8 (1906), 567-82: 'Otto Kiefer (author), "Hadrian und Antinous" (a seminal article). Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 514: stating "Pancrates and Nicomedes composed poems to celebrate his qualities". Poet from Lebanon who wrote in Greek. Active 150 B.C. He has about seventy-five epigrams in the Palatine Anthology. *A. S. F. Gow and *D. L. Page in The Greek Anthology: Hellenistic Epigrams (Cambridge, UK, 1965), xv, state that one epigram "is dated with high probability to about 150 BC". He is usually stated to have come from Sidon in Lebanon. See also *homonyms. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 73: see "Antipater (3)". Gay Poetry Anthologies. Garland of Meleager. Garland of Philip. Palatine Anthology xii 97. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 47: called Antipater of Sidon. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 133. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 44. Criticism. Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 9 (1908), 228. Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. Active 5 B.C.-ca. 54. He has about fifty epigrams in the *Palatine Anthology. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 74. Garland of Meleager. Garland of Philip. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 134. Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. Active before 130 B.C. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 75: 2 entries. Der kleine Pauly, volume 1, 404-05: many entries. Pauly, Wissowa, Paulys Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft: there are 62 entries for this name. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Palatine Anthology xi 40. Criticism. Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 9 (1908), 228. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 478. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1946. He lives in Milwaukee with Jeff Poniewaz and lived in San Francisco from 1978 to ca. 1983. He tries to spend a month in the wilderness each fall and spring. Factory is a powerful *long poem about the awfulness of work in factories and the destructiveness of the consumer society. He is one of the first *green - i.e. environmental - poets of the contemporary period. See also *Steve Abbott. Books of poems: Factory, *San Francisco, City Lights, 1980; Last Poems, 1986 (a selection of poems 1967-83, essentially his collected works; reviews: James White Review vol.4 no. 2, Fall 1987, 16-17 by *George Klawitter and The Advocate no. 447, 27 May 1986, 61-62 by Steve Abbott). Antler: Manuscripts is his latest book of poems (review: James White Review vol. 12 no. 3, Fall 1995, 20-21). See also poems in Gay Sunshine no. 40-41 (Summer Fall 1979, p. 36): powerful poems about *boy love. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Son of the Male Muse, 19-21 (a strong poem about solitary *masturbation, somewhat narcissistic) with photo p.19; biog., 186. Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, 23-25 (same poem as in Son of the Male Muse ) with photo p. 23; biog., 23. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 622. Badboy Book, 15-32; biog., 383. Eros in Boystown, 47; biog., 59. A Day for a Lay, 173-79; biog., 173. Poet from Russia who wrote in Russian. Born 1896. A *St Petersburg theater director active as a poet from 1921. He later wrote poetry inspired by 'Communism. Stated to have been the lover of actor-director Yury Zavadsky in 1916 (source: memoirs of 'Marina Tsvetaeva cited in an unpublished article by 'Simon Karlinsky). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Terras, Handbook of Russian Literature. Poet from Indonesia who wrote in Bahasa Indonesia. 1922-1949. Chairil Anwar is the most famous Indonesian poet of the Second World War and early independence period. He lived a bohemian life in Djakarta. See the poem "Taman" (Garden) in The Complete Poetry and Prose, edited and translated by Burton Raffel, 1970, pp. 24-25: possible homosexual interpretation; see also "Dimesdjid" (At the Mosque), pp. 50-51, with *Sufi undertones (a homosexual interpretation is possible). He wrote heterosexual poems. *Paul Knobel has written a poem based on one of his. Poet from Iran who wrote in Persian. Ca. 1126-ca.1167. His name is sometimes spelt Anvari. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition: "Anwari". Criticism. Rypka, History of Iranian Literature, 197-99: writer of *mystical verse to the *Beloved; he also wrote satires and libellous verses. Poet from Ghana writing in English. Active 1978. Criticism. Woods, History of Gay Literature, 304: re his poem about old homosexuals in A Harvest of Our Dreams, 1984. Aphrodisiacs are natural or chemical stimulants used to enhance love making. Poems survive in English and Latin from before 1852. English. See '"Let a friar of some order tecum pernoctare", 'Alan Hull Walton. English and Latin. 'Norman Douglas wrote a celebrated book on the subject, Paneros: Some Words of Aprhrodisiacs and the Like (1931); the first word in the title is this book is a joining of the two words *Pan and *Eros. References. Ellis, Encyclopaedia of Sexual Behavior. Ullstein Enzyklopädie der Sexualität:. Apollinaire, Guillaume (pseud.) Pseudonym of a poet, bibliographer and critic from France who wrote in French. 1880-1918. The most famous French poet of the generation before World War I who became a leading defender of *modernism following publication of his volume Alcools (1913). Apollinaire was a pseudonym but he is still generally known by this name. His real name was Wilhelm Apollinaris de Kostrowitski and his mother was Polish, his father Swiss. Sexually, he seems enormously complex and whether he had *bisexual tendencies needs investigating: see John Richardson, A Life of Picasso: 1907-1917, volume 2 (1996), pp. 3-4 and the index, for a recent view of his life. Apollinaire freed verse of punctuation and wrote *concrete poetry. He was an ancestor of *Surrealism and coined the word in 1918. His play Les Mamelles de *Tiresias (1917) was a surrealist play and he wrote stories with homosexual overtones: "La Rencontre au circle mixte" and "Le Giton" (named after a character in *Petronius) - see Roger Little, Guillaume Apollinaire, 1976, pp. 76-77. He was also the author, with *Fernand Fleuret and *Louis Perceau, of the first catalog of the *Enfer, the collection of erotica of the *Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris; many of the more erudite comments are his. The full title of this work is L'Enfer de la Bibliothèque Nationale (Paris, 1913). He also wrote an erotic novel Les Onze Mille Verges (The eleven thousand virgins). See Forum no. 7 (1989), 97-99 for his critical article "Walt Whitmans Leichenbegangnis" (article on *Whitman trans. into German). Apollinaire has been a very influential poet, especially in his abandonment of punctuation, as far away as Hungary and Australia. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amour bleu, 223-24: prose. Les Amours masculines, 334-35: the first two stanzas of "La Chanson du mal-aimé". Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 436: from "Song of the Ill-loved" (about an English street urchin). Hallam, Book of Sodom: story "The Sodomite's Minion". Pour tout l'amour des hommes, 189: poem "La Chanson du mal-aimé". Criticism. James White Review, vol. 9 no. 1: review of his 1907 novel Les Onze Mille Verges. Figure from myth and trope in poetry in Greek and English dating from ca. 700 B.C in Greek. Apollo was the god of light in ancient Greece and is usually depicted in art as a naked or partly robed young man (never bearded) with a bow or lyre; for the artistic iconography see Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae, volume 2, Part 1, 183-464 and the plates in volume 2, Part 2 (this entry is one of the longest in Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae). Apollo, usually depicted as a naked young man, appears extensively in European sculpture and painting in the eighteenth century and also in painting in the art movement called *Neoclassicism. He appears in Greek poetry from 'Homer on (in The *lliad he supports the Trojans). He had many loves, both male and female. His two main homosexual loves were *Hyacinthus and *Cyparissus. There were many temples to him in ancient Greece, the main one being at *Delphi, with another important one at *Olympia. His earliest adventure was the killing of Python, a formidable dragon that guarded *Delphi, so he is linked with the myth of the foundation of Delphi and opposition to evil. *Prayers and *hymns to him were composed by men and uttered or sung by men. See also 'Praxilla, 'Werner Krenkel, 'Christine Downing. In English see 'Arthur Golding, *H. King, * Century Guild, *Alfred Douglas, *Patrick Anderson, *Stephen Gray, *Brian Hill, *Mark O'Connor. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Dictionnaire Gay. Other. Graves, Greek Myths. Oxford Classical Dictionary. Buffiere, Eros adolescent, 359-63. Sergent, Homosexuality in Greek Myth, 79-136. Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. 295 B.C.-ca. 215 B.C. The story of Hercules and Hylas, which appears in Apollonius's epic The Argonautica, concerns the abduction of Hylas (see *Iolaus), the companion of Hercules, by a nymph. In Apollonius Rhodius the story centers on close *male bonding between Hylas and Hercules, not physical homosexuality. The most important of the Alexandrian epic writers, Apollonius Rhodius was a pupil of *Callimachus, with whom he had a celebrated dispute concerning whether it was better to write *long poems and traditional epics or short poems (Apollonius supported long poems); he retired to *Rhodes because of the dispute. He was librarian at the celebrated library in Alexandria, the largest in the ancient world, in which manuscripts (such as those of *Homer) were edited as well as collected. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 83-4: see "Apollonius (1)". Criticism. Brandt, Sittengeschichte griechenlands, volume 2, 180. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 464-65: citing the story of the love of *Hercules and *Hylas in his *epic The Argonautica. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, item 506: re *H. Fuchs, Die Hylas geschichte bei Apollonius Rhodios und Theocrit, Wirzburg, 1969, 85 pages (thesis on the *Hylas trope in his work). Courouve, Ces petits grecs, 7: citing The Argonautica i:1187-357 (Hercules and Hylas), and iii:115-31 (*Zeus and *Ganymede; also *Eros). Apostles, sometimes called Cambridge Apostles Group from Great Britain in existence from 1820, whose native language was English. See Oxford Companion to English Literature. where it is called "an exclusive intellectual society". Officially it was called The Cambridge Conversazione Society. The Apostles was a secret all-male society in *Cambridge University. Many gay literary males and some poets were members including *A. H. Hallam, *Alfred Tennyson, *William Cory Johnson, *Oscar Browning, *Rupert Brooke, *Lytton Strachey; see also *E. M. Forster, *Wittgenstein. The title of the group recalls the twelve apostles of Jesus Christ (see *Disciple); it may be a satirical reference to them. Lytton Strachey believed the society had a homosexual history: see Michael Holroyd, Lytton Strachey: The New Biography (1994), pp. 86, 76-82. Certainly in Strachey's period of involvement, in the first third of the twentieth century, there was a strong homosexual contingent of members which Strachey, a key member, actively promoted. The exact extent of homosexuality in the society is unknown. See Peter Allen, The Cambridge Apostles, 1978, and W. C. Lubenow, The Cambridge Apostles 1820-1914: Liberalism, Imagination and Friendship in British Intellectual and Professional Life, 1999. Poet from Russia who wrote in Russian. 1841-1893. As a poet his poems concern ideal love and ideal beauty. An engraving of the poet is on p. 14 of the anthology of Russian gay literature *Out of the Blue. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Terras, Handbook of Russian Literature. *Simon Karlinsky, "Russia's Gay Literature and History", Gay Sunshine, 29-30 (Summer/ Fall 1976), 2: a lover of the gay composer Tchaikovsky who set his poems to music. Philosopher from Italy who wrote in Latin. Ca. 1224-1274. The major theologian of the 'Catholic church, he was a Dominican friar from Italy who taught at the 'University of Paris and whose theology condemned homosexuality: see his Summa theologiae 2.2.154.11-12. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 71-72. Dictionnaire Gay. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Arabian Nights, also called The Thousand and one nights, in Arabic, Alf layla wa layla Prose work in Arabic from Egypt with poems contained in the text and thus a *prosimetrum. Stories in it date from 1100 in its present form. The most famous prose work in Arabic, The Arabian Nights is a series of stories told over one thousand and one nights, incorporating poetry - including some poems referring to homosexuality (notably by *Abu Nuwas) - in the text. It is called in Arabic the Alf layla wa layla (Thousand and One Nights). It dates from 1100 in its present form though material in it is certainly earlier; stories come from all over west Asia and some stories are also known in India. It was first printed in Egypt at the state printing office in Bulak in 1835. There are sufficient homopoems in the text for an anthology of homopoems to be constituted within it; however, no full list of these gay poems has yet been compiled. The Calcutta edition contains about 1,250 poems composed from about 800 onwards. *Anthony Reid in *The Eternal Flame (see reference below) has anonymous poems from the Burton translation from nights 21, 132, 177, 184, 216, 254, 255, 311, 378, 381, 421, 424, 868, 871, 965 and by Abu Nuwas from nights 200, 381, 382, 420. Homosexual poems from the work have been collected in English in Gay Tales and Verse from the Arabian Nights, edited by Henry M. Christman (Austin, 1989), using the Powys Mathers translation - see pp. 29, 30, 49, 50, 59-60, 67-68 (poems about the hammam, the Islamic *bathhouse) and especially "Poems of Love Sought" pp. 81-98 and "Song of My Zabb" p. 100. *Allen Edwardes and *Richard Burton also have compilations of homopoems in English and *Numa Praetorius (pseud.) compiled a list of these poems in German in 1910 (based on the translation of J. C. Mardrus). The Arabian Nights is quite a salacious work and openly erotic. See the story "The man's dispute with the learned woman" (concerning the relative excellence of male and female) regarding the *debate on love in Arabic between homosexual and heterosexual love; this quotes poems by Abu Nuwas, *Abu Tammam and others (Burton translation, 1885, volume 5, pp. 154-163). An article in Pan no. 12 (July 1982), pp. 32-34, quotes an anonymous homopoem on p. 33. In George Allgrove, Liebe im Orient (Love in the East), 1963, see Chapter 10 on male homosexuality in The Thousand and One Nights and Chapter 11, on the role of homosexuality in East and West (source: Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, p. 37). On the Iranian element in the work see Rypka, History of Iranian Literature, pp. 663-6 9; he claims, p. 663, "The core.. is.. undoubtedly Iranian." Translation. Translators are listed in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, and Dictionary of Oriental Literatures in the entries titled Alf layla wa layla. Censorship has occurred in translation. Czech: F. Tauer (1928-55); Danish: J. L. Rasmussen (1824), I. Oestrup (1927-28); English: E. W. Lane (1838-41; censored), J. Payne (1882), 'Richard Burton (1885; reprinted; titled The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night in the most common reprintings, called the Burton Club edition which edition is undates), E. Powys Mathers (1923); French: Antoine Galland (1704-17), J. C. Madrus (1899-1906), 'René Khawam; German: 'Von Hammer (1823), G. Weil (1837-41), M Henning (1895-99; censored), E. Littmann (1921-28); Italian: *G. Gabrieli and others (1948-49); Persian: a counterpart of the work exists called Thousand and One Days (see the discussion in Rypka, History of Iranian Literature, pp. 666-68; there is a French translation of this work titled Mille et un jours by Pétits de la Croix published in 1710); Polish: incomplete - see Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition; Russian: M. A. Sa'le (1929-36); Spanish: V. Blasco Ibanez. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition: see "Alf layla wa-laila" (Thousand and one nights). Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition: "Alf layla wa layla" (a brilliant introduction to the problems of the text). Dictionary of Oriental Literatures. Encyclopædia Iranica. Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Arabian Nights". Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 87: cites the tales "Geschichte des Dritten Kalenders" and "Geschichte des Prinzen Kamr" and has a cross reference to *G. Allgrove. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 24, 90-92: poems trans. into German by *Elisar von Kupffer and *G. Weil. Men and Boys, 21 : poems trans. by *Richard Burton. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 296-98: poems by Anonymous Arabic poets and *Abu Nuwas from *Richard Burton's translation (see above for the nights referred to). Criticism. Mayne, The Intersexes, 293-94. *Pan, no. 12, 32-34: "Some Boy-love Stories from 'The Arabian Nights" by Bill Allen (includes poems). Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance and Homosexuality, 256-57. De Bary, Guide to Oriental Classics, 32-36: critical works on the Arabian Nights. Aragon, Louis Poet from France who wrote in French. 1B97-19B2. Les amours masculines states in the biographical note (see reference below) he abandoned *surrealism for *Communism and, after his wife's death in 1970, the poet - unstated - who was his friend became his companion. He is famous for love poems to his wife. He composed a huge oeuvre of poems and an "Ode to Stalin" in 1956 (just as Stalin was being revealed for his monstrous cruelty). His Communism has resulted in his literary reputation being controversial (compare *Yannis Ritsos). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Penguin Companion to World Literature. Contemporary Authors New Revision Series, volume 28. Dictionnaire Gay. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Les Amours masculines, 38185: extracts from "Voyage d'Italie" and "Theatre Roman"; biog. note, 382. Drobci stekla v ustih, 49-50. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 446: trans. from "Italian Journey" into English. Pour tout l'amour des hommes, 222: "Voyage d'Italie". Critic from Greece who writes in Greek. Active from 1979. Author of a book of essays in Greek discussing homosexual writers, To symplegma tou Kain (The Mark of Cain], Athens, 1980; see the note on the first publication of the articles (which were published in journals prior to book publication), p. 267. This includes an essay on *Ritsos which is a homosexual reading of his work - though in a negative way: he states there are a number of images in his poetry, e.g. of transvestism, which a homosexual would confess to his analyst; there are also essays on *Cavafy, *Gombrowicz and *Embirikos. He wrote the prologue to a collection of Cavafy's erotic poems, Erotika poiemata (Athens, 1983), 126 pp. (rare: a copy is in the *Library of Congress). His name is also spelt Aranitsis. Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. Ca. 315 B.C.-ca. 239 B.C. He left only one epigram. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 92 see "Aratus (1)". Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10438: cites *Musa Puerilis, London: Heinemann, 1918, Book 12, poem 120. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Garland of Meleager. Palatine Anthology xii 129. Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung" Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 9 (1908), 271. Buffiere, Eros adolescent, 298-99: called Aratos de Soles. Novelist from Italy writing in Italian. Born 1930. Famous as a novelist, his novel, translated into English as The Lost Boy by Bernard Wall (London, 1964), includes quotations from poems. Bibliographies. Leggere omosessuale, item 238 re his novel L'anonimo Lombardo, Torino, 1973. Translator from Arabic and Persian into English from Great Britain. 1905-1969. A. J. Arberry was perhaps the most famous translator of Arabic and Persian poetry into English of the first half of the twentieth century. However, his work sheds little light on homosexuality in Persian and Arabic, possibly due to the climate of *censorship in Great Britain at the time. He was the foremost expert in Great Britain on Arabic poetry of his time and was Professor of Arabic at *Cambridge University. Arabic. He translated * Moorish Poetry and ibn Hazm. Persian. The author of Fifty Poems of *Hafiz, Cambridge, UK, 1947 (text and translation), Immortal Rose: an Anthology of Persian Lyrics, 1948, and The Ruba'iyat of *Rumi, 1949 (a verse translation of the poet). The Legacy of Persia (1953), was compiled by him. The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam and Other Persian Poems (1954), is an historical anthology of translations of Persian poems from ca.1770; he also wrote The Romance of the Rubaiyat, (1959). He translated *Rumi (1968-69) and wrote Discourses of Rumi (1961); he also wrote *Sufism, 1950 - in this work see Chapter Ten, "The Persian Poets", pp. 106-118 (incorporated in this Encyclopedia; many poets are homoerotic). He is also the author of Classical Persian Literature (London, 1958), a survey to the sixteenth century which is, overall, dull; bibliography, p. 451. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography. Encyclopedia Iranica. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 132-38: trans. of Arabic poets from *Moorish Poetry. Criticism. *Norman Roth, " 'Deal Gently with the Young Man': Love of Boys in Medieval Hebrew Poetry of Spain", Speculum 57 (1982), 28: notes his * Moorish Poetry is abridged and bowdlerized from the original. Journal in French from France. 1954-1982. The first French gay journal to reach a wide readership in France, Arcadie also had wide circulation in Italy, Greece, and Portugal where French was read and male homosexuality was legal. It was known in Spain to a lesser extent (Spain was a under a dictatorship for most of this period). Issue 344 was the last issue. It was the most important gay journal in the *Romance languages from 1954 to 1982 and was founded by André Baudry and *Roger Peyrefitte. (On Baudry, born 1915, see his entry in Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History). Arcadie was also the name of a gay club on the outskirts of Paris (after the advent of *gay liberation in 1969, the club was regarded as being old fashioned.) Jean Cocteau famously wrote the opening piece in the first issue. Serious articles covering literature and science were published, including literary criticism and book reviews. The journal published one or two poems each issue, and there were bibliographies of new gay works in approximately every second issue in earlier issues. *Marc Daniel (pseud.) contributed many articles for it as did *Edouard Roditi (using pseudonyms). See *Historical and social background - French with reference to Jacques Girard and the history of the Arcadie group. Very rare: no copy is in any United States public library but a copy is at *One Institute, Los Angeles, and a complete set is in the Bibliothèque Nationale Paris. *Cornell, the University of Michigan, and a couple of other libraries in the United States have some issues; the author of this Encyclopedia also owns 179 issues. Note: the United States Union List of Serials, 1965, states that the Library of Congress copy - apparently sent free by the journal - was "discarded". Italian. From ca. 1959, issue 66, see articles by Franco Cerutti on contemporary Italian letters and Maurizio Bellotti on new writers. Very little poetry is discussed. Greek. From ca. 1962 to ca.1965 articles by Demis (pseud.) discuss gay issues in Greece. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionnaire Gay. Archaic period in Greek poetry Period in ancient Greek relating to poetry written in Greece and Turkey. Ca. 700 B.C.-ca. 500 B.C. The period from 700 B.C to ca. 500 B.C. in Greek culture is called by art scholars the archaic period because the Greek sculpture of the period is considered unrefined in contrast to that of the fifth century B.C., where black and red figure vase painting have attracted much critical attention - see John Beazley. Despite this, poetry of the Archaic Period was very sophisticated, though much has been *lost (e.g., the work of *Alcaeus of Mitylene) and many works survive in *fragments only. *Theognis is the first major known homopoet whose works survive in any quantity. *Homer is the major poet whose Iliad contains in the relationship of *Achilles and Patroclus what many have seen as a homosexual relationship. What poetry survives indicates that a significant body of homosexual poetry once existed in Greek of this period. Practically all the major themes and issues of ancient Greek homosexual poetry emerged in this period as well as the first *anthologies. See Hermann Frankel, Early Greek Poetry and Philosophy, New York and London, 1973 (trans. of the German edition of 1962), a brilliant work on the poets of this period. See entries for *Achilles and Patroclus, *Aeschylus, *Alcman, *Anacreon, *Alcaeus of Mytilene, *Alcaics, *Apollo, *Archilochus, *Athens, *Bathyllus, *Bisexuality, *Chios, *Cleobulus, *Delphi, *Dionysus, *Elegaic, *Epic, *Epigram, *Epitaph, *Ethnic, *Forgery, *Friendship, *Ganymede, *Hesiod, *Homer, *Homonyms, *"Hymn to Aphrodite", *Hymns, iambic, *Ibycus, * Iliad, *Istanbul, *Kurnus, *Laius, *Lesbos, *Lesches, *Lost Works, *Lovers, *Lycus, *Mimnermus, *Mythology, *Ode, *Olympia, *Phokylides, *Pindar, *Sapphics, *Semonides, *Simonides, *Singers, *Smerdies, *Smyrna, *Solon, *Sparta, *Stesichorus, *Stobaeus, *Teos, *Thebes, *Theognis, *Theognidea, *Tyrtaeus, *Zeus. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active before 1983. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 223: translation into English, with *Ronald Grant, of the poem "Spring", about lesbianism, by the French poet *Verlaine. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1987. One of three authors of the *chapbook Carnal Ignorance, London: *Oscars Press, 1987 (with *David Melville and *Timothy Gallagher) - see his poems on pp. 19-33; biog., p. 19: states he has been a teacher in south London for thirteen years. Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. Active in the period 700-650 B.C. Only fragments of this poet survive and the uncertain nature of the text means that no firm conclusion can be drawn about him in relation to homosexuality either in his poetry or life. He was a *lyric poet. Translations. English. *Guy Davenport (1964; an edition with some fine homoerotic black and white illustrations of youths by an unknown artist, possibly the translator). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 38: Gedichte in Fragmenten ("Poems in fragments"; no other details given). Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 107: The Fragments of Archilochus, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1964, trans. by Guy Davenport. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Garland of Meleager. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 20. Criticism. Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 8 (1906), 636. Brandt, Sittengeschichte griechenlands, volume 2, 185. Brandt, Sittengeschichte Griechenlands, volume 3, 235. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 469: re one fragment (fragment 85) about *boy love (but see below). Frankel, Early Greek Poetry, 132-51: discussed as being heterosexual. Dover, Greek Homosexuality, 195: notes the absence ("so far") of homosexuality in fragments discovered. Buffiere, Eros adolescent, 239-42. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 496: "In fragment 85 he concedes to a male that 'desire that loosens our limbs overpowers me'" (this line is ambiguous but could be homosexual in implication). Archive in Canada with works in French and English. It was established in 1983. Situated in *Montreal this is the largest gay archive of French material in North America. Over five hundred journals are held. Being in Canada, English material is presumably held also. References. Directory of the International Association of Lesbian and Gay Archives and Libraries, 9-12. Archives with gay material Archives are places in which public records and historical documents are kept. Normally such documents have not been published in book form. Gay archives of material in English, Dutch, Danish, German, French, Italian, Spanish, Russian and other languages now exist and date from 1900. Such archives are especially important for rare gay *journals. *Magnus Hirschfeld formed the first gay archive as such in his Institute for Sexual Knowledge (in German, Institut für sexuelle Wissenschaft) in Berlin. Material was of a general sexual nature but, despite this, the founder's homosexuality meant a large quantity of material was gay; this archive dated from 1900 and included literature. It was destroyed by the *Nazi regime in 1933. *Alfred Kinsey formed a library and archive at the Kinsey Institute after 1945; it includes much literature. There is now an extensive movement of gay archives in Europe (in Germany, the Netherlands, Denmark, Italy, Spain, Great Britain and Russia), in the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa and, in south America, in Argentina; some of these archives are combined with libraries and contain large libraries of gay books. They date from the early 1970s though some go back to ca. 1950. English. The first contemporary gay archive was the New York 'Homosexual Information Center dating from the early 1950s, now in the *New York Public Library. New York Public Library also holds material on *Afro-Americans. The *Gerber Hart library in Chicago is the largest gay library and archive in the midwest of the United States. The *Quatrefoil Library in St Paul, Minnesota, is an excellent library with some archival material. The *Labadie Collection of Protest Literature in the Harland Hatcher Graduate Library, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, also has an old and significant gay collection. *One/ IGLA combines two major archives and is situated in *Los Angeles. In *San Francisco the institute for Advanced Study of Human Sexuality has a large archive and there is also the *San Francisco Bay Area Gay and Lesbian Historical Society and *San Francisco Public Library has major gay collections. The *Hall Carpenter Archives is the major gay archives in Great Britain and is housed in the London School of Economics at the University of *London. *Cornell University has a sexual collection, including much gay material. The *Humanities Research Center in Austin, Texas, has gay literary material. The *Canadian Gay Archives has major gay journal holdings, the largest holdings in the world, and a list of all journals known to it which can be seen on the internet. The *Australian Lesbian and Gay Archives is in *Melbourne. In New Zealand the *Lesbian and Gay Archives of New Zealand (LAGANZ) are housed in the national library in *Wellington. There is a gay archives in South Africa, *Gay and Lesbian Archives of South Africa, in the William Cullen Library, East Campus, University of Witwatersrand, Braamfontein, Johannesburg. French material is held in Canada in the 'Archives gaies du Québec. Major archives in Europe include 'Homodok in the Netherlands, excellent for Dutch material but also with material in other 'European languages. 'Forbundet af 48 in Copenhagen is excellent for Danish and for German there is the 'Buchverleih "Andersrum", formerly Magnus Hirschfeld Centrum Library in Hamburg, the *Schwule Museum in *Berlin, a major gay archive, library and museum which has mounted exhibitions many of which have resulted in books (e.g., * Eldorado) and *Schwules Archiv in Frankfurt. The *Bilder-lexikon was compiled from material in the sex research institute in 'Vienna destroyed by the Nazis. For Italian material see *Fondazione Sandro Penna (in *Turin), and *Massimo Consoli's Gay International Archives in Rome. *Milan has a gay archive and 'Bologna an excellent one which is open in the evenings. Spanish and Catalan: see 'Institut Lambda. Spanish and Basoue: see *Tzoko Landan. In south America a private gay archives open to the public in Argentina is owned by Marcelo Ferreyra, *Buenos Aires. Russian. A gay archives has been formed in Russia in 'Moscow. All these archives hold valuable and rare books, gay 'journals (which are almost invariably not in general libraries except for the best known ones) and manuscripts. Swedish. The gay and lesbian foundation of Sweden's archive is now at the Riksarchivet (State Archive) in Stockholm. *Sex Research Institutes will usually contain gay literary material. See also *Libraries and archives for particular languages since public archives have yielded rare gay material (e.g., by *Théophile de Viau). Even town archives may contain material of value (see *Capri, *Georges Hérelle). The *Vatican archives are some of the oldest in Europe dating from at least 1000 A.D. with material mainly in Latin: little gay research has been done there. Material in general archives exists in most written languages and such material is valuable especially for legal cases. Material of importance may be in ethnic collections (e.g., for Australian Aboriginal Tribes see *Overview - Australian Aboriginal Languages for possible sources). A list of terms for librarians to describe entries relating to homosexuality and gayness. It is being compiled by librarians in California from ca. 1985 and is believed to number over two thousand terms; a copy is in the library of *One Inc., Los Angeles, and also in the *Canadian Gay Archives which has published it as A Thesaurus of Gay Terminology for the Canadian Gay Archives (by Robert Trow). (Compare Sexual Nomenclature: A Thesaurus, 1976, published by the *Kinsey Institute, which is the Kinsey Library's method of classifying sexual books.) Gay archives can be checked on the internet. A list of gay archives is in Cal Gough, editor, Gay and Lesbian Library Service (London, 1990), pp. 307-11. All the above archives hold valuable and rare books, gay *journals (which are seldom in general libraries except for the best known titles) and manuscripts. References. Directory of the International Association of Lesbian and Gay Archives and Libraries : the whole book is relevant. Verzeichnis der Schwulen und Schwul-lesbischen Bibliotheken : list of German language archives. Poet from Cuba who wrote in Spanish; he later lived in the United States and is best known as a novelist. 1943-1990. A gay Cuban novelist who was persecuted and imprisoned by Castro. He escaped to Florida in the United States. He died in exile in 'New York after contracting 'Aids. He is the author of the brilliant autobiography, Before Night Falls: A Memoir (1993), which contains much information on gay life and writers in Cuba (e.g., 'José Lezama Lima) and is one of the finest gay literary autobiographies (review: James White Review, vol. 11 no 4, summer 1994, 15-16); this was made into a film released in 2001. He wrote some poems. A poem by him appears in the Venezuelan gay journal Entendido vol.1 no. 2 (August 1980), p. 11. His long poem El Central (Barcelona, 1981; trans. into English as El Central: A Cuban Sugar Mill, New York, 1981) is about working in a sugar cane mill in Cuba. After his escape to the United States in 1980, poems were published in the United States. He commited suicide in 1990 leaving a note ending "Cuba will be free, I already am". "Autopitafio" (Self epitaph), one of his final poems, is thoroughly homoerotic - about his ashes being thrown into the sea, it finishes by imaging a young man diving into the sea where they are. A film has been made on his life. Criticism. Francisco Soto, Reinaldo Arenas, New York, 1998. See also Dolores M. Koch, "Reinaldo Arenas" in Carlos A. Solé, editor, Latin American Writers, 3 volumes, New York, 1989, volume 3, pp. 1451-56 (with bibliography, pp. 1455-56). See D. W. Foster, Gay and Lesbian Themes in Latin American Literature, 1991, pp. 66-91, on his fiction and "Reinaldo Arenas's Literary Heritage" in Christopher Street no. 156 (May 1991), 12-16 (despite its title, this deals only with two stories). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors, vol. 128. Contemporary Authors, vol. 133 (obituary). Dictionary of Literary Biography, vol. 145. Encyclopedia of World Literature in the 20th Century: Supplement. Flores, Spanish American Authors. Foster, Latin American Writers on Gay and Lesbian Themes. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage, 58-59. Dictionnaire Gay. Encyclopedia of Latin American Literature. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Poet and letter writer from Italy who wrote in Italian. 1492-1556. Aretino was an Italian *pornographer whose sexual interests were basically heterosexual but who appears to have been *bisexual; he seems to have treated homosexuality with amused condescension. It figures prominently in his play Il marescalco (1533) in which a man is overjoyed to discover a woman he has been forced to marry is really a page boy in disguise. He wrote erotic *sonnets - famously illustrated by Marcantonio Raimondi - and left copious letters; for homoerotic letters to Federico Gonzaga see My Dear Boy: Gay Love Letters through the Centuries, pp. 54-56. After 1526 he was resident in *Venice. His former secretary *Nicolo Franco turned against him and wrote poems attacking him. Aretino is most famous for his Dialogues (1534), in which heterosexual courtesans converse (they are modelled on *Plato). The Italian gay poet *Mario Stefani wrote a thesis on his letters. Translation. English: a translation of nineteen sonnets said to be works of Aretino, many with homosexual reference and attributed to *Oscar Wilde (but almost certainly by someone else), was published with the imprint Privately Printed, Paris, 1923 (rare; copy sighted: 'Deane Erotica, University of Sydney Library). French. See Bibliographies below. See also 'Private Case. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 276-78. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Dictionary of Italian Literature. See also his entry in the Macmillan Dictionary of Art edited by Jane Turner (1996). Bibliographies. Pia, Les Livres de l'Enfer, vol. 2, columns 1242-47: Les Sonnets luxurieux du divin Pietro Aretino, Paris: *Lisieux, 1882, with trans. into French; three other editions based on this edition. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amour bleu, 94. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 140-41: trans. by *Stephen Coote? Reid, Eternal Flame, vol. 1, 225-26. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 310-11. Criticism. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 73. Contemporary Literary Criticism. Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. Active ca. 10. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 104: see "Argentarius (1)". Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 53. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 64: trans. by *Fleur Adcock. Pseudonym of a poet from Romania who wrote in Romanian. 1880-1967. The pseudonym of Ion N. Theodorescu. A writer of "profoundly *decadent verse" according to Nicolae Iorga (see his entry in Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature), he is regarded as Romania's greatest poet of the twentieth century. His work, influenced by *Baudelaaire and *Rimbaud, emerged out of the *eighteen-nineties. He became a monk, 1899-1904, and was later imprisoned. These experiences he depicted in novels and wrote about in poetry. He wrote openly about sexuality in Flori de mucigai (1931; the title means Blossoms of Mold) a work which was influenced by *Villon and Baudelaire. He was also charged with obscenity and does not appear to have married. In the selection of poems edited by Dimitru Micu, Tudor Arghezi (1965), see *mystical religious poems on pp. 42-55 to *Christ (especially pp. 54-55). In his Selected Poems translated into English by Michael Impey and Brian Swann (1976), see pp. 25 "Morgenstimmung" (*non gender specific love poem), 47 "Psalm 1" *mystical union with the Father. Some poems in the volume are to women, but the poems are mysterious and unrevealing. See the entry on him in Leonard S. Klein, Encyclopedia of World Literature in the 20th Century, New York, 1981. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Penguin Companion to World Literature. Everyman Companion to East European Literature. Contemporary Authors, vol. 116: under his real name Ion N. Theodorescu. Poet from Spain who wrote in Spanish. 1567-1623. Born in *Seville where he played a prominent part in the literary life, he wrote *sonnets and later lived in *Madrid. He used the pseudonym Arcicio. The *National Union Catalog lists two books published in the nineteenth century. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Spanish Literature. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, vol. 2, 1007: states he wrote poems about beautiful boys. Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. Active ca. 1562. See Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 398: stated to be a writer of *Fidentian poetry. Anthologist from Mexico relating to a work in Spanish. Active 1997. He compiled the anthology * Primera antología de la poesia homosexual (1997). Poet from Afghanistan who wrote in Persian. Died 1449. Criticism. 'Ehsan Yarshater, "Persian Poetry in the Timurid and Safavid Periods", in Peter Jackson, editor, Cambridge History of Iran, volume 6, The Timurid and Safavid Periods, 1976, 974, states he wrote a verse romance 'mathnavi in which the subject is the love of a poor man towards a young handsome prince. Rypka, History of Iranian Literature, 2B4-B5. Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. 1474-1533. Author of the epic poem Orlando Furioso, published in its complete form in 1532 though originally begun in 1505 (first edition 1516; second revised edition 1521). The work is a continuation of Orlando immamorato by *Boiardo. The hero Orlando is the Italian equivalent of Roland and material in the poem ultimately derives from the material from which the * Song of Roland comes. There are many references to male/male love in his work; there are also references to the *Ganymede trope and to *Cupid. Gender ambiguity occurs: for instance, in the figure of Bradamante, a maiden warrior (who is Britomart in *Edmund Spenser's Faerie Queene). *Shakespeare's play Much Ado About Nothing, which also turns on gender ambiguity, is based on Dalinda's impersonation of Ginerva. The male *friends Medoro and Cloridano warrant attention (on this episode see Barbara Reynolds English translation, London, 1973, pp. 576-83). Handel's opera Ariodante is based on the work; gender ambiguity occurs in this opera also. See also *Humanism, *Satire; compare *Boiardo. Translation. Orlando Furioso has been widely translated. Only the first and major complete translations are listed here. English. Sir John Harington (1591 - in poetry; repr.); John Hoole (1783 - in poetry; repr.); William Stewart Rose (1823-1831; in poetry); A. H. Gilbert (1954 - prose); Guido Waldman (1974 - in prose); Richard Hodgens (1973-in prose); Barbara Reynolds (1973 - in poetry). On the English translations see Barbara Reynolds translation (London, 1973), pp. 74-88. Dutch. Everaert Siceram (1615; in poetry); J. J. Schipper (1649; in prose). French. Ian Fornier de Montaulban and others (1555; Cantos 1-15); M. M. Panckoucke et Framery (1787); Alcide Bonneau (1879-83; cantos 1-15 onlvl. German. Dietrich von dem Werder (1636). Latin. Marchese Torquato Barbolani (Arezzo, 1756). Polish. Piotr Kochanowskiego (1799; repr.). Portuguese. Xavier da Cunha (1895). Serbo-Croat. D. Stanojevi (189597). Spanish, leronymo de Vrrea (1549; repr.). The * British Library General Catalogue was checked. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Encyclopedia Britannica. Dictionary of Italian Literature. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10439: cites Orlando Furioso, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1963. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amicizia amorosa, 85-95: from Canto 18 of Orlando Furioso (Medoro and Cloridano); biog., 83. Criticism. Saslow, Ganymede in the Renaissance, 72-73: re his "Sixth Satire", where he states almost all humanists are pederasts (note: this may be a mistake; the "Seventh Satire" deals with the vices of humanists). Translator from English to Japanese from Japan. 1878-1923. He was a *socialist poet who committed suicide with his mistress and part of a group of Popular Poets influenced by *Whitman. His Japanese translation of *Whitman's Leaves of Grass was published 1921-23. He studied in the United States at *Harvard. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan. Editor from Egypt of works in Greek. Active 150 B.C. The first known editor to save gay relevant texts. As editor of *Homer he is the person who was responsible for the text of Homer's *Iliad and Odyssey as we know them today; before this (as for instance in the time of *Plato) there was a plurality of textual traditions for Homer's Iliad. He was in charge of the library at *Alexandria to 153 B.C. and also edited *Archilochus, *Alcaeus, *Anacreon and *Pindar. The editing of all these poets in a reliable text meant that their work could be more easily copied and passed down to future generations. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 109: see "Aristarchus (2)". Poet and dramatist from Greece who wrote in Greek. Ca. 445 B.C.-ca. 385 B.C. A speaker in Plato's * Symposium. Eleven of his plays survive; as well, we have thirty-two titles of *lost plays. The plays are written in verse. Homosexuality appears in his plays in a comic light. In The Clouds, for instance, *Socrates and his school are ridiculed. The whole play Thesmophoriazusai is full of references to male *transvestism and in Ecclesiazousai female transvestvism. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 113-14: see "Aristophanes (1)". Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 7576: by *Warren Johansson (re The Clouds lines 678, 680, Plutus 153 and The Wasps 568). Dictionnaire Gay. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 111-116: the plays The Birds, The Clouds, The Frogs, The Knights, Lysistrata, Ecclesiazusae, Ploutos and Thesmophoriazusae (however not noted as being in poetry). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Iolaus (1902), 51-53. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 37, 69-71 (re the poet *Agathon). L'amour bleu, 14, 21-23. Criticism. Dover, Greek Homosexuality, 10-11,135-52. Courouve, Ces petits grecs, 7-8. Philosopher and poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. 384 B.C-322 B.C. His Nicomachean Ethics, written for his son Nicomachus discusses *friendship in Chapters 8 and 9. Aristotle studied under *Plato and taught in the Platonic Academy in *Athens and later founded his own school, the Peripatetics, in the Lyceum; he is one of the most famous philosophers of ancient Greece. He lived with his friend and former fellow-student Hermeias for three years until his death and later married his friend's sister or niece; he wrote an ode to Hermias. In his will he left *Antipater as executor. He was particularly interested in biology. See also *Philosophers - Arabic regarding Ibn Rushd, known in Europe as Averroes who shows his influence. In Latin see the thesis at the *Sorbonne by Krantz, De amicitia apudAristotelem (Friendship in Aristotle) Paris, Germer-Bailliere, 1882 (source: *Herelle manuscript 3258). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 114. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 56-58. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 76-77: stating his work is lost and what survives "derives largely from lecture notes" and that "he is known to have had several male lovers". Dictionnaire Gay. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Iolaus (1906), 185. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 74-78. Criticism. Symonds, A Problem in Greek Ethics, 47-48: noting "In Aristotle.. paiderastia is almost conspicuous by its absence" (p. 47). Histoire de l'amour grec, 141-44, 292-302. Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance and Homosexuality, 49-50: states he considered a homosexual disposition natural. Courouve, Ces petits grecs, 8-9. Poet from Japan who wrote in Japanese; in later Japanese he became a trope of gay love. 825-880. He was a *Heian period *waka poet who figures in the Ise Monogatori (Tales of Ise); the majority of tales center on him and he wrote most of the poems in the collection. He wrote poems showing a strong bond with Prince Koretaka. This relationship, which came to epitomise male friendship in later Japanese literature (compare *Li Po and *Tu Fu in Chinese), was embroidered into a homosexual one by *Saikaku (see Schalow, Great Mirror of Male Love, pp. 10-11). He was famous as a poet and lover. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan : Poet from Japan who wrote in Japanese. Active ca. 1008. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Partings at Dawn, 112: possibly not a gay poem (see footnote 16 on this page); from the anthology *Iwatsutsuji. Poet from Italy writing in Italian. Born 1942. He lives in *Rome. Book: Grandine, 1986, 147 pages. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amicizia amorosa, 221-23: a poem about remorse; biog., 283. Poet from Germany writing in German. Born 1953. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Milchsilber, 138-41; biog., 178. Schreibende Schwule. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active 1978. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Schreibende Schwule. English poet from Great Britain. Active from 1912. See the *British Library General Catalogue entry Martin Donisthorpe Armstrong, a writer active to 1950 who published several volumes of poems and many other literary works, and may be this author (since his name is a common one it is impossible to be sure). Bibliographies. Murray, Catalogue of Selected Books, item 3: Exodus, 1912. Songwriter from Germany who wrote in German. 1781-1831. See *Clemens von Brentano - his lasting friend with whom he lived in *Heidelberg - regarding the collection of German folksongs Des Knaben Wunderhorn (1803-05). He was known as Achim von Arnim and married the sister of Brentano in 1811. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 38: cites "Der vortreffliche Stallbruder (Wenn der Schäfer...)" from Des Knaben Wunderhorn., and "Kronenwächter" . Pseudonym of a poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1967. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10440: the poem "At the Penny Arcade" in the journal Pursuit 2:11, June, 1967; pseudonym of *Arnold Schwab (see p. 427). Poet and critic from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1822-1888. A *Victorian cultural critic and poet who had a close friendship with the poet *Arthur Hugh Clough. Sohrub andRustum, a poem based on an episode from *Firdausi, which appeared in a volume of his poems published in 1853 has homoerotic elements (see especially lines 302-318). He took the story from the French translation of the poem by J. Mohl, Le Livre des rois (see the entry Sohrab and Rustum in Oxford Companion to English Literature and the notes by the poet reprinted in The Poems of Matthew Arnold, edited by C. B. Tinker, 1950, pp. 448-93); there was a prior English translation by James Atkinson published in 1814. *"Thyrsis", an *elegy for Clough, appeared in New Poems, 1867 (on the poem. see Oxford Companion to English Literature "Thyrsis" entry). It is in the *pastoral tradition of *elegy. Arnold, through his reading of Latin and Greek, could not fail to be aware of the homosexual undercurrents of ancient Greek and Latin elegy (e.g., lines 80 referring to *Corydon and 185 to *Daphnis). His "The Scholar Gipsy "(1853), shows a debt to pastoral poetry. His brother W. D. Arnold is believed to have been homosexual and wrote the novel Oakfield or Fellowship in the East. A chapter of Matthew Arnold's influential critical work Culture and Anarchy, 1869, was entitled *Hellenism and Hebraism and testifies to a contemporary debate in *Victorian society on *Puritanism versus sensuality. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Poet possibly from Italy writing in Italian. Active ca. 1988. Author of an extraordinary erotic poem "Kiss" (from the suite For the One Who Has Green Eyes, which is titled in Italian, from which it seems to have been translated into English, Por Orazio con tutto mio amore [For Orazio with all my love]). The poem was read by *Adrian Rawlins at a reading in 1988. No other details are available. Possibly the name is a pseudonym. The surname comes from the same word as the painting by Van Eyck, "The Marriage of the Arnolfini" in the National Gallery, *London. Poet from Spain writing in Spanish. Active before 1978. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poemes Gais, 3-6; also trans. into Catalan in Poemes Gais. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active before 1992. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 556: fine poem "Union". Poet from the United States (from Puerto Rico) writing in Spanish. Born 1954. A self professed gay writer who is also a playwright, critic and performance artist. Puerto Rico is an autonomous political entity in the Caribbean in association with the United States. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Foster, Latin American Writers on Gay and Lesbian Themes. Poet from Brazil writing in Portuguese. Born 1921. The author of several books. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poemas do amor maldito, 13; biog., 12. Arse licking, also called anus licking See 'analingus. Art for art's sake, also called L'Art pour art Movement in poetry and art especially in French and English dating from ca. 1845 to ca. 1914. The idea that art existed for its own sake and not for any moral, social and political purpose; it originated in France as the slogan "l'art pour art" (art for the sake of art) first articulated by *Theophile Gautier: see M. Amaya, Art Nouveau (1966), p.16. *Walter Pater was influenced by the idea and the main conveyer of it from France to Great Britain. The *aesthetic movement was the major outcome and the phrase achieved it's major currency in the *eighteen nineties with the rise of this movement. Contrast *Socialism, *Marxism. References. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Anthology in English from Great Britain. Hamlyn: London, 1995, 64 pp. No editor is listed (however, the copyright is assigned to *Peter Burton on the verso of the title page so he appears responsible for the selection). A fine anthology of short classic gay poems and passages from gay prose with a cover of the *Elizabethan painting of a dandy by Nicholas Hilliard, "Man Among Roses". The illustrations to the book are as outstanding as the choice of poems. This is part of a series of gay anthologies, identical in format, which are designed as books to be given as presents, especially to lovers: see *Eros in Boystown and *The Art of Gay Love. There are some careless spelling mistakes throughout - e.g., Marlow for *Christopher Marlowe. Poets (see entries): Richard Barnfield, Reginald Brett, Byron (prose work) Edward Carpenter, Catullus, David and Jonathan, James Elroy Flecker, Goethe, Greek Anthology, A. E. Housman, Paul Keller, D. H. Lawrence (prose work), T. E. Lawrence, Edward Cracroft Lefroy, Christopher Marlowe, Melville (prose work) Michelangelo, Wilfred Owen, Rochester, Rumi, William Shakespeare, Philip Sidney, Count Eric Stenbock (prose work), Whitman, Oscar Wilde (letter). Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. Active before 130. As he appears in the * Mousa Paidike, his date must be prior to 130 B.C. (if this date is correct for its genesis). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 127-8: five entries. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Palatine Anthology xii 55 (or *Anonymous), 124 (possibly by Artemon). L'amour bleu, 31 : stating he is from the fourth century B.C. Pseudonym of a lover from the United States speaking English. 1901-1972. He claimed in the article "The Gay Succession" that he slept with *Edward Carpenter who stated that he, in turn, had slept with *Walt Whitman; he also claimed that he slept with Dean Moriarty who slept with *Allen Ginsberg. The author's real name was Chester Alan Arthur (born 1901). He was the grandson of President Chester Alan Arthur and he set out his philosophy in The Circle of Sex (1966) published under his real name Chester Alan Arthur. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 323-25: article "The Gay Succession" (reprinted from Gay Sunshine 35, Winter 1978, 29). Arthur, King, and the Knights of the Round Table and Arthurian legends Figure from myth and trope in west *European languages. From ca. 1170. The story of King Arthur and his knights is a cycle of mythical tales in English, French, Spanish, Italian, German, Scandinavian languages (Danish, Norwegian and Swedish) and Welsh; the material also constitutes a trope with homosexual undertones in the work of some poets. Material survives from ca. 1170 (initially in French) and material in the various languages interconnects by means of translation. Arthur was a legendary English king who was accompanied by twelve Knights of the Round Table. The story of the Grail (in *Chretien de Troyes and von *Eschenbach), which is part of the Arthurian cycle, centers on a cup or platter (grail) said to have held Jesus Christ's blood when he was on the cross and to have been used at the Last Supper. The cup was held by Joseph of Arimathea at the cross during the crucifixation and was subsequently brought to Britain. This cup is worshiped by all the Knights together and they worshipped it at the Round Table. The search for the Grail was a major quest of Arthur and his knights and the significance of the Grail story in the Arthurian legend is comparable to the significance of the Last Supper in *Christianity: both feature a scenario of close *male bonding. Stories associated with Arthur appear widely in European languages as R. S. Loomis shows (see below). Although both Arthur and his favorite knight Sir Lancelot are presented as heterosexuals, they have a close *male bonding relationship - as does the knight Tristan (Tristram in English) with Arthur. (On *Tristan see *Platen, *Richard Wagner and *Thomas Mann.) Lancelot's adultery with Arthur's Queen Guinevere is the more poignant because of the close relationsip of Lancelot and Arthur. The close male bonding of the knights overall (especially expressed in the *symbolism of the Round Table and the Grail) has a strong homoaffectional basis especially expressed in the Parsifal story (as used, for example, by Richard Wagner as the basis of his last opera Parsifal). Phallic symbolism in the spear in Wagner's Parsifal needs to be considered as well as the significance of a wounding which only a woman's love can heal. Enaish. The best known work by Thomas Malory, the fifteenth century Le Morte d'Arthur, is in prose; Chapter Three has homosexual incidents. On Malory see his entry in Oxford Companion to English Literature. The Middle English poem *Sir Launful is relevant and *Tennyson used material from the cycle as did *William Morris and *Bulwer Lytton (slight reference only). *Charles Williams has written a major sequence with cryptic meanings associated with *magic. The Australian poet *Robert Adamson has used the material explicitly in a homosexual sense. See also *John Heath-Stubbs. German. *Gottfried von Strassburg was the author of the poem Tristan used by *Richard Wagner as the basis of his opera Tristan und Isolde (the first German version of the Tristan story was by Eilhart von Oberge, ca. 1170). *Wolfram von Eschenbach's Parzival is the source of Wagner's opera, Parsifal. See also *Platen. French: *Chretien de Troyes (active 1170) composed a lost poem on Tristan and his Perceval was the source of Gottfried von Strassburg's work. Versions of the Tristan and Isolde story exist by Beroul (ca. 1150) and Thomas (ca. 1170); for discussion of homosexual aspects of the Tristan story see the Richard Wagner entry. See also * Chateau du roi Grahal. A translation from the Lancelot-Grail with homoerotic undertones is in the * Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, pp. 111-122. Welsh see R. S. Loomis, Arthurian Literature, 1959, pp. 12-51. R. S. Loomis, Arthurian Literature in the Middle Ages, 1959, is an exhaustive study of the Arthurian material in western European languages, with separate essays on the material in each language. Material exists in *long poems and in short forms such as *ballads as far apart as Spain, Italy and Wales and in the Scandinavian languages. Compare Arthur and Lancelot with * Amis et Amile (which trope was also a widely diffused medieval legend). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature: see "Arthur" and "Launcelot of the Lake"; see also "Grail". Anthologies. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 111-124. Artist and Journal of Home Culture, The Journal in English from Great Britain. Published 1880-1902. An important cultural journal of its time, The Artist and Journal of Home Culture was the first English *journal with a significant gay poetry content, publishing gay poems from 1888 to 1894, when it was under the editorship of *Charles Kains Jackson. (Compare The *Spirit Lamp and The *Chameleon.) A United States edition existed. *Henry Scott Tuke published a poem in it. Homoerotic content continued in the art illustrations after 1894. The trial of *Oscar Wilde in 1895 had a significant effect on its contents. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reade, Sexual Heretics, 40-46: lists gay poems published 1888-94; some poems are reprinted pp. 225 ff. Criticism. Smith, Love in Earnest, 235-39: cites and identifies the writers of gay poems and articles 1888-94. Bartlett, Who Was That Man?, 109 ff: brief extracts. Critic of Sanskrit literature from Canada writing in English. Active 1975. Author of "The Transvestite in Sanskrit Story and Drama," Annals of Oriental Research of the University of Madras, 1975, 56-68. This article discusses *transvestitism (both male and female) in several Sanskrit plays in verse. Transvestism may here refer to *eunuchs or *hijras; the meaning is unclear in parts. An Academic at the University of *Toronto in 1975. Critic from the United States who wrote in English. 1900-1963. A professor of English at Smith College, a woman's college, who was forced to retire in 1960 after scandal related to photos of young men. He wrote Whitman (1938) and Herman Melville (1950). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gay Histories and Cultures. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in Welsh. Active 1550. See the poem "A boy dressed in girl's clothes" in Dafydd Johnston, editor, Medieval Welsh Erotic Poetry (1991), pp. 129-23 (with English translation). A very witty poem with homosexual suggestions despite the editor's disclaimer. Poet who wrote in Urdu. Ca. 1850?; date uncertain. Criticism. Rahman, "Boy love in the Urdu ghazal", Paidika vol. 2 no. 1 (1989), 21: poem cited about the seductive way of walking of boys. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1966. A *black poet from *New York. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 8-9: "Invocation" ("I want to fuck a skinhead/ hard"), a very powerful poem; biog., 172. Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. Born ca. 250 B.C. One of the chief epigrammatic poets of the *Hellenistic period, with eleven epigrams in the * Mousa Paidike. Possibly the teacher of *Theocritus and possibly from *Adramyttium. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 129: see "Asclepiades (2)". Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10441: this listing of his poems in *Musa Puerilis, London: Heinemann, 1918, xii 36, 36 [sic], 50, 75, 77, 105, 135, 153, 161, 166 "and others" is incorrect (see my listing following under Palatine Anthology). Garland of Meleager. Palatine Anthology xii 36 (called Asclepiades of Adramyttium), 46, 50, 75, 77 (or *Posidippus), 105,135, 153, 161-63, 166. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 48, 54. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 132: Palatine Anthology v 169. Criticism. Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 9 (1908), 261-63. Brandt, Sittengeschichte griechenlands, volume 2, 198. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 484. Buffiere, Eros adolescent, 295-96. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1948. See the poem "Memories of Italy (for Pat Stein)" - "I loved the light of course/ and the way the young men/ flirted with each other" - in American Poetry 1988 (New York, 1988), edited by John Ashbery. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 63-64. Bibliographer from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1834-1900. H. S. Ashbee was a rich merchant and famous book collector and bibliographer of erotica whose collection formed the basis of the *Private Case, a collection of erotica in the British Library kept segregated from the general collection. The collection was given to the British Library with Ashbee's *Cervantes collection and only accepted because the library wanted the Cervantes collection. His erotica collection was not entered into the British Library catalog until 1965, after a campaign to have the Private Case catalogued by Peter Fryer: see Private Case, Public Scandal (London, 1966). (Compare the treatment of the erotica in the *Enfer collection of the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris where works were routinely entered in the catalog.) Ashbee's Index Librorum Prohibitorum (London: privately printed, 1877), Centuria Librorum Absconditorum (London, 1879), and Catena Librorum Tacendorum (London, 1885), form the basis of English erotic bibliography and make a major contribution to European erotica bibliography (since Ashbee did not collect only English erotica). Each volume also contains a list of works consulted. The work was reprinted in New York in 1962 in three volumes as Bibliography of Printed Books. Entries consist of bibliographical description of the book or author being discussed followed by a critical essay. The work of a great connoisseur and not a pedant, each essay gives much valuable information on the work or author discussed, though information can seem somewhat arbitrary at times. SInce it lists homosexual titles, the first volume is the beginning of homosexual *bibliography in English and in European languages in the modern period (since no prior work is known with the exception of the Catholic Church's * Index). Written under the Latin pseudonym Pisanus Fraxi (meaning, "bee of the ash tree" - see the Pisanus Fraxi) the work overall contains the first serious surviving discusion of homosexuality in English: see the indexes under sodomy. It inspired *Richard Burton, *J. A. Symonds, *Havelock Ellis, and *C. R. Dawes and was heavily relied on by *Eugen Duhren. Ashbee's real name is revealed by Burton in his translation of the Arabian Nights, "The Tale of the Hashish Eater" (vol. 3, p. 93, of the reprint of the Burton Club Edition; this edition has no date but was frequently reprinted). *James Campbell Reddie, Ashbee's fellow book-collector, whose library Ashbee consulted, left extensive notes on erotica now in the British Library and some of his books entered Ashbee's collection; his work predates Ashbee's in erotic bibliography and probably inspired Ashbee. (Reddie also wrote two novels with homosexual incidents.) Biography: apart from the works below, see Steven Marcus, The Other Victorians (1964), Chapter 2, pp. 34-76, a brilliant discussion of his life and work. His life is discussed in detail in the introduction to the shorter edition of his bibliography called Forbidden Books of the Victorians, edited by Peter Fryer, 1967; this also has a bibliography of his writings, pp. 227-30. A full length biography The Erotomaniac: The Secret Life of Henry Spencer Ashbee by *Ian Gibson was published in 2001. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography. Bilder-lexikon (includes a photo of his bookplate with a drawing of himself). Lexikon des gesamten Buchwesens, second edition. Criticism. Legman, Horn Book, 4-46: life by *Gershon Legman. Kearney, History of Erotic Literature, 12; reprinted from the "Introduction" to the New York edition of Ashbee of 1962. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born in 1927. Widely regarded as a major United States poet, John Ashbery was mentioned as visiting the *gay bar called the San Remo in The Advocate, 15 May 1984, 26. In 1992 he was openly gay: he stated "I'm gay" in an interview on the Australian Broadcasting Commission Television Program at the Melbourne International Festival (broadcast 21 September 1992). His work shows the influence of *surrealism and is mostly very complex (compare *Hart Crane) but he has written simpler poems, such as *haiku. Self Portrait in a Convex Mirror (1975), is a major *long poem of his based on a work by the highly homoerotic painter Parmigianino and is very *narcissistic. Ashbery edited the journal Art and Literature published in Lausanne, Switzerland (12 issues, published in 1963). He has also been an art critic. See also John Ash. In Gay Sunshine Interviews, volume 2, p. 67, his gayness was noted in 1982 by *Martin Duberman. The journal Bete Noir, which has been supportive of gay writing, had a special issue on him in 1987. There are several pages devoted to him on the internet. Translation. German. Eine Welle, Munich, 1968; Eine Welle (poems 1979-87), Munich and Vienna, 1988. Both books translated by Joachim Sartorius. Und es blitzen die Sterne, published in Austria, 1997 (trans. by Erwin Einzinger). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Drobci stekla v ustih, 98; biog., 181. "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen", 156-57. Word of Mouth, 97-103. Poet from Turkey who wrote in Turkish. Died 1398. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 363. Poet from Iran who wrote in Persian. Active ca. 1590. Qum is a holy city in Iran. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A'in i Akbari anthology, 667-68 - *non gender specific love poems including one to "the lovely boy"; biog., 667. Poet writing in English. Active 1974. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1642: book You'll be all right once you've found yourself a nice girl, Cambridge, Bluebell printing Co. 1974 - published under the pseudonym *I. L. C. Gustray. Languages spoken on the continent of Asia, which is normally taken to be the land east of the Ural Mountains (sometimes the Volga River) and extending as far as Indonesia and Japan. Poetry of relevance dates from ca. 1200 B.C. (the earliest work being Gilgamesh). The area has a huge number of language families of which the *Indo-European, *Turkic and *Sino-Tibetan are three of the most widespread. The *Islamic religion dominates in west and central Asia and *Buddhism in east asia. English is widely spoken as a second language. Chinese has the oldest gay poetry records in east Asia and material in west Asia dates from the Hittite version of * Gilgamesh (this work is the oldest known long poem with gay interest and dates from before 1200 B.C.). A special issue of The APPA Journal titled Witness Aloud: Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual Asian/Pacific American Writing was published in Spring/ Summer 1993 ( vol. 2 no.1); not seen. Notable written languages include Turkish, Arabic, Persian, Sanskrit, Hindi, Urdu, Bengali, Tamil, Tibetan, Chinese, Vietnamese, Korean, Bahasa Indonesia. Japanese is a language isolate. The *Overview entries for these languages discuss them in detail. See Indo-European languages, *Altaic languages, *Caucasian languages, *Indian languages - India, *Indic languages, *Dravidian Languages, *Iranian languages, *Sinitic languages, *Turkic languages, *Polynesian languages. It is problematic whether *Afro-Asiatic languages originated in Asia (Akkadian) or Africa (Egyptian). Poet who wrote in Persian. Active ca. 159Q. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A'in i Akbari anthology, 66B - a homosexual love poem; biog., 66B - states his name is Amir Qazi. Poet from Greece writing in Greek. Born 1931. Openly gay. Notable gay poems are Odes ston prinkepa (Odes to the Prince), Athens, 1981, very erotic in a homosexual sense, and O dyskolos thanatos (The Difficult Death), Thessaloniki, 1974. Critic and bibliographer from France writing in French. Active 1955. Author of LEvolution de Walt Whitman (1954), a major critical study of *Walt Whitman which was translated into English from French as The Evolution of Walt Whitman (1960); however, the work is negative as regards homosexuality in Whitman: see the Whitman entry in Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. In 1972 he published a fine annotated bibliography of Whitman in Eight American Authors (New York, 1972), pp. 225-72. Poet from France who wrote in Latin. 1604-1679. He wrote parodies of Latin authors. See also *François le Coigneux de Bachaumont. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Biographie universelle. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 386: a gay poet who was imprisoned for homosexuality. Poet from Iran writing in German; he lives in Germany. Born in 1929. He was born in Teheran but since 1983 has lived in Germany. Book of poems: Gedichte (Frankfurt, 1991). Gay Poetry Anthologies. "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen", 158-59; biog., 169. Historian and anthologist from Greece who wrote in Greek. Active 200. His only surviving book, The Deipnosophists (The Learned Doctors), contains extracts from poets and is a source of information on homosexuality and homopoetry in ancient Greece (see *Pancrates). Some homopoems survive only by virtue of being quoted in Athenaeus. The twenty five drinking songs which survive in Athenaeus are printed in *J. M. Edmonds Lyra Graeca, volume 3 (1927), pp. 561-75, and constitute an anthology which may date from fifth century Athens. See Bowra, Greek Lyric Poetry, Chapter 9, "Attic Drinking Songs", pp. 373-97, especially the poems on pp. 380-81. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 139: see "Athenaeus (1)". Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 87-88. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 22-23 (poem *"Eros"), 26-27, 189-91, 201. Ioläus (1902), 25, 28-29, 74. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 38-39. Hidden Heritage, 68. Criticism. Symonds, A Problem in Greek Ethics, 5, footnote 2: referring to xiii 602; 26 and stating that here he preserves two homosexual Athenian *drinking songs (or *skolia). Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 492-93 lists the homosexual loves of the gods cited in Beyer's work taken from *Clement of Alexandria (states traces of lists of homosexual loves have been preserved in Athenaeus). Courouve, Ces petits grecs, 10-11. City in Greece where Greek is the spoken language; during the *Ottoman Turkish occupation, Turkish was also spoken. Gay poetry associated with the city dates from 500 B.C. Athens is a very ancient city and occupation of the Akropolis, the citadel, which was later fortified, dates from the Neolithic period (before 3,000 B.C.). The main spoken language was and is Greek; Turkish was spoken during the Turkish occupation of Greece from the fifteenth century until the early nineteenth century. Athens comes into historical prominence in the early fifth century B.C., as a dominant city state Although much has been *lost, records from the city from this century are a high point in human knowledge of homosexual life in ancient Greece. The background to the city's gay culture has been discussed by *K. J. Dover. Athenian vases from ca. 500 B.C. to ca. 450 B.C. show homosexual behavior extensively and were cataloged by *J. D. Beazley; these vases were made for the export trade, for the Etruscans, mainly, and cannot be taken to accurately depict the city's homosexual mores, though they show scenes relating to it - for instance *symposium scenes depicting homosexual conviviality in wine drinking scenes at banquets and scenes showing homosexual practices in vivid detail. Homosexual public cruising places are known in ancient Athens, such as the cemetery, the Keramikos (see Symonds, Problem in Greek Ethics, 43) and homosexual *graffiti survive from the market place, the Agora. Dramatists such as *Aristophanes (active 430) make copious reference to homosexuality in their plays. *Aeschylus (active 500), *Euripides (active 460) and *Sophocles (active 460) were other dramatists who wrote plays in poetry which are of relevance. The philosopher *Socrates discussed homosexual love as the most important form of love at a *symposium at the house of the poet *Agathon about 390 B.C. in the dialogue The Symposium which was recorded by his disciple *Plato (see also *drinking songs, *skolium). *Critias, one of the city's Thirty Tyrants, was an associate of his. The * Theognidea, the first Greek gay anthology, appears to have been compiled in the city largely by 460 B.C.; *Pindar also wrote poetry at this time. Great care should be taken in drawing conclusions about homosexual behavior from other evidence (for example Greek vases) in relation to homosexuality as expressed in the poetry; however in classical Athens of the fifth century B.C. sculptures of the naked male in the kouros tradition show Athenians appreciated the naked body in a way the later *Christian culture could not. The city's extensive gymnasiums were places where the body could be admired as well as pickup places. It should not be assumed that documented types of homosexual behaviour in Athens (for instance *paiderastia, the love of an older man for a youth) was typical of homosexual behavior elsewhere in Greece or in the Greek colonies in Italy, Africa and west Asia in the fifth century B.C. Nor should it be assumed that the behavior of fifth century Athens necessarily continued in the same pattern in later centuries (for instance the *age of death in ancient Greece was much lower than in today's Greece so all homosexual behavior occurred at lower ages Athens declined in the *Hellenistic period, when the city of 'Alexandria in Egypt became the dominant Greek city. However the important philosopher *Epicurus founded his school in Athens in the third century B.C. and the Platonic academy continued in existence until the sixth century A.D. The city remained in decline during the *Byzantine period (see the entry in Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium ) and was occupied by the Turks in the fifteenth century and liberated from them during the War of Independence in 1821. The English poet *Byron visited Athens during this war and died in Greece. Though gay publications emanating from the city have suffered from 'censorship in recent decades, Athens, now the capital of the Greek republic, has been a centre for gay publishing in the contemporary period: see the entries Journals - Greek, *A. Angelakes, *David Halperin, *Elias Petropoulos (who compiled the first Greek dictionary of gay slang words), *Rebetika, *G. Savidis, * The Trojan War. Modern poets such as James Merrill and *Chester Kallman have been attracted to the city. The city contains important Greek *libraries. For information on the city see Stuart Rossiter, Blue Guide: Greece, 1981, 57-177. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary. Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Gay Histories and Cultures. Poet who wrote in Urdu. Active ca. 1850?; the date is uncertain. Criticism. Rahman, "Boy love in the Urdu ghazal", Paidika vol. 2 no. 1 (1989), 18: a poem in which the beloved is referred to as a baby. Historian and critic from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1970. Author of Sex in Literature, 4 volumes, London, 1970. This contains little gay material except for volume 2. It is eccentric in what it includes and excludes though the bibliography contains some little known items (e.g. the gay poem "Advice" by *Tobias Smollett). It is mainly a compilation which quotes from other sources. Volume 1 is subtitled The Erotic Experience. Volume 2, the main volume of concern, subtitled The Classical Experience, deals with Greek and Latin literature; see Chapter 3 re *Catullus, Chapter 5 re *Martial, Chapter 6 re Juvenal, Chapter 7 re *Petronius; relevant also are Chapter 8, "Homosexuality" (see pp. 174 * Romance of the Rose, 179-86 * Arabian Nights [on which see also 258], 196-99 *Cavafy), Chapter 10, "Buggery", and Chapter 12, *"Phallic worship". Volume 3 deals with The Medieval Experience. Volume 4 is The Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active before 1992. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 558. Poet from Iran who wrote in Persian. 1119-1230. A Persian mystical poet who was close to being a *Sufi though never joining the order. He lived in Nishapur the old center of Sufism. His works have strong homosexual undertones with *non gender specific poems addressed to The *Beloved. Light, the rose, the beloved and the soul are major tropes to express his feelings of love for the prophet Mohammad. His most famous poem is Mantiq alTahr (The Conference of the Birds) one of the masterpieces of world poetry, which has many homosexual stories incorporated; e.g. see pp, 93-95 of the Penguin English translation (1984). The Australian poet *Anne Fairbairn wrote a poem based on this work. 'Attar means pharmacist but little is known about him personally; he may have been gay. He was strongly influenced by *al-Hallaj. A phrase said to be by the *Sufi Abu sa'id Harraz - "sitting with young boys is the biggest temptation" - occurs in *R. A. Nicholson's edition of Attar's Tadhkiratu 'l-Awliya (Memorial of Saints), London, 1905, volume two, p. 41, line 2. Text: Conference of the Birds, edited by Dr Sadegh Gouharin (Tehran, 1978); see also the Encyclopaedia Iranica article on Attar p. 24. Criticism: *Helmut Ritter has written a recent brilliant study of him (with bibliography). Translation. English: *Edward Fitzgerald (1894), *R. A. Nicholson (1905-11). The Conference of the Birds, translated by Afkham Darbandi and Dick David, New York: Penguin Books, 1984), is the most reliable translation. The English translations before the Penguin translation are strongly censored and unreliable. French: *Gargin de Tassy (1863; repr.). Swedish: Erik Hermelir (1929; translated from the French of Gargin de Tassy). Arabic. Hindi and Turkish translations exist which were consulted by Gargin de Tassy in his edition: see C. S. Nott, The Conference of the Birds, 1971, page v; these are likely to be in manuscript. Consult also the *British Library General Catalogue and the National Union Catalog for other translations. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition: by *Helmut Ritter (notes p.753 "frequently one does not know who is speaking or who is being addressed" in his poetry). Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures. Encyclopedia Iranica. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 335 (a gay love poem); biog., 327. Criticism. Browne, Literary History of Persia, volume 2, 506-15. Arcadie, 98 (February 1962), 113-16: review. *Marc Daniel, "Arab Civilization and Male Love", Gay Sunshine 32 (Spring 1977), 8. Arberry, Sufism, 107-09. Translator from French and Russian to Hungarian from Hungary. 1905-1937. He was a prominent poet who translated the French poets *Rimbaud, *Villon and translated *Esenin from Russian. Very unhappy in his later life, he threw himself under a train and died. See Klaniczay, History of Hungarian Literature, pp. 413-29 for information. Translation into English. See Attila Jôsef: Poems and Fragments, ed. Thomas Kabedo (2000) and The Iron Blue Vault: Selected Poems, translated by Zsuzsanna Ozsvath and Frederick Turner (2000). Poet from France who wrote in French. 1550-1630. A French *Calvinist poet who spent his last ten years in Switzerland. See also *Bathyllus. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 142: re *Henri III from his *long poem Les Tragiques. Les Amours masculines, 98-100: from Les Tragiques and regarding Louis XIII. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 402-03: poems lampooning *Henri III. Pour tout l'amour des hommes, 61-62. Editor of works in Greek and translator from Greek to French from France. Active from 1921. Editor and translator of the French edition of the *Palatine Anthology. He edited Book 11 and the poems from the *Planudean Anthology not in the Palatine Anthology (volumes 10 and 13 of the Waltz edition). An academic at The University of Rouen, France. Article: "Le livre XII de l'anthologie palatine: la muse de Straton", Byzantion (39), 1969, pp. 35-52; this deals with the construction of the book and the manuscript tradition. Buffière, Eros adolescent, p. 295 states he and *Félix Buffière are the editors and translators of the forthcoming edition of the * Mousa Paidike in the *Waltz edition. Biographer from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1626-1697. The first English biographer to unequivocally refer to homosexuality in a poet. In his life of Bacon in his Brief Lives he states: "He was a paiderastes [i.e. pederast; the word is written in Greek in Aubrey's text]. His *Ganimedes and Favourites took bribes..." (Clark edition, vol. i p. 71). In his life of *Francis Beaumont and John Fletcher he remarks on "that dearnesss of friendship between them" (ibid., i p. 95) and states: "They lived together on the Bank side, not far from the Play-house, both bachelors; lay together.. the same clothes and cloak, & c, between them" (ibid., i p. 96). The Lives were deposited in manuscript in the Ashmolean Museum, *Oxford, just before his death; they discuss over 400 persons, sometimes in brief form, sometimes, as with *Milton, in detail. The first edition of the Lives of 1813 was censored. The text was established by Andrew Clark in his 1898 edition for Oxford University Press, using the Oxford manuscript, and he published most of the lives; however, a more complete text using this manuscript and other manuscripts is that of Oliver Lawson Dick, 1949. The complete text of all lives has not been published, many of the lives being in note form. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Poet from the Netherlands writing in Dutch. Active before 1980. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Mannenmaat, 47-51; *sonnets. Poet, critic and anthologist from South Africa writing in Afrikaans. Born 1934. Active as a writer from 1965. His Wisselstroom: Homoerotiek in die Afrikaanse verhalkuns (South Africa, Kaapstad, 1990), 219 pages, is the first Afrikaans gay anthology. It covers not only the history and criticism of homosexuality in literature in South Africa in the twentieth century, but is also an anthology of prose; bibliography, pp. 215-17. The word "wisselstroom" refers to a stream. He wrote the Introduction to this work, pp. 9-20, which discusses prose writers and one poet,*Melt Brink. Active as a writer from 1965. Some poems are relevant. For his biography, see his entry in International Authors and Writer's Who Who , 1977 Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English; he lived in the United States from 1939 and became a United States citizen in 1946. He wrote at least six poems in German and translated works from Swedish to English. 1907-1973. W. H. Auden was the most famous British gay poet of the twentieth century who, however, became a citizen of the United States. The *Platonic Blow, an openly gay erotic narrative poem vividly describing gay sex, which Auden admitted writing, alone puts him among the greatest English language gay poets (written in 1948, it circulated in manuscript until 1965). This poem and 'Ginsberg's "Please Master" were among the most widely read English gay poems of the early 'gay liberation period. Auden's love poem "Lay your sleeping head, my love" (sometimescalled "Lullaby"), now known to have been "addressed to a teenage boy" (see Charles Osborne, W. H. Auden: The Life of a Poet, 1979, p. 140), is also a famous poem and felt by many to be the finest love poem in English of the twentieth century (it was first published by the homosexual 'John Lehmann in New Writing, Spring 1937 and was written in late 1936 or early 1937); 'John Fuller, in W. H. Auden: A Commentary, 1998, p. 158, states it was inspired by a "fourteen-and-a-half-year old boy" with the poem being discussed on p. 264). Educated at 'Oxford, Auden published his first book, Poems, in 1928 (it was published by 'Stephen Spender). Auden had a high reputation in the 1930s when he espoused 'Marxism and 'Freudianism and was the leading poet in a group called the 'MacSpaunday poets (which consisted of 'Louis MacNeice, 'Stephen Spender, W. H. Auden and 'C. Day Lewis). 'D. H. Lawrence figured as an influence in this early work. Moving to the United States in 1939, he lived in 'New York with his lover 'Chester Kallman whom he met in that year. In the poem "September 1, 1939" (written in New York on the day World War Two commenced) he wrote famously: "we must love one another or die". This poem, which Auden later suppressed, ends with the words: "May I ... show an affirming flame". He became a 'Christian from 1940 and a United States citizen in 1946. After World War Two, he regularly holidayed on 'Ischia, Italy, an island near 'Naples across the bay from 'Capri. He later bought a house at Kirchstetten, Austria, where he lived in summer, died, and is buried. Auden came out at a public reading in New York in the early gay liberation period about 1970 but his poems contain many subtle gay usages and his gayness was apparent to perceptive readers from much earlier. He was deeply depressive and his love life was unhappy (in "September 1 1939" he also wrote that what humans wanted was "Not universal love/ But to be loved alone"). Towards the end he was alcoholic. His persona of kindness and compassion, so emphasized by Stephen Spender in his Dictionary of National Biography obituary, points to a similar persona in Allen Ginsberg, his contemporary (who did not become addicted to drugs and who was more genuinely positive and optimistic). Unlike 'A. E. Housman (about whom Auden wrote a splendid poem), Auden was not obsessed by self hate but the oppression of gays during his life in Great Britain and United States left deep scars and must be taken into account in reading his poetry. His relationship with Chester Kallman was also not happy (see the memoir of Kallman's stepmother 'Dorothy J. Farnan); it seems that the relationship early on broke down sexually although the two remained together. Auden married Erika Mann, the daughter of the novelist 'Thomas Mann and brother of the homosexual writer 'Klaus Mann in 1935 simply to get her out of Germany (Thomas Mann had left Germany to go into exile with the rise of the 'Nazis). Other lovers included 'Christopher Isherwoood (with whom he wrote Journey to a War, 1939, about a visit to China) and 'Jackie Hewit (who has recalled an unpublished poem written to him). He was close friends with the gay British composer Benjamin Britten who set many of his poems to music (Benjamin Britten and his lover, the singer Peter Pears, lived in New York and shared a house with Auden and others at the beginning of the Second World War before returning to live in England). Besides lyrics, many 'long poems, such as Letter to Lord *Byron, were written and Auden was a master of verse forms. A detailed gay reading of his early poems has not been attempted and this is related to the complex problems of his text. He also wrote dramatic works. In his and Christopher Isherwood's play The Ascent of F6 (1936) Auden stated the hero figure was modelled on "'T. E. Lawrence, or the dictators of the continent" (Hynes, The Auden Generation, 1976, p. 239). Auden also wrote opera libretti. Text of the poems. The text of Auden is very complex. Not all his poems are readily available in his Collected Poems (1976) edited by his literary executor 'Edward Mendelson. Mendelson, who is editing his works, was left discretion as to what he might publish and has printed the latest texts as approved by Auden. As Auden revised his published poems in the Collected Shorter Poems and Collected Longer Poems published in his lifetime, omitting and altering the text, this is another problem with his texts. The problems of his texts are discussed in Stephen Spender, W. H. Auden, 1975; see "A note on Auden's text", by Edward Mendelson, pp. 249-51 (see also the introduction to the Collected Poems). Edward Mendelson has been criticized for his editing methods and his choice of poems (e.g., omitting the fine poem "September 1, 1939": see the review in Agenda vol. 30 no. 3, 71-75). Volumes published so far include Juvenilia: Poems 1922-1928 (London, 1994), 263 pp., edited by Katherine Bucknell and The English Auden: Poems, Essays and Dramatic Writings 1927-1939 (1977), edited by Edward Mendelson, which collects poems of the 1930s written in Great Britain as published before Auden moved to New York in 1939. The United States poems from 1940 are forthcoming, as is a variorum edition. As I walked out one evening: Songs, Ballads, Lullabies, Limericks and Other Light Verse is a selection of 'limericks and light verse edited by Edward Mendelson and published in 1995. Princeton University Press is publishing a Complete Works of which so far the following have been published: The Plays and Other Dramatic Writings by W. H. Auden, 19281938 (1988), Prose and Travel Books in Prose and Verse Volume I 1926-1938 (1996), W. H. Auden and Chester Kallman: The Libretti and Other Dramatic Writings By W. H. Auden, 1939-1973 (1993), all edited by Edward Mendelson. So called pornographic works, such as The Platonic Blow, have been omitted from work published so far. In addition, some poems published in journals have not been included. The Table Talk, edited by Alan Ansen (1991), consist of Auden's remembered conversation (review: Lambda Book Report vol. 1 no. 9 , 1991, 18-19). A selection of ten love poems Tell Me the Truth About Love (1994), based on a film of the same title, has proved very popular and been translated into some 'European languages (for example French, Italian - see Translation below). Several recordings of his readings exist. Interview: see the film interview in series Writers of Today, where he is interviewed by Walter Kerr, ca. 1950. Poems written in German. At least six poems were written by him in Germany in the 1930s: see Katherine Bucknell editor, W. H. Auden, 1991 - this contains a large amount of unpublished material. Auden as translator. Swedish: see *Dag Hammarskjöld for Auden's translation. Manuscripts. A large number of Auden's manuscripts are in the *New York Public Library. Gay poems. Discussed here are homosexual poems of Auden. As Auden was homosexual, all his poems are relevant. Since poems were continuously rewritten by Auden, the first published texts must be consulted in all cases as well as every later version; gay reference was toned down or deleted in later versions of some poems. Auden was especially fond of subtle uses of words, including using words which would have special meanings for gay readers, another problem in reading him (heterosexual readers may miss many references). As Auden did not reprint one of his finest poems, "September 1, 1939", as already noted, he cannot be trusted in what he considered final versions: it therefore cannot be assumed that the text of his poems in published books represents the best text of the poems. The early "A Letter to a Wound", which may be about his homosexuality, he later suppressed. His 'non gender specific love poem "Lay Your Sleeping Head My Love, Human on My Faithless Arm" (January 1937), one of the most famous English love poems of the twentieth century, was written, as already noted, "to a teenage boy" (Charles Osborne, W. H. Auden, 1979, 140). In Poems: Another Time, London, 1940 see "Funeral Blues (Stop all the clocks, cut off the telephone)" p. 91, in the sequence "Four Cabaret Songs". This poem was used in the film Four Weddings and a Funeral, 1992, with a gay reference (it has been dated April 1936 by Edward Mendelson). In Poems: Another Time see also the Dedication poem "To Chester Kallman" (the poems are based on 'Shakespeare's sonnets). The *Platonic Blow is Auden's most widely read gay poem. In Nones (1952) see "The Love Feast" (there are slight changes to it in the Collected Poems) and "In Praise of Limestone" (the text was changed in his Shorter Poems [e.g., "the nude young male who lounges/ Against a rock displaying his dildo" in the version in Nones, 1952, p. 11, disappeared in later versions though the phrase "a mad 'camp" was retained]). About the House (1966) deals with his relationship with Chester Kallman. Charles Osborne states there are "three central love poems" in Auden's oeuvre: "Lay your sleeping head, my love", "The Common Life" (written to Chester Kallman) and "Glad", written to "Hugerl, a Viennese call-boy" ( W. H. Auden: The Life of a Poet, op. cit., p. 276). For the text of a gay 'limerick see Charles Osborne, WH Auden (1979), p. 284 (other limericks seem to have been written). Academic Graffiti (1971) has one relevant poem, No. 58 on 'Oscar Wilde. Other gay poems not included in Mendelson's edition are in the memoir of 'Dorothy Farnan, Auden in Love (London, 1984), e.g., the poem "To Chester Kallman", pp. 25-27. The Queen's Masque (1943) is an unpublished manuscript in the Berg Collection, New York (see Times Literary Supplement, May 20-21, 1988, 554). Woods, Articulate Flesh: Male Homo-eroticism and Modern Poetry, pp. 168-94, is the most detailed gay reading of his poetry so far. For further relevant poems, see the books mentioned in Bibliographies below and the poems in gay Anthologies listed below. Biographers. Biographical works include works by *Charles Osborne (an affectionate tribute), 'Humphrey Carpenter (a detailed and readable work), 'Dorothy Farnan (on the relationship of Auden and Kallman), 'Richard Davenport-Hines (a very detailed biography), Thekla Clark, Wystan and Chester: A Personal Memoir (New York, 1996); review: James White Review, vol. 13 no. 3, Summer 1996, 19 (by Jack Shreve). 'Edward Mendelson has written a two volume survey of his thinking. See also reminiscences by 'Harold Norse in his autobiography and by 'A. L. Rowse. Samuel Hynes, The Auden Generation (London, 1976), deals with Auden, Spender and Isherwood 1930-40. His summer house in Kirchstetten, Austria, is now a museum. Film. A British Broadcasting Commission documentary on his life Tell Me the Truth About Love by Susanna Short was completed in 2000; this includes interviews with 'Christopher Isherwood and Don Bachardy. Bibliography. Barry C. Bloomfield and *Edward Mendelson, W. H. Auden: A bibliography (second edition, 1972), is a very thorough bibliography listing books, journal publications, translations, films (discussion of the printings of The Platonic Blow, pp. 366-68, which is not in the first edition of the bibliography, is excellent). A third edition is reputedly in progress. Criticism dealing with homosexuality in his poetrv. Discussion of his homosexuality started in 1973 with *Clive James after Auden had come out ca. 1970 at a poetry reading believed to be at the YMCA in New York (an article in Life, 30 January 1970 had referredto his and Chester Kallman's "homosexual routine" at this summer house in Kirchstetten in Austria. 'Gregory Woods, in Articulate Flesh: Male Homo-eroticism and Modern Poetry, pp. 168-94, has written the most detailed reading so far from a gay viewpoint. Since Auden's poems are frequently obscure with many hidden references a guide to them is virtually essential. 'Anthony Hecht has written detailed analyses. 'John Fuller's W. H. Auden: A Commentary (1998) is the most detailed discussion of his poems so far, based on his earlier Reader's Guide to W. H. Auden (1970); it discusses each poem separately and gives detaild bibliographical reference to all published texts so that textual variations can be checked. Translation. The *British Library General Catalogue was checked. See Bloomfield and Mendelson's bibliography (1972), referred to above under Bibliography, pp. 286-322 (this lists translations into many languages of poems in anthologies, journals and selections in books). Only book translations are listed here. French. Jean Lambert (1976; selection of poems including "Lay your sleeping head"); Tell Me the Truth About Love (see above) has been translated titled Dites-moi. la vérité sur l'amour(1995). German. Sag mir die Wahreit über die Liebe (1994; Tell me the truth about love). Hungarian: Translated by Andras Fodor, Agnes Gergely and others, titled Acilles pajsza, 1968 (trans. of 35 poems); Italian: Poesie, trans. Carlo Izzo (Parma, 1952; repr. 1961, 252 pp; trans. of ninety poems, the largest selection in any translated language), La verita, vi prego, sull'amore (Milan, 1994) - translation of Tell Me the Truth About Love; Japanese: Oden shishu, trans. Motohiro Fukase, 1955 (trans. of 42 poems); see also Bloomfield and Mendelson's bibliography p. 311 ; Macedonian: Pesni - a selection of poems, Scopje, 1971, trans. and selected by Bogomil Guzel - see * British Library General Catalogue entry (citing this incorrectly as being translated into Serbo-Croat). The Platonic Blow has not been translated except into Dutch: see the entry for *The Platonic Blow. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionary of National Biography : by 'Stephen Spender and stating "he was a 'Christian... and a Christian gentleman". Dictionary of Literary Biography. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 9192: by 'Wayne Dynes. Dictionnaire Gay. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10442-46: About the House, London: Faber, 1966, Academic Graffiti, London: Faber, 1971, Collected Longer Poems, London: Faber and Faber 1974, Thank you, fog, London: Faber, 1974 and "A Day for a Lay" in Avant Garde 11, March, 1970, Vector 7:3, 18-19, March 1971 and Gay Sunshine 21: 11, Spring 1974 . Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 134-39: About the House, Academic Graffiti, The Age of Anxiety: A Baroque Eclogue, London: Faber, 1948, The Orators, second edition, London: Faber, 1934, The Platonic Blow, New York: The Fuck You Press, 1965 and Thank You Fog. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gay Poetry, 7: a limerick. Frà mann til mann, 46-47. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 320: poem "Uncle Henry" (about a Scot who travels to find sex). Les Amours masculines, 427-49. Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, 32-35; biog 32. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 654-58: text of '"A Day for a Lay". Drobci stekla v ustih, 68. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 161: poem "Uncle Henry". Name of Love, 17; biog., 69. "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen ", 139-44. Eros in Boystown, 56-57; biog., 59. Poems of Love and Liberation, 29, 33-34: "Uncle Henry" and "Lullaby". Pour tout l'amour des hommes, 257-58: trans. into French of "Lay your sleeping head" by Jean Lambert. A Day for a Lay, 40-44. Word of Mouth, 4-6. August Herzog von Sachsen-Gotha Poet from Germany who wrote in German. Active 1805. Ein Jahr in Arkadien, edited by Paul *Derks (1985), 169 pp., is an idyllic novel with parts in poetry (i.e., it is a * prosimetrum). Not inOxford Companion to German Literature. Criticism. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen volume 5, Part 1 (1905), 646-687 including the poems "Kannst Du den Flug mit mir, o Freundinn, wagen" and *"Eros (In des Orasis friedlich stillen Auen)" pp. 659-60 and "Anteros" p. 686. Derks, Der Schande der heiligen Päderastie, 410-31. Poet from Brazil writing in Portuguese. Active 1977. Author of the book of poems Falo, self published, 1977, 61 pages (reviewed in *Lampiao no. 11, p. 14: it is assume the reason for the review is that the book contains relevant poems dealing with the theme of homosexuality). Poet from Spain who wrote in Spanish. Active before 1992. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 331: gay poet included in the *journal Cantico (published in Cordoba). Aural material and sound recordings Aural recordings in English and other languages from Great Britain, the United States and Australia date from ca. 1888. English. Aural recordings of English language poets reading their poetry date apparently from the late 1880s; published material exists relating to poets from Great Britain and the United States especially. *Tennyson is believed to have recorded a poem and *Whitman's voice (ca. 1888) may have been preserved. The Canadian Lesbian and Gay Archives holds a recording of what is believed to be the voice of *Oscar Wilde. *Auden and *Ginsberg have been widely recorded. United States poets: see James Broughton, *Kenward Elmslie, James S. Holmes. Great Britain: see *Ivor Treby, *Lee Harwood. *Gershon Legman's works should provide leads for oral recordings of erotic poetry. Cassette tapes and videos of poets reading frequently exist in the private collections of poets, both those broadcast on radio and those from public readings. See also *Archives and *Libraries and Archives - English since these are repositories of rare material. The *Library of Congress and Smithsonian Institute in *Washington DC in the United States are major United States repositories; the Library of Congress Folklore section should be able to help for. There is a National Sound Archive in the United States, as in other countries. The Sound Recording Archives at Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio, founded in 1967, has over 500,000 recordings in various forms including cylinder recordings from the 1880s. There is an Association for Recorded Sound Collections in the United States. Many countries are developing sound archives and videos screened on television sets are relevant (private copies of television screenings may frequently be the only copies in existence). In Great Britain, the BBC Archives and in Australia the archives of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation contain material; national and state broadcasting authorities in other English speaking countries may have material. In Australia an archive of Australian poets reading on video exists in Canberra at the Defence Forces Academy, Campbell. The Poetry Society in London may have material and similar poetry societies and writers' societies in other countries may be repositories (check the internet for such societies). *RLIN, *OCLC and other online union library catalogs should be checked since aural material is increasingly being cataloged on them. Some libraries (such as the State Library of Victoria, *Melbourne) have card catalogs of aural material not yet transferred to machine readable form. See also *Poetry Readings. As far as radio goes, it is important to realize that broadcast material has been archived in a haphazard way and material may be scattered in all parts of the world since radio is still a major media and material emanating in one country has been broadcast in others and may have been archived there and not in the country of origin. Other languages. National libraries should be checked as well as national film and sound archives, poetry societies and literary societies. For French ICRAM in Paris is the national sound and film repository. In Russian archives exist in Moscow as in Chinese and Japanese. For cultures lacking writing *anthropology museums (such as the Smithsonian in Washington and the Peabody Museum at *Harvard) have aural material. Major museums such as the British Museum in London also should have material. The National Museum of Ethnology in Osaka, Japan, has 63,00 audio-visual items. City in India in which Urdu is the main spoken language (see *Siraj-ud-din, active 1747). A city in Maharashtra state in north-central India, the city is a center of Urdu speaking Muslims. See *C. M. Naim, "The Theme of Homosexual (Pederastic) Love in Pre-Modern Urdu Poetry", in Studies in the Urdu Gazal and Prose Fiction, edited by M. U. Memon, 1979, pp. 121 and 128. Poet from France who wrote in Greek and Latin and translator from Greek to Latin. Ca. 310-ca.395. Ausonius married and lived in the French city of Bordeaux; he also wrote *epigrams in Greek (though whether any are relevant is not known); see also *fellatio. The *National Union Catalog and *British Library General Catalogue reveal his works were first published in 1472 and have been many times reprinted. He wrote some 146 epigrams. As translator, see Dawes, A Phase of Roman Life, 330 - he notes a large number of translations from the Greek * Palatine Anthology, e.g., poem cxix (in the *Loeb edition poem lix). Translation. English: H. G. Evelyn White (1919-21; *Loeb edition), Jack Lindsay (ca. 1928). Catalan: Carlos Riba and Anton Navarro (1924). French: L'abbé Jaubert (1769), E. F. Corpet (1842-43+), E. Ducote (1897), M. Jasinski (1935). German: M. W. Besser (1908). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 141-42: Ausonius, Volume I, Books I-XVII, and Volume II, Books XVIII-XX, both published London: Heinemann, Loeb Classical Library, [no date]. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Forberg, Manual of Classical Erotology. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 109. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 110-11. Medieval Latin Poems of Male Love and Friendship, 2-5: three *epigrams showing fascination with homosex and one to his pupil *Paulinus; biog., 142. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 202-03. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 137-38. Criticism. Courouve, Ces petits grecs, 11. Biographer and critic from the United States who wrote in English. 1935-1984. Author of Genteel Pagan: The Double Life of *Charles Warren Stoddard (Amherst, MA, 1991). This is a major biography of a minor poet which, in addition, reveals much about nineteenth century *San Francisco; on Stoddard's Poems 1867, see pp. 34-35. A biography of Austen appears on pp. vii-xxiv (he committed *suicide). Roger Austen was also the author of Playing the Game: The Homosexual Novel in America (1977). Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Died 1974. He taught in the Far East Division of the University of Maryland, in *Tokyo, where he died unexpectedly in 1974 . See Gay Sunshine no. 24, p.11, for some relevant poems. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10447: three poems and photographs of Japan's naked festival from *Gay Sunshine no. 19 (Sept/ Oct 1973), 14-15. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Orgasms of Light, 22-23: fine poem *"Mishima" (with reference to St *Sebastian); biog., 248. Bibliography in English from Australia. From ca. 1970. A computer database based at the Defence Forces Academy, Canberra, indexing Australian books and journals, including *subject indexing (and including subject indexing for homosexuality - both male and female). It commenced ca. 1973 and is being progressively extended backwards in time (e. g., early journals such as the Sydney Bulletin are being entered). Coverage from 1970 is excellent; coverage before 1970 is not detailed but is being progressively extended and widened. This is apparently a unique database which, as a model, could be applied to all the *languages in the world, estimated at some 6,000, and extended to oral material, including film and aural recordings. Problems of conceptualization arise with subject indexing since the words and subjects indexed are inevitably subjective. This problem would be helped by entry of all the material being entered in computer form (allowing searchers to make their own subject searches of the actual texts for much contemporary material). This may be possible in future as more and more authors' manuscripts are deposited in libraries and archives in computer form (but this seems unlikely for the present due to copyright problems). See the entries *Robert Adamson, *Briggs, *Dibble, *Goodfellow, *Harwood, Jefferies, Jones, John Kinsella, *Li Min Hua (pseud.), *Sharkey, *Wardleworth as examples. Australian Aboriginal languages Languages spoken by the Aboriginal peoples of Australia. Detailed documentation exists especially from ca. 1970 though written records of individual languages go back to the late eignteenth century. Australian Aboriginal languages may date back over 40,000 years. Over 200 languages are spoken currently and possibly 300 were spoken at the beginning of the contact period (1788) with many more dialects being spoken (recent estimates indicate some 678 Aboriginal tribes existed). It has been estimated that, of the 250 languages spoken in 1788, 160 are extinct and only 20 are actively transmitted (David Horton, Encyclopedia of Aboriginal Australia, 1994, volume 1, p. 600). The languages formed 29 language families at least, one language family being spoken over south-east Australia and 28 others in north-west Australia (in northern Western Australia and the north of the Northern Territory). Walpiri and Aranda, both spoken in the central desert, are languages with a large number of speakers; Kukatja is spoken in the desert in northern western Australia. Many languages have only a few speakers and are in danger of extinction. Oral literatures have not been recorded in most languages for the most part, even on tape and video, and what has been recorded on tape and video only date from ca. 1970 (see *T. G. H. Strehlow); initiation ceremonies are of major importance. Of those languages that have been recorded, literary analysis has barely begun (for Aranda, the main language, see *T. G. H. Strehlow). Dictionaries, where they exist, are mostly inadequate: e.g., the dictionary of Gidjingarli (Northern Territory), compiled by the Christian missionaries D. and K. Glasgow, omits all words which hint at sexuality and obscenity - which words in fact form a large proportion of the vocabulary (estimated by *Les Hiatt, University of Sydney, to this author, at up to 40%). See overall R. M. Dixon, Languages of Australia (1980). See *Australian Aboriginal languages - Overview for homosexual poems. For information on languages see, in the Australian Encyclopedia, 1965 edition, under "Aborigines" the subsection titled "Languages"; in the 1977 printing see "Languages" under "Aborigines" (written by S. A. Wurm). See also entries on individual languages in The Encyclopedia of Aboriginal Australia edited by David Horton, 2 volumes (Canberra, 1994). References. International Encyclopedia of Linguistics. Australian Gay and Lesbian Writing Anthology in English from Australia. Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1993, 383 pages. Compiled by *Robert Dessaix. Introduction pp. 1-18; biographical notes pp. 375-79. This is a mixed male and female anthology of poetry and prose on historical lines in the area of *queer writing. The anthology is arranged in seven sections: "Forewords", "Desiring", "Initiating", "Transgressing", "Loving", "Afterwords". It has been much criticized for not representing the writing of the *gay liberation period adequately and for including heterosexual writers or writers who indentify as heterosexual at the expense of those who have written on homosexual themes (see reviews listed in Hurley, Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia). Review: The Age, 11 September 1993, Extra p. 9. It contains some good poems but is uneven overall. Male poets (see entries) are: Javant Biarujia, John Le Gay Brereton, Michael Dransfield, David Herkt, Rae Desmond Jones, David Malouf, Don Maynard, Tony Page, Peter Rose, Thomas Shapcott, Val Vallis; see also Gwen Harwood, Benedict Chiantar, Francis MacNamara (p. 3) and a poem by Sasha Soldatow (p.15). References. Hurley, Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia. Languages spoken in Australia are of two types: indigenous and introduced languages. Material of relevance dates from 1847 in English - see *Christianos (pseud.). *Australian Aboriginal languages were spoken before 1788 and go back 53,000 years or more (a piece of ochre used by humans hands in the Nationals Museum of Australia in Canberra on display is dated from 53,000 to 59,000 years before the present). Only twenty Australian Aboriginal languages are extensively spoken. *European languages - English, spoken from 1788, being the main language - and *Asian languages (Chinese initially from ca. 1851) are now spoken. The languages of the Torres Strait islands (Meriam and Mabuiag) are Melanesian and are related to the *Papua New Guinea Languages; these languages have oral traditions but there is not much reference known to homosexuality (information from Jeremy Beckett, an anthropologist specializing in the peoples of the islands). The Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies in *Canberra - known as AIATSIS - is the premier institute for the study of Torres Strait islander cultures. Over three hundred languages are currently spoken, including some 150 Aboriginal languages and over 150 introduced languages. The number of introduced languages has increased markedly since 1945 when there was increased immigration. Some 200 introduced languages are in daily use in homes in New South Wales, the largest state with one third of the population (capital: *Sydney). Migrants came mainly from Europe until the 1980s when there has been increasing Asian immigration. References. Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics: see "Australia". Australian Lesbian and Gay Archives, also called ALGA Archive mainly in English situated in Australia. It was established in 1978. The archive is based in Melbourne; Graham Carberry has been the main person responsible for running it until the late 1990s. It has assembled the largest collection of gay *journals in English in Australia holding * Christopher Street, *The Advocate, *Gay News and by 1994 an extensive collection of 694 journal titles (a computer based list of these journals exists). It has some non-English and nonAustralin journals (e.g., * Homologie). There are also 1,000 files on individuals, gay groups and gay topics and 40,000 newspaper cuttings arranged chronologically. The achives has an internet site. References. Directory of the International Association of Lesbian and Gay Archives and Libraries, 18-22. Austronesian languages, also called Malayo-Polynesian Languages spoken from the Pacific to the Indian Oceans, from Hawaii and other islands of Polynesia to Madagascar. Many are spoken in the Philippines and Indonesia. They include Bahasa Indonesia, the national language of Indonesia, and Tagalog, the national language of the Philippines. Tribal languages of Taiwan belong to this group. Material of relevance dates from ca. 1590. The Austronesian languages are the most widespread indigenous language group in the world. They are spoken by over 250 million peoples. Hundreds of languages are involved. *Oral and tribal cultures predominate. Little work has been done on recording the oral literatures of the group which frequently include poems readily composed on almost any subject. The Indonesian is the largest group of languages (some 669 languages are known: see "Indonesia" in Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics). Various scripts, derived from India, were used - e.g., the Kawi script for Javanese. The * Ramayana and *Mahabharata are major long poems extensively translated in southeast Asia. *Islam is a dominant religion in Indonesia and Malaysia and *Sufism has been influential in these countries (see * Pantun and the *Sufi poet *Hamzah Fan Suri, active ca. 1590); *Christianity is a major religion in the Philippines. Indonesia. Bahasa Indonesia is the most widely spoken language: see *Chairil Anwar. Javanese, the next most widely spoken language, is spoken on Java. Balinese is spoken only on the island of Bali. In Javanese relevant material dates from 1000 in oral form: see *Mahabharata (which translation existed from 1000, though written versions may only date from 1893). Buoinese. spoken in south Sulawesi in Indonesia, has a major epic poem * I La Galigo recited by male *transvestite priests. Malaysia. Malay: see *Pantun. Asmah Haji Omar, The Malay Peoples of Malaysia and their Languages (Kuala Lumpur, 1983), discusses languages spoken in Malaysia. Madagascar. Malagasy is spoken: see *Rabearivelo, *Songs - Malagasy. Philippines. Tagalog is the most widely spoken language: see *Songs - Tagalog. *J. Neil Garcia has edited a gay anthology and is a gay poet. Taiwan. The native languages of Taiwan (where Chinese is now the main language) are the northernmost languages and are related to Tagalog. Polynesia. The languages of this area, in the Pacific Ocean from New Guinea to Hawaii, are usually regarded as a sub family: see entries *Ulamoleke for Tongan, *Overview - Maori and *Overview - Polynesian. Victor Krupa, The Polynesian Languages (1982) surveys these languages. On oral languages see the separate entry *Overview - Oral languages of Southeast Asia for some oral in this language family. References. Katzner, Languages of the World, 5 and 25-26. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 579-99: "Indonesia". Murray, Oceanic Homosexualities, 151-84. New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics: "Indonesian", "Polynesian". Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 238-39. Autobiography of gay poets in English dates from 1722; works exist from Great Britain, the United States, Australia and Canada. The first autobiographies of poets of relevance come from the United Kingdom: see *Lord Hervey and *Thomas Walpole (whose autobiography, published in 1722, is the first work of note). The poet *Leigh Hunt described homosexuality at his school in his autobiography. *J. A. Symonds - whose autobiography was edited by *Phyllis Grosskuth - and *Edward Carpenter wrote autobiographies. The autobiographies of homopoets who did not write openly can frequently be more interesting than their works: for instance, *Osbert Sitwell (whose five volume work fails to mention his partner *David Horner). Autobiographies frequently give valuable information on the circles the person moved in which can help in tracing who was gay in these groups. One poet, *Aleister Crowley, is so enigmatic, that, even after an autobiography and three biographical editions by one man, John Symonds, over forty years, the full story of his life is not known. Great Britain. See J. R. Ackerley, *Lord Alfred Douglas (whose autobiography is unreliable), *A. K. Seawright (an unpublished manuscript), *Francis King and James Kirkup (one of the most important poet autobiographers) His continuing autobiography extends now over several volumes. United States: see *Harold Norse (author of a major autobiography), James Broughton, *Samuel Steward. Australia: see *Patrick White (primarily a novelist but he also wrote some poetry). Canada: see *Patrick Anderson. Until recently the possibility of iibel has been an inhibiting factor in writing about homosexuality in autobiographies. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 138-42. Gay Histories and Cultures : see "Autobiographical Writing". Bibliographies. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 132-40. Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. Born before 40. The name means charioteer. Not in Oxford Classical Dictionary. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Pauly, Wissowa, Paulys Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft: see "Automedon (4)". Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10448: *Musa Puerilis, London: Heinemann, 1918, Book 12, poem 34. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Garland of Meleager. Garland of Philip. Palatine Anthology xii 34. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 65. Les Amours masculines, 41. Criticism. Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 9 (1908), 271. Brandt, Sittengeschichte griechenlands, volume 2, 200. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 486-87. Buffiere, Eros adolescent, 680. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1975. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 143: book Man to Man, *San Francisco: privately printed, 1975. Poet from Germany who wrote in German. 1856-1923. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Neue deutsche Biographie. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 38: Gedicht für Theodor Fischer [poem for Theodor Fischer]; no source given. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. 1113-1199. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 321: fine gay love poem; *wine trope. Translator from Persian to English from Great Britain. Active 1952-65. Translator of The Rubaiyat of *Omar Khayyam, 1979, with John Heath-Stubbs (reprinted Penguin Books, 1981): a close translation based on the *Forughi and *Hedayat editions. Hafiz of Shiraz, Thirty Poems (London, 1952), is a text and translation of the Persian poet *Hafiz. The * British Library General Catalogue reveals he also published Modern Iran (London, 1965). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 127-32: trans. of *Hafiz with John Heath-Stubbs. Avicolli, Tommi A performance artist from *Philadelphia. He has written his memoirs titled "Memoirs of a Sissy" in Men Freeing Men (1985). He works in *A Different Light, a queer bookship in the Castro in San Francisco. He has written journal articles for the San Francisco Examiner: see the internet. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 144: Magic Doesn't Live Here Anymore, An *Androgyne Collective Publication, 1976. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Orgasms of Light, 24-25. Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, 36-37: "The *Rape Poem"; biog., 36: lists also the book Boy Dreams, 1983. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born ca. 1972. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gents, Bad Boys, and Barbarians,17-21; biog., 16. Poet from Azerbaijan who wrote in Persian. Ca. 1271-1337. A *disciple of Kirmani strongly influenced by him: see Kirmani, Heart's Witness (Tehran, 1978), p. 3. Pseudonym of a critic from France who wrote in French. Active 1924. His Platoniquement (Paris: Figuère, 1924) in prose, has a dialogue between *Platen and *Sappho. In Paris Gay 1925, by Gilles Barbedette (Paris, 1981), p. 311, there is a list of his writings including Les solitudes inquiètes (Paris, 1926) and Les miettes du Banquet (Paris, no date); his real name is stated here to be Pierre Guyoloy-Dubasty. He is not to be confused with a later pederastic writer and painter François Augiérias, 1924-1971 (see the article in Paidika vol. 3 no. 1, issue 9, by *Gert Hekma, 57-64, the entry in Dictionnaire Gay and the entry in Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History). Biographical information on Augiérias also appears in * Pour tout l'amour des hommes, pp. 287-88, and Brongersma, Loving Boys, volume 1, 284; his surname is spelt "Augerias" in his entry in Duroc, Homosexuels et lesbiennes illustrés, 37. Poet and anthologist from Brazil writing in Portuguese; translator from Spanish to Portuguese. 1933-1991. Coeditor with *Gasparino Damata Ayala of the only Brazilian gay poetry anthology * Poemas do Amor Maldito; he wrote the introduction pp. 7-10. His "Phallic Ode" is one of the most erotic poems in the anthology. A prolific author who had published some seventeen books of poetry to 1988, with gay sentiment apparent from the book Un animal de deus, ca.1964 (title means "an animal of God"). He is best known mainly a writer of children's fiction. He translated *Federico García Lorca from Spanish. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Brazilian Literature. Foster, Latin American Writers on Gay and Lesbian Themes. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poemas do amor maldito, 127-28; biog., 126. Lover of a poet who wrote in Persian and lived in Iran; later a trope in Persian poetry. Active ca. 998. The slave who was the beloved of the Ghaznavid *Sultan *Muhmad (ruled 998-1030). Their passion is a recurrent theme in Persian Poetry. He appears in Persian in the poetry of *Farrukhi, *Attar's Mosibatnama and *Rumi's Mathnawi; long mathnawi poems were written by several other Persian poets and especially in *Sufi writings (see his entry in Encyclopaedia Iranica). Other poems are cited in the Sultan Muhmad entry; see also *Huzni of Ispahan. He was a Persian trope of the *Beloved. Little is known about Ayaz except that he was the chief cupbearer or * saki of Muhmad. He was known in Persian poetry for his good looks, valor, shrewdness and sincerity. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Iranica; brilliant article by J. Matini (with bibl.) Poet from Iran who wrote in Persian and Arabic. 1098-1131. *Sufi and martyr who also wrote in Arabic. See the *Kirmani entry in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition: he is in the tradition of Kirmani, though apparently more mystical. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, Supplement. Poet from Brazil who wrote in Portuguese. 1831-1851. Criticism. Trevisan, Perverts in Paradise, 101-03: a repressed *Romantic poet who appears to have been homosexual. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 163: stated to have been gay. Novelist and poet from China who wrote in Chinese. Active before 1972. Though mainly a novelist, gay poems occur in his novel. Hinsch, Passions of the Cut Sleeve, pp. 166-67, cites from his novel Family (Jia), trans. English, New York, 1972, by Olga Lang (see pp. 64-65). The passage refers to the main character's grandfather who wrote poems, playing around with sing song girls (to whom he dedicated poems) and *actors who were female impersonators in Chengdu (a large city in southwest China). Ba Jin is spelt in *Pinyin. Poet from Iran who wrote in Persian. 1000-1055. Persian *Sufi poet who wrote * rubai; they are sorrowful, in contrast to those of the joy loving *Omar Khayyam. He was translated into English by *A. J. Arberry, entitled Poems of a Persian Sufi (1937). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Rypka, History of Iranian Literature, 234. Poet from Iran who wrote in Persian. Active ca. 159Q. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A'in i Akbari anthology, 676; biog., 676. Journal in Italian from Italy. From 1983. It is the most widely read Italian gay journal, published monthly in Milan, Italy. Though popular, it contains serious cultural articles including some on poetry. The major gay scholar *Giovanni Dall'Orto writes for it and has been a leading force in producing it. It has an excellent internet site. See entries for Barcelona, Dario Bellezza, Giuseppe Belli, Bologna, Jean Cocteau, Alfredo Cohen, Giovanni Dall'Orto, Dictionaries and Words - Italian, Gilgamesh, Guido Gozzano, Heinrich Heine, Hou Chu, Journals - Greek, Mario Mieli, Cesare Picchi, Raymond Radiguet, Piero Santi, Songs - Italian, Gennady Trifonov, Turin, Venice. Bibliographer from Great Britain who wrote in English. Active 1925. He was the bibliographer of the important early gay researcher John Addington Symonds who compiled Bibliography of the Writings of John Addington Symonds (London, 1925; repr. New York, 1968), 244 pages. The book is an annotated bibliography of 560 items, including books and articles. It is one of the finest bibliographies of a gay poet and writer so far. The book is dedicated to A. T. Bartholomew "In gratitude for his assistance and in memory of twenty-one years of unclouded friendship." Compare *Christopher Millard. Poet and critic from Hungary who wrote in Hungarian. 1883-1941. A major twentieth century Hungarian writer and poet strongly influenced by 'decadent poetry in his early poetry (published in 1909 and 1911); see Kaido, History of Hungarian Literature, pp. 361-62. He married in 1921. Poems of his are obscure and allusive and may contain hidden gay meanings - see "Pictor Ignotus", in Tibor Klaniczay, History of Hungarian Literature, 1982, p. 262. He also wrote a book on 'Oscar Wilde - Wilde Oszkar verseibol (1916). He is noted for his translation of 'Dante's Divine Comedy into Hungarian and wrote a history of European literature published in Hungarian in 1934 as Az eurôpai irodalom tôrénete (trans. into German and published in 1949 as Geschichte der europäischen Literatur); this discusses many gay poets (e.g., 'Shakespeare, 'Michelangelo) and the second section ends with the ' fin de siècle (there is a small final chapter on the twentieth century). Eroto, Budapest, 1970, is a translation of erotic poetry into Hungarian (rare: copy held, 'Library of Congress). Bibliography of his works: see Albert Tezla, Hungarian Authors(1970), pp. 54-63. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Penguin Companion to World Literature. Criticism. Kaido, History of Hungarian Literature, 36066. Babur, also called Babar or Baber Poet from India and Afghanistan who wrote in Turkish, Chagatay and Persian. 1483-1530. He was founder of the Mughal dynasty of India, occupied *Delhi and Agra and wrote memoirs, the Baburnameh, in the eastern Turkish literary language Chagatay; the memoirs were translated into Persian in 1589 and English by L. F. Brushbrook Williams (published 1921-22) and into French by Pavet de Courteille (published 1891). His memoirs reveal him to have been infatuated with a seventeen year old man known as Baburi. He wrote poems in Turkish; about twelve are in Persian. He had sons. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition: see "Baber". Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 282-83. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition: "Babur". Encyclopedia Iranica: "Babor". Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, vol. 1, 18 and vol. 2, 1007: stated to have written poems. Criticism. Raffalovich, Uranisme et unisexualite, 57-59: regarding a poem to a Persian youth. Rahman, "Boy love in the Urdu ghazal", Paidika vol. 2 no. 1 (1989), 13: love for a boy Babari. Figure from myth and trope in Greek later a trope in Latin, English and Russian. Recorded from ca. 130. Bacchus is another name for *Dionysus. In Greek he is referred to in poetry in the * Mousa Paidike (e.g., xii 50). The date is taken from the 'Mousa Paidike (ca. 130) but he may have appeared in homopoetry earlier; see Liddell and Scott, Greek-English Lexicon, 303. Latin. Bacchus appears in the poetry of *Horace and *Virgil (see Oxford Latin Dictionary, 223) and is extensively depicted on sarcophagi from the early Christian era. For the artistic depiction see * Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae under Dionysos. English. See *Ralph Waldo Emerson, *Edmund Spenser. A painting by the homosexual *Simeon Solomon, who wrote prose poems, dome as an illustration to the journal * Century Guild Hobby Horse shows him as a beautiful youth. Russian. See 'Calling out for Bacchus' by 'Vyacheslav Ivanov in * Out of the Blue, 140-41. The Russian saints Serge and Bacchus are regarded by some as a gay pair: see the entry "Serge and Bacchus" in Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. Born 400 B.C. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 158. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 39: poem "Der Friede (Walter der Friede)". Gay Poetry Anthologies. Garland of Meleager. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 28: see entry *Wilamowitz-Moellendorf. Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 8 (1906), 658. Brandt, Sittengeschichte griechenlands, volume 2, 191. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 477. Bachaumont, François le Coigneux de Poet from France who wrote in French. 1524-1702. Not in Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Les Amours masculines, 139: poem written in relation to *Charles Coypeau d'Assoucy (1604-79) with *Claude Chapelle. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 410. 86: same poem as in the preceding anthologies, Voyage en Languedoc, about a page boy. Historian and autobiographer from Great Britain who wrote in English; he lived for most of his life in China. 1873-1944. A graduate of *Oxford he afterwards lived in *Beijing and became a Chinese scholar. He gave a large collection of Chinese books to the Bodleian Library, *Oxford University. He published in English two books on the Manchu court: China Under the Empress Dowager (1910) and Annals and Memoirs of the Court of Peking (1914). See the biography by Hugh Trevor-Roper, Hermit of Peking, New York, 1977: the book discusses Backhouse's homosexuality extensively. On pp. 238-77 Trevor-Roper discusses a manuscript of Memoirs said to be by Backhouse which he examined in 1973 and which was to be given to the Bodleian Library; he concluded that the Memoirs were largely made up by Backhouse and that claims that he knew such persons as *Wilde, the French poet *Verlaine and *Beardsley are false. Compare *Frederick Rolfe. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography; by Hope Danby. Philosopher and poet from Great Britain who wrote in English; translator from Hebrew to English. 1561-1626. Bacon is most famous as a philosopher and was also Lord Chancellor of England in 1618. His homosexuality was noted by John Aubrey and by his contemporary Sir Simonds D'Ewes (born 1602) in his Autobiography. His mother reproved him for homosexual practices in a letter (see Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 343); this is quoted in Spedding's Life of Bacon. He married in 1606 aged forty-six. His Essays are some of his most widely read literary works. Most importantly from a gay point of view is his essay "On Friendship". His essay on "Beauty" deals exclusively with the masculine kind. He translated some of the Hebrew * Psalms into English and wrote a fine poem in English, "The world's a bubble" (in Poems, edited by Reverend A. B. Grossart, Privately printed, 1870, pp. 49-52), and he possibly wrote "The man of life upright" (ibid., pp. 53-54). As Chancellor of England he was assisted in his rise by the Earl of Buckingham, the homosexual favorite of James I. Accused of bribery, he was disgraced, retired to the country and later married. Intrigues against him must be considered in relation to his homosexuality. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 339-43. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionary of National Biography. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 103. Howes, Broadcasting It. Dictionnaire Gay. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Ioläus (1902), 136-38: from the essay "On *Friendship". Iolaus(1935), 220-230: essay on friendship. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 188-92: essay, "Of Friendship". Criticism. Hirschfeld, Die Homosexualität des Mannes und des Weibes, 659. Dawes, Study of Erotic Literature in England, 229A-229B. Norton, Homosexual Literary Tradition, 287-323. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Active 1934. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10449: Dream and Action, New York: Harper, 1934. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 145: cites the same book. Bada'uni, 'Abd al-Kadir Muntakhab Critic from India who wrote in Persian. Active before 1884. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, item 1017: states his Selections from Histories (translated from Persian into English and first published in English, Calcutta, 1884; repr. 1925) lists pederastic poets and rulers of India. (A copy is in the *Library of Congress: for poets see vol. 1 of the Library of Congress edition [Karachi, 1976; repr. from 1925 edition], pp. 610-13, vol. 2, 12-17, vol. 3, 242-49, 255-57, 265, 331-33, 338-340.) Anthology in English from the United States. New York: Badboy, 1996, 399 pages. An excellent volume of gay erotic poetry compiled by *David Laurents which features poetry by sixty-one poets from the *gay liberation period through to the 1990s; poems are very well chosen; biographical notes pp. 383-93. There are many new poets who write fine gay poems and many from *New York and *San Francisco with a few from *Boston. The anthology has only been published in paperback and the quality of the paper is poor. Review: James White Review vol.13 no. 2 (Spring 1996), 21-22. Poets (see entries): Antler (pseud.), Robin Wayne Bailey, David Bergman, Dick Bettis, Walta Borawski, William Bory, Jonxavier Bradshaw, Eric Brandt, Perry Brass, James Broughton, Regie Cabico, Rafael Campo, Marsh Cassady, Steven Cordova, Alfred Corn, Peter Daniels, Gavin Dillard, Mark Doty, David Eberly, Edward Field, Allen Ginsberg, Thom Gunn, Peter Hale, Trebor Healey, Scott Hightower, Richard Howard, Abraham Katzman, Dennis Kelly, Rudy Kikel, Victor King, Wayne Koestenbaum, Michael Lassell, David Laurents, Timothy Liu, Michael Lowenthal, John McFarland, Rondo Mieczkowski, Edmund Miller, M. S. Montgomery, Carl Morse, Christopher Murray, Harold Norse, Scott O'hara, Carl Phillips, Felice Picano, Mason Powell, Steven Reil, Eric Robertson, Leigh W. Rutledge, Lawrence Schimel, Jay Shaffer (pseud.), Alden Shaw, Reginald Shepherd, Simon Shepherd, David Trinidad, Jonathan Wald, Paul O. Welles, L. E. Wilson, Gregory Woods, Ian Young. Badru'd-din Hilali, also spelt Badriddin Hiloli Poet from Afghanistan who wrote in Tajik. Ca. 1470-1529. In the Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, p. 17, *S. W. Foster states he wrote poems about beautiful boys. For information on him see Rypka, History of Iranian Literature, pp. 500-501, where he is called Badridin Hiloli. See also his * mathnavi, Shohu Darvesh, about the tragic love of a dervish for his ruler. Poet from Spain who wrote in Spanish. Active before 1992. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 331: gay poet included in the *journal Cantico (published in *Cordoba). Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. 1694-1768. A *Venetian dialect poet who wrote erotic poems which were banned; many were *sonnets and contained explicit homosexual references. His poems are believed to have been called "the most erotic poems ever written" by *J. A. Symonds (source not traced; *Anthony Reid to the author). In the Lisieux printing see the poems in vol. 1, pp. 28, 29 and in vol. 2, pp. 101, 153, 155, 160, 166, 170, 172. Compare *Belli. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Bilder-lexikon. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Dizionario biografico degli Italiani. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10450: cites Poésies complète de Giorgio Baffo, Paris: *Lisieux, 3 volumes. Pia, Les Livres de l'Enfer, vol. 1, column le Poesie di Giorfio Baffo, London: no publisher, 1721 (stated to contain only a part of his oeuvre) and Poésies complètes de Giorgio Baffo, 4 volumes, Paris: Isidore Lisieux, 1884, with a translation into French by Alcide Bonneau. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amicizia amorosa, 145-48; biog., 143. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 238-39: translations of poems vol. 2, 288, 326, vol. 3, 196, vol. 4, 248 City in Iraq in which Arabic is the main spoken language. It is the capital of Iraq. Gay poetry associated with the city dates from 800. Baghdad was the capital of the *Abbasid caliphate; however, the city is very ancient. *Abu Nuwas and *al-Bahila (both active 800) are the first notable homopoets associated with the city; *Ibn al-Hadjdjadj was later associated with it. *Di'bil ibn 'Ali wrote a satire on the gays of the city in the ninth century. It has been estimated to have had 27,000 public bathhouses in the tenth century (see *Sexologists - Islamic). The city was sacked by the Mongols in 1292. Many stories in the * Arabian Nights are set in Baghdad and the *Sufi philosopher *Al-Ghazali also taught there. A modern poet who has written a notable poem is *Muhammed Qassim. The city contains important libraries. See also ibn al-Rumi. Hebrew: see isaac Ibn Ezra and 'al-Harizi. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Encyclopædia Britannica. Translator from Latin to English from Great Britain. Born 1917. Editor and translator of a new edition of *Martial in the *Loeb classics, 3 volumes, 1993, using contemporary and readable English. This is the first edition with a complete English translation since the * Index Expurgatorius and is the finest English translation to date. The homosexual poems are uncensored. He is the former Professor of Latin at *Harvard; see his entry in Who's Who 1993. Historian from Great Britain writing in English. 1910-1984. Author of Homosexuality and the Western Christian Tradition (London, 1955). Despite it's title, this is a major study of the laws in the west and how they emerge from the Judeo-Christian background, the *Roman background and the Justinian statutes; it is a pioneering work setting the stage for the work of *Michael Goodich and John Boswell and reveals the legal and religious background against which the poetry was written, especially Latin and Greek poetry. Chapter 1: *"Sodom and Gomorrah". Chapter 2: "The Bible and Homosexual Practice". Chapter 3: "Roman *Law to the Time of Justinian". Chapter 4: "Legislation, Teaching and Opinion in the Church". Chapter 5: "The Medieval Situation". Chapter 6: "The *Law in England". The dust-jacket states that it is the author's personal contribution to the Wolfenden Committee (which produced the report leading to the partial decriminalization of consenting male homosexual acts for males over 21 in Great Britain) and that the author is an Anglican priest, Ph. D. from Edinburgh, Central Lecturer for the Church of England Moral Welfare council from 1951, and married with three children. See Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, p. 104. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionnaire Gay. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1995. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Badboy Book, 33-38; biog., 393. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1990. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Beyond Paradise, 41; biog. 77. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. 1891-1918. A friend of Charles Kenneth Scott-Moncrief, the English language translator of *Marcel Proust, he attended *Cambridge and died in the war. "If I should die" (see Lads below) is a brilliant *parody of *Rupert Brooke and was published in the autobiography of the Australian novelist Nevil Shute, Slide Rule (1954), a former pupil. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10451: Achilles in Scyros, a classical comedy, London: Cayme Press, 1927. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 345-46: from the poem Achilles in Scyros, about women who live without men (very witty). Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 69 ("If I should die, be not concerned to know" states he wishes to be thought of as one who liked "Beethoven, Botticelli, beer and boys"); biog., 229. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 152. Criticism. Smith, Love in Earnest: see index; bibl. 240, citing Achilles in Scyros, London, Cayme Press, 1927. Translator from Russian to Slovenian possibly from Slovenia. Active 1989. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Drobci stekla v ustih, 14 (trans. of *Mikhail Kuzmin), 26 (*Nikolai Klyuev) , 46 (*Sergei Esenin), 135-37 (*Gennady Trifonov). Critic and poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Ca. 1945-ca.1995. An openly gay writer and journalist who wrote widely and wittily for * Gay News, including poetry criticism (see *Lorenz Hart, * Love and Death) and a book on *transvestism. He retired from life in London to live in the country in Scotland and died of emphysema ca. 1995. *Laurence Collinson was a close friend (Roger Baker was executor of his will); he and Laurence Collinson were involved in the drama group Gay Sweatshop. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10452: three poems in Gay News 42: 10, March 14, 1974). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gay Verse. Poet from Turkey who wrote in Turkish. 1526-1600. He wrote a famous *elegy on the death of *Suleyman the Magnificent and is regarded as the greatest * ghazal writer of Turkish and one of the great * divan poets. He appears gay. Many poems are very ambiguous (Dr Chris Murphy, Turcologist. School of Oriental and African Studies, London, to the author). On the poet see Gibb, History of Ottoman Poetry, volume 3, pp. 133-59 (name spelt Baqi). Text: edited by R. Dvorak, Leiden 1908-11; by S. N. Ergun, Istanbul, 1935. Criticism: see Jan Rypka. Translation. German: Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall (ca. 1828) Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Duroc, Homosexuels et lesbiennes illustrés, 43. Mitler, Ottoman Turkish Writers. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Anthologie de l'amour turc : trans. into French. Penguin Book of Turkish Verse, 91-94: fine homosexual poems with *wine and *cupbearer tropes; biog., 10. Critic from Saudi Arabia writing in Arabic. Active ca. 1987. Author of Love Poetry in the Second Century (written in Arabic; this is a translation of the title) published before 1987. It discusses homosexual love which it claims entered Arabic poetry via the Persians when the Caliphate moved to *Baghdad; see pp. 187-243. (information from Dr Yousef Khailif, University of Cairo, to the author February 1987). The author works in Saudi Arabia and has written several books, including one on *Omar Khayyam. Poet from Russia who wrote in Russian; translator from English and Georgian to Russian. He also lived in France. 1867-1942. He published twenty-nine volumes influenced by *Symbolism and the *Decadent Movement. He translated from English to Russian *Oscar Wilde's Ballad of Reading Goal (1904) and *Whitman's Leaves of Grass: Pobiegi Travy (Moscow, 1911, 216 pages). He translated from Georgian to Russian *Shota Rustaveli. He was in exile in France from 1920. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Terras, Handbook of Russian Literature. Critic from Germany writing in German. Active 1985. Author of Die Knabenliebe in Mittelasien (Boy Love in Central Asia), Berlin: Verl. Das Arabische Buch, 1988, 116 pp. (the book is sold by the publisher Das Arabische Buch, Wundstrasse 13/15, Berlin 1019). There is an English Abstract on "Bagabozlik-bagabozi" - as love between boys and men is called - pp. 115-116, discussing the contents of the book. The book discusses *boy love especially among the Uzbek speakers of Afghanistan and is the first extended study of Uzbek boy love. The boy frequently dances and sings for his adult lover: see *Singing and Dancing Boys. For translation into English of part of the book: see * Paidika vol. 2 no. 5 (1992). The poems sung by the boys relate to Persian and Turkish poetry and records of the practice exist in Russian (cited in the work). The author was associated with the Freie Universität, Berlin. These boys are called bachas and a photograph of one in Bukhara in the Uzbek Republic is on p. 91 of Vitaly V. Naumkin, Bukhara, London, 1993 - a work which consists of photographs of Bukhara from Russian archives (the photgraph on p. 91 of the work was taken by the Russian L. S. Barshchevsky and dates from the early 1890s). Poet from Germany writing in German. Active 1985. Author of a book of gay free verse poems bound in *purple with purple endpapers titled Krasis (Berlin: *Verlag rosa Winkel, 1985), 63 pp. All copies are signed and numbered but no statement of limitation is given; the copy used was no.142. Poet from Germany who wrote in German. 1959-1993. Chapbook of gay poems illustrated with photographs: Breitseite (Berlin, Maldoror FlugSchriften, 1980), edited by *Nico Wurtz. He died of *Aids. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Milchsilber, 46-7; biog., 179 (with photo). Novelist and poet from the United States who wrote in English; he also lived in France. 1924-1987. A *black writer famous as a novelist and for publishing, in 1956, a novel dealing openly with a male homosexual relationship, Giovanni's Room. The first openly gay black writer of the period after 1945. He spoke up on black injustice in the civil rights struggle in the 1960s (the black power movement) as well as being open about his homosexuality: see the film on him, James Baldwin, by Karen Thorsen (1989). James Baldwin lived in France from his early writing career and died in the south of France at St Paul de Vence. See James Baldwin: The Legacy, edited by Quincy Troupe (1987). Text of his poems. In Jimmy's Blues: Selected Poems (1983), see the poems "Munich, Winter 1973", pp. 30-33 and "Mirrors", pp. 6263. This is a modest volume of poems and not all his poems may have been published. Gypsy and other poems, Gehenna Press, 1989 (225 copies), has an etching of the poet by Leonard Baskin. Interviews: Gay News no. 181 (1979), 21; The Advocate no. 447 (27 May, 1986), 42-46. Translation. German. Thomas Stegers (1984; Jimmy's Blues - see details in Bibliographies below). Biography. W. J. Weatherby, James Baldwin, Artist on Fire, 1990, does not deal adequately with Baldwin's homosexuality. A second biography is by James Campbell, Talking at the Gates: A Life of James Baldwin (1991). See also *Wole Soyinka. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 104. Howes, Broadcasting It. Dictionnaire Gay. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Bibliographies. Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen, item 46: Jimmy's Blues (trans. into German by Thomas Stegers), Reinbek bei Hbg.: Rowohlt, 1984. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Fra mann til mann, 79-71. Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, 38-42; biog 38. Eros in Boystown, 7-8. Oral poem in English from Ireland and Australia. In existence from ca. 1922. This poem can be dated from some stanzas which appear in James Joyce's novel Ulysses, 1922 (in the Penguin corrected edition, 1986, p. 22). The poem was obviously current from this time at least. A stanza referring to Jesus Christ as gay is alleged to have been composed by Professor John Anderson, Professor of Philosophy at University of Sydney, and other members of the loosely structured Sydney Bohemian group The Push, and is known to be in existence ca. 1950 (Humphrey McQueen, letter to the author, 14 January, 1988; also Nation Review, 20-26 February 1976, 470-71). The stanza reads: "Of all my apostles/ I love John the best/ And nestle his head / to my *lily white breast/ Now Judas is smitten with jealousy/ and that's why I'm on calvary." This stanza is not included in the version of the poem in The Combined Universities Songbook (Chippendale, New South Wales, September 1965), p. 27, or in Don Laycock The Best Bawdry (1982), though the version in The Best Bawdry has gay references (p. 25, stanza 7). The reference in the poem is to *John the Beloved Disciple. Oral poem, song and poetic genre in English in Great Britain, the United States and Australia in existence with specific gay reference from 1698. Ballads have also been written in other *European languages such as Danish and German. Great Britain and the United States. Ballads are poems composed orally, originally sung and usually verses of consisting of stanzas of four lines, usually rhyming ABAB. It has been claimed by Stephen Knight that the British outlaw who lived in the forest with his "Merry Men", Robin Hood, about whom many ballads survive from apparently before the sixteenth century, may have been gay: see Stephen Knight, Robin Hood: a Complete Study of the English Outlaw, 1994 and his article "Out! Damned Robin", by Stephen Knight, Sydney Morning Herald, 12 February 2000, Specturm p. 5s. He is compiling an anthology of works on Robin Hood. There are a large number of ballads on Robin Hood, first printed in 1510, but probably dating back to the early fifteenth century: see, for example, Arthur Quiller-Couch, The Oxford Book of Ballads, 1910, 462-639. See the entries for Robin Hood in Encyclopedia Britannica and in Encyclopedia Britanica, eleventh edition. Robin Hood's close companions were all men and he was especially close to Little John. The ballad "Robin Hood and Guy of Gisborne" may be relevant. There are *phallic suggestions in the bow Robin Hood carries. A female companion, Marian, only appeared in post-mediaeval ballads. On Robin Hood see also the entry in Howes, Broadcasting It; deals with homo implications in films. Ballads composed by men at sea are a likely source of works with homosexual reference; references to transvestism exist in some revealed as the song proceeds (information from a US anthropologist). Works by the shantyman Stan Hughill the "last singer" of sea shanties may contain relevant material (information from a US anthropologist). *Women's Complaint to Venus (1698) is the first known directly homosexual ballad. * The Women-Hater's Lament (1707) is the second known in English so far. Both were distributed in *broadsheet form (which practice may date to the *Elizabethan period from when printed ballads exist). Literary ballads, using the ballad verse form, occurred later: see *Oscar Wilde who wrote The Ballad of Reading Goal and *Alfred Douglas who wrote a splendid gay ballad of love. *A. E. Housman and *W. H. Auden wrote ballads as has, more recently, *Ivor Treby. *Barry Took and others of the radio show Round the Horn were also inspired by the birth of *gay liberation to write ballads. "The Ballad of Ben Bree" by *Ben Madigan is a recent non-literary ballad. *"Ballad of Joking Jesus" is a work of *bawdry. Overall see Alan Bold, The Ballad, 1979; the last chapter, Chapter 5, deals with ballads in the United States and Australia. Natascha Wurzbach, The Rise of the English Street Ballad (1991) has sources on early material regarded as lewd and filthy. United States. *Vance Randolph has collected more ballads of relevance so far than anyone else. United States bawdy ballads in oral circulation mostly descend from British ones. *Gershon Legman's masterly bibliography of published and manuscript sources, the product of a lifetime's research into erotica, "Erotic Folksongs and Ballads" in Journal of American Folklore, volume 103 (October-December, 1990), 417-501, is an essential bibliography (the majority of items relate to English). *Gershon Legman left a manuscript titled The Ballad, a collection of erotic folksongs in English, which is being edited for publication by his partner Judith Legman. References. See Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics. Australia. Australian ballads grew out of the ballad traditions of Great Britain. They were first published in the late nineteenth century but those of a *bawdry nature were not collected until the 1960s: see *Don Laycock, *Brad Tate. The first surviving ballad referring directly to homosexuality is "Hail sons of freedom hail" (1847) by *Christianos (pseud.). Some ballads refer to known homosexuals: e.g., those to the bushranger Captain Moonlight; others are based on men thought by some to have been gay, such as members of the Ned Kelly Gang. The ballad *"Botany Bay: A New Song" (ca. 1790?) has undertones of the milieu of the London world of dandies and fops and of the underworld, including the homosexual underworld (see *Randolph Trumbach for information on this). The first literary ballads date from 1870 with the publication of *Adam Lindsay Gordon's Bush Ballads and Galloping Rhymes. Homoeroticism in ballads is relevant: they were composed by males primarily for a male audience and were usually about males: for instance, "The Wild Colonial Boy". *Henry Lawson wrote such ballads. The tradition has continued in the * Songs of the Gay Liberation Quire and a poem on *outing by *Adrian Rawlins. See also *E. J. Brady, *R. F. Brissnenden, *"Ballad of Joking Jesus", *Henry Lawson, *"Banjo" Paterson, Mateship, *Peter Wesley-Smith, *Robert Hughes. References. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature: "Folk Song and Ballad" (includes bibl.). In G. B. Davey and G. Seal, The Oxford Companion to Australian Folklore, 1993, see "Broadside Ballads". Poet from Cuba who wrote in Spanish. 1908-1954. He married in 1948 and had one son. An article by *Virgilio Piñera, "Ballagas en persona", in Ciclón, Havana, vol. 1. no. 5 (September 1955) discusses his homosexuality. Love poems in his 1939 book Sabor eterno (Eternal Taste) are some of the finest in twentieth century Cuban poetry. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Latin American Literature; with bibl. (lists the article by Virgilio Piñera on his homosexuality). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 514-17. Lover from France relating to works in French. 1587-1654. A sometime lover of *Théophile de Viau who was influential in the development of French prose and was a noted letter writer. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity; see under Guez de Balzac; notes he was de Viau's "sometime lover". Poet and prose writer from Italy who wrote in Italian. 1485-1561. In a comic tale by Matteo Bandello, the poet Porcellio states "to divert myself with boys is more natural than eating and drinking" (quoted in James M. Saslow "'A Veil of Ice Between My Heart and the Fire': Michelangelo's Sexual Identity" in Genders 2, 1988, 82). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Dizionario biografico degli Italiani. Poet and novelist from Denmark who wrote in Danish; he lived in later life in the United States. 1857-1912. Active as a novelist from 1880, Herman Bang is a major Danish writer who was tortured by his homosexuality; an essay on the subject by him was only published after his death in 1922. He died in the United States, in Utah. His novel Mikael (1904) was made into the first gay film, Wings (1916). He was effeminate in aspect. See Paul Bjorby, "The Prison House of Sexuality: Homosexuality in Herman Bang Scholarship", Scandinavian Studies 58 (1986), 223-55 (examines his novels in the light of theories about homosexuality in his lifetime). Text: Udvalgte Digte (Selected poems), Copenhagen, 1982, 33 pp. Criticism and biography: see various works by Harry Jacobsen, 1954-74. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 106-07. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Nordisk Bibliografi, 5-6: lists several biographies (e.g. by Harry Jacobsen). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Fra mann til mann, 18-20. "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen", 96-98. three poems to Max Eisfeldt. Criticism. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 12 (1911-12), 335-39: article by Hans Land. Rossel, History of Scandinavian Literature, 36-40. Language family from South Africa and countries to the north of it, including Zulu and Swahili. Material of relevance dates from 1937. Bantu languages form a major language family in southern Africa and the languages occupy most of the land south of the equator. They are related to other African languages but their relationship has not been adequately determined. Very little work has been done so far on recording the oral literatures of these languages and material only dates from 1937 (see *J. B. Laubscher). Important languages are Swahili, the principal trading language of east Africa (see *"Love does not know secrets"), Zulu. Xhosa (see *Oral Poems - Xhosa), and the Sotho cluster. There are more than 300 Bantu languages in all. The term Bantu is sometimes loosely used to mean a single language but this is incorrect. Praise poems (existing in Zulu Xhosa and the Sotho cluster) exist in abundance in these languages See entries for *Initiation ceremonies, *Ritualized homosexuality, *Performance traditions with homoerotic basis. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Parlett, Short Dictionary of Languages. Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Baraheni, Reza Poet from Iran writing in Persian. Born 1935. God's Shadow (1976) (translations of his poems into English from Persian), describes the author's experiences in prison in Iran in 1973, including torture and *rape: see "Ass Poem" p. 69 - "two rape-kings politely offer each other your ass saying, 'You first'" (English translation from Persian by the author, Reza Baraheni). The founder of modern literary criticism in Iran and author of over twenty books of poems. His The Crowned Cannibals: Writings on Repression in Iran (New York, 1977) discusses the repressive literary situation in Iran. For information on him see the index to 'Ehsan Yarshater, Persian Literature. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 127: God's Shadow: *Prison Poems, Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1976. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1934. Very contradictory feelings about homosexuality are expressed in his poetry. Early in his career he wrote a gay poem, "One Night Stand", which was published in the first edition of *Donald Allen's New American Poetry (1960), pp. 360-61 under the name he used then LeRoi Jones; the poem was withdrawn from the second edition. He is a major *black separatist poet who has espoused contradictory positions in his work. Though he has not included "One Night Stand" in his Selected Poetry (1979), poems in this book, such as "Black Art," pp. 106-07 ("Let there be no love poems written/ until love can exist freely and/ cleanly") and "Revolutionary Love" p. 214 (which equates heterosexual love with comradely love - "my woman, I'd call you companion comrade") can be read as gay poems and supportive of *gay liberation at the time of writing. He is overall very *homophobic in his later poetry and his work shows the influence of *Communism (see the discussion in Brother to Brother by *Ron Simmons which states his homophobia is a reaction to homosexual desires); see poems "A Poem for Black Hearts", "Black Art" (the phrase "Put it on him, poem" uses sexual teminology), "Civil Rights Poem", "The Black Man is Making New Gods "(Jesus Christ), "Hegel", all poems exhibiting violently anti-gay feelings against "*faggots" (United States English for gays). "Black *Dada Nihilismus" is a famous poem showing another direction of his work. He changed his name from LeRoi Jones to Amiri Baraka in 1969 and is married with children. His novel The System of Dante's Hell (1966), features homosexual feelings in the narrator. *David H. Perkins, History of Modern Poetry, volume 2, pp. 609-12, has a fine overview of this complex poet concluding, p. 612, "Baraka will be remembered for his work of the 1960s". Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition: "the leading revolutionary poet in America. Change is his constant belief, progress his preoccupation." Gay Poetry Anthologies. Fra mann til mann, 89. Brother to Brother, 217-21: discussion of *homophobia in his work; see also p. 227 f. 29 with corroboration from his first wife that Baraka confessed to "homosexual feelings". Barba-Jacob, Porfirio (pseud.) Pseudonym of a poet from Columbia who wrote in Spanish; he travelled extensively in South America and died in Mexico in *Mexico City. 1883-1942. The pseudonym of Miguel Angel Osorio Benitez (information taken from Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, p. 501). Jewish background. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Foster, Latin American Writers on Gay and Lesbian Themes. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Orgasms of Light, 26-27 trans. Erskine Lane; biog., 248. Now the Volcano, 278-79; biog., 277. Drobci stekla v ustih, 24. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 335 (fine poem). Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 501-04. Criticism. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, vol. 2, 1008: highly rated. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1991. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Unending Dialogue, 22-23, 30, 51, 54-55, 65-67, 79-81 - excellent poems by a gay man on having *Aids. Barber, William Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1946-1992. His poem "Explanation" is something of a gay classic ("We have burned the closet door in effigy/.... I love men."). Raised in *Boston he moved to *San Francisco in 1965 and is highly rated by *Ian Young. He has used the pseudonym Billy Farout for prose (Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, items 1210-1214). Diary: see "The Diary of a *New York *Queen", in James White Review vol. 4 no.4 (Summer 1987), 10-15; the biographical note in this issue states he is working on a collection of verse entitled A Classic Voice in Contemporary Gay Poetry, believed to be an anthology. His death was recorded in James White Review vol. 10 no. 2 (Winter 1993), 2. Fifteen Poems (1982), is a stapled *chapbook and most of his poetry seems to have been published in this form. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10453-55: Abyss, San Francisco: Empty Elevator Shaft Press, 1974 and two poems in journals Vector (no date given) and Gay Sunshine 7: 11, June-July 1971. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 173-74: Abyss: A Collection of Poems, San Francisco: Empty Elevator Shaft Press, 1974, and Getting Over It. Eight Sonnets, San Francisco: Hoddypoll Press, 1975; items 1210-1214 are prose works published under the pseudonym Billy Farout. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Male Muse, 12-13 (fine poem "Explanation" about gay identity); biog., 118. Angels of the Lyre, 15-18; biog., 237. Orgasms of Light, 28-30; biog., 249. Gay Poetry, 3. Amerikanike homophylophile poiese, 1112: trans. into Greek; biog., 69. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 373-74 (poem "Explanation"). Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 636 (fine poem "Hustler Joe"). Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 733-34. A Day for a Lay, 180-83; biog., 180 (year of his death given incorrectly as 1994). City in Spain in which Catalan is the main spoken language; Spanish is also spoken. Material of relevance dates from ca. 1900. Barcelona is the capital of the Catalan-speaking province of Spain, Catalunya, where there has been considerable opposition to central rule from *Madrid; it is particularly aware of new trends in the countries to the north (Catalunya is adjacent to France). The city has been a center of *surrealism and *modernism and is especially important as a publishing center (the same number of books are published in Catalan as are published in Spanish in Spain). The decadent journal Juventut (published 1900) was published there. During the Republic period (1932-36) openly gay material was published: see *Antonio Velilla. The *Institut Lambda, which has a gay library, is situated there. The poet *E. A. Lacey lived for a time in the city. In 2000 Barcelona has a large gay scene. See also Professor Max-Bembo, La mala vida en Barcelona, Madrid, published prior to 1917 (very rare: copy sighted, *Library of Congress); contains various gay references about the city's gay underworld. There is an article on the city in Gay Times, June 1999, 30-33. References. Babilonia no. 16 (1984), 16-19. Poet from Great Britain, who wrote in English; translator from Latin, French and Dutch to English. 1475-1552. His Eclogues, of which numbers one to three were written in 1515 and four to six in 1521, are the earliest *eclogues in English. The first three are dialogues between *Corydon, the homosexual shepherd in *Virgil, and Cornix and are translations of the Latin prose satire De Curialium Miseriis of *Piccolomini (source: *Gilbert Highet, Juvenal the Satirist, London, 1960, pp. 320-21). He was a cleric educated at *Oxford who became a Bendictine monk at Ely where he wrote his eclogues and was *Scottish. He published the first English translation from Latin, French and Dutch versions of *Sebastian Brant's Das Narrenschiff, titled The Ship of Fools (1509); this was a very free translation with additions added by Barclay. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Handbook of Elizabethan and Stuart Literature. Criticism. Norton, Homosexual Literary Tradition, 146: re *misogyny in his Certayne Ecloges (1570). Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active from 1985. See the poem "Some of My best Friends", p. 6 of the anthology * Turning Points : a very fine poem about *homophobia; biog., note p.102. He lives in Glasgow and writes for Mancunian Gay (a *Manchester gay paper). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Beyond Paradise, 16, 20, 32, 53, 76; biog. 77 - states he is "built like a Greek god" but also tells lies. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active 1992. Book of poems: Aus dir Wunder (1992). Source: *Prinz Eisenherz catalog 1992/5, p. 6. Barford, John Leslie Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1886-ca. 1934. He published from 1918 to 1934 and all books used the pseudonym *Philebus. His work strongly defends homosexuality. Bibliographies. Murray, Catalogue of Selected Books, items 54-56: poetry books using the pseudonym Philebus - Fantasies, 1923, Ladslove Lyrics, 1918, Young Things, 1921. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10917-20: the same three books as in Murray, Catalogue of Selected Books; Fantasies is stated to have been privately published by *F. E. Murray; also lists Whimsies, London, 1934. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 3041-44: the same books as in Bullough published under the pseudonym of Philebus - Fantasies, London: privately printed, 1923, Ladslove Lyrics, Edinburgh: Theo. Book Shop, 1918, Whimsies, London: Roberts and Newton, 1934 and Young Things, Edinburgh: Theo. Book Shop, 1921. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 58 (includes his poem "Alec", a famous *boy love poem). Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 286-90: including "Whom Jesus Loved" implying Jesus and John were lovers. Blue Boys. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 144-45: poems, including "To Gainsborough's *Blue Boys". Smith, Love in Earnest, 146-47; 240 (bibl. of his works). Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1874-1945. In P. Horgan, editor, Maurice Baring Restored (1970), see "Icarus" (homoerotic feelings). "The Dying Reservist", "We Drifted to Each Other", "We Drift Apart" and "Vale", in this volume, are all *non gender specific. All poems are reprinted from his Collected Poems (1911); in this volume see "We drifted to each other" p. 6 re "cities of the plain" i.e. *Sodom and Gomorrah. Many poems in the Collected Poems are heterosexual in subject matter. The Dictionary of National Biography entry states he left *Cambridge without taking a degree, lived abroad, learnt Russian, friendships were important to him, he was received into the *Catholic church and died unmarried. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionary of National Biography. Editor from Great Britain of works in English. Active 1974. Compiler of The Lure of the Limerick (London: *Hart-Davis, 1969). The book contains a valuable history of the limerick Chapters 1-8, pp.12-60, a collection of limericks, pp. 61-134, and has a valuable annotated bibliography pp. 137-43. For gay related limericks see pp. 46, 80, 90, 99, 106, 109, 114, 129 and 132. He states limericks have been dated from the 14th century (p. 22). See also the general entry *limericks. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10456: The Lure of the Limerick, London: HartDavis, 1974 - states "about thirty contain gay (or anti-gay) passages". Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1913-1991. His poetic career started in 1933 when he was both a *surrealist and an "Augustan *anarchist". He wrote an autobiography in verse, The True Confessions (1950; augmented edition 1965) inspired by *Byron's Don Juan in which the author narrates his sexual adventures. This is a complex work and can be read on many levels. In the 1965 edition see p.12 (bisexual worm) and p.16 (homosexual priest who possibly has sex with the author). In Collected Poems 1930-65 (1965), see "Narcissus" p. 21, "To *David Gascoyne" p. 103, "In Memory of a Friend" pp. 183-86, "Epithalamium for Two Friends" pp. 219-20. His Collected Poems, 1987 edition, included The True Confessions which was omitted from his first Collected Poems, at the request of his publisher Faber and Faber. He married Elspeth Langlands in 1964. See *David H. Perkins, A History of Modern Poetry, volume 2, 1987, pp. 182-84, for an overview of career. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10457: Selected Poems, New York: Macmillan, 1941. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 177-78: In Memory of David Archer, London: Faber, 1973 and Selected Poems, New York: Macmillan, 1941. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 374-76: three poems,"The Seal Boy", "A Love Poem" (from Eros in Dogma, 1944) and "A Memorial Sonnet" revealing strong homosexual feeling. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 164: "The Seal Boy". Translator from Latin to Russian from Russia. 1732-1768. He translated *Horace from Latin. Obscene poems were circulated in manuscript; contents not known. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Terras, Handbook of Russian Literature. Barnefield, George Critic from Great Britain who wrote in English. Active 1925. The author, with *Edward Carpenter, of The Psychology of the Poet Shelley (1925); his essay, on pp. 53-125, is one of the finest discussions of homosexuality in relation to a poet so far. On p. 64 he states, on "the question of Shelley's inversion", that "We have to remember that Shelley was not conscious of having homosexual impulses; he had never admitted them to himself"; see also pp. 65 (relationship with Thomas Hogg), 69 (states Shelley "loved to create androgynous types"), 71 (romantic nature of male attachments), 82 (attachment to two older men Trelawney and Peacock), 88 ("Scattered throughout Shelley's writings we find many indications of his bisexual disposition"), 94 (re his translation of *Plato's Symposium, 1817-18, which omits all definitely homosexual passages but which, p. 96, "he only did because it fascinated him"). On p. 105 he states: "there was certainly a homosexual component in his make-up". See pp. 112 re the *long poems Alastor and 114-19 re The Triumph of Life. Other poems are referred to throughout. This is one of the finest homosexual readings of a poet yet attempted. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1571-1609. Educated at *Oxford. Author of a *sonnet sequence Parthenophe andParthenophil (1593). The name Parthenophil occurs in an *epitaph in Palatine Anthology book vii poem 346 where it has homoerotic connotations. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Criticism. Norton, Homosexual Literary Tradition, 26064: re his *sonnet sequence Parthenophe and Parthenophil (1593); it is more about two faithful friends than a heterosexual love and "*Cupid is the central character of the sequence" (p. 260); quotes the "Twelfth Ode". Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1992. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Of Eros and Dust, 62: "Talking Blues" (about waking up with a pickup of the night before); biog., 85. Barnfield, Richard Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1574-1620. The first openly homosexual poet in English. The Affectionate Shepherd Containing the Complaint of Daphnis for the love of Ganymede, London, 1594 (originally published anonymously), consists of two long poems describing the love of Daphnis for *Ganymede (compare *Spenser) and featuring the *Eros trope used homosexually. The *British Library General Catalogue entry states this work was "Printed by John Danter for Thomas Gubbin" and it is due to these two men that the first openly homosexual poems in English were printed, though Barnfield's name did not appear on the title page. (On Danter see H. R. Plomer, Dictionaries of the Printers....1557-1775, pp. 83-84). Barnfield also published Cynthia, with certaine Sonnets, in 1595, containing a sonnet sequence of which the twenty sonnets are openly homosexual and feature Ganymede (3, 9, 10, 12, 15, 19) and other gay tropes. The * British Library General Catalogue entry states of this work that it was "Printed by Humphrey Lownes" and that Barnfield attached his name to this work. Shakespeare's sonnets were not printed until 1609, so, in the Elizabethan period, these two sonnet sequences were the most accessible gay works to literate readers. The two sequences were in fact the first openly gay poetry *sequences in English. Biography. The Dictionary of National Biography entry states that Barnfield later married; however, this has now been disproved and he seems to have been a lifelong bachelor: see "Richard Barnfield: A New Biography" in Notes and Queries vol. 237, 370-71 by Andrew Worrall (author of Richard Barnfield (1574-1620): A modern spelling edition of his poetry together with a new biography, University of Keele, 1988; unpublished thesis). Andrew Worrall has amended his death date to 1620 (from 1627 as the Dictionary of National Biography states). Text. See The Poems (London, Fortune Press, 1936), with an introduction, xii-xxiii, placing him in the long tradition of homosexual poets from *Theognis onwards by *Montague Summers. The most recent edition by *George Klawitter has a biographical note and a brilliant scholarly reading which suggests *Charles Blount as the addressee of the sonnets and notes that he and Barnfield were the same age and the situation depicted in the sonnets is totally homosexual (unlike Shakespeare's sonnets). For other criticism, see *Bruce R. Smith. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 329-30. Dictionary of National Biography: stating "he formed an intimate friendship with *Thomas Watson, the poet, and later with *Drayton and Francis Meres"; by E. G. (*Edmund Gosse). Oxford Companion to English Literature. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 109. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Bibliographies. Murray, Catalogue of Selected Books, item 4: Collected Poems, reprinted 1882 and 1896. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 39: Liebesgedichte ["Love poem"; no other details]. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10460-61: The Affectionate Shepherd, London, 1594, and Sonnets, London, 1594. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 183: The Poems, London: Fortune Press, 1936. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Iolaus (1902), 133-36. Men and Boys, 30-31. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 179-87. L'amour bleu, 99-102. Rosen, Gay Life and Gay Writers, 14-15. Hidden Heritage, 141-44. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 162-67: Sonnets 1, 4, 6-8, 10-12, 14, 17, 19-20. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 39; biog., 114. Name of Love, 14; biog., 69. "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen", 73-74. Art of Gay Love, 16. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 22-30, 141. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 184-89. Criticism. Norton, Homosexual Literary Tradition, Chapter 9, 172-89. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 109. Bredbeck, Sodomy and Interpretation, 149-160. Poet who wrote in Persian. Before 1800. Criticism. Rahman, "Boy love in the Urdu ghazal", Paidika vol. 2 no. 1 (1989), 13: a poem, Tarikh-e-Firoz Shahi, about a king who fell in love with a beautiful youth. Rypka, History of Persian Literature, 449. Translator from Greek to English from the United States. Active 1962. Author of Greek Lyric Poetry, New York: Bantam, 1962 - a selection of poems including some gay ones. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10462: Greek Lyric Poetry, New York: Bantam, 1962. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 184: same book. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1916. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 519: poem "Hustler" about a *bikie. Barrett, Peter Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1946. Barricklow, Roland Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 553: fine poem "Erotic Song". Poet from the United States writing in English. Apparently active 1989. Book of stories and poems: Genocide, Knights Press, no year given (probably 1989), 211 pages: see the review in James White Review vol. 6 no. 4, p.13, by Mark Patrick. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active 1925. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 39: poem "Die Verfemten" (see also "Die Gezeichneten") and the book (possibly of poems) Knaben im Sommer (Berlin, 1925). Poet and critic from France who wrote in French. 1915-1980. Barthes was a leading gay French theoretician of culture who was a founder of *semiotics, a way of examining literature from several viewpoints at the same time. Key works are Elements de semiologie (1964; trans. into English as Elements of Semiology, 1967), L'Empire des signes (1970; trans. as Empire of Signs, 1982) and such critical works as Le Plaisir du texte (1973; trans. as The Pleasure of the Text, 1975). See Jonathan Culler, Barthes (1983). A concise summary of his life and achievement is in Irena Makaryk, Encyclopedia of Contemporary Literary Theory (1993). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 112-13. Dictionnaire Gay. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. A-Z Guide to Modern Literary and Cultural Theorists. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Anthologies. Fra mann til mann, 57-58. Historian from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1958. Author of Who Was That Man?, (London, 1988), an attempt to recreate the times and milieu of 'Oscar Wilde. Technically, it is a series of chapters of extracts of works on such themes as '"Flowers" (Chapter 2) and "Words" (Chapter 4). In Chapter Five, "Evidence", there is an important series of extracts of little known gay poems by 'decadent, 'aesthete and 'eighteen nineties writers: see pp. 102, 105, 109, 111, 113-114, 116-17, 119-20 (review: 'Jim Davidson, Meanjin no. 48, 1989, 785-95). As a biographical study compare 'A. J. A. Symons. He has written a play on 'Simeon Solomon, A Vision of Love Revealed in Sleep (see Gay News, March 1989, 3637) and is also a novelist. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Howes, Broadcasting It. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active from 1983. A *black poet who is the author of a *sequence of six poems, "Midnight in the Republic of Praise", in James White Review vol. 4 no. 3 (Spring 1987), 9, about the homosexual poet *Beddoe and including reference to his first lover Bernard Reich; biog., note p.16 - this states his first book was published by Quarterly Review of Literature in 1980 and he lives in Long Beach, California. Various sexual practises are discussed in the sequence: *Masturbation (section 4: "Vienna"), *S/M (section 4: "Naples") Gay Poetry Anthologies. Voices Against the Wilderness, 48-52; from South Hadley, Massachusetts. Poet from Canada writing in English. Active 1991. His volume Great Men (1991, 82 pages), consists of poems which explore the author's feelings from private fear about being gay to self acceptance; see, for example, "Au Garage, Montréal". Designs from Interior (Concord: Anansi, 1994) deals with his life from childhood to middle age and such issues as *patriarchy (section 2) and ecology (section 3). In 1994 he was librarian at the National Aviation Museum, Ottawa, and co-editor of Arc magazine. Notes Toward a Family Tree (1995) speaks from a gay perspective, outside any family structure. Poet from India writing in Kannada. 1106-1167. See Speaking of Shiva, trans. A. K. Ramanujan, Penguin, 1963, pp. 67-75: homoerotic poems to *Siva. Kannada is a *Dravidian language from south India. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active 1957. He wrote the poem which gave the anthology Milchsilber its title ("silver milk", that is semen). Book of poems: Sucking Boys (Berlin: *Verlag rosa Winkel and *Maldoror FlugSchriften, 1980); it has a photograph of a pubescent boy on the cover by Lukas Strebel, Zurich, and fine drawings on *pedophile themes accompanying the poems; see pp. 37-38 re *Narcissus trope, p. 46 *Saint Sebastian trope. A supporter of *anarchism. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Milchsilber, 9, 113-17 (including prose); biog., 181, photo, 180. Editor and anthologist from Australia of works in English. Born 1963. Co-editor of the *queer *journal hell bent (1990-91) and a co-editor of the anthology * Pink Ink. Biographical: see Pink Ink, p. 293. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Hurley, Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia. Basho (pseud.), called Matsuo Basho Pseudonym of a poet from Japan who wrote in Japanese. 1644-1694. The most famous Japanese *haiku poet. His best work is the sequence The Narrow Road to the Deep North (written 1687-89) - a poetic diary of prose and haiku about his journey to northern Japan - which, being a mixture of prose and poetry, is a *prosimetrum. He stated famously, "There was a time when I was fascinated with the ways of homosexual love" (quoted in Makoto Ueda's biography Matsuo Basho, 1982, p. 22). Takahashi Mutsuo states he believes he was gay in his * Gay Sunshine inteview. His companion for The Narrow Road and co-author was his disciple *Sora who collaborated on some poems. There is no direct evidence Basho had sexual relations with any women. Amongst western writers, the poet *Cid Corman commented on Basho's homosexuality in 1963. *Kitamura Kigin, who compiled the first Japanese gay anthology, * Iwatsutsuji, published in 1713, taught Basho for a time. Basho means "banana tree" and may have *phallic suggestions; the name was adopted by the poet in 1681 after moving into a hut with banana trees around it. He was active as a poet from 1662. Wordplay and earthy humour characterize his poems. indirect language needs to be considered in them, as many of the poems, innocent enough on the surface, appear to have erotic undertones. *Gary Leupp, Male Colors: The Construction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan, 125-27, cites two poems with English translations. Text: consult his entry in Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan. There have been many printings; illustration should also be considered. Biography: see Makoto Ueda, Matsuo Basho, 1970 (repr. 1982). Criticism: see Makoto Ueda, Basho and His Interpretors (Tokyo, 1991). See also *Pupils of Basho. Translation. The Narrow Road. Translated into English: Nobuyuki Yuasa (1965); Dorothy Britton (Kodansha, Tokyo, 1974; revised edition 1980); Lucien Stryk (1985 - selection of haikus titled On Love and Barley: Haiku of Basko, *Penguin; repr.); Robert Hass (1994 - see his The Essential Haiku); *Sato Hiroaki (1996); Donald Keene (1997); see also Henderson, Introduction to Haiku, pp. 15-52. French: Georges Bonneau (Paris and Kobe, 1935); German: Hans Ueberschaar (Tokyo, 1935); Italian: Trans, not known, Poesie (Florence, 19441: Spanish: Jaime Tello (Bagota, 1941). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan. Princeton Companion to Classical Japanese Literature. Other references. De Bary, Guide to Oriental Classics, 304-05. Poet from Iraq who wrote in Arabic. Ca. 714-after 784. He was a blind poet born in *Basra who lived in *Baghdad who is second in fame regarding homosexuality to *Abu Nuwas. It is very clear that the sex in some love poems is male and they are not *Platonic (*Arno Schmitt to the author, 1989). He wrote many love poems to women and also wrote satires. Panegyrics to male leaders were written for money and seeming homoeroticism in these poems was only inspired by payment. Text: Selections (with English translation) by A. F. L. Beeston, 1977; no poems of great importance, but referred to by Arno Schmitt. His name is also spelt Bachar, Bashir and Bassar. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Orgasms of Light, 129: a gay love poem. Poet from Canada writing in French. Born 1932. A sixties writer involved with the *Québec counterculture. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Canadian Literature. Bibliographies. Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (1984), 1936: book Iconostasis pour *Pier Paolo Pasolini, Montreal: VLB Editeur, 1983. City in Iraq in which Arabic is the main spoken language. Gay poetry associated with the city dates from 750. The second largest city in Iraq, Basra is a port city at the mouth of the Euphrates River; it is frequently mentioned in the Arabian Nights. Poets associated with the city include *Bashshar (active 750), *al-Farazdak, *al-Bahili, *Abu Mohammed el Kasim. There was a licentious school of poets associated with the city in the *Abbasid period. Poet from Afghanistan who posssibly wrote in Persian. Active 1535. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: Die Männerliebe der Griechen, 81-82 (from Herat in Afghanistan; he appears to be a Persian poet). Poet from the Netherlands who wrote in Dutch. 1868-1947. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Naar vriendscaap zulk een mateloos verlangen, 22-23: two poems from Verzamelde Gedichten I, Utrecht: A. W. Bruna & zoon, 1947) (book cited, 115). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 273: fine gay poem. Bathhouses and baths, called in Arabic hammam Public bathhouses were and are arenas for homosexual sex in all parts of the world where they exist. In the *Islamic world they are called hammams. They arose in the Mediterranean area in the ancient world due to a scarcity of water. Gay poetic reference exists in Latin in Italy from *Catullus in 64 B.C. and later in other languages. The Baths of Caracalla were the largest and most famous in *Rome and their ruins exist as do the Roman baths of *Paris in the Latin Quarter which now house the Cluny Museum. Bathhouses which are exclusively gay exist and probably have for centuries (they possibly go back to ancient times); the *Naples area is likely for such bathhouses. A *poetry reading was held in a bathhouse in the contemporary period. *Graffiti on bathhouses may contain poetry. Peter of Eboli (active 1250) wrote a poem in Latin on the Baths of Pozzuoli near Naples, some parts of which may be relevant: see C. M. Kauffmann, The Baths of Pozzuoli: A Study of the Medieval Illuminations of Peter of Eboli's Poem (Oxford, 1959); this has an extensive and important bibliography on pp. 88-97 on books in European languages on bathhouses and some homoerotic illustrations (e.g., the frontispiece). On Islamic bathhouses of the *middle ages see Heinz Grotzfeld, Das Bad im arabisch-islamischen Mittelalter (1970). Arabic: see *Cordoba, *1 bn Daniyal, *Henri Peres, 'Sexologists - Islamic. Czech: see *Richard Weiner. English. The earliest poem dates from 1823, *Dr. Collyer, Piper and the Baths; see also *J. L. Flecker (for a poem supposedly translated from Turkish but probably written by Flecker), *Michael Rumacker, *Graeme Kinross Smith, *August Kleinzahler, *Henri Cole. French: *Raoul Ponchon. Greek. See the chapter "Das Bad in der Literatur" in Albrecht Berger, Das Bad in der byzantinischen Zeit, Munich, 1982, pp. 126-131; the author notes, p. 126, that poems in the * Palatine Anthology, Book 9, numbers 606 to 640 are inscriptions on baths (in this group poems 614, by *Leontius Scholasticus, and 639 - reference to *Dionysus - are relevant); other relevant poems cited by the author here are Book 9, poem 783 (*Hermaphrodite reference) and Book 11 poems 243 and 411 (possibly relevant). These inscriptions could be from the *Byzantine period but might be earlier. On Byzantine baths see the article "Baths" in Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium ; there were several public bathhouses in 'Istanbul, including a large bathhouse near the Palace, now destroyed. Latin: See *Catullus (active 64 B.C. and the first poet to refer); see Reade, Sexual Heretics, p. 169 in *Richard Burton's Terminal essay (though no poem is given; Burton states "As in modern Egypt pathic boys, we learn from Catullus, haunted the baths"), *Martial, *E. Courtney (re Juvenal), *Naples (which has a continuous history of public bathhouses in the hot spring area to the west of the city since ancient times), *Pompeii, *Rome. Persian: *Sa'di. See also *Bathing poems. Russian. *Mikhail Kuzmin refers to gay activity in Russian bathhouses in his novel Wings. Turkish: *Zati. There are many bathhouses in Turkey; some in Istanbul were designed by the famous architect Sinan. Japanese. Public bathhouses are widespread in Japan and earlier homosexual poems relating to them may exist apart from the contemporary * tanka sequence by *Ishii Tatsuhiko. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Islam, second edition: see "Hammam". Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 113-15. Howes, Broadcasting It. Ullstein Enzyklopädie der Sexualität: see "Bad". Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Bathhouses and Sex Clubs". Bibliographies. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 71-72. Trope in Italian from Italy and English from Great Britain. The sight of naked or near naked men bathing was bound to inspire homosexual feelings. Poems are known so far from ca. 1550. English. *Marlowe's Hero and Leander, ca. 1593, features a famous episode where Jove chases the male Leander in the sea. *Whitman began the theme in the modern period where it is a trope in the poetry of the *Uranians from ca. 1900 onwards: see *Archie Austin Coates, *G. H. Hopkins, *S. S. Saale, *Frederick Rolfe, *C. Morley, *R. Middleton, *E. Meyers, *R. D. Greenway, James Liddy, *P. W. R. Russell, *Wilfred Owen, *H. S. Tuke (also a famous painter of nude youths bathing and on boats) and later *F. T. Prince and *Vivian Smith. Compare 'Bathhouses. Italian: *Anton Grazzini (active 1550), *D'Annunzio. Possible lover from Greece and later trope originally in Greek and in Latin, French and English. Active ca. 570 B.C. Bathyllus was referred to in poems by *Anacreon (active 570 B.C.) and imputedly was a lover of the poet, though this can perhaps never be known; no poems survive. French: Courouve, Vocabulaire de l'homosexualité masculine, 66: citing usage in French meaning a generic term for homosexual lover in *Agrippa d'Aubigné and also in this sense by *Mérard de Saint-Just. Latin: Courouve, op. cit., 66 re Juvenal's "Satire 6". See also *Words - Greek and *Words - French. English: see * Anacreon done into English. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Iolaus (1902), 77. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 46-47. Poem from Great Britain in English. Composed ca. 1000. A 325 line poem dealing with the battle fought in 991 at Maldon against Danish invaders. See lines 309-25 (where Bryhtwold says courage will be the greater when his lord lies defeated); these lines show close *male bonding and the master/lord relationship. Compare *Pobratim. Text: see the edition by E. V. Gordon (1937). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature: see under "Maldon". Poet from France who wrote in French. 1821-1867. A French poet who is credited with introducing "low life" and "sordid" themes into modern poetry, including *lesbianism: six poems from his volume Les Fleurs de mal on this theme were condemned by the French government in 1857 (the condemnation was only annulled in 1949). He had several mistresses. The publication of Les Fleurs du mal marks the beginning of the *decadent movement in France and opened the way for the open expression of gay male themes in the poetry of *Rimbaud and *Verlaine (who first published poems on lesbianism in 1868). *Marcel Proust regarded him as being gay (see George Painter, Marcel Proust, 1967, volume 2, p. 313). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 604-05. Duroc, Homosexuels et lesbiennes illustrés, 48-49. Encyclopædia Britannica. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10463-65: Flowers of Evil, New York: Harper, 1936 and Norfolk: New Directions, 1946, 1947, Poèmes condemnés, Paris: Plaisir du Bibliophile, 1950 and Prose and Poetry, New York: Boni, 1926 "Translated by Symons". Cuaderno bibliográfico gay, 13: Las flores del mal, Madrid: Visor, 1982 (probably a Spanish translation). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 265: stating *Proust regarded him as homosexual. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 205-06: poem on lesbianism. Poet from France who wrote in Latin. 1046-1130. Baudri was a Benedictine monk who became an abbot. His poems name several lovers: Alexander of Tours, Walter, Maiolus, Vitalis. Of his 255 surviving poems most are written to men, frequently professing love. He was Archbishop of Dol and defended his writing of love poems to men, saying his own life was pure. For letters in poetry to various lovers see My Dear Boy: Gay Love Letters through the Centuries, 39-41. Text: Les Oeuvres poétiques, edited by Phylis Abrahams (Paris, 1926). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Penguin Companion to World Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Medieval Latin Poems of Male Love and Friendship, 38-55: several passionate sexual poems, revealing a deep knowledge of the classical tropes of male homosexuality such as *Orpheus, *Ganymede, *Narcissus and possibly *Alexander; biog., 150-51. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 154-57. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 106. Criticism. Goodich, The Unmentionable Vice, 6. Journal of Homosexuality, vol. 8 no. 3-4 (Spring 1983), 154-57: discussion by *Thomas Stehling. Genre of songs from India written in Bengali. From ca. 1500. Baul means "madman" and the songs were and are sung by mendicant *folk singers who wandered the countryside and also dance (compare *Whirling Dervishes). The songs are mystical with stong homoerotic feelings. They are quite earthy. Reference to physical homosexuality in their content; physical homosexual relations may have occurred amongst some performers. These songs influenced *Tagore. They may go back much earlier than 1500. Translation. English: see The Mirror of the Sky, 1969 (trans. Deben Bhattacharya); see also Soul Within Soul Without in Baul, edited by Prithvindra Chakravarti (Port Moresby, 1970), 10 - strong homoeroticism. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures. vol. 2, 21-22: "Spiritual songs". Sexologist from Germany writing in German. Active 1955. Author of Das doppelte Geschlecht: Studien zur Bisexualitat in Ritus und Mythos (The Double Sex: Studies in bisexuality in rite and myth), Berlin, 1955 (reprinted 1986), a classic study on 'bisexuality and 'homosexual images in comparative symbology, religion and myth in cultures all over the world especially 'tribal cultures (with important bibliography pp. 383-96). This book should be consulted in relation to bisexuality and homosexuality and poetry in any culture as it lists sources extensively back to the eighteenth century. As it centers on ritual and myth these sources will almost certainly yield oral poems, chants and songs in tribal cultures. Baumgart, Fritz A writer on art including *Michelangelo: see *British Library General Catalogue. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 40: poem "Ich suche dich (Im Alten Park...)" [no other details given]. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10466: Ich suche dich (Im alten Park...) [this is the only information given]. Historian from Italy of Persian and Pashto writing in Italian. Born 1921. Persian. He was co-author, with Antonio Pagliaro, of La Letteratura persiana (Milan, 1968). He wrote the section on modern Persian (i.e., from 1000 onwards), pp. 131-578; bibl. p. 567. Chapter 2, pp. 182-318 is on the * qasida and *ghazai, Chapter 3, pp. 319-355, is on the * rubai, and Chapter 4, pp. 356-490, is on the * masnavi. He worked at the Oriental Institute, *Naples, and has written other books on Persia: I Persiani(1962), and Persia Reiigiosa (1959). Pashto. Author of Storia della letteratura del Pakistan (Milano, 1958). Bautru, Guillaume de, Comte de Serrant Poet from France who wrote in French. 15BB-1665. A member of the Academie Française and poet. Author of a satire in Cabinet satyrique (1666). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Biographie universelle. Duroc, Homosexuels et lesbiennes illustrés, 49: stated to be gay. Bawdry is sexually explicit orally circulating material, frequently with scatological references; sometimes it is written down, frequently on toilet walls. Material with gay reference survives in Japanese from ca. 1629 from Japan. See *Singing and Dancing - Chinese, Japanese. *Actors are especially relevant and Japanese theater was strongly influenced by Chinese conventions. Japanese. Poems about *Onnagata (1629+) are very relevant. Chinese: little work has been done on oral traditions in the Chinese languages (see also *Sinitic languages) but given the huge history of Chinese culture it seems likely. Bawdry is sexually explicit orally circulating material frequently with scatological references, sometimes written down, e.g., on toilet walls or in public places. Poems survive in English from ca. 1600 from Great Britain, the United States and Australia. Some times the word bawdy is used. Bawdry is to be distinguished from erotic homosexual writing in that, with bawdry, there is a strong element of provocation caused by the material going against prevailing taboos. Bawdry is normally material which is more ephemeral. (Sometimes the word bawdy is used instead of bawdry.) Great Britain. Material is largely part of an oral tradition before the twentieth century. Being oral it was not subject to *censorship, so sexual references could be more prominent; however, its oral nature means a lot has been *lost. *Censorship was probably responsible for much material not being printed before the 1980s. On bawdy song see Legman, Horn Book, pp. 336-426: "The Bawdy Song in Fact and in Print". The major problem for gay material has been collection by heterosexuals of the material; it was only largely after *gay liberation (from 1969) - when homosexuality became prominently public - that homosexual material has been printed. Most reference to homosexuality is slight and negative and sexual boasting (including reference to anal sex with men as a variation) is a frequent sexual motif. The *Elizabethan poets *Kemp and *Tarlton who did a dance called the obscene jig used poems which contain homosexual bawdy suggestions. *Ballads with homosexual reference may have existed in the Elizabethan period or before (most of the population could not read and write). In the next century *Rochester's poems have bawdy undertones as do the poems of *Sir John Mennes and James Smith (1656). *"Religion has now become a mere farce" (1757) is an excellent rare eighteenth century sample. Examination of the major surviving sources - Thomas d'Urfrey, Wit and Mirth: or Pills to Purge Melancholy, 6 volumes, 1719-20 (initially edited by Henry Playford, 1698-1706), Frederick J. Furnivall, Bishop Percy's Folio Manuscript, Supplement: Loose and Humourous Songs, 1867 (reprinted), and Henry S. Farmer, editor, Merry Songs and Ballads, 5 volumes, 1895-97 (reprinted) - has not revealed anything of relevance: all are uncompromisingly heterosexual in their published material. The underground Victorian journal * The Pearl (1879), contained material. The all male context of most bawdry from the *Victorian period on is a factor militating in favor of homosexual reference. In the nineteenth century homobawdry is related to Music Hall traditions where songs contain innuendos: see *"Let's all be fairies" (surviving from the early twentieth century). Men's drinking songs are a promising field of research (this tradition goes back to ancient Greece - see *Bawdry - Greek). *Limericks also contain bawdry and the most accessible collection of limericks on "Buggery" is by Gershon Legman in The Limerick (Paris, 1953; reprinted, San Diego, 1967). *Norman Douglas's Some Limericks (Florence, 1928; many reprintings) is a brilliant example of the literary genre. Material survives from the First World War and especially the Second World War: see *Martin Page. Very few complete works of homosexual bawdry have come to light so far, one example being * The Platonic Blow (now sourced to *W. H. Auden and dated 1948). On the other hand, reference to homosexuality can be quite candid in poems referring to sexual practices in general as, for instance in the poem "Abdul Abul Bul Amir" - see *Alan Bold regarding this poem (he has also written a concise history of British bawdry). *Ballads with bawdry reference survive from the late eighteenth century; one poem collected by *Robert Burns can be read homosexually. Manuscript collections of *broadsheet ballads may yield homobawdry. *Graffiti, especially on toilet walls, are another source though no Great Britain originated homo graffiti are known to have been recorded. Bibliography. For a list of possible sources see *Ed Cray, whose bibliography in The Erotic Muse, 1992, pp. 415-24 is a basic starting point. Gershon Legman has done much basic research in his various books and articles and remains the greatest English language authority on bawdry in general; his introduction to John S. Farmer's Merry Songs and Ballads (New York, 1964) surveys the field. Bawdry poems have frequently travelled widely - for instance, from Great Britain to the United States, Canada and Australia - and especially in wars (see *Don Laycock, *Martin Page); this makes their genealogy very complex. Ed Cray has compiled the most scholarly edition to date of bawdry poems in English, though Gershon Legman's edition of *Vance Randolph's Unprintable Songs of the Ozarks brilliantly sources the United States poems it deals with to the British sources. Both *Chaucer and *Shakespeare used bawdry in their work. A properly edited edition of British homosexual bawdry is urgently needed in which the genealogy of poems is traced and variant versions are given (including those surviving in other countries); editions usually suffer from poor editing with imprecise dating and lack of sourcing for material. Strict censorship in Great Britain, though lessened from 1959, is inhibiting the publication of homobawdry. *Manuscript material in *archives and libraries undoubtedly exists; finding it is hindered by poor accession and by the fact that individual poems are not cataloged separately even when they appear in broadsheet form. United States. United States homobawdry dates from *Eugene Field (1888) who wrote poetry recitations with gay aspects for men's clubs. Homosexual reference is usually slight and strongly negative; sexual boasting with reference to anal sex is a frequent motif (as it is all over the world). *Cowboy bawdry is known though none referring to homosex has come to light so far. *Immortalia (1927; reprinted) is the first general publication containing some material. *Bessie Smith and *Ma Rainey, the blues singers, had references in their songs. *A. W. Read's Classic American *Graffiti (1935), unfortunately records only one homopoem. *Gershon Legman, the first serious researcher, compiled the first collection of bawdry *limericks (discussed above) and this has some United States material; he has also written an article on rhymed bawdry. *Censorship has prevented much material reaching print until ca. 1970 when censorship was relaxed. The work of *black Americans presents a promising field little researched: see the songs "Sissy Man" and "Sissy Man Blues" on Stash Record 118 called Straight and Gay; see also a record called AC/DC Blues. The *Toast Tradition entry lists major sources of gay negro homosexual reference in oral poems. *Randolph Vance uncovered material from the Ozark Mountains first published in 1992 after a long attempt to censor its appearance. The collection of *Robert W. Gordon in the Library of Congress, *Washington, has material and the Library of Congress's music collection may yield material. *Ed Cray is the current expert on United States bawdry though he states that little homobawdry existed (certainly comparatively little has come to light and little has been published in Ed Cray's The Erotic Muse, 1992, one of the the most scholarly works to date). Gershon Legman's edition of the Ozark songs of Vance Randolph cited above is outstanding and highlights much gay material. *"Gas, Grass or Ass" is a poem seen in trucks for the benefit of hitchhikers and an example of contemporary bawdry. The strongly regional folk traditions of the United States result in rich diversification of oral material and a huge corpus of material with homosexual reference is potentially in existence. Many collections of bawdy poems contains homosexual reference: see e.g., Poems Lewd and Lusty, edited by Harold Hart, New York, 1982: see pp. 32, 52 (possible reference only), 62-74 "The Ball of Kerrimuir", 86, 128-32 "Aboard the Good Ship Venus". Bawdry crosses borders especially during war, and versions of the same poem exist in many countries - for instance, some United States material has appeared in Australian collections: see *Don Laycock. The Journal of American Folklore is a source of references. The journal *Maledicta specializes in verbal aggression and bawdry and include poems. A scholarly collection of United States .0gay homobawdry is urgently needed; most collections to date have been compiled by heterosexuals or are heterosexually orientated. Material may exist in gay *archives and in libraries in the form of *manuscripts. *Broadsheet collections also need to be examined. Australia. Australian homobawdry grew out of British traditions. So far, homobawdry has been found in Australian English documented only from World War II: see *Mess Songs and Rhymes of the RAAF (1944) and *Patrick White as quoted below (material from 1941). Collecting began from ca. 1950. In *Don Laycock, The Best Bawdry (Sydney, 1982), see "Tight as a drum" (Australian army song ca. 1955), pp. 47-49; important bibliography pp. 7-9. See also: "If I were the marrying kind", in Sebastian Hogbotel and Simon Ffuckes, More Snatches and Lays (Melbourne: Sun Books, 1983), pp. 50-51: a football poem (ambiguous), nearly identical with the same authors' version in Snatches and Lays, 1973. See further Ross Edwards, Australian Bawdy Ballads, 1973, "The new People's Flag" (pp. 21 and 52) and "Lakeside Lament" p. 30 - slight derogatory references to male anal sex. These poems are *ballads. Bawdry poems of this type are known to have circulated in typescript in hotels and in the army at least from the 1940s; the *"Ballad of Joking Jesus" was probably of this type. Don Laycock states he began collecting material in the 1950s ( The Best bawdry, 1). Another important collector is *Brad Tate (active 1982). *David Marr, Patrick White: A Life (Sydney, 1991), 211 quotes the following song sung at Patrick White's 29th birthday in 1941, recalled by *Patrick White: "We called on the major to sing us a song,/ We called on the major to sing us a song,/ So sing you bastard sing,/ Or show your fucking ring." *Martin Page, Kiss Me Goodnight Sergeant Major (London, 1973), though basically a British collection, includes Australian army material from World War II: see pp. 29, 50, 113-14 (material dating in a less "rude" form to World War I). *Student songs include bawdry e.g. the SUMS (Sydney University Musical Society) sculling song, as quoted to the author by Jennifer Sayers, 1991: "SUMS are poofters, SUMs are queens/ Doo-dah, Doo-dah,/ In SUMS we spill beer down our jeans/ Oh doo-dah day". There is also the following couplet sung in SUMS: "Stick it up your bum/ If you scull with SUMS" (ca. 1990 - though it may be earlier). The Combined Universities Songbook (1965), has only slight reference (e.g., "Life presents a dismal picture", p. 65) due probably to *censorship at the time; only after 1971, when *censorship laws were lessened, did more explicit material get into print (see * The Platonic Blow). The Engineer's Songbook (University of New South Wales, ca. 1970) may yield material (no copy found and the title may not be correct). It is possible homobawdry dating from World War I existed, but none has so far come to light and been conclusively identified as Australian in origin. See also *Robert Brissenden, John Meredith (collector of pornographic songs) and *children's play rhymes. (Hogbotel and Ffuckes referred to above are Ken Gott and Stephen Murray-Smith: see Nation Review, 20-26 February 1976, 470-71. They state their collection was begun in 1960-61: Nation Review 24 February-4 March, 503.) Bawdry is sexually explicit orally circulating material frequently with scatological references, sometimes written down, e.g., on toilet walls or in public places (see *graffiti); some material appears in dramatic works. Material in Greek survives from Greece and Turkey from ca. 450 B.C. For Attic comedy see Jeffrey Henderson, The Maculate Muse: Obscene Language in Attic Comedy (1991). Latterly bawdry has been recorded in books notably by *Elias Petropoulos and *Mary Koukoules who have recorded poems and songs dealing with homosexuality. Greek gay bawdry is the oldest documented in the world and there may be a continuous tradition in Greek since ancient Greece. Some ancient poems survive: see *cinaedic poetry, *skolia, *Songs - Greek. For the modern period see *rebetika, *The Trojan War. Bawdry is sexually explicit orally circulating material frequently with scatological references, sometimes written down, e. g., on toilet walls or in public places. Poems survive in Latin from ca. 50 B.C. from France and later in Latin from Italy and Germany. Latin has one of the oldest bawdry traditions in the world, recorded in *songs originating in France from ca. 50 B.C. about Julius Caesar, in *graffiti from *Pompeii in Italy (before 79), and in later oral sources such as *student songs from universities (see * Carmina Burana) surviving from Germany. However, the evidence from each of these sources regarding homosexuality is not extensive. See the entry "Invective" by Lindsay Watson in the Oxford Classical Dictionary, third edition, 1996. Bawdry is sexually explicit orally circulating material frequently with scatological references, sometimes written down, e.g., on toilet walls or in public places. from ca. 1900? Romany is the Gypsy language which is north Indo-Aryan in origin; it descends from an ancient Sanskrit dialect first spoken in ancient India and the word "rom" means man. Romany has a rich oral tradition and bawdy homo material is likely from at least 1900 due to the wide currency of the language and its largely oral character. Several East European countries have published Romany poems and folk material. There are many gypsy cultures extending from India to the United States and Australia. The separation of the sexes is common. A book by Franz von Miklosich referred to by *Koukoulos or *Petropoulos may yield relevant material. Several dictionaries of the language exist and *Omar Khayyam has been translated into the language. See Harry E. Wedeck, Dictionary of Gipsy Life and Lore, New York, 1993. Bawdry is sexually explicit orally circulating material frequently with scatological references, sometimes written down, e.g., on toilet walls or in public places. Poems in Russian from Russia survive from ca. 1840. See *Songs - Russian, * Eros Russe (poems from 1840) and *Bernard Stern-Stanza for possible sources. It is suspected that much more oral material exists than has come to light so far (see *Dictionaries and Words - Russian for other possible sources) since Russian has a huge volume of bawdry. Material from the Russian gulags (prison camps) seems likely: see *Oral Poems - Russian, *Libraries and Archives - Russian. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1993. Book of gay poems: Coast to Coast, 1993 - sighted in the gay section of Giovanni's Room Bookshop, the gay bookshop in *Philadelphia in 1995. He is also a critic. Editor from the United States of works in English. Active 1949. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 11036: The Distaff Muse, London: Hollis and Carter, 1949 (edited with *Meum Stewart). Poet and critic from New Zealand who wrote in English. 1926-1972. Regarded by many as the finest poet who has written in English from New Zealand, James K. Baxter was a bohemian, a reformed alcoholic and a member of the alternative society who had several relationships with women - almost all unsatisfactory - and several homosexual episodes. He converted to *Catholicism in 1958. His output was prodigious and not anywhere near all his poems have been published in the Collected Poems (1979), edited by J. E. Weir. Only published books and broadsheets and fifty unpublished poems are included in this edition of his poems; what Baxter called his "bar-room" verse (i.e. *bawdry), of which he wrote much, was omitted. Manuscripts are in the Hocken Library, University of Otago, Dunedin. In the Collected Poems see "The *Pederasts", p. 343. The major sequence Jerusalem Sonnets refers to *flagellation and shows *S/M tendencies; "perhaps bisexual" crabs in Poem 9 may be, in the context of the sequence, an acknowledgement of *bisexuality in living creatures and certainly shows that Baxter certainly knew something of biology. The title comes from the town of Jerusalem named after Jerusalem in Israel. The sequence is subtitled "Poems for Colin Durning" and shows strong male bonding in its genesis. As a critic he wrote a fine piece on *Oscar Wilde (not located). Biography. See his biographer *Frank McKay on homosexuality in Baxter's life and unpublished poems. What is certain about Baxter is that he was a very complex person. Censorship: Baxter's wife Jacqui took a court injunction and had the publication of James K. Baxter 1926-72: A memorial Volume (1972), by Alister Taylor stopped. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition: in the Appendix. Contemporary Authors, vol. 77-80. Oxford Companion to New Zealand Literature. Pseudonym of a poet and philosopher from Australia who wrote in English; he also lived in Great Britain. 1883-1942. The pseudonym of *William Blocksidge. Poet from Australia writing in English. Born ca. 1925. Believed to be the author of a couplet, ca. 1946, "The Empress Poppea said, 'Nero, you're queer.' / He said, 'Like Caligula, I'm a little irregular.'"(*David Ritchie to the author.) He was a Corporal in Colonel Alfred Conlon's unit at Victoria Barracks, Melbourne in World War II and came from Melbourne; Alf Conlon's unit was set up as a "think tank" to supply to politicans ideas about the future direction of Australian civilian society. Translator from Latin to English from Great Britain. Active before 1902. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Iolaus (1902), 35-36 (re *Orestes and Pylades), 89-90. Men and Boys, 12. Both the last two citations are from his translations of the "Second Eclogue" of the Latin poet *Virgil into English. Editor, poet and critic from the United States writing in English. Active from 1983. One of the founding editors of the * James White Review (with *Phil Wilkie and others). See James White Review volume 1 no. 4 (Summer 1984), 16: this states that, as Greg Boeshans, he does the layout and typography. As a poet, see "All I dare say, or: another *Aids poem," James White Review vol. 3 no. 2 (Winter 1986), 10 - a very fine poem. Critic: see *Takahashi Mustuo, Jim Everhard, *John Gill. Translator from English to French and critic and biographer from France writing in French. 1873-1929. One of *Whitman's first disciples in France, he was the principal translator of the poet into French publishing Feuilles d'herbe (Leaves of Grass) (Paris, *Mercure de France, 1909, 2 volumes; reprinted 1922). This translation was strongly criticized by *Andre Gidé and others. Calamus poèmes (Geneva, 1919), 104 pp., illustrated by Frans Maseeel (?), is also by him. He wrote the first biography of Whitman in French: Walt Whitman, L'Homme et son oeuvre (Paris, Mercure de France, 1903; English trans. New York, 1920). He also wrote Le 'Poeme-Evangile' de Walt Whitman (Paris, 1921), 357 pp., a critical work on Leaves of Grass, and a book on Thoreau (translated into English as Henry Thoreau, 1925). Biography: see W. A. Efcke, Leon Bazalgette 19731929, 1937 (in German). Artist and possibly a poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. 1477-1549. Famous bisexual Italian artist known as Il Sodoma (which may mean "the sodomite"). It has not been possible to verify if he wrote any poems. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Jonathan to Gide, 267-70. Dizionario biografico degli Italiani. Criticism. Bullough, Sexual Variance, 419-20: states he wrote poems. Poet who wrote in Urdu. Ca. 1850?; date uncertain. Criticism. Rahman, "Boy love in the Urdu ghazal", Paidika vol. 2 no. 1 (1989), 20: poem about the boys of Jahan Abad; 22: gay poem cited. Beam, Jeffery Born in Kannapolis, North Carolina. Two chapbooks: The Golden Legend (Floating Island Publications, 1981) and Two Preludes for the Beautiful (Universal, 1981). Other books of poems: Apostrophe to Stanley and other poems (Catalyst, 1984), The Fountain, 1992 (reviewed James White Review vol.10 no. 3, Spring 1993, 16) and Visions of Dame Kind (Winston-Salem: The Jargon Society, 1995) (reviewed in James White Review vol. 13 no. 4, Fall 1996, 21 by Walter Holland - minimalist poems in the manner of *haiku by *Basho). He lived in Chapel Hill, Carolina, in 1983. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Son of the Male Muse, 212-24; biog 186. Black Men/ White Men, 55-56; biog., 232. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 685. Poet, anthologist and editor from the United States writing in English. 1953-1989. The editor of the first *black gay anthology * In the Life, he died of *Aids. He lived in *Philadelphia and worked in the gay bookshop Giovanni's Room. He was the founding editor of Black/ Out, the journal of the National Coalition of Black Lesbians and Gays (198687). Obituary: by Renee McCoy in the journal Au Courant. An obituary was also published in the Philadelphia Enquirer (sources: Brother to Brother, page vii). His manuscripts for 1967 to 1990 are in the *New York Public Library and are described in its catalog. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gay Histories and Cultures. Gay Poetry Anthologies. In the Life, 13-18 (prose), 153-56, 160-69 (two interviews with gay men), 230-42 (on his life experiences as a black gay man: he states "Black men loving Black men is the revolutionary act of the eighties" p. 240); biog., 250. Brother to Brother , vii (about his life), xiii (his mother's help with the anthology), 184-86 James Baldwin, 261-62 (important essay, "Making Ourselves from Scratch"). Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1991. A *San Francisco *black poet very active in the gay community. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 10-15: "A Love Poem for White Boys Who Don't Know Who I Am" (a very powerful poem about being a black gay); biog., 172. Milking Black Bull, 137-49; biog., 137. Artist, book illustrator, poet and letter writer from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1872-1898. Aubrey Beardsley was perhaps the most famous British black and white * fin de siècle artist. He was art editor of *The *Yellow Book (1894-early 1895) then editor of The Savoy (1896) with *Arthur Symons. He converted to Catholicism in 1897 under the influence of *André Raffalovich and John Gray and died of consumption. He started work under the influence of the homosexually inspired painter Burne-Jones and then was influenced by the line drawings on ancient Greek vases which were then being cataloged and many of which featured homosexuality. He is most famous for his illustrations for *Wilde's Salome (1894), Lysistrata (1896; published by *Leonard Smithers, "under the counter") - most notably, in Lysistrata, showing a young man touching another's erect penis - and for Under the Hill, published expurgated in The Savoy in 1896 (published by Leonard Smithers), and unexpurgated in 1907 as Venus and Tannhauser (featuring a caricature of Wilde). His drawings characterize the *decadent style and herald the later Art Nouveau and points forward to Art Deco an early modernist style. He was immensely influential in book illustration on the continent of Europe and in Britain. He also did *bookplates including one for *Aleister Crowley (copy: University of Michigan). Jean de Bosschère in Belgium and Julius Klinger in Germany (who illustrated * Sodom, or the Quintessence of Debauchery) show his influence as illustrators. *Brian Reade wrote two books on him including the Victoria and Albert Museum retrospective catalog, Aubrey Beardsley: Exhibition at the Victoria and ALbert Museum 1966, where he characterizes him as an "an ironist... of those last years of the Victorian age" (p.11); see also his Beardsley (1967). Osbert Burdett, The Beardsley Period, 1925, is a study of his work. His art works are listed in Mark Samuels Lasner, A Selective Checklist of the Work of Aubrey Beardsley, 1995 and Linda Zatlin is compiling a catalog of all known artworks. His sexuality is difficult to assess; he may have been asexual and there is no evidence - and may never be - that he was actively homosexual in a physical sense; on the other hand, this cannot be ruled out given the circles he moved in. Ian Fletcher in Aubrey Beardsley (Boston, 1987) states, p. 10: "Beardsley's sexual tastes were either muted or equivocal: he showed no signs of actually 'coming out'" (however, the author gives no evidence for this view). A new biography by Matthew Sturgis, Aubrey Beardsley (London, 1998), suggests that Beardsley's sexual behavior may have been confined to masturbation (see the review of the book in the Times Literary Supplement, 27 March 1998, 18-19). What is sure is that his drawings were strongly homosexual both in subject matter and in capturing the ethos of the time. There is another biography by Stanley Weintraub, Beardsley (London,1967). Beardsley wrote three poems: see his Under the Hill and Others Essays in Prose and Verse, edited by Edward Lucie-Smith (London, 1977), pp. 62-78, including translation of *Catullus's "Poem 101 ". These poems do not contain explicit gay reference. His Letters were edited by H. Maas and others (1970); these reveal close contact with John Gray, *André Raffalovich (including reading his history of homosexuality) and *Robert Ross though they do not contain any candid disclosures and are very guarded. See also *Herbert Pollitt. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Movement in English in the United States; there were disciples in France and Germany. They date from ca. 1956 to ca. 1970. The chief writers were *Ginsberg, *Kerouac, *Corso, *Burroughs, *Ferlinghetti, *Michael McClure, Gary Snyder, Philip Whalen and *Harold Norse. The word comes from the saying of Kerouac "we are the beat generation"; according to some beat meant "defeated" and referred to the development of the atomic bomb and the sense of doom it implied for humanity. Out of this rose the idea of personal liberation and optimism as a counterfoil. Ginsberg's poem Howl (1956) is a crucial work as is Kerouac's novel On the Road (1957). Lawrence Lipton's The Holy Barbarians (1959), popularized the movement. The beat writers were interested in sexual experimentation, but because some had homosexual experiences, this does not mean that individuals in the movement were necessarily gay. Some had homosexual periods or were bisexual; some were exclusively homosexual (or almost completely homosexual in Ginsberg's case). In opening up new areas for poetry to explore, such as homosexual sex, they, and especially Ginsberg and Kerouac, contributed greatly to the emerging ethos of *gay liberation. The Beats congregated in the *City Lights bookshop, *San Francisco. By no means all their poetry has been published (for instance, that of Kerouac). Harold Norse's poems of the time were only published in the 1970s; even Ginsberg published some early work only in his Collected Poems (e.g., the masterpiece "Many Loves") so the full picture is not yet clear. Compare *Robert Duncan, a longtime resident of San Francisco, whose relationship with the beats has not been investigated. The beat poets were included in Donald Allen's famous anthology The *New American Poetry (1960). The influence of *Zen *Buddhism on their work is a major oriental influence. Bibliography: see the Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature entry. French: see *Bernard Delvaille. German: see *Hubert Fichte. Ginsberg has been very popular in Germany and several translations have been made. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature: see "Beat Generation". Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature: see "Beat writing" (a brilliant overview). Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 117-18. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Anthology in French from France. Fribourg, Switzerland: Office du Livre and Paris France: Editions Vilo, 1977, 307 pages; reprinted in 1979 and apparently continuously in print. Beau petit ami was translated into German in 1977 and English in 1978 with the title * L'amour bleu. It was compiled by a woman, *Cécile Beurdeley. The title, which means "beautiful boyfriend", recalls the fourth line in a poem by Verlaine "Sur une statue", about a statue of *Ganymede and the eagle in a park in Aix-les-Bains, published in the second edition of his 1894 volume, Parallèlement, his first published volume to contain three openly gay male poems: "Beau petit ami, Ganymede [Beautiful boyfriend, Ganymede]." The French text has not been checked. The poets of the French original are presumably the same as those in the German and English editions as both these editions share the same illustrations, layout and almost the exact text as well as the same authors. This anthology has been one of the most widely disseminated of all gay anthologies, since no other anthologies have been translated into two languages. See *L'Amour bleu for a list of contents and further description. Poet and dramatist from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1584-1616. John Aubrey's Lives and an epigram by *Sir John Mennes are the basis for linking Francis Beaumont and his fellow dramatist John Fletcher together as gay lovers. Beaumont and Fletcher collaborated in writing plays in blank verse; their first play The Woman Hater (ca. 1605), reveals *misogyny (compare a later poem *"The Women-Hater's Lamentation" (1707). Beaumont later retired from the theatre and married profitably in 1613, moving to Kent. The anonymously published *Elizabethan *long poem, Salamacis and *Hermaphroditus (1602), has been attributed to him; it features descriptions of the beautiful man Hermaphroditus. He was educated at Oxford. *Thomas Randolph also implies he was homosexual; see also *Michael Drayton. In their edition of his works, the editors *G. Varley and *J. St Loe Strachey have both alluded to the relationship with Fletcher in guarded terms as being homosexual. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 344-45. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. loläus (1906), 191-95. Men and Boys, 34-35: from *Salamacis and Hermaphroditus. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 40: from "Hermaphroditus"; biog., 114. Mayne, The Intersexes, 590. Criticism. Hirschfeld, Die Homosexualität des Mannes und des Weibes, 662. Poet from Canada who wrote in French. Active 1982. Bibliographies. Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (1984), 136: book Dans la matière revant comme d'une emeute, Trois-Rivières, Québec: Ecrits des Forges, 1982. Poet from Australia writing in English. Born 1928. See the poem "Merging Aspects" from the sequence *Tiresias Sees, in Charmed Lives (St Lucia, Queensland, 1988), pp. 114-15: "There was no intimacy we had not shared/ including several of our own invention" (p. 114) - *Austlit record 106099. See also, in Charmed Lives, p.112, "Checkmate". Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Poet and biographer from Great Britain writing in English. He is best known as a cataloger of ancient Greek vases. 1885-1970. Sir John Beazley is most famous for his cataloging of the ancient Greek Red Figure and Black Figure vases from *Athens. *A. L. Rowse, in Homosexuals in History, pp. 251-54, states that Sir John Beazley, or J. D. Beazley as he styled himself, had a homosexual relationship with the poet James Elroy Flecker when he was a student at *Oxford University (Flecker at T rinity College, Beazley at Balliol). Beazley also wrote poetry at this time (Rowse, op. cit., pp. 253-566: citing poems, but apparently poems by Flecker). Beazley's contribution to the study of ancient Greek vase painting of the fifth century B.C. has been unparallelled and he is one of the greatest ancient Greek *scholars: he almost single-handedly cataloged the world's collections of ancient Greek vases of this period. The cataloging of the vases means that the extensive repertoire of homosexual scenes can be assessed, particularly in relation to the *pederastic poetry of the period and especially in relation to the *symposium context in which the poetry was sung. The catalogs appeared as Attic Black-Figure Vase-Painters (Oxford, 1956; repr. New York, 1978) and Attic Red-Figure Vase-Painters, three volumes, (second edition, Oxford, 1963; repr. New York, 1984) and Paralipomena ("things left out") (1971). Some Greek homopoems have been found on the vases in connection with kalos names and a list of kalos names (names inscribed on vases and referring to beautiful males) appears in Attic Red-figure Vases, volume 2, pp. 1559-1616; for kalos names see further the *David M. Robinson entry. See T. H. Carpenter, Beazley Addenda (Oxford, 1989), for additions to Beazley's lists of authenticated vases. Beazley's archive of photographs and drawings of the scenes on Greek vases in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, is the finest collection in the world and meticulously catalogs photographs of 450 black-figure potters and painters and 800 red-figure potters and pointers gathered by Beazley and sent to him by scholars from all over the world. Although photographs of some vases are included in *Kenneth Dover's book Greek Homosexuality (1978), the archive awaits intelligent usage from a gay point of view for, great bibliographer that he was, Beazley's weakness as a scholar was that he did not interpret his data in an analytic way: descriptions of the vases never mention homosexuality, for instance. Beazley was on close terms with the art collector *Edward Perry Warren, whose obituary he wrote for The Times, London. He gave a collection of objects to the Ashmolean Museum, one of which is a vase which depicts a pederastic scene by The Brygos Painter (it shows a man fondling a boy's genitals; this vase is displayed on the upper shelves of a case in the museum so that it can only be seen by adults). This type of vase may have been given as a gift by a man in ancient Athens to his lover, though most Greek vases have been found in Etruscan tombs and their exact social context remains to be elucidated. The scenes on Greek vases vividly depict the male homosexual acts and milieu of fifth century Athens and thus show the background against which the poetry was written; unfortunately Beazley's muted descriptions are little help in elucidating homosexuality on the vases: e.g., a scene on a vase by a painter in the circle of the Nikosthenes Painter showing homosexual *anal sex and homosexual *fellatio is described as "satyrs misbehaving" (Attic Red Figure Vases, second edition volume 2, 1963 [repr. 1984], p.1700, referring to p.135). "Some Attic Vases in the Cyprus Museum", Proceedings of the British Academy 33 (1947) was an early article in English discussing male "courtship scenes" as homosexual scenes were coyly described by Beazley. Text of poems: see English Review (April 1911), 5-6, "I have Travelled in Many Lands" (with the advice to "*suck the juice out of things", 5). Oxford Poetry 1910-13, edited G. D. H. C., G. P. D. and W. S. V. (Oxford, 1913), pp. 3-4 has "The Ballad of my Friend". If Beazley wrote poetry later in life, it has not come to light so far. Obituary: "Sir John Beazley", by Dietrich von Bothmer, Oxford Magazine, 12 June 1970, 299-302: a very fine summary of his career; on p. 301 he states that the "untimely death" of his most gifted pupil Humphrey Payne "was a sorrow Beazley never overcame". See also The Times, 7 May 1970, 15 and Donna Kurtz, editer, Beazley and Oxford (Oxford, 1985), a fine survey of Beazley's contribution to the university he was associated with throughout his life. Beazley married; there were no children. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography: by Martin Robertson. Briggs and Calder, Classical Scholarship. Poet and letter writer from Italy who wrote in Latin. 1393-1471. Beccadelli was an Italian *Humanist and one of the founders of the Academy of *Naples. His * Hermaphroditus is a collection of eighty-one Latin epigrams in the manner of *Martial, *Catullus, and the * Priapeia, divided into two books. Several epigrams are homosexual: see in Book One, numbers vii, ix, xii, xiv, xvii, xx, xxvi, xxviii, xxxiii, xxxiv, xxxvi, xxxix; in Book Two, xvii, xxiv, xxvii. The tone of the work towards homosexuality is condemnatory but also, paradoxically, celebratory (compare *Catullus); *anal sex is described from both the active and passive point of view. The work is believed to have been written in 1425 in *Bologna. Later publication in mechanically printed form was placed on the * Index of the Catholic Church. The original fifteenth century mechanically printed edition is very rare and the date seems to be 1473; the *Vatican Library does not contain a copy. The various early editions listed below seem to have largely circulated sureptitiously until 1791, when the book was republished in *Quinque illustrium poetarum (see *B. Mercier). In 1824, an edition edited by *Friedrich Forberg was published from another manuscript. This became notorious for its notes by Forberg and also its plates. Beccadelli also wrote letters and other poems in Latin. He was known under the pseudonym *Antonius Panormita, from the Latin Panormus (meaning Palermo, Sicily, Italy, where he was born). Editions of the Hermaphroditus. Various editions exist. The first mechanically printed edition appears to be in 1473 in Naples bound with a work by "Mahomet II" titled Epistolae magni Turci; the same work was reprinted under the same title in Padua, about 1375, Treviso, about 1475, Rome, about 1483, Brescia, about 1494-96, and Rome, about 1500 (information from the British Library's Incunable Short Title Catalogue which has detailed cataloging included bibliographical references). A text is available of the Padua edition in microfiche in the series Incunabula: The Printing Revolution in Europe, Reading, 1997. In the sixteenth century there was an edition in Venice, 1553, Antonii Bononiae Beccatelli cognomento Panhormitae epistolarum libri V. Eiusdem orationes II. Carmina.. (a copy is held by the British Library); a microfilm of this edition exists made by University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan. *Quinque illustrium Poetarum (1791) has the text edited by *Mercier de Saint-Leger and Molini (see Pia, Les Livres de l'Enfer below); *F. K. Forberg (1824) is illustrated; an 1892 Paris edition by *Lisieux had a French translation with the Latin text; there is one by F. Wolff-Untereichen with commentary by Eolfram Körner and Steffen Dietzsch (Leipzig, 1908; repr. 1986). See descriptions of these editions in Pia, Les Livres de l'Enfer, columns 561-63 and Hayn, Gotendorf, Biblioteca germanorum erotica, volume 6, pp. 19-23. *Paul Brandt wrote a bibliographical study of the Hermaphroditus titled Register zum Hermaphroditus des Antonius Panormita (Leipzig: Weigel, ca. 1910, 56 pp.); rare: a copy is in the University of California, Los Angeles, library. Recent editions include ones edited in Italy by Jole Tognelli (Rome, 1968) and Donatella Coppini (Rome, 1991) and in Germany (editor not known; Leipzig: Reclam, 1991). There may be other editions than those described - especially in Italian libraries or the *Vatican library - which are not known, due to the book being on the *Catholic Church's * Index. Beccadelli married twice and was a collector of books; he appears to have been *bisexual if his poetry is to be believed and the Hermaphroditus mentions a mistress, Ursa. See also *Paul Englisch Geschichte der erotischen Literatur, Stuttgart, 1927, pp. 584-87. Translations. English: *Michael de Cossart (1984) - with a fine life of Beccadelli and introduction (though no Latin text) this is the first and only English translation; *S. W. Foster: see his entry. French: Anonymous translator, Paris: *Lisieux, (1892) - includes the Latin text; reprinted in L'oeuvre priapique des anciens et des moderns (1914). A microfilm of this edition exists made by University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan. German: *F. Forberg (1824; repr. 1991), edited by F. Wolff-Untereichen (with German trans. by *F. Forberg and Latin text), Leipzig, Weigel 1908 - with reproductions of the original illustrations and with commentary by Dr Alfred Kind (see Hayn, Gotendorf Biblioteca germanorum erotica, volume 6, pp. 20-23 for a detailed description). Italian: Anonymous translator, Naples (1920), *A. Ottolini (Milan, 1922), G. Lentini (1928), Jole Tognetti (Rome, 1968). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dizionario biografico degli Italiani: important and up to date article with bibl. to 1965. Gay Poetry Anthologies. *Forberg. L'amicizia amorosa, 57-59. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 135-36: called Panormitanus. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 215: from Hermaphroditus i 7, i 20, i 34, i 36, ii 20. "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen", 19-20. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 286-89. Bibliographies. Ashbee, Bibliography of Prohibited Books, volume one, 81-82: re the 1824 edition by *F. K. Forberg (noting that the plates are seldom found). Hayn, Gotendorf, Bibliotheca Germanorum Erotica, vi, 19-23: see "Panormitanus"; cites the edition Antonii Panormitae Hermaphroditus... Coburg, 1824, edited by F. K. Forberg and the reprint of this edition with commentary by Dr. Alfred Kind, Leipzig: Adolf Weigel, 1908 (includes a long note on this printing); ix, 446 (re the 1908 printing). Goodland, Bibliography of Sex Rites: see under "Panormita"; lists editions from 1824 onwards. Pia, Les Livres de l'Enfer, vol. 1, columns 561-63: describes the 1824 and Lisieux editions in the *Enfer; consult also the index. Kearney, Private Case, 111: item 216 lists a printing from Naples, ca. 1920. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in Latin. Active ca. 1200. See A. G. Rigg, A History of Anglo-Latin Literature 1066-1422 (1992), pp. 125-27: writer of a book on how to behave in a civilized way: Urbanus Magnus, in hexameters. Lines 420-974 contain a digression on unnatural sex, referring to homosexuality (see the index of Rigg). Text: see Urbanus Magnus, edited by J. Gilbart Smyly (Dublin, 1939). Beccuti, Francesco, called Il Coppetta Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. 1509-1553. A poet who wrote two poems on the pros and cons of homosexuality. Love sonnets were written to a certain man Bigazzini (called 'Alessi'). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 315-17: poems about a romance with a young man *Alexis and its breakup. Poet from Germany who wrote in German. Active 1979. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Milchsilber, 77-81; biog., 183 (in the form of a poem), photo, 182. Schreibende Schwule. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 253. Editor and translator from Greek to German probably from Germany. Active 1957. Editor of the latest complete edition of the * Palatine Anthology titled Anthologia Graeca , 4 volumes, (1957-58; reprinted Munich, 1964); it includes translation into German. This edition is the most modern edition of the * Mousa Paidike, as the *Waltz edition (so far) has not included this book. The standard of editing is very high. It includes an important index of poets listing where their poems are found in the Palatine Anthology (volume 4, pp. 754-68). He has also edited and translated Greek *bucolic poets into German: Die griechischen Bukoliker (Meisenheim am Glan, 1975); this is a translation of *Theocritus, *Bion and *Moschus. Historian from France writing in French. Active 1964. Author of L'Erotisme d'en face, 19 (review: Arcadie 124 [avril 1964], pp. 198-203 by *Marc Daniel). The work was translated into English as The Other Face of Love (New York, 1967). This history of homosexuality in Europe from ancient Egyptian times contains a few unusual references to poetry - e.g., pp. 14-15 Gilgamesh, 62 (fine Moslem poem apparently from Arabic), 74-74 (from *Tagore's Cycle of Spring and dedicated to the boys of his Ashram at Santiniketan), 142-44 *Stefan George. It contains very fine illustrations (of which the French edition contains many more than the United States published English translation; a British edition has still fewer illustrations). Novelist and book collector from Great Britain who wrote in English; he also lived in Portugal. 1759-1844. He was a noted collector of books who amassed a large collection including some rare items to do with gay poetry: on his collection see Quaritch, Contributions towards a Dictionary of English Book-Collectors, pp. 1-7. The sale of the collection is recorded in Sotheby's sale catalogs for 30 June and 11 December, 1882 and 2 July and 27 November, 1883. The collection had passed to his son-in-law, the tenth Duke of Hamilton, who had kept it intact. The catalogs indicate that his library contained much rare gay erotic poetry and copies of works by poets in this Encyclopedia. The total of the book sale was the then enormous sum of 86,000 pounds. See the discussion of his collecting in Timothy Mowl, William Beckford: Composing for Mozart, 1998. By the contents of the collection he is revealed to be the first known serious collector of European gay erotic poetry. In the catalog for 30 June 1882, A to F, the folllowing poets and entries are relevant: Alciati, Alcibiade fanciullo a scuola, Anacreon, Aretino, Baffo, Beze, Byron (including the title, not elsewhere known, Works Including the Suppressed Poems, Paris, 1827). He was forced into exile in Portugal because of his homosexuality; at this time of being exiled, he was one of the richest men in England. He is the author of the Gothic novel, Vathek. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Lexikon des gesamten Buchwesens, second edition; discussion of his book collection. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 122-23. Howes, Broadcasting It. Dictionnaire Gay. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amour bleu, 148-58. Poet and letter writer from Great Britain who wrote in English; he wrote some poems in German. He lived afterwards in Germany and Switzerland. 1803-1849. He studied in Oxford and later studied medicine in Germany. He moved to Switzerland and committed suicide in Basel, Switzerland, apparently after an unhappy gay love affair (see the Raffavolich reference below). Death's Jest Book, or The Fool's Tragedy (1850), a tragedy in blank verse, is his most noted work. His Letters were edited with notes by *Edmund Gosse (*Elkin Mathews, 1894; reprinted New York, 1971). Many letters are to his close friend and literary editor, Thomas Forbes Kelsall, who preserved his manuscripts; these were left to *Robert Browning who passed them on to Edmund Gosse. Editions of his works were edited by Edmund Gosse in 1890 and 1928 (with long introductions); the edition Plays and Poems (1950), by W. H. Donner, has a biographical introduction. A recent selection is Judith Higgens, editor, Thomas Lovell Beddoes: Selected Poetry, 1999. For his German poems see the Oxford University Press edition for German poems published in newspapers; these are *satirical works. An English language gay sequence was written on him by *David Barton. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionary of National Biography: by *Edmund Gosse. Dictionary of Literary Biography. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 223-25: Complete Works, London, Fanfrolico Press 1928; The Letters, 1894 and Poems: with a memoir, London: Pickering, 1851. Criticism. Raffalovich, Uranisme et unisexualité, 306-8: states he committed *suicide after an unhappy love affair with a German baker, Degen, and the details are from the biography in *Edmund Gosse's edition of his works, 1890. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, vol. 2, 1008: states he "wrote one of the most beautiful of homosexual love-poems.. on the theme of the lost lover, 'Dream-pedlary.'" Bedeutung der Freundesliebe für Führer und Völker, Die Anthology in German from Germany. Berlin: *Der Eigene, 1923, 31 pages. The third German gay anthology, compiled by *Adolf Brand. It consists of poetry and prose. The title means: "the significance of the love of friends for the leader and the people". There is a selection of essays on homosexuality pp. 3-16 and an anthology of poems pp. 18-31 (it includes several prose passages). An excellent concise anthology. Poets (see entries): Anacreon, Adolf Brand, Byron, David, Edda, Walther Ehrenfried, Frederick the Great, Goethe, Hafiz, Herder, Hölderlin, Christian von Kleist, Klopstock, Kupffer, Rüdiger Laubach, Lermontov, Ludwig II (letters to Wagner) Werner Lurman, Marlowe, Eduard von Mayer, Meienreis, Michelangelo, Nietzsche, Platen, Rittershaus, Rückert, Sagitta (pseud.), Schiller, Shakespeare, Swinburne, U. Veem, Verlaine, Olaf Yrsalun. In the light of the emergence of *Nazism this anthology shows right wing tendencies in its compiler. Information from a photocopy from the copy in the Staatsbibliothek preussischer Kulturbesitz, *Berlin. Very rare. Poet who wrote in Urdu. Ca. 1850?; date uncertain. Criticism. Rahman, "Boy love in the Urdu ghazal", Paidika vol. 2 no. 1 (1989), 20: poem about an Afghan boy. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1902-1966. A journalist who wrote many books. See also *H. A. Beers. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 500: poem "After Horace". Criticism. Foster, "Beauty's Purple Flame: Some Minor American Gay Poets", Gay Books Bulletin no. 7 (1982), 17, 18; on p. 17 the poem "After Horace" is an imitation of *Horace ("about a Roman who consoles himself for the disdain of Ligurinus in the arms of other beautiful youths:); p. 18 cites the book * Corydon and other poems, Boston: Brimmer, 1924. Poet from the United States writing in English. 1904-1980. In Collected Poems 1924-74 (London and New York, 1974), see "The Polished Cross" pp. 194-95 - "The sin of *sodomy is rife among/ our boys and drastic measures are required". A brilliant poem. He lived mainly in the *south and defended the rights of minorities. He was unmarried. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors New Revision Series, Volume 8: obituary. Poet probably from the United States who wrote in English. Active before 1924. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 70: "The Tenants," about "*queer boyish loves that will not go away". Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 506: same poem. Poet in English and translator from Greek to English from Great Britain. 1859-1919. One of the three contributors to the anthology * Love in Idleness (1883) with *J. W. Mackail and *J. B. Nichols. He appears to have been a clergyman as *W. R. Paton calls him Dean Beeching. Paton states (Paton, The Greek Anthology, 1918, volume 1, p. xiv) that "the majority of the versions" of the translations of the * Palatine Anthology in Love in Idleness are by him and that Beeching's contribution was republished, revised, in In a Garden (1895). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 78. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1847-1926. A *Yale professor of English who wrote on Romanticism and the *Connecticut Wits. Biography: see Yale Alumni Magazine, June, 1952, by *Lucius Beebe. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Criticism. Foster, "Beauty's Purple Flame: Some Minor American Gay Poets", Gay Books Bulletin no. 7 (1982), 15, 18: p.15 poem "*Narcissus" about Phoebus' darling; p. 18 cites the book Odds and Ends, Boston Osgood, 1878. Poet from Syria who wrote in Arabic. Active ca. 1150. Not found in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Duroc, Homosexuels et lesbiennes illustrés, 51: name given as Beha ed-Din Zoheir. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Orgasms of Light, 131: name given as as Beha ed-din Zoheir - a poem about his friend leaving him. Criticism. *Marc Daniel, "Arab Civilization and Male Love", Gay Sunshine 32 (Spring 1977), 10-11: "among the rank of great poets". Poet from Iran who wrote in Persian. Active ca. 1450. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Duroc, Homosexuels et lesbiennes illustrés, 50-1 : a French translation of a poem and states he is a fifteenth century Persian poet. Criticism. *Marc Daniel, "Arab Civilization and Male Love", Gay Sunshine 32 (Spring 1977), 7: a very good poem (name given as ed-Din el-Amili). Poet writing in Irish and English from Ireland. 1923-1964. He is best known as a playwright and was *Irish. See his poem "*Oscar Wilde/ For Sean O'Sullivan" in Brendan Behan's Island (1962), p. 181 (an Irish version is on p. 180 - the poem was written in both languages). His autobiographical Borstal Boy (1958) is about life in a boy's institution. The Quare Fellow (1959) is a play set in an Irish prision on the eve of a hanging; "quare" here may relate in meaning to the word "*queer" in a homosexual sense. Biography. Ulrick O'Connor, Brendan Behan (London, 1970), states he is "bi-sexual" p. 98 and had homosexual tastes, pp. 96-99 and 301-02. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Poet from China writing in Chinese. Born 1949. Hailed as one of the leading contemporary poets of mainland China from the 1970s and a key member of the Misty School which emerged at this time. Many love poems are *non gender specific: in The August Sleepwalker (trans. English by Bonnie S. McDougall, London, 1988) see "The Orange is Ripe" p. 56; see also "Strangers", p. 98: an interesting poem about *comradeship. His statement "About Poetry" (in Notes from the City of the Sun: Poems by Bei Dao, trans. into English by Bonnie S. McDougall, Ithaca, Cornell University, 1984, p. 79) urges toleration of all points of view: "There are many truths in the world, and many of them are contradictory. We should allow other people's truths to exist"; in this volume see "You Said" p. 48: non gender specific love poem. His penname means North Island. See also the poem "Bodhisattva" in Notes from the City of the Sun, p. 112: about a sexless creature, possible *Oedipus complex. Poet from China who wrote in Chinese. Active between 618 and 907 in the *T'ang period. His name is given here in *Pinyin. No entry found in Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature. Criticism. Shasha, History of Homosexuality in China, xxii, 106: poem "The Grand Eulogic Poem of Heaven-Earth and *Yin-Yang". Beijing has been the Chinese capital since the 'Ming period (from 1368) but the city goes back at least 2,000 years. Material of relevance dates from ca. 1500. The spelling Peking comes from the Chinese postal system; Beijing is in 'Pinyin. 'Emperors lived there in the Imperial Palace, symbolically sited at the center of the city. 'Scholars who were gay and lived in the city are relevant since all scholars wrote poetry. Before 1948 only a tiny elite mastered the complicated Chinese writing system. The 'pleasure quarter (from ca. 1500) was in the south of the Imperial Palace and there 'singing boys and 'actors congregated and publishers published. The city houses the National Library, one of the largest national 'libraries in the world, though the library of the Emperors (going back to ca. 1100) was evacuated to Taiwan by the Nationalists. The city was modelled on the 'T'ang capital Ch'ang-an. See also 'Edmund Backhouse, 'Harold Acton (who both lived in Beijing). Over fifty homosexual meeting places are known in the city in 1992. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica. Poet possibly from Turkey who probably wrote in Turkish. Active before 1838. Almost certainly a Turkish poet. Not found in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: Die Männerliebe der Griechen, 53-55. City in Lebanon, in which Arabic is the main spoken language. Entries of relevance date from ca. 1915. It is the capital of Lebanon and was an outstanding centre of publishing in the Arabic speaking world (especially 1960-1970) before the beginning of the civil war in Lebanon when the press and publishing industry was the most open in the middle east. The city dates back several thousand years and Turkish and Greek have been spoken at various periods in the past. See *1 bn Shuyayd, *1 bn Hamdis, ibn al-Zaqqaq regarding publishing their texts from ca. 1960. English: see *James Elroy Flecker (died 1919), *Paul Knobel. References. Encyclopedia Britannica . Editor from Germany of works in Greek and critic wrting in Latin. 1785-1871. He was the editor of the Mutinensis Manuscript of *Theognis, Theognidis Elegi (Leipzig, 1815), which contained, in book two, the overt homosexual poems of the poet; this edition has critical notes in Latin. It was only when this manuscript was published that the homosexual nature of the poet became known; see also *Douglas Young. He was an important translator of *Plato into German (edition published in 1823). See Sandys, History of Classical Scholarship, volume 2, p. 85, for information on him. Novelist and poet from Canada writing in French. Active 1944. Bibliographies. Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (1984), 136: Orage sur mon corps, Montréal: Editions Serge Brosseau, 1944, a novel with five poems. City in Great Britain, in the province of Northern Ireland, in which English is the main spoken language; Irish is also spoken. Material of relevance dates from 1876. Belfast is the largest city in the province of Northern Ireland which is part of Great Britain and which has been wracked by civil war between the *Catholic and the Protestant population for several decades. In 1999 negotations for a permanent peace took place. *Forrest Reid (born 1876) lived there all his life; see also *Paul Durcan, *Tom Paulin. The gay journal Gay Star has been published there since 1980. Poet from Turkey who wrote in Turkish. Died 1758. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 374-75: two poems about a *dancing boy and a tailor's boy. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1988. Author of the *chapbook: Cottage Cream, London: *Oscars Press, 1988 (with *Ziggy and *Graham Pyper): see pp. 20-33; biog., p. 20. He lives and works in London. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. 1908-1937. The homosexual son of a member of the *Bloomsbury group, Vanessa Bell: see Douglas Blair Turnbaugh, Duncan Grant and the Bloomsbury Group (1987), p. 66 (this records him telling his mother he slept with Anthony Blunt - later an art historian and spy - at *Cambridge); p. 68 states he wrote poems. He was killed in Spain in the Civil War by shrapnel in an air attack; he had gone to Spain as a volunteer and worked as a stretcher bearer. Text of poems. Julian Bell, Essays, Poems and Letters, edited by Quentin Bell, London: Hogarth Press, 1938, 396 pages. Works of poetry by him are listed in the * British Library General Catalogue. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1950. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 237: Mountains Between the Horizons, London: Faber, 1950. Pseudonym of a poet from Spain who wrote in Spanish; he later lived in Argentina. Born 1880. A homosexual whose life is given in *Gomez, La Mala Vida en Buenos Aires (requoted in Journal of Homosexuality vol. 24 no. 3 and 4 [1993], 199-201); he was born in *Madrid. He wrote a brief autobiography which includes the gay poem "Del Buen Retiro a La Alameda" about gay life in Madrid. He appears to have lived in later life in *Buenos Aires. The text of the autobiography and poem is in the Journal of Homosexuality article (the poem is not in Gomez's book though this has the text of the autobiography in Spanish). The poem is also quoted in Horge Salessi, Medicos maleantes y maricas (Rosario, Argentina, 1995), pp. 322-23. His pseudonym means "the beautiful hill". Poet in French and translator from Greek to French from France. 1528-1577. His Les Odes anacréontiques (1556) is a nearly complete translation of the Greek * Anacreontea into French. He was a member of the *Pléiade school and close friend of *Ronsard. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Criticism. Arcadie no. 96 (December 1961), 639-43: article by Jacques Freville. Poet from Italy writing in Italian. Born 1944. The author of several volumes of poems, he lives in *Rome. Libro d'amore (Book of Love), Milan, 1982, is his poetic autobiography. He has a decided *masochistic streak in some poems. Libro di poesia (Milan, 1991) is his sixth book of poetry; review: Times Literary Supplement, 4 October 1991, 32 - the book deals with life in squalid and decadent Rome and the decline of sexual potency. L'avversario was published in 1994. He has written several novels. Bibliographies. Leggere omosessuale, items 320, 340: Invettive e licenze, Milan: Garzanti, 1971, Libro d' Amore, Milan: Guanda, 1982. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amicizia amorosa, 225-27; biog., 283. Drobci stekla v ustih, 129-31; biog., 184. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 266. Criticism. Babilonia no.19, 15. Belli, Giuseppe Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. 1791-1863. A *satirical dialect poet from *Rome famous for his Roman *sonnets which were first published 1886-89. The sonnets depict all aspects of life in Rome; some were destroyed by him before he died. He is regarded by many as the major Italian poet after *Dante and *Leopardi but was disregarded as a poet because he used Roman slang and not the standard Florentine dialect. Compare *Giorgio Baffo. Translation. English: see, in the trans. of *Harold Norse, The Roman Sonnets, 1974, p. xxxviii "Lot at Home"; in the trans. of Miller Williams, Sonnets (1981), the same sonnet is titled "Lotte a Casa", pp. 114-115. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Dictionary of Italian Literature. Criticism. Babilonia no. 28 (1985), 24: prints the sonnet "Er cazzo se po di radica, ucello". Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. 1452-92. The Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 173, states he wrote many compositions on homosexual themes in *Burchiellesque poetry. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dizionario biografico degli Italiani. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1952. Books of poems: One Hand on the Wheel, 1999 (review: Lambda Book Report, October 1999, 27-28), Buried Treasure, 1999. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A Day for a Lay, 221-24; biog., 221 - lives in *San Francisco with his partner and seven-year old son. Word of Mouth, 313-16. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1870-1953. A writer of light verse who was also a Roman *Catholic and wrote books satirizing Edwardian society. He was a member of parliament and a journalist. *Lost lines "about the unbuggerability of the hedghog" supposedly have been traditionally attributed to him: see Nation Review [Australia], 20-26 February, 1976, 470-71. (The hedgehog is unbuggerable because it has sharp spines which mean noone could get near its anus.) This poem has not been located. *Ellingham Brooks wrote a poem about the hedgehog which may be relevant to the context of the above lines. Belloc was devoted to his wife who died when he was in his forties. He became alcoholic in later life. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Trope in Persian from Iran from ca. 1100. See the article "Beloved" by J. T. P. de Bruijn, in Encyclopedia Iranica, which states the beloved is usually referred to as a male in classical Persian poetry. The best known male beloved was the *slave *Ayaz. *Jan Rypka has stated the problem comcisely. *Helmut Ritter's Das Meer der Seele (Leiden, 1955), is relevant, especially Chapters 24-26. See also *Anwari, *'Attar, *Yarshater, *saki. Compare *John the Beloved Disciple (a similar trope for Greek, German and English). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gay Histories and Cultures. Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. 1470-1547. Born in *Venice he wrote in Latin using *Catullus as a model; he was also involved in controversies on whether literature should be written in Latin or Italian and whether the Florentine dialect should be used. His poem "Priapus" was translated and even amplified into Italian: see Reid, Eternal Flames, volume 1, p. 209. His Rime (Poems; 1530) show the influence of Petrarchism. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 221-22: two poems "Galesus and Maximus" (about a homosexual love affair) and "A *Faun's Complaint" translated into English from Latin; biog., 209. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Active 1150. No entry in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, under Ibn Abi Ruh. Gay Poetry Anthologies. In Praise of Boys, 24: poem entitled *"Alba" with a *non gender specific lover. Ben Aisa, also spelt Ibn A'Isha, of Valencia Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Active ca. 1150. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition: several entries under "Ibn Aisa". Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10467: poem in Gay Sunshine, 20: 13, January/ February 1974, trans. *Erskine Lane. Gay Poetry Anthologies. In Praise of Boys, 28: gay love poem with *garden metaphor. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 317: gay love poem, *Narcissus trope. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Active ca. 1250. *Cordoba, where he lived, was one of the largest cities in Spain at the time. Compare *Ibn Kharuf; this may be the same poet. Gay Poetry Anthologies. In Praise of Boys, 7, 14: poems about the beauty of youths, p.14 a young *dancer compared to a *gazelle. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Active ca. 1050. Compare *Ibn Muqlana who is possibly the same poet. Gay Poetry Anthologies. In Praise of Boys, 16-17: a fine *alba, "In Praise of Idris of Malaga"; *cupbearer and *gazelle tropes. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Active ca. 1250. Not in the index of Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. *Granada was, in his lifetime, one of the largest cities in Spain. Gay Poetry Anthologies. In Praise of Boys, 21: *non gender specific love poem. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Active ca. 1050. Not in the index of Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Gay Poetry Anthologies. In Praise of Boys, 10: a *satirical love poem apparently about a man. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1988. An *Indian poet from Yankton Sioux tribe who grew up on the Rosebud reservation in South Dakota and whose main concern is Indian dance. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Living the Spirit, 203-04 - fine poem; biog., 223. Poet from Spain who wrote in Spanish. 1866-1954. Dramatist who wrote an early book of verse, Versos (1893). He won the *Nobel Prize for literature in 1922. See his *epigrams (source: *Nin Frias, Alexis, p. 181). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Criticism. Arcadie no. 158 (February 1967), 65-72: article by Jean Castillan which examines the question of whether he was homosexual. Gay Sunshine no. 42/43 (1980), 18: Jaime Gil de Biedma states he "was gay". Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1240: states he was more openly homosexual in his life than his work. Bendall, Frederick William Duffield Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1882-1953. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 110 - a poem about *mateship; biog., 230. Critic in English of Greek poetry who was from Great Britain. 1850-1875. He first presented the idea, in the modern period, that 'Achilles and Patroclus in 'Homer's ' Iliad were lovers. Gay Poetry Anthologies.Iolaus (1902), 68: an extract from Benecke's The Position of Women in Greek Poetry - states The Iliad is "a story in which the main motive is the love of Achilles for Patroclus". Hidden Heritage, 81. Poet from Australia who wrote in English. 1943-1985. He was gay and had affairs with three men. Many poems - about thirty-five - were published in journals before his death from cancer (though none were openly gay); he maintained to the author that it was not necessary for a gay poet to write openly gay poems. He was co-founder of Chiron College, a Sydney progressive school, ca. 1965-ca. 1975 with his then lover John. He was a contributing editor of Poetry Australia ca. 1975-ca. 1985. A handwritten manuscript of published and unpublished poems exists which he gave to his partner at the time of his death, Stephen Harris, to whom some are addressed. His papers and manuscripts are in the Mitchell Library, part of the State Library of New South Wales, Sydney. Source of information: personal knowledge and information from Stephen Harris. Critic from Italy who wrote in Italian. Active 1475. See Eugenio Donadoni, A History of Italian Literature, 1969, volume 1, p. 134, stating he "posited the basis of what was called 'platonic love'" in a commentary on a canzone of love by *Cavalcanti. (This appears to be the first reference to *Platonic love in a modern European language). He and *Pico della Mirandola were buried in the same grave. Poet and critic from Germany writing in German. 1892-1940. A *Marxist critic of Jewish background who fled Germany in 1933 and committed suicide in 1940 in Spain, after fleeing France, where he suspected betrayal to the German Gestapo. He married and had a child. He was involved with *Gustav Wyneken in the German youth movement in his early life. See his entry in Twentieth Century Literary Criticism, vol. 39, for an overview of his career and an annotated list of articles and books on him. Biography: by Momme Brodersen (German edition, 1990; expanded English translation, 1996, with bibl. 315-19) - the work is very reticent on his sex life and the author was refused access to Benjamin's papers. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. A-Z Guide to Modern Literary and Cultural Theorists. Criticism. Forum 2 (1987), 133, cites Sonnette [*Sonnets], Frankfurt, 1986. Poet from France who wrote in French. Active ca. 1150. Author of the Roman de Troie, a *long poem of 30,000 lines which relates the tale of Troy from the landing of the Argonauts and exhibits a strong world of male bonding. Compare * War of Troy. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Poet from Germany who wrote in German. 1882-1949. The pseudonym of *Albert Henry Rausch, prolific author of poetry who published from 1907 to 1952. Criticism: see Siegfried Hagen, Henry Benrath: Der Dichter und sein Werk (1978), 285 pages. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 40: cites five books 1940-56; no indication of whether they are poetry. Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen, items 919-28: one book positively identified as poetry (for details see the Rausch entry). Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1856-1886. Not in Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 485: "Forgotten" (a gay love poem). Criticism. Foster, "Beauty's Purple Flame Some Minor American Gay Poets", Gay Books Bulletin no. 7 (1982), 15-16: states he "lived a brief and incredibly tragic life which explains the morbid tone of his poem, 'Forgotten', about a dead boy he had loved , 'wild with grief as any love-lorn girl'"; only a few brief facts can be gathered about his life; p. 18 cites the book In the King's Garden and other poems, Boston, 1885. Poet, biographer and diary writer from Great Britain who wrote in English; translator from Greek to English. 1852-1925. He was one of three gay brothers, sons of the 94th Archbishop of Canterbury, the other two being *E. F. Benson and *R. F. Benson. (On the brothers, see the article "Those Three Sons: A Queer Tale of the Benson Brothers", Advocate, 14 March 1989, 48-50.) Educated at *Eton and *Cambridge he later became Warden of Magdalene College, *Cambridge and wrote sixty books, mainly novels; the * British Library General Catalogue reveals he published several books of poems in the *eighteen-nineties and published Selected Poems in 1924. He wrote the words to the famous song about Britain, "Land of Hope and Glory", set to music by Elgar. He was the editor of the poems of *William Cory (pseud.). He also compiled an enormous five million word diary, 1897-1925. A selection of the diary was published in 1926, edited by Percy Lubbock, and a fuller selection in 1981: Edwardian Excursions, edited by David Newsome (reviewed Gay News 216 [1981], 26). Biography: David Newsome, A. C. Benson, Diarist, 1980; this deals openly with his strong attachments to men and was reviewed in Gay News 195 (1980), 20. As the biographer of * Edward Fitzgerald (London, 1905) he wrote, p.196, "The instinct which lay deepest of all in Fitzgerald's nature was the need for affection" and "All through his life we see him constrained into friendships, not the quiet, unromantic friendships of an ordinary man, but strong, almost unbalanced preoccupations." This seems to be hinting at homosexuality as all Fitzgerald's friends were male. Translation of Greek poems: see, in his volume The ReedofPan, 1922, "*Alexis" (trans. of Meleager) p.194 (strongly homosexual) and "My Star" (trans. of *Plato), p.195. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionary of National Biography 1912-21. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Iolaus (1906), 222-24 (citing from a letter of *Edward Fitzgerald, "My friendships are more like loves"); Iolaus (1917), 179-81: stated to be the biographer of *Edward Fitzgerald. Reade, Sexual Heretics, 199-203 (extract from novel The memoirs of Arthur Hamilton written under the pseudonym Christopher Carr, published in 1886). Book collector and autobiographer in English from Great Britain. 1867-1940. The brother of *A. C. Benson and *R. H. Benson. See *Sydney Lomer regarding Benson owning a copy of Sydney Lomer's translation of the *Mousa Paidike with Benson's *bookplate inserted. A very prolific author, one of three brothers none of whom married and all of whom were apparently gay. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionary of National Biography. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Criticism. Smith, Love in Earnest, 7 referring to his autobiographies, As We Were (1930) and Final Edition: Informal Autobiography (London, 1940). Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1871-1914. One of three apparently gay brothers (see *A. C. Benson and *E. F. Benson). Educated at *Eton and *Cambridge he was ordained as an Anglican and then converted to Catholicism and became a *Catholic priest. He wrote a *sonnet to *Frederick Rolfe, "Almost a very god thou wert to me" (partly quoted in The Advocate 14 March 1989, 49). He was satirized as Reverend Bobugo Bonsen in Rolfe's last novel, The Desire and Pursuit of the Whole (1914). A prolific author he was the author of Poems (1914). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionary of National Biography. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1978. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 256: As Is, Berkeley, CA: The Figures, 1978. Poet, critic and dramatist from the United States who wrote in English. Born 1916. An openly gay theater critic, who was a professor at Columbia University, *New York, and who turned to playwriting later in life. He is the author of a play about *Alfred Douglas: Lord Alfred's Lover (Toronto: Personal Library, 1981), reviewed in Gay News 232 (1982), 27. His A Century of Hero-Worship (1944), has a brilliant chapter on the German gay poet *Stefan George, which is possibly the best introduction to Stefan George. Interview: *Christopher Street, December 1977, 29-36 (interviewed by *George Stambolian); reprinted in Stambolian, Homosexualities and French Literature, pp. 122-140. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10469: poem "The Queerwolf", College English November 1974, 338 (this was printed in a special issue of College English dedicated to homosexual literature). Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Born 1907. Jim Kepner, in Gay Los Angeles: The Early Days (Los Angeles: the author, 1988), p. 6, suggests he was an important writer of gay poetry. He may date from the 1920s on. The *National Union Catalog lists the books This is My Beloved (New York, 1943), and Never a Greater Need (New York, 1948). Both books were reprinted several times. Beowulf Poem in English from Great Britain. Ca. 725. The first major poem in a modern European vernacular language and the longest poem in Old English. It is generally dated to the early eighth century but may be later as the manuscript dates from the tenth century. Strong *male bonding underlies all the male relationships in the poem (as with much literature of the *middle ages), e.g., see lines 1300-1500 (beginning "Aeschere is dead"). Beowulf is sometimes called an *epic, though is more usually regarded as a *long poem. A recent translation is by *Seamus Heaney. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Poet from France who wrote in French. 1780-1857. He wrote satirical songs at the expense of the Napoleonic regime. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Les Amours masculines, 210-11 : from the *satirical poem Les *Hermaphrodites. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 415-16: fine poem "The *Androgyne". Pour tout l'amour des hommes, 129: *chanson. Poet who wrote in Latin. Active 135Q. His Ovidius moralizatus, in Latin, is a prose treatise providing Christian glosses on the characters of 'Ovid's Metamorphoses, which features stories of the ancient Greek and Roman gods, some involving homosexual incidents. It is associated with the beginnings of modern 'allegory (see Saslow, Ganymede in the Renaissance, p. 6). See also 'Ganymede. Berdache songs, singing and dancing Songs from the United States in *Indian languages such as Mohave, Cheyanne, Zuni, Pawnee, Navajo and Yokut. Documented from ca. 1940. Berdaches were Indian males who dressed as women and took female roles in tribes; they have been extensively reported across north America. Berdaches sang and composed songs. The anthology * Living the Spirit, pp. 217-222, lists 133 tribes with berdache roles. The article in One Magazine, no. 5 vol. 2 (Spring 1959), by *W. Dorr Legg, "The Berdache", was a pioneer gay study. Walter L. Williams, The Spirit and the Flesh (1986), is a detailed study of the berdache; bibl. pp. 317-33. Compare *hijras in India. As a word, see the article on berdache in Gay Books Bulletin no. 8 (Fall 1982), 18-19, by *Claude Courouve. The word came from Italian to French whence it was used in north America. It was also used in English (see *Dictionaries and Words - English). Examples of the berdache in major American Indian tribal languages follow. Chevenne. See Gay Sunshine, no. 26-27, p.17: states a berdache entertained men with singing and dancing. Mohave: see *Songs - Mohave. Navajo. Regarding the nadle, the Mohave word for berdache: "most of them excelled in the performance of one or more.. rituals" and one "is a well known chanter"; cited by Willard Williams, in "The status of the hermaphrodite and transvestite in Navaho culture", American Anthropologist new series 37 (1935), pp. 273-79 (source: * Human Relations Area Files). Pawnee. "Charms, songs etc to lure women were furnished by sexual perverts who lived apart and were in social disrepute": James Murie, Pawnee Indian Society (New York, 1914), p. 640. Yokut. "The Bardache had a special place in Yokut society as a handler and burier of the dead and singer of mourning songs": Anna Gayton, Yokuts and Western Mono Ethnography (Berkeley, 1948), p. 106b (source: * Human Relations Area Files). The Yokuts are Californian Indians. Zuni. See Will Roscoe, The Zuni Man-woman (1991), pp. 34-35 - refers to participation in songs in the the Kan'akwe ceremony (see pages pp. 220-222); berdache are possibly very old in the Zuni culture (see p. 24). The Zuni myth, which is the mythic explanation for the berdache, is the Destruction of the Kia'nakwe and the Songs of Thanksgiving (see Roscoe for details). The Zuni live near the New Mexizo-Arizona border. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionnaire Gay.see "Bardache", p.208-10. Gay Histories and Cultures. Translator from Latin to German from Germany. Active before 1900. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 55: trans. of the Latin poet *Martial into German. Poet from Portugal who wrote in Portuguese. Active before 1250. See Gomes Viana, O homosexualidade no mundo, volume 2, p. 183: possibly a *troubadour accused of homosexuality Editor in Greek and historian in German from Germany. 1812-1881. Bergk collated all the *fragments of ancient Greek *lyric poetry, from all the then known sources, in Poetae Lyrici Graeci, first edition 1843 (fourth edition 1878-82); there are indexes by Rubenbauer in the 1914-15 edition. This work led to an appreciation of the enormous body of ancient Greek poetry and, in particular, the large amount of homosexual poetry (including *lost works). Previously, editions of ancient Greek poetry tended to concentrate on a single author or text which survived complete or in large fragments (though see *Brunck). As a prelude to the above, he published the text of the fragments of *Anacreon in 1834. He also published a history of Greek literature in German in 4 volumes, 1872-87. Compare later scholars such as *J. M. Edmonds and *D. A. Campbell who have also edited the fragments of the lyric poets. On his life see Wilamowitz-Moellendorf, History of Classical Scholarship, pp. 139-40 and footnote 519. Translator from Slovenia from Spanish and English to Slovene. Born 1934. He published several book of poems among them two with gay poems: Ifrikija (1993) and Razseznostprosojnosti (1996). He has translated work of 'Garcia Lorca, 'Luis Cernuda, 'Fernando Pessoa, 'Cavafy. He frequently visits Spain and Argentina. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Drobci stekla v ustih, 24 (trans. from Spanish to Slovene of 'Porfirio Barba-Jacob), 53-55 (trans. from Spanish of 'Federico García Lorca), 57-59 (trans. from Spanish of 'Luis Cernuda), 6Q-61 (trans. from Spanish of 'Xavier Villaurrutia), 62-64 (trans. from Spanish of 'Salvador Novo), 7B (trans. from Spanish of 'Cassiano Nunes), 1Q6-Q7 (trans. from Spanish of 'Jaime Jaramilla Escobar), 113-15 (trans. from English of the Japanese poet 'Takahashi Mutsuo), 141-46 (trans. from Spanish of 'Ernesto Bañuelos Enriquez), 152 (trans. from Spanish of 'Franklin Jorge). Poet and critic from the United States writing in English. Born 1950. New York reared, he teaches at Towson State University, lives in Baltimore and has edited John Ashbery's Art Chronicles (1988). Books of poems: Cracking the Code (1985) (reviewed in James White Review vol. 5 no. 2, 13-14 by *George Klawitter), The Care and Treatment of Pain (1994), Heroic measures (1998). He is also the editor of The *Violet Quill Reader(1994), a selection of prose from a New York group who wrote for the gay journal Violet Quill. See also his article in James White Review vol. 4 no. 3 (Spring 1987), 11, "Strategic *Camp". Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, 44-46 (fine poem about a child's perceptions of a homosexual); biog., 44-45 (with photo). Poets for Life, 29-32; biog., 232. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 550. Name of Love, 62; biog., 69-70. Badboy Book, 39-42; biog., 383 (states he lives in Baltimore). A Day for a Lay, 203-09; biog., 203 - has a partner of fifteen years and serves as theater critic for The City Paper, Baltimore. Poet and diarist from Germany writing in German. Active from 1984. Author of the first open gay diary in German (covering the years 1984-85). It was written in East Germany (the Deutsche demokratik Republik) where he lived. The diary is entitled Eine schlimme Liebe (Berlin and Weimar: Aufbau, 1987), 299 pages; the front endpaper features two naked sculptures, one of a man, another of a youth (second printing, 1989). His first book of poems was Ikarus über der Stadt (1976); he has also published Tandem: gedichte (Berlin and Weimar: Aufbau, 1984), 136 pp. A collected poems was titled Ulrich Berkes: Ikarus über der Stadt (Rimbaud Verlagsgesellschaft: Aachen, 1997), 95 pp. A critical article on his poetry is George Kane "Two Contemporary East German Poets: Ulrich Berkes and Steffen Mensching" in The Paris Review no. 106 (Fall 1988). He is also the author of the prose work Ein Ort, uberfall: 18 Erfindungen von Heimat, Berlin, 1994. Bibliographies. Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen, items 64-66: works listed above. Poet writing in English possibly from the United States. Active before 1980. He is the author of a famous poem of the 1970s "Bring the Beautiful Boys Home"; this very fine poem appears in The Gay Liberation Book( 1973), pp. 147-49 and is about the Vietnam *War; biog. note p. 206 - he was a *San Francisco activist, at one time one of the editors of *Gay Sunshine, who spent some time on a kibbutz in Isael. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Digte om mends kerlighed til mend: Danish translation of "Bring the Beautiful Boys Home". City in Germany in which German is the main spoken language. Gay poetry survives from ca. 1900. Berlin has been the most important city in Germany for gay culture since the gay Prussian king *Frederick the Great (who lived at nearby Potsdam in the palace in the park of Sans Souci). A survey of the city's gay history has been written by *Manfred Herzer and an earlier social study by *Magnus Hirschfeld. * Eldorado is a major catalog of an exhibition of gay life, 1850-1950, and the finest survey yet on gay life in an individual city. The city was the capital of Prussia and only in the eighteenth century grew into a metropolis. It was the capital of the united Germany from 1870 to 1945, this position being relinquished in West Germany to Bonn from 1945. The parliament of Germany moved back to Berlin in 1999. From the *eighteen-nineties to the rise of the *Nazis in 1933 a huge number of gay *journals was published, many of which featured poetry (e.g. *Der Eigene, the finest German cultural journal). Some featured scholarly research on literary figures (e.g., the * Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwishenstufen, published by *Magnus Hirschfeld, whose Institute of Sexual Science housed a large archive of homosexual material, as well as general sexual material, before it was destroyed by the Nazis). A *debate on homosexuality was a feature of the period 1890-1933 and under the Weimar Republic, from 1920 to 1933, the city was known for its open gay culture. *Friedrich Rückert was a Professor in Berlin. A major *university city in Germany, Berlin is noted for its intellectual life, and houses major German *libraries. Poets associated with the city include the *anarchist poets *Adolf Brand and John Henry Mackay and the contemporary poet *Detlev Meyer. Berlin is the major gay publishing center in Germany - see *Verlag rosa Winkel - and several *gay liberation anthologies have emanated, all with a strong anarchist basis, from the city. The city, formally under the control of the occupying allies and split into two sectors, west and east until 1990. From 1945 to 1990 West Berlin was under the control of Great Britain, France and the United States, the conquerors of Germany in World War II. By living in the city it was possible to avoid service in the west German army. The city was also a center of anarchism, partly due to this. East Berlin and West Berlin were reunited in 1990. East Berlin had been the capital of East Germany, the Deutsche Demokratik Republik until this date. 750 Warme Berliner (Berlin, *Verlag rosa Winkel, 1987) is a catalog of an exhibition at the gay museum and archive, the *Schwüles Museum, showing gay Berliners from 1750. On Berlin circa 1900 see (Anonymous author), Das Perverse Berlin (ca. 1908), reviewed in Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 10, 1909-1910, 313-1. For 1945-70 see Manfred Herzer, "Auferstanden aus Ruinen" (Resurrection from the ruins), in Berlin von hinten 83/84 (1983), 24-36. The guidebooks called Berlin von Hinten give information on the contemporary gay scene, e.g., the 1981 edition. Jim Baker, Berlin Scene (London: Gay Men's Press, 1995) is a guide in English. A discussion of the Berlin gay movement by Manfred Baumgardt, is in Schwulenreferat im Allgemeinen Studenternausscchuß der FU (editor), Homosexualität und Wissenschaft, Berlin, 1985, 157-180. The *Spartacus Gay Guide has information on the contemporary city. In 1997, Berlin had about 163 gay cafes and had a three month gay festival to celebrate a hundred years of gay activism. A catalog called Goodbye to Berlin?, was published in connection with the exhibition of the same name in the same year held in Berlin and is a detailed scholarly work on the city's gay history; the title comes from a novel by *Christopher Isherwood. Berlin has the world's finest gay bookshop, certainly for *European language books: *Prinz Eisenherz Buchladen. This bookshop has a wider coverage of gay books than any other known gay bookshop. References. Hayn, Gotendorf, Bibliotheca Germanorum Erotica, volume 1, 235-334: a huge survey of sexuality and Berlin, though not specifically gay. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 14 (1914), 45-63: article on gay life in old Berlin by F. Huglander. Goodbye to Berlin? - the whole book is relevant. Gay Histories and Cultures. Anthologist in English from South Africa. Active 1993. See Invisible Ghetto biog., note 209: the female co-editor of the anthology * Invisible Ghetto. Bernard of Cluny, also called Bernard of Morlas Poet from France who wrote in Latin. 1150fl. Bernard was a Benedictine monk of the famous abbey of Cluny, then the largest church in the Christian world. His ideas show the influence of *Neoplatonism but his poetry is anti-gay. See also *Walter Mapes. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 117-18: called Bernard of Morlas. Medieval Latin Poems of Male Love and Friendship, 76-79: extract from De contemptu mundi (Contempt of the world) a *long poem, with a strong element of *satire, expressing revulsion at the evils of the time and including revulsion at sodomy; biog., 154. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 166-67. Anthropologists from the United States who worked in Australia and wrote in English. Active from 1947 to 1994. Professor Ronald Berndt and his wife Catherine Berndt were anthropological research workers attached to the University of Western Australia. A huge archive of Aboriginal material established by them is in the University of Western Australia, Perth: see the obituary of Catherine Berndt, The Australian, 26 May 1994, 13. Ronald Berndt was the first to write a book on the sexuality of the Australian Aborigines: Sexual Behavior in Western Arnhem Land, 1951 (though nothing about male homosexuality relevant to poetry was found in this book). Aranda: in "Field Work in Central Australia", Oceania 13 (1942-43), see pp. 260-61 re penis holding in Aranda initiation ceremonies linked with the ritual of subincision and singing groups; see also the same article, p. 266, as regards Walpiri on partially erect penises in initiation ceremonies. In "Field Work in Western central Australia", Oceania 13 (1942-43), see pages 252-53: sexual songs of Aranda children, one possibly about homosex in dogs. Other'Australian Aboriginal languages: see *Songs - Murnain. - Yirrkala. - Oenpelli. See also *Serpent, *T. G. H. Strehlow. Poet writing in French. Active 1981. Author of a gay graffiti poem which appears on the cover of *Raoul Hübner, Harten der Schreibweise (1981). The poem is in the form of graffiti written by the author, with some drawings, arranged to make a poem. On p. 17 is a poem by him translated into German. Genre in Italian from Italy. From ca. 1530 to 1850. An elaborate genre of poetry in Italian in which there are hidden meanings frequently based on food and frequently sexual. It takes its name from 'Francesco Berni. 'Giovanni della Casa and others wrote Bernesque poetry 1530-ca. 1850. It was an outgrowth of 'Burchiellesque poetry which in turn continues the tradition of 'carnival songs. Homosexual themes often occur. Compare 'indirect language in East Asian languages. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 131-32: "Bernesque poetry" by 'Giovanni Dall'Orto. Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian and Latin. Ca. 1497-1535. He wrote love poems to boys in Latin. Letters he wrote use the code of *burchiellesque language. See *Bernesque poetry which genre he founded. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Duroc, Homosexuels et lesbiennes illustrés, 55. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amicizia amorosa, 103-08: poems "Sopra un garzone" (Upon a boy) and "A Fra Bastian del Piombo"; biog., 103. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 227. "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen", 66-67. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 311-13. Poet from Spain writing in Spanish. Active before 1992. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 331: gay poet included in the *journal Cantico (published in *Cordoba). Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1918-1990. A *classical music composer who was enormously popular as the conductor of the New York Philharmonic orchestra, Leonard Bernstein also wrote poetry but the full extent of his poetry writing is not known. A huge archive of his personal papers, said to be the size of a warehouse, exists; a biographer, Meryle Secrest, was refused access. See Meryle Secrest, Leonard Bernstein: A Life (1995), for an important discussion of his homosexuality pp. 319-20; see pp. 26 and 36 for poems (the poem on page 36 is a *parody of *Cole Porter). He was Jewish and married the Chilean actress Felicia Montealegre and had children. His life indicates bisexuality. He was happily maddied with a family but homosexual activity occurred, exclusively so after his wife's death in 1978. He was undoubtedly very attached to his wife. He set a homosexual poem of *Whitman to music (see Secrest, Leonard Bernstein, 342; the title is not stated). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Active 1902. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 268: The Sonnets of a *Platonist, London: R. Brimley Johnson, 1902. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 65; biog., 118: notes 60 *sonnets of artistry in Sonnets of a Platonist. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1934-1983. Twice married; the brother of the Jesuit poet Daniel Berrigan. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors New Revision Series, vol. 14. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Bugger: an anthology, 6-7 (a light hearted poem with slight gay reference, basically heterosexual); biog. 19 - states he edits C, A Journal of Poetry. Berryman, John Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1914-1972. John Berryman's father shot himself within earshot of the poet when he was a boy. Berryman, who was of a nervous temperament and an alcoholic, married twice. Like his father he also committed *suicide, by jumping off a bridge. A latent or repressed notion of homosexuality can be seen to underlie the relationship of the two main characters, Henry and Mr Bones, in the *sequence The Dream Dongs (1964-68), the publication of which sequence led to Berryman becoming famous as a poei. See minstrel shows regarding lambo and Bones (Berryman read Carl vvuikes 1930 book on minstrel shows, lambo anu Bones, and was well aware of mythic aspects of his poem). A tape of him reading from The Dream Songs exists in the Library of Congress referring to the relationship of Jesus Christ and Peter. This reading constitutes a variant text to "Dream Song 55", "Peter's not friendly. He gives me sideways looks" (text from the tape; though there is homosexual reference even in the published text). In the volume Love and Fame, 1971, see "Shirley and *Auden" p. 15 for a "flamboyant fag" (i.e. homosexual). Biography. See John Haffenden, The Life of John Berryman, 1982: the author states, in the introduction p. 5, that a homosexual component of his character cannot be ruled out; see also pp. 240, 247 and 375 (re his novel Recovery where, in "Step One", the main character admits to making homosexual advances when drunk). The quotation from his diary on p. 247 makes it clear that Berryman acknowledged a homosexual aspect of himself. He wrote a biography of * Stephen Crane (1953), which hints at homosexuality in Crane. Compare *Robert Lowell, his contemporary. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition; see the Appendix. Historian and critic of Persian, Turkish and Tajik from Russia writing in Russian; editor of works in Persian. 1890-1957. The founder of the school of Persian literary criticism in Russia, he was head of the Soviet School of Persian and Central Asian Turkic studies from the 1930s to the 1950s. He was a specialist in the history of Persian, Tajik and Turkic literatures. In the 1920s he wrote a series of twenty-seven articles on *Sufism which remained a major interest until his death. He edited *Ferdowsi's Shah-nama in a new critical edition from 1954 (Moscow, 1960-1971, 9 volumes, though only the first two volumes were edited by him). This is regarded as the finest text of the poem to date. He is the author of Ocerk persidskoj literatury (Sketch of Persian Literature), Leningrad, 1928: a brief but excellent survey of Persian literature in Russian. His works were published in 6 volumes, Moscow, 1960-65. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Great Soviet Encyclopedia: name spelt Berthel's. Encyclopedia Iranica: Poet from France who wrote in French. Active 1623. He is in the Parnasse Satyrique (1623) with 'Théophile de Viau. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Les Amours masculines, 122 (with biog. note). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 4Q4: poem '"Ganymede" trans. English. Pseudonym of a poet from Portugal who wrote in Portuguese. 1948-1997. His real name was Alberto Pidwell Tavares. Best known as a poet who came to maturity from 1960, he also wrote a novel Lunario (1988). He was inexile in Belgium from 1967 and returned to Portugal following redemocritisation in 1975. His poetry from the 1980s is especially notable from a gay point of view. He died of *Aids. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History Poet from Germany who wrote in German. 1884-1957. Poet and Professor of German at Cologne 1922-46. A member of the *George Kreis. Poems range from Gedichte (1913) to Greichenland (Greece; 1934). Scholarly works were written on *Heinrich von Kleist and *Nietzsche. His sexuality is not known. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Critic from Germany who wrote in German. Active 1905. The writer of the first works in German to unequivocably call *Whitman a homosexual: in his 1905 work Walt Whitman: Ein Charakterbild (Leipzig: Spohr, 1905), he gave positive proof of Whitman's homosexuality to his German audience. His Der YankeeHeiland (Dresden, 1906, 253 pages) was provoked as a positive reply to the negative homosexual approach to Whitman by Johannes Schlaf who took issue with him following the publication of the 1905 book (see Hirschfeld, Die Homosexualität, p. 672). He reviewed *E. I. P. Stevenson's The Intersexes for the * Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen . Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 41: Walt Whitman: Ein Charakterbild, Leipzig: *Spohr, 1905 and Whitman-Mysterien, Berlin, 1907 (in response to Johannes Schlaf). Criticism. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen vol. 7 Part 1 (1905) 153-287: "Walt Whitman: Ein Charakterbild"; reprinted in Schmidt, Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen (1984), vol. 1, 56-141. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 9 (1908), 551-64: discussion of the controversy with Schlaf. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 22 (July/October 1922), 55-58. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1991. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Unending Dialogue, 26-27, 31, 42, 47, 52-53, 57, 61, 77-78 - fine poems by a gay man on having *Aids. Bestandsverczeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen Bibliography in German from Germany. Siegen: Universität-Gesamthochschule Siegen, 1995, 180 pages. The catalog of the library of gay books assembled by *Wolfgang Popp and Wolfgang Grunow, compiled by Uwe Meyer. It lists 2,105 books in the library and has Personal Name and Subject indexes at the end. It covers mainly German eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth century works and is in six sections: Gay Male Literature pp. 13-89, Lesbian Literature pp. 89-100, Anthologies pp. 101-04, Literary Criticism pp. 105-30, General criticism and varia pp. 131-52 and Works of assistance (this includes bookshop catalogs) pp. 153-58. The publishing details of books are given but there are no annotations apart from the noting of signed editions. Though the work is not a bibliography, in the absence of the second volume of *Manfred Herzer's bibliography covering German literature, it provides bibliographical coverage for German literature from the eighteenth century. It is not noted whether literary works are poetry, prose, drama or criticism and this lessens the utility of the work. Bestiality is sex between a human and an animal. It is known in Greek from ancient Greece from 280 B. C. and later in Latin and English. For homobestiality see for English: *Aleister Crowley, J. R. Ackerley, *Cruttwell dog, *Donald Friend (illustrations). Greek: see *Pan (280 B.C.+), *centaurs, *satyrs. Latin: see *Forberg - re *Virgil (70 B.C.-19 B.C.) (but see the entry). Poet from Germany who wrote in German. 1876-1946. His book Die chinesische Flöte (1907), contains the Chinese poem translations used by Gustav Mahler for his song cycle Das Lied von der Erde. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10470: Die stillen Inseln, Berlin: Schuster and Loeffler, 1898. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1906-1984. See the poems in the following books: "The Arrest of Oscar Wilde", "Narcissus" (Collected Poems, 1970), "Monody of a *Platonist Bank Clerk" (High and Low, 1966), "Interior Decorator" (Uncollected Poems, 1982, pp. 19-22; the contents page states of this poem that it was first published in The London Magazine, 1964), "The Old Queen" (first published in The London Magazine). These are charming poems revealing great sympathy with gays and never condescending. His masterly autobiographical *long poem Summoned by Bells (1960) reveals romantic friendships with boys at school in the earlier chapters and mixing in homosexual company at *Oxford (see Chapter 9, "The Opening World"). Summoned by Bells has been splendidly recorded by the poet on a cassette published by the BBC, 1991 (ISBN 3651888). He was *Poet Laureate of Great Britain and his poetry has been dismissed as lightweight by some. As a poet he has reached a wide audience and has enjoyed continual interest, which he deserves, as he is not only extremely competent as a poet but has something to say. Biography. Bevis Hillier, Young John Betjeman (1988): this reveals Betjeman to have had homosexual leanings in his youth (see p.18 on the poem *"Narcissus", inspired by a childhood homosexual encounter) and to have been an *aesthete at Oxford as well as having many homosexual friends. *Charles Osborne's biography of *W. H. Auden in its United States edition revealed that Betjeman and Auden had sexual relations in the 1930s (this was omitted from the British edition; see *Charles Osborne entry). His letters have been edited by his daughter Candida Green with two volumes being published to 1994 (letters up to 1984). He has an internet homepage. See also *Tom Driberg. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 275-77: Collected Poems, London: John Murray, 1970, High and Low, London: John Murray, 1966, A Nip in the Air, New York: Norton, 1974. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1995. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Badboy Book, 43-46; biog., 383: mostly a prose writer. Anthologist, critic and historian in French from France. Born 1915. She compiled one of the most widely read anthologies of the *gay liberation period, originally published with sumptuous illustrations in French as *Beau petit ami (the title means "Handsome boyfriend"); it was translated into English and German as * L'Amour bleu . She has travelled extensively especially through Asia and has collaborated with her husband, Michel Beurdeley (an expert on Asian art), on two books on eroticism in China and Japan and one on Chinese Ceramics (1974). (Information from the dustjacket of the English translation.) She apparently collaborated with Michel Beurdeley on Chinese Erotic Art (1969) and lives in *Paris. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in LIterature, second edition, item 278: *L'amour bleu, New York, Rizzoli, 1978 (English edition). Biographer and critic who wrote in German. Active from 1866. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 41 : author of * Friedrich Rückerts Leben und Dichtungen, Coburg: Sendelbach, 1866, and a biography * Ludwig II (no date given). Critic of Greek poetry from Germany who wrote in Latin or German. Active 1910. His Doctorate of Philosophy, apparently written in Latin, Fabulae Graece quatenus quave aetate puerorum amore commutatae sint (Leipzig, 1910), is the first known study of homosexuality and Greek mythology or rather, in the title's words, "love of boys". He discusses (pages 52 ff., 73) tragedians who dealt with the homosexual loves of *Achilles. It appears to be major study of homosexuality and ancient Greek. This work has been cited in differing ways and details have been taken from Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, pp 492-93: cites *Clement of Alexandria. Not sighted. Very rare. Bibliographies. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, item 466. Criticism. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 492-93: cites Clement of Alexandria giving the first list of homosexuals. Beyond Paradise: poetry by lesbians and gay men Anthology in English from Great Britain. Manchester: Commonword, 21 Newton Street, Manchester, 1990, 85 pages. No editor is stated. Introduction by Louise Ansari. An anthology of poetry by lesbian and gay men in the north west of England exploring a range of lifestyles. Eight poets are male (see entries): Simon Barclay, Tommy Bailey, Mark Buckley, Nic Collins, P. D. Cookson, Toby, Manning, Russell Morris, Christopher Watt. Poems have an *androgynous quality and are competent; sometimes it is difficult to know whether they are written by a man or a woman (this quality even extends to the biographical notes). They concentrate on love and are tender in tone. The poets seem to be regional. drawn from the area around *Manchester, the largest city in the north of England and the second largest city in Great Britain; biographies pp. 77-80. Poet from France who wrote in Latin. 1519-1605. Bèze was a French convert to *Calvinism who was Calvin's assistant and biographer. He was attacked by both the Catholics in France and other *Protestants on account of his poems, Theodori Bezae Vezelii Poëmata, Paris, 1548, called in later editions Juvenilia, and accused of being homosexual (note: in the second and third editions, 1569 and 1597 the homosexual poems were removed). His poems detail a love affair, modelled on those of Catullus with Lesbia, with a woman Candida. The main epigram of homosexual interest is "Abest Candida, Beza, quid morais?" (the first line of the epigram referred to by *Georges Hérelle below). In the poem Bèze states he is torn between Candida and a certain male, Audebert (compare *Catullus and Juventius) but the reference cannot be taken to refer unequivocally to physical homosexualty. He may have been homosexual or *bisexual in his youth; whether this was the case later in life remains to be proven. The poem is discussed and translated into English in A. L. Prescott, "Beza's Latin Epigrams in English", Studies in the Renaissance 21 (1974), 83-117, 99-100; also contains excellent bibliographical references. A second poem taken to be homosexual refers to a certain Pomponius. The copy of his poems in the *Enfer, Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, titled Juvenilia, is a very small book, barely readable. A critical edition of the 1548 Poemata has been compiled by Thomas Towson (of Wadham College, Oxford) which was submitted as a Ph. D. thesis at *Oxford in 1983. Manuscripts of Bèze's works exist. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 297-98: stating he was a close friend of Calvin and attacked by Catholics as a sodomite on religious grounds. New Catholic Encyclopedia, New York, 1967. Duroc, Homosexuels et lesbiennes illustrés, 56-57. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 132-33. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10471 : citing Juvenilia (no other information given). Criticism. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 4 (1902), 291349: "Theodor Beza" by *Ferdinand Karsch; see especially pp. 297-303, with translation of epigram referred to above into German and 343-49 (list of books discussing his alleged homosexuality). Mayne, The Intersexes, 78, 265-66: revealing he was twice married. *Hérelle manuscript 3188 f. 375: states an epigram in his Juvenilia , "De sua in candidam et Audebertam benevolentia", is really very innocent, though thought to be homosexual. Poem in Sanskrit from India, widely translated into Indian languages. In existence from ca. 200 B.C.; the date is not reliable. The Sanskrit poem The Bhagavad Gita is a major religious poem of India and forms part of the *Mahabharata (where it occurs at Book 6, sections 23-40). It is a dialogue between the hero Arjuna and his charioteer *Krishna and is a statement of the essential elements of Hinduism. Love expressed in *mystical terms, as the supreme spirit of the universe, is central to the Bhagavad Gita: the poem thus encompasses homosexuality by not excluding it. It is in turn based on the * Upanishads and has influenced Indian *mysticism, *Sikhism and *Bhakti. The dialogic structure involving two males is de facto homoerotic (compare a similar structure in *Theocritus's Idylls). Walt Whitman was influenced by reading it in translation. An excellent introduction is George Feuerstein, The Bhagavad Gita: Its Philosophy and Cultural Setting (1974; reprinted). Text. There are untold manuscripts and it was first printed in Calcutta in 1809. There are also many commentaries (e.g., by Mahatma Gandhi). See especially the notes and introduction of Sarvepelli Radhakrishnan's edition (with commentary), London, 1948 (revised edition New Delhi, 1974) - the editor was an Indian philosopher who was President of India from 1962 to 1967. Criticism. The text edited by Shastri Gajanana Sadhale, 3 volumes (Delhi, 1985) has eleven commentaries. The translation of R. C. Zaehner (Oxford, 1969) has an extensive commentary. Influence. See T. R. Sharma, editor, Influence of Bhagavad Gita on Literature Written in English (Meerut, India, 1988). *Rudolf Steiner, the founder of Anthroposophy, wrote a commentary and it influenced his thinking. Translation. Only major translations are included here; there have been many translations. The work has been very popular in translation in English and German. See under Mahabharata in the *British Library General Catalogue. Translations into *Indian languages are numerous (see Winternitz, History of Indian Literature, volume 1, p. 409); see the British Library oriental catalogues (separate catalogues for oriental languages) for translations into these languages. Bahasa Indonesia: *Amir Hamzah - translated from Dutch (1930-ca. 1936); Creole: Trans, not known, Port Louis, 1960: see the *British Library General Catalogue entry; Czech: Karl Weinfurter (1935); Danish: Paul Tuxen (1920); Dutch: J. P. K. Sukul (1958); English: Charles Wilkins (1785), Sir Edwin Arnold (trans. as The Song Celestial, 1885), K. T. Telang (1882), Annie Besant (1905), F. Edgerton (1925; repr.) - a literal translation, Swami Prabhavananda and *Christopher Isherwood (1944), S. Radhakrishnan (1948); Maharishi Mahesh Yogi (Penguin, 1967; with commentary), R. C. Zaehner (Oxford University Press, 1969 - with a good commentary), Juan Mascaro (Penguin, 1962 - excellent introduction), Ann Stanford (1970), J. B. van Buitenen (1981); French: M. Parraud (1787), Sylvain Levi and *Trumbull Stickney (before 1904), E. Senart (1922); German: C. R. S. Peiper (1834), R. Boxberger (1870), R. Garbe (1905; reprinted), P. Deussen (1906) - a good translation, L. von Schroeder (1912; reprinted), E. Richter-Ushanas (1983), K. Mylius (1984), J. Dunnebier (1989); Greek: D. Galanou (1848); Hindi: Pt. Adya Prasada Misra (1910); Italian: C. Jinarajadasa and M. L. Kirby (1905); Latin: August Wilhelm von Schlegel (1823); Oriva: *Gagannatha Dasa; Russian: A. Kamensko (1925), Trans, not known (1929); Spanish: Trans, not known (Buenos Aires, 1893); Miroslav Marcovich (Merida, 1958); Tamil: H. Bower (1889); see also Zvelebil, Lexicon of Tamil Literature. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, volume 2. Kindlers neues Literatur Lexikon vol.18; includes an important bibliography. Other references. Winternitz, History of Indian Literature, volume 1, 408-23. Basham, The Wonder That Was India, 340-42. De Bary, Guide to Oriental Classics, 86-89. Religious movement in Hindi and other *Indian languages of India, dating from ca. 800. A *mystical religious movement centering on union of the soul with *God (compare *Sufism with which there are undoubtedly links). *Hymns were composed in Indian vernacular literatures such as Hindi and other *Indic languages, of which there is an extensive literature (though it exists only in oral form). Works were also composed in medieval Sanskrit. Bhakti emerged in south India in Tamil culture where bhakti poems exist in the *Dravidian languages of Kannada, Malayalam, Tamil and Telugu, as a popular religion in opposition to the official Sanskrit religious cults. The poet *Kabir, in north India, shows its influence. The cult continues widely across the country in India today. Many *oral poems exist based on the religion. See E. Zelliot, "The Medieval Bhakti Movement in History", in Hinduism, edited by B. L. Smith (1976) - contains an essential bibliography. Assamese. See *Madhavadeva; Kashmiri See Braj B. Kachri, Kashmiri Literature (1981), pp. 10-11 and 37-43. Kannada. See Speaking of Siva, edited and translated by A. K. Ramunujan (Penguin Books, 1973). Malavalam. A strong movement exists dating from the 15th century. Marathi. See N. Macnicol, Hymns of the Marathi Saints, date not known but published before 1993 (trans. into English). Tamil. There is a very strong movement; see Zvelebil, Lexicon of Tamil Literature. Teleou. Vemana (1700-50) was a bhakti poet. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures South volume (volume 2), 24. De Bary, Guide to Oriental Classics, 143-47. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Poet possibly from Germany who wrote in German. 1891-1985. Author of Der Wind der Ewigkeit, 1991, 107 pp.: poems by a friend of *Pasolini, including one inspired by him. Poet from Poland who wrote in Polish. 1922-1983. There is believed to be gay relevance in his poetry (Josef Pyzik, Cracow, to the author June 1987). In 1956 his first book Turns of Things created much interest. He was involved in the theater and his poetry is considered difficult. English translation: The Revolution of Things, Washington, 1974 (trans. Andrzej Busza and Bogdan Czaykowski); p. 14 "To - " is *non gender specific. Criticism. Milosz, History of Polish Poetry, pp. 479, 534. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Everyman Companion to East European Literature. Poet and publisher from Australia writing in English. Born 1955. Of mixed Celtic and Mediterranean descent, he lived in Indonesia in the late 1970s and lives in Melbourne. He was the co-iounder, with Susan Rachman and his lover and partner *Ian Birks, of Nosukumo Press, Melbourne, 1982, which has published poetry books and *chapbooks of gay interest. He was editor of The Carrionflower Writ (poetry *broadsheet, irregular) which has contained some gay poems. He has written several chapbooks of poems. Foil (Fallen Angels), Melbourne, 1980 (limited signed edition of 100, privately printed second edition, Nosukumo, 1982) contains his first homoromantic poems. Warrior Dolls, Melbourne, 1981 (limited signed edition of 100, privately printed under Nosukumo imprint; second revised edition Nosukumo, 1982) contains Tine gay poems showing the influence of *Michael Dransfield. Other books: Thalassa Thalassa, Melbourne: Nosukomo, 1983; Five Little Poems on Kyoto, Melbourne: Nosukomo, 1986; Autumn Silks, Melbourne: Nosukomo, 1988; Calqueneauz, Melbourne: Nosukomo, 1989; (Post Neo) Gakai, Melbourne: Post Neo, 1989; This is a Table, Seattle, United States: emPo, 1989. The sequence of nine poems under the title Ra (Melbourne: Mercurial Editions, 1991), is an *elegy for Robert Gamble lamenting his death by *Aids. His writing is in the style of *postmodernism and is, at times, very difficult, involving elaborate wordplay. Use of puns is a major feature. He has published over one hundred poems in magazines in Australia and abroad. He was included in Australian Writing Now (1988). Ra, written 1988-1991, is his contribution to * Pink Ink. He first published in a gay journal in Campaign (edited by *Dave P. Sargent) in July 1979, 36, and then in September 1979 (issue 47), 20. His second chapbook, Warrior Dolls, was the first openly gay book of poems published in Melbourne by a gay male. The cover of the 1981 printing by Taufik Rachmann depicted two naked men intertwined. This was a private printing lacking an imprint. His first name is pronounced Ja-varn with emphasis on the last syllable. Publishing details have been supplied by the poet; not all items referred to have been sighted. In The Age (Melbourne), May 13 2000 a homosexual poem "Elagabalus" was published on the Roman emperor. Interview: Outrage 70 (March 1989), 25-31. He is known to have used two pseudonyms: Prickhard Bruteagain (a pun on the US author Richard Brautigan) and Jean du Brusque (information from Javant Biarujia). He is the author of Prickhard Bruteagain (pseud.), Shovelling shit with a thermometer (Melbourne: Nosukumo, 1985), which contains Tine gay poems; the title is a pun on Richard Brautigan's Loading Mercury with a Pitchfork. The Eye in the Anus (Melbourne: Nosukumo, 1985), 12 pp., is a "private and very limited" edition (see title page). In 1998, he was a writer in residence in Indonesia sponsored by Asialink. A bibliography of published works from 1979 to 1999 on his computer is possibly the finest and most comprehensive of any bibliography of a bay poet and includes refernce ro readings (printed copy; collection of *Paul Knobel). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Hurley, Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Edge City, 1923; biog., 221. Love and Death, 35,40; biog., 52. Pink Ink, 184-91; biog 294. Dessaix, Australian Gay and Lesbian Writing, 25: Tine poem "Hamid" (about sex in Indonesia); biog., 374. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 196B. Book: Swerve (199B). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Badboy Book, 47-52; biog., 3B3. Eros in Boystown, 12-13; biog., 59. The World in Us: Lesbian and Gay Poetry of the Next Wave, 1-5; biog., 35B. Word of Mouth, 433-36. A work relating to histrory, religion, philosophy and criticism originally in Hebrew, Aramaic and Greek from Israel. Surviving texts date from 200 B. C. Much of the Bible is in poetry. The text is conventionally divided into two parts: the * Old Testament and the *New Testament. The Old Testament (called the Tanach by Jews) contains the basic works of the Jewish faith. It is written in Hebrew with some chapters of the books of Daniel and Ezra in Aramaic (a language sometimes called Chaldean). The *New Testament consists of the teachings of Jesus Christ, the founder of *Christianity, who was Jewish, and letters and other works of his first apostles dating from ca. 60 to ca. 100, all surviving in Greek (with some words spoken by Jesus in Aramaic in the Greek text); letters of the Apostle *Saint Paul are some of the earliest works. The four * Gospels, giving the life of Jesus, date from ca. 70 to 100. The earliest fragments of the New Testament date from ca. 125 and are in the John Rylands Library, *Manchester. Surviving manuscripts date from 200 B.C. for the Hebrew Old Testament in its present form. However, the earliest known Old Testament texts date from ca. 250 B.C. and are the Greek translation called the Septuagint known to be in existence at that date (it was translated in *Alexandria from the Hebrew text and means "work of the seventy" as seventy translators were supposedly involved); Greek manuscripts of 250 B.C. are not known at present and are unlikely to turn up. The Bible is actually a library of books. Fragments of early manuscripts of the Bible have been found in Israel and other parts of the middle east - for instance the Dead Sea Scrolls discovered at caves near Qumran in Israel from 1947 contain some of the earliest Hebrew manuscripts and pushed the date pf the earliest Hebrew manuscript back nearly a thousand years to ca. 200 B.C. On the date of the Old Testament corpus see Queneau, Histoire des littératures, volume one, 292: it was apparently assembled over a thousand years from ca. 1000 B.C. to 100 when the present canon was fixed. The texts of both the Old Testament and the New Testament have remained remarkably constant from 100 A.D. in the case of the Old Testament and 400 A.D. in the case of the New Testament (when the New Testament canon was fixed). They were handed down in handwritten manuscripts until Gutenberg first used mechanical printing in Europe in the mid fifteenth century, his first major published work being a Latin Bible. For concise introductions to the Bible consult Dictionaries and Encyclopedias listed at the end of this entry. Poetrv and the Bible. Under "Poetry, Hebrew" in The Interpreters Dictionary of the Bible, 1962, N. K. Gottwald states, p. 829, "Poetry comprises one third of the Hebrew Bible". The New Testament is in strophic prose with some poetry incorporated in it (e.g., the Beatitudes - Gospel of Matthew, Chapter 5, verses 3-11). This issue is discussed further in the entries Old Testament, Gospels and New Testament. The canon of the Bible. On the canon or list of accepted books of the Old Testament and the New Testament see "Canon of the OT" and "Canon of the NT" in G. A Buttrick, Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible, 1962) for a concinse introduction. Most bible dictionaries deal with this issue. Apocrypha are works accepted by parts of Christianity and not by others and such works exist both in regard to both the Old and New Testaments. Gospels previously thought lost in the twentieth century (especially works relating to *Gnosticism) have been discovered in the twentieth century. The Text of the Old Testament generally used is the Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia most recently edited by P. Kahle, R. Kittel and others, Stuttgart, 1997. A new Greek text of the New Testament is being compiled called Novum testamentum graecum editio critica maior edited by Barbara and Kurt Aland and published in Stuttgart from 1997. See the Old Testament and New Testament entries for further discussion of all issues relating to the canon and apocryphal works. The Old Testament was first mechanically printed in 1488 in Hebrew and the New Testament in the edition of *Erasmus in Greek in 1516; before then the work circulated in manuscript. Mechanical printing allowed for wider circulation of the text since it was quicker to produce this way that by hand; translations also increased. The Latin translation of Saint Jerome, called the Vulgate, dates from 382; this version was widely used in western Europe until vernacular language versions appeared. *Luther translated the Bible into German 1522-34 and the first complete English translation directly from Hebrew and Greek was the Authorized Version of 1611, the most widely circulating English language Bible (it included the Old Testament Apocrypha - works not accepted as part of the Old Tesatment but found edifying for Christian reading); some prior translations were from the Latin. The New English Bible (1961-70) is the latest widely recognized English translation but there are now many English translations. Guidebooks to the Bible. Alice Parmelee, A Guidebook to the Bible, London, 1951 (repr.) is an excellent introduction as is Stanley Cook, An Introduction to the Bible, Penguin Books, 1945 (repr.) The article "Bible Manuscripts and Editions" in Erwin Fahlbusch, The Encyclopedia of Christianity (1999) (translated from the third edition of the German Evangelisches Kirchenlexikon; 1997) is an excellent scholarly discussion of manuscripts and printed editions. A concise book length introduction to the Bible is Philip W. Comfort,The Complete Guide to Bible Versions, Wheaton, Illinois, 1991. More detailed introductions to individual books of the Bible are contained in J. Alberto Soggin, Introduction to the Old Testament, Third Edition, Louisville, 1989 which has detailed bibliographihes. On the manuscript and mechanically printed traditions overall see especially Christopher de Hamel, The Book, a History of the Bible (2001), one of the finest book length introductions to the Bible; the discursive bibliography pp. 330-340 in this work is perhaps the best general introduction to books on the Bible to 2000. A classic work is Sir Frederic Kenyon, Our Bible and the Ancient Manuscripts, revised by A. W. Adams, London, 1958 (the first edition was published in 1895 and the author was the head of the British Museum). Included in both the proceeding works are reproductions of important manuscripts and printed editions of the Bible. A more concise work which has gone through many editions is Frederic Kenyon, The Story of the Bible (London, 1936). The Bible and homosexuality. Mirabeau has written a study of erotica in Spanish of the Bible (cited in Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 6455: Erotika Biblion: La Pornografia en La Biblia y en la antigued, Barcelona: Editorial Atlante, 192 pp. [no date given]); not sighted. A concise detailed study which is gay positive is Daniel A. Helminiak, What the Bible really says about homosexuality, 1994 (summary pp. 107-09 with the conclusion: "the Bible takes no direct stand on the morality of gay and lesbian acts as such nor on the morality of gay and lesbian relationships"). For books dealing with sex in the Bible, see G. W. Cole, Sex and Love in the Bible (1950), Chapter 10, "Homosexuality in the Bible", pp. 342-72; Tom Horner, Jonathan loved David, 1978; The X Rated Bible, American Athiest Press, ca. 1987 (a collection of relevant passages). The subject of sex is discussed in various dictionaries of the Bible of which there are many, in many languages; these dictionaries increasingly have entries on homosexuality. In English see "Sex and Sexuality" (with bibliography) in Anchor Bible Dictionary, edited by David Freedman (New York, 1992) and "Homosexuality" in Oxford Companion to the Bible (New York, 1953), pp. 288-89. The * Journal of Homosexuality devoted a special issue to the Bible, volume 33, numbers 3-4 (1997) titled Reclaiming the Sacred: The Bible in Gay and Lesbian Literature. See also the entries Old Testament, New Testament and Gospels for other discussions of sexuality. Commentaries. A huge number of commentaries on the work as a whole and the various books which make it up exist in many languages (notably Latin, in which there are many by the early western church fathers, and in Hebrew, Aramaic and Greek). These may discuss homosexuality, especially in relation to the passages which are relevant. Geoffrey Parrinder, Upanishads, Gita and Bible: a Comparative Study of Hindu and Christian Scriptures London, 1962) discusses links with *Hinduism (Saint Thomas was reputed to have taken Christianity to India soon after Christs death). Translation. The Bible, or books of it (especially The *Gospels), is the most translated work of literature in the world being translated into 333 languages. On translations, see the entry " Bible'' in Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics : this is a thorough study of the subject and a place to begin for information on the complex problems of translation. The Interpretaters Dictionary of the Bible, 1963, volume 5, under "Versions" deals with translations and has a concise discussion. It is especially good for *European languages but weak on non European; some works listed are in manuscript. Earlv translations. The Bible was early translated into Latin - the language of the Roman Empire - with a version called the Old Latin version from the second century. The Latin Vulgate translation of Saint Jerome exists from the fourth century. Early translations were made into Aramaic (paraphrases of the Old Testament called the Targums), ancient Svriac (with a later translation of ancient Syriac called the Peshitta), Coptic. Armenian. Ethiopie. Georgian. Nubian and Soodian (these translations all existed by 900). Ancient versions before 1200 are known in Arabic. Gothic (spoken by the Goths who were an ancient Germanic people who spread across much of Europe; this is the earliest Germanic literary work with complete * Gospels but only fragments of the Old Testament), Persian. Provencal and Old Church Slavonic. There are many ancient manuscripts of the Bible. For languages into which the Bible has been translated, see Scriptures of the World (New York, United Bible Societies), published biannually. The Annual Report of the United Bible Societies for 1998 states that the complete Bible had been translated into more than 366 languages. As of 1998 there were translations into 2,212 languages of at least one book of the Bible since it was first mechanically printed by Johann Gutenberg. (Manuscript translations may exist which have not been mechanically printed however and which have not been noted though very few a likely.) The catalogue of the British and Foreign Bible Society by T. H. Darlow and H. F. Moule, Historical Catalogue of the Printed Editions of Holy Scriptures in the Library of the British and Foreign Bible Society (1911) lists all known translations then held by the society and is the most complete record to this date; the first part deals with English editions and the second, in three volumes, non English printings. This work is the basic reference for editions of the Bible to 1911. The Bible or parts of it is being translated into about 20 new languages each year; translation normally starts with one book, frequently one of the Gospels since most translation is done by Christians. The translated work is usually published when it is completed. Translation of the complete New Testament normally follows with the complete Bible (if it is published complete) following at a later date. Frequently these mechanically published works are the first mechanically published works in a language (e.g. in some *African, *Oceanic and *American Indian languages). Eric North, The Book of a Thousand Tongues (1938) discusses translation into over 1,000 languages and gives examples of translations in over 1,110 languages. The British and Foreign Bible Society, Cambridge, UK, and the United Bible Societies in New York aim to own one copy of every language into which a book of the Bible has been translated; these societies probably have more wideranging language holdings than any library - that is, they have a larger number of works in non-English languages than major research libraries such as the *Library of Congress and the *British Library (which both have large collections). Many millions of copies of the New Testament or parts of it are distributed free each year by Christian missionary societies. The collection of the British and Foreign Bible Society now on deposit in Cambridge University Library has Bibles or portions in 2,080 languages and is the most complete known collection in the world; this collection was formerly with the British and Foreign Bible Society in London. Other Bible societies have wideranging collections: for instance, the Bible Society in Australia, in Canberra, which is nearly as old as the British and Foreign Bible Society, has a very wideranging collection of Bibles and portions, and aims to collect one copy of every translation (it has copies of the translations into all 43 Australian Aboriginal laanguages for instance). Finding a copy of a particular translation. Bible Societies exist all over the world for the purpose of translating the Bible into local languages; for instance the Indian Bible Society was founded by William Carey about four months after the founding of the British and Foreign Bible Society in 1804. Their libraries may hold a translation in a particular language. Contact details may be found in the World Annual Report of the United Bible Societies. The *British Library General Catalogue underBible lists holdings in all languages held in the *British Library and the * National Union Catalog has four volumes devoted to the Bible, from volume 28, p. 329, to the end of volume 31 : these two works are places to find translations in the respective libraries. The British Library General Catalogue has an Index to its Bible entry at the end of volume 31 and this is possibly the most accessible place to find out quickly whether a translation exists and if there is a copy in the British library to 1975. National libraries have deposit copies of translations for their respective countries. *Computer catalogs such as *RLIN and *OCLC are another source. The catalog of Cambridge University Library should also be checked. For a particular language all these sources should be checked. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Hastings, Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics. Encyclopædia Britannica, eleventh edition: see "Bible" and "Bible, English" - both excellent articles. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature, vol. 1, 59-65. Encyclopedia Judaica; this has excellent articles for the Old Testament. Encyclopædia Britannica: see "Biblical Literature"; "Septuagint". Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion : see "Biblical Literature" - an especially good introduction with bibliographies to 1987. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics : excellent introduction and the article covers translation. Gay Histories and Cultures. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 41: list of passages dealing with homosexuality. Bibliographie Freundschafteros Bibliography in German from Germany. Frankfurt: Dipa Verlag, 1964, 154 pages. The most comprehensive homosexual bibliography in German to the present. The second word in the title is an amalgam of two words and the title means: "friendship eros bibliography" (compare *Siegfried Placzek, *Wolfdietrich Rasch). It was compiled by *E. G. Welter. (The later bibliography in German by *Manfred Herzer it should be noted is only of non-literary works so far, a second volume of literary works being promised.) Bibliographie Freundschafteros has many flaws, including serious omissions and lack of sourcing for information (e.g., many entries for poets give a single poem but the book or journal from which the poem comes is not listed; in other entries, bibliographical material for books is frequently lacking - e.g., publishers, place of publication and dates). Translations into German are included. As titles of works are not italicized or otherwise indicated, it is frequently impossible to work out whether a work is a work of poetry, of criticism, of fiction or from another area. Lack of an index is another problem. In addition, there are many careless spelling mistakes (notably, "lieblingsminne" for "lieblingminne" in the anthology * Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe in der Weltliteratur). Eccentric punctuation and abbreviations are also problems. Foreword by Kurt-Werner Hess pp. 7-9; Introduction pp. 11-19; Contents p. 21; Code of Reference pp. 23-24; Abbreviations pp. 2531. It is in four sections. Section 1: Literature pp. 1-114; Section 2, Journals pp. 115-20; Section 3, Sculpture; Section 4, Paintings, Drawings, Photographers and Art Books; Section 5, Film pp. 135-150; Section 6, Institutes pp. 151-54. There are eight illustrations. A small letter code gives some idea of content (see pp. 23-24). The longest section, Literature, includes references to criticism, including criticial articles in journals and references to biographers of writers, beside citing poets, novelists and dramatists. Review: International Journal of Greek Love, vol. 1 no. 1 (1965), 60-61 (a fine review detailing the work's many flaws). Some poets are repeated from the anthology of *von Kupffer, * Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe in der Weltliteratur. Overall the bibliography gives evidence of hasty compilation but, despite this, its coverage is wide and thorough. It relies on Hayn, Gotendorf, *Bibliotheca Germanorum Erotica for the period to 1929 and the * Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen for the period to 1923. Bibliographisches Verzeichnis der Bibliotheken von Professor Dr Paul H. Brandt und Baron Werner v. Bleichroder Bibliography in German from Germany. Ca. 1930. A catalog of the library of the book collectors *Paul H. Brandt and Baron Werner von *Bleichroder bearing the imprint Leipzig: Adolf Weigel on the title page; published ca. 1930. This is the first printed catalog of a German gay library and consists almost solely of erotic books; it can be confidently dated ca. 1930 and there are 361 items. While there is heterosexual erotica, the predominance of homosexual material leaves little doubt where the owners' real interests lay. Photographs and art works are included (e.g. no. 150, apparently of a homosexual prostitute). There are some annotations to the descriptions. Little poetry is included. There is a foreword pp. 3-6 giving details of the owners' lives. An Index to *Panormita's Hermaphroditus, pp. 6-8, made by Brandt is also included. Many items included were then very rare. Rare. Copy sighted: *Deane Erotica, University of Sydney. Compare the English catalog of *Francis Edwin Murray. Bibliography and bibliographers of homosexuality and homosexual poetry Erotic bibliography is very advanced in *European languages and begins with the German *Hugo Hayn in Germany in 1875; such general erotica bibliographical works have always included homosexual material, though in varying degrees. (Non European languages are discussed below.) For homosexual bibliographies in relation to poetry see entries in this Encyclopedia for individual languages under Bibliography (e. g. *Bibliography - Arabic). The basic research guide for bibliography overall is Theodore Besterman, A World Bibliography of Bibliographies, 4th edition, 196566, 5 volumes; see the section "Erotica". Alice S. Toomey's, A world bibliography of bibliographies, 1964-74, 2 volumes, 1977, extends Besterman to 1974; see, in this work, also under "Erotica". After 1974 consult *computer data bases or national library printed catalogues under "erotic literature" and "homosexual literature". Balay, Guide to Reference Books, should also be consulted. See also *erotic poetry. The most concise introduction to gay erotic bibliographies is Gwendolyn L. Pershing, "Erotica Research Collections", in Libraries Erotica, Pornography, edited by Martha *Cornog (1991), pp. 188-198, and Daniel C. Tsang, "Homosexuality Research Collections" in the same, pp. 199-209. These are the places to start (especially for the United States). The Encyclopaedia of Sexual Behaviour, volume 2, pp. 631-40, contains a general introductory reading list in the article "Literature and Sex" by Frank Kingdon. For general bibliographies with homosexual material either in part or in whole, see *H. S. Ashbee (whose three volume work, which commenced publication in 1877, first begins erotic bibliography in English), *Terence J. Deakin, *Wayne Dynes - one of the most outstanding gay erotic bibliographers to date, * Les Livres de l'Enfer, *Bent Hansen, * Bibliotheca germanorum erotica, *An Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, *Manfred Herzer - compiler of the most comprehensive German non literary bibliography, *Pascal Pia (pseud.), *Patrick Kearney, *Olle-Petter Melin, *William Parker, *Private Case, *Gary Simes - compiler of the most up to date work in English, *E. G. Welter (pseud.) - compiler of the most comprehensive German bibliography, *Ian Young. Gay bibliography in general as such commenced in 1899 with the annual bibliographies in the Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen (1899-1923) edited by *Magnus Hirschfeld. *E. G. Welter (pseud.) published the first comprehensive German work in 1964. The first comprehensive English work was *An Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, 1976, a work which is still the most wideranging gay bibliographic work in English; *Vern L. Bullough and *Dorr Legg had a major input. This was preceded in 1971 by the bibliography of *William Parker which does not include literature. The first comprehensive English language bibliographic survey of gay literature was *Ian Young's *Male Homosexual in Literature (1975; second edition 1982). *Giovanni Dall'Orto's Italian gay bibliography * Leggere omosessuale is comprehensive and includes literature. The Spanish bibliography * Cuaderno Bibliografico Gay 1987 is also comprehensive. For French the major bibliographer is *Claude Courouve. The most comprehensive works overall are in English. Non European works. Little is known about possible Chinese bibliographies and bibliographies do not appear to have existed in *Indian languages; some works may exist in *Manuscript in *Islamic languages (e.g. in Arabic, Persian, Turkish and Urdu) - for possible sources see the *Private Case which has an *oriental section. For Japanese see Jun'ichi Iwata; his heirs published the first comprehensive Japanese work in 1973. Large library catalogs such as *RLIN, *OCLC and *Kinetica checked under *subject headings for homosexuality or using keyword searches will yield the latest material. Bibliographies particularly listing homosexuality poetrv. The history of specific homosexual bibliographies of gay poetry in European languages begins with *F. E. Murray, a London bookseller who, in 1924, published the first list of gay poets in English in a book catalog: *Catalogue of a Student of Youth... ; these were *Uranian poets and the work was later used as the basis of the work of *Timothy d'Arch Smith. However, Murray's list was of gay literary works, not poetry specifically. (Prior to this poetry was included in the annual bibliographies of the * Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen.) It was not until 1964 that the next list was published when *E. G. Welter included poetry in his German gay bibliography, * Bibliographie Freundschafteros. In 1975, Ian Young included poetry titles in his The Male Homosexual in Literature which is the most thorough listing in English before this encyclopedia with some 500 poets listed. In the following year * An Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality included a separate section on homosexual poetry which has the broadest coverage before this Encyclopedia (but neglects many languages - such as Chinese, Japanese and *Islamic languages, not to mention *oral material). In 1984, *Giovanni dall' Orto listed Italian poets from 1800 in a separate section of his general Italian bibliography and *Claude Courouve has listed some works in his French bibliographies. The Spanish and Catalan bibliography * Cuaderno bibliografico gay lists gay poetry in a separate section while * Nordisk bibliografi lists some works in Danish, Norwegian, Swedish and Finnish. In Japanese, *Iwata Jun'ichi listed 1000 works (including poets) in Japanese to 1700 in his bibliography published in 1973. For *oral poems, folksong and *ballads *Gershon Legman's brilliant bibliography, "Erotic Folksongs and Ballads" in Journal of American Folklore, volume 103 (October-December, 1990), pp. 417-501, is the place to start especially for *European languages and overall for English; it has many references to manuscript items. See *Subject headings for ways of locating homosexual poetry on library computer catalogs. On bibliography in general see Bibliography: Its History and Development (New York: Grolier Club, 1984), a catalog of an exhibition of the greatest works of bibliography in European languages, including many works cited in this Encyclopedia. References. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 133-36. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage : see "Erotica and Pornography". Besterman, A World Bibliography of Bibliographies: Erotica 2054-57; this is the most concise listing of erotic bibliographies (see the Danish book by M. Iversen and A. Henriksen re possible Norwegian and Swedish works) though there are no non-European listings. Deakin, Catalogi librorum eroticum: the whole book is relevant. Toomey, A World Bibliography of BIbliographies 1964-1974: "Erotica", 389-90. Harner, Literary Research Guide: see Section D for general bibliographies. Lexikon des gesamten Buchwesens, second edition: see "Erotische Bücher". Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 3-16. Bibliography of gay material in Arabic dates from the bibliography of *Arno Schmitt of 1995 (though bibliographical material appeared in the literary works prior to this). Arabic is a rich and complex area for homopoetry; however little bibliographical work has been published on homosexuality and Arabic literature. The Journal of Arabic Literature has recent bibliographies and homosexuality appeared in an article on *Ibn Khafadja. On homopoetry the theses of *Wim van Wiggen and *Maarten Schild should be consulted for their bibliographies. The work of *Arno Schmitt remains the most wideranging in uncovering homosexuality in Arabic. Jean Sauvaget's, Introduction to the History of the Muslim East; a bibliographical guide (1965), is basic for bibliographical work. See J. D. Pearson, Index Islamicus, 1958+ (covering 1906 onwards) for posible journal articles. For individual authors consult the * Encyclopedia of Islam. See *Carl Brockelmann and the supplement to Brockelman by Fuat Sezgin regarding Arabic *manuscripts. References. Besterman, A World Bibliography of Bibliographies : "Arabic Literature". Toomey, A World Bibliography of BIbliographies 1964-1974: "Arabic Literature". Bibliography of gay material in Chinese dates from 1906 in German. There is no known bibliography of homosexuality as such in Chinese. Bibliography in German on Chinese homosexuality dates from 1906: see *Karsch-Haack. *In English, Brett Hinsch, Passions of the Cut Sleeve, pp. 205-15 gives a bibliography firstly in Chinese and Japanese and then in English; this work is the most recent comprehensive bibliography in English and Chinese. See also *Critics - Chinese and *Social and Historical background - Chinese. To find books, consult the printed catalogs of the Far Eastern Collection of the Library of Congress, of Harvard University and the *School of Oriental and African Studies Catalogue (for material to around 1970) under *subject headings (e.g. "sex"), though sometimes books have been entered under "homosexuality"; after 1970, consult computer catalogs. In China, the National Library in *Beijing is the largest library. In Taiwan, the Academica Sinica is the major library though there is also a national library and several university libraries. Consult also the catalogs listed in *Libraries - Chinese. Bibliography - Danish, Norwegian, Norse, Swedish, Finnish Bibliography in Danish, Norwegian, Swedish, Norse and Finnish dates from 1975. For gay bibliographies see *Carl Regman (1966; in Swedish) Jan Olav Gatland (1996; deals only with Norwegian writers), and *Olle-Petter Melin (1975) and *Bent Hansen (1984) whose joint bibliography covers all five languages above. Deakin, Catalogi librorum eroticum, 14, cites Max Iversen, Forbudte boger, Copenhagen, 1948 (list of banned books in Denmark, Norway, Sweden, England, France and Germany). Per Hedberg, Bibliotekshog-skolan specialarbite 1979:1992 (Boras, 25 pp., ca. 1992) has some Swedish and Danish material. Bibliography in Dutch dates from 1904. Dutch has a detailed listing of gay male bibliographical material from 1904 when *J. A. Schorer (with *Georges Eekhoud) published the first bibliography in the * Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen. See the annual bibliographies in the Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen for some Dutch items to 1923. The catalogs of the collection of the gay club which Schorer founded, the NWHK, list the books in its library, 1922-36 (the library disappeared during the Second World War). *Rob Tielman's recent history of homosexuality has the most concise and thorough Dutch bibliography to 1982. The catalogs of gay bookshops are an invaluable source of recent publications e.g., * Boeken over Mannen en Homoseksualiteit (1983) is an annotated listing of books published in Dutch published by a Dutch gay bookshop De Woelraat (covering also books in English, French and German). The journal * Homologie (1978+) publishes a bibliography of serious literary works in Dutch (covering all Europe) in every issue. The gay archive *Homodok has a list of journals; a list of bibliographies was generated from their computer catalogue in 1989 for this author. The gay bookshop *Vrolijk's catalog Bulletinen supplements book listings. Bibliography in English from Great Britain and other countries dates from 1877. English has the richest tradition of gay bibliography known (German has the next richest). The lost work * Ancient and Modern Pererasty Investigated may have contained the first list of references in English to male homosexuality. Surviving homosexual bibliography referring to homosexuality in poetry and literature in English begins, however, with *H. S. Ashbee (published 1877-85). *E. I. P. Stevenson covered much material to ca. 1911 in his The Intersexes (though not in a bibliographical form). Lists of literature, including poetry, begin with the bookseller *F. E. Murray whose *Uranian catalogue * A Catalogue of Selected Books (1924) was later relied on by *Timothy d'Arch Smith for a major critical study. *Edgar Leonie compiled the first bibliography in the United States. *D. W. Cory (pseud.) in The Homosexual in America (1953), has a list of books of literature (though poets are not included). *Ian Young's The Male Homosexual in Literature (1975) is the first and still the most comprehensive literary bibliography of English (second enlarged edition, 1982, which edition has been cited in this Encyclopedia). *An Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality by *Vern Bulllough, *Dorr Legg, *Barrett W. Elcano and James Kepner followed in 1976 and included reference to non-literary material on a wide scale, as well as literature. It includes extensive non-English reference and has a separate poetry section; unfortunately it is marred by much carelessness. The catalog of the book seller *Elysian Fields extended these works to 1990 for United States material. *Computer Data Bases from 1970, such as *PMLA and the Australian *Austlit (one of the most comprehensive for homosexuality) may be searched and are being progressively extended backwards in time; however, they are not at all reliable for gay poetry books which have frequently not entered libraries since they were self published. For detailed listings on any individual poet consult the * National Union Catalog and * British Library General Catalogue and national printed catalogues for various countries (e.g., Australia, Canada). The internet also contains bibliographical material. Detailed bibliographies on individual gay poets exist from *Christopher Milllard's 1914 bibliography of *Oscar Wilde; *Norbert Kohl is a later Tine bibliographer of Wilde. Outstanding is the anonymous bibliography on the Canadian gay poet and bibliographer *Ian Young: *Ian Young: a bibliography (1962-1980). *Montague Summers was an important bibliographer who has himself had an outstanding bibliographer in *Timothy d'Arch Smith. *Percy L. Babington's bibliography of *J. A. Symonds, and John Carter and John Sparrow's bibliography of *A. E. Housman are outstanding. Extensive bibliographies of *Allen Ginsberg's work exist (though not up-to-date) and *Alexander Smith's bibliography of *Frank O'Hara is a major work. Shorter articles giving bibliographies - such as *Anthony Reid on *Ralph Chubb and *Donald H. Mader on *Sidney Smith - can open new perspectives on a poet. Bibliographies of most major and many minor English language poets exist. *Our Own Voices is the largest bibliography of gay journals to date. Amongst general erotica bibliographies those by *Roger Goodland (annotated), *Alfred Rose (one of the fullest listings in English of erotic and pornographic literature) and *Patrick Kearney, both on the *Private Case of the British Library are excellent. The German work by *Hayn and Gotendorf, * Biblioteca germanorum erotica, contains many listings of relevance to English. For rare items the catalog of the *Paris collection of erotica, the *Enfer, is a major research tool (see especially the catalog of the Enfer compiled by *Pascal Pia [pseud.]). *C. R. Dawes lists many gay works in his unpublished history of English erotic literature. *Wayne Dynes has published the most wide ranging annotated bibliography on homosexuality, though it does not include many references to literature (perhaps due to the prior efforts of Ian Young and Bullough, Legg, Elcano and Kepner); *David F Greenberg is excellent for social background in recent material to 1988. See various periods (e.g., *Renaissance, *Victorian) for bibliographical listings for these periods. For the most recent listings consult bookseller's catalogs - which are major bibliographical documents for the contemporary period (e. g., those of *Lambda Rising bookshop and *Prinz Eisenherz bookshop) - and gay journals (e.g. * Homologie). Huge computer databases are coming into existence in the United States and elsewhere which are major bibliographical tools: see *Online Computer Library Catalog (called OCLC), *Research Libraries Information Network (called RLIN for short), for example. These should be checked for rare items as should national databases. Rare material is held in specialist gay archives and special libraries such as the library of the *Kinsey Institute. See also *Lawrence Forster. Australia: see *Paul Knobel for poetry, John Willis (compiler of the largest gay male bibliography of Australian material, in the form of the catalog of his library, with annotations). Canada: the two bibliographies * Homosexuality in Canada constitute the fullest bibliographies of a national English language culture; see also *Ian Young. No separate national gay bibliographies exist for Great Britain and United States. Bibliographies. Ashbee, Bibliography of Prohibited Books: see the index under *sodomy and under the titles of books and likely authors, e.g., *Rochester). Hyde, History of Pornography, 234-35: general list. Deakin, Catalogi librorum eroticorum: whole work. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, pp. 2-17: list of gay bibliographical works. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 105-07. Bibliography in French from France dates from 1919. The most detailed bibliography of homosexuality in French is by *Claude Courouve who has compiled a basic gay list of material in the form of three self published pamphlets, Fragments 4: 1478-1881 (Paris, 1981 [24 pages]), Bibliographies des homosexualités ii 1882-1924 (third edition, Paris, 1981; unpaginated, about 24 pages), and Bibliographie des homosexualités 1924-77 (Paris, 1978); see also *Olle-Petter Melin, *Prinz Eisenherz. For erotica see *Enfer, the collection of erotic books in the *Bibliothèque Nationale, *Paris (printed catalogs date from 1919), * Bibliotheca Germanorum Erotica and *Kinsey Institute. *Les Livres de l'Enfer compiled by *Pascal Pia (pseud.) is the most comprehensive French general erotica bibliography. The * Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen had early material from 1899 to 1923. * Homosexuality in Canada lists Canadian French language material (there are two major bibliographies of the same name, a first and second edition). *Georges Hérelle was a brilliant earlier bibliographer of French gay material; his work, however, remains largely unpublished. In the nineteenth century French erotic bibliography started with the work compiled by the French erotic publisher Jules Gay, Bibliographie des Ouvrages Relatifs à l'Amour...., third edition, six volumes Turin: J. Gay et fils and London: Bernard Quaritch, 1871-73 (this work was heavily criticised for its amateurish approach by *H. S. Ashbee: see Ashbee, Bibliography of Prohibited Books, volume 1, xvii). Bibliography in German from Germany and Switzerland in relation to homosexuality dates from 1875. Work has mainly been carried out in Germany. German has the oldest gay bibliographical tradition in a European language. *Hugo Hayn commenced erotic bibliography in 1875. The * Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen (1899-1923) contained in each issue the first known bibliographies of homosexuality ever put togethr in a *European language - usually divided into two sections (scientific and literary). Each issue also contained detailed reviews of books for the current year. Hayn, Gotendorf, * Bibliotheca germanorum erotica, the finest German gay erotic bibliography (to 1929) contains items of relevance: see, for instance, Hayn Gotendorf, Bibliotheca germanorum erotica, volume 9, pp. 289-95. There is a gap from 1933 to 1945 due to the rise of *Nazism which saw the suppression of *sexology (including the destruction of the library of *Magnus Hirschfeld) and persecution of homosexuals. *Ernst Günther Welter compiled the first post war gay bibliography * Bibliographie Freundshaftseros (1964) which relies on all previous sources. *Vern L. Bullough, An Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, contains many items from Welter's bibliography; indeed in the poetry section many items have come direct from Welter. *Manfred Herzer's bibliography lists only non-literary works - for instance, works of criticism; a second volume (on literary works) is promised. * Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen lists literary and other works from the eighteenth century. The catalogs of the *Berlin bookshop *Prinz Eisenherz (ca. 1979+) cover the contemporary period. See *Bookshops - German re the catalog from ca. 1985 called Die schwulen Buchladen which lists German books from several gay bookshops in Germany. * Sortimentskatalog Sodom is a detailed catalog of gay books from the bookshop Sodom in *Munich. The period from Welter (1964) to 1979 is the least well covered. From 1750 to 1850 see *Paul Derks. The journal * Forum (1987+) has a detailed literary bibliography in each issue. See also Journals - German (the Swiss gay journal * Der Kreis is especially important), *Rob Tielman. References. Deakin, Catalogi librorum eroticum ; the whole book is relevant. Bibliography - Greek and Latin Comprehensive gay bibliographies relating to Greek from Greece and Latin from Italy date only from 1982. The most comprehensive bibliography is Beert C. Verstraete, Homosexuality in Greek and Roman Civilization: A Critical Bibliography, Canadian Gay Archives Paper, No. 6, Toronto: Canadian Gay Archives, 1982, 14 pp. There are additions to the list by *Wayne Dynes in Gay Books Bulletin no. 8 (Fall/Winter 1982), 13-15 and further additions in "Classical Notes", Gay Books Bulletin no. 12 (Spring/Summer 1985), 10 and 41. An earlier version of Beert Verstraete's 1982 bibliography is in Journal of Homosexuality volume 3. Beert Verstraete's bibliographical approach followed by Wayne Dynes is based on the idea of ancient Greek and Roman civilization as forming a single entity, a concept central to some earlier classical scholars. This idea is no longer shared widely and separate bibliographies for ancient Greek and Latin are urgently needed. *William A. Percy has the most comprehensive bibliography for Greek in Pederasty and Pedagogy in Archaic Greece (1996), pp. 21745. *Sara Lilja also has an excellent bibliography for Latin for the period 509 B.C. to 14 A.D.: see Lilja, Homosexuality in Republican and Augustan Rome (1977-78), pp. 141-48, 79-89. These general works cover poetry to some degree. For recent material, see the annual bibliographies of ancient Greek and Latin in the journals Gnomon and L'Année philologique. Homosexuality in literature is now receiving more attention in general periodicals relating to Greek and Latin literature. The works discussed above only cover ancient Greek and Latin: the medieval and modern periods of both languages have not received much attention for gayness. For medieval Latin see the biographical notes of * Medieval Latin Poems of Male Love, *Derrick Sherwin Bailey and the bibliography in John Boswell's * Christianity, Social Tolerance and Homosexuality. References. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, items 459-570. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 1 (1899), 215-238: lists some Greek and Latin poets. Italian gay bibliography relating to Italy survives from 1899. Some items appeared in the 'Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen bibliography of homosexuality from the first issue in 1899. 'Giovanni Dall'Orto has compiled the best list of works from 1800 to 1982, ' Leggere omosessuale, published in 1984 (there is no bibliography published for the period before 1800); he also has a supplementary list on his personal computer. For contemporary literary material see 'Prinz Eisenherz and 'Journals - Italian. The German journal ' Forum indexes Italian material. 'Homologie may contain items amongst its bibliographical surveys. Japanese, spoken only in Japan, has one of the oldest gay bibliographical traditions dating from 1906. A bibliography was included in *Karsch-Haack's monograph published in 1906 in German. The only bibliography in Japanese *Nanshoku Bunken Shoshi, published in 1976 was compiled ca. 1942. It was compiled by *Iwata Jun'ichi and consists of 1000 items to 1700. Leupp, Male Colors: The Construction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan, pp. 279-302, has a bibliography of books in English and Japanese to 1995. See also *Maggie Childs, *Noguchi Takenori, *Brett Hinsch, *Kazuysohi Mori, *Edo, *Historical and Social background - Japanese. To find books on homosexuality to around 1970, consult the printed catalogues of the Far Eastern Collection of the *Library of Congress, of *Harvard University and the *School of Oriental and African Studies Catalogue; after this, consult computer catalogues e.g. the *Australian Bibliographical Network. The Japanese National Library, the National Diet Library (in *Tokyo), has the largest collection of books in Japan with good computer access for recent works. Bibliography in Portuguese from Portugal relating to homosexuality exists from 1922. *Arlindo Camillo Monteiro, Amor safico e socratico [Sapphic and Socratic Love](1922) begins Portuguese gay bibliography (see the list of works cited at the end); see also *Asdrubal Antonio d' Aguiar (regarding the 1934 printing of Amor safico e socratico). There is no separate recent overall gay bibliography. Julio Gomes Viana lists some works and mentions others in his text. José Blanco has compiled a detailed work on *Pessoa. Most entries in these works relate to Portugal; no comprehensive bibliography exists for Brazil, though *Luiz Mott has written works as has *Joâo Silvério Trevisan. See also *Wayne Dynes. Bibliography in Spanish relating to homosexuality dates from 1932. Alexis o el significado del temperamento uraño (Alexis, or the significance of the uranian temperament) by *Nin Frias, published in 1932, has the first list of relevant gay books in Spanish. Spanish works are also listed in the work of *Monteiro, Amor safico e socratico. * Cuaderno bibliográfico gay (1987) is the most comprehensive but lacks careful scholarship and does not deal with earlier works. Most of the material in these works relates to Spain; there is no bibliography of homosexuality for south American countries yet. Bibliotheca Germanorum Erotica Bibliography in German from Germany. From 1875. Bibliotheca Germanorum Erotica is the largest German erotic bibliography. Volumes 1-8 were published 1912-25. Volume 9 (Supplement), 1929, was compiled by 'Paul Englisch and covers works omitted from the previous volumes and works to 1929; it includes much homosexual material, most of which appears to come from the bibliographies in the ' Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen. All nine volumes were reprinted in Hannau/Main by Verlag Müller and Kiepenheuer in 1968. It is conventionally referred to as: Hayn Gotendorf. It includes both books and articles. There is a poor index in Volume 9 and a separate index of Volume 9 was published in 1984: Register der Personennamen zu Hayn-Gotendorf: Bibliotheca Germanorum erotica Band IX by W. v. Murat (Hamburg: C. Bell Verlag, 1984). Entries are frequently lavishly annotated and the work is the largest and most detailed erotic bibliography in a European language. Many homosexual authors and items were omitted from Volumes 1-8 and apppear only in Volume 9 (e.g., 'Magnus Hirschfeld). Basically entry is by author but there are subject entries (see 'folksong) and entries for cities such as 'Berlin (which has a huge entry to 1912 in volume 1, pp. 235-334), Dresden, Frankfurt, Hamburg, 'Leipzig, 'London and 'Naples (see Neapol). The subject entries make it difficult to use as entry is haphazard (e.g., "Homosexualität" [that is, homosexuality] is omitted in volumes 1-8 though included in volume 9, pp. 289-95). Poets listed in volume 9 are listed in Welter's 'Bibliographie Freundschaftseros which relies on Hayn, Gotendorf. The work dates from 1875 when 'Hugo Hayn published the first edition as Biblioteca Germanorum Erotica. It is mostly important for German works but there are works also in other European languages, e.g., French and Latin. It should be checked for rare and unusual editions of gay authors in 'European languages, especially before the twentieth century. It should be supplemented by the so-called Polunbi-Katalog, 1920+, the secret German police list, for the period 1920-1945. References. Legman, Horn Book, 468-69. Library in France whose works are mainly in French; in existence from 1480. The Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris is the national library of France (compare *British Library and *Library of Congress). It was formerly the Royal Library and is the oldest of the European national libraries dating from 1480 and the reign of Louis the Eleventh. The library moved to a new building in 1999 and is updating its technology in an effort to be a leader in this area. The library is rich in manuscripts (see *Robert de Montesquiou, illustration of manuscripts - Persian) and houses the French collection of erotica called the *Enfer. It is especially rich in early editions of Greek and Latin authors (see *Anacreon, * Palatine Anthology, *Theognis, *Virgil) and is the deposit library for France (see * Arcadie). The library's catalog is available on the internet. References. Steele, Major Libraries of the World. Poet from Switzerland who wrote in French. Active ca. 1955. In Journal of Homosexuality, volume 38, numbers 1/2, 2000, 51, *Hubert Kennedy states he was a noted contributor to * Der Kreis of articles, short stories and poems. The pseudonym is the name for a lapdog and also a term of endearment. Possible lover and dramatist from Great Britain who wrote in English. Ca. 1735-ca. 1812. He fled to France in 1772 on the publication of the poem * Love in the Suds as he was suspected of a homosexual offence; he is the Nyky of this poem. Letters in French survive from his time in France: see Peter A.Tasch, The Dramatic Cobbler: The Life and Works of Isaac Bickerstaff (1971), vol. 2, p. 277. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Poet from the United States who writes in English. Born 1939. In 1981 he was the winner of the Paris Review prize for a *long poem, "The War of Vaslav Nijinsky", on the gay ballet dancer loved by the gay Russian impressario Diaghilev; this is a poem which openly deals with their love affair. The poem was written in very *free verse influenced by *Ezra Pound (compare *Charles Olson). In In the Western Night: Collected Poems 1965-90 (New York, 1990) see "After Catullus", p. 169. Poems show a *Catholic background. Desire was published in 1998. Interview: Lambda Book Report, vol. 6, no. 9, April 1999, 1, 6-7 (with *Timothy Liu). He has an internet homepage. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, 46-52; biog., 46 (with photo). Word of Mouth, 218-224. Poet from France who wrote in French. Active 19Q9. In 'Akadémos 1Q (15 October, 19Q9), see the poem "Saint 'Sebastian". Possibly the name is a pseudonym of 'Jacques d'Adelswärd Fersen. Poet and critic from Spain who wrote in Spanish. 1929-1990. A poet who became a cult figure in Spain before he died of *Aids. His poems are very fine, frequently nostalgic and openly gay without any apology or guilt. His 1968 volume, Las personas del verbo (3rd edition Barcelona, 1988) was held back from publication because of censorship; the work was first published on the death of the dictator Franco in 1975. Las personas del verbo , third edition (Barcelona, 1988), consists of poems to 1968 only (poems after this date have not been published). He visited the Philippines and wrote a poem about the city of Pagsanjam ("Dias de Pagsanjam"), a city near Manilla famous for gay *prostitution. There is a brilliant interview with him by José Ramon Enriquez and Bruce Swansey in Gay Sunshine no. 42-43 (1980), pp. 18-20 and 14, on homosexuality in the 'Generation of 27 (with biographical note on Biedma p.18). The interview was first published in Spanish in the book El Homosexual Frente a la Sociedad Enferma. In the interview he states, p.18, that the poets Salinas and Guillen of the Generation of 1927, though the campiest, were not gay, that *Rafael Alberti "who was not gay... was very camp" (p.18), and refers to *Góngora being suspected of being gay (p.19), stating Quevedo always said *Góngora was queer. The interview is one of the finest gay readings to date of Spanish poetry from Spain. Born in Barcelona in Catalunya he was active as a poet from 1955 and corresponded with *Cernuda. See also 'Salvador Novo, *Jimenez. Translation. English. Longing: Selected Poems, trans. *James Nolan, San Francisco, City Lights, 1993 (with introductory essay by the translator). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Literary Biography, vol. 108: stated to be "the most erotic of postwar poets", p.165. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Bibliographies. Cuaderno bibliográfico gay, 13: Antología poética, Madrid: Alianza Editorial, 1981 and Las Personas del Verbo, Barcelona: Seix Barral, 1985. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Name of Love, 37-38 (trans. English by James Nolan); biog., 72. Critic writing in English. Active 1990. Author of *"Cavafy's Homosexuality and His Reputation Outside Greece", Journal of Modern Greek Studies, vol. 8 no. 2 (October 1990), 197-211. This is a brilliant study of the Greek poet Cavafy's reception history in English (which was due mainly to *E. M. Forster and *W. H. Auden); it includes discussion of the translation tradition in relation to the position of homosexuals at the time and quotes the Tine gay translation of George Kairallah (Beirut, 1979). Poet from Germany writing in German; he was also a novelist. 1930-1990. He was from East Germany and was imprisoned when the country was under Russian control. He fled to West Germany on being released. The poet told the author of this Encyclopedia that he had a male *partner with whom he lived in Germany. He is believed to have been openly gay in 1989 (*Egmont Fassbinder, *Verlag rosa Winkel press to the author, 1989). See his 1991 volume Wer antwortet wem, Munich and Vienna: Hanser, 58 pp., re *Aids poems; this has a note by Tilman Urbach. Translation. English: see Selected Poems, Penguin (1971); no poems of relevance. He has written harrowingly of being in *prison under the Russians. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Dictionary of Literary Biography. Bibliographies. Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen, item 71: Wer antwortet listed above. Editor from the United States of works in English. Born ca. 1932. Editor of the important gay liberation poetry journal * Mouth of the Dragon. He lived in *New York 1974-ca. 1980. See Christopher Street, December 1976, 35: photo and brief biographical note. Poet from India who wrote in Hindi. Ca. 1595-1664. The author of many iove poems written in the persona of a woman: see the English translation of his poems, The Satasai (London, 1990) (the title of this work means seven hundred). He was a court poet to Jayasingha, the ruler of Amber (near Jaipur), in Rajasthan, who wrote in the Braj dialect of Hindi and had a knowledge of Persian. A devotee of *Krishna, his poetry is very erotic and he is one of the most popular Hindi poets. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, volume 1: see "Biharilal". Trope in English from Great Britiain, the United States and Australia and in Italian from Italy. From ca. 1925. Persons who ride motor bikes, commonly called "bikies", have been linked with homosexuality from *T. E. Lawrence. From the 1960s this social phenomenon has been linked with the wearing of *leather and gay backroom bars (see *Denis Gallagher regarding such a bar which was used as the name of an imprint for *Love and Death, the first Aids anthology). The phenomen is also linked with gay self perception: see *men's movement. In Italian *Pasolini and in English *Thom Gunn have written notable works. See also *Rider Barr. Poet from Brazil who wrote in Portuguese. 1865-1918. He wrote the Brazilian national anthem. A leader of the Brazilian Parnassian movement dominant in Brazil 1880-1920 until *modernism arose; this movement is related to the *fin de siècle movement. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Penguin Companion to World Literature. Encyclopedia of Latin American Literature. Criticism. Trevisan, Perverts in Paradise, 105: states he is writer of the Brazilian national anthem; stated to be homosexual. Bilder-lexikon, also called Bilderlexikon der Erotik Erotic encyclopedia from Austria written in German, the only surviving material from the sexual archive of the Institut für Sexualforschung (Institute for Sexual Research), Vienna. The work is in 4 volumes, published in Vienna by Verlag für Kulturforschung, 1928-31. Each volume consists of articles arranged alphabetically: Volume 1 is "Kulturgeschichte" (Culture history), volume 2 "Literatur und Kunst" (Literature and Art), volume 3 "Sexualwissenschaft" (*Sexology) and volume 4 "Ergänzungband" (Supplement). Each volume has entries arranged alphabetically and is lavishly illustrated from the archives of the Institut für Sexualforschung (Institute for Sexual Research), Vienna, which was destroyed by the Nazis and whose records thus survive only in these published books. Deakin, Catalogi librorum eroticum, p. 3, states it was edited by *Leo Schidrowitz (though this is not on the title page). Volume 2 contains a dictionary of erotic writers and artists and also has subject entries (e.g., see *Flagellation) as does volume 4. By far the majority of entries are and illustrations are heterosexual. All volumes need to be checked for a particular subject or person. While the work is generally called Bilderlexikon der Erotik this title nowhere appears on the title page (which is headed Bilder-lexikon Kulturgeschichte which deceptively means "picture encyclopedia of culture history" - the title was deliberate). It appears on the halftitle at the top surrounding the spherical shaped logo; the half title page also has an extensive list of contributors including Schidrowitz, *Hans Licht (pseud.) and *Wilhelm Stekel (most contributors are doctors from Berlin or Vienna). See also Kearney, History of Erotic Literature, p. 14. The original edition is in four volumes; some bindings are four volumes in eight. There was a 1961 reprint with additional supplementary volumes, volumes 9-10, Sexualforschung: Stichwort und Bild, edited by Armand Mergen. Rare. Translator from Greek to German from Germany. Active 1B59. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 21 : stating his 1B59 German translation of the Greek poet 'Theognis is incomplete; this work is: Die elegien des Theognis, Stuttgart. Poet and critic from Great Britain writing in English. Born ca. 1945. His study of *Garcia Lorca, The Gay Imagination (London, 1985), is a rare book length reading of a gay poet. Review: Advocate no. 447 (27 May 1986), 59-60. His first book of poems is: Dreams and Speculations, Gay Men's Press, 1986 (with John Horder), pp. 734. Biography: see the back cover of Lorca, The Gay Imagination (paperback edition). This reveals he has been a teacher and lecturer, lived in Spain 1981-83, and in 1986 was Professor of *Southern Studies at Jackson, Mississippi, United States. Biography of gay poets survives from the life of the Latin poet *Virgil by Donatus in 375 and later in other languages. (There may be prior references in Greek.) The most direct way of finding information on poets and writers of gay interest is the * National Union Catalog and *British Library General Catalogue. Both provide information in their entries for birth and death dates for authors born before 1900 (though information is patchy after 1900); latterly *computer databases supplement these. The * Encyclopaedia of Islam is excellent for Arabic, Persian, Turkish and other *Islamic languages. National Library Catalogs provide birth dates of authors for the language involved; many countries around the world have such catalogs or are evolving them either in printed or computer form. Encyclopedias are basic sources (see *Biography - Turkish for an example of encyclopedias in a sample language). Robert B. Slocum, Biographical Dictionaries (Detroit: Gale Publishing, 1986), lists basic biographical works in dictionary form. In English, homosexuality in general is discussed openly only in recent works from *gay liberation in 1969. Biography Master Index is a cumulative index but misses lesser known authors (for which the National Union Catalog and British Library General Catalogue are better sources). Contemporary Authors (1962+) is excellent for twentieth century authors. The Great Soviet Encyclopedia is a good source for basic information, especially for languages of the former Soviet Union. Massive multi lingual computer databases are being assembled and works formerly in hard copy are being put online in computer form or on CD ROM (e.g., Biography Master Index). Individual languages. Arabic: see the separate entry. English: for Great Britain consult Dictionary of National Biography (recent issues are more open to mention of homosexuality); for the United States consult the Dictionary of American Biography and Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature, probably the best one volume reference work (now called Benet's Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature); for Australia, the Australian Dictionary of Biography and Oxford Companion to Australian Literature; for Canada, consult the Oxford Companion to Canadian Literature. See also the separate entry *Biography - English. French: Index Biographique Francais (London, 1993) is a basic reference. Two homosexual biographical dictionaries are Pierre Duroc, Homosexuels & lesbiennes IIlustres: dictionnaire anecdotique( Bruxelles, 1983) and Lionel Povert, Dictionnnaire gay (1994), 483 pp. German: consult Oxford Companion to German Literature and Allgemeine deutsche Biographie. Deutsche biographische Index (Munich, 1986) is a basic tool. See also the separate entry for German gay biography. Italian: consult Dizionario biográfico degli Italiani (only a few letters of the alphabet are completed, however) and Italian encyclopedias (e.g., Enciclopedia Italiana) Indice biografico italiano (Munich, 1993) is a basic reference up to the first half of the twentieth century. Russian: consult Terras, Handbook of Russian Literature and Great Soviet Encyclopedia (which, however, does not mention homosexuality). Spanish: consult Oxford Companion to Spanish Literature. The Index biografico de España, Portugal e Iberoamérica (ca. 1990) lists 200,000 entries on 1,143 microfiches. Chinese: see *Ming and *Republican periods for dictionaries in these periods. Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature is a basic reference in English for material before 1900. Dictionaries in Chinese may not always be reliable as each successive dynasty has rewritten history. Japanese: consult Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan. Japanese language dictionaries have tended to downplay homosexuality Persian: see the separate entry. Turkish, see the separate entry. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 138-42. Biography and biographers - Arabic Biographical reference to homosexuality in poetry in Arabic dates from ca. 1250. In Arabic, the first reference to homosexuality in a poet is in *1 bn Khallikan (active 1250) from Syria but who later lived in Egypt. The Lebanese poet Khalil Hawi (1925-82) is believed to have compiled an Encyclopedia of Arabic Poetry in 4 volumes; it has not been possible to trace this work which may have references. In French and English see * Encyclopaedia of Islam, both the first and second editions (consult the Supplements as well as the Index volumes for information on a particular writer). Homosexuality is referred to in entries in the Encyclopaedia of Islam, especially the second edition - for instance *Abu Nuwas. Russian sources of information: consult entries in Great Soviet Encyclopedia (homosexuality is not mentioned). See Jean Sauvaget, Introduction to the History of the Muslim East (1965), pp. 49-51, Chapter 7, "Literary sources"; p. 34 lists earlier Arabic works. Works in other *Islamic languages - such as Persian and Turkish - are relevant as dictionaries and encyclopedias in these languages may contain information on Arabic biography: see *Biography - Persian, - Turkish. The works of *Carl Brockelmann and *Fuat Sezgin contain biographical information as well as information on manuscripts; these works are especially important as many authors are still in manuscript. Biography and biographers - English Biography dealing with homosexuality in the lives of English poets begins with *Aubrey (whose manuscript of his Brief Lives predates 1693). Biographers have emanated from Great Britain, the United States, Australia and other countries. Biographers are extremely important in confirming homosexuality and revealing the circles around the poet (as an example see *Lord homosexual). The lives of all poets need to be assessed but, until the late 1960s, homosexuality was largely omitted in English language biographies. Few references, even in oblique ways, appear in biographies written before the twentieth century. *Philip Horton's 1937 biography took for granted *Hart Crane's homosexuality while *Richard Aldington's 1955 biography of *T. E. Lawrence discussed homosexuality in Lawrence's life with a new candour for its time. *Michael Holroyd's 1967-68 biography of *Lytton Strachey began a period of increasing openness on the subject of homosexuality and writers; Jacqueline Lancaster's biography of *Brian Howard was even more candid. *Mark Holloway's 1976 biography of *Norman Douglas was a landmark in the biography of a *pederast. In the United States John Unterecker's major 1969 biography of Hart Crane took homosexuality for granted and *Francis Steegmuller's biography of *Cocteau (1970) also accepted his homosexuality. *Richard Ellmann's biography of *Oscar Wilde is one of the great biographical works of a gay poet and literary figure and the British author *Ian Gibson has written an outstanding biography of the Spanish poet *Federico García Lorca (first published in Spanish). *Brad Gooch's biography of Frank O'Hara is an outstanding recent gay biography, as are the recent biographies of *Allen Ginsberg. *Tom Clark brilliantly examines homosexuality in the life of a graet poet in his life of *Charles Olson. The Nobel Prize winning Australian novelist *Patrick White, who wrote some poetry, has had an outstanding biographer in *David Marr while *W. H. Auden has had three fine biographers who have discussed his homosexuality. Modern comment goes back to *J. St Loe Strachey's introduction to his edition of *Francis Beaumont and John Fletcher. However, biographers can hide homosexuality or not give it adequate treatment: see *Thomas Moore, *Arnold Rampersand. The entry *Whitman - Biographers discusses the complex problems of the biographies as they presently exist of this major gay poet. Some minor homopoets have proved more interesting for their biographies than their poems: see *Frederick Rolfe, *Edmund Backhouse. Latterly, many interesting gay figures, who have written only a few poems of relevance, have had biographies written on them, e.g. *Tom Driberg, *William Plomer. Works on lovers may be relevant: see, for example, *Stephen Tennant, the lover of *Siegfried Sassoon. Other relevant entries. Great Britain: see 'Montgomery Hyde, John Lehmann, *Phyllis Grosskurth, *Peter Parker (re J. R. Ackerley), *Eddie Linden. *Douglas Murray published the finest biography of Lord Alfred Douglas in 2000; the author was only twenty at the time and commenced research at the age of fourteen. United States: see *Woodberry, *Egbert Faas re Robert Duncan. Australia: see *Verna Coleman. Compare *Autobiography - English. *Graham Robb's biography of *Rimbaud is the finest biography of the elusive French poet. Finding biographical information on a poet or writer. Biographical dictionaries of English literatures (e.g., The Oxford Companion to English Literature, 5th edition, 1985, edited by Margaret Drabble) are standard concise sources. The Oxford Companions to Australian and Canadian Literature are good sources for concise information for Australian and Canadian English literatures. Biographical dictionaries like the British Dictionary of National Biography have longer entries: as examples, see the entries in this work for *Walter Kenrick, *W. H. Auden and *Noel Coward which refer to homosexuality in these writers' lives. Later volumes of the Dictionary of National Biography, especially from the 1980s, are more candid regarding homosexuality and entries usually make clear the sexuality of the person being dealt with. A new vastly updated edition of this work is planned for 2004. For United States writers American National Biography 24 volumes (New York, 2000) edited by John A. Garraty and Mark C. Carnes, with an index volume listing biographies by subject (see under Gay for gays), has superceded the Dictionary of American Biography (1928-36 with ten supplementary solumes 1944 to 1995); a major review of the American National Biography is in the New York Review of Books 9 March 2000, 38-43. The *National Union Catalog and *British Library General Catalogue give birth and death dates for most authors; latterly Computer Catalogs sometimes provide this information. For Great Britain, consult British Biographical Index, edited by David Bank (London, 1993), and for the Unted States American Biographical Index, edited by Laureen Baillie (London, 1993). Contemporary Authors (1962 +) is excellent for twentieth century material and Contemporary Poets (1970+; several editions) is especially good on poets. Bio-base is a microform collection of citations (1978+). Biographical notes on poets frequently appear at the back of gay anthologies or before printed poems in them and on book jackets; these have been incorporated into entries in this Encyclopedia since this is sometimes the only information available. Bibliographies. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 140-52. Biography and biographers - German Biography in German from Germany, Austria and Switzerland dates from ca. 1870. Allgemeine deutsche Biographie is excellent to the late nineteenth century. The contemporarary Neue deutsche Biographie is only two thirds complete. Deutsches biographisches Archiv, edited by Bernard Fabian, Munich, 1986, is a huge resource on microfiche. As far as individual biographies go, a brilliant recent biography of the major gay poet *Platen by *Peter Bumm exists. Biographies of *Goethe are important in attempting to come to grips with his homosexuality (or concealing it). There is an outstanding biography of the pioneer anthologist *Heinrich Hössli. Many earlier gay German literary figures have not been given entries in biographical dictionaries e.g. *Adolf Brand and John Henry Mackay. *Hubert Kennedy has written a brilliant biography of the early gay activist *K. H. Ulrichs (who wrote poetry). The major gay figure and poet *Stefan George awaits an adequate gay biographer as does *Elisar von Kupffer. As in English from 1990, there has been a number of gay works dealing with the biographies of gay writers. * Lexikon homosexuelle belletristik is a gay literary dictionary, though containing few poets so far. Bernd-Ulrich Hergemöller, Mann für Mann: biographisches Lexikon zur Geschichte von Freundesliebe und mannmännlicher Sexualität im deutschen Sprachum (Man for Man: Biographical Dictionary for the History of Friend-Love and Male-Male Sexuality in the German-Speaking Region), Hamburg, 1998, 911 pp., is a biographical dictionary of gay men with 430 complete biographies and 600 short articles (review: Journal of Homosexuality, vol. 38 no 3., 2000, 143-46 by *Hubert Kennedy). Gerhärd Härle and others, Erkenntniswunsch und Diskterion: Erotik in biographischer und autobiographischer Literatur (Berlin, 1992), 445 pp., contains the papers of the 1990 colloquium in eroticism in biography and autobiography at the Universität-Gesamthochschule Siegen. Axel Schock, Die Bibliothek von Sodom, 1997, gives brief lives of 100 gay male writers, including German writers. In English, The Oxford Companion to German Literature contains concise biographical information and relies on Allgemeine deutsche Biographie. Biography and biographers - Persian Biography referring to homosexuality in Persian poetry dates from ca. 1965. In Persian see Danishnamah-i Iran va Islam (Encyclopedia of Iran and Islam), edited by *Ehsan Yarshater, 1978+; this appears to be based on the * Encyclopaedia of Islam. *Rypka, History of Iranian Literature, is the major English language source for information on poets and literary figures and the best place for concise literary information. The Encyclopedia Iranica, also in English - in course of publication and to 1999 only about a third complete - contains excellent articles and is the major reference in a *European language (though to 1999 the Encyclopedia of Islam, second edition, is more advanced). See Les Encyclopédies persanes (Paris, 1986) for further information on encyclopedias. In French and English, the * Encyclopaedia of Islam, both first and second editions, includes entries on Persian writers and is a major resource (consult the Supplements as well as the Index volumes for information on a particular writer). Russian. Consult entries in Great Soviet Encyclopedia (though homosexuality is not mentioned in this work). See Jean Sauvaget, Introduction to the History of the Muslim East (1965), p. 51, in Chapter 7, "Literary sources" for other works. Works in other *Islamic languages, such as Arabic and Turkish, are relevant as dictionaries and encyclopedias in these languages may contain information: see *Biography - Arabic, - Turkish. Biography and biographers - Turkish Biography referring to homosexuality in Turkish poetry dates from 1965. In Turkish see * Encyclopaedia Islam for details of the Turkish edition Islam Ansiklopedisi. Türk ansiklopedisi (Ankara, 1946+; there are also later editions) is another source. Various other Turkish encyclopedias exist, e.g. Türk edebiyat ansiklopedisi (1982+; there are also later editions). In French and English the Encyclopaedia of Islam, both the first and second editions is a major resource (consult the Supplements as well as the Index volumes for information on a particular writer). See *Ottoman poets for other sources. Russian. Consult entries in Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Jean Sauvaget, Introduction to the History of the Muslim East (1965), p. 51, in Chapter 7, "Literary sources" gives other sources. Works in other *Islamic languages - such as Arabic and Persian - are relevant since dictionaries and encyclopedias in these languages may contain information: see *Biography - Persian, - Arabic. Poet possibly from Turkey who wrote in Greek. Active probably before 100 B.C. Little is known of his life but he seems to have been born in *Smyrna. The *elegy, The Lament for *Adonis, has been ascribed to him. It is the first elegy in a *European language (but not the first homosexual elegy: see the entries for * Gilgamesh and * David's Lament). The poem is unusual since it is written in the person of a woman who laments a man (elegies from then on are laments of a man for a man). There is some direct homoerotic sentiment (see lines 75-85). The form is that of a *dramatic monologue. *Moschus appears to have been his disciple and wrote an elegy on him; the ascription of the Lament for Adonis to Bion derives from him. Translation. English. Earl of Winchelsea did a translation (1713) - see * Anacreon done into English', see also *Lloyd Mifflin. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 168-69: see "Bion (2)" — compares his poem The Lament for *Adonis with *Theocritus, "Idyll 15", lines 100-44. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 42: poem "Eros und die Musen (Nicht fürchten sich die Musen...)"; no other details given. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, after item 283 (no number): see *Anthony Holden. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Ioläus (1902), 85. Criticism. Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 8 (1906), 672-73. Brandt, Sittengeschichte griechenlands, volume 2, 191. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 477-78: mentioning a poem on *Eros and *Lycidas and one on *Hesperus in his remains. Courouve, Ces petits grecs, 12: referring to Idyll 8 Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1920. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 285: Between Sunset and Dawn, Cambridge: The *Corydon Press, no date. See the *British Library General Catalogue entry Jack Ernest Lionel Birch; it dates Between Sunset and Dawn, ca. 1929. The work is rare. A copy dated 1920 and 40 pp. in length is in the collection of John Willis. Pseudonym of a poet who wrote in German. 1905-1986. Pseudonym of *Heinrich Eichen. He wrote articles on gay artists in the German journal Ben in the late 1970s. "Birken" means "birch" "eichen" means "oak" in German. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 242-43: three poems to males; 195 biog. note (reveals the pseudonym). Birks, Ian C. (now Ian Biarujia) Poet and publisher from Australia writing in English. Born 1953. Partner with Javant Biarujia and Susan Rachmann of the small press, Nosukumo, 1985-1996. In 1991 he changed his surname formally to Biarujia to mark the tenth anniversary of his relationship with Javant Biarujia, though his poetry continues to appear under the name Ian C. Birks; little poetry has been written since 1988. Books: Red Tide (Melbourne: Nosukumo, 1982), and Labassa (Melbourne: Nosukumo, 1988). Red Tide was one of the earliest gay books of poems in Melbourne, preceded only by Javant Biarujia's books. In Red Tide see the poems "Sauna" p.12 (gay *bathhouse), "Gypsy Prince" p.14, "Origami" p. 22. Work has appeared in various periodicals in Australia (Luna, Brave New World) and in some in the United States. In 1987 he received a Victorian Ministry for the Arts grant to produce Labassa. His work shows the influence of *Michael Dransfield. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Hurley, Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Edge City, 24-6; biog 221. Love and Death, 17,36; biog 52. Pink Ink, 107-09; biog., 294. . Poet from Canada writing in English. Born in 1904. In Homosexuality in Canada, first edition (1979), p. 6, see the note on his book The Strait of Anian, Toronto, 1948 (item 290 in Young, Male Homosexual in Literature cited below) stating "gay" was changed to "game" in the poem "For Steve" when it was reprinted in his Collected Poems (in volume 1, 1975, pp. 77-80). The relevant phase changed was "you too were gay and are gone" which was changed to "you too were game and are gone" (p. 78). The phrase may have been changed so as to ensure that gay was not interpreted to mean homosexual in 1975, rather than because it meant "homosexual" in the poem in 1948 (see discussion of the word *gay). The poem itself is about a friend killed in the Second World War and shows strong *male bonding. See also the title poem in his volume David (1942), which shows strong homoaffectional behavior on David's part (see section 8); reprinted in Collected Poems, pp. 107-113. "A Walk in *Kyoto", 1958, (Collected Poems, pp. 32-35) has the poet admitting to a "phallic western eye" at a men's festival. His first volumes were in the manner of *W. H. Auden. He is a well known Canadian poet who has freely experimented with verse forms. A Toronto based writer, he was once an organizer for a Trotskist branch of the *Communist Party; unmarried but twice divorced. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Canadian Literature. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, first edition (1975), item 195: The Strait of Anian: Selected Poems, Toronto: Ryerson, 1948. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 290: same work. Homosexuality in Canada, first edition (1979), 6: The Strait of Anian, Toronto, 1948 - re "For Steve". Bisexuality is sexual experience with persons of both sexes and is not uncommon in literature. Material dates in literature from the Greek poet from Greece *Anacreon (active 550 B.C.). As *Alfred Kinsey's sexual surveys showed, people can be homosexual at some periods of their life and heterosexual at others; others may be homosexual and heterosexual continuously or at one period (or during some periods). It is not always possible to detect these distinctions in a poet's life. Perhaps the most well known bisexual poet is *Catullus. *Shakespeare, *Rochester, *Byron and *Goethe are other outstanding examples. Recently, bisexuality is becoming more open in poetry in *European languages. See also *African Religions, *Overview - Southeast Asia. Bisexuality is linked to *serpent myths in many cultures. Arabic: *Abu Nuwas, *al-Husayn ibn al-Dahhuk. Akkadian: * Gilgamesh. Chinese: *Emperors, *Wen Di, *Yuan Mei. For Australian Aboriginal languages, see *Songs - Yirrkala. *Songs - Murnain. *Les Hiatt, *Snake and serpent motifs. English: *Richard Aldington, *D. Alien (pseud.), James K. Baxter, *Beat poets, *Leonard Bernstein, *Byron, *Roy Campbell, *Raymond Carver, *Aleister Crowley, *Michael Dargaville, *Paul Goodman, *Lee Harwood, *Herbert Horne, *R. D. Jones, *Denis Gallagher, James Kirkup, *Michael Lally, *Pop Songs, *Shakespeare, *Siegfried Sassoon, *Oscar Wilde. French: *Gustave Apollinaire. German: *Goethe, *Kleist, *Heinrich Hössli, *Otto Erich Hartleben. Greek: *Anacreon, *Anacreontea, *Apollo, *Eva Cantarella, *Daphnis, 'Hermaphrodite, idylls, *Meleager, *Yannis Ritsos, *Satyrs, *Solon. Hungarian. *George Faludy. Italian: *Cellini, *Aretino, *Eva Cantarella. Japanese: *Lady Murasaki (re Genji), ihara Saikaku. Latin: *Petronius, *Beccadelli, *Catullus, *Hadrian, *Horace, Juvenal, *Lucretius, *Martial, 'Maecenas, *Pan, *Tibullus. Persian: *Sa'di. Russian: *Knyazev, *Esenin. Spanish: *Manuel Altolaguirre. Turkish: *Sultans; see *Fadil Bey. Urdu: *Mir Taqi Mir. Bisexuality seems to have been very common among Urdu poets. *Hermann Baumann, Das doppelte Geschlecht (The Double Sex), Berlin, 1955 (reprinted 1986), is a classic study on bisexuality and homosexual images in comparative symbology, religion and myth in cultures all over the world (with important bibliography pp. 383-96).This book should be consulted in relation to bisexuality and poetry in any culture as it lists sources extensively; it is a stating point for research. Recent English language works include John Money, Gay Straight and Inbetween (Oxford, 1988) and Sharon Rose and others, Bisexual Horizons (London, 1996), with a bibliography 314-19. The Bisexual Imaginary: Representation, Identity and Desire, edited by The Bi Academic Intervention, London, 1997, is a series of essays including one on the "bisexual poetics" of *Walt Whitman and *Allen Ginsberg by Nick Selby. The phrase LGBT came into prominence in the late 1990s in the United States linking gays and lesbians with bisexuals; it means "Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgendered". Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 143-47. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Ullstein Enzyklopädie der Sexualität. Gay Histories and Cultures. Bibliographies. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, pp. 441-44. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 44-45. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1978. Gay Poetry Anthologies. We Bumped Off Your Friend the Poet, 12-14. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1892-1944. See his poem "Percy Shelley" implying *Shelley may have been homosexual (source not traced). Bishop was most famous as a poet in the 1920s when he lived in Paris. He married. In Collected Poems (London, 1960), see "All's Brave that Youth Mounts", pp. 23-24, a curious poem with homosexual overtones: "I like young men". Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Poet, illustrator and publisher from Canada writing in English. Born 1939. He has published over forty books of poems and experimental *free verse (including *concrete poetry and *projective verse) *postmodernist in form. Many of his books contain his own Tine line illustrations. He is an outstanding *performance poet whose energetic, *shamanistic performances of his work have become legendary public events in Canada. Spelling reform (he spells his name "bill bissett" in lower case) and a concern for the vocal aspects of poetry and for its mythopoeic significance are important aspects of his work. *Chanting has inspired him, as have *drugs. Influenced by the *Beats, he was a major figure in the 1960s Canadian counterculture. In Beyond Even Faithful Legends: Selected Poems 1962-1976, Vancouver, 1980 (excellent introduction by Len Early pp. 11-19), poems about relationships are *non gender specific (e.g., "Canoe", p. 73) though "Solace in Words", p. 72, is about "our daughter". As a publisher, he founded *blewointmentpress, in 1967, in *Vancouver where he lived from the 1950s; this was a counterculture press which was in existence to 1983 (*Bertrand Lachance was a partner). From 1963 to 1968 he published a journal called blewointment (the title comes from a treatment for body lice). *End of the World Speshul Anthology (1967) was issue five of the journal. In what we have (1988) see "ther are shadows". Inkorrect thots (1992), contains a Tine poem about *Aids; see also "basicalie i trust". In the last photo of the human soul (1993), see "blurr street 1 toronto" pp. 39-44 (this contains reference to a Toronto gay pride march). Openly gay in 1997. He has a daughter from a heterosexual liaison. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Canadian Literature. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Dictionary of Literary Biography vol. 53: overview to 1986. Contemporary Authors Autobiography series (to ca.1984). Dictionary of Literary Biography. Benson, Encyclopedia of Post-Colonial Literatures. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10472: Space Travl, Vancouver, 1974. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 294-96: Pomes for Yoshi, Vancouver: Talonbooks, 1977; Sailor, Vancouver: Talonbooks, 1978; Space Travl, Vancouver: Talonbooks, 1974. Homosexuality in Canada, first edition (1979), 6: noting "ambivalent" poems in his volumes Living with the vishyun (Vancouver[: Talonbooks], 1974) and in Space Travel (Vancouver [: Air], 1974) where "Perhaps fifteen percent are relevant" and the volume Th Wind Up Tongue (Vancouver, 1976). Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (1984), 136-37: ten poetry books listed from 1971 to 1977, Living with the vishun, Pomes for Yoshi, space travl, image being, Vancouver: blewointmentpress, 1975, Medicine My Mouth's on Fire, Toronto: Oberon Press, 1974 (repr. 1975), Nobody Owns Th Earth, Toronto: House of Anasi Press, 1971, polar bear hunt, Vancouver; blewointmentpress, 1972, th wind up tongue, Vancouver; blewointmentpress, 1976, words in the fire, Vancouver; blewointmentpress, 1972 and yu can eat it at the opening, Vancouver; blewointmentpress, (1974). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Son of the Male Muse, 25-29 (with photo 25); biog., 186. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active ca. 1970. See his book of poems Mister and Myth (1970), 100 pp. Source: a copy in the John Willis collection. He is also the author of Without Music: Selected Lyrics 1970-83 (Los Angeles, 1983), 62 pp., with a cover photo by Jeffrey Gethard. Cruising the Moon (San Francisco, 1986), 97 pp. is also poems (with art work by Bret Gardner). Mister and Myth is printed on *lavender paper. Poet from Denmark writing in Danish. Active 1982. Bibliographies. Hansen, Nordisk Bibliografi, 4: book of poems Yin - vinterserenade til en ung mand, Borgen, 1982, 51 pp.; page 2 of Nordisk Bibliografi lists several works of fiction. Poet from Finland who wrote in Swedish. 1887-1960. A *modernist poet with a huge oeuvre; also involved in *Dada. Bibliographies. Hansen, Nordisk Bibliografi, 13: book of poems All vill jag fatta i min hand: Efterlammade dikter, Stockholm: FIB, 1979, 84 pp.; 21: cites his books of poems En mun vidhand, urval lyrik. 1922-55, Söderström and Co., 1958 and Hund skenar glad, urval lyrik, 1922-1955, Söderström and Co, 1959, in the Finnish section and implies he belongs to Fenno-Swedish literature (Swedish literature written in Finland). States he was homosexual (see note p. 13 which refers to remarks by Erik Gamby and Nagon [sic] about homosexuality in his poetry). Criticism. Rossel, History of Scandinavian Literature, 23, gives a concise summary of career. Poet from Denmark writing in Danish. Active 1982. The author of a gay book of poems: Det Svaere Liv, 1985, 83 pp. (featuring a photograph of him in a *leather jacket on the cover). Bibliographies. Hansen, Nordisk Bibliografi, 4: book of poems Nattens Gaester, Coq, 1982, 71 pp., about the Copenhagen male subculture. Poet from Norway who wrote in Norwegian. 1920-1976. Novelist and poet. His book Uten en trad (1966), published anonymously, was condemned as pornography. He married in 1960. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 392-93: poem on *David and Jonathan and a poem for *Genet. Poet, novelist and letter writer from Norway who wrote in Norwegian. 1832-1910. The author of Norway's national anthem "Ja, vi elsker dette landet", he corresponded with the Danish critic Clemens Petersen who had to flee Denmark after being exposed as a homosexual. He wrote a beautiful poem to his friend the actor Ivar Bye (1824-1863), "Alene og i anger ("Alone and regretful"). He defended homosexuality in an 1891 article and wrote a novel Arne (1859) with a homoerotic theme. Dictionaries and Encylopedias. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Critic of Arabic poetry from France writing in French. Active 1939-1966. *Norman Roth, " 'Deal Gently with the Young Man': Love of Boys in Medieval Hebrew Poetry of Spain", Speculum 57 (1982), 27 states he is the author of "Les principaux themes de la poésie érotique au siècle des Umayyades de Damas", Annales de l'Institut d'etudes Orientales d'Alger 5 (1939-41), 82-128: an article on Arabic erotic poetry of the *Umayyad period; see p. 111 for a critical reference to homolove in Arabic poetry. Blachère was a noted French Arabist, author of Histoire de la literature arabe (Paris, 195266). Poet form the United States writing in English. Born 1967. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Brother to Brother, 187-88: Tine poem on James Baldwin; biog., 270: a native of *Washington DC. Anthology in English from the United States. San Francisco: Gay Sunshine, 1983, 240 pages; biog. notes pp. 232-38. A mixed anthology of good quality prose and poetry illustrated with photographs of naked black men with forty-three contributors. It is based on the theme of black men and white men living together but most of the contrubutors are black gays. The anthology was the first anthology of black gay literature. Compiled by Michael J. Smith with excellent erotic line drawings and photographs. Poets (see entries): Peter Barrett, Jeffrey Beam, Jim Brewer, Bruce Richard (pseud.), Prince Eusi-Ndugu, Salih Michael Fisher, Jamiel Daud Hasin, Langston Hughes, Will Inman, Richard Royal, Assotto Saint (pseud.), Adrian Stanford, Jerome Thornton, Troop (pseud.), G. S. Weinerman, Roosevelt Williamson, Richard Witherspoon. Eric Gerber has a prose piece of relevance. Black Mountain school of poets Movement in English in the United States. A group of poets associated with Black Mountain College (1933-56) which was at its peak of influence 1950-55. The college was very creative and experimental and was involved with the emergence of *Postmodernism and the idea of *open form. A journal, Black Mountain Review, was published. There was a significant gay presence in this group. As poets associated with the college see *Paul Blackburn, *Ed Dorn, *Charles Olson (the rector at one stage and a major figure in the college), *Paul Goodman, *Robert Duncan, John Cage. *Martin Duberman has written a study of Black Mountain: Black Mountain: An Exploration in Continuity (New York, 1972). Poets influenced by the Black Mountain poets (especially Charles Olson) include *Ronald Johnson and Jonathan Williams. See *Tom Clark (the biographer of Charles Olsen) regarding homosexual undercurrents at Black Mountain. Poets from Great Britain writing in English. From 1987. This refers to males with black skin. Many came from former British colonies in Africa, some from West Indian countries (where Africans had been imported as slaves). See *Dirg Aaab-Richards, *Steve Langley, *Marcellus J. Muthien, * Tongues Untied. Pseudonyms are common amongst contemporary black poets. Compare *Afro-Asiatic poets from the United States. Pseudonym of a poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1945. A *black poet who is also a songwriter (see the review of his record Walls to Roses, *Advocate no. 264, 5 April, 1979, 28). He appeared in the 1977 film of gay interviews Word Is Out and in the film * Tongues Untied by *Marlon Rigg and composed music for the film Looking for Langston (i.e., *Langston Hughes). Interview: see the anthology * In the Life, pp. 170-84 (with Bernard Branner). Blackberri Bio is his internet homepage. Gay Poetry Anthologies. In the Life, 58-59: "Beautiful Blackman", a major statement about being gay and black; biog., 250. Road Before Us, 16; biog., 172-73. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1966-1972. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10473-74: "The Blue Chameleon" in One Magazine, 16: 4, 8-9, July-August, 1972; Leaves of Darkness, privately printed, 1971. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 301-02: The Blue Chameleon, Privately printed, 1966 (highly rated by *Ian Young); Leaves of Darkness, privately printed, 1971. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1926-1971. A *Postmodernist poet from *New York. He was twice married. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors. New Revision Series, vol. 34. Dictionary of Literary Biography, vol. 16. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10475: "The proposition" and "Once Over" in Erotic Poetry edited by William Cole, New York: Totem Press, 1963; originally published in Brooklyn Manhattan Transit, New York, 1960. (Note: "Once Over" has lesbian reference.) Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 303: BrooklynManhattan Transit, New York, 1960. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poems of Love and Liberation, 62: poem "A Purity Defined". Journal in English from the United States. Three issues only were published ca. 1982-ca. 1986. Important *black gay literary journal which published poetry. Issue 2 was a special *prison issue (see The Advocate no. 411, p. 31 by *Joseph Beam). Blake, Howard Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1973. Rihlinnranhioc Young Male Homosexual in I iterature second edition item 311 book The Island Self Boston Godine 1973 Poet and illustrator from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1757-1827. A *Romantic poet who engraved, illustrated and published his own books of poems. The illustrations, especially to the prophetic books of 1789-1804, feature naked male bodies with some homoerotic overtones. Blake's visionary poetry influenced *Allen Ginsberg and the *Beats and his technique of making books was copied by *Ralph Chubb. His marriage was childless. He was a nudist who believed in the senses, like other Romantics. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, pp. 505-06, cites Ellis in the article "Art and Sex", Encyclopaedia of Sexual Behavioar, p. 172, that Blake was "suspected of having homosexual or homoamative relations" (no evidence given). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 44: "The Little Black Boy"; biog., 115. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1907-1985. Involved in films, he was also an artist (with some forty-one exhibitions) and has written several books of poems and over twenty novels, as well as being a supporter of the avant garde. A selection of poems is Journeys End in Young Man's Meetings (Los Angeles: Little Caesar, 1979): these are mostly Tine short poems dealing directly with homosexual relationships. He wrote the first book of *one word poems. Obituary: see Square Peg 10 (1985), 20-21 (written by Emmanuel Cooper). His death is recorded in *Ian Young, Sex Magick (1986) opposite the contents page. He was born Henry Joseph Hasslacher. Interview: see Gay News no. 129 and no. 256 (23 December 1982-19 January 1983), 32-33; he claims in the latter interview to have been lovers with *Dylan Thomas (p. 32). This interview also records the sale of his books, scrapbook, cuttings and photographs to the *Humanities Research Center, Texas. Another interview is in the Advocate, 2 October 1989, 18, 27-28, by *Ian Young; this mentions his longtime lover Max Chapman. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 314: Before the Encounter and Afterwards, Chatham, Kent: New Voice, 1966; 318-21: The Furious Dying, London: Trigram, 1965, How to Make Your Own Confetti, London: Trigram, 1965, Jeremy and Others, Privately printed *broadside, no date, Journeys End in Young Man's Meetings, Los Angeles: Little Caesar Press, 1979. Homosexuality in Canada, first edition (1979), 7: novel Pass the Poison Separately, Scarborough, Ontario: *Catalyst, 1976, 60 pp. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Male Muse, 14-16; biog., 118. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 169-70. Bibliographer in Portuguese from Portugal. Active 19B3. Author of a very detailed bibliography of 'Pessoa: Fernando Pessoa: Esboco de uma bibliografia, no place of publication given (but published in Portugal), 19B3, 4BB pages. It supercedes the 1967 bibliography by Carlos Alberto Iannone. A second edition was published in Sao Paolo in 1975). Poet from the United States writing in English. Born ca. 1970. A *black poet from New York. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 26: *"Ode to James Baldwin"; biog., 173-74. Poet and illustrator from the United States who wrote in English. 1894-ca. 1957. Artist and poet. He lived in Honolulu in the 1930s and was an interior decorator and a member of an Hawaiian gay circle. He wrote and illustrated several books of poems, celebrating the carefree Hawaiian life-style. The books were very popular in Hawaii and constantly reprinted, for example, Leaves From A Grass House (Honolulu, 1923; fourth printing 1982): see the title poem pp. 9-13 and "Purple Bougainvillea Vine" p. 45. The title of this book should be compared with *Walt Whitman's Leaves of Grass and the poet states about his house that '"eaves/ Of Island grass went into the weaves/ And walls of my house.." (p.9). Vagabond's House (New York, 1928; twentieth reprint 1937) has many homoerotic illustrations and the poem "Leaves from My Grass-House" echoing Whitman, pp. 56-59. It has some hetero illustrations and hetero poems as well. He appeared in the anthology *Immortalia. Biography: see Pan-Pacific Who's Who, 1940-41, p. 63; his address is given here as Florida. Genre in English from Great Britain initially which consists of unrhymed *iambic lines. From ca. 1540. *Surrey first used this meter in his translation of *Virgil's Aeneid, ca. 1540, and it was notably used by *Shakespeare in his plays and by Milton in Paradise Lost (1667). Nearly every major English poet of the nineteenth century used it. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics. Poet from the United States writing in English and translator from Spanish to English. Born 1953. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Orgasms of Light, 31-34: poem about sailors; biog., 249, revealing he has spent four years in Spain, is working on a study of art and sexuality in the novels of *Patrick White and lives in Austin, Texas with his lover. Now the Volcano, 5253: translation of the Spanish poet *Cernuda. Poet and editor from the United States and Canada writing in English. Born 1925. A close friend of Jack Spicer, whose collected works he edited, and also of *Robert Duncan. He was influenced by them and *Charles Olson. Like Jack Spicer, he is interested in the poetic *sequence. He was born in the United States and moved to Canada in 1966 where he taught at Simon Fraser University. He became a naturalized Canadian in 1972. Spicer famously said to him on his death bed "My vocabulary did this to me. Your love will let you go on"; see Jack Spicer, One Night Stand (1980), p. xi. Book or relevance: The Holy Forest (1993). He has an internet homepage. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition; called "an unknown classic" and quoting "Poem 8" from Cups (with *Amor trope). Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, first edition, item 220: The Moth Poem, San Francisco: Open Space, 1964. Homosexuality in Canada, first edition (1979), 7. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 328. Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (1984), 137. All four references cite the same work. Gay Poetry Anthologies, 61-66. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1994. He attended San Francisco State University. He was born in Iowa and returned to live in Iowa there after university. Book: Keep the Killer Asleep (review: James White Review vol. 11 no. 2, Winter 1994, 19 by *Kenny Fries and James White Review, vol. 11 no. 5, fall 1994, 21 by Frederick Azdek - highly rated). His first collection. Journal in German from Germany. 1892-1919. Edited by *Stefan George, Blätter für die Kunst published poetry by George and members of the *George Kreis. Twelve volumes - each of 156 pages - were published with fine illustrations, many of the illustrations being homoerotic (for example, those by *Melchior Lechter); there are frequent portraits of George. Much homosexual poetry was published and the journal is in effect the first German gay poetry journal and each issue constitutes what is partly a gay poetry anthology. However, the gay nature of the poetry is somewhat muted and the journal was not as open homosexually as the journal of *Adolf Brand * Der Eigene (1896+). It was reprinted in Germany in 1968 (with an introduction). Volume 7 features a photograph of George surrounded by his main disciples. Volume 8 (1908-09) featured poems inspired by *Maximin, George's youthful lover; material in this issue seems more openly gay than usual. *Tropes such as the *Dioscuri, *Narcissus, *Endymion and *Orpheus appear throughout. Translation is a feature - for instance of *Shakespeare's sonnets, the Polish poet *Waclaw Lieder, *Verlaine, *Swinburne and *D'Annunzio. Overall the journal shows a strong awareness of gay culture of its time in Europe as well as of the past. The journal owes its tone to the *decadent movement though its poetry is more positive than decadent poetry. Poetry contributors include: *Ernst Bertram, *Max Dautheney, *Stefan George, *Hugo von Hofmannsthal, *Ludwig Derleth, Ernst and *Friedrich Gundolf (pseud.), *G. Vollmoeller, *Karl Wolfskehl and *Friedrich Wolters (who has written a major study of the journal). See also the study by Karlhaus Kluncker, Blätter für die Kunst (1974); bibliography, pp. 280-91. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Lexikon des gesamten Buchwesens, second edition. Writer and poet from Australia who wrote in English. 1939-1997. Only a few poems are known: see "The Confessor at the Breakfast Table", in The Faker, no. 1, 1964, p. 6. He was the biographer of the Victorian Premier Henry Bolte, and a former Liberal party gay candidate and edited a prose anthology, Love Cries (1992), short stories with a *sadomasochistic theme. He also wrote reviews: for instance, of * Australian Lesbian and Gay Writing in the newspaper The Australian. Autobiography. Screw Loose: Uncalled for Memoirs (Sydney, 1995) details his gay life in great detail, including latterly with his partner the prose writer Tim Herbert. He died of *Aids. Anthropologist and historian from Germany writing in German. Active from 1982. Author of Tabu Homosexualität, 1978 (published in paperback as Homosexualität: Die geschichte eines Voruteils, 1981). This is a discussion of *homosexuality through the ages and in various European and non-European cultures and an important theoretical work on the ontology of *homosexuality; bibliography, pp. 409-28. Her Mann-barkeitsriten (1980), discusses *ritualized homosexuality in *Papua New Guinea and Melanesia; bibliography, pp. 169-75. See also "Pederasty among Primitives: Institutionalized Initiation and Cultic Prostitution", Journal of Homosexuality vol. 2 no. 1-2 (1990), 13-20. Interview: Paidika no. 8. Sexologist from Germany who wrote in German. 1872-1922. A German writer on *sexology and medical doctor who was Jewish. He wrote Das Geschlechtsleben in England (3 volumes, 190103) under the name *Eugen Duhren (pseud.); this work lacks an index. Rare: copy used, *Library of Congress. Das Geschlechtsleben in England was translated into English as A History of English Sexual Morals (New York, 1934; London, 1936; repr.) with bibliography, pp. 661-64: see Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, item 641. The 1936 London edition has a detailed contents summary at the beginning. The work relies heavily on *H. S. Ashbee and *Havelock Ellis. The chapter on homosexuality, Chapter 6 of the New York 1934 edition, pp. 123-48, was the outstanding study to the date of publication of homosexuality in Great Britain; other chapters, such as those on "Erotic Literature and Flagellomania" (titled thus in the London 1936 edition) are relevant. He was also the author of Das Sexuelleben unserer Zeit, 1912 (trans. into English as Sexual Life of Our Time, New York, 1928: see Chapters 19 on homosexuality and 30 on pornographic literature and art). This deals with contemporary Germany (it was reviewed in Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 9 [1908], 464-491). He is also the author of a book on the * Marquis de Sade (1931; trans. English ca. 1948). In his Die *Prostitution, 2 volumes, Berlin, 1912-25 (volume 2 written with Dr Georg Loewenstein), an epic work on the subject, see Volume 2, Chapter 14, pp. 297-347 for prostitution in literature and art (poems are quoted but references are heterosexual). The Encyclopedia Judaica notes he wrote under the pseudonym von Welsburg. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Neue deutsche Biographie. Encyclopedia Judaica. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 152-53. Gay Histories and Cultures. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 50: list of his books. Hayn, Gotendorf, Bibliotheca Germanorum Erotica, volume 9, 67: list of published books. Editor of a work in Persian; born in Germany he lived most of his life in India. 1838-1878. The editor of the Persian work *A'in i Akbari, a work on the administration of the Mughal emperor Akbar, in three volumes, which included in the third volume a homosexual poetry anthology in Persian (Calcutta, 1867-77 in the Bibliotheca India series); he translated volume 1 into English but following his death volumes 2 and 3 were translated by *H. S. Jarrett. Born in Dresden in Germany the son of an owner of a printing shop, he studied oriental languages at *Leipzig and went as a soldier to India where eventually he became principal of the Calcutta Madrasa, a school for Muslims. He was librarian of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. He apparently did not marry. Obituary: Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1878, pp. 164-67. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Iranica; with bibliography. Poet and philosopher from Australia who wrote in English; he also lived in Great Britain. 1883-1942. The real name of William Baylebridge (pseud.) under which name he published several volumes of poetry. He lived in Great Britain 1908-1919, in the aftermath of the *eighteen-nineties, where he published several volumes of poetry using his real name and which have a bearing on homosexuality. His private life is mysterious and little is known about him though he never married; he appears to have been very complex and the influence of *Freud on his life and writing needs investigation. P. R. Stephenson in the "Introduction" to The Growth of Love, 1963 (volume 3 of William Baylebridge, Collected Works), p. xiv, states of his relationship with his aunt Grace Levin that "he had perhaps a 'fixation' upon her as a transferred Mother-image" and goes on to state "Whatever is Tit to be revealed of Baylebridge's private life is stated in his verse." He published several books of poems signed "W. B." while living in Great Britain 1910-1919. One book, The Loving Lad was announced (see E. Morris Miller and F. T. Macartney, Australian Literature, 1956, p. 54) but no copy is known and it must be regarded as *lost (it may not have been printed). He also wrote a work of philosophy entitled National Notes (London, 1913); other philosophical works were written under the name of William Baylebridge. The sequence, The Wreath (London, 1916), is closely modelled on *Shakespeare's Sonnets and is non-gender specific, referring throughout to a special "friend"; the work overall is strongly homoerotic. In Songs of the South (London, 1908), see *"Pan", pp. 4-6. In A Northern Trail (London, 1910) see "The Bachelor", p. 74. In Australia to England and Other Verses (London, 1909) see "Nature's Prompting", p. 32 and "A Lament", p. 33. Moreton Miles (London, 1910) is heavily influenced by *Edward Fitzgerald's * Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam (see especially poems XIII, XXXIV, XLVI, LXIX); it was reviewed by *Norman Douglas (see his Late Harvest, London, 1946, pp. 110-12). *Vivian Smith describes it as "much influenced by the style of lad's love lyrics so frequent in England from the nineties to the First World War" (Oxford History of Australian Literature, edited by Leonie Kramer, 1981, p. 317). His early poetry overall shows the influence of *A. E. Housman. Books published using the name William Bavlebridae. He lused the pseudonym William Baylebridge for his poetry after 1923, and he is normally known under this pseudonym. As William Baylebridge he was a copious writer of poetry. His books of poems under the name Baylebridge are heterosexual in ambience. He is also known as a philosopher of love in his work This Vital Flesh (1939; Collected Works, 1962, volume 1), a work which shows the influence of *Nietzsche in a series of aphorisms: see the section "National Notes" reprinted from National Notes: A National Tract (to the men of Australia) (1913). Love is spoken of here in *non gender specific terms. Baylebridge's world view is rigidly male centred in accordance with the ideas of his time (see *mateship); indeed, in the section "Women", he states that "For women, the chief business of life would mean maternity" (op. cit., p. 185). Baylebridge's philosophy of vitalism influenced *Kenneth Slessor and the poets of the journal Vision (1923-24): see the entry on Vision in the Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. His papers are believed to be in his family's hands in *Brisbane where his family were auctioneers. His earlier work under the name Blocksidge, where homosexual interest in his work mostly lies, was suppressed or re-written and he continuously re-edited his later texts. He lived the last twenty years of his life in *Sydney where he was financially independent due to an interest in the Stock Exchange. His works were edited in four volumes by P. R. Stephenson (Sydney, 1961-64) using the poet's latest revision as the text and were published under the terms of his will. Bioaraphv: see his entry in Percival Serle, Dictionary of Austriian Biography, 1949 (this reveals he took the name William Baylebridge in 1923 but never legally changed his name). For a critical appreciation see H. M. Green, History of Australian Literature, 1961, volume 1, pp. 484-497; this is especially good on this difficult writer and notes his "enigmatic personality", p. 484. In Brisbane, where he has born and raised, an oral tradition exists that he was homosexual; in the absence of hard evidence it is difficult to decide what his exact sexuality was. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature: see "William Baylebridge". Editor from the United States of works in English. Active from 1965. He was co-editor, with *Sculley Bradley, of the New York University Edition of Leaves of Grass: Comprehensive Reader's Edition (1965), and with Sculley Bradley and others of the three volume Leaves of Grass: A Textual Variorum (1980), the edition to use for scholarly work. This edition is now the accepted text of Whitman. Poet from Russia who wrote in Russian. 1880-1921. The *symbolist poet Blok is the author of The Twelve (1918), the first serious response to the Russian Revolution which places Jesus Christ at the head of it. Blok married but it was not a conventional marriage. Andrew Ford, in The Complection of Russian Literature (1971), p. 264, states "Blok was a homosexual". Blok was a very complex person. He had a "white" marriage (one which was not sexually consummated), had affairs with women, led a debauched life, drank heavily and was involved in the theater. The standard biography of Blok is Avril Pyman, The Life of Aleksandr Blok, 2 volumes (Oxford, 1979); see volume 1, pp. 57-58 on Blok's possibly having syphilis from adolescence and his repulsion at the sexual act. He may have died of venereal disease. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Terras, Handbook of Russian Literature. Publisher in English from Great Britain. Ca. 1961-1970. An important publisher of gay books in *London, ca. 1961-1970. The name may not refer to an actual person. The firm published such works as the anthology *Eros: An Anthology of Friendship (1961) and John Unterecker, Voyager: A Life of *Hart Crane (1970). References. Young, Male Homosexual in LIterature, second edition: all entries list publishing details, thus enabling the tracing of works published by this publisher. Critic from the United States who wrote in English. Died 1993. In his book Love and *Friendship (New York, 1993), he discusses these topics in five plays by *Shakespeare and, in particular, Hal and Falstaff in the Henry IV plays. He inspired the novel by the *Nobel Prize winning novelist Saul Bellow, Ravelstein (2000). Critic from the United States writing in English. Born 1930. One of the most influential critics in the United States, he is Sterling Professor of the Humanities at *Yale University. He launched an attack on gay poetry along with an attack on feminist poems in The Best of the Best American Poetry 1988-1997 (1998), pp. 15-25 arguing for enduring values and refused to include any poems from the 1996 volume edited by *Adrienne Riche: "If there is a Homosexual Poetic, then why not a Poetics of Pain?" (p. 17); he claims here *Whitman is "more onanistic than homoerotic" (p. 19). This introduction touched off a vigorous debate in the journal Boston Review. In his early critical works such as The Anxiety of Influence (1973) and A Map of Misreading (1975), he based his critical readings on the model of the *Oedipus theory of *Freud. His later thought as in Omens of Millennium (1996) is based on *Gnosticism. The Western Canon (1994) is a defence of classic authors such as *Homer and *Shakespeare. He has written many individual studies including on *William Blake and English *Romantic poets. He edited * Deconstruction and Criticism(1979). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. A-Z Guide to Modern Literary and Cultural Theorists. Contemporary Authors, New Revision Seris vol. 75 (1999). Bloomsbury group A group of British writers several of whom were bisexual or homosexual, active ca. 1905-ca. 1945. Very little poetry was written by them. The group, including Virginia Woolf and the homosexuals *E M Forster, *Lytton Strachey, Maynard Keynes and Duncan Grant (lover of Lytton Strachey, Maynard Keynes and *Paul Roche) mainly wrote prose works; but Lytton Strachey wrote some interesting gay poems and Paul Roche was a poet. Harold Nicolson, the homosexual husband of Vita Sackville West, wrote a study of the homosexual poet *Verlaine (London, 1921). *Arthur Waley was on the periphery, as were John Lehmann and *George Rylands. *Friendship was one of the major moral values espoused by them. Photographs of Virginia Woolf raise the concept of *androgyny (dating in modern British culture from *Rossetti; photographs of her were stylistically influenced by such concepts). The Bloomsbury group were notable for espousing the right to freely live one's life, and being in revolt against *Victorian conformism, though, in contrast to *Edward Carpenter, they were never politically active except for Leonard Woolf, Virginia's husband. Leonard and Virginia Woolf established the Hogarth Press, which in 1951 published the first English translation of *Cavafy, including gay poems. Some of their ideas came from the homosexual philosopher *G. L. Dickinson, others from the British philosopger G. E. Moore. The name comes from the suburb adjacent to the British Museum where they lived in the first decades of the twentieth century. A poetry satire on the group and other literary groups of the time dealing with their sexuality was written by *Roy Campbell. The group was opposed by *F. R. Leavis. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 153-54. Howes, Broadcasting It. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Criticism. Gay Sunshine no.35, pp.12-15: article by David Chura. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 343-62: "Bloomsbury: A Gay Perspective" by David Chura. Blot, César (or Claude), Baron de Chauvigny Poet from France who wrote in French. 1610-1655. He appears to have used two forms of his name. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Duroc, Homosexuels et lesbiennes illustrés, 58: poems with slight reference. Publisher from Great Britain of works in English. Active 1598. Publisher of Hero and Leander by *Marlowe. A close friend of *Thomas Thorpe (see entry for their relationship). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography. Poet, writer and editor from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1873-1928. He was editor of the journal * The Chameleon, vol. 1, no. 1, December 1894 (the only issue) where the story The Priest and the Acolyte was printed. The story, about a clergyman who falls in love with his altar boy, was mentioned at the trial of *Oscar Wilde. Bloxam was a clergyman in later life. In 1894, he was a student at Exeter college, *Oxford, who perhaps wrote the poem "At Dawn" in The Chameleon using the pseudonym Bertram Lawrence. Biography: See Crockford's Clerical Directory, 1927. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second eiditon, 334: the short story The Priest and the Acolyte, London, 1907. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reade, Sexual Heretics, 349: poem "A Summer Hour", 1894, under the pseudonym *Bertram Lawrence (pseud.) - clearly a gay poem; 349-60: the story The Priest and the Acolyte from *The Chameleon (1894). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 98: poem "At Dawn" and extract from The Priest and the Acolyte. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 322-28: from The Priest and the Acolyte. Criticism. International Journal of Greek Love vol. 1 no. 2 (1966), 40-42: "The Later Career of John Francis Bloxam" by *J. Z. Eglinton. Smith, Love in Earnest, 54. Collection from the United States written in English. London: Gay Men's Press, 1992, 77 pages. A collection of the work of three *Uranian poets, *Philebus (pseud. of John Leslie Barford), *Edmund John and *Cuthbert Wright. The title refers to the famous painting by Thomas Gainsborough, The Blue Boy, in the Huntington Library and Art Gallery, San Marino, California. See *blue for further gay reference in the word. Trope in English from Great Britain, in French from France and in Russian from Russia. From 1893. Blue has been associated with sexuality from the late *Victorian period - especially illicit sexuality as in "blue" movies (films featuring explicit sexual scenes). Its homosexual usage is harder to pin down. English: see John Whitworth, *The Faber Book of Blue Verse, London, 1990 (an anthology of erotic poetry). The homosexual critic and poet *J. A. Symonds wrote a book of essays titled In the Key of Blue (1893), and this seems to be the first usage in English; the volume contains several gay essays. (See the journal * Century Guild re *Oscar Wilde, though this reference is not directly homosexual.) Blue was used for the title of a 1992 anthology of *Uranian verse, * Blue Boys. See also John Barford, *Richard Thoma (active 1931). French. See *Montesquiou and the anthology * L'amour bleu (blue love). The Russian term for homosexual "goluboy" means blue (information from the internet: see "Why are these pages blue?" and the back cover of * Out of the Blue). Songs in English from ca. 1930. Blues are *songs originiating with American *blacks; they consist of three line stanzas and are usually sad in tone. Homosexual references in blues are discussed in Paul Garon, Blues and the Poetic Spirit (San Francisco, 1996, revised and enlarged edition) and the word "freakish" is frequently a code word for homosexuality (there are also many lesbian references in these songs): see "Freakish Blues" (1930) by George Hannah quoted in full on p. 64. *Ma Rainey was an outstanding singer. Frankie (Half Pint) Jaxon wrote works with gay overtones. In Samuel B. Charters, The Poetry of the Blues, New York, 1963, see the song "Peaches" and notes. Dick Spottswood is the expert on commerically recorded traditional music. Historian, critic and sociologist from Germany who wrote in German. 1988-1955. His book Die deutsche Wandervogelbewegung als erotisches Phanomen (The German Wandervogel movement as erotic phenomenon), 1912, explains the popularity of the German youth movement and the importance in it of *friendship as coming from the sexual attraction which charismatic youth leaders had for adolescent youths. The book had a huge popularity and was part of the *debate on homosexuality in the early part of the twentieth century in Germany. In his book Die Rolle der Erotik in der mannlichen Gesellschaft (The role of the erotic in male culture) (1917-1919), he saw the basis of the state as being male bonding. He twice married and had two children. He wrote a memoir Werke und Tage (Works and Days; 1920 and 1953). A posthumous work Die rede des Aristophanes (Hamburg, 1966) states, pp. 64 ff that the *Nazi leader HItler was gay. Obituary: Merkur no. 88 vol. 6 (1955) by Gustav Hillard-Steinbomer (cited in Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, p. 64). See also Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, vol. 13, numbers 2, 3 and 4 (1913): "Die drei Grundformen der Homosexualität" (article, on three types of homosexuality, addressed by Blüher to *Freud). He wrote an article on Niels Lynne, a novel by Jens Peter Jacobsen, "Niels Lyhne und das Problem der Homosexualität" (printed in Imago, vol. 1 [1912], 386), which was reprinted in his Studien zur Inversion und Perversion (see reference in Herzer, Bibliographie zur Homosexualität, p. 89). His *British Library General Catalogue entry reveals he used the pseudonym Hans Zelvenkamp. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Lexikon homosexuelle belletristik: fine overview of his career. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 154-55. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 42: list of his books. Herzer, Bibliographie zur Homosexualität: see index. Criticism. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen vol. 14, 342-48: review of Die deutsche Wandervogelbewegung als erotisches Phänemon. Schmidt, Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen (1984), vol. 2, 27-104 (reprint of 1913 article by Blüher). Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1896-1974. Sometimes linked with the *Georgians, he published many books of poems, was Professor of English at Tokyo University 1924-27, Fellow at Merton College, *Oxford 1931-43 and Profesor of Poetry at Oxford 1966-68. He edited editions of *Wilfred Owen and *Ivor Gurney, wrote a life of *Leigh Hunt and was a friend of *Siegfried Sassoon. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 208: poem "1916 seen from 1921", a soliloquy in which he writes of himself as "I/ Dead as the men I loved" and refers to "my friend of friends"; biog., 230. Poet and philosopher writing in English and translator from Hindi to English from the United States. Born 1926. One of the major figures of the *men's movement: see his book of prose Iron John (1990), setting out his ideas about maleness (which do not exclude homosexuality) - "Most of the language in the book speaks to heterosexual men but does not exclude homosexual men... The mythology as I see it does not make a big distinction between homosexual and heterosexual men" (p. x). The book adopts the Grimm brothers tale of a wild man's mentorship of a young *boy and Bly argues that it is the lack of such initiation that is the source of the "wounding and the grief" of the American male. Redefining masculinity is a feature of the argument, at the same time as not reviving a discredited *patriarchy. The book was reviewed in the New York Review of Books vol. 39 no. 1-2, 16 January, 1992, 13-14, in Outloook no. 16 (Spring 1992) 77-81 and in the journal Tikkun (1992), by Robert Connell. His concept of the Wild Man is influenced by *Carl Jung, Joseph Campbell and others interested in myth. A CBS television special on his views was made titled A Gathering of Men, ca. 1992. Compare *androgyne and contrast *cowboy. The role of a resuscitated father figure is crucial. The poem "Fifty Males Sitting Together" in Selected Poems (1986), is relevant. He translated works of the Hindi poet *Kabir titled The Kabir Book (1977); it is possible he merely helped the Hindi translator put this work into poetry. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1992. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Language of water, 67 - a Tine poem about the gay cultural heritage from his third play Boy with Beer; biog., 77. Critic from the Netherlands who wrote in Dutch. 1904-1981. Author of Shakespeare's sonnetten en hun verband met de travesti-double spelen. Een medisch-psyclologische studie , 1951 (study of *Shakespeare's sonnets) and Essays in erotiek, 1969 (see "De boy-actor en het travesti-double bij Shakespeare" pp. 97-102; about boy *actors in Shakespeare). The boy actor essay is translated into English in International Journal of Greek Love vol.1 no.1 (1965), 18-23. The essay "Van Emde Boas en homoseksuele emancipatie" (Van Emde Boas and homosexual eamncipation) in Gert Hekma, editor, Het oog op de lust (Amsterdam, 1996), pp. 41-47 surveys his career. Bobali (or Bobaljevic), Marinus Poet from Croatia who wrote in Serbo-Croat and Italian. 1556-1605. He murdered a man called Gondola who accused Bobali of carrying on with a male servant. See his entry in the Croatian Biographical Dictionary (Zagreb, 1989), vol. 2, pp. 44-45. Poems in Italian and Serbo-Croat survive in fragments. Text: a poem appears in Italian in Dialogo sopra la Sfera dall Mondo, Venice, 1579. His Rime amorose were published in Venice in 1589. Bocage, Manuel Maria Barbosa du Poet from Portugal who wrote in Portuguese. 1766-1805. See Gomes Viana, Homosexualidade no mundo, volume 2, p.186: stated to have been a gay *Neoclassic poet Poet, critic and fiction writer, from Italy writing in Latin. 1313-1375. He wrote Latin *eclogues in imitation of the Latin poet *Virgil; these contain homoerotic dialogues between two men. He also wrote a commentary on *Dante's Divine Comedy, Trattatello in laude di Dante (1357-62), which discusses homosexuality in Canto 15 of the Inferno. His bawdy Italian tales in prose, The Decameron, influenced *Chaucer and contains many homosexual references. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Poet from Germany who wrote in Latin. Active 1768. See * Forum 5 (1988), 42: citing Carmen in tristem obitum Ioannis Winckelmanni, 1768 in his Briefe (Letters) IV, 208 - a Latin poem on the homosexual art critic Winckelmann. Not in Oxford Companion to German Literature. Bodenstedt, Friedrich Martin von Poet from Germany who wrote in German. 1819-1892. A noted *orientalist who published pseudo oriental poems: Die Lieder des Mirza Schaffy (1851). These poems were fakes, supposedly using the pseudonym Mirza Schaffy (see Oxford Companion to German Literature under "Mirza" and see *Vazedh); they were revealed to be so by Bodenstedt in 1874. The poems are not translations from Georgian as has been alleged. See Johannes Mundhenk, Friedrich Bodenstedt und Mirza Schaffy(1971), 108 pp. Great Soviet Encyclopedia, vol. 1, under "Azerbaijan SSR", p. 575, states "Mirza Shafi" wrote in Azeri. He does not appear to have married. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Neue deutsche Biographie. Criticism. Herzer, Bibliographie zur Homosexualität, item 204a: on homosexuality in *Hafiz. Journal from Canada in English. Published 1971 to 1987. The most important Canadian periodical of the *gay liberation period with a strong cultural as well as political direction. It was published in *Toronto by *Pink Triangle Press 1971-87. Early issues are like * Gay Sunshine and from Number 25 it becomes a journal magazine like *The Advocate. It had several battles with *censorship: in 1977-788 on the issue of *pederasty (see the article in Jackson, Flaunting It, pp. 147-59) and in 1982 for an article on *fist-fucking. The poet *Ian Young had a monthly book column, called "The Ivory Tunnel" from Issue 19 (Jul/Aug 1975) and the journal has published poetry. Selection of articles: see Ed Jackson and Stan Persky, Flaunting It: A Decade of Journalism from the Body Politic, Vancouver, 1982; this also has a history of the journal pp. 1-6 and has a poem by Ian Young, "The Words", p. 63. Issue 29, pp. 27-29, has an article "Five Years of the Body Politic"; the issue of January/February 1982, 31-37, has a "Tenth Anniversary Feature". Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Boeken over Mannen en Homoseksualiteit, later called De Leeslijst Bibliography from the Netherlands in Dutch. 1983 and 1986. A catalog mainly of books in print in Dutch edited by *Maurice van Lieshout (see verso of title page) put together by the Dutch gay organization, the COC (see *J. A. Schorer) and De Woelraat bookshop, Amsterdam, 1983, 71 pages. There are English, French and German books as well as Dutch ones, and it is divided into sections under various categories (e.g. "Poetry", pp. 54-57). It gives the scope of gay and gay related works in Dutch in 1983. It was reprinted in a third enlarged edition in 1986 edited by *Hans Hafkamp and Maurice van Lieshout and published as De Leeslijst. Anthologist from Denmark of works in Danish. Active 1980. He compiled the anthology *Digte om mends kerlighed til mend with *Vagn Sondergard. Songwriter from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1944. See his "Silly Slang Song" on the compact disk Voices from the Wilderness (Sydney, 1990): this work is a charming song with puns on the word *gay. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born ca. 1972. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gents, Bad Boys, and Barbarians, 23-28; biog., 22. Editor, critic and biographer from Russia of works in Russian. Active 1996. Editor of the first complete edition of the poems of *Mikhail Kuzmin, published in Russia in 1996. It has a fine introduction discussing Kuzmin's life and works. It includes Kuzmin's most homosexual poems, Pictures Under Wraps, loosely inserted in facsimile into the text. This edition for the first time makes all Kuzmin's homosexual poems available to the general reader. Poet writing in English. Active 1994. Author of For the Love of Men: Shikata Gai Nai (ca. 1994). Poems by a lesbian to, for and about gay men; noted in Lambda Rising News (Summer, 1994). Poet from Germany writing in German. Born 1955. Books of poems: Mit der Sanduhr (Berlin and Weimar, 1983; second edition 1986), Die schamlose Vergeudung des Dunkels (Berlin and Weimar, 1985), and Stoff der Piloten: Gedichte (Leipzig, 1988); some parts of this last book are openly gay, dealing with attraction to younger men. An East German poet born in Leipzig and living there. See also the pamphlet Hannes Steinert Zeichnungen zu Gedichten von Thomas Böhme (Stuttgart: edition release, 1995), 30 pages, with illustrations (which are reproduced from drawings). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Lexikon homosexuelle belletristik: article on him written by Thomas Molitor. "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen", 165-66. * Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen, items 75-76 (books above) and 79: Ballet der Vergeßlichkeit (Leipzig, 1992). Editor and publisher from Great Britain of works in Latin. 1796-1884. *Victorian publisher and bookseller. His Standard Library came to over 600 published volumes. He edited a fine edition of *Martial in English and Latin, 1860 (repr.); this consists of translations into prose by Elphinston (each prose translation of a poem being followed with one or more verse translations, many from well known poets); "obscene" epigrams are in the Italian of *Graglia. This is an important edition which Bohn hinself compiled over a number of years from extensive material collected with his son (see the introduction). The Italian epigrams show which ones of Martial might be homosexual. Bohn, Rainer Critic and historian writing in German. Active 1985. Author of the discussion of German gay literature 1920-1933 (with a couple of poets discussed) in Schwulenreferat im Allgemeinen Studenternausscchuß der FU (editor), Homosexualitat und Wissenschaft (Berlin, 1985), pp. 187-206 (with bibl. p. 206). Poet from Mexico writing in Spanish. Born 1937. Author of a self published gay book of poems, Digo que amo (I say what I love, 1976), illustrated by G. Utrilla. Since then several other books of poems have been published. Homosexual love is a constant topic in his work. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Foster, Latin American Writers on Gay and Lesbian Themes. Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. 1441-1494. He is famous as the author of the *epic Orlando immamorato, a chivalrous *epic based on the medieval hero Roland (see * Song of Roland) and only acclaimed as a masterpiece in the nineteenth century; this work was continued by *Ariosto in Orlando Furioso. He fell in love with Antonia Caprara in 1469 in Reggio, where he died as governor, his long poem unfinished. Compare *Ariosto. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Penguin Companion to World Literature. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 218: description of *Narcissus from Orlando innamorato 2 xvii 50. Poet from France who wrote in French. 1592-1662. Founder of the French Academy who also wrote poetry. Possibly gay. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Duroc, Homosexuels et lesbiennes illustrés, 58. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, item 752 cites the article by Numa Praetorius (pseud.), "Der homosexuelle Abbé Boisrobert, der Gründer der Académie Française" in Zeitschrift für Sexualwissenschaft 9 (1922), 4-7, 33-43. Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. 1842-1918. Famous as the librettist for the operas Otello and Falstaff by Giuseppe Verdi; the actress Eleanor Duse was his mistress. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Dictionary of Italian Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amicizia amorosa, 165-67: poem "A Giovanni Camerana"; biog., 163. Editor from Great Britain of works in English. Active from 1979. Editor of The Sexual Dimension in Literature (London, 1982), 224 pages. An introductory lightweight survey of the subject in English (an exception is Peter Green's article, "Sex and Classical Literature", pp. 19-48); there is little reference to homosexuality. "Homosexuality and Literature" by Walter Pirrie, pp. 163-82, is merely an introductory survey relating to English and French. However, the essay by James Kirkup, *"Phallic Worship", pp. 145-62, is of the greatest importance. The Bawdy Beautiful (1979), edited by him, is an outstanding collection of British *bawdry, mostly *ballads, with Tine introduction, pp. ix-xxix. Homosexual references occur in "Abdul Abul Bul Amir" pp. 1-3, "Bugger's Alphabet "41-43, "Good Ship Venus" 99-103, "Sailor's Farewell" 199, "Tinker" 217-21, "Ye'se Get a Hole to Hide It In" 247-48 (*non gender specific and with nothing to suggest the speaker is a woman; collected by *Robert Burns) Poet from the United States writing in English. Born ca. 1962. *Chapbook of poems: Ashes, 1999, 19 pages, which consists of *dramatic monologues of people who have died of *Aids (review: Lambda Book Review, April 1999, 15-17). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gents, Bad Boys, and Barbarians, 31-35 ; biog., 30. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1983. Book of poems: Teach Me Tonight, Columbia, Missouri: Mercury Press, 1983, 58 pages. City and university in northern Italy in which Italian is the main spoken language. Relevant material dates from 1080. It has been a center of printing from the *Renaissance. The university dates from the late eleventh century and is one of the main universities in Italy. Homosexual scandals are known in 1908. The city has an active gay movement and is noted for being politically on the left; there is also a gay center called Il Cassero, situated in rooms over one of the city's gates in the wall. *Stefano Casi is in charge of a gay *archive in Il Cassero which has over 1500 books and 220 journals and is open to researchers several nights a week. References. Encyclopedia Britannica. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 10 (1909-10), 184-85 (re homosexual scandals in 1908). Babilonia no. 40, 46-49. Historian from Italy of Turkish literature. Born 1914. In his La letteratura turca (Milano, 1969), pp. 59-60, see "Il bell'efebo" (the beautiful youth), a brief discussion of homosexuality in Turkish *Sufism . He is the major Italian authority on Turkish literature of the twentieth century. La letteratura turca was translated into French as Histoire de la litterature turque (Paris, 1968; trans. I. Melikoff); see pp. 39-44 for the same section. An English translation The Literature of the Turks was published in Mouton in 1976. See also *Turkic languages. Poet from Italy writing in Italian. Active 1978. His first name is also spelt Gian Piero. The author of several books including the *sonnets, Sonetti maestori e sentimentale (before 1988). Bibliographies. Leggere omosessuale , item 341, notes his volume La vergogna (Milan, 1978), contains poems with homosexual themes. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amicizia amorosa, 231-32: the poem "Nel venal giovincello"; biog., 283. Criticism. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 625: highly rated. Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian or Latin. 1417-ca.1485. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 302-03: an attack on his rival *Antonio di Guido; the original language is probably Latin. Poem in English from Great Britain. Published in 1796. Mentioned in in Susan Shapiro, "Sex, Gender and Fashion in Medieval and Early Modern Britain", Journal of Popular Culture vol. 20 no. 4 (1987), 125; about men's fashions making them look like women. From The Times of 7 January 1796. Poet from Germany who wrote in German. Active 1936. Bibliographies. * Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen, item 81: Gedichte für Städter, Düsseldorf, 1926 (edition of 200); items 82-85 are by him but apparently not poetry. Poet from France writing in French. Born 1930. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 451-52: three poems on *pedophile themes. Translator from Latin to French and Italian to French from France. Active 1882. Ashbee, Bibliography of Prohibited Books, volume 3, pp. 344-45, states he is the translator of *F. K. Forberg's De figuris Veneris into French in 1882 (originally written in Latin and referring to Greek and Latin authors). He also translated *Ariosto from Italian to French. See also *Nicholas Blondeau. Poet from France writing in French; translator from English to French. Born 1923. Author of a substantial poetic body of poems influenced by *Rimbaud, he is a hermetic poet who is difficult. He has also translated some of *Shakespeare's plays and is a critic. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Active 1892. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reade, Sexual Heretics, 304: *non-gender specific poem about youth, titled *Daphnis, from * The Artist and Journal of Home Culture, 1 November, 1892. Poem in Turkish from Turkey. Ca. 1450. The work is a series of twelve prose tales with poems interspersed and depicts a world of strong *male bonding. Translation. English. Geoffrey Lewis (1974). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature, vol. 1, 161: see Dede Korkut; states the stories contain elements of the old Turkish *epic Oguzname. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition: see Dede Korkut. De Bary, Guide to Oriental Classics, 60-61. Kindlers neues Literatur Lexikon Vol. 18: see Dede Korkut; important list of translations and bibliography. Anthology in English from Great Britain. London and New York: Verso, 1993, 285 pages. An anthology of prose and poetry texts on *sodomy, tracing the trope from the story of *Sodom and Gomorrah. This is the only anthology tracing the trope through the twentieth century. Compiled by *Paul Hallam. It contains several poems otherwise inaccessible. For poetry see entries: Apollinaire (prose work), Charles Churchill, Dante, Di' bil ibn 'Ali, George Lestey, John Milton (prose), "Quam pravus est", Stanley J. Sharpless, Sodom, or the Quintessence of Debauchery, Tertullian, "Tis strange, that in a Country, where". Literary work from Egypt written in Egyptian. The most famous text The Papyrus of Ani in the British Museum dates 1500-1400 B.C. (see E. A. Wallis Budge, The Book of the Dead, New York, 1967, v). In essence a collection of magic *spells which are oral poems, dating from 2350-1800 B.C. though the work first appears in written form ca. 1,600 B.C. The work appears throughout the New Kingdom (1567-1085 B.C.) in various manuscripts. By reciting these spells the soul would be able to overcome the difficulties and dangers of the other world. All dead persons had to recite them. In Chapter 125 it contains a famous affirmation that the affirmer has not had anal sex with a man; see Miriam Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature: Volume 2: The New Kingdom, Berkeley, 1976, 127. There are about 192 spells (though no papyrus has been found containing all these) and several versions exist. It was compiled under the eighteenth dynasty after 1750 B.C. but dates much earlier in parts and relates to the * Pyramid Texts. *Magical in character it was used by *Aleister Crowley in magical rituals. Translation. English. Sir E. A. Wallis Budge (London, 1928) - translation of the Papyrus of Ani in British Museum; R. O. Faulkner (1985). French. P. Barguet (1967). References. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, vol. 3. Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology: an excellent account of the work. Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt: see Book of Going Forth by Day. Bookplates, also called Exlibris Design of bookplates may indicate homosexuality; relevant works are in English from Great Britain and in Dutch and German from ca. 1895. Bookplates are pasted in the front of books to proclaim the owner's name; they frequently feature an engraving which indicates the interests of the owner of the book and can be a coded way of indicating that the owner of the book is gay (or else that the book's contents are, in the case of those book collectors who kept separate their collections of gay books, e.g. *Raffalovich). As an example, two naked men with their arms around each other's shoulders are featured on the bookplate of the Dutch gay scholar *Gert Hekma. (There are, of course, many bookplates of gay persons which do not indicate their homosexuality.) English. *Raffalovich: the bookplate by Eric Gill for his homosexual books featured a *green snake entwined around itself (see Smith, Love in Earnest, p. 34, and reproduction of plate opposite p. 9; ca. 1895), *Herbert Pollitt, *E. F. Benson (re a book by *Sydney Lomer), *Aleister Crowley (bookplate by *Aubrey Beardsley),*T. H. Fokker (ca. 1909; features a sexually attractive naked youth), *Lytton Strachey, *A. Newman (re David J. Aron), *C. R. Dawes (noted in the *Aleister Crowley entry), *Anthony Reid (a youth riding a dolphin for his gay collection), *Timothy d'arch Smith. *Edward Fitzgerald and *Richard Burton had bookplates. See Brian North Lee, "Bookplate Collecting and the Bookplate Society", The Private Library, second series, vol. 5 no. 2 (Summer 1972), 89-92; states the Ex Libris Society was formed in 1890 and the most important collections of British bookplates are the Viner Collection in the British Museum and the collection of Mr C. H. Couch in the Society of Antiquities. In Australia, the Art Gallery of New South Wales, Sydney, has a large collection. German: *Hirschfeld. Dutch: *Gert Hekma. References. See Lexikon des gesamten Buchwesens, second edition: see "Exlibris". Bookseller of English books from the United States. In existence from 1977. Mainly a second hand bookseller, some new books are also sold by this gay bookseller. A small section on poetry is usually included in published catalogs which act as a bibliographical source. Catalog number 38 was published in December 1992; catalog 50 in 1999. The shop is *Los Angeles based and is operated by Robert J. Manners. Address: Box 17218 #LR, Los Angeles, CA 90017. Poem in Mayan from Mexico and Guatemala. From ca. 1780. These are a series of community texts which were composed and first written down in the sixteenth century. Pete Sigal, "The Politicization of Pederasty among the Colonial Yucatecan Maya", Journal of the History of Sexuality, vol. 8 no. 1, 1997, 1-24, gives a new interpretation based on a new translation and discusses the fourteen known Books of Chilam Balam in relation to homosexuality noting, p. 12, "the Chilam Balams contain sexual insults which are often connected with sodomy"; he states, p. 16, that the work contains *riddles in Zuyua speech. "Chilam Balam" means "jaguar priest". Translation. English. For a translation of one version see Ralph L. Roys, The Book of Chilam Balam, 1933 (repr. 1967), pp. 98-107, especially "The Creation of the World" regarding the androgynous creation of the world. R. Luxton and P. Balam, Jaguar Prophecy: The Counsel Book of the Yucatec Maya (1990); annotated. French and Spanish. See the editions and translations listed in the entry in Kindlers neues Literatur Lexikon cited below; it is not clear which editions cited have translations. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics, 44-45; with bibl. Kindlers neues Literatur Lexikon, vol, 19: see "El libro de los lobros de Chilam Balam". Booksellers date from 945. The Arabic bookseller Sa'd from Turkey is the first known gay bookseller. English and German have the two richest traditions. English. See *Books Bohemian, *City Lights, *Ed Drucker (pseud.), *Elysian Fields catalogs, *Gay's the Word, *Glad Day Books, *Grolier Poetry Bookshop, *Gerrit Lansing, *Christopher Millard, *F. E. Murray, *Paths Untrodden, *Timothy d'Arch Smith, *Leonard Smithers, *Burton Weiss, Jacqueline Wesley, *John Willis, *Cecil Woolf. See *Bookshops - English. German. *Prinz Eisenherz, *Rainer Feucht, *Sortimentskatalog, *Bernhard Stern-Szana. See *Bookshops - German. Dutch. 'Amsterdam has two gay bookshops, Vrolijk and De Woelraat. French. Les Mots a la Bouche in Paris is the best known bookshop. Italian. See *Umberto Saba, *Giuseppe Orioli. There are gay bookshops in Milan and Rome. Spanish. A bookshop exists in Barcelona. The addresses of these shops can usually be obtained from the internet. Booksellers of English language gay books date from ca. 1920 in Great Britain and later in the United States, Canada and Australia. Great Britain. The first so far known dealer in gay books, *Christopher Millard, who wrote under the pseudonym of Stuart Mason, seems active from ca. 1920. He was imprisoned for homosexual offences. (Victorian dealers who sold *pornography handled some gay material.) The earliest bookdealers in Great Britain were *publishers so these must be considered for earlier material. *F. E. Murray, a bookseller, issued the first catalog of gay books in his 1924, * Catalogue of Selected Books from the Private Library of a Student of Boyhood, Youth and Comradeship. *Cecil Woolf (1954+), *Timothy d'Arch Smith and Jacqueline Wesley are *London dealers in secondhand gay books. *Gay's the Word Bookshop, London (founded 1979), is the leading contemporary gay bookshop in Great Britain. United States. Gay bookshops are important sources for rare gay books of poetry, especially for the contemporary period when there has been a proliferation of works and many gay poets have not been distributed in other shops. *Victorian sellers of erotica sold homosexual books (but this aspect of book dealing in the United States has been little investigated). *City Lghts, though bohemian (as distinct from gay), was involved in the publishing and selling of *Beat writers such as *Ginsberg. The *gay liberation period saw the founding of the first gay bookshops. Craig Rodwell's Oscar Wilde Memorial Bookshop, founded in 1967 in *New York in Greenwich Village, was the earliest *gay liberation bookshop; it issued catalogs (see entry in Miller, Our Own Voices). *Boston's Glad Day Bookshop has the most extensive selection of non-English books in the United States and probably English works as well. *Philadelphia's Giovanni's Room is an important east coast bookshop named from a novel by James Baldwin. A Brother's Touch has flourished in the mid-west in Minneapolis, from ca. 1985. *George Fisher (using the pseudonym Ed Drucker) of *Elysian Fields, New York, was one of the leading gay secondhand dealers until his death in 1991; his catalogs are major bibliographical documents (relied on, for instance, by the bibliographer *Ian Young). The chain of shops in *San Francisco, *Los Angeles and New York, A Different Light, is the largest in the United States and publishes a review of new books, * The Different Light Review. Bookshops on the internet offer subject searching for gay and homosexual books (for example Amazon.com); searching can also be done on the Internet using search engines for secondhand books such as Bookfinder and Bibliofind. Lambda Rising in *Washington is an excellent gay bookshop with a wide selection of new books, publishing The *Lambda Rising Book Report (1987+); it also has a second hand section. Dealers in general erotica such as Dr Clifford Scheiner, New York, also sell gay material. Secondhand shops with mail order catalogs include *Books Bohemian, *Paths Untrodden and St Maur Booksellers (Stockton, California) owned by *Burton Weiss. For contemporary poets in general, The Grolier Bookshop, Cambridge, MA, though not a gay bookshop, has a large selection of United States poets (it has a computer catalog with subject cataloging). General secondhand bookshops should not be neglected in looking for rare gay books. Canada. *Glad Day bookshop, *Toronto, owned by Jerald Moldenhauer, is the major bookshop; it is affiliated with the Boston bookshop of the same name (these bookshops also carry significant non-English material). The mainly French-speaking city of *Montreal has a gay bookshop. Australia. Openly gay bookshops only appeared with *gay liberation; before this time dealing in homosexual books was carried on "under the counter" and in the field of general erotica. Norman Robb's bookshop in Melbourne (ca. 1950), is known as having had a gay clientele and *Harold Stewart worked there from 1950 to 1966. In *Sydney, Australia's largest city, The Bookshop (ca. 1985+), situated in Oxford Street, Darlinghurst in the center of the city's gay area, with a branch in King Street, Newtown, also a gay area, until 1998, is the main gay bookshop (it has a gay poetry section). It has a mail order catalog GR Review (no copy is held in any Australian library). Adelaide's Dr Duncan Bookshop, named after a gay man brutally murdered on the banks of the city's Torrens River, was the country's first gay bookshop (founded ca. 1972); it sold high quality literature including the poetry journal * The Mouth of the Dragon (as is stated on the inside back cover of issues of the journal). In *Melbourne, the International Bookshop, Elizabeth Street, a left wing bookshop, had a gay section (it closed ca. 1993); see also John *Willis. Hares and Hyenas is a Melbourne gay book chain with two branches. A gay bookshop exists in Prahran. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Bookstores". Booksellers in Germany of German gay books date from ca. 1979. There are five main gay bookshops in Germany: 'Prinz Eisenherz in 'Berlin (the largest gay bookshop in the world and with the widest coverage with gay books in all languages), Männerschwarm in Hamburg, Lavendelschwert in Cologne, Erlkönig in Stuttgart and Sodom in 'Munich. These five German bookshops have published a small octavo catalog of new gay books in German since ca. 19B5 called Die schwulen Buchladen (Gay Bookshops) and from ca. 1996 Schwules Lesevergnügen (Gay reading for pleasure), with introductions by Tobias Völker from 1997 and in 1994 and 1996 by Thomas Ott of Stuttgart. This acts as a bibliography of new gay books in German and it is rare. Copies are in the library of 'Paul Knobel (German and United States gay 'archives may have copies). Specific gay bookshops are not known in Austria and Switzerland. Poet and critic from the United States writing in English. Born 1941. With *Robert Gluck he published the book of poems, La Fontaine (before 1982). As a critic, he is the author of "Gay Language as Political Praxis: The Poetry of Frank O'Hara", Sociotext no. 1, Winter 1979, 59-82, a study of O'Hara's use of gay language. See also *Robert Duncan. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 347: Karate Flower, San Francisco: Hoddypoll Press, 1973. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Angels of the Lyre, 19: poem about a Catholic upbringing and another boy, "we were in love and *catholics"; biog., 237. Critic from the United States writing in English. Active 1991. Co-editor, wih Michael Cadden, of Engendering Men: The Question of Male Feminist Criticism, New York, 1991: section three, pp. 161-224, discusses gay issues in relation to *feminism including discussion of *Oscar Wilde. Compare *Queer theory. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1991. A *black poet from *New York. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 17: poem "An Exercise in Misogyny"; biog., 173. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1947-1994. Boston writer and Tine poet "who is not afraid to say he likes promiscuous sex and S/M or Barbara Streisand" (* A True Likeness, p. 216). Published in *Fag Rag and * Mouth of the Dragon. He is also a photographer. His first book was Sexually Dangerous Poet, Boston: *Good Gay Poets, 1984 (review: Advocate no. 458, 28 October, 1986). Second book: Lingering in a Silk Shirt, Boston: *Fag Rag Books, 1994. One of the best United States gay liberation poets. Latest poems: see Christopher Street no. 174, pp. 36-37. He died of complications from *Aids. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A True Likeness, 216-27: a selection including a poem about Judy Garland and the *prose poem "I am not Billie Holiday"; biog. note, 216. Son of the Male Muse, 30-34, with photo 30; biog., 186. Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, 53-56: see especially "Invisible History" re the *Nazi extermination of homosexuals; biog., 56 - states his "*lover of twelve years" is *Michael Bronski and they live in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Poets for Life, 36. Badboy Book, 53-56; biog., 183. Name of Love, 2-3; biog., 70. Eros in Boystown, 39; biog., 59. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 775-76. Poet from Germany who wrote in German 1921-1947. He was accused by the *Nazis of homosexuality (stated on an Australian Broadcasting Corporation program Sunday 10 December 1990). An actor who became a poet and who also wrote plays. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Neue deutsche Biographie. Editor and critic from France of works in French. Active 1991. Editor of the most complete text of *Rimbaud to date: L'Oeuvre-vie d'Arthur Rimbaud, Paris, Arlea, 1991, 1338 pages; bibliography pp. 1277-1299. The order of the works is chronological and the edition includes all known works of the poet including his early Latin poems. At least a third of Rimbaud's oeuvre and two thirds of his letters have been lost. This is one of the greatest editions of a poet's work ever. Review: Guardian Weekly, 15 December, 1991, 15. Alain Borer is the author of Rimbaud in Abyssinia (1992), translated into English from French, and Rimbaud: l'heure de la fuite (Paris, 1991), a picture book on Rimbaud's life. Poet from Argentina who wrote in Spanish. 1899-1986. A poet and writer, totally blind from the age of fifty-six, who was best known for his short stories, Borges learnt English as a child at the same time he learnt Spanish. His poems are notably reticent on his emotional life. The list of his publications, which included many short stories, is long and complex. In Selected Poems 1923-67 (London, 1972), see pp. 98-99 " To a Minor Poet of the * Greek Anthology" (not a gay poem but shows Borges familiarity with the *Palatine Anthology), p. 111 "A Poet of the Thirteenth Century" (*Oedpius reference in last line), pp. 192-93 "Camden 1892" (on *Whitman), pp. 210-11 "*Oedipus and the *Riddle", pp. 229-30 "Lines I Might Have Written and Lost Around 1922" (re Walt Whitman; he states in this poem "I was Walt Whitman"). Being completely familiar with English, Borges supervised the English translation of these Selected Poems in close collaboration with the translator to such an extent that the English poems consititute original works by Borges; the Selected Poems 1923-67 includes both the Spanish and English texts. The volume Dreamtigers (translated from the Spanish work El Hacedor - The Maker) includes several poems: see the English translation by Harold Morland, 1970, pp. 55-92) For the text of poems in Spanish not translated see Obra poetica 1923-1985 (Buenos Aires, 20th edition 1989 or later printing), 691 pp. (of which 312 pages are to 1967). Biography: see James Woodall, The Man in the Mirror of the Book (London, 1996). This notes his "celibate love of women" (see dust jacket); see pp. 140-45 on Borges' sexual problems and p. 154 on possible sexual relations with a woman. His closest relationship was with his mother until late in life when he first married; this marriage was a disaster and quickly broke up. He married for a second time in the last months of his life. James Woodall was refused access to Borges' papers. In the Cabiron no. 12 (Spring/Summer 1985), 15, he is stated to have been homosexual by *Scott Giantvalley; no evidence is stated. The machismo culture of Argentina, the government of Argentina by dictatorship and the homophobia of the Argentina in Borges' life is relevant. His poems can be read as a depiction of the emotional sterility of gay life in difficult times. In his essay "Our Inabilities" he discusses the homosexual component of machismo; see Jorge Luis Borges, Selected Non-Fictions, 1999, translated into English by Eliot Weinberger for this work. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Foster, Latin American Writers on Gay and Lesbian Themes. Flores, Spanish American Authors. Encyclopedia of Latin American Literature; Tine overview with excellent bibliography. Poem in Russian from Russia. Ca. 1500. A medieval religious legend showing a close homoerotic relationship between the two *saints; some versions appear to be in poetry. The date is conservative and versions could be earlier since they reputedly lived ca. 1050. Compare * Amis et Amile. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Terras, Handbook of Russian Literature. *Simon Karlinsky, "Russia's Gay Literature and History", Gay Sunshine, 29-30 (Summer/ Fall 1976), 1. Sexologist and lexicographer from Germany writing in German; he lived in Austria. 1915-1995. Born in Germany of Jewish background, he emigrated to Great Britain in 1933. In 1961 he emigrated to Austria where he became known as "The Pope of Sex" and enjoyed a position analogous to *Alfred C. Kinsey in the United States, where he appeared on television to discuss sexual matters. His first book, in the field of *patriarchy, Das Patriarchat, first published in the mid-sixties, was ahead of its time in adopting an avowed *feminist perspective. He published a dictionary of sexuality, Lexicon der Liebe in 4 volumes in 1978. This was enlarged and republished in several editions, the final title being Ullstein Enzyklopädie der Sexualität (Berlin, 1990); this is a major work, though entries unfortunately lack bibliographies. He is the author of a dictionary of contemporary sexual slang: Sex im Volksland: Das obzöne Wortschatz der Deutschen (2 volumes, 1974). This is the standard dictionary for sexual words in German. His last book, which is unpublished, The End of Sexuality, took a pessimistic view of heterosexuality and he felt that only gay and lesbian couples were sexually happy. He took his life at the age of eighty. Obituary: The Guardian Weekly, 9 June, 1995, 16. An interview with him was published in * Maledicta vol. 3 nos 1 and 2 (1979), 7-21 (this issue of the journal was entitled Ernest Borneman Festschrift); it states he buys fifty books a month and lives in the country in Austria. An Italian translation of the sex dictionary exists: Dizionario dell'erotismo (Milan, 1984). Poet from Canada writing in English. Born 1931. Born in Saskatoon, Canada, he lived in *San Francisco, 1977. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, first edition, items 233-34: A Search for the Wild, Fredericton, New Brunswick: Fiddlehead, 1971 and Untangle the Wind, privately printed, no date. Homosexuality in Canada, first edition (1979), 7: the same books (with the comment that only one poem is "possibly" relevant, "A Stranger and Genuflection" in Untangle the Wind. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 351-52: same books. Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (1984), 137: same books as first edition. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Angels of the Lyre, 20-24 (includes a poem with *Angel trope); biog., 237. Orgasms of Light, 35-37; biog., 249. Poet from Denmark writing in Danish. Active 1984. Books: Torden Fygl (1984), 89 pp.; Lyssyn (1985), 99 pages. Some poems in these two volumes are slightly relevant (information from *Forbundet). A writer who has written many books. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active ca. 1993. Geraci, Dares to Speak, p. 270 cites his book Orpheus in his Underwear (1993) which "extols beautiful boys". Gay Poetry Anthologies. Badboy Book, 57-62; biog., 383: author of one book Orpheus in his Underwear (Cythoera Press); apparently deceased and he lived in Manhattan, *New York. Illustrator from Belgium of works in French and English; he also lived in Great Britain. 1881-1953. A *decadent illustrator, he was the companion of the Flemish poet *Max Elscamp. He illustrated the English poet *Oscar Wilde's poems in the French edition and in English (New York, 1927), *Shane Leslie's work Strato's Boyish Muse (1932), Shane Leslie's translation of Plato's Symposium (1932), and The Satyricon of *Petronius (1934). Influenced stylistically by *Beardsley, he lived in Great Britain after 1915. See William Ridler, "Jean de Bosschere", Private Library, vol. 4 no. 3, second series, Autumn 1971, 103-12 (with a check-list of his publications) and *Samuel Putnam, The World of Jean de Bosschere (London: *Fortune Press, 1932). City in the United States where the main spoken language is English. Situated on the north *east coast of the United States, on the Charles River, Boston is the major city of New England and has been an intellectual center since its founding in 1620. It is the capital of the state of Massachusetts. *Harvard Univerity, in Cambridge, a suburb of Boston across the Charles, is the oldest university in the United States and many gay poets have been educated there. *Puritanism (as strikingly seen in the poetry of *Edward Taylor) has been a major intellectual force. Boston and Harvard latterly have been politically *liberal and, due to its liberal background, the city traditionally fosters intellectual debates. The city has been a major center of gay liberation politics and gay publishing in the twentieth century. In the nineteenth century, the *Boston Brahmins opposed *Whitman and elevated *Longfellow. *Philosopher poets such as *George Santayana and *Khalil Gibran lived in the city and the novelist and sometime critic *Henry James came from the city. The *Good Gay Poets are a gay poetry group active from 1972, publishing books from 1975. The first United States edition of * Iolaus, the first gay poetry anthology, was published in Boston in 1902. Important gay journals emanating from Boston include * Fag Rag (1971+), whose poetry has been characterized by the Boston critic and poet *Rudy Kikel as "fuck and suck", The *Boston Gay Review (1976-81), which contained Tine poetry and poetry reviews, and Gay Community News. The *Gay and Lesbian Review Worldwide, an excellent critical journal, is published in the city (from 1994). A circle of Boston gay poets contributed to the journal Ploughshares, ca. 1982. Contemporary Boston gay poets include *Charley Shively, who has written important critical works on Whitman, and John Wieners. The *Glad Day Bookshop is the most comprehensive gay bookshop in the United States and includes foreign language material. Harvard's Widener Library is the largest academic library in the United States and a major literary resource; the Boston Public Library is also an outstanding library. There has been strong intellectual support for *pederasty, *pedophilia and *anarchism from Boston gay figures. The * Encyclopedia Homophilica is being compiled in Boston. See also *New England Poets as most entries there pertain to Boston. Rudy Kikel, "Advantage Thy Name is Boston", The Advocate no. 354, 28 October 1982, 22-25 examines gay Boston. Improper Bostonians: Lesbian and Gay History from the Puritans to Playland, 1998, 212 pages, compiled by The History Project, is based on the 1996 Boston Public Library exhibition "Public Faces/Private Lives: Boston's Lesbian and Gay History". Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 158-59; with bibl. Critics from the United States who wrote in English. Active 1870-90. A group of critics named by Oliver Wendell Holmes, all from *Boston and associated with *Harvard University. They were both snobbish and *Puritanical, elevating *Longfellow and putting down *Whitman because of his gay content (and perhaps because he was gay). Others include James Russell Lowell and *John Greenleaf Whittier. References. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature: see "Brahmins". Journal in English from the United States. Published 1976-1981. One of the most important journals of its time for reviews of United States gay poetry, it was set up by The *Good Gay Poets collective and was published with each issue of * Fag Rag. It had long reviews of poetry by such people as *Charley Shively and *Rudy Kikel (e. g., the first Issue reviewed *Ian Young and *E. A. Lacey). Many major United States gay poets active 1976-81 were reviewed in it. It also published poems and reviewed gay books generally. All issues were assessed and relevant articles noted in this Encyclopedia. Bibliographies. Miller, Our Own Voices lists nine issues at approximately six monthly intervals 1976-81. Historian in English and Latin and anthologist and translator from Latin to English from the United States. 1947-1994. He was a practising *Catholic and one of the first tenured openly gay academics in the United States, Professor of History at *Yale University. Author of * Christianity, Social Tolerance and Homosexuality: Gay People in Western Europe from the Beginning of the Christian Era to the Fourteenth Century (Chicago, 1981), which is a major study of the Christian background to the poetry from the late *Roman period to the *Middle Ages; there are French, Spanish and Japanese translations (the latter was seen in the office of the Yale History Department; no copy was found in the Yale University Library). The Italian translation was suppressed. At the end of this work, pp. 381-401, the selection of Latin poems from the middle ages is the first anthology in Latin from the middle ages with English translations. On *law pertaining to ancient Greek culture see pp. 169-74. The book caused a major controversy when *social constructionists questioned the book's claim that a gay culture existed in the middle ages. These critics insisted that homosexual identity only existed from the late nineteenth century. A later book was on gay *marriages in the medieval period: Same-Sex Unions in Premodern Europe (New York, 1994). Interview: Christopher Street no. 151, 23-32. Obituary: New York Times, 25 December, 1994, 44. David F. Greenberg, "Christian Intolerance of Homosexuality", American Journal of Sociology, vol. 88 no. 3, 515-50 (with Marcia H. Brystyn) gives a contrary view to that of Boswell (it is by a leading *social constructionist) Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 129-30: trans. of anonymous Latin poem. Criticism. Duberman, Hidden from History, 17-36. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1947. He seems to have lived in the United States, ca. 1974, and was an *actor who lived in London at the time of publication of Take Any Train. Author of a song cycle, The Boswell Songs (published in the United States in 1987). Poems were published in * Gay News (no. 139 and perhaps other issues). Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10476: three poems in Gay News 42:10, March 14, 1974. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 354: The Abandoned Labyrinth, Los Angeles: John Parke Custis Press, 1974. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Take Any Train, 11-12; biog., 61. Poem in English from Australia. Ca. 1810. A *broadside *ballad dated by Sir John Ferguson ca. 1790: see John Ferguson, A Bibliography of Australia, Sydney, 1941, vol. 1, item no. 77, p. 36. However, this dating cannot be accepted. Ferguson gives no evidence and the printing style could be later and seems closer to ca. 1810. Text: reprinted by R. Edwards and H. Anderson, Botany Bay Broadsides, Ferntree Valley, Victoria, Australia: Ramskull Press, 1956, pp. 8-11. Botany Bay is a bay south of Sydney Harbour where the first convict fleet landed; the settlement was moved in a few days to Sydney Cove in Sydney Harbour where it remained. This poem is included as a work from the "flash" milieu of the London underworld from which some of the convict *prisoners, including homosexual ones who were the first foreigners to settle in Australia, came: see stanza two ("Now I'd have all such sots sent to Botany Bay": sots - i.e. possibly sods - has suggestions of buggers, i.e. homosexuals). Stanza three presents other homosexual suggestions ("There's gay powder'd coxcombs and proud dressy tops/ Who with very small fortunes set up in great shops" - coxcombs were an eighteenth century form of *dandy). Homosexual aspects of this poem are possible. Botto (also spelt Boto), Antonio Author of a famous gay poetic *sequence Os Cançôes (The Songs), published in 1920 (enlarged edition of 26 poems, 1922, with a fine photograph of the author tipped in). It was defended by *Fernando Pessoa, the most famous Portuguese poet of the twentieth century, in a famous article: "Antonio Botto e o ideal estetico em Portugal" (Antonio Botto and the *Aesthetic Ideal in Portugal), in Revista Contemporanea vol. 1 no. 3, 1922. The sequence is one of the finest gay love sequences in a modern European language and received its definitive form in the 1932 edition of Botto's poetry (which includes all his volumes from the 1920s, as the titles of the sections make clear). He seems to have been influenced formally by *Whitman in continually expanding Os Cançôes (just as Whitman continually expanded Leaves of Grass, though Botto's works is not nearly so long). The title contrasts with Portugal's national poem the epic Os Lusiads (The Lusiads) by *Camöes. A translation into English of his Songs which is stated on its title page to be by Pessoa was published in Brazil in 1948 (no place of publication, 170 pp.; fine line drawings). The poems here are in a different order to those of the second Portuguese edition and appear to be based on a much expanded text, probably the 1932 edition. The translation is of outstanding importance (a copy is in the library of *Paul Knobel). It is in eight sections Section 1, *Boy (20 poems), 2, Curiosity (20 poems), 3, Small Sculpture (20 poems), 4, Olympiads (5 poems), 5, *Dandyism (12 poems), 6, Birds in a Royal Park (3 poems), 7, Motifs (3 poems), 8, Sad Songs of Love (6 poems). He is believed to have left Portugal because of a law case against him regarding homosexuality (it was reported in the newspapers; information from a source in the National Library, *Lisbon). He lived in *Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1947-59, where he was a founder of Brazilian *post modernism, but died in poverty. He wrote an *elegy for Pessoa and a series of *sonnets titled simply Sonetos (1938). The volumes Curiosidades Esteticas (1924), and Dandismo (Lisbon, 1928, unpaginated), are also of major importance as is Odio e Amor, 1947 ("I love and I hate"; the title is from *Horace). All his poetry was openly gay. He was called by Pessoa "the only *aesthete in Portugal". Text: see Os cançes, Lisbon, 1980, 272 pp. (his collected poems). Biography: his entry in Dicionario biografico de autores (Lisbon, 1966), is the fullest account of his life and work to 1966 and states the translation of Os Cançôes into English is definitely by Pessoa. Criticism: see José Regio (pseud.) for a major study. Translation. English: The Songs, Brazil, 1948, almost certainly by *Pessoa is the only English translation to date - see discussion of this translation above. Welsh: see the entry in the National Union Catalog re the volume Leabhar na H-oige, 1941, 70 pp., possibly in Welsh. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 647: trans. of *E. A. Lacey. Drobci stekla v ustih, 48. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 358-53; biog. note p. 330. "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen ", 124-27. Criticism. Gay Books Bulletin vol. 1 no. 2 (Summer 1979), 21. Poet from the United States writing in English and translator from Latin to English. Active 1985. Book of poems: Epitaphs for the Plague Dead, New York, 1985, 47 pp. See the poem in James White Review vol. 4 no. 1 (Fall 1986), p. 7: fine trans. of *Catullus's poem 50. Poet from Belgium writing in Flemish or Dutch. Active 1992. Book of poems: Wie legt er mee patience (1992), 46 pp. - poems influenced by United States *gay liberation poetry. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Active 1878. The * British Library General Catalogue reveals he published a long series of books of poems 1878-1917. See also *lilies. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reade, Sexual Heretics, 146-53, 303-04: long poem "The Legend of the Waterlilies", from Among Flowers and other poems, 1878 (*bathing poem). Hidden Heritage, 190-91. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1985. A former teacher who writes for the cinema. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Not Love Alone, 11-15: powerful poems of alienation, not specifically gay; biog., 140. Poet and critic from Spain writing in Spanish. Born 1924. See Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1241: states he was a protege of *Aleixandre who wrote poems with homosexual themes. He has taught at Wellesley College in the United States and the University of Madrid. Author of a critical work on Vicente Aleixandre. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Spanish Literature. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History, 7: stated to be a friend of *Aleixandre. Poet from the Netherlands who wrote in Dutch; translator from Greek to Dutch. 1870-1943. A noted Dutch poet and classical scholar of a mystical bent, active as a poet from 1898, and the leading Dutch literary critic, who edited the journal De Beweging (1906-19). He never married. He translated the * Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, 1913 into Dutch (this may have been from a French or German translation). In Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature, vol. 2, p. 184, he is described as a "*Platonist lyrical genius" and called a *symbolist close to *Stefan George. Criticism. See Ernst van Alphen, "Unacknowledged but Elect: Homosexual Desire in the Poems of P. C. Boutens", Dutch Crossing vol. 46 (Spring 1992), 62-79; not a particularly inspiring article despite its title. Translation. English.Two Dutch Poets (trans. Herbert Grierson, 1936). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Naar vriendscaap zulk een mateloos verlangen, 23-28: seven poems from Verzamelde Lyriek I en II, Amsterdam: Athenaeum-Polak & Van Gennep, 1968 (book cited, 115). Het huis dat vriendschap heet, 39-46: seven poems 1903-32. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 274; 262 - biog. note states he translated relevant poems from ancient Greek. Poet from the United States writing in English. 1920-2000. His Collected Poems were published in 1996 Gay Poetry Anthologies. Word of Mouth, 57-60. Poet and writer from the United States writing in English and French; he lived in Morocco for most of his life. 1910-1999. Paul Bowles has had a cult following as a writer of short stories, some with gay interest, from 1950. He has written four novels, the first being The Sheltering Sky (1949), made into a film ca. 1993. He has lived mainly in Morocco for many years. The Moroccan painter Ahmed Yacoubi was a protegee as was the novelist Mohammed Mrabet (with whom he collaborated). Edouard Roditi, in Leyland, Gay Sunshine Interviews, volume 2, 182, states "He was a gay being very open" (ca. 1950) and, on p. 186, states his wife Jane Bowles "had some very easy relationships with Moroccan women." Text of his poems. Next to Nothing: Collected Poems 1926-1977 (Santa Rosa: Black Sparrow, 1990), 73 pp., is the latest collection of his poems. Only a few poems are relevant in the book (e.g., "Taedium Vitae", p. 28); several show the influence of *surrealism. He wrote the musical score and text for Green Songs (New York, 1935). He has also been a composer. French poems: see Collected Poems, pp. 48-49. Not all the relevant poems Bowles has written may have been published. Autobiography. Without Stopping (1972). Biography. Christopher Sawyer-Laucanno, An Invisible Spectator (New York, 1989); this states he never admitted gayness due to the political situation in Morocco - see pp. 295, 353. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10477: The Thicket of Spring: Poems 1926 1969, Los Angeles: Black Sparrow, 1972, 59 pp. Poet and critic of Greek poetry from Great Britain who wrote in English; translator from Greek to English. 1897-1971. He was an *Oxford don and warden (i.e., person in charge) of Wadham College from 1938 (Wadham is known in Oxford folklore as *Sodom, with which word Wadham rhymes; see the poem * College Wit Sharpen'd based on a homosexual incident in the College). He was a fellow of Wadham from 1922 and Vice Chancellor of *Oxford, 1951-54. Unmarried, he wrote some thirty books, mainly on ancient Greek literature. For biographical information see Hugh Lloyd-Jones, Maurice Bowra: a celebration (London, 1954) and especially the editor's article "A Brilliant Oxford Figure", pp. 9-13. In openly gay *Francis King's article in Lloyd-Jones's book (ibid., pp. 146-51), Bowra is quoted as saying about himself, regarding the possibility of *marriage: "buggers can't be choosers'"(p. 150), thus effectively *outing himself. C. M. Bowra was a major Greek scholar and a very meticulous one without being pedantic. He wrote books entitled Ancient Greek Lyric (1936; revised edition 1961), Early Greek Elegists (1938) and * Pindar (Oxford, 1964) which openly discuss the homosexual elements in ancient Greek poetry: see, for example, the section on *Anaceron in Ancient Greek Poetry (1961), pp. 277-85. In Early Greek Elegists (Cambridge, MA, 1938) see the chapters on *Theognis (pp. 137-70) and *Simonides and the Sepulchral *Epigram (pp. 171 ff.). In Greek Lyric Poetry (second edition, 1961), the chapter "Attic Drinking Songs", pp. 277-79 (on Anacreon's male loves) and, regarding Pindar, pp. 106-07 (on Pythian Ode 6 and Thrasybulus), pp. 166-67 (re beauty in athletes) and pp. 274-76 (re poem to Theoxenus with translation). These books include translations of homopoems. Hugh Lloyd-Jones, Professor of Greek at Oxford, calls Pindar (1964) "a masterly performance, rivalling the standard work of *Wilamowitz" (op. cit., p. 15). Maurice Bowra also published a translation of Pindar's Pythian Odes (1928) and Pindar's complete poems, The Odes (Penguin, 1969). Lloyd-Jones mentions his "gifts of swift *epigram" when young, apparently referring to poems in English (op. cit., p. 10); these poems have not so far come to light (if they still exist). Bowra's The Creative Experiment (1949; repr.), on twentieth century poetry discusses *Cavafy (see the chapter "Constantine Cavafy and the Greek Past") and *García Lorca (his book of poems Romancero Gitano) amongst others. There is a chapter on the gay German poet *Stefan George in The Heritage of *Symbolism (1943). Bowra's own attitude to life seems to have been remarkably carefree and epicurean (compare *Norman Douglas); for instance, in Lloyd-Jones's book he is described as "a free thinker, an *epicure and an uninhibited advocate of pleasure" (op. cit., p. 14), something he may have gained from his reading of ancient Greek homopoetry. Bowra's importance lies in the fact that he does not shrink from open and honest discussion of homosexuality in ancient Greek poetry, something passed over by many Greek scholars in their public writings and avoided totally by, for instance, *Sir John Beazley and *A. E. Housman in the early part of the twentieth century. His autobiography, Memories 1898-1939 (1966), is dedicated to John Sparrow. The poem *"Oh, for the sofas of Sodom" has been ascribed to him. See also *Sappho. Obituary. See Proceedings of the British Academy vol. 58 (1972), 392-408. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography: by John Sparrow. Bibliographies. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, items 468-69. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 29-30, 44-45, 321. Boy love in English usually means *pederasty but may sometimes mean *pedophilia. Relevant poets survive from 544 B.C. in ancient Greek. The word "boy" can be ambiguous in English. Sometimes "boy" simply means a younger man, though its most common usages refer either to a male who has not reached puberty or to a socially and sexually immature male, usually a teenager. Sometimes older adults use it in referring to younger males, even adult males. This ambiguity makes the use of the word "boy" in homopoetry difficult to assess: it may refer to pre-pubescent boys, adolescents and even grown men, so its individual connotation must be taken into account. It is most commonly used simply to mean a young man and frequently a teenager. Age differentiated homosexuality is sometimes used to define this type of homosexuality. *Edward Brongersma has written the most detailed study of boy love, though his work in fact barely mentions poetry and concentrates on *pederasty and *pedophilia. *Singing and dancing boys - who can be quite young - are a major locus of boy love in the middle east, in *Islamic languages. The *Cupbearer tradition, *Ganymede, *Eros, *wine drinking, *Endymion, *gazelle and especially the *coming of the beard are other major tropes. See also *erotic poetry. English: see *Uranian poets (there are many), *Men and Boys, *S. Cottam, *Ralph Chubb, *Byron, *Whitman, *Shakespeare, *Wilde. A major anthologist is *Anthony Reid. *A. E. Housman used the word with ambiguous meaning (mainly meaning "younger man"). Criticism in English: see *Walter Breen, *Timothy d'Arch Smith, *Charley Shively. Arabic: *Abu Nuwas, *1 bn Sa'id al-Maghribi, *1 bn Sana al-Mulk, *ln Praise of Boys (English translation from Spanish of an Arabic work). Criticism: see *Maarten Schild. German: *Peter Baschung. Greek: see *Theognis, * Mousa Paidike (one of the greatest anthologies of relevance), *Nonnus. Hebrew: see *Norman Roth. Hindi: see *Raskhan. Italian: see *Mario Stefani. Latin: see *Martial. Persian: see *Cupbearer, *Omar Khayyam (pseud.). The whole Persian tradition up to the twentieth century is based on boy love. Pashto: see *Afghan Love Song. Portuguese: see *Botto. Swedish: see *Nils Hallbeck. Turkish: see *Singing Boys - Turkish, *Nedim, *Mesihi. Urdu: see *Abru, *Mir Taqi Mir. Criticism: *Ralph Russell. Uzbek (in German): see *Baldauf. Chinese. Japanese: see *Emperors, *Actors. Criticism. Woods, History of Gay Literature, 321-333: Chapter 28, "Boys and Boyhood" (centers mostly on novelists). Poet and novelist from Australia who wrote in English; he also lived in Great Britain and Italy. 1893-1972. He is mainly known as a novelist but wrote two volumes of poetry: see Verses [by M. A. B. B.] (London, ca.1918), 12 pp.; Retrospect (Melbourne, 1920), 45 pp. All poems have come to light (Brenda Niall, his biographer, to the author, June 1986). Retrospect has an ambience of Cambridge and charts a love affair in *non-gender specific terms as well as lamenting the deaths of young men in the war. Women are not present and the book shows considerable homoerotic feelings: e.g., see "Cassell, 1918", p. 17, "Memory" p. 22, "Dinner Time" p. 24. See also the last poem: "Requiem," pp. 40-45, which uses the Greek *Endymion myth. The biography by Brenda Niall, Martin Boyd (Melbourne, 1988), discusses a lost homosexual novel, The Shepherd of Admetus. Chapter Eleven of her biography, "The Italian Boy", charts a late affectional relationship with an Italian youth, Luciano Tromboni, who is believed to live in Milan and to have married a woman; however there is no suggestion of any sexual relationship between them. Brenda Niall states, p.100, "There is no evidence of homosexual acts on his part, but he does not seem to have thought them wrong". Brenda Niall [born 1920] is a *Catholic and this needs to be taken into account in reading her biography which, nevertheless, deals with homosexuality with some candour. Niall's statement is borne out by the discussion of the homosexual scandal in the Anglican Franciscans in Boyd's second autobiography Day of My Delight, 1965, Chapter 15, "Evangelical Counsels", in which Boyd states that he saw no harm in a homosexual relationship which split the Anglican Franciscans; he states he told Brother Claude, regarding "the *boy" who was the cause of it: '"I thought he looked rather nice"' (p. 125). Joanna Mendelssohn in her book on the artistic Lindsay family Letters and Liars (1996), states letters make clear Martin Boyd was a lover of Robert Lindsay (see article on the book in The Australian Weekend Review, 30 November-1 December 1996, 6). Homosexuality has not been adequately discussed in relation to Martin Boyd's life and work, especially with regard to his religious beliefs which were high church Anglican (more accepting of homosexuality than the more *Puritanical sections of the church). Dominic, in the novel A Difficult Young Man (1955), has been seen by some readers as homosexual. Other novels have been interpreted homosexually e.g. The Tea Time of Love (subtitled The Clarification of Miss Stilby) (1969). He used the pseudonym Martin Mills for novels until 1934. Autobiography. He wrote two. The first was A Single Flame (1939), the second, Day of My Delight (1965). An unpublished diary from his later years in *Rome, where he died, exists in the National Library, Canberra. This shows that the relationship with Luciano Trombini, whom he met aged thirteen was a passionate friendship; there is no evidence of any sexual act between them though the Italian word "giocci" (games) occurs frequently (information from a source who has read the diaries); Luciano Trombini stated in an interview with the Australian journalist Desmond O'Grady (source not traced) that this referred to card games ("giocci" can also have sexual references in Italian; *Giovanni Dall'Orto to the author, 1995). An excellent bibliography was compiled by Brenda Niall: Martin Boyd (Melbourne, 1977). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Australian Dictionary of Biography (by Brenda Niall): states "it has never been demonstrated that any one of a series of sentimental friendships with young men amounted to an affair". Hurley, Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born ca. 1970. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gents, Bad Boys, and Barbarians, 37-41; biog., 36. Poet from New Zealand who wrote in English. 1843-1898. Author of a famous poem in New Zealand (and Australia), "Not Understood", first published in 1879. It was endlessly reprinted especially from 1905 in Bracken's volume Not Understood and other poems (eighth edition, 1928). It was continuously recited on stage, in music halls in vaudeville performances; it was usually performed by a man who pleaded before his wide that he was not understood (thereby allowing him roister - mainly drink - without allowing him to feel guilty; information from a person who saw such performances). It appeared in many collections of recitations. It was also printed in Australia in *broadsheet form. The poem has obvious applicability to homosexuality in a society where it was illegal - as it then was - in New Zealand: homosexuals could claim that they were "not understood". Bracken was a non conformist involved with the New Zealand Labour Party who married in 1883, aged 40, and had one child; he converted to *Catholicism in 1896 and died in poverty after being member of parliament for Dunedin Central (Dunedin is the largest southmost city on the south island of New Zealand). He wrote the New Zealand national anthem, "God Defend New Zealand". Biography: see G. H. Schofield, A Dictionary of New Zealand Biograph y (1940), vol. 1, 84-87. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to New Zealand Literature. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1936. The Lilly Library, Indiana University, Bloomington, has manuscripts of his 1965-1990. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A True Likeness, 228-41. Son of the Male Muse, 35; biog. 186-87: two books published, Constellations of Clover, 1973, and Duplicate Keys, 1977; he lives in *San Francisco. Fine poems about relationships, carefully crafted. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1850-1944. A poet who wrote poems on *pedohphile themes and whose work may have influenced *Ralph Chubb. A selection, To Boys Unknown: Poems (London, *Gay Men's Press, 1988), was edited by *Paul Webb with an introduction by him; see "The Kiss", pp. 18 19, "To Boys Unknown", p. 48. Educated at *Cambridge, he was ordained a minister of the Church of England, serving in *St Petersburg, *Paris and *Eton. His verse is *Uranian and was favorably reviewed in the Times Literary Supplement. He is included in N. T. Parsons, The Joy of Bad Verse (1988), pp. 292-99. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Murray, Catalogue of Selected Books, items 7-14: same books as Bullough. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 1048091: Boyhood, London: Kegan Paul, 1930, In Quest of Love, London: Kegan Paul, 1913, The Kingdom within You, London: Kegan Paul, 1927, Lays of Love and Life, London: Kegan Paul, 1916, The New Chivalry, London: Kegan Paul, 1918, Passing the Love of Women and Other Poems, London: Kegan Paul, 1913, Ralph Rawdono, A Story in Verse, London: Kegan Paul, 1922, The Romance of Youth, London: Kegan Paul, 1920, Sonnets, Songs and Ballads, London: Kegan Paul Trench Trubner, 1908, Strangers and Pilgrims, London: Kegan Paul 1929, The Tree of Knowledge, London: Kegan Paul, 1925 and The True Aristrocracy, London: Kegan Paul, 1923. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 395-406: same books as Bullough. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 48-49. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 244-49; note the poem *"Platonic *Friendship" 244-47. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 81. Criticism. Smith, Love in Earnest, 240-41 (bibl.); see also index. He published some twelve books of poems 1908-30. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1950. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Take Any Train, 13-14: a poem on *Cavafy and two poems on recently deceased friends; biog., 61 - born of *Irish Catholic parents, he supports *gay liberation. Editor from the United States of works in English. Born 1897. The general editor, with *Gay Wilson Allen, of the New York University Edition of The Collected Writings of *Walt Whitman, 22 volumes, New York, 1961-84. This is the most comprehensive edition of Whitman ever and is edited to the highest standards and includes notes (Whitman's journalism has been published separately). He is the editor of Leaves of Grass: Comprehensive Reader's Edition (1965), with *Harold W. Blodgett which is part of The Collected Writings of *Walt Whitman. See also *Horace Traubel. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors, vol. 89-92. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1995. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Badboy Book, 63; biog. 383: lives in *San Francisco. Poet and anthologist from Australia writing in English. Born 1942. Co-editor of *Edge City, the first Australian gay anthology. An openly lesbian poet who worked in the English Department at the University of New South Wales. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Hurley, Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Love and Death, 15; biog., 52. Further biographical information: see Edge City, 221. Bradstock, Peter Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1975. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10492: "Soliloquy" in Gay News no. 64 (13 February 1975), 13. His name appears to be spelt incorrectly as Bradock in Bullough, Annotated Bibliography. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gay Verse. Poet from Australia who wrote in English. 1869-1952. A writer of sea ballads and mate of *Henry Lawson. See "Comrades" in Bells and Hobbles (Sydney: George Robertson, 1911), pp. 165-66. Lawson lived with him 1909-1910, during a period of great difficulty. See also *mateship, *Roderic Quinn. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Brahman Figure from myth and religion from India appearing in Sanskrit, Hindi and Cambodian from ca. 1,100 B.C. (The date, from the date of the*Vedas is very uncertain.) The name given in the *Vedic hymns and the *Upanishads to the supreme being of the universe. The term bráhman is neuter in Sanskrit (compare *God). The masculine form brahmán denotes the priest who knows and speaks Vedic utterances. In Hindu religion the Brahman (neuter) is personified as the creator god Brahma (masculine) with a trio of divine functions: Brahma the creator, Vishnu the preserver and *Shiva the destroyer. As a neuter god Brahman also embodied femininity in sculptures - e. g. in the Caves of Elephanta near Bombay where his face is 'androgynous. The cult of Shiva shows this androgynous aspect strongly. Bengali. See *Rabindranath Tagore. Cambodian. His cult existed in earlier Cambodian civilization and stone statues of him exist at Angkor Wat temple. The cult spread as far as Java in Indonesia. References. Encyclopedia Britannica. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Poet and lover from the United States who wrote in English. 1942-1994. He illustrated *The Platonic Blow and also did strong homosexual illustrations for Gay Sunshine (see no. 23, p.14) and for Jonathan Williams's gay poem gAy Bcs (Champaign, Finial Press, 1976). He died of *Aids. For an article discussing his work see Boston Gay Review no. 3, 1977, 6-7. He shared his life with *Kenward Elmslie (see *Schuyler, Dairy, p. 304). The pair wrote Sung Sex (1989), together. He died of *Aids (see Schuyler, Diary, p. 301). Manuscripts are in the Manderville Special Collections Library, Geisel Library, University of California, San Diego. He has an internet homepage. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors, vol. 65-68 and Contemporary Authors New Revision Series, volume 12. Bibliographies. Bullough. Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10493: "Selections from the last I remember" in Gay Sunshine 20:13, January-February 1974 and I remember, New York, 1974. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 416, 416-21: I Remember, New York: Angel Hair, 1970, revised and enlarged edition New York: Full Court Press, 1975, More I Remember, New York: Angel Hair Books, 1971, More I Remember More, New York: Angel Hair, 1973, New York, Los Angeles: Black Sparrow, 1973, Selected Writings 1965-1971, New York: Kulchur Foundation, 1971. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Angels of the Lyre, 25-29 (*prose poems); biog., 237. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 741-43. Word of Mouth, 225-33. Braithwait, Richard Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Active 1615. Criticism. Bredbeck, Sodomy and Interpretation, 14-15, cites references to *Ganymede cited in the dedicatory epistle to A Strappado for the Devil, (London, 1615); see also 35-36. Brand, Adolf Poet from Germany who wrote in German. 1874-1945. A German gay activist and poet and an *anarchist inclined to the right politically. He was the compiler of the third German gay anthology * Die Bedeutung der Freundesliebe für Führer und Völker (which he published). In contrast to *Magnus Hirschfeld, Brand belonged to the group of German gays, such as *Benedict Friedlaendler, John Henry Mackay and *Gustav Wyneken who believed in the revival of the ancient Greek *pederastic eros (Hirschfeld thought of homosexuals as an intermediary sex). He was the publisher of the major gay journal * Der Eigene from 1896, which title he also used as a publishing imprint. He published gay material under the imprint Adolf Brand Verlag. He also published a journal * Eros (1926-31) - see Herzer, Bibliographie zur Homosexualit ät, p. 215. On his life see John Lauritsen, The Early Homosexual Rights Movement in Germany (1974), pp. 19-21. He is usually regarded as being in the right wing of the German gay movement. Not in Oxford Companion to German Literature. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Hafkamp, Pijlen van naamloze liefde, 147-54. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 161-62: brilliant overview of his career (unsigned). Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 43: six works cited including poems "Kahnfahrt/ Nach dem Gewitter/ Waldfrei" and *Die Bedeutung der Freundesliebe für Führer und Völker (no date given). Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10494: Inseln des Eros [no place], 1907. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 175-76; biog., 175. Die Bedeutung der Freundesliebe, 26. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 221; 188 and 194-95 (biog.). Criticism. Weindel, L'Homosexualité en Allemagne, 284: cites two books of poetry including Inseln der Eros. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 9 (1908) 585: review of Inseln der Eros. Goodbye to Berlin?, 49-54. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Active 1934. Pseudonym of *Eva Mudocci. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1971. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10495: poems in *Gay Sunshine 5: 3, January 1971. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1995. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Badboy Book, 65; biog., 384. Critic in German from Germany of Greek poetry; translator from Greek to German. 1875-1929. He wrote in two sections, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung" (Love of *boys in Greek poetry) for the * Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen: 8 (1906), 627-73, the first part published under his real name, and the second, 9 (1908) 213-312, under the pseudonym *Paul Stephanus. This is the first modern study of male homosexuality in ancient Greek poetry specifically aimed at a gay audience. The 1906 article deals with *lyric and *bucolic poets and the 1908 article the poets of the *Palatine Anthology. The 1908 article is still the most important study of the *Palatine Anthology in gay terms; reference has been made to these articles in this Encyclopedia under the poets Brandt discusses. He studied at the Universities of Bonn and Leipzig before working in various schools in Sassonia in Italy, according to Aldo Mieli who states he later became professor of classics at Leipzig: see Mieli's brief death notice in his review of Sittengeschichte Griechenlands in Rassegna di studi sessuali 10 (1930), 149-50. His major work was Sittengeschichte Griechenlands (3 volumes, Dresden, 1925-28) published under the pseudonym Hans Licht (Licht means light in German). The 1925 volume was also published under the title Lebenskultur im alten Griechenland. The second (1926) volume contains (pp. 115-210) a long study of homosexuality in ancient Greece, with special coverage of the poets. It incorporates - but does not supplant - the Jahrbuch articles which are more detailed. The work was translated into English as Sexual Life in Ancient Greece (1926; repr.) which work was also published under the name Hans Licht. He also translated into German poems from the Palatine Anthology and other poems in the 1906 and 1908 articles; poems in translation also appear in Sittengeschichte Griechenlands. The rare third (Erganzungsband) volume (1928) of Sittengeschichte Griechenlands includes a study of eroticism in Greek art and supplementary notes to the first two volumes (literary homonotes: pp. 234-37). With their sumptuous plates - many homoerotic - and fine design, these books remain masterpieces of German gay book *design, in which the homosexual aspect of Greek culture is rightly emphasized (the cover features a line drawing of the homoerotic Narcissus of Pompeii). Significantly, the books were produced just before the Hitler period, and at the end of a long period of German efflorescence in classical studies. Brandt's partner was Baron Werner von Bleichroder, from an old German banking family; he was the author of a famous German novel, entitled Ein Roman aus Berlin W (Vienna, 1908), featuring homosexuality which was published under the pseudonym James Grunert There were other articles by Brandt published in journals of the time: for instance on *Homer in Anthropophyteia no. 9 (1912), 291300 and also Greek tragedians in relation to homosexual poetry (*Aeschylus 301-05, *Sophocles 305-10 and *Euripides 310-16) in the same issue pp. 300-316 and on Homer in Zeitschrift fur Sexualwissenschaft no. 9 (June 1922), 65-74 (all under the pseudonym Hans Licht). He and Bleichroder published a Register zum Hermaphroditus des Antonius Panormita (Leipzig: Weigel, ca. 1910, 56 pp.): this is a bibliographical study of editions of the work of *Beccadelli relating to the 1908 German edition (rare: a copy is in the library of University of California, Los Angeles). He also published Beitrage zur antike erotik (Leipzig,1924) (Studies on Ancient Erotics) and wrote a study of the philosopher *Lucian in homosexual terms: Die Homoerotik in der Griechischen Literatur: Lukianos von Samosata (Bonn, 1921). No scholar has done more to reveal ancient Greek homosexual poetry to the twentieth century reader than Paul Brandt (although, at the same time, *Georges Herelle was working in French on ancient Greek). Brandt's later achievement is a far cry from the subject of his 1898 Ph. D. dissertation: the subjunctive in *Pindar. His and Bleichroder's books were sold ca. 1930: see * Bibliographisches Verezeichnis which is the first known catalogue of a collection of German gay books. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 44, 76-77 (under his pseudonym *Hans Licht); articles cited above in the Jahrbuch and the book Sappho, Leipzig: Rottbarth, 1905. Hayn, Gotendorf, Bibliotheca Germanorum Erotica, volume 9, 292 and 349: lists articles and books by him. Hezer, Bibliographie zur Homosexualität: see Index. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, items 531-35. Poet from theUnited States writing in English. Born 1957. A *black poet involved in theatre and dance in *San Francisco. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 18-19: poems "T'ain't Nobody's Business"; biog., 173. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1991. A *black poet who has toured nationally and internationally with Fierce Love: Stories from Black Gay Life and appeared in *Marlon Riggs' films. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Here to Dare, 144-56; biog., 143. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1976. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 431:The Story Teller, London: Sheldon, 1976. Poet from Germany who wrote in German; editor relating to works in Latin. 1457-1521. Author of the *satire Das Narrenschiff (The Ship of Fools), a poem published in 1494 ridiculing vice and folly, which was an attempt to rejuvenate the Latin satires of Juvenal and *Horace. The work quickly became popular especially because of its woodcut illustrations and was translated into several European languages. Section ten, "On True Friendship", contains reference to the tropes of *David and Jonathan, *Achilles and Patroklus, *Orestes and Pylades, *Damon and Pithias, *King David and *Laelius. He was born in Stasbourg on the border of France and Germany and lectured in law in Basel. He also wrote Latin poems and married in 1489. He edited the Latin poet *Virgil. Translations. The *British Library General Catalogue to 1975 was consulted. Only major translations are listed. Dutch. Jan van Ghelen (1584), A. B. (1610). English. 'Alexander Barclay (1509; very free version with additions by the translator; repr.), Thomas Watson (1517), Edwin H. Zeydel (1944), William Gillis (1971). On the early English versions see Fr. Aurelius Pompen, The English Versions of "The Ship of Fools" (1925). French. Pierre Rivière (1497; trans. from Latin), a different translator (1499; repr.). Low German. Translator not known (1497), Carl Schroder (1892). Latin. Jacob Locher (1497). Russian. A translation exists made in the twentieth century. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopedia of World Literature. Oxford Companion to German Literature ; see also the entry Das Narrenschiff. Dictionary of Literary Biography, volume 179; notes p. 15 he was "emotionally dependent on friends". Kindlers neues Literatur Lexikon. Brasch, Charles Poet and editor from New Zealand writing in English; translator from Russian to English. 1909-1973. He founded and edited the important New Zealand literary journal Landfall in the period 1947-66. His homosexuality was first discussed by *Bobby Pickering in 1982. He was of Jewish background from a rich family in Dunedin in the south island of New Zealand, studied at *Oxford from 1927, and lived in Europe until 1947 when he returned to New Zealand living in Christchurch, the largest city on the south island. His Collected Poems, 1984, edited by Alan Roddick, his literary executor, give no hint of homosexuality; but the love *sequence "In Your Presence" (1964) was written to his companion, Harry Scott, (Collected Poems, pp. 94-103) as was the love sequence, "The Estate" (dedicated to Scott; written 1948-1952), which was first published in 1957 (see Collected Poems, pp. 61-83). "Physics of Love" is a fine short poem. The article "Charles Brasch" by Bobby Pickering in Gay News 232 (1982), 31, discusses these works and cites a poem on *Charles Brasch by the New Zealand poet Denis Glover ("He was/ a non-recurring comet"); this notes that the New Zealand poet Wystan Curnow once referred to him as an *"anal" character. He took up the study of Russian and translated *Esenin's poems with Peter Soskice (published as Poems by Esenin, Wellington, 1970). His autobiography, significantly entitled Indirections: A memoir 1909-1947 (1980), was cut heavily by Brasch's close friend James Bertram (the published version is only half the total length of the original manuscript). His manuscripts, including that of the autobiography, are in Dunedin in the Hocken Library, University of Otago, where his diary and private correspondence are deposited under seal. For information on his life see his Collected Poems, pp. xi-xiv. He has an internet homepage. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Penguin Companion to World Literature. Oxford Companion to New Zealand Literature. Criticism. Best Mates: Gay Writing in Aotearoa New Zealand, 8, 11-12 (quotes from the poem "Ergo Sum"). Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1947. Fine *gay liberation poet. Latest volumes of poems: Works, (1991); Sex-Charge (1991). For more recent works, see poems in Christopher Street vol.14 no. 6 (issue 172), 36-37. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10496-97: poems in Gay Sunshine 5:3, January 1971 and Gay Sunshine 13:5, 9, 16, June 1972. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Male Muse, 17-18; biog., 118. Angels of the Lyre, 30-31; biog., 237. Rosen, Gay Life and Gay Writers, 56-57. Orgasms of Light, 38-39; biog., 249. Gay Poetry, 2, 7. Amerikanike homophylophile poiese ,13: trans. into Greek; biog., 69. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 377-78. Badboy Book, 6778; biog., 384: lives in *New York. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 735-37, 817. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1971. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 433: Bad Land, Penland, NC: The Jargon Society, 1971. Historian from Great Britain writing in English. Born ca. 1950. His Homosexuality in Renaissance England (London, 1982), is the most comprehensive social study of the 'Renaissance period since *Rictor Norton, with detailed reference to poetry, much social detail and references sourced. Despite its title, Chapter Four deals with the 'eighteenth century. The work was a ground breaking work whose bibliography shows extensive research. See 'Nicholas Breton, 'William Dunbar, 'John Fletcher, "The He-Strumpets", 'James I, 'W. Kennedy, 'John Marston, 'Richard Middleton, Thomas Middleton, '"Of the Horrible and Wofull Destruction of Sodome and Gomorra", R. C. (pseud.), 'Thomas Shadwell. His article "Homosexuality and the Signs of Male Friendship in Elizabethan England", History Workshop 29 (Spring 1990), 1-19, is the text of a paper at the 1987 conference in 'Amsterdam, Homosexuality, Which Homosexuality? The article is on the image of the male friend and the sodomite; it was reprinted in 'Jonathan Goldberg, Queering the Renaissance (1994), pp. 40-61. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Poet in English and translator from Greek to English from Australia. 1912-1995. An actively homosexual poet who translated poets from the Greek * Palatine Anthology: *Archilochus, *Alcaeus, *Ibycus, *Theognis, *Anacreon, *Simonides in Seventy-Seven (Adelaide, 1990), pp. 40-70. These translations are repeated in Satura: Selected Poetry and Prose, Adelaide, 1988 (with, in addition, p.118, *Rufinus). None of these poems is homosexual. See also "Lines to *Hadrian", ibid., pp. 106-07, re the gay Roman Emperor. Other unpublished poems from the Palatine Anthology may exist. One unequivocably gay poem was published by John Bray before his death: "Bi-sexual Indifference: Anonymous P. A. 5.65", in Friendly Street No. 18, edited by the poet, Adelaide, 1994, 13 (about *Ganymede; it is a translation of * Palatine Anthology, Book 5, poem 65). The writer was the grandson of a South Australian Premier and is the former Chief Justice of South Australia (1967-78). He was the Chancellor of Adelaide University (1968-83) and lived in Adelaide. An oral interview (citing bohemian interests) is in the De Berg Collection, Australian National Library. He was in the circle of the Adelaide homosexual poet *Charles Jury. Obituary: Adelaide Review, July 1995, 4 (by William Fleming); this makes no mention of his homosexuality but states that "during the 1940s, he came under the charismatic influence of *Charles Jury". The nine essays on his life in Wilfred Prest, editor, A Portrait of John Bray (Adelaide: Wakefield Press, 1997) reveal little about his personal life. The writer Christopher Pearson, editor of the Adelaide Review, has written: "Bray, who had all his adult life abstained from sexual relations with men until the law was changed, became a neighbour friend and lover in 1973": see Peter Coleman, editor, Double Take: Six Incorrect Essays (Port Melbourne, 1996), p. 144 (this quotation is from Christopher Pearson's essay "The ambiguous business of coming out", ibid., 139-161). John Bray's papers - occupying 10 metres of shelf space - are in the State Library of South Australia, of which he was the Chairman of the trustees. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1953. Born in Birmingham he has completed a Ph. D. thesis on the depiction of gay people in twentieth century theatre and runs a small theatre training company. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Not Love Alone, 16-17; biog., 140. Take Any Train, 15: about *cruising; biog., 61. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1978. Gay Poetry Anthologies. We Bumped Off Your Friend the Poet, 8. Poet and dramatist in German and translator from English to German from Germany. 1898-1956. A prolific *Marxist poet and dramatist. In exile from 1933, he returned to East Berlin in 1949. He translated *Marlowe's gay play Edward II from English to German. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 240: "Togetherness", a poem about two naked youngsters in a boat. Critic from the United States writing in English. Active 1991. Author of the critical study Sodomy and Interpretation: Marlowe to Milton (1991). Unfortunately this work suffers from obfuscation and a lack of clarity in attempting, as the author states, "to read Renaissance sodomy". Chapter 2 deals with *Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida and *Marlowe's Edward II, Chapter 3 with the sonnet sequences of *Barnfield and Shakespeare and Chapter 5, John Milton's Paradise Regained; bibliography pp. 241-55. The work is of value in uncovering little known passages in *Renaissance writers referring to homosexuality. It takes the *social construction view. Gregory Bredbeck is the author of "*Milton's *Ganymede: Negotations of homoerotic tradition in Paradise Regained ", PMLA no. 106 (March 1991), 262-76. He teaches English at the University of California, Riverside. Poet from the Netherlands writing in Dutch. Born 1906. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Naar vriendscaap zulk een mateloos verlangen, 67-68: poem "De jonge priester" from Lyriese portretten, Maastricht/ Brussels, 1932 (book cited p. 115). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 298-99: translation into English of the preceding poem "The Young Priest" (about a virgin). Historian and critic from the United States writing in English. 1928-1993. The real name of *J. Z. Eglinton (pseud.), author of * Greek Love (New York: Oliver Layton Press, 1964), 504 pages. (Note: the British edition of London, 1971 has additional notes in the Preface). His real name was written by him in a copy of the book in the possession of *Anthony Reid; the book was sighted by the author in Anthony Reid's library in 1988. Section 2, History and Literature, is actually a study of *pederasty which the author maintains, p. 4, is the dominant form of homosexuality throughout history. There is extensive reference to poetry and the book constitutes perhaps the most wide-ranging reading of gay European poetry to date and contains a defacto anthology of poems. The book is most important for its comparative perspective and brilliant insights about poetry (even if there are mistakes - and according to Anthony Reid, the book contains "about 200" mistakes). Valuable footnotes, index of names pp. 490-94, general index pp. 495-504. "Boy Love in Ancient Greece", pp. 230 75, relies on earlier authors including *J. A. Symonds and *Hans Licht (pseud.) (ibid., p. 230). It includes a selection from ancient Greek poetry translated by himself (ibid., p. 230). An outstanding survey of homosexuality in Europe with much reference to poetry. Translation: German. A translation titled Griechische Liebe was published in Hamburg by Kala Verlag, 1967. Obituary. See Coin World (Sidney, Ohio) 17 May 1993, p. 3 and continuation (page not known): this reveals that he was a noted author on numismatics and that he died in a prison hospital in Chino, California, of cancer, where he is stated to have been serving a ten year sentence "for his 1992 conviction on child molestation charges" and a three-year sentence for a parole violation of a 1990 conviction on similar charges. It states he is survived by two adult children. Another obituary is by Jim Kepner in One-IGLA Bulletin no. 1 (Spring 1995); this states he was married to the lesbian writer Marian Zimmer Bradley. Criticism. International Journal of Greek Love vol.1 no.1 (1965), 24-30: article "Shakespeare's Boyfriend and "Sonnet XX"". Brender à Brandis, Gerard Poet from Canada writing in English. Born 1942. Interview: Body Politic 33 (May 1977), 22-23: states he solicited the material for a gay anthology which was chosen by a professional editor (this is apparently * Larkspur and Lad's Love). The openly gay owner and publisher of the *private press Branstead Press, who lives in the country near Carlisle, Ontario. See also * Larkspur and Lad's Love and *Alan V. Miller re illustration. Bibliographies. Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (1984), 137: book Lines for the Crocuses: Poem and Wood Engraving by G. Brender a Brandis, Carlisle, Ontario: Branstead Press, 1977. Critic writing in English. Active 1997. Author of the article "Erotic and Homoerotic Writing" about Spanish writers from South America in Encyclopedia of Latin American Literature, 294-95 (with a bibliography). This article mainly concentrates on prose and women writers; the poet *Porfirio Barba-Jacob is the only poet mentioned. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Latin American Literature: see "Erotic and Homoerotic Writing". Poet and critic from Australia who wrote in English. 1870-1932. An explicit homopoem, "I mean to tell the public of the way I was undone", was written in the Mitchell Library copy of Lord *Alfred Douglas, Oscar Wilde and Myself (London, 1914), owned by *J. J. Quinn (the Mitchell Library is the Australiana section of the State Library of New South Wales, *Sydney); the poem is reproduced in Campaign no. 29, 16. J. J. Quinn later became the executor of Brennan's estate and the co-editor of Brennan's Verse (Sydney, 1960) and Prose (Sydney, 1962) with A. R. Chisholm (who however, did most of the editing). This poem is a spoof pretending to describe passive *anal sex with *Oscar Wilde as the perpetuater or fucker from the point of view of *Lord Alfred Douglas as fuckee. It is the first known Australian gay poem describing *anal intercourse and is more explicit than the only known English poem prior to 1914 (by *Rochester). *Martin Smith, Campaign 29 (February 1978), "Our Australian Gay Heritage: Christopher Brennan", 15-16, 44, first discussed Brennan from a gay point of view. The critic *Dorothy Green, The Music of Love (1984), 113 has commented on another poem "Aubade", from Twenty One Poems, 1897: "There is nothing in the poem to make it certain that one of the partners is a woman..." His *modernist poem Pocket Musicopoematographiscope (Sydney, 1981), edited by Axel Clark, has sexual puns in the wording. The poem, written in 1897 for Dowell O'Reilly (see *J. Le Gay Brereton entry), can be read homosexually. There is an obscene pun on the word "come" (which is written "CUM" in the poem; though the M is never written) which can mean "ejaculate". "See you tomorrow", which Axel Clark says is the poem's basic meaning (p. 5), read in conjunction with the pun on come, is possibly an invitation to an assignation or could be read as such; on the other hand it could be entirely innocent. Brennan wrote extensive criticism of Greek, Latin, *decadent and 19th century French poets, as well as *Edward Carpenter and *Oscar Wilde: see The Prose of Christopher Brennan, edited by A. R. Chisholm and J. J. Quinn, 1962. (Not all prose has been collected in this volume however: see the review by G. A. Wilkes, Meanjin 22, March 1963, 80-84.) As his prose shows, he was very interested in the writers of the *eighteen-nineties and his familiarity with French and German writers of this period stems from the fact that he had lived in Berlin 1892-94, where he read *Verlaine, *Rimbaud and very probably *Stefan George: see Robin Marsden, "Christoher Brennan's Berlin Years 1892-94, In the Decadence", Quadrant, November1977, 37-46; see also *G. A. Wilkes. He was certainly the person in Australia who knew most about European non-English eighteen-nineties writers. His liking for Stefan George is discussed in Noel Macainish, "Brennan and Berlin - Some Circumstances", Southerly 49 (1989) 8395, where his acquaintance with *Karl Wolfskehl, one of George's *disciples is discussed and where Brennan is compared to *Cavafy. His library survives, a rare example of a poet's library being kept together his death: the classical section is in Rare Books, Fisher Library, University of Sydney and the modern books are in the Moran Collection, Menzies Library, Australian National University. Biography: see Axel Clark, Christopher Brennan (1980); see p. 238 for an anecdote by *Hugh McCrae, about suggested *anal sex by Brennan. Brennan married the daughter of his German landlady whom he had met in Germany. He worked as a Cataloger at the Sydney Public Library from 1895 to 1909 and as a lecturer in French and German at the University of Sydney from 1908 to 1925 when he was dismissed by the University when he divorced from his wife and because of his generally unconventional behavior; he was a heavy drinker and later lived in poverty with another woman who died when she was hit by a tram. He had two sons. Text of his poems. Verse, edited by A. R. Chisolm and J. J. Quinn (1960), does not include all published poems: see the review by G. A. Wilkes Southerly 23 (1963), 164-65. (The papers of A. R. Chisholm who finalized the editing from work which was commenced by J. J. Quinn are in the Baillieu Library, University of Melbourne.) Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Poet from Germany who wrote in German. 1900-1981. *Hubert Kennedy in Journal of Homosexuality, volume 38, numbers 1/2, 2000, 61, states twenty-seven poems of his appeared in * Der Kreis from 1948. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 44: two books of poetry Akkorde des Lebens and Musik des Herzens, both Munich, 1928. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10498-99: same books. The * British Library General Catalogue lists further books of poetry 1961-63. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born ca. 1960. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gents, Bad Boys, and Barbarians, 43-47; biog., 42 . Poet and songwriter from Gremany who wrote in German. 1778-1842. With *Achim von Arnim, his lifelong friend, he collected the folk songs Das Knaben Wunderhorn (1805-08). Twice married he was one of the *Heidelberg group of Romantic writers with von Arnim and J. J. von Gorres. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 44: poems "Der Jäger and den Hirten", "Durch den Wald mit raschen Schritten"; no other details given. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10500-01: Der Jäger an den Hirten and Durch den Wald mit raschen Schritten - cited incorrectly as books (no other details supplied). Poet from Australia who wrote in English. 1871-1933. The only Australian poet to be in two gay anthologies published outside Australia (both originating in Great Britain). His The Song of Brotherhood (1896) was the first Australian book of poems showing strong overt homoerotic content: see the title poem, pp. 1-13, and "Rouge et Noir" pp. 155-61. "We Meet", pp. 165-66, is *non gender specific and see p. 135 re use of the word *fairy in a possible homosexual sense. Not included in this volume, and unpublished in Brereton's subsquent volumes, is the poem "To a Boy", Hermes (9 July 1894), 2; this poem has not been included in any of his published volumes. "The Limits of Love", Hermes vol. 3 no. 4 (13 August, 1897), 11 is non-gender specific. Strongly influenced by *Whitman (at one time he marketed a brand of tea called Calamus tea named after Whitman's homosexual Calamus Poems), Brereton also may have been influenced by the British *Uranian poets though this seems unlikely. He was assistant librarian from 1902 and later Librarian at the University of Sydney and the first Professor of English at the University from 1921 to 1933. His copy of the Poems of Whitman (Canterbury Poets edition, ca. 1886), was in the possession of his family in 1984 and his copy of Whitman's last book, Good-bye My Fancy (1891), in Rare Books, Fisher Library, University of Sydney, is signed "J. Le Gay Brereton, 1892". A work without an author titled Walt Whitman: The Man, 189 pp., with Brereton's signature and the date "Sept. 97" in his handwriting is in the possession of *Denis Gallagher (annotations by Brereton are on p. 114 and 128). His copy of *A. E. Housman's A Shropshire Lad (London: *Grant Richards, 1904) survives also in Rare Books, Fisher Library, signed on the first page. Other surviving books show an interest in homosexuality - e.g., his signed copy of *J. A. Symonds' A Problem in Modern Ethics which is also now in Fisher Library. His novel Landlopers (Sydbey, 1899) is a novel about a trek through the bush by a man named Knight and "The *Boy" and has homoerotic undertones; it is actually a *prosimetrum with poems throughout, many non gender specific - e.g., p. 53 "Fling off the threads that bind" (the author mentions leaving behind his girlfriend Marjorie). The book is illustrated. His poem "Vigil" ( Australian Magazine, 30 March, 1899, 57) was homoerotically illustrated - with the back of a naked man facing the reader - by D. H. Souter. A close friend of *Henry Lawson, *Christopher Brennan and *Dowell O'Reilly, he was involved in initiating the concept of *mateship. He was also a critic: in 1894 he published in Hermes, the Universtity of Sydney student magazine, 25 July, 10-12, and August 14, 89, "Hints on Walt Whitman's Leaves of Grass" (reprinted in *Alan McLeod, Walt Whitman in Australia and New Zealand, Sydney, 1964, pp. 65-74); this work appears to be the text of a lecture he gave at the University of Sydney extolling Whitman and sexuality as a positive force. He also wrote on *Christopher Marlowe and other *Elizabethan writers, writings collected in Writings on Elizabethan Drama (1948). The Sydney bachelor bibliophile, *David Scott Mitchell, influenced his reading, lending him a copy of Marlowe (a risqué writer) and lent him Walt Whitman's Leaves of Grass. Memoirs of his relationship with *Henry Lawson and other *eighteen-nineties Australian poets exist in Knocking Around, Sydney (Sydney, 1930) (see pp. 1-40) and in Henry Lawson By His Mates (Sydney, 1931), edited by Brereton and Bertha Lawson. *Martin Smith discusses homosexual aspects of Brereton in Campaign 24 (September 1977), 17-19; reprinted in *Gay Sunshine 34/35 (Summer/Fall, 1977). A paper on Brereton, *Bernard O'Dowd, Whitman and mateship was given by *Paul Knobel at the 1985 Gay History Conference, Toronto (a copy was deposited in the *Canadian Lesbian and Gay Archives). Brereton was a bushwalker and pioneer nudist who, in later life, took young men bushwalking with him and apparently on nudist expeditions to a place called The Cave, five miles up the Nepean river from the Nepean bridge (near Wallacia Weir). These males were younger than university students and his later married life was not particularly happy (information from his daughter-in law, Elaine Le Gay Brereton). His papers are in the Mitchell Library, Sydney, which has published A Guide to The Papers of John le Gay Brereton (1981). His poems and criticism have not been collected. After 1896, his published poetry is heterosexual in ambience, as in the sonnet sequence Perdita (1896). In Sea and Sky (1908), see, however, "Open Speech" p. 12, "Secret Thoughts" p. 35, "Vigil" p. 49, "Cling to Me" p. 50, "Stunned" p. 52, "Shoreless Sea" p. 53, "From the Courts of Love" p. 69 (*Eros trope) and other poems. A *bookplate of his featured *Cupid with a swag and billycan and the words "luf ond vin" (love and wine). Compare *Bliss Carman. His father, John Le Gay Brereton, a Sydney doctor who founded its first Turkish bathhouse, was also a poet who wrote vague poems about love: see his The Triumph of Love (Sydney, 1887). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Hurley, Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia.. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 442: The Song of Brotherhood and other Verses, London: George Allen, 1896. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reade, Sexual Heretics, 428-29: poem "Rouge et Noir". Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 268. Dessaix, Australian Gay and Lesbian Writing, 20-21 : "Rouge et Noir". Poet from France who wrote in French. 1899-1966. French *Surrealist poet who founded the surrealist movement and was, prior to this, one of the *Dada group; he was a member of the *Communist Party 1927-35. The surrealist discussions on sex have recently been published: see José Pierre, Investigating Sex, 1993 (reviewed in Times Literary Supplement, 13 August, 1993, 3-4). *Edward Roditi in an article "The Homophobia of *Andre Breton" (in Christopher Street no. 113 [1987], 17-24), has argued that Breton's close friendship with Jacques Vaché (who committed suicide in 1919) had a homosexual element (see also an article in Masques, ca. 1985). The article in Christopher Street refers to Michel Carassou's book, Jacques Vaché et le Groupe de Nantes (Paris, 1986). See Leyland, Gay Sunshine Interviews, volume 2, 164-65, regarding Breton's *homophobia (which typical for the time). Biography. Mark Polizzotti, Revolution of the Mind (1995). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Ca. 1555-1626. He had a large poetry oeuvre and was involved in the *pastoral movement: see his The Passionate Shepherd (1604). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Criticism. Bray, Homosexuality in Renaissance England, 142. Brett, Reginald, Viscount Esher Poet, diary, letter writer and biographer from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1852-1930. The * British Library General Catalogue reveals he edited Queen Victoria's Letters with *A. C. Benson (1907), wrote on British history, and published Ionicus, a biography of *William Cory (pseud.) (London, John Murray, 1923, 272 pp.) and The Tragedy of Lord Kitchener (1921) - Kitchener is believed to have been gay: see F. M. Richardson, Mars without Venus (1981), p. 122. It also lists extracts from his Journals 1872-1881, 2 volumes (1908) and Journals and Letters, edited by Maurice V. Brett, 4 volumes (1934-38). Biography: Peter Fraser, Lord Esher: A political biography (1973); bibl., pp. 465-75. Bibliographies. Murray, Catalogue of Selected Books, items 15 and 22: states Foam, 1893, was by him. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10502: Foam, London: Macmillan, 1893 (states it was published anonymously). Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 433: same book. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 234: poem "Ay Swindon", a conventional poem of the *eighteen-nineties - "You touched my sleeve, and quickly spoke my name,/ I turned, O friend, O love of long ago". Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 64; biog., 118. Art of Gay Love, 29: poem "Briseis" (1893). Criticism. Smith, Love in Earnest, 90-92: discussion of life and poems. Editor from Germany of works in Latin. 1860-1915. No German book called Cambridger Lieder (as listed below) has been found and the *National Union Catalog lists him as editing The Cambridge Songs, a *goliardic book of the XIIth century in Latin, Cambridge, 1915. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 44. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10503. Both refer to Cambridger Lieder (*Cambridge songs), (no place of publication), 1915. (This reference is probably to a text Cambridger Lieder published in Abhandlungen der München Akademie XIX, 301 [1915]: see under "*O admirabile Veneris idolum" in Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 86.) The Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, entry may have been taken from Welter whose entry may have simply been a translation of the English title into German. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1952. Collection of gay poems: Fantasy Man (1984). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Black Men/ White Men, 84; biog., 233. Poem in Sanskrit from India. Dated 200 B.C., or earlier (possibly as early as 650 B.C.). This Upanishad like the otherUpanishads is deeply *mystical and can be read on several levels: it expresses, overall, the identity of the self with the universe and the embracing of all things in one universe and is one of the best-known Upanishads. It seems to be the earliest expression of an *androgynous view of the universe which later appears in the myths of *Krishna and *Siva (see Peter Webb, The Erotic Arts, 1975, p. 74 - states it can be read *allegorically; spelt Brihadaranyaka). It deeply pervaded *Hinduism and *Islamic mysticism in India. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion, vol. 1, 277: in *androgyne article. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures vol. 1, 68: probably the oldest * Upanishad (see this entry for text and translations); it may be in prose. Bridges, Robert He was editor of the poems of *Digby Dolben and *G. M. Hopkins, whom he met at *Oxford and who became a close friend (Hopkins's letters to Bridges survive). He was responsible for ensuring the text of Hopkins was published. As a person he seems very prurient. He was also a minor poet and doctor of medicine. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Lover from Great Britain. Ca. 1606-1674. The *National Union Catalog entry states he wrote legal books. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Men and Boys, 36: states he appears to have been the lover of *Traherne. Poet from Australia who wrote in English. 1905-1967. A poet who achieved prominence in the 1940s; he was art and music critic of the Brisbane newspaper The Courier Mail and seems to have been something of an *aesthete. Some emphasis on comradeship appears in his volume of poems The Undying Glory (Brisbane, 1954). There are many references in *Austlit to poems published in Meanjin (1940s and 1950s) and in Southerly: e.g., "I know you come to me" (translation from *Stefan George), Meanjin, 1944 no. 3, 102. His first book The Merciless Beauty (1943), showing the influence of the *aesthetic movement, was published by Meanjin, when *Clem Christesen was editor. He is believed by oral tradition to have been gay though no direct proof exists at this date. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Poet from Australia writing in English. Born 1967. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Pink Ink, 242-43: poem "The Hangover *Fairy"; biog., 295 - states he lives in *Sydney and is "the only 13 stone masseur who actually owes money to drug dealers in Perth". Poet from Spain writing in Spanish. Active 1986. Bibliographies. Cuaderno bibliográfico gay, 13: Anthologia poética, Madrid: Alianza Editorial, 1986. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 363. Criticism. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1241: states he wrote homosexual poetry. Poet from South Africa who wrote in Afrikaans. Active 1916. *Hennie Aucamp in Wisselstroom: Homoerotiek in die Afrikaanse verhalkuns (1990), pp. 13-14, states he is the first Afrikaans poet whose work can he read homosexually and cites two poems from his books of 1916 and 1921. Books: Nationale en Afrikaanse gedigte in Kaaps-Hollands, bundel A. (Pretoria: De Bussy, 1916). Die reis na Kaapstatad van oom Gysbert van Graan en sy ondervindinge aldaar (Pretoria: De Bussy, 1921). Critic from Germany writing in German about Latin poetry. Active 1925. Author of a German history of Latin love poetry in the *Middle Ages, Geschichte der Lateinischen Liebesdichtung im Mitteralter (Halle, 1925); see pp. 93-96 on poems to beloved boys. This is one of the first gay discussions in the modern period of Latin poetry of the Middle Ages; he discusses *Marbod of Rennes and others. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 44: cites the preceding book. Poet and historian from the United States who wrote in English. 1916-1998. A poet who is best known as the author of the book * Dylan Thomas in America. He wrote a book on the lesbian writer Gertrude Stein, The Third Rose (1960) and the gay writer Truman Capote, Sextet (1982). Obituary: The Australian, 27 July 1998, p. 14 (reprinted from The Times ): states "John lived with Bill Read who survives him" and he was "a committed sybarite" who enjoyed crossing the Atlantic in style on the great liners. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors, New Revision Series, Volume 1. Editor, translator and critic from Spain of works in Greek. Active 1970. An editor and translator of the Greek * Anacreontea into Spanish titled Anacreónticas, texto revisado y traducido (Madrid, 1981). Anacreontea: Un ensayo para su datacion (Salamanca, 1970) is an important discussion of the date of the works. City in Australia in which English is the main spoken language. Relevant poems date from ca. 1940. It was founded as a city in 1824 and is the capital of the state of Queensland. See *Ernest Briggs, *Clem Christesen, *Ross Fitzgerald, *Val Vallis. Poet from Australia who wrote in English, 1928-1991. See his collection of *bawdry Gough and Johnny were Lovers (Ringwood, Australia: Penguin Books, 1984). The title poem (pp. 4-7), a *ballad springing from the tradition of *bawdry, refers to the dismissal of the Australian Federal Labor government of Gough Whitlam in 1975 by the Governor-General Sir John Kerr. The cover shows Sir John Kerr, the former Governor-General, dressed as a woman, drinking at a piano being played by Gough Whitlam, the former Prime Minister, whom he dismissed. He was an academic in the English Department of the Australian National University, Canberra, who wrote several volumes of poetry. See also *mateship. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Library in Great Britain in *London whose holdings are mostly in English. The library dates from 1753 and, despite having outstanding holdings in English, is perhaps the most comprehensive library overall for works in *European languages, housing many rare works (e.g., see *Digte om Mends). The library contains copyright works for Great Britain (*Oxford and *Cambridge universities also have copyright priviliges as do the national libraries of Wales and Scotland). Rare British books are held e.g., * College Wit Sharpen'd, *Love in the Suds. The library is rich in British manuscripts and has a collection of erotica, the *Private Case (see *H. S. Ashbee). Rare periodicals are held in the original (see *Der Eigene). The catalog can be accessed on the internet for books added from 1975. The catalogue to 1975 has been retrospectively converted to machine readable form. The * British Library General Catalogue to 1975 is a printed catalog of books in the library which claims to be the most comprehensive library catalog for European languages to 1975 (this work does not include non European language material; there are separate catalogs for such works which are housed in the Oriental Reading Room). References. Steele, Major Libraries of the World. British Library General Catalogue to 1975, also called BLC Bibliography in English from Great Britain. 1979-87. A catalog of all books published to 1975 held by the British Library and cataloged manually to 1975. Published in book form in 360 volumes, London, 1979-87, it is now available on computer. It is called here the British Library General Catalogue. Sometimes it is simply called the British Library Catalogue but this gives a false wrong impression of what it contains since it is not the complete catalog. The shortened title, initialised BLC, appears, on the spine of the volumes - a mistake as this should had been BLGC; this in turn has also led users and librarians to believe the work is the whole catalog of all books owned by the library, which it is not. The British Library General Catalogue, unlike the * National Union Catalog, does not include *oriental books or Indian books in non-English languages, for which see the catalogues of the Department of Oriental Manuscripts and Printed Books. Its pre-eminence lies only in the field of European languages. It is a major bibliographical reference tool which is very comprehensive for European languages to 1970. There is also a Supplement of 6 volumes (1987), which consists of "books published before 1971 which were cataloged by the British Library too late for inclusion in the British Library General Catalogue, or are reprints" (see Introduction). D. T. Richell claims the British Library General Catalogue "has represented .. an approximation to that persistent aim of scholarship - to possess a universal bibliography of printed material (albeit the material of European languages)": see the Introduction. It is the largest printed catalog for pre-twentieth century books in *European languages (compare the National Union Catalog ). It is weak on United States English language books and books from such overseas English speaking countries as Australia, Canada and India. Its great strength is its English material from Great Britain and its European language material (German and French books are particularly well representated). The British Library's General Catalogue was published in 1881 and it has been continuously udated. Items "with imprints of 1971 and later have, since 1975, been catalogued in machine-readable form" (Introduction to Supplement) which is available on *computer on Blaiseline, the British Library's computer catalog, and in microfiche at the library itself and in hard copy in two sequences (for books 1976-82 and 1982-85). The real names of *pseudonyms are frequently given in British Library General Catalogue catalog entries which are valuable records of the activities of poets and writers and give an indication of their interests. Though it is not as comprehensive as the National Union Catalog; the British Library General Catalogue is easier to use as entries are not as detailed as the National Union Catalog and do not include annotations (as many National Union Catalog entries, being photo reproduction of library cards, do); nor are holdings statements given since all items are in the British Library. Its smaller size as a book and comparative lightness makes it easier to use than the National Union Catalog. For British poets and writers to 1975, the British Library General Catalogue needs to be checked for a bibliography of the poet's published work; for more certainty, the National Union Catalog may be consulted. For non-English languages the British Library General Catalogue needs to be supplemented by individual national library catalogs (e.g., for French, the catalog of the *Bibliothèque Nationale) and cross checking carried out with the National Union Catalog. After an entry for a writer listing his or her published works, the British Library General Catalogue lists works of criticism associated with the writer to 1975. This is an especially important feature not present in the National Union Catalog. Under "Encyclopaedias", a special section of over one hundred pages lists all encyclopedias held to 1975; similarly, "Bible" lists the British Library holdings of Bibles. Manuscripts. The British Library is expecially rich in British literary manuscripsts (it holds the original of *Oscar Wilde's De Profundis, for instance). To locate manuscript catalogs in the British Library, consult the British Library General Catalogue under "London - Department of Manuscripts", and "London - Department of Oriental Printed Books and Manuscripts". Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1951. He has a Ph. D., lives in New York City and has published one book Italy (*Little Caesar, 1981). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Son of the Male Muse, 36-37: two poems including *Sonnet (photo p. 36); biog., 187. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1962. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10504: poem "Child of Darkness" in One Magazine 10: 10, 16-18, October 1962. Broadsides, also called broadsheets Broadsides, also called broadsheets, are publications of poems in a single page format. Relevant material in English from Great Britain, the United States and other countries and in Greek, German, Italian and Spanish dates from 1684. Broadsides are works usually printed to be distributed to an audience quickly. Though broadsides date only in English from the *Elizabethan period, homosexual poetry broadsides date in English from 1684 (see * The Sodomite or the Venison Doctor). On defining broadsides see Fine Print 13 (July 1987), 118-119. Broadsides are usually printed on fairly thick paper. Early ones have only been inadequately catalogued and researched as have *ballads (many of which were printed in this form). They have sometimes not been entered in library catalogs with separate titles (as they should be) and may be entered in libraries in manuscript collections. Famous collections exist and were formed of English material by *Samuel Pepys (a facsimile of his collection exists), Narcissus Luttrell (whose collection is in the British Library) and by James Orchard Halliwell Phillips (active 1852) whose collection is available in a microfiche collection Proclamations, Broadsides, Ballads and Poems 1357-1830. Many libraries contain such collections (e. g. Nottingham, Bristol and Bath Universities and the University of *Manchester in Great Britain). Again such collections may only be catalogued in libraries under the title of the collection and individual works not entered in library catalogues. Some ballads got into printed form in various collections (however, J. S. Farmer's Merry Songs and Ballads [1890, reprinted 1964], one such collection, does not appear to contain any gay material). Probably little of the above material has homosexual content. Homosexual broadsides in English. *Women's Complaint to Venus (1698) followed soon after *The Sodomite or the Venison Doctor; The *Women-Hater's Lamentation (1707), is also a notable early work. Illustrations showing homosexuality, as in The Women-Hater's Lamentation, may also be relevant; some illustrations were woodcuts. * Dr Collyer, Piper and the Baths (1823), describes experiences in a London gay *bathhouse. Broadsides have, in the twentieth century, become an art form with publication in limited signed editions on high quality paper. English: see *Gary Alison, *Oswell Blakeston, *Javant Biarujia, *"Botany Bay", *Laurence Collinson, *Roy Cooke, *Daniel Diamond, *"Dick the Joiner", *Robert Duncan, *Five x Four, *Allen Ginsberg (there are at least forty two poems by him published in this form), *Thom Gunn, *Paul Knobel, *Manroot, *Paul Mariah, *Thomas Meyer, *Frederick L. Morey, *Steven Nash, *Aaron Shurin, *David Emerson Smith, * Sodomite, or the Venison Doctor, *"This is not the thing: or molly exalted", *Ivor Treby, Jonathan Williams, *Donald W. Woods. The earliest English broadsides date from 1509: see Carol Rose Livingston, British Broadside Ballads of the Sxteenth Century (New York, 1991, p. 31). German. See *Detlev Meyer; for information on broadsides see the entry "Flugblatt" in Lexikon des gesamten Buchwesens, second edition. Greek. See *Cafafy, *Seferis. Italian. *Cesare Picchi. Spanish. *"Los 41 Maricones" was published in Mexico, * Poesia gay de *Buenos Aires in Argentina. See also *Postcards. Poems printed on single sheets of paper exist in China in east Asia as a printed from the seventh century; there may be relevant poems in Chinese, Japanese and other languages such as Korean and Vietnamese. Poet from Austria who wrote in German. 1886-1951. He is best known as a novelist, especially the novel The Death of Vergil(1945), and as an essayist. Jewish background. He has a large oeuvre. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Bibliographies. * Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen, item 124: Die Heimkehr. Prosa und Lyrik(edited by Harald Binde), Frankfurt: Fischer, 1962 - a selection of his prose and poems. Biographer of Arabic writers writing in German from Germany. Active from 1898. The 1938-42 Supplement of his Geschichte der arabischen Literatur (History of Arabic Literature), (1898-1902), in 3 volumes, and the second edition of Geschichte der arabischen Literatur, 2 volumes, (Leiden, 1943-49) are some of the most important bibliographic sources for Arabic *manuscripts (most of which are unpublished) and for biographical information on little known Arabic writers whose work is in manuscript. There is an index in Volume 3 of the Supplement. (See Jean Sauvaget, Introduction to the History of the Muslim East [1965], pp. 49-51, Chapter 7 "Literary sources", for a description of this difficult to use work). See also *Manuscripts - Arabic, *Biography - Arabic. T ranslator from Germany from Persian to German and editor of Persian works. 1806-1877. A famous editor of *Hafiz: Die Lieder des Hafis, 3 volumes (1854-60), with the commentary of *Sudi. He also translated Hafiz into German: this edition makes the homosexuality clear and was used by *Anthony Reid. A noted Indologist and Iranist in his lifetime. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Neue deutsche Biographie. Translator from Latin to German from Austria; biographer in German. 1884-1968. He translated the Latin poet *Catullus into German: Gedichte (Leipzig and Munich, 1914). He saved his friend *Franz Kafka's manuscripts from destruction (the friendship of the two men was very close). He was also a poet and Jewish (he emigrated to Israel in 1939). He is most famous for his biography of Kafka. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Critic in English and Russian from Russia; he also lived in the United States. 1940-1996. Widely regarded as the finest Russian poet of his time, he won the Nobel Prize in 1987. See the essay in Less Than One (New York, 1986), "Pendulum's Song", pp. 53-68, on *Cavafy which shows he had no problems with Cavafy's homosexuality ("What matters in art are not one's sexual affiliations, of course, but what is made of them", p. 61). As a Russian poet he was a protege of *Akhmatova. He was imprisoned for writing poetry and in 1972 exiled to the west where he was befriended by *W. H. Auden. Obituary: New York Times, 26 January 1996. Sexologist from the Netherlands writing in Dutch. 1911-1998. Author of Loving Boys, two volumes (New York, 1986-1990), written in English. This is the longest study of *pederasty and *pedophilia so far with a detailed bibliography in volume two, pp. 283-331. It has the most detailed and up to date bibliography on its subject ever compiled, though it is weak on literary items, especially poetry. In volume one see especially "History and Ethnology of *Boy Love" pp. 77-91 and "Rites of initiation" pp. 158-71. The work was reviewed in Paidika vol. 2 no. 3 (Spring 1991), 62-66. An abridged version of the first volume was published in Dutch in 1987, titled Jongensliefde; a second volume was published in 1993. A shorterned version of the work in English titled Boylovers and Their Influence on Boys (13 pp.) is available on the internet. The author, a Senator in the upper house of the Dutch parliament, was imprisoned for ten months in 1950-51, at the age of 39, for homosexual relations with a sixteen year old youth under a law he helped repeal in 1971. At the time of his imprisonment he was a well known jurist and member of the Upper House. He was later knighted by the Dutch queen in 1975. He used the pseudonym O. Brunoz under which he wrote a book in French, Pedofilie, 1960, not listed in his bibliography above; the pseudonym is disclosed in *Rob Tielman, Homoseksualiteit in Nederland (1982) p. 306 and the work is translated into English in Paidika no. 12. He held a Ph. D. awarded in 1940 whose subject was the development of a corporatist society in Salazar's Portugal. In 1970 under his own name he published Das verfehmte Geschlecht (The outlawed sex). He co-edited Male Intergenerational Intimacy: Historical, Socio-Psychological and Legal Perspectives, 1991 (also published as volume 20, numbers 1-2 of the Journal of Homosexuality, 1990). He had to go into hiding at the age of 85 due to public hysteria over *pedophilia. He was a noted collector of gay books and set up the Brongersma Foundation. He wrote a series of articles on *boy love in the journal OK (formerly Martijn), 1986-87. The fact that he is not particularly interested in poetry (*Anthony Reid; letter to the author 1994) explains the scarcity of poetry references in his works, which nevertheless remain very important bibliographically, historically and sociologically. Obituary: Journal of Homosexuality, vol. 37 no. 4 (1997), xxi-xxiv (by Jan Schuijer, former member of the Committee on Legislation of The Netherlands Society for Gay Integration, COC). In failing health, he ended his life in the spring of 1998 with the help of his doctor. Bronk, William A poet hailed as a major poet late in his lifetime. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Literary Biography, volume 165. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Word of Mouth, 13-19. Critic from the United States writing in English. Born 1949. Author of Culture Clash: The Making of *Gay Sensibility (1983), a work which is an attempt at defining gay sensibility. The book refers to *Noel Coward, *Harold Acton, *Cole Porter, *Edward Carpenter, *Oscar Wilde. He is the longtime lover of the poet *Walta Borawski (see his entry). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Poet from the United States, writing in English. Active before 1967. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10505-07: refers to a typescript of his Collected Poems in the James Kepner Archives and poems in Pursuit and Symposium 2: 29, 39, June 1967, and 1: 21, 22, 35, 36, MarchApril 1966 (two poems are reprinted in One Magazine 15: 2, 15 March-April 1972). Poet from Italy writing in Italian. 1503-1572. An Italian artist whose male nudes are homoerotic. See Deborah Parker, Bronzino: Renaissance painter as poet, Cambridge, UK, 2001. Text: see the edition of the burlesque poems by Franca Petrucci, Rime in buria(Rome: Instituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, 1988). There are nineteenth century editions of the lyric poems. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 290. Gay Histories and Cultures. Criticism. Mayne, The Intersexes, 392. See Emmanual Cooper, The Sexual Perspective (1988), 16 regarding *sonnets inspired by the homosexual artist Pontormo's death; Bronzino was a favorite pupil of Pontormo. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1614. A close friend of *William Browne and *George Wither and a *pastoral poet. Criticism. Norton, Homosexual Literary Tradition, 210-11: re his * Eclogues (1614), where he sings a paen to "My loved Willy". Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1928-1961. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 462: Six Poems, Oxford, privately printed, 1928. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 455-61: the same book and lists several novels. Poet and letter writer from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1887-1915. Rupert Brooke, blond and goodlooking, was regarded as the most handsome man in Great Britain and died in Greece of blood poisoning en route to Gallipoli in Turkey in World War One. He became a cult figure after his death: the handsome poet who had given his life for his country - but more than this he characterized the youthful glory that a nation sacrificed in war (lack of preparedness had seen many young men killed since their leaders were antiquated military men who had not forseen the havoc machine guns would cause). Educated at 'Cambridge, he was a leading member of the 'Georgian school from the publication of his Poems in 1911. These were immensely popular and had a photograph of the poet on the cover in later editions. A famous poem is "The Old Vicarage, Grantchester", which expresses quintessential feelings about Englishness. There is a brilliant homosexual parody of his poetry by 'Philip Bainbrigge (in particular the fifth sonnet from the sequence 1914, titled "The Soldier " and beginning "If I should die think only this of me", a work which made Rupert Brooke very famous). His Collected Poems (1918), were edited by 'Edward Marsh and were immensely popular going through many reprintings. His relations with women were unsatisfactory and he had sex with men. His Letters were published in 1968. Especially important is a letter to James Strachey, the brother of 'Lytton Strachey, admitting he had anal sex with a man (James Strachey, who later married a woman but was then homosexual, had fallen in love with him: see Michael Holroyd, Lytton Strachey: The New Biography, 1994, pp. 179, 184, 212). The letter to James Strachey is not in the Letters but is quoted in Paul Delany, The Neo-Pagans: Love and *Friendship in the Rupert Brooke Circle (1987), pp. 77-81. The correspondence is in Friends and Apostles: The correspondence of James Strachey and Rupert Brooke 1905-1914, edited by Keith Hale, 1999 (reviewed in Gay Times, March 1999, 73, by Philip Hoare - cites a letter of 1912 when Brooke states he first had homosexual sex at the age of twenty-two). He has been accused of homosexual dilettantism and was certainly narcissistic. Michael Holroyd, in Lytton Strachey: The New Biography (1994), pp. 238-40 discusses his sexuality, including the fact that he "found it easier to have erections with men than women" (p. 240). There is evidence he may have had sexual relations with a woman in the South Pacific and had a child by her. His exact sexuality is hard to determine. In Letters (1968), see pp. 172-73, letter to Erica Cotterill; on p.173 he states "As for people in love with people of the same sex as themselves, I know all about it, & will tell you sometime." Biography: two earlier biographies by 'Christopher Hassall and 'John Lehmann are not satisfactory and material has been omitted from scrutiny: see the review by 'Peter Parker in ' Gay News no. 198 (1980), 21. 'Edward Marsh published a sentimental memoir of the poet in 1918. Nigel Jones, Rupert Brooke: Life, death and myth, 1999, is more satisfactory in dealing with Brooke's 'bisexuality. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 66, 74 ("Fragment": noting the "link'd beauty of bodies" in his male friends); biog., 229. Criticism. Caesar, Taking it like a man: Suffering, sexuality and the War Poets, 14-59. Poet from Canada writing in English. Active 1971. See *East West Passage. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, first edition, item 323: Ranyi Virshyi, Toronto: Pellmell Press, 1971. Homosexuality in Canada, first edition (1979), 7: noting the sex of subject is unclear in Ranyi Virshiy. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 463. Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (1984), 137. All four entries refer to the same book. Poet from the Unted States writing in English. Born 1947. He has travelled extensively and in 1974 lived in *San Francisco where he was helping *Harold Norse with his journal Bastard Angel. He has published in *Fag Rag and *Gay Sunshine. A review of his book Limbo Palace appears in Boston Gay Review no. 7-8 (1980), 16-17. He writes open erotic gay poems. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Angels of the Lyre, 32-34; biog., 238. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 743-44. English poet and translator from Greek to English from Great Britain; he also lived in Italy. Ca. 1860-1929. John Ellingham Brooks spent his life translating Greek *epigrams into English. The translations never appeared and the manuscript seems to have been *lost. However, some epigrams were published in *Norman Douglas's Birds and Beasts of the *Greek Anthology (1937; repr. 1974); with bibl., p. 135. This work has poetry translations by Brooks scattered throughout to whom Norman Douglas dedicated it; most refer to birds or mammals but two, on pp. 44 and 122, are homopoems. See also *Richard Aldington, Pinorman, 1954, p. 177, for a poem from Birds and Beasts of the Greek Anthology with some applicability. He was known to be gay and was married to the lesbian artist Romaine Brooks, spending much of his life on the Italian island of *Capri, near Naples, where he died. See James Money, Capri (London, 1986), p. 54, on his affair with *Somerset Maugham and p. 129 regarding Greek epigrams and sonnets of the French symbolist poet Heredia. *Giuseppe Orioli has a portrait of him in Adventures of a Bookseller (London, 1938), 258-60; this mentions various books he had published as well as translations from Moschus, from *Meleager, "from a dozen Greek writers" (p. 259) and from Latin, Italian and French. His affair with *Somerset Maugham occurred when Maugham was sixteen and Brooks was 26: see Ted Morgan, Maugham, (1980), pp. 23-24 and the index. On Brooks's life, see Meryle Secrest, Between Me and Life: A Biography of Romaine Brooks (London, 1976), pp. 127 (his early life), 300 (his death and the final rejection of the Greek epigrams by a publisher), 414 (text of "Poem: Festival of San Costanzo - An Island Carnival" - about Capri). Brother Songs: A Male Anthology of Poetry Anthology in English from the United States. Minneapolis: Holy Cow! Press, 1979, 118 pages. Compiled by Jim Perlman. There are four sections: Section 1, Poems about Fathers, 2, Poems for Sons, 3, Poems about Brothers, 4, Poems for Friends and Lovers. Contributors to Section 4, Poems for Friends and Lovers are: Jon Anderson, Barney Bush - possibly relevant (*Cowboys), Stephen Dunn, *Rafael Jesus Gonzalez, S. Lewandowski, *Paul Mariah, Ralph J. Mills, Peter Mladinic, James Moore, *Moses Ibn Ezra, *Robert Peters, *Carl Rakosi, *"Song for Meeting a Friend" (from the Náhuatl language), Gerald Stern, James L. White. Only those poets or poems have been cross referenced when the poet is known to be gay or the poem is a homosexual poem. This is a popular anthology which has gone into four printings; it explores the boundaries between homoeroticsim and the non homoerotic and in Section 4 these boundaries are not clear: see Jon Anderson's poem pp. 95-96. The work was a significant book for the emerging *men's movment. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 3001. Anthology in English from the United States. Boston: Alyson, 1991, 274 pages; bibliography of contemporary black gay writings, pp. 263-69; biographical notes on contributors, pp. 270-74. It was compiled by *Essex Hemphill who wrote the important introduction, pp. xv-xxxi. It is an anthology of poetry and prose with important critical essays. The poems are interspersed with the fiction. Overall it is outstanding in the choice of both literary works and essays. Poets (see entries): Carlyle R. Black pp. 187-88, Rory Buchanan pp. 7-8, Don Charles p. 60, Melvin Dixon pp. 145-47, David Frechette pp. 61, 119-20, D. Rubin Green pp. 62-63, Craig G. Harris pp. 148-54, Essex Hemphill pp. 57-58, 75-83, 110-12, Alan Miller pp. 28-30, 72-73, Craig Reynolds pp. 142-43, Marlon Riggs pp. 200-05, Lamont B. Steptoe p. 51, Adrian Stanford pp. 2, 74, 84, 166 (prose poem), Donald Woods pp. 64-67, 87-89, 162-64, Vega (pseud.) p.106, Wrath (pseud.) pp. 108-09. Section 4, The Absence of Fear, pp. 166-262, contains several essays and interviews notably, pp. 174-180 Essex Hemphill interviewing *Isaac Julien on his film Looking for *Langston [Hughes], pp. 181-83 Essex Hemphill's essay "Undressing Icons", pp. 184-86 Joseph Beam on James Baldwin, pp. 189-99 *Ron Simmons, " Tongues Untied: an Interview with *Marlon Riggs", pp. 21128 Ron Simmons, "Some thoughts on the challenges facing black gay intellectuals (including a major discussion of *Amiri Baraka pp. 217-21)", pp. 229-52 *Charles I. Nero, "Toward a black gay *aesthetic", pp. 261-62 Joseph Beam, "Making Ourselves from Scratch", pp. 263-69 *Robert Reid-Pharr, "Books, journals and periodicals by black gay authors and publishers". There is a note on Joseph Beam on p. vii. See the article in Lambda Book Report vol. 2 no. 10 (1991), 8-10, which is an interview with Essex Hemphill. Poet, diarist, film maker and autobiographer from the United States writing in English. Born 1913. A gay poet who believes in the sacredness of the body. His gay poetry from Graffiti for the Johns of Heaven (1982) onwards is outstanding (this book was reviewed in The Advocate no. 353, 14 October, 1982). Hooplas (1989), is a series of festive tributes to friends. His lover from 1983 is Joel Singer. Four tapes of him reading have been made. Later books and tapes are reviewed in James White Review vol. 5 no. 2, 15, by Bryan [Brian?] *Monte. Packing up for Paradise, 1997 reprinted seventy percent of his published poetry (review: James White Review, no. 56, summer 1998, 22, by *George Klawitter). He lives in *San Francisco and has made some twenty-two films. His selected poems are titled Special Deliveries: New and Selected Poems (1990); reviewed in James White Review vol. 9 no. 1, p. 16, and in Lambda Book Report vol. 2 no. 7 (1990), 22. Autobiography: Coming Unbuttoned, San Francisco, 1993 (review: James White Review, vol. 11 no. 3, spring 1994, 21 by Jim Cory). Diary. See The Androgyne Journal (1977): a selection from his journal for a few months. Manuscripts are in the *San Francisco Public Library. Interviews: Advocate no. 379, 27 October, 1983, 49-51 and no. 486, 24 November 1987, 54-58, and Leyland, Gay Sunshine Interviews, volume 2, pp. 23-38. Criticism: see *Neeli Cherkovski. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Dictionary of Literary Biography. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Gay Histories and Cultures. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 47576: A Long Undressing: Collected Poems 1949-1969, New York: Jargon Society, 1971 and Odes for Odd Occasions: San Francisco: *Manroot, 1977. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Fra mann til mann, 55-56. Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, 60-64; biog., 60. Badboy Book, 79; biog., 384. Eros in Boystown, 53; biog., 59. A Day for a Lay, 59-63. Word of Mouth, 7-12. Poet from New Zealand writing in English. Active 1999. He lives in Auckland. Gay Poetry Anthologies. When Two Men Embrace, 11-12: a poem about being in bed with a lover; biog., 47. Poet, biographer, book collector and editor from Great Britain who wrote in English; he also lived in Italy. 1854-1926. His poetry, notably the poem "Bored", makes clear he was openly homosexual: this poem, about a social gathering, concludes "I liked their footman, John, the best." His only volume Drift, published in *Venice, in 1900 - in a country where male homosexuality was legal at a time when homosexual acts were illegal in Great Britain - was only circulated privately in a few copies. (There appears to have been a London printing also of 1900: see Bibliographies below.) He was a close friend of John Addington Symonds who stayed with him in his house in Venice at 560 Zattere when he made his yearly visit to Venice (see *Robert L. Peters, Letters of John Addington Symonds, 1967, vol. 1, p. 46). The literary executor of Symonds, he wrote a life of Symonds based on Symonds's autobiography, published in 1895 in two volumes, which he censored; he also edited Symonds's Letters and Papers (1923). See *Phyllis Grosskuth, John Addington Symonds (1964), regarding his being executor of the papers of Symonds. He was responsible for an embargo on the publication of Symonds's autobiography, the text of which was not published until much later. As a collector, see the sale catalog of his books at Sothebys 21 February, 1927: this included books by authors such as *Alfred Douglas (e.g., the 1896 *Mercure de France edition, Poems, with manuscript material). He wrote several books on Venice including a work on the history of printing in the city, The Venetian Printing Press (London, 1891). He appears to have lived in *Venice from about 1880. Bibliographies. Murray, Catalogue of Selected Books, item 16: Drift, London: Grant Richards, 1900. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10514: same book. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 485: Drift: Verses, London: *Grant Richards, 1900. Read, Sexual Heretics, 453: poem "Bored" (from Drift). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Hidden Heritage, 198. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 236-37. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 72; biog., 118: notes Drift was published in Venice in an edition of 60 copies; the book is very rare. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 105. Criticism. Smith, Love in Earnest, 107-10; bibl. 241-2. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1893. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reade, Sexual Heretics, 306-07: poem "We Have Forgot", from Verses, 1893; *non gender specific. Criticism. Bartlett, Who Was That Man?, 116. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Born ca. 1898. Book of poems: Dies Heroica: War Poems: 1914-1918 (1918). Educated at *Cambridge, he was an officer in the war. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 64-65, 173-74, 176 ("The Dead Lover" - strongly homosexual if addressed to a man, which it seems to be); biog., 231. Poet from Australia writing in English. Born 1944. In Selected Poems (Mackay, Queensland: Seaforth Press, 1984), see the poems "Midday Sunlanding Special", p. 30, "I want to be straight", p. 36. Reference: *Austlit records 124793, 124803. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active before 1992. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 555. Critic and historian of Persian and Turkish poetry from Great Britain who wrote in English; translator from Persian to English. 18621926. E. G. Browne was the foremost British authority on Persian literature of his time. He visited Iran 1887-88, then was appointed lecturer in Persian at Cambridge in 1888, where he remained until his death, becoming Professor of Arabic in 1902. He is most famous for his A Literary History of Persia until the time of Firdausi, 4 volumes (London, 1902-24), and was equally proficient in Arabic, Persian and Turkish. He wrote the travel book A Year Among the Persians (1893); see this work (Cambridge, UK, 1927 edition), p. 96 where he speaks of *Shiraz as a hotbed of vice where *dancing boys are greeted with rapturous applause; see also pp. 319-21 where a guest tries to kiss one. He published two volumes of translations from Perisan poetry: A Persian Anthology (1927), 168 pages, and Poems from the Persian (1927), 31 pp. In relation to Turkish poetry, he completed *E. J. W. Gibb's History of Ottoman Poetry, 5 volumes, after the publication of Volume 1, which was written by Gibb in 1901; his volumes openly deal with homosexuality - e.g. see his discussion of *Fadil Bey. He married in 1906. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography. Encyclopedia Iranica. Philosopher from Great Britain writing in English. 1605-1682. Famous English prose writer and sometime philosopher. His well-known Urn Burial and other works were written for close friends. He married. See *friendship. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Iolaus (1902), 144: "I never yet cast a true affection on a woman; but i have loved my friend as I do virtue, my soul, my God..." (from Religio Medici, 1642). Iolaus (1935), 231-33: essay on friendship. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 192-94. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Ca. 1590-1643. A *pastoral poet of the school of *Spenser. He attended Oxford. See also *Michael Drayton. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Handbook of Elizabethan and Stuart Literature. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 488: Britannia's Pastorals, London: for Geo. Norton, 1613. Criticism. Norton, Homosexual Literary Tradition, 206-10: re descriptions of beautiful youths in Britannia's Pastorals and states his elegies in The Shepherd's Pipe with *George Wither. Poet, letter writer and autobiographer from Great Britain writing in English; he also wrote poems in Italian, French and Latin. 1B37-1923. A teacher at 'Eton who was dismissed for homosexuality with a pupil, George Curzon (later viceroy of India 1B9B-19Q5, Chancellor of 'Oxford and foreign secretary 1919-1924; see his entry in Encyclopædia Britannica). Oscar Browning then became a don at King's College Cambridge where he significantly reformed and reorganized the college, lectured and wrote books on European history and taught *Robert Ross; his portrait by Ignazio Zuloaga is in the dining hall. A huge volume of his letters survive, since he was a prolific letter writer; he also kept all letters sent to him (about 50,000 letters sent and received are in existence). His papers are at King's College Cambridge. He wrote many books on history and died in Rome, having left Great Britain to live in Italy. Biography: see Ian Anstruther, Oscar Browning: a biography (1983); bibl. pp. 198-203; see Chapter 5, "Greek love and George Curzon" on his dismissal from Eton; pp. 175, 178-79 quote from poems (on p. 179 the author states he wrote of love in Italian, French and Latin, and his Latin poetry includes "an ode in Horatian *Alcaics to The Penis", here partly translated). On p. 175 the draft poem "To F. W. Cornish: Vice Provost of Eton College" is an openly gay poem ("We strove and quarrelled, fought and kissed,/ And not a fount of joy was missed. ") These poems were previously unpublished. Richard Ellmann, Oscar Wilde (1987), p. 17 refers to poems written as a child. He was a friend of *Oscar Wilde and one of the most prolific letter wrters ever. His autobiography, published in 1910, was titled Memories of Sixty Years at Eton, Cambridge and elsewhere; this features a frontispiece portrait of him by *Simeon Solomon and a photograph of him with George Curzon. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English; he later lived in Italy. 1812-1889. A *Victorian poet married to Elizabeth Barrett Browning in spite of her father's overwhelming objections. Their elopement in 1846 from her father's control was a famous incident in Victorian literary life; she was at the time much better known as a poet than he was. They lived in *Florence until her death in 1861. Browning was renowned for his devotion to his wife but "May and Death" is a strong poem of loss addressed to a man, Charles. The Charles of this poem is his cousin James Silverthorne, who died in 1852 shortly before the poem was written (see The Poems, 2 volumes, edited by J. Pettigrew [New Haven, 1981], volume 1, 1160). The lyrics "Meeting at Night, Parting at Morning" and "Two in the Compagna" are *non-gender specific; "Parting at Morning" may be written in the persona of a woman but there is nothing to indicate this in the poem. *Alfred Domett's friendship with Browning was very close and strongly affectional and Browning wrote two poems "Waring" and "The Guardian Angel" about it. Browning's poetry is extensively concerned with Italian subjects. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Ioläus (1902), 174: the poem "May and Death". Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 240: "May and Death". Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 51: from "Waring" and "May and Death"; biog. note, 116 - about the poem "Waring" being "about a romantic friend" and the poem "Saul" (on the Hebrew figures *David and Saul). Songwriter from France who wrote in French. 1851-1925. A collector of French street songs: see Dans la rue (In the street), 2 volumes (Paris, 1889 and 1895; reprinted as Chansons et monologues, Paris, 1896, 120 pp.). In the 1976 Paris reprint titled Dans la Rue, see volume 1, 17-19 "Chanson des Michetons" (illustration of dandy type males), 144-45 and volume 2, 45-46 (male bonding). See also Jesus Christ. Not in Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1010: states he refers to songs about boy *prostitutes sung in the Moulin Rouge (in the article "Poetry"). Editor from Great Britain of works in English. Born 1871. Bibliographies. Murray, Catalogue of Selected Books, item 52: Oxford Verses, edited by Rosslyn Bruce, 1894. Criticism. Smith, Love in Earnest, 52-53 and 242: editor of Oxford Verses, Oxford and London, 1894, xviii, 80 pp., which included four poems by *George G. S. Gillett. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1906. The pseudonym of *Richard Bruce Nugent, a *black poet from *Harlem whose fine homoerotic *prose poem, "Smoke *Lilies and Jade" was published in the rare journal Fire! (1926) (which journal appeared for one issue only). A copy of this issue is held in the Humanities Research Center (source: The Advocate no. 378, 13 October 1983, 35 and footnote 3 p. 65). The journal was also reprinted in facsimile in 1982. This is the first fictional portrayal of black homosexuality in the United States. The piece is sometimes referred to as a story; it is also reprinted in Voices from the Harlem Renaissance, edited by Nathan Irvin Huggins (1976). See also *Eric Garber. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Black Men/ White Men, 17-29: "Smoke, Lilies and Jade"; biog., 235: notes he was still living in 1983 (called Bruce Nugent). Poet from Norway who wrote in Norwegian. 1914-1988. A close friend of *Tor Jonsson, he wrote a love poem to him after his suicide Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity, p. 233. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active 1992. Bibliographies. Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen, item 137: 12 cornischee Gedichte (illustrated by Guido Sommer), privately published Siegen, 1992. Editor from Germany of works in Greek and critic writing in Latin. 1729-1803. An important editor of *Anacreon (1778; repr.). He was the editor of the second edition of the Palatine Anthology from manuscript (after J. J. *Reiske): Analecta veterum poetarum Graecorum, 3 volumes (1772-76). In this edition he put all poems by each poet together and then arranged the poets chronologically (with anonymous poems, fragments and epigrams at the end) omitting, however, the Christian and later poets: see the introduction to *Beckby's edition Anthologia Graeca, 2nd edition (1964), p. 100. The edition contains useful indexes e.g., of the first lines of the poems. For its grouping of the poets together, this is a valuable edition: compare the edition of F. Jacobs. He also edited *Theognis (Leipzig, 1815; with Latin notes). Biographical information: Sandys, History of Classical Scholarship, Volume 2, pp. 395-96. See also Wilamowitz-Moellendorf, History of Classical Scholarship, pp. 87-88. Poet from Italy writing in Italian. 1377-1446. The Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, p. 173, states he wrote *Burchiellesque poetry. A noted Renaissance architect. Philosopher from Italy who wrote in Italian, 1548-1600. He was burnt at the stake as a heretic by the *Catholic Church. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Iolaus (1902), 130: he stated all physical love is good (from Gli Eroici Furori, dialogue iii 3, trans. English by L. Williams). Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1962-1992. See James White Review vol. 10 no. 1 (Fall 1992), 20: a biog. note; in same issue on p.16, see the fine poem "Judgment Day" (homosexual *incest). His seventh book of poems Poems New and Selected 1962-1992, was due to be published by The Smith, in 1993. Poet from South Africa writing in English; he was born in Zimbabwe. Born 1924. See the *prison poems in Letters to Martha and other poems from a South African Prison (London, 1968): the title sequence refers powerfully to homosexuality in prison. The author was president of the South African Non-Racial Olympic Committee. He was imprisoned in South Africa from 1963. In 1968 he was Professor of English at Northwestern University in the United States. He was served with banning orders on release from prison making it criminal to write anything, including poetry for publication, so the poems were written in the form of letters to his sister, Martha. *Gregory Woods in Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage, 7, states Letter to Martha speaks of "love, strange love" between men in prisons. Criticism. Woods, History of Gay Literature, 310-11. Poet from the United States writing in English; translator from Greek to English. 1794-1878. A poet whose works showed the influence of *Romanticism in a north American setting. See poem "The Greek Boy" in Poems, New Yotk: A. L. Burt (no date; ca. 1920), pp. 192-93: somewhat homoerotic. "Thanatopsis" (1811-21), the poem which brought Bryant fame, was modelled on *Gray's Elegy and was regarded as the first important English language poem from the United States: see the entry in Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. In later life he was to become a leading citizen of *New York. He married. He translated *Homer's Iliad (1870) from Greek. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in Welsh. Active 1100-37. See The Oxford Book of Welsh Verse in Translation (1977), pp. 20-21: "Poem on His Death Bed". An example of a religious poem to Jesus Christ and *God with underlying homoerotic sentiment Büch, Boudewijn Maria Ignatius Poet from the Netherlands who wrote in Dutch. Active 1976. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Naar vriendscaap zulk een mateloos verlangen, 109-11: three poems from Nogal droenvige liedjes voor de kleine Gijs, Arbeiderspers, 1976, and De sonnetten, Amsterdam, Amsterdam: Arbeiderspers, 1978 (books cited p. 116). Mannenmaat, 52-55. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 317. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in Latin. 1506-1582. See in I. D. McFarlane, Renaissance Latin Poetry (1980), pp. 58-59, the poem *"Amor" (with English trans.); biog., pp. 231-32. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1883. The Ballad of Judas Iscariot, Old Stile Press, 1982, has sixteen woodcut illustrations by J. Martin Pitts (rare: cited in Elysium Books catalog Spring 2000 and may be the same poet as sited below. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 499: A Poet's Sketchbook: Selection from the Prose Writings, London: Chatto and Windus, 1883. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1956. A *black poet who is an *Aids educator. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Road Before Us, 20-21: "Barbecues", a Tine poem on non conformism and being gay; biog., 173: states he lives in *New York with his son. Brother to Brother, 7-8: a brilliant poem "Daddy Lied"; biog., 270. Buchverleih "Andersrum", formerly Magnus Hirschfeld Centrum Library Archive and library in Germany of material in German. Dating from 1980. This is the gay library and archive of Hamburg with a large collection of periodicals; the name was changed from Magnus Hirschfeld Centrum to Buchverleih "Andersrum" in 1982. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Directory of the International Association of Lesbian and Gay Archives and Libraries, 112-16. Verzeichnis der Schwulen und Schwul-lesbischen Bibliotheken, 20-21. Translator from Greek to English from the United States. Born 1887. Author of The Greek Anthology (Palatine MS): the amatory epigrams completely rendered into English for the first time ([Philadelphia], privately printed, 1916; repr. New York: Blue Faun, ca. 1925?), 142 pp. The first United States translation of the complete love poems from the Greek *Palatine Anthology. Biographer, editor, critic and letter writer from Canada who wrote in English. 1837-1902. A Canadian doctor who practised an early type of psychiatry and who was a *disciple of Walt Whitman. He read Whitman in 1872 and from then on regarded Whitman as a new type of man. In 1883 he published the second biography of Whitman (for the first see John Burroughs), called simply Walt Whitman; this work was written partly by Whitman himself. Bucke was one of the three literary executors who edited the The Complete Works of Whitman in ten volumes in 1902, the other two being *Horace Traubel and *T. B. Harned (as *Gay Wilson Allen has pointed out, the edition is not complete). It contains in volume 1, pp. xiii-xcvi, the last "official" biography by the three executors and an important bibliography at the end. The same three also edited an anthology of poems and prose on Whitman. Bucke was the editor of Calamus: A Series of Letters to *Peter Doyle (by Whitman), published in 1898. He was much influenced by *mysticism and wrote the book Cosmic Consciousness: a study of the evolution of the human mind (Philadelphia, 1901); this consists of a statement of his views, followed by writings by various persons embodying them, concluding with Whitman and *Edward Carpenter. This work prefigures some of the ideas of *Ginsberg and the *Beats as well as *gay liberation. For his letters to Whitman, see Artem Lozynsky, Richard Maurice Bucke, medical mystic: Letters of Dr Bucke to Walt Whitman and his friends (1977). Manuscripts are in the University of Western Ontario which has published a catalog compiled by Mary Ann Jameson. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Canadian Literature. Dictionary of Literary Biography. Poet and songwriter from Australia writing in English. Died ca. 1993. He wrote a *leather song "Ya gotta be rough!" for a number of men to sing in a leather bar; a copy exists in the collection of *Paul Knobel. An *S/M practitioner who died of *Aids. Some of his writings are in the *Australian Gay and Lesbian Archives. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1965. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Beyond Paradise, 10, 21; biog. 78 - lives in Preston. Poet and critic from Australia who wrote in English. 1925-1988. A *Melbourne *Catholic poet and critic. See poem xiii in Golden Builders (Sydney, 1976), p. 62, about "Walter/ aging harmless male *prostitute". See also "Nightmare of a Chair Search Committee" in Last Poems (1991), p. 43: "Do you think we could get an American/ Someone not too *queer?". As a critic, see remarks on *Laurence Collinson in his Essays in Poetry: Mainly Australian (1957). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Poet from Australia writing in English. 1951-1972. In Collected Poems, Brisbane (1989), see p. 132"two years passing (to Peter)" - homoerotic sentiment - and p. 134 "to T.E.L. (a tribute)" (T.E.L. is 'T. E. Lawrence). A close friend of 'Michael Dransfield, he was one of the poets of the 'Generation of 68 and committed suicide. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Genre in Greek, Latin and west European languages. From ca. 280 B.C. Bucolic is Greek and means shepherd. Bucolics, which survive from *Theocritus (active 280 B.C.) - in whose poetry homosexual sentiment is strongly present - are usually dialogues between shepherds, though some are *dramatic monologues. They were also called idylls and in Latin * eclogues. See *pastoral poets where this movement is discussed in more detail. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10688: citing *A. S. Gow (translator) The Greek Bucolic Poets, Cambridge: University Press, 1953. Buddha, Buddhism and Buddhist religion Religion with texts in Pali, Sanskrit, Chinese, Tibetan, Mongolian, Japanese, Burmese, Cambodian, Thai, Vietnamese and other languages. The religion started in India and spread to Sri Lanka (formerly called Ceylon), Nepal, Tibet, China, Mongolia, Korea, Japan, southeast Asia as far as Indonesia, and to other parts of the world. It is now a world religion. It dates from ca. 500 B.C. Buddhism was founded by Gautama *Buddha. Winternitz, History of Indian Literature, volume 1, 23 states: "it is.. certain that Buddhism was born in India by about 500 B.C." Later writers put the Buddha's life between 500 and 350 B.C. and no absolute date is possible. As one of the world's major religions, Buddhism has had a huge influence in East and South-East Asia on all aspects of life and among world religions is notable for not condemning homosexuality. Leonard Zwilling has recently examined homosexuality in relation to Buddhism; see his article in José Ignazio Cabezon, Buddhism, Sexuality and Gender (1992), pp. 203-214: "Buddhism as Seen in Indian Buddhist Texts" (see p. 210 re Tibetan and Mongolian). Winston Leyland, Queer Dharma (San Francisco, 1998), is a collection of essays which approaches Buddhism from a homosexual viewpoint. In general see Bernard Faure The Red Thread: Buddhist Approaches to Sexuality (Princeton, 1998). M. O'C. Walshe, Buddhism and Sex (Kandy, Sri Lanka, 1975) gives the view of one Buddhist sect on sex. There are now many sects of Buddhism and two major schools, the Thervada (also called Hinayana), in Sri Lanka and southeast Asia and the Mahayana (in i ibet and east Asia). i he i heravada sect bases its teachings on the Pali canon which had come into existence in Sri Lanka by 100 AD; this sect places great emphasis on monasticism and all males attend monasteries for a period of their lives. The canon of Buddhist texts in the Mahayana schools, which occur from Tibet to Japan, varies from language to language and sect to sect; more emphasis is based on individual enligntenment in the Mahayana schools and less on monasticism though monasteries still exist and exert a powerful influence on Buddhist life. There is thus no generally agreed number of books for the religion as a whole as with the * Bible. The Tibetan canon differs from the Chinese and Japanese canons which in turn differ from the Pali Tripitaka accepted by the Hinayana school. On this issue see Mizuno Kogen, The Beginnings of Buddhism (Tokyo, 1983) and his Buddhist Sutras: Origin, Development, Transmission (Tokyo, 1982). The article on Buddhism in the Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics also has an excellent discussion of the texts of Buddhism overall. *Tantric Buddhism is an esoteric form involving sexual rituals influenced by Hindu Tantrism (it occurs in many schools - notably Tibetan, Chinese and Japanese but also in Burmese and other southeast Asian langugages). The Chinese Buddhist canon includes some 139 Tantric works dating from the eighth century (see the entry "Buddhism" in Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics at page 426) and there are many Tantric works in the Tibetan canon. *Zen Buddhism is a special form emanating from China and now domiciled in Japan. The Buddha was born in Nepal and lived and preached in north east India in Bihar and in West Bengal; he lived approximately between 563 B.C. and 483 B.C. His disciples were all men and his aim was enlightenment (which he received when sitting under a bodhi tree from where his name comes); he also preached various sermons. He had a *beloved disciple *Ananda, who reputedly wrote poetry. The earliest Buddhist texts are in Pali, a Prakrit or vernacular form of Sanskrit, from western India (formerly, incorrectly, believed to be close to Maghadi, the language spoken by the Buddha). Pali became the language of the ancient Buddhist sacred texts used by monks in the Theravada sect in Sri Lanka and southeast Asia. On Pali, see the Encyclopædia Britannica entry and Winternitz, History of Indian Literature, vol. 2, 576-99, "What is Pali?": on p. 14 he calls Pali "the literary language of the Buddhists of Ceylon". In the Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics article on the language it is called "a Middle Indo-Aryan dialect or 'Prakrit'" and stated to be a predominantly western dialect close to the Buddhists inscriptions of the third century B.C. Emperor Asoka but at the same time to be classified as "a literary language". Ancient Buddhist texts in Sanskrit were largely destroyed when Bengal was conquered by Islam from the twelfth century. The ancient Buddhist university at Nalanda was completely destroyed at this time and many Sanskrit Buddhist texts survive only in translation in such languages as Tibetan and Chinese. For two major texts (or sutras as Buddhist texts are normally called), The Diamond Sutra and The Heart Sutra, see Edward Conze, Buddhist Wisdom Books, London, 1958, The Buddha's dates are uncertain. He appears in art as *androgynous or asexual and frequently as feminized (e. g. in Chinese, Thai and Japanese art). In Women East and West (1935), a record of a world journey which took him to Asia, *Magnus Hirschfeld wrote of the figure of the Buddha: "is it conceived of as asexual, heterosexual or bisexual?... The more Buddhas I looked at.. the more difficult grew the answer" (p. 31). There were many ancient schools of Buddhism and there are many modern ones. John Snelling, The Buddhist Handbook (London, 1987) is an excellent introduction by the former editer of The Middle Way, the journal of the British Buddist society. Frank E. Reynolds, Guide to Buddhist Religion (1990), is also an excellent introduction. The World of Buddhism, edited by Heinz Becherdt and Richard Gombrich (1984), is a brilliant survey by leading scholars with a good bibliography. Edward Conze, A Short History of Buddhism, London, 1980, is an excellent discussion of the history of Buddhism; bibl. 133-35. Christmas Humphreys, Buddhism, 1951 is also a good introduction. For homoerotic poetry, see *hymns and chants by males addressed to the Buddha, especially by monks in monasteries, a major Buddhist insititution. *Buddhist hymns and chants have been put on tape recordings, compact discs and records. In becoming enlightened, Buddhists aspire to become a Buddha; with the Buddha being *androgynous, Buddhists may be seen to embody him. This cosmological conceptualization needs to be considered in relation to all Buddhist poetry. Kuan-yin is the Chinese form of the Indian Buddha Avalokitesvara, a feminized Buddha. No Buddhist has written poetry condemning homosexuality so far as is known though Buddhist monks are supposed to remain celibrate. Chinese. Texts were translated into Chinese from 150 onwards. The Chinese Buddhist canons (there were many schools of Buddhism in China and hence many accepted canons of scripture) included both translated works and those written in China. In the Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature , pp. 1-13, the articles "Buddhist Literature", deals with translations and original works and is an excellent concise introduction to Chinese Buddhist works in all genres. For discussion of translations into Chinese see Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, vol. 1, "Translations of Buddhist literature". A huge library of Buddhist works was discovered at *Dunhuang in the early twentieth century including at least one gay poem. As already noted, there are 139 Chinese Buddhist texts which deal with *Tantrism (see "Buddhism" in Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, at p. 426). Much Chinese poetry in general was influenced by Buddhism, which has the largest body of all religious literature written in Chinese: see, for example, *Han-shan, *Wang Wei. Poetry written in Buddhist monasteries where homosexuality occurred is relevant but little is known of this. Chinese *Zen Buddhism has not been examined for homosexual poetry which is very likely. References. Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature, 1-12: "Buddhist Literature in Chinese" (with bibl.). Japanese. *Kobo Daishi (or Kukai), who allegedly brought Buddhism to Japan according to some, is traditionally accepted as being homosexual. Hence homosexuality was condoned in monasteries following his example and much poetry emanated from Japanese monasteries (see, for instance, *Gozan literature). Buddhism pervades the whole Japanese culture and has intermingled with *Shinto the Japanese animist religion whose origins predate Buddhism. Genshin (942-1017) author of the Pure Land Buddhist school treatise Ojoyoshu refers to homosexuals being punished in hell in this work. Japanese *Zen Buddhism (which form originated in China) has influenced Western nations. See *Yoshida Kenko, *Chigo Monogatori, *Takahashi Mutsuo, *Miyazawa Kenji. References. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan: see "Buddhism and Literature". Princeton Companion to Classical Japanese Literature, 368-76: see "Buddhist sects"; 376-93: "Sutras". Leyland, Queer Dharma: voices of Gay Buddhists, 91-126 and 359-74 (stories concerning homosexuality and Buddhism). Korean. See *Yi Che-hyon, *Great Master Kyunyo, *Han Yong-un. Korean *Hwarang dancing boys modelled themselves on Maitreya Buddha (see *Richard Rutt). Mongolian. Ninety per cent of all men attend monasteries during their life; *hymns and *chants need to be considered. Mongolian Buddhism was introduced from Tibet and Tibetan is the language of the liturgy and sacred texts. Mongolian is a *Turkic language and Tibetan is *Sinitic. Tibetan. See *Tenzin Gyatso. Homosexuality has been widely reported in monasteries which have been severely repressed under Chinese control from 1950 when Tibet was occupied by China. On Tibetan Buddhism see Leyland, Queer Dharma, pp. 335-47. Thai. See Leyland, Queer Dharma, pp. 55-90. Bhutanese. See Michael Aris, Bhutan: the early history of a Hmalayan kingdom, 1979. English. Recent gay poets such as *James Kirkup, who lived for many years in Japan, have been influenced by Zen Buddhism. *Allen Ginsberg is largely credited with the contemporary promulgation of Buddhism in the United States (*Whitman and *Thoreau were earlier much interested). An anthology of poems "Queer Dharma Poetry" is in Leyland, Queer Dharma, pp. 392-416: poets are John Giorno, *Allen Ginsberg, *Trebor (pseud.), *Richard Ronan, *David Chura, *Christian Huygen and Jim Everhard. See also *Don Maynard, *Harold Stewart, *Kovida (pseud). The *Beats were much influenced by Buddhism. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopedia of Religion. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 168-71. Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics : the article on Buddhism contains an excellent up-to-date general introduction. Cassell's Encyclopedia of Queer Myth, Symbol, and Spirit. Gay Histories and Cultures. Other References. Basham, The Wonder That Was India: see the chapter on Buddhism. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, vol. 2: "Buddhist Literature of India". De Bary, Guide to Oriental Classics: see Sections 2 and 3. Leyland, Queer Dharma: voices of Gay Buddhists : the whole book is relevant. Homosexuality and world religions, 81-102: article by José Ignacio Cabezon. Songs and oral poems based on *Buddhist teachings in Sanskrit and Pali from India and Sri Lanka and later in other *Indian languages and languages of Buddhism. From ca. 100 in Pali. Buddhist hymns and chants date from the first writing down of the Buddhist scriptures, ca. 100. The Sanskrit *"Om mani padme hum" is an example. These songs when sung by males to the *androgynous *Buddha - as he is usually depicted in artand who is in any case male - are relevant (for an explicit homosexual example, see the Korean poet *Great Master Kyunyo). Homosexuality has been widely reported in Buddhist monasteries e.g., in Japan and Tibet. In Mongolia, ninety percent of males attend monasteries at some time in their lives. A large proportion of all males attend monasteries in Tibet, Burma, Thailand and Laos. See also *Chants, *Mantras. (Compare Christian *Hymns.) Depictions of the Buddha in art in mural painting and in sculpture and in illustrations accompanying poems (e.g. in manuscripts) are relevant since he was *androgynous; in addition, these works were mostly created by monks where strong homosexual traditions exist in monasteries. Languages of relevance. India and countries to the north east of India: Sanskrit. Pali. Kashmiri. Nepalese. Bhutanese. Sri Lanka: Sinhalese. East Asia: Chinese. Korean. Japanese (see also *Zen Buddhism), Mongolian. Manchu. Uiohur. Tibetan. On Uighur see "Uighur Literature" in Great Soviet Encyclopedia] the language is Turkic and is spoken in Turkestan. Southeast Asia: Cambodian. Laotian. Thai. Burmese. Vietnamese. Publisher of works in Latin and Greek with French translation. Relevant works date from ca. 1920. The Budé series is the most famous French series of classical Greek and Latin texts and has been published in Paris from ca. 1920. See Jean Carrière (re *Theognis), *P. Legrand (re *Theocritus), *Horace, *Martial, * Palatine Anthology, *Tibullus and *editions of classical Greek and Latin texts. City in Argentina in which Spanish is spoken. Material of relevance dates from ca. 1920 - see *La *Bella Otero (pseud.) The city is the capital of Argentina and has important *libraries and *archives. It has been an important publishing center of Spanish books in South America - see *Whitman. The city has enjoyed a gay renaissance since the overthrow of the generals in 1984 and the return of democracy. For earlier poets see *Rafael Alberti and - especially - Jorge Luis Borges. For contemporary poets see *Tullio Carella, *Miguel Angel Lens, *Claudio Lerena, *Claudio Navarro, *Oscar Vitelleschi. The gay historian *Alberto Nin Frias lived for a time in the city and *Luis Gregorich has written a work of criticism on homosexuality and literature. A gay song of a drag queen is *"Verás que todp es mentira". In 1996, the city passed an ordinance forbidding discrimination against homosexuals. Poesia gay de Buenos Aires is a *broadside which is apparently an anthology. A private gay archive owned by Marcelo Ferreyra may be publically consulted. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Brittanica Historian and critic of Greek poetry from France writing in French. Active 1970. Author of a major study of *pederasty in ancient Greece, Eros adolescent: la péderastie dans la Grèce antique (Paris, 1980); bibl., pp. 673-79. The book is marred by a *homophobic approach but is nevertheless a major study with extensive discussion of poetry (Part Two, pp. 239-91). It is comparable in scope to *Paul Brandt's work but does not supplant Brandt for detailed discussion (the important journal articles of Brandt are not cited in the bibliography); list of ancient authors pp. 660-71. He lists *epigrams discussed pp. 68082. After the work of *Georges Hérelle, this is the major study in French of ancient Greek homosexual poetry. The author is one of the editors and translators of the *Waltz edition of the * Palatine Anthology (e.g. Books 13 to 15) and is working on the * Mousa Paidike (Book 12 of the Palatine Anthology) with *Robert Aubreton: see the note in Buffière, Eros adolescent, p. 295. A Professor at the University of Toulouse, France (1970-ca. 1980). Bugger: An Anthology of Anal Erotic Pound Cake Cornhole, Arse-Freak, & Dreck Poems Anthology in English from the United States. New York: Fuck You Press, 1964, 19 pages. Compiled by *Ed Sanders as the title page states (the handwriting, apparently that of Ed Sanders, is the same as that on the first edition of The *Platonic Blow). The contents are not listed in Young, Male Homosexual in Literature. Very rare. Copy sighted: *Kinsey Institute. This is a typed and stapled work of 19 pages, text 1-18 and has notes on contributors p. 19. The tone is predominantly heterosexual, as are the poems, but there are some poems of relevance by *Alan Ginsberg pp. 2-3, *Ted Berrigan pp. 6-7, *Ron Padgett p. 9 (a tantalizing poem with the lines "Ted and I/ ... didn't bugger that day"), *Al Fowler p. 10 (about a man who watches males having sex through a keyhole) and *Harry Fainlight pp. 15-18 - a gay sequence about picking a man up in a *toilet and going home with him. The tone of the work is light hearted and witty. Biographical notes at the end state Harry Fainlight is a "famous English closet queen" and Al Fowler is "the greatest scholar of bugger lore in the history of western civilization". Though this anthology had limited circulation it was the first in the United States to deal with homosexual *anal sex. Poems are well written. Bibliography. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 3410. Word in English used initially in Great Britain. From ca. 1644. The most common legal term for *anal intercourse and by extension used as a synonym for homosexuality (though it does not necessarily refer to homosexual anal sex). It was used by Samuel Pepys ca. 1663 (see *Sir John Mennes). The word was used synonymously with *sodomy. Buggers meaning "homosexuals" was a favourite word of the *Bloomsbury group. See also *Bawdry, *Limericks, *Philip Larkin, *Bugger: An Anthology. References. Oxford English Dictionary. Katz, Gay/Lesbian Almanac, 88-89: buggery is stated to have first been commonly used by Edward Coke in the United States in 1644. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 171-73. Howes, Broadcasting It. Dictionnaire Gay: see "Bougre-Bougerie" pp. 210-12. Ullstein Enzyklopädie der Sexualität. Gay Histories and Cultures. Poet from Vietnam writing in Vietnamese. Active 1300. See Huynh Sanh Thong, The Heritage of Vietnamese Poetry (1979), p. 4: "Elegy for Prince Hung Dao" - strongly homoerotic, though the feelings expressed may have been manufactured; biog. note, 275. Nothing is known about the poet's life. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1920-1994. See "Pretty Boy" in Dangling in the Tournefortia (Los Angeles: Black Sparrow, 1979), pp. 109-115: homoerotic reference. A bohemian poet famous for his hard living. He is heterosexual in *Neeli Cherkovski's life of him Hank: The Life of Charles Bukowski (New York, 1991). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Poet from Germany writing in Germany. Born 1933. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Schwüle Lyrik, schwüle Prosa, 17-21; biog., 18, photograph p.17: active 1953 as poet and also a translator and editor. Bibliographer and historian from the United States writing in English. Born 1928. One of the four authors of *An Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality (1976), the most detailed bibliography of homosexuality to date. Items 10417-11111 cover poetry, i.e. 700 entries, including lesbian. He is also the author of Sexual Variance in Society and History (1976), which is a study of sexual "variances" such as homosexuality, transvestism and prostitution. This work is the most comprehensive international survey of homosexuality in English to its date, though there are some problems in the references in the footnotes; each chapter has a section on homosexuality within the structure of the chapter. (The work supercedes *Arno Karlen's 1971 Sexuality and Homosexuality.) Homosexuality: A History (1979) is a concise introduction concentrating on Europe. He works at the New York State University. He is also the author of Science in the Bedroom (1996), a history of sex research and has edited Human Sexuality: An Encyclopedia (1994). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Biographer from Germany writing in German. Active 1990. Author of August Graf von Platen: eine Biographie (Paderborn, 1990), 711 pages; excellent bibliograpy pp. 692-94. A very detailed biography of the most famous openly gay German poet and a major gay biography. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1900. In his major sequence Briggflatts (London: Fulcrum Press, 1966) see p. 25 of the edition: "One/ plucked fruit warm from the arse/ of his companion" (this is a reference to a painting in the Prado, *Madrid, by Hieronymous Borsch). Brigflatts is a very difficult poem in the *modernist mode. The poet lived in Persia for several years. He has a cult following and is regarded as a major *postmodernist. Biography: see Keith Alldritt, The Poet as Spy: The Life and Wild Times of Basil Bunting (1998); the dust jacket notes his lifelong interest in "pretty young girls". Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Contemporary Authors. Dictionary of Literary Biography . Poet and letter writer from Italy who wrote in Italian. 1475-1564. Michelangelo, the most famous sculptor of the Italian *Renaissance, painted the frescoes in the Sistine Chapel in the *Vatican, Rome, including two depictions of two men kissing (on the fresco above the altar in the top right hand corner). He wrote homosexual poems including *sonnets to various men: *Tomasso de' Cavalieri, Cecchino Bracci (whose death inspired some fifty epitaphs - see James Saslow, The Poetry of Michelangelo ,1991, poems 177 to 228) and others. For homoerotic letters to Cavalieri and Poggio see Rictor Norton, editor, My Dear Boy; Gay Love Letters through the Centuries, 1998, pp. 57-60. His manuscripts were inherited by his family who censored the homosexual nature of the poetry. They changed the pronouns from the masculine to the feminine in the love poems in editions published for over 300 years after his death. This started with the first edition of the Rime published by the author's grand-nephew in 1623; the texts were freely altered. Some poems were written to a woman, Vittoria Colonna, to whom he had a strong attachment (there is no evidence of a physical relationship with her). He was strongly influenced by *Neo-platonism. On his sexual identity see James Saslow "'A Veil of Ice Between My Heart and the Fire': Michelangelo's Sexual Identity" in Genders 2 (1988), 77-90; this deals with the question of whether he was sexually active. *Benedetto Varchi was the first person to refer to Michelangelo's homosexuality. The best introduction in English to his poetry is the introduction of James Saslow's very fine English translation: see Saslow's The Poetry of Michelangelo: An Annotated Translation, 1991. The nineteenth century gay writer and poet *J. A. Symonds wrote a life and edited seventy-five of the poems (about a quarter), railing against the falsification of the text by the altering of the pronouns. The gay British composer Benjamin Britten set some sonnets to music in 1940. Michelangelo also wrote letters which have survived. Text. *Ludwig von Scheffler in 1892 and *Carl Frey in 1897 were responsible for establishing in northern Europe that amorous poems were written to men, following the first Italian critical edition of Cesare Guasti of 1863. The Frey edition, which became standard, was succeeded by that of *Enzo Girardi in 1960 and this is now the standard text (the editor is also a noted critic). On the editing of the text see James Saslow, The Poetry of Michelangelo: An Annotated Translation, 1991, pp. 53-57. See Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, p. 86 re Professor H. Grimm, Robert-Tornow, L. von Scheffer (1892), J. A. Symonds, Carl Frey and late nineteenth century discussion. Criticism. Robert Clements, The Poetry of Michelangelo (1965), is a basic study which deals with homosexuality in his poetry: see Chapter 5 "The fifty poems for the truffles, turtle and trout ", pp. 134-53, Chapter 10 "Michelangelo Inamorato" pp. 184-215 and Chapter 12, *"Platonism" pp. 228-37. This is the major discussion of homosexuality in his poetry to date. A concise overview is *Rictor Norton, "The Passions of Michelangelo", Gay News no. 65 (1975), 13-14. In German. Walter RobertTornow wrote on his poetry: Die Gedichte des Michel Angelo Buonarroti (cited in Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, p. 95). See *Robert Schalek for a relevant German poem. The twentieth century gay Italian poet *Giovanni Testori has written on Michelangelo's homosexuality in an introduction to his poetry. Translation. Translations listed here are only of the Sonnets. Note that many editions of the Sonnets before 1897 are not reliable. Translations of the Sonnets are known from 1860. Only major or complete translations of poems are included. His letters are also relevant. Dutch: Michael Engelhard (1992). English: J. A. Symonds (1878), Joseph Tusiani (1960), 'Elizabeth Jennings (1962), James Saslow (1991). The James M. Saslow edition of his poems, the best English translation to date, lists, at pp. 53-57, the most common translations into English. French: A. Lannau-Roland (1860), Marie Dormoy (1935), Pierre Leyris (1983). German: Sophie Hasenclever (1875), Hans Grasberger (1872), Carl Frey and others (1897), Henry Thode (1914). See Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, under Michelangelo for a list of German translations. Polish: Lucyan Siemienski and others (1861), Leopold Staff (1922). The *British Library General Catalogue was checked. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Encyclopedia Britannica: excellent introduction with fine bibliography. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 258-64. Dictionary of Italian Literature. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 807-09. Howes, Broadcasting It. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Tyrkus, Gay and Lesbian Biography. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 81: poems "An Febo di Poggio", "An Messer Luigi del Riccio", "An Tommaso", "An Tommaso del Cavalieri", "Auf den Tod des Cecchino Bracci" apparently in the Teubner edition, details not clear. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10515: The Complete Poems of Michelangelo, London, 1978; also New York: Noonday Press, 1960 (trans. Joseph Tusiani). Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 2694-95: The Complete Poems of Michelangelo, London: Peter Owen, 1961 and Sonnets, New York: Crown/Gramercy, 1949. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 86-89. Ioläus (1902), 12933. Die Bedeutung der Freundesliebe, 19. Men and Boys, 22. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 10, 139-47. L'amour bleu, 96-98. Hidden Heritage, 136-37. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 138-40. Les Amours masculines, 72-74. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 223-24. "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen", 63-65. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 319-26. Name of Love, 67; biog., 75. Art of Gay Love, 8-9: "To Tommaso de'Cavalieri" trans. *J. A. Symonds. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 135-36; trans. J. A. Symonds. Pour tout l'amour des hommes, 46-52: Pierre Leyris translation. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 143-48; poems and letters translated by James R. Saslow. Criticism. Raffalovich, Uranisme et unisexualite, 310-12. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 2 (1900) 254-67: "Michael Angelo's Urningtum" by *Numa Praetorius Jahrhuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 10 (1909-10), 431-33: review of the literary work Michelangelo by Abel, 1908. Mayne, The Intersexes, 391-92. Hirschfeld, Homosexualität, 668. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active before 1989. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 228: poem with a *pedophile theme, "Confession". Burchiellesque poetry Genre written in Italian in Italy. From ca. 144Q. See Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, pp. 173-74 where it is defined as a type of Italian poetry using coded language with obscene double meanings (compare *Villon). The leading practitioner was *Domenico di Giovanni, known as *Il Burchiello (pseud.) from the Italian word meaning "haphazardly". The *Renaissance architect *Leon Alberti wrote Burchiellesque poetry. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1908-1986. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 550: two Tine gay poems. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1992. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Of Eros and Dust, 12: "Courier" (homoerotic mental bonding), 18, 46, 82-83; biog., 85 - lives in *London. Burggraf, Waldfried Poet from Germany who wrote in German. 1B95-195B. An actor who became director of the Bavarian state theaters in *Munich (1933-38); he used the pseudonym Friedrich Forster. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 45: Flammen - Patroklus, Szenische Dichtung, Berlin, 192Q - poems on 'Achilles and Patroclus. Burhanettin, Kadi Ahmed, also spelt Burhan-ud-din Poet from Turkey who wrote in Turkish. 1344-139B. Kadi means judge. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, vol. 3: see "Burhaneddin". Penguin Book of Turkish Verse, 61-3: strongly homosexual poetry with a *mystical side; biog., 7. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 363. Criticism. Gibb, History of Ottoman Poetry, volume 3, 204-224: see Ahmed Burhan-ud-in. Editor from Great Britain of works in English. 1759-1796. The best known *Scots poet, he was the editor of a collection of Scottish *bawdry, The Merry Muses of Caledonia, published ca. 1800. The collection has deep roots in Scottish oral traditions as *Gershon Legman has pointed out (see below). The manuscript was collected by Burns from a men's drinking circle and convivial society, only being published after the poet's death. The only reliable editions are The Merry Muses of Caledonia (Edinburgh, 1959) edited by Professor de Lacey Ferguson and Sidney Goodsir Smith and The Merry Muses of Caledonia, edited by James Barke and Sidney Goodsir Smith (London, 1965); almost all poems are rigorously heterosexual but in the 1965 edition see "Ye'se Get a Hole to Hide It In", pp. 175-76, which is *non-gender specific and does not make specific where the "hole" could be - the vagina or the anus - while the sexuality of the insertee, possibly a *prostitute, is also non gender specific, so that the hole or anus could be a man's. (This poem also appears in earlier editions e.g., The Merry Muses, privately printed, 1827, p. 53.) There is an edition of this work reproducing in facsimile the first printed edition (which survives in only two known copies): Burns' Merry Muses of Caledonia (1965), edited by *Gershon Legman (see pp. 55-57 and pp. 181-82 for the above poem); this edition is the only edition which reproduces the first (ca. 1800) edition in full. See Legman, The Horn Book, 1964, pp. 131-169, "The Cunningham Manuscript" (of Burns), including the interesting poem "Ode tae a Penis" (*Ode to a Penis) and "The Merry Muses as Folklore", pp. 170-236. Burns, who seems to have been heterosexual, wrote bawdy erotic poetry. His song "My love is like a red, red rose" was sung in a homosexual context in the film Jubilee: see the entry in Howes, Broadcasting It. See also *Alan Bold. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Criticism. Legman, Horn Book, 170-236: "The Merry Muses as Folklore" see also 138-39 and 142-43. Biographer and poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1837-1921. An intimate friend of *Walt Whitman who wrote the first biography of the poet, Notes on Walt Whitman as Poet and Person (1867). Much of the book was written by Whitman himself and it was later expanded into Walt Whitman: A Study (1896). Burroughs met the poet on a street in *Washington. He was influenced by *Thoreau and *Emerson and was something of a homespun philosopher; see the selection John Burroughs' America (1951). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of American Biography. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature: see re his poem "Waiting", 1862. Novelist and lover from the United States writing in English. 1914-1997. An intimate friend of *Allen Ginsberg who was in love with him in the early 1950s (see Ginsberg's Journals 1954-1958, 1995). He was involved in the beginnings of *gay liberation and he and Ginsberg were lovers: see the *Barry Miles biography of Ginsberg, Ginsberg: A Biography, 1989, p. 155: "They slept together a lot..." William Burroughs was a *Beat novelist - notably of The Naked Lunch and Queer - who shot his wife by accident in Mexico, when he Tired with a gun at a glass of water balanced on her head. He was primarily homosexual and later lived in *Tangier. He may have written *prose poems. See also *Brion Gysin. Interview: Leyland, Gay Sunshine Interviews, volume 1, 9-33. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Dictionnaire Gay. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 710-21 (extract from The Naked Lunch). Poet from Great Britain writing in English and translator from French to English. Active 1979. He translated the book of poems Plain-Chant by Jean Cocteau from French. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 459-50: A Book of Poems, Bath: Paris Garden Press, 1979 and Plain Song. A Free Translation of Plain-Chant by Jean Cocteau, Bath: Paris Garden Press, 1979. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 177. Burton, Richard, Sir Historian, anthropologist, book collector and poet from Great Britain writing in English; translator from Sanskrit, Arabic, Latin to English and editor of works translated from Persian. 1821-1890. Burton was an early English anthropologist and linguist (he reputedly spoke some twenty-five languages). He wrote numerous travel books but is most famous for his translation of the * Arabian Nights. His first homosexual articles, "Notes on the Population of Sind" (1847), and "Brief Notes on the Modes of Intoxication" (1848), were an examination of boy brothels in Karachi, Pakistan, published in Selections of the Government of India, Bombay, New Series, 17, part 2, 1855. He wrote the first essay in English on the history of homosexuality to reach a general audience. This was the so-called "Terminal Essay" to his unexpurgated translation from Arabic of the Arabian Nights, published with the imprint Benares: Kama Shastra Society, 1885-88. It is actually one of a number of such essays included at the end of the work, and the first to deal with homosexuality from the viewpoint of *anthropology; it occurs in volume 10 of the Burton Club edition, 1903, pp. 178-219, as Section D of Part 1 of the "Terminal Essay". The actual text of the Arabian Nights includes translations of homopoems of *Abu Nuwas and other poets as well as many erotic tales. The work has many notes by Burton on individual tales which give information on homosexuality. It is suspected that many homopoems were translated into English by Burton himself (see *Allen Edwardes). See the Appendix at the end of volumes 10 and 16 (the last volume of the Supplement) of the Burton club edition for references to sodomy and to *Abu Nuwas and the index under other relevant words. (Compare *J. A. Symonds who corresponded with him and *H. S. Ashbee whom he used in the essay for information and whose pseudonym he disclosed: see the Ashbee entry for the reference.) He translated the Latin poems of the *Priapeia titled: Priapeia, or the Sportive Epigrams (London, 1890; the first publication of the Erotika Biblion Society) and a verse translation of the Latin poet *Catullus: Catullus, The Carmina, posthumously published in 1894 (with prose translations by *Leonard Smithers). This was the first unexpurgated version of Catullus in English. From Sanskrit he translated The Kama Sutra of *Vatsyayana (1883) and The Ananga Ranga (1885; though a previous issue of 4-6 copies only in 1873 is known: see Penzer's bibliography below) both with F. F. Arbuthnot and both published by the Kama Shastra Society (a publisher set up by Burton with headquarters allegedly in Benares, India, but almost certainly in London or Paris). From Arabic he also translated (from a French translation), *Nafzawi: The Perfumed Garden ofCheikh Nefzaoui, which bore the imprint Cosmopoli (a made up name for a city from two Greek words meaning "world" and "city"), for the Kama Shastra Society, 1886. He was working on an enlarged translation of this work apparently directly from Arabic, which his wife destroyed, along with his diaries, when he died. Burton also published the *long poem The Kasidah of *Haji Abdu el-Yezdi, London: privately printed, 1880 (repr.), an alleged Persian work in the manner of * The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, with an alleged life of the poet (also by Burton); this went through many editions and was very popular. The Kasidah was in fact an original poetic work by Burton. For the significance of the title see *qasida. (Burton did not translate the Persian poets Jami and *Sa'di only editing the translation by *E. Rehatsek.) In 1865 he published the poem Stone Talk by Frank Baker (pseud.), a *satire on England. It is a work showing the influence of *Sufism and similar in theme to The Rubaiyat. Although he married, his great interest in homosexuality leads to the suspicion that he may have been homosexual; the various biographies make clear there were compelling rumours to this effect in his lifetime. He may have had affairs with women in India. His relationship with his wife has been viewed as unhappy and seems to have been sexually unsatisfactory. His relationship with John Hanning Speke, with whom he explored East Africa, has been seen as a repressed homosexual one. He was British consul in Brazil and Damascus, worked in India, travelled extensively in Africa and lived from 1871 in Trieste, Italy. These travels enabled him to compare customs and appreciate the role of homosexuality in other societies apart from Great Britain. Biographies exist by Lady Burton (1893; unreliable, but the basis of all subsequent works); by Byron Farwell (1963); by Fawn Brodie, The Devil Drives (1986) - with a valuable list of Burton's works 371-73; by Frank McLynn, Snow Upon the Desert (1990) - see review Times Literary Supplement, 12-18 October, 1990, 1089 (see p. 52 of the book regarding his homosexuality). Mary S. Lovell, A Rage to Live: A Biography of Richard and Isabel Burton (1999) claims the Burton marriage was happy and worked. N. Penzer, An Annotated Bibliography of Sir Richard Francis Burton (1923; repr. 1970) is an excellent annotated bibliography. His library was split up after he died. Richard Burton: A Catalogue of His Books (London, Spink and Sons, 1976), may be the catalogue of his books in the Royal Anthropological Society, London, sold to the Huntington Library, San Marino, California, about 1990; books in this collection are believed to be annotated. Other books from his library, with personal annotations, are in the Kensington Central Library, London, including his annotated copy of The Arabian Nights. The library is discussed in Bernard Quaritch, Contributions towards a Dictionary of English Book-Collectors (London, 1891). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 176-77. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 552: * Arabian Nights translation of Sir Richard Burton - The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night, London, 1885-88. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 13 (trans. of *Catullus), 21. Reade, Sexual Heretics, 158-93: text of "Terminal Essay". Criticism. International Journal of Greek Love vol. 1 no. 2 (1966), 3-11: re "Terminal Essay". Crew, Gay Academic : see *S. W. Foster, "The Annotated Burton", 92-103 (an examination of some mistakes in Burton's text). Murray, Islamic Homosexualities, 211-17: re essay on Sotadic zone. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1927. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 22-23: poem "Remember Me"; biog., 173: a *black poet who is professor of sociology at Southeastern Massachusetts University. Poet from Russia writing in Russia; he lives in Great Britain. Born 1969. A collection of poems Usad'ba (Country Estate) was published in Yaroslavl in 1991. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Out of the Blue, 401 (also prose 402-12); biog., 410 - states he studied in *Moscow but now lives in Great Britain. Buson, also called Yosa Buson and Taniguchi Buson Poet from Japan who wrote in Japanese and Chinese. 1716-1784. A noted haiku poet, second only to Basho, who composed some 3,000 haiku. He married and was also a painter. His Chinese works have attracted increasing attention. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan: Princeton Companion to Classical Japanese Literature. Criticism. Henderson, Introduction to Haiku, 104 "somewhat pornographic suggestions...can be found"; see poems pp. 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 113. Poet from Germany writing in German. 1876-1915. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Neue deutsche Biographie. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 45: poem "Liebe (Von jedem verkündet)" and "§ 175" in Zwischen Himmel und Hölle (about the Paragraph 175 law: see *Law - German). Poet from the United States writing in English. Active from 1974-died 1986. See James White Review, vol. 1 no. 2 (Winter 1984), 12: Tine gay poem; biog., 16: states he lives in *San Francisco and has had three poems published in James White Review 1983-86. His death of *Aids is recorded in the James White Review vol. 4 no. 1 (Fall 1986), 2. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 554: Painless Surgery, privately printed, 1974. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Voices Against the Wilderness, 2; from San Francisco. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1967. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 555: The Discovery of America, New York: Interim Books, 1967. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1954. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 24: "Bourgeois at Twenty" (about a beautiful sexy young man); biog., 173: a *black poet from Atlantic City involved with the theater. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1968. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 25: "After the Fuck"; biog., 173 - *black poet. Poet and critic in English and translator from Greek to English from Great Britain; he is best known as a novelist. 1835-1902. A novelist who lived in New Zealand from 1860 to 1864 and wrote a noted Victorian novel The Way of All Flesh (1903) with homosexual aspects; he wrote some poems. He wrote a comic pastoral oratorio * Narcissus (1888) with his friend and companion, Heny Festing Jones. In 1899, he published the critical work * Shakespeare's Sonnets Reconsidered. He lived with numerous men and wrote a poem on Hans Faesch with whom he was emotionally involved when Faesch died: "In Memoriam H. R. H" (1895). He translated *Homer's *Iliad (1898) from Greek to English. He was emotionally involved for thirty years with Charles Paine Pauli (see Peter Raby, Samuel Butler, London, 1991, 92-95). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Oxford Companion to New Zealand Literature. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Criticism. Best Mates: Gay Writing in Aotearoa New Zealand, 14. Critic from the United States writing in English. Active 1967. Criticism. Ruitenbeck, Homosexuality and Creative Genius, 140-80: article titled "A Study of Sublimation in *Walt Whitman"; on *Narcissism in Whitman. Oral poems in Russian from Russia. From ca. 1760. Byliny are *epic folk songs dating from the eleventh century from Kievan Russia but first written down in the 1760s (they are known popularly as stariny); they were sung until recently in northern Russia. These poems need to be examined for male homoaffectionalism directed towards men by men, e.g. the figures of Prince Vladimir in the earliest poems and in the cycle around Il'ia Muromets. They show the influence of *courtly love and are part of the huge oral literature of Russian. For a modern parody of the older ones see *Sergei Rybikov. See also *"Heroic poetry" in Robert Auty, Introduction to Russian Language and Literature (1977), pp. 75-79. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Other references. Oinas, Heroic Epic and Saga, 236-57; discussion with annotated bibl., 254-57, listing texts. Poet and songwriter from Great Britain writing in English. 1893-1987. See Gay Times no. 97 (October 1986), 6: a photograph of him aged 94 with Billy Milton aged 81 - states the two are in the theater and tour Great Britain in a show Those Thirties Memories with *ballads, songs and stories. Many of these were published as Byng Ballads (London, 1932). More Byng Ballads, ca.1935, is another work by him (rare; a copy: is in the *Kinsey Library) - see, in this work, the ballad "Mexican Minnie". The book has an llustration of Byng himself showing him in drag on the title page. Obituary: Gay Times no. 109 (October 1987), 26. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Howes, Broadcasting It. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10516: Byng ballads, London: John Lane, 1932, 56 pp. Bynner, Witter Poet and autobiographer in English; translator from Chinese to English from the United States. 1881-1968. Witter Bynner was one of the most famous translators from Chinese in the twentieth century. His The Jade Mountain is a translation of the Chinese anthology Three Hundred *T'ang Poems. Published in 1929, it was a landmark in Chinese poetry translation (it was translated in collaboration with the Chinese Scholar Dr Kiang Kang-hu; Kiang did the translation, Bynner put them into English poetry). It is one of the masterpieces of translation from Chinese to English (compare *Arthur Waley). A graduate of *Harvard, he was also involved with *Arthur Davison Ficke in the publication of a hoax volume in 1916 of the so-called Spectrist school titled Spectra: A Book of Poetic Experiments, published under the pseudonyms Emanuel Morgan (Witter Bynner) and Anne Knish (Arthur Davison Ficke). The volume is a *parody of *modernist schools of poetry (see Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature entry "Spectra"; see also William J. Smith, The Spectra Hoax, 1961). Compare the Australian hoax around *Ern Malley (pseud.). He wrote recollections of *D. H. Lawrence and his wife Frieda in Journey with Genius: Recollections and Reflections Concerning D. H. Lawrence (London: Peter Nevill, 1953); see especially Chapter 42, "Comrade", pp. 281-86, on homosexuality in Lawrence's life and writings. Bynner, who was a close friend of D. H. Lawrence and his wife Frieda, when they lived at Taos, New Mexico, states, p. 285, "To the end he imagined and craved and feared and dodged the male mate". A character in D. H. Lawrence's novel The Plumed Serpent (1926) is based on him. Text: see Witter Bynner, The Works, 5 volumes, edited by James Kraft (New York, 1978). (However, this only contains a selection of his poems in the poetry volumes.) In Grenstone (1917), see *"Angel" p. 247, "Little *Pan", pp. 254-55. In The Beloved (1919), see pp. 4-5. In A Canticle of *Pan (1920), see *"Pan" p. 119 and *"Whitman" pp. 154-55. These poems were fairly open for the time. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Dictionary of Literary Biography, vol. 54 (1987): very Tine critical and biographical discussion which discloses his homosexuality p. 19 (he had a lover called Robert Hunt from 1930). Poet, letter writer and diarist from Great Britain who wrote in English; translator from Latin and Greek to English; he travelled extensively and later lived in Italy and Greece. 1788-1824. A British *Romantic poet, he lived in exile from Great Britain from 1816. He attended Harrow school as a youth (where he studied Greek and Latin) and later Cambridge where, aged seventeen, he was attracted to a choir boy, John Edleston, aged fifteen. He was a *dandy and his exile contributed to the rise of Byronism and of the concept of the necessity of the poet as alienated from his society (taken further by *Rimbaud). Byron, who was immensely handsome, had a club foot, an important feature in his makeup; he married and had heterosexual relationships with innumerable women. A final judgement on his sexuality is very difficult. Overall he is *bisexual. His reasons for leaving England may have been because of the then crime of sodomizing his wife, of incest with his half sister Augusta and also because of male homosexual relations with men; or possibly all three. (Compare *Beckford and *Norman Douglas who also fled Britain and *Oscar Wilde who did not flee and was tried for homosexuality and imprisoned.) He lived mainly in Italy and died in Greece in the struggle for independence. Byron's bisexuality was first aired in English criticism in detail by *G. Wilson Knight and *Doris Langley Moore. It had previously been discussed and his relationships were revealed in the 1866 published poem * Don Leon. *Peter Quennell raised the issue in 1935 and there is a reference in Mayne, The Intersexes, published ca. 1911(see references below), though Mayne's work was little known since it was published in an edition of only one hundred copies. Basically there was no public discussion of his homosexuality from Don Leon to Peter Quennell in 1935. His travels in Albania, Greece and Turkey made him aware of the vastly different customs prevailing there (see *Law - Islamic) and would have shown the arbitrariness of British law and customs. In 1970 *Bernard Grebanier, in The Uninhibited Byron: An Account of His Sexual Confusion, discussed frankly Byron's relationship with *Edleston. *Louis Crompton, in Byron and Greek Love (1985), has thoroughly discussed his homosexuality, mainly relating to the years 1807-16. At least four men figure in Byron's love life: the choirboy *John Edleston (a lock of whose hair Byron carried with him), his page, Robert Rushton, and the pages *Nicolo Giraud and *Loukas Chalandritsanos who inspired his last poems (see *Leslie Marchand's biography for information on these males). Lvric poems of aav relevance. "The Cornelian" (inspired by a precious stone given to Byron by Edleston when Byron was a teenager), "To E_" (that is, Edleston), the "Thyrza" elegies of 1811 (all to Edleston), and his three last lyric poems (all to Loukas Chalandritsanos): the poems now usually entitled "On this Day I Complete my Thirty-Sixth Year" (first line: "Tis time this heart should be unmoved"), "Last Words on Greece" (first line: "What are to me those honours and renown") and "Love and Death" (his last poem; first line: "I watched thee when the foe was at our side"). The poems to Loukas may sometimes appear under different titles as they were given the above titles when first printed in 1887 in Murray's Magazine no. 1, February 1887, 145; the text of these poems is most accessible in the anthology Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, cited below, pp. 224-26. *Louis Crompton discusses the last three poems in Byron and Greek Love, pp. 320-29, where he gives the texts as supplied to him by Jerome McGann as they appear in the final volume of Byron's complete poems edited by McGann. The reason the last two poems remained in manuscript until 1887 may have had to do with their reference to a man; censorship on these grounds seems very likely. In the Thyrza elegies Byron changed the sex of the addressee from female to male (see *gender bending). Childe Harold 's Pilgrimage (four cantos, 1812-1818) begins with the author visiting Portugal and the house of the exiled gay writer *William Beckford; the first canto was suppressed in its original form. In Canto 2 stanzas 95-96 deal with Edleston's death. Don Juan (16 cantos; 1819-24), his most famous *long poem, is about a rake but is vigorously heterosexual. It needs to be examined from a gay point of view: e.g. Canto 1, stanza 42, contains a famous list of classical authors not to read because of sexuality including *Ovid, *Catullus, *Sappho, *Virgil's "Second eclogue" (all except Ovid have significant homosexual material). It is now believed the original Don Juan was gay (see Theodore Zeldin, An Intimate History of Humanity, 1997, p. 120); his main pleasure was in the seduction of women. (Though to call Don Juan gay seems mistaken; a more accurate label is bisexual. On Don Juan see the entry in Great Soviet Encyclopedia.) A crucial problem in the long poems is how Byron's sensibility permeates the works and how homosexuality relates to his sensibility as expressed in the works; and further, how does this transfer itself to poets Byron influenced (especially Pushkin)? He translated from the Latin of *Virgil the gay *Nisus and Euryalus episode from the ninth book of The Aeneid, *Catullus's "Poem 48" and a poem by *Hadrian. He translated some of the * Anacreontea from Greek in Hours of Idleness] see Complete Poetical Works, edited by Jerome J. McGann, vol. one (1980), pp. 8-11. His autobiographical Memoirs 1818-1821, is a *lost work and was destroyed by his publisher *John Murray who had purchased it from Byron's friend *Thomas Moore for 2,000 guineas; it may have revealed a great deal about his homosexuality. An adequate reading of Byron's oeuvre in homosexual terms has still not been attempted. The most important recent gay critic is *Louis Crompton who has especially dealt with classical influence on Byron. Text of the poems. The edition of Jerome McGann, 7 volumes, is the most reliable edition (however it has been criticized). The edition of E. H. Coleridge, The Works of Lord Byron, 7 volumes (1898-1904) is still worth consulting. See William Beckford for an interesting work owned by the exiled writer: Works Including the Suppressed Poems, Paris, 1827 (not sighted and possibly a *fake; this work may be very rare). Letters and diarv. Byron's Letters and Journals, 12 volumes (1973-1982), edited by *Leslie Marchand constitutes a valuable repository of material about his homosexuality, besides being amongst the greatest letters in English. The letters are amongst the most enjoyable surviving letters by an English language poet. Some letters refer to homosexuality in a coded way (e.g. those to Skinner Matthews [died 1811]: see the Marchand edition volume 1, pp. 206-07, letter of June 22 1809, as an example - where he uses the word *hyacinth in a homosexual context); for homosexuality, see especially the letters to John Cam Hobhouse and letters to *Thomas Moore. The index in Volume 12 under "homosexuality" gives references. A thirteenth volume includes letters which came to light after the publication of the edition. Biographers. The first biography was by his close friend *Thomas Moore (1830); this biography alluded to Romantic friendships with men. (Moore, however, destroyed the manuscript of Byron's memoirs.) *Leslie Marchand has written a three volume biography (which nevertheless considerably underplays homosexuality in Byron's life). *Doris Langley Moore and *Peter Quennell have dealt with segments of Byron's life. *Stephen Coote has written a biography. *Phyllis Grosskurth has written the finest recent one volume biography, a work which adequately deals with his gayness. See also *Roden Noel, *André Maurois. Influence. Byron's influence in Europe was enormous: see Paul Graham Trueblood, Byrons's Political and Cultural Influence in Nineteenth-Century Europe: A Symposium (1981), for his effect in French, German, Greek, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Russian, Polish. His influence on the Russian poet *Pushkin was incalculable; Pushkin's *long poem Eugene Onegin was directly modelled on Byron's Don Juan. Byron influenced the early *Whitman who adopted a Byronic pose in early photographs. He also heavily influenced Polish poets. Translation. Byron's complete works were extensively translated into all the major 'European languages, initially into French by Amedée Pichot and Eusebe de Salle, 1821-24. The French translation was extensively read on the continent (especially in the mediterranean countries) and in Russia. Consult the * British Library General Catalogue and * National Union Catalog for translations of selected works. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 568-576. Encyclopædia Britannica ; by *Leslie Marchand. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 179-80: by *Louis Crompton. Howes, Broadcasting It. Dictionnaire Gay. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 45: poems "Ode" and *Don Leon. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10517-20: Don Leon and Leon to Arabella, London: Fortune 1866/1934 (this appears to be the reprint of the 1866 edition by Fortune Press in 1934); Hours of Idleness, London 1807 ("Juvenile homophile poems, later self-censored"), The Poems and Plays, New York: E. P. Dutton, [no date], volume 2, and Poetical Works, 1837 ("Homophilic elements in many poems such as 'To Thryza', less apparent in later editions"). Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, 562: The Poetical Works of Lord Byron, London, Oxford, 1904. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 132-33. Ioläus (1902), 160-65. Ioläus (1906), 217-18: citing "Death of Calmar" and "Orla: an Imitation of Ossian". Die Bedeutung der Freundesliebe, 22. Men and Boys, 41. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 83, 212-26. Rosen, Gay Life and Gay Writers, 19-20. Hidden Heritage, 180-82. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 192-93: "The Cornelian" and Canto 2, stanzas 95-96 (to *Edleston), from Childe Harold's Pilgrimage. Les Amours masculines, 207-09. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 47-48; biog., 115 16. "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen ", 80-81. Art of Gay Love, 10-11: letter re Edleston. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 191-92: the lyric poem "When we two parted". Pour tout l'amour des hommes, 127-28: extracts from poems trans. Gabriel Matzneff. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 219-26. Criticism. Raffalovich, Uranisme et unisexualité, 308-09. Mayne, The Intersexes, 167-69: sees his poem "Manfred" as a homosexual allegory, 356-60. Hirschfeld, Die Homosexualität des Mannes und des Weibes, 660. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1941. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Orgasms of Light, 40; biog., 249: published in gay journals he is a film reviewer. Voices Against the Wilderness, 19; from *Los Angeles. Byzantine period poets and editors Period relating to works in Greek from Greece, Turkey and Egypt. 324-1453. The Byzantine period is usually taken as beginning with the moving of the capital of the Roman Empire to *Istanbul (called by the Greeks Constantinople after the then emperor Constantine) in 324. It ended with the capture of the city, the largest Greek city of the period, by the Turks in 1453 (*Athens had fallen into eclipse at this time). See *Agathias Scholasticus, *Anacreontea, *Constantine Cephalus, *Eratosthenes Scholasticus, *George of Pisidia, *Konstantinos of Sicily, *Nonnus (a major poet from the early in the early part of the period), *Planudes, *Rufinus. These writers continue the tradition of *Alexandrian and *Hellenistic poets though they were heavily influenced by *Christianity. Much literary material was destroyed or lost after the Turkish conquest but some was saved: see Janus Lascaris. The Byzantine historian Michael Psellus has some references to homosexuality. Laws against homosexuality were especially harsh at this time - see *Laws - Greek. On eroticism in the Byzantine era see Hans-Georg Beck, Byzantisches Erotikon (Munich, second edition 1986); this deals with erotic poetry but there is no erotic poetry at all from the sixth to the ninth centuries. References. Queneau, Histoire des littératures, volume one, 697-740. Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium: see "Homosexuality" (overview for period). Poet from the United States writing in English. Active before 1992. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 555. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1970. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Name of Love, 27-28; biog., 70 a member of the Writer's Community at the Writer's Voice, New York. Badboy Book, 81 ; biog., 384. Eros in Boystown, 18; biog., 59 - published in journals. The World in Us: Lesbian and Gay Poetry of the Next Wave, 15-21; biog., 358-59. Critic from Cuba writing in Spanish. Born 1929. Raised in Cuba, he left the country in 1965 and lives in *London. Translation: English: in Mea Cuba (My Cuba), New York, 1994, a series of essays - see the essays on *Reinaldo Arenas pp. 412-16, *Virgilio Pinera and *Lezama Lima pp. 331-360, *Nicholas Guillen pp. 376-82 (he states Nicholas Guillen was not a *pederast, p. 376). Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1938. The poems in A True Likeness (cited below) are a *sequence of nine poems based on his life, called "Destruction"; some were published in American Poetry Review. The title poem "Destruction", about gay relationships, is very powerful. He taught literature at the New School in 1980, is a psychotherapist and is working on a critical study of gay literature of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A True Likeness, 187-94; biog., notes 187. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 740-41. Critic from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1993. Author of Taking it like a man: Suffering, sexuality and the War Poets, Brooke, Sassoon, Owen, Graves (London, 1993). This book is a major reading of these poets in terms of masculinity, discussing homosexuality, bisexuality, dominance of mothers and *sado-masochism. He states Brooke was bisexual (p. 55) and candidly discusses *Sassoon's complex sex life, discussing *Wilfred Owen's neuroticism as it is linked to his homosexuality and the complex question as to whether or not *Robert Graves was homosexual (see pp. 177-78). The book is the first detailed discussion of the poets which adequately discusses homosexuality in relation to their lives and their work. There is a discussion of homosexuality pp. 10-11. Note that the title is a witty reference to homosexual *anal sex. He works in *Canberra at the Australian Defence Force Academy. Pseudonym of a poet from Switzerland who wrote in German. 1972-1942. Pseudonym of *Elisar von Kupffer. The word means "little caesar" and usage probably comes from a poem by *Frederick the Great of Prussia which von Kupffer translated. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 46, 73: the pseudonym of *Elisar von Kupffer (spelt Caesareon). Poet from the United States writing in English. 1912-1992. A *New York *postmodernist classical composer who also wrote poetry. He lived with the dance choreographer Merce Cunningham and worked at *Black Mountain College. The Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 292, states he "shared his life with Merce Cunningham". In Silence: Lectures and Writings (1968), it is difficult to know whether some pieces in this book are prose or *prose poems but there are some definite poems: see pp. 96-97, 102-27 ("Lecture on Nothing"), 128-45 ("Lecture on Something"), 146-93 ("For a Speaker"), 194-259 ("Where Are We Going? and What Are We Doing?"). Richard Kostelanetz, John Cage (1970), contains poems on pages 111 (*"Robert Rauschenberg"), 120, 149 ("Poem for *Edwin Denby"). See also Christopher Felver, The Poet Exposed (1986), p. 133 for a poem. *Open form is relevant to his work. He is known for his piano work "4 minutes 33 seconds" in which the pianist sits at the piano for this length of time without playing a note on the piano, a work which has elements of *Zen. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gay Histories and Cultures. City in Egypt in which the main spoken language is Arabic; Hebrew was spoken by the city's Jews and in ancient times Greek . Material of relevance dates from ca. 1200. Cairo, the capital of Egypt, is an ancient city dating back to before Jesus Christ and has a rich homosexual history. *Ibn Sana al-Mulk compiled the first known Arabic homosexual poetry anthology in Cairo around 1200. The city is rich in Arabic manuscripts (see *al-Nafzawi). *Ibn al-Farid was a famous *Sufi poet. The * Arabian Nights was first published in Cairo and many stories in it refer to the city. See Rudolph Patpai, Sex and Family in the Bible and the Middle East (1959), pp. 172 73, re *singing boys and dancing boys and transvestism in plays in Cairo. Hebrew: see 'Manuscripts - Hebrew re the Cairo Genizah, a repository of Hebrew manuscripts found in the twentieth century. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition: "al-Kahira" (brilliant history of the city). Poet from India who wrote in Bengali. 1486-1533. A *Vaisnava saint from Bengal who wrote poems to *Krishna (compare *Candidas). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, vol. 2, 33. Group from Great Britain relating to poetry in English. Ca. 1880-ca. 1910. Calamites were *disciples of Whitman in Great Britain who wrote homosexually orientated poetry in the late *Victorian period and early twentieth century. The name comes from the Calamus Poems section of Whitman's Leaves of Grass, the most openly homosexual section. Compare *Uranian poets. Foster, "Beauty's Purple Flame: Some Minor American Gay Poets", Gay Books Bulletin no. 7 (1982) 15, states the name was only used in Great Britain. Mythical figure in Greek from Egypt and later in English. From ca. 450. Calamus is first mentioned in the work of the Greek poet *Nonnus from Egypt (fifth century; the date is uncertain), in Dionysiaca xi 369-481. He was a beautiful youth loved by *Apollo who turned into a reed on his death. He also had a gay relationship with Carpus. English. The Calamus Poems are a famous section of the American poet *Walt Whitman's Leaves of Grass, so named because the calamus reed is suggestive of the erect penis; the poems in this section of Leaves of Grass are explicitly homosexual. It is not known whether Whitman was aware of the reference in Nonnus; but it is difficult to think he was not aware of it. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Liddell and Scott, Greek-English Lexicon, 865-66. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality. Editor from Italy of works in Latin and critic writing in Latin. 1446-ca. 1478. An Italian *humanist who wrote a commentary on *Martial, presented to *Lorenzo de' Medici in 1473. He was also an editor of Martial's poems with a very extensive and famous commentary, first published in Venice in 1474, in Latin (it is the second printed Latin commentary on Martial); for printings see his entry in the *British Library General Catalogue and consult Brunet, Manuel du libraire. His name in Latin - used in some library catalogs - is Domitius Calderinus. See also Robert Balay, Guide to Reference Books, Chicago, 1996 under "Early and Rare Books" for ways of locating early editions. His edition of Martial was very popular and went through many editions. It was a reply to the commentary in the edition of Martial of *Perotti and is one of the most frank commenatries before the twentieth century. It openly discusses sexuality in Martial. Copy consulted: the copy of *David Scott Mitchell (Incunabula cupboard, Mitchell Library, Sydney: the edition, published in Venice, 1485, contains the Latin commentary printed round the text). He also wrote a commentary on Juvenal, published in 1475; Mario Salmi, Italian Miniatures, London, 1957, Plate 67, shows *satyrs on the title page of this commentary, dated by the author 1474 (there is a strong homosexual element in this work). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dizionario biografico degli Italiani: long article (his name also spelt Caldarinus or de Caldarinus); with a detailed bibliography. Poet from Canada who wrote in English. 1878-1956. Acanthus and Wild Grape, 1920, is one of the earliest books of gay poetry from Canada. He was a Professor of French at Bishop's College, Lennoxville, Quebec. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Canadian Literature, 688: states he was Professor at Bishop's University, *Québec and used *free verse. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, first edition, items 389-91: Acanthus and Wild Grape, Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1920, In a Belgian Garden and Other Poems, London: Erskine MacDonald, 1917 and Sonnets for Youth, Toronto: Ryerson, 1944. Homosexuality in Canada, first edition (1979), 7: same books as preceding (with comments citing poems) and Blue Homsepun, Toronto, ca. 1924; Sonnets for Youth, Toronto, Ryerson Press, 1944, 8 pp. (highly rated by Ian Young). Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 570-72: same books as in first edition. Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (1984), 137: same books as preceding. Callimachus Twelve epigrams in the *Mousa Paidike are ascribed to him. He was an *Alexandrian poet who had a celebrated quarrel with his pupil *Apollonius Rhodius in which he took the view that it was better to write short fine poems than long *poems or epics (see also *epigrams). He compiled a catalog of famous Greek writers and their works for the library of *Alexandria. Sometimes spelt Kallimachos. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary,194-6: Callimachus (3). Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10521-22. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Garland of Meleager. Palatine Anthology xii 43, 51, 71, 73, 102, 118, 134, 139, 148-50, 230. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 33. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 24, 58-59. Orgasms of Light, 99: trans. by *Winston Leyland. Les Amours masculines, 40. Reid, The Eternal Flame, volume 1, 133, 134. Criticism. Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung" Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 9 (1908), 263-65. Brandt Sittengeschichte Griechenlands, volume 2, 199. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 484-85: stating he is "by far the most important epigrammatist of the Alexandrian period". Buffiere, Eros adolescent, 296-97. Courouve, Ces petits grecs, 12: citing fragments 68, 195 and 49 and epigrams 25 and 28. Poet possibly from Greece who wrote in Greek. Active before 399. See *J. M. Edmonds, Lyra Graeca, vol. 3, 1927, p. 569, poems 14-16 (three important poems; the apparent ascription to Callistratus on p. 567 may imply that they are by Callistratus though they appear to be anonymous). The Encyclopedia of Homosexuality reference below may be to the fifth Oxford Classical Dictionary entry, in which case his date is between 200 and 399 and the date in the Encyclopedia of Homosexuality is wrong; the text of this poet is published in the Loeb edition, edited by A. Fairbanks, with the poet *Philostratus, Cambridge, Mass., 1931. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 196-97: 5 entries, though none refers to a poet in the Hellenistic period (323-146 B.C.). Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 500: stating he wrote several epigrams and lived in the *Hellenistic period. Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. Active 50-60. A *pastoral poet and imitator of *Virgil. The poem cited in Criticism is about two shepherds finding a poem cut into a tree. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary. Criticism. Courouve, Ces petits grecs, 12: re I in Minor Latin Poets (this is the full reference), edited by J. Wright Duff, Cambridge: Loeb, 1934. Translator from Greek and Latin to English from Great Britain. 1831-1884. He translated *Theocritus' Idylls (1869) from Greek and *Virgil's Eclogues (1908) from Latin into English. Calvin, John and Calvinist religion, also called Calvinism Religious reformer from Switzerland writing in French. 1509-1564. A Protestant reformed theologian whose Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536), were his major theological work. He was born in France and settled in Geneva, Switzerland. His religion was strongly anti-gay in tenor though he was accused of homosexuality by his enemies. The idea that Jesus Christ died only for the elect was a central tenet in his religion. As homosexuality was condemned in the *Sodom and Gomorrah story, homosexuals did not constitute the elect. His teachings were very popular in Germany and very influential in the United States (he greatly influenced *Puritanism). Attempts to link him to homosexuality, especially in relation to his close friendship with *Théodore de Bèze (who did write a relevant poem), seem more like attempts by his opponents to blacken his name - and consequently the new religion - and to *libel him. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopædia Britannica : see "Calvin and Calvinism". Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 100: under Schouten-Haag cites Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 6 (1904), H. J. Schouten-Haag, "Die vermeintliche Paderastie des Reformators Johann Calvin" (The alleged homosexuality of Calvin); translated into French in Arcadie no. 105 (September 1962), 478-86. Duroc, Homosexuels et lesbiennes illustrés, 71. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1064. Poet from Italy writing in Latin. 82 B.C.-ca. 47 B.C. He wrote an *epigram attacking Julius Caesar and calling him a passive homosexual or pathicus: see the *Suetonius entry of the Oxford Classical Dictionary for details. The lines are: "Bithynia Quicquid/ et pedicator Caesaris umquam habuit" ("Whatever Bithynia and the fucker of Caesar ever had.") Bithynia refers to Nicomedes, the king of Bithynia who is later alleged to have anally fucked Caesar. Only a few lines of his poetry survive. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary. stated to be an orator and poet. City and university in Great Britain where English is the main spoken language; Latin was formerly the language of instruction in the University. From ca. 1209. The University, the second oldest in Great Britain, began when a group of students migrated from *Oxford ca. 1209; it was not incorporated until 1571. Instruction was formerly in Latin and the University consists of a number of residential colleges where dons (fellows of colleges) tutor students in a semi rural setting. The first college, Peterhouse, was founded ca. 1300. King's College has been long associated with homosexuality and is called in local parlance "Queens"; *Lord Byron and *Patrick White attended it and *Oscar Browning reformed it. The *Cambridge Apostles was an undergraduate group which contained many homosexuals; it dated from before *Tennyson and included *Lytton Strachey, especially influential in the group in the early part of the twentieth century. Until 1874, dons were required to be unwed and in the earlier centuries colleges were patterned on monasteries. Like Oxford, the city has, since the *Renaissance, been a centre of *publishing. The University has a long connection with homosexuality and homosexual poets: see *Rupert Brooke, *Stephen Coote, *Erasmus (he taught Greek from 1511), *A. S. F. Gow, *Thomas Gray, *A. E. Housman, *Royston Lambert, *Sir John Leslie, *Martin Boyd, *Cambridge Songs, *Cambridge Platonists. The Russian and English language novelist and poet *Vladimir Nabokov studied there. The University Library, one of the largest in Britain, is a British deposit library and has an erotica collection (some books in the field of erotica were left to the library by A. E. Housman). See M. Mason, Oxford and Cambridge (1958), and Peter Searby, A History of the University of Cambridge (in progress; volume 3, 1750 to 1870, published in 1998). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 187-89: "Cambridge and Oxford". Movement in Great Britain in English. Occurring ca. 1624. A group of Anglican divines at *Cambridge University who tried to promote a more rational form of Christianity. The most important poet was *Henry More (active 1647). They influenced *William Penn in the United States where *Harvard University was founded in 1636 as an offshoot of Cambridge, just prior to the emergence of the Cambridge Platonists. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Howes, Broadcasting It: see "Oxford and Cambridge". Collection of songs in Latin from Great Britain. Ca. 1050. The Cambridge Songs is a collection of Latin poems of the 11th century, some pages of which have been erased in the manuscript and thus some poems are *lost. It is thought this has been done because they were regarded as being obscene at one time. Editions: see *Karl Breul. An edition exists edited by Karl Strecker published in 1926. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Medieval Latin Poems of Male Love and Friendship, 147, states the manuscript preserves the gay poem *"O admirabile Veneris ydolum". Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. 1845-1905. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amicizia amorosa, 171-72: poem "A Lorenzo Delleani"; biog., 169. Translator from Greek to Latin from Germany. 1500-1574. Translator of the Greek poet *Theognis into Latin: Theognidis Megarensis Sententiae graecolatinae (Leipzig, 1603); he also translated *Theocritus into Latin (1596; repr.). A close friend of P. *Melanchthon. For information on him see Sandys, History of Classical Scholarship, volume 2 (1908), pp. 266-67. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active from 1975. He was associated for many years with the Hot Peaches theater company in *New York. He wrote several books of poetry including The Poems & Lyrics of 'Play Genet (New York: privately printed, 1997) and Poems for Drag Queens (NYC: Hot Peaches Productions, 1997). Probably his most important book of poems is The Divas of Sheridan Square written uner the pseudonym of Jimmy Centola (New York: privately printed, 1975). Poet and novelist from Brazil who wrote in Portuguese. 1867-1897. Famous for writing a gay novel Bom-Crioulo, he started as a poet: see the introduction to the English translation of Bom-Crioulo: The Black Man and the Cabin Boy (1895), San Franciscso: Gay Sunshine, 1982, 5. It is not known if his poems were published. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Brazilian Literature. Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. 1436-1500. See Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, p. 173: states he is a writer of *Burchiellesque poetry who "wrote many compositions on homosexual themes". The author of Italian poems accusing, in juicy detail, the poet *Niccoló Cósmico of homosexuality. Dictionaries and Encycloepdias. Dizionario biografico degli Italiani. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity, p. 105. Poet from Portugal who wrote in Portuguese. Ca. 1524-1580. The Portuguese national poet who wrote the epic Os Lusiadas (The Lusiads; 1570). Little is known of his life though he lived a violent life and he lost an eye in north Africa. His love poems are influenced by *neo-platonism. His life and poetry have not been assessed for homosexuality. There are some classical homosexual references in The Lusiads in which he states Venus, the goddess of love, favors the Portuguese; in The Lusiads translated by William C. Atkinson, Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin, 1952 see, for example, pp. 80 (Lusus as companion to *Bacchus) and 93 (Sancho II compared to *Sandanapalus for effeminacy). Compare *Cervantes, the Spanish novelist who lived at sea for many years where, in all male company, both writers, like *Herman Melville, must have encountered homosexuality. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Concept in English from Great Britain and other languages. From ca. 1881 in English but earlier in other languages. English. Camp is a style that has been defined by Susan Sontag as "love of the unnatural; of artifice and exaggeration... someting of a private code, a badge of aestheticism" (in her "Notes on Camp", in Against Interpretation, New York, 1967, p. 275). There is a considerable *parody and burlesque element in camp. *Christopher Isherwood, The World in the Evening, 1954, p. 125, has a discussion of the word. Camp dates at least to nineteenth century music hall traditions; it also comes out of theater traditions in general, especially musicals (in the twentieth century see *Lorenz Hart and *Cole Porter). See Philip Core, Camp (1984). Moe Meyer, The Politics and Poetics of Camp (1993) has several articles but no poetry reference and important bibliographies. David Bergman, editor, Camp Grounds: Style and Homosexuality (Amherst, 1993), is a series of essays on camp style. Great Britain and the United States: see *William Gilbert (whose opera Patience, 1881, is an early work), *Cole Porter, *Lorenz Hart, *Noel Coward, Jonathan Williams, *David Bergman, *Michael Bronski, *Bawdry, *Minstrel Show, *"The elevators in fairy town". *Frank O'Hara's poetry has an especially camp ambience as does *James Merrill's and the work of many of the poets in the *New York School of ca. 1955-1970. *Lita Hornick (pseud.) is a recent United States camp poet. Australia: see *'Banjo" Paterson, *C. J. Dennis (especially regarding the journal The Gadfly), *Barry Humphries (the outstanding Australian contemporary writer of camp poems). Other languages. In poetry, *parodies show camp elements and these date back to parodies of *Homer in Greek. *Satires have a camp element. Sanskrit and Hindi. There are considerable camp elements in the cult of *Siva, especially in representations of him. See illustration of manuscripts - Indian languages. Chinese and Japanese. There are camp elements in parody works about *Confucianism (especially of the *Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove) and in artistic depictions of the *Buddha. Oral cultures. See *Singing and dancing in tribal cultures and Songs - Kukatja for Kukatia. an 'Australian Aboriginal language. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 189-90. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Dictionnaire Gay. Gay Histories and Cultures. Criticism. Woods, History of Gay Literature, 301: states "Camp signals the existence of a gay subculture." Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1978. Gay Poetry Anthologies. We Bumped Off Your Friend the Poet, 4. Poet from Australia who wrote in English. 1915-1979. *Geoffrey Dutton, The Innovators (Sydney, 1986), pp. 80-81 states he knocked people to the ground for calling him a "bloody poofter" (i.e. homosexual) because he had long hair: an example of *homophobia amongst poets. He wrote a sequence about *Sappho in Collected Poems (Sydney, 1989), titled "Fragments from Marble", pp. 260-63. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Editor of works in Greek, translator from Greek to English and critic in English. Born 1927. Editor of the *Loeb series Greek Lyric, which is the latest edition of the text of the ancient Greek *lyric poets (with English translation), in five volumes. Volume 1 (Cambridge, US and London, 1982) consists of *Alcaeus (of Mytilene) and *Sappho; Volume 2, 1988, includes the fragments of *Anacreon and the * Anacreontea; Volume 3, 1991, is Stesichorus, *Ibycus, *Simonides and others; Volume 4, 1992, *Bacchylides, Corinna and others and Volume 5, The new school of poetry and anonymous songs (1993), also includes *Skolia. These texts supersede *J. M. Edmonds's edition in the same series and are now the standard edition with English translation. His criticism of ancient Greek poetry provides a balanced view of the subject. In his The Golden Lyre: The Themes of Greek Lyric Poets (London, 1983), Chapter One, "Love", discusses homosexuality in *Archilochus (pp. 4-5), *Solon (p. 18), *Ibycus (pp. 18-19), *Anacreon (pp. 20-24) and *Theognis (pp. 25-26); on p. 26 he states "The theme of Greek lyric poets is sexual, usually homosexual desire." He worked at the University of Victoria, Canada, 1977-87. Poet from South Africa who wrote in English and editor in Afrikaans; he later lived in Great Britain. 1901-1957. In 1924-26, he edited the Afrikaans satirical journal Voorslag with the homosexual *William Plomer. The Wayzgoose (London, 1928), is a poetical satire on South African society; language is used very subtly in this work, indeed cunningly. Possible gay references occur: e.g., on p. 9 "It is accounted learned to the *green"; p. 38 Freud and Plomer's "smutty Tilth"; p. 40 *Pre-Raphaelite reference regarding *androgyny; p. 44 "A bottle-nosed *Narcissus of the Press". A wayzgoose is a dinner of printers. At Oxford he experimented with homosexuality and had an affair with the composer William Walton (information from his biographer *Peter Alexander, 30 September 1993; this information could not be included in the biography of Peter Alexander as William Walton was then alive). The Georgiad (1931) is a poetry *satire attacking the homosexual *Bloomsbury group after his wife Mary had a lesbian affair with Vita Sackville-West: see *Peter F. Alexander, Roy Campbell, 1982, pp. 87-99. In 1935 he became a *Catholic and in 1952 he published a study of *Garcia Lorca. He coined the term MacSpaunday poets describing *MacNeice, *Spender, *Auden and *Day-Lewis. Biography: Roy Campbell by Peter F. Alexander (1982). See also *Aleister Kershaw. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, vol. 2, 1007, states he was "known to have been homosexual". Anthologist from Germany of works in German. Born 1949. The compiler of the anthologies * Andere Lieben and *"Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen". Author of Der programmatische Roman: von Wielands 'Agathon' zu Jean Paul's 'Hesperus'' (1979), 258 pages - a discussion of the German romantic novel. Anthologist from the United States of works in English. Active 1981. One of the anthologists who compiled * Walt Whitman; The Measure of his Song. Poet and songwriter from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1567-1620. An English poet noted for his lute songs. Text: The Works, edited by Walter R. Davis (London, 1969). See "All Lookes Be Pale", an *elegy for Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales (1594-1612), showing considerable homoeroticism. (He also published in 1613 Songs of Mourning based on Frederick's death and which were set to music by John Coprario.) His poems are heterosexual in ambience influenced by *Petrarchism but lacking real conviction in respect of the portrayal of women. Several poems of his are based on the trope of *Cupid. He also wrote Latin poems. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Poet from Cuba writing in English; he lives in the United States. Born 1964. Book of poems: The Other Man Was Me - A Voyage to the New World (1994) - see the note in *Prinz Eisenherz catalogue 1995/3, p. 4. This book details his life from Cuba to the United States and the last section explores his gay American identity particularly the doctor-patient relationship in the age of *Aids (he is a doctor). What the Body Told, 1996, is his second book of poems (review: James White Review vol. 13 no. 3, summer 1996, 20) and Diva (1999) his third book. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gents, Bad Boys, and Barbarians, 49-54; biog., 48. Badboy Book, 83; biog., 384. Eros in Boystown, 23; biog., 59 - a graduate of *Harvard Medical School. The World in Us: Lesbian and Gay Poetry of the Next Wave, 22-25; biog., 360. Word of Mouth, 425-29. Canada, Michel Poet writing in French. Active from 1960. He frequently appeared in * Arcadie as a poet ca. 1960-ca. 1971, e.g. in no.110 (February 1963). Possibly the name is a pseudonym and possibly he is from Canada. Canadian Lesbian and Gay Archives Archives and library in Canada with works in English and French and journals in many other languages. In existence from 1973. The archives has published *Our Own Voices compiled by Alan Miller, the largest and most comprehensive list of gay journals in the world, which is a computer based listing. It lists over 7,200 gay journals, newsletters and guides including some 3000 held by the archives in at least one copy. This work is also available through the archives' site on the internet. In 1980, it published a thesaurus of gay terminology for library entries: A Thesaurus of Gay Terminology for the Canadian Gay Archives by Robert Trow (copy sighted: Australian Gay Archives, Melbourne). The archives held over 2,100 journals and over 3,000 books by 1987. By late 1988, material on *Aids had reached equal proportions to that on other holdings. Many rare Canadian books are held. Its initial guiding spirit was James Fraser (1946-85: obituary in * Body Politic no. 114, May 1985, 15). Significant material is held in *manuscript (44 papers of individuals in 1987). It is the most impressive national gay archive and a major resource for research. It publishes the journal Gay Archivist (1977+), which has a description of the holdings in the first issue. See the articles describing the archives and its history, "Stashing the Evidence", by Rick Bebout, in Body Politic, August 1979, 21-22 and 26 and in Body Politic no. 108, November 1984, 35-36. There is a 38 page finding guide by Rick Bebout. The archives collective organized the 1980 conference *Whitman in Ontario, the 1982 Wilde '82 gay history conference (marking the centenary of Wilde's visit to America) and the 1985 gay history conference, Sex and the State, all held in Toronto. The name was changed to Canadian Lesbian and Gay Archives in the first half of the 1990s. Two brilliant bibliographies entitled * Homosexuality in Canada have been compiled based on holdings in the archives. Originally it was called the Canadian Gay Liberation Movement Archives (1973-75), and later the Canadian Gay Archives. It is housed in *Toronto. References. Directory of the International Association of Lesbian and Gay Archives and Libraries, 23-28: description as at 1987 (this description has been used for this entry). Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (1984), 275-340: Vertical Files (a list of vertical Tiles to 1984) lists material from organizations and individuals. Miller, Our Own Voices: list of journals held (the largest in the world). City in Australia where the main spoken language is English. From 1912. Canberra is the capital of Australia, in existence as a city from 1912 when the site was chosen. The city is an artificially created one, designed by Walter Burley Griffin. The Australian National Library, in Canberra, is Australia's largest library with much contemporary manuscript material; it is responsible for *Kinetica (formerly the *Australian Bibliographic Network), a combined computer catalog of Australia's major research libraries. The Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies in Canberra - known as AISTSIS - houses *Australian Aboriginal language material. The Defence Force Academy produces *Austlit which indexes Australian literature including for homosexuality in poems. See also *Adrian Caesar, Don Laycock, *Manuscripts, *Mark O'Connor, *Donovan Clarke, *Laurence Collinson, *Robert Cumming, James Griffyth Fairfax, *Harry Hooton. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1976. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 580: Offbeat Boston Bicentennial Blues, Allston, MA: privately printed, 1976. Candidas, also spelt Chandidas Poet from India who wrote in Bengali. Ca. 1380-died before 1450. A *Vaisnava saint from Bengal who wrote poems to *Krishna; many poems are written in the persona of Krishna's consort Radha (see *Love poems written in the persona of a woman). He was heterosexual and had a famous lover called Rami. He was involved with *Tantra. Compare *Caitanya. Translation. English: see Love Songs of Chandidas, trans. Deben Bhattacharya, 1967 (with excellent introduction; see also illustrations pp. 17 and 18). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, vol. 1, 33. Publisher from Great Britain of works in English. Active 1749. Thomas Cannon was the author of a *lost book: * Ancient and Modern *Pederasty Investigated and Exemplified. The book was banned and no copy has been found to date. It may have been an anthology. See also Randolph Trumbach, "London's Sodomites", Journal of Social History, 11 (1977), 14 and footnote 55, p. 31: this reveals that Cannon was forced to flee abroad after the book was prosecuted at John Cleland's instigation. Cannon had previously had Cleland thrown into *prison for debt. Whether copies of this book reached the European mainland is not known. See Notes and Queries, Series 2 vol. 8 (1859), 65-66. References. Smith, Love in Earnest, page x. *David Foxon, Libertine Literature in England 1660-1745, 1965, 54-55, discusses Cannon and the printer John Purser. Historian from Italy writing in Italian. Born ca. 1940. Author of the first study of *bisexuality in ancient Greek and Latin: Secondo Natura: La Bisessualita nel mondo antico (Rome, 1988), translated into English as Bisexuality in the Ancient World (New York, 1994). Despite its title the work is more about homosexuality. Part One of the Italian edition discusses, in Chapter 1, pp. 17-28, *Homer, *Solon, *Alcaeus, *Theognis, *Ibycus and *Pindar, and in Chapter 3, pp. 79-106, the philosophers *Socrates, *Plato, *Aristotle, *Plutarch and the * Palatine Anthology. Part Two, Chapter 2, pp. 157-98 discusses the Latin poets *Catullus, *Ovid, *Propertius and *Lucretius as well as the * Priapeia, *graffiti and *satire. Genre in Portuguese and Galician from Portugal. In existence ca. 1300 to ca. 1500. There are three types of cantiga, of which around 2,000 in all are extant: those addressed by a man to a lady, those involving vilification and satire (and sometimes obscenity) and those which are religious. They were written 1300-1500 and survive from manuscripts of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. They exist in Portuguese and Galician, relate to the poetry of the *troubadours and emerge out of Arabic poetic conventions (see influence - Arabic and *Debate on Love Arabic). The Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, vol. 2, p. 1006, refers to Cantigas de Amigo (Ballads of friendship) as "poems written by men in which a female persona describes her love for a man; some of these poems must have been written by homosexuals"; the word "cantigas" is misspelt in the Encyclopedia of Homosexuality where it is spelt "cantigos". See also D. Alonso, "Cancioncillas 'de amigo' mozarabes", Revista de filologia espanola, xxxiii (1949), 247-394. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics: see "Cantiga" (with important bibl). Singers in Hebrew from Egypt and other countries in which Jews lived and live. Active from before 1500. A fragment from the *Cairo Genizah in Egypt relates the story of a cantor (a singer in a Jewish temple) who was enamoured of a youth and sold his books for the youth's favours but the youth did not respond; see Afaf Lutfi al-Sayyid-Marsot, Society and the Sexes in Medieval Islam (1979), pp. 58-59. This fragment probably dates from before 1500. Cantors were traditionally suspected of suspect morals in Jewish custom. Songs in Italian from Italy. They date from 1450-1600. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10523: three fifteenth and sixteenth century Tuscan songs translated into English by *W. I. Scobie in Gay Sunshine 20: 13 January/Februaary 1974. Cao Xueqin, also spelt Ts'ao Hsueh-ch'in Novelist and poet from China who wrote in Chinese. Ca. 1715-ca. 1764. Author of a famous novel The Dream of the Red Chamber, also called The Story of the Stone. A homosexual poem occurs in Chapter 9 of The Story of the Stone translated into English by David Hawkes (Penguin, 1973), volume 1, p. 208: "Bum-cake!/ Bum-cake!/ Let's all have a/ bit to eat" (said by Jokey Jen one of the school companions of the hero). The novel is basically a heterosexual love story and has an autobiographical basis. His name is spelt Cao Xueqin (in *Pinyin) and Ts'ao Hsueh-ch'in (in *Wade Giles) Translation: see the Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature entry Hung-lou men. Translations date from 1958. English: David Hawkes and John Minford (1973-82); French: Tche-Houa Li (1967); Japanese: Ito Sohei (1969); Russian: V. A. Panasyuk (1958; complete translation). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature: see "Ts'ao Hsueh-ch'in". (His formal name was Ts'ao Chan.) Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature: see Hung-lou men (The Dream of the Red Chamber). Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. 1671-1745. A Neapolitan dialect poet from *Naples whose works contain homosexual poems making fun of *Petrarchism. See Valerio Petrarca, "L'osceno letterario nella lirica dialettale di Nicola Capasso" in Sociologia della lettertura no. 4-5 (1979), 191-203. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dynes, Homoexis, 160. Poet and critic from Greece, who lived in great Britain and wrote in English and Greek. 1912-1944. A selection of his poems and prose was published in Demetrios Capetanakis: A Greek Poet in England, London: John Lehmann, 1947 (no editor is given, but it seems to be John Lehmann); biog. note, p. v. His poems, written in English, are *non gender specific and there is no female presence; see "Friendship's Tree" p. 30, "American Games" p. 31 (both with strong homosexual suggestions), *"Cambridge Bar Meditation" p. 20, "Angel" p. 32 and "The Isles of Greece" p. 33. This is a collection of poems and prose with an introduction by John Lehmann pp. 9-18 and "A Recollection" by *William Plomer, pp. 181-83, which traces his biography. There are essays in English by Demetrios Capetanakis on the French poet *Rimbaud pp. 53-71 and the German poet *Stefan George pp. 7289 whom he saw as a precursor of Hitler; there are also essays on *Proust (whom he read fourteen times), *Thomas Gray and *Horace Walpole. He studied political science and economics at *Athens University before becoming a Doctor of Philosophy at *Heidelberg and learnt English only in 1939, when he came to Great Britain with the aid of the British Council. See *Peter F. Alexander, William Plomer (1989), p. 243: this states Plomer met him at parties of Lehmann's and they were close friends. Translation. His poems have been translated into Greek by Nanos Valaoritis and Manolis Markakis and were published in Athens in 1988 in their selection Mythologia tou Oraiou (Mythology of the Beautiful) which also includes prose; a selection of poems (including "Friendship") is on pp. 274-72. In Greek he published several philosophic studies, including "The Struggle of the Solitary Soul" and "The Mythology of Beauty" (see *aestheticism). He moved in a homosexual ambience and was greatly attracted to homosexual writers and poets of the *symbolist and *decadent type. He is believed to be homosexual by oral tradition and to have been a lover of John Lehmann (he also knew Stefan George personally in early life). City and island in Italy where the spoken language is Italian. Gay poetry reference dates from ca 1890. Capri, an island near *Naples, has one of the longest documented homosexual histories in the world: see James Money, Capri Island of Pleasure (London, 1986) - reviewed in the German language journal Capri, no. 2, 1991, p. 45-47 by *Paul Knobel (translated into German by *Manfred Herzer). Capri's connection with gay poetry so far is only documented from the 1890s on, when an extensive foreign colony, fleeing persecution in other European countries, developed; on this point see, however, *Tiberius below. See A. Sper (pseud. of *Hans Rau), Capri und die Homosexuellen (Capri and homosexuals) (Berlin, 1903), 26 pages, for the first discussion of this group. English. *Norman Douglas was made an honorary citizen; see also *Compton Mackenzie. French. Jacques d'Adelswärd Fersen built a beautiful home on the highest point of the island where he lived. German. Two poems on the German industrialist Friedrich Krupp (1854-1902) are in Capri und die Homosexuellen (these works have not been sighted). On Krupp, a rich German business man who committed suicide while holidaying on Capri after the German press exposed his homosexual behavior, see the pamphlet by A. T. Fleischmann, Der Fall Frupp und der Caprese (1903) and the obituary in Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen vol. 5 Part 2, (1903), 1303-1321; see also his entry in Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. See *Friedel Thiekotter regarding poems on Tiberius and von Gloeden. A gay journal in German titled Capri has been edited by *Manfred Herzer in Berlin from the late 1980s. Greek: see John Ellingham Brooks. Latin: see *Tiberius. The town library of Capri has an important archive of the city's history and manuscript material including a few manuscripts of *Fersen's poems. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Pauly, Wissowa, Paulys Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft: see "Capreae" (cites all references in ancient Latin and Greek sources). Enciclopedia italiana. Poet from Romania who wrote in Romanian. 1885-1936. Matei Caragiale has been thought to be possibly homosexual (a source in the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, to the author, 1987.) Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Everyman Companion to East European Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 417: influenced by *Oscar Wilde and re his *sonnets; ascription to Matei Caragiale is only provisional as the first name is not given. Editor of works in Greek and translator from Greek to Italian. Active 1788. Editor of the * Palatine Anthology: Raccolta di varj epigrammi, 6 volumes, *Naples, 1788-96: "The collections of Planudes and Cephalas united." This work consists of the Greek text, with Italian translation, of the poems of the Palatine Anthology, divided into seven books (as the *Planudean Anthology was divided). It contains the first Italian translation of the homopoems of the * Mousa paidike. The manuscript was in the Vatican library at this time (see the Palatine Anthology entry); the * National Union Catalog reveals only two copies are in the United States. This is the only work by this author listed in the * National Union Catalog. Not sighted. Pseudonym of a poet from France who wrote in French. 1886-1958. A bohemian poet of Montmartre and Montparnasse whose real name was François Carcopino Tusoli. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Les Amours masculines, 351-52. Addressee of love poems in German from Germany. Active 1822. Eight *sonnets of Platen were addressed to him: see *R. B. Cooke for English translations of these. Critic, historian and poet from Spain writing in Spanish. 1948-1992. The author of Guerreros, Chamanes y Travestis: Indicios de homosexualidad entre los exóticos (Fighters, Shamans and Drag queens: records of homosexuality amongst exotic peoples), Barcelona: Tusquets, 1984. This work consists of an anthology of passages about homosexuality from history and anthropology in three sections, Fighters, *Shamans and Drag *queens. It is important for material about tribal peoples and especially those in South America, these being previously peoples little known; however its coverage is world wide. There are poems scattered throughout (e.g. Juan de Castellanos, p. 69, *Ibn Kuzman and Al-Moramid, pp. 68-69, * Gilgamesh, pp. 107-08). Non Spanish material is translated into Spanish. There is a list of tribal peoples by contintent pp. 232-43. The book is the most widespread study of homosexuality in relation to *anthropology in Spanish. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Bibliographies. Cuaderno bibliográfico gay, 13: book Despojos, Valencia: Pre-Textos, 1981; see also pp. 16 (work of fiction, Detrás por delante, Barcelona: Laertes, 1986) and 23 (Guerreros Chamanesp y Travestis) Translator from German to Italian from Italy. 1835-1907. Translator of a selection of the German homopoet *Platen into Italian (Bologna, 1880). Professor of Rhetoric at the University of Bologna 1860-1904, he was also a poet who saw Italy as being weakened by *Christianity and Romanticism. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Poet and diarist from Argentina who lived in Brazil and wrote in Spanish; he apparently also wrote in Portuguese. Active from 1962 to 1979 when he died. From *Buenos Aires, Argentina, he left his wife in 1962 to plunge into gay life in Recife in Brazil. An edition of his poems is dedicated to the Brazilian city of Recife; apparently this edition is in Portuguese. Criticism. Trevisan, Perverts in Paradise, 24-32: states he is an important contemporary gay writer, who wrote poems "dedicated to the city of Recife"; p. 32 states he wrote a diary in Spanish which was translated into Portuguese. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1951. Book: Desire (1996). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gents, Bad Boys, and Barbarians, 57-60: fine poem about an alcoholic gay priest Father Bob; biog., 56. Word of Mouth, 286-93. Journal in English from Australia. 1987-1994. The first Australian journal devoted exclusively to the publication of gay poetry and prose; it commenced in December 1987. Fourteen issues were published to January 1994, each issue being of approximately 40 pages. Issues alternated between gay male and gay female issues with issue nine being a combined male and female issue. Male issues have been mostly edited by *Laurin McKinnon and all issues were published by him under the imprint BlackWattle Press, based in *Sydney. Issues 1, 3, 5, 7, 11, 12 and 14 are gay male issues. Poetry has varied in quality. Issue 14 has excellent gay poems. Poets: Javant Biarujia, John Dawson, Wilbur Force, *Denis Gallagher, D'mitri Kakmi, Karl Karlsen, Ian Kember, *Paul Knobel, *Ian MacNeill, *Don Maynard, Donald Moss, Torsten Page, Tim Reeves, Georges de Sarre, Neil Stuart, *Ivor C. Treby, *Richard Turner, *Stephen Williams, *Xalid Abd-Ul-Wahid. Pseudonyms are used by some authors (confirmed by Laurin McKinnon to the author, 1991). Poems published have been very uneven in quality with the best issues edited by Laurin McKinnon. The journal has been indexed by *Austlit. Carlsen, Carl Lover from the United States relating to works in English. Active 1932. The lover of *Hart Crane and *Lincoln Kirstein, the latter of whom discusses him in his autobiography Mosaic: Memoirs (New York, 1994), which has a photograph of him allegedly by George Platt Lynes, taken in 1932, on p. 49 (however David Lddick in Naked Men, 1999, has shown it is not Carl Carlsen but Harvey Easton, a Hollywood gym owner, and it was taken in the 1940s). Carl Carlsen was a handsome sailor. There is also an essay on him in Kirstein's By, With, To and From, edited by Nicholas Jenkins (New York, 1991), pp. 38-71and the George Platt Lynes photograph, p. 49. Poet from Canada who wrote in English; he later lived in the United States. 1851-1929. Bliss Carman had a strong bohemian streak, was influenced by *eighteen-nineties poets and collaborated with his close friend, the United States poet *Richard Hovey, on Songs from Vagabondia (Boston, 1894; repr.): in this book see the title poem "Vagabondia" pp. 1-4 (espousing complete freedom) by Hovey, "The *Faun" by Hovey (slight reference only) pp. 14-16 and *"Comrades" by Hovey pp. 54-55. The volume was much reprinted. The figure of *Pan haunted his poetry of 1900-1910: see the title poem of The Pipes of Pan (1903), pp. 16-44, also *"Hylas" pp. 10406 in this book. (The University of Sydney copy was owned by * J. Le Gay Brereton.) He lived in the United States in later life, though he was regarded as Canada's greatest poet and in 1928 was made Poet Laureate. He wrote over fifty volumes of poetry. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Canadian Literature. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Bibliographies. Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (1984), 137: A Vision of *Sappho, no place no date and Sappho: One Hundred Lyrics, London: de la Mare Press, 1906 and Chatto and Windus, 1921. Criticism. Mayne, The Intersexes, 382: called Bliss Carman by Mayne who states his poetry shows "psychic uranianism". Editor and translator of Hebrew works from the United States and critic of Hebrew writing in English; he later lived in Israel. 19251986. Compiler of The Penguin Book of Hebrew Verse (1981): see pp. 13-55 (this Introduction is a fine overview of Hebrew poetry in general), p. 302 Joseph ibn Hisdai, p. 313 (*Solomon Ibn Gabirol; poem "The testimony of beauty") and pp. 361-63 (trans. of *Anonymous non gender specific *boy love poems with *gazelle, *cup-bearer and *fawn motifs); bibliography pp. 581-86. He translated all the poets into English. He wrote the critical work Hebrew Poetry of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance (Berkley, 1991); see pp. 64-68 regarding homosexuality. Biography: see the first page of The Penguin Book of Hebrew Verse; states he was born in the United States and emigrated to Israel in 1947 and is a poet. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Judaica. Collection of poems in Latin and German from Germany. Ca. 1230. The largest collection of medieval Latin verse extant; it contains some homosexual poems (see below for details). It belonged to the Benedictine monastery of Benediktbeuern, in Bavaria, Germany, is in both Latin and German, and is now in *Munich. It features several bawdy poems. It was first published in 1847 in an edition edited by J. A. Schmeller. There are several later editions, including a facsimile edition of the manuscript edited by B. Bischoff (New York,1967). The edition of A. Hilka and O. Schumann, 2 volumes, is thorough and critical but does not include all poems. Some of the poems were set to music by Carl Orff. Translation. English: J. A .Symonds (1884), see Boswell and Stehling as listed below; French: O. Dobiache-Rojdestvensky (1931); German: R. Ulrich (1927), M. Hofmann (1937), E. Brost (1939 1954), E. Buscher, (c. 1950), L. Laistner (1879; repr.), Carl Fischer (1975); Italian: L. Vertova (1949). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance and Homosexuality, 378-80: translation of "Iam mutantur animus" (I am already changing my mind). Medieval Latin Poems of Male Love and Friendship, 120-29: three poems, "Quocumque more motu", "Cur suspectum me", "Deus pater, adiuva"; notes 160-61. "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen", 53-55. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 185-87: trans. of "Quocumque more motu" (described as "a deliberately obscure song of homosexual love") by Wilhelm. Oral poems sung at carnivals, especially before lent (the forty days before the Christian festival of Easter) in Italy in Italian and in Brazil in Portuguese. From ca. 1530. Carnival is the celebration held in Christian countries prior to Lent, the forty days of fasting before Easter (which marked the death and rebirth of Christ). It was a time of hedonism before the austerities of lent and ribald behavior was tolerated. It is still extensively practiced in *Catholic countries; the carnival in *Rio de Janeiro is famous and it is still celebrated in *Venice. Italian. See *Bernesque poetry. Compare * Carmina Burana in Latin. See entry "Canto Carnascialesco" in Dictionary of Italian Literature. Portuguese. See *Anonymous poem - Portuguese for a song from Brazil about a gay *prisoner. Material is other *European languages is likely. Critic and historian in Portuguese from Austria who later lived in Brazil. 1900-1978. Author of Historia do literatura ocidental (History of western literature), 8 volumes, 1959-60 (reprinted). This is one of the finest surveys of European literature ever. Homosexuality is discussed in the history: see *Hans Christian Anderson vol. 5, p. 1238, and *Michelangelo, vol. 2, p. 323. The author was an Austrian who fled to Brazil in 1939 to escape the rise of the Nazis. His real name was Otto Maria Karpfen. He did not marry. Biography: see his entry in Enciclopedia Barsa, vol. 5 (1991), published by Encyclopedia Britannica do Brasil. Poet, anthologist, critic, autobiographer writing in English from Great Britain; translator from Greek, Latin and German to English. 1844-1929. The compiler of the first homosexual anthology of poetry and prose in English: Ioläus (1902). Strongly influenced by 'Whitman, whom he greatly admired, Edward Carpenter was a clergyman who became a 'socialist and the leading homosexual activist in Great Britain 1894-1929 - though his homosexual activism was only carried on in a guarded way. He published a defence of homosexuality in Homogenic Love (1894). Love's Coming of Age (1896; many later printings) which included Homogenic Love in the 1906 edition, is a series of essays on sexuality. The Intermediate Sex (1908), is a discussion of homosexuality (trans. into German as Das Mittelgeschlecht, 1907); it was translated into Russian in 1915 by Peter D. Ouspensky. In Urdu *Firaq Gorakhpuri (pseud.) was influenced by him. He visited Whitman in the United States and wrote about it in Days With Walt Whitman (1906), which includes accounts of two visits to the poet in 1877 and 1884. He claimed to have had sex with Whitman: see 'Gavin Arthur. Ioläus (1902), is a work showing indebtedness to the anthology of 'Elisar von Kupffer and remained in print continuously from then on (though it appeared under different titles, such as An Anthology of Friendship). He translated many works in Ioläus where he states (p. vi) all translations where no reference is given are by him. An important pamphlet written by him discussing Whitman's homosexuality is Some Friends of Walt Whitman: A Study in Sex-Psychology (1924), 16 pages, a paper read before the British Society for the Study of Sex Psychology, a group believed to contain many homosexuals (the group subscribed to homosexual journals and its papers ended up in the 'Humanities Research Center). In this work Carpenter states: "There is no doubt in my mind that Walt Whitman was before all a lover of the male" (p.14) - some of the most direct evidence of Whitman's homosexuality. Carpenter's poetry also shows the strong influence of Whitman. Poems. Carpenter published several volumes of poetry. His first volume, published in 1873, was entitled ' Narcissus and Other Poems. Towards Democracy, his best known work, is a series of Whitmanic 'free verse poems, modelled on Whitman's Leaves of Grass, first published in 1883 and then in successively enlarged editions in 1885, 1892 and 1905; Part Four, Who Shall Command the Heart, was first published separately in 1902. The poems in Towards Democracy are typical mystical love poems of the time showing the influence of 'Sufism and 'The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam. They have been very underrated and are much better than contemporary homosexual verse of the 1890s. He collaborated with 'George Barnefield to write The Psychology of the Poet *Shelley (New York, 1925), 126 pages, which discusses feminine - and specifically homosexual - elements in Shelley. This is the most brilliant reading of homosexuality in Shelley so far and one of the finest gay readings of any poet (e.g., see pp. 9-10). The work is discussed in detail in the Shelley entry. Autobiography: see My Days and Dreams (1916). Biography: by 'Chushichi Tsuzuki (1980) - though this work does not deal adequately with the poet's homosexuality. See also Edward Hartley: Edward Carpenter (1979), 16pp., published by Sheffield City Libraries and the life in J. M. Bellamy and J. Saville, Dictionary of Labour Biography, 1974, volume 1, pp. 85-93 (with an excellent bibliography), the best general introduction. Sheila Rowbotham and Jeffrey Weeks, Socialism and the New Life (1977), pp. 25-138, contains a biography by Sheila Rowbotham. He knew 'Magnus Hirschfeld and corresponded with many gay figures all over the world. His papers are in the City Library, Sheffield, deposited in 1958. He was viciously attacked in a pamphlet by M. D. O'Brien titled Socialism and Infamy: The Homogenic or *Comrade Love Exposed (Sheffield, 1909), 24 pages, 1909, and could have been arrested for homosexuality so he showed considerable courage. Carpenter greatly influenced 'D. H. Lawrence, his fellow northcountryman. Carpenter discussed the Japanese gay anthologist 'Saikaku in 1911, showing he knew of his existence in this year: see the Saikaku entry. See also ' Upanishads. An excellent concise summary of his views and achievements is Mrs Havelock [Edith] Ellis, Three Modern Seers, 1920, pp. 193-227 (Edith Ellis was a lesbian). Tony Brown, editor, Edward Carpenter and Late Victorian Radicalism, London, 1991, is collection of essays. Translation. His prose works were widely translated into 'European languages like French and German and into such languages as Russian and Japanese: see A Bibliography of Edward Carpenter (Sheffield City Libraries, 1949), 83 pages for details; this is the most thorough list of the poet's translations. The German and Russian translations of The Intermediate Sex are listed above. Japanese: a selection of poems was published in the translation by 'Tomita Saiko in 1920. See ' British LIbrary General Catalogue and *National Union Catalog for further translations. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 671-73. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 199-200. Howes, Broadcasting It. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 46: Ioläus, An Anthology of Friendship, 1904. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, item 10524: Towards Democracy, London, 1902 - "especially 'Who shall command the heart'" (which is part IV of Towards Democracy, 1902). Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 598, 600-601: Iolaus: An Anthology of Friendship, London: Allen and Unwin, 1902, Towards Democracy, London: Allen and Unwin, 1905, Who Shall Command the Heart Being Part IV of Towards Democracy, London: 'Swann Sonnenschein, 1902. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Ioläus (1902), 59-61, 78, 79, 83-85 (trans. from the Greek of 'Xenophon, 'Plato, 'Meleager and 'Theocritus respectively), 76 (trans. from the Latin of Catullus) and 151-53 and 157-59 (trans. from the German of 'Platen and 'Ulrichs). Ioläus (1906), 189-90: trans. of 'Sa'adi (trans. from the German, from Von Kupffer's anthology), Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 327-30. Reade, Sexual Heretics, 142-43: a poem from Narcissus and other poems (1873), 324-47 (text of Homogenic Love, 1894). Hidden Heritage, 193, 225-54. Digte om mends kerlighed til mend. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 228-32. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 58-59: excellent choice of poems; biog., 117. Art of Gay Love, 41. Poems of Love and Liberation, 21. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 290-91; 298-304 (prose). A Day for a Lay, 5-8; biog., 5. Criticism. Gai Saber vol.1 no. 2, 99-103: article by Bishop Mikhail Itkin (with Carpenter bibl.). Smith, Love in Earnest, 242 (bibl.). Woods, History of Gay Literature, 178-80. Biographer in English from the United States. Born 1946. The author of *W. H. Auden: A Biography (London, 1981). This biography candidly discusses Auden's homosexuality though there is little discussion of his poetry. The work is more searching than the biography of *Charles Osborne and was followed by that of *Richard Davenport-Hines, the most detailed work to date. Reviews: Body Politic 82 (April 1982), 37 by *Robert K. Martin; Gay News 219 (1981), 19. His massive and near definitive biography of *Ezra Pound, A Serious Character: The Life of Ezra Pound (1988), raises the issue of Pound's unsatisfactory love life with women, including both his wife Dorothy and his mistress Olga Rudge; it quotes a psychiatrist at St Elizabeth's Hospital, Washington, where Pound was incarcerated as saying "His character structure is essentially anal-erotic, his attitude to women is contemptuous and he displays some homosexual trends" (p.731). He has also written a biography of the gay composer Benjamin Britten (published in 1992). Critic in French, editor of works in Greek and translator from Greek to French. Active from 1948. He is a major writer and expert on Theognis. The translator and editor of the Greek poet *Theognis into French: Poemes elegaiques (Paris, Budé edition, 1948; revised edition 1975); it includes a commentary. See *Douglas Young, Theognis (1961), pp. xxii-iii: list of articles by Carrière on Theognis. Pseudonym of a publisher in French and other languages from France. Active 1890. Pseudonyn of *Paul Ferdinando. Book collector of works in English and Latin and bibliographer in English from Great Britain. 1905-1975. A bibliophile, book collector and book dealer, he formed collections of *Housman and *Catullus. He is the author of * A. E. Housman: A Bibliography (1982) written with John Sparrow in 1952 (revised edition, 1982, with William White); this work was originally published in The Library in 1940. This is a detailed bibliography of 135 items including contributions to periodicals. It is the standard bibliography. He is most famous for his work ABC for Book Collectors. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography: notes he formed major collections of the work of Housman and Catullus. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born ca. 1970. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gents, Bad Boys, and Barbarians, 63-66; biog., 62. City now in Tunisia, North Africa; formerly the capital of Carthage. Gay poetry in Latin dates from ca. 60. Homosexual poetry reference relating to the city dates from *Silius Italicus (26-101). *Luxorius (active ca. 500) and *Nemesianus (active ca. 283) lived in the city as did *Tertullian (active 190). The Carthaginians who founded the city and came from the Lebanon area and spoke Phoenician, opposed the Roman empire and were famously defeated. The city was subsequently razed in 146 B.C. and all habitation of the site forbidden. *Tunis, the capital of Tunisia arose beside the site of the city. Poet from Brazil writing in Portuguese. Born 1935. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poemas do amor maldito, 61-65; biog., 60 - he has had a varied career in radio, journalism, and popular music. Poet from the United States writing in English. 1938-1988. A popular writer of the early 1990s who also wrote prose. See Fires: Essays, Poems, Stories (New York,1984; repr.): "Luck", p. 11, states "I was nine years old... I slept all night in the fort/ with my best friend./ We *kissed on the lips/ and touched each other." Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors. Poet from Spain writing in Catalan. Active 1900. An intimate Catalan friend of the Spanish painter Pablo Picasso - the two shared flats for eighteen months. Casagemas committed suicide and was apparently sexually impotent with women (and possibly homosexually attracted to Picasso); see John Richardson, A Life of Picasso (London, 1991), volume 1, pp. 118-21: includes an English translation of a poem with homosexual undercurrents. His poetry relates to the *decadent movement. His death greatly affected Picasso. His poems appear not to have been published in book form; it is unknown whether any were published in journals. Poet from Cuba who wrote in Spanish. 1863-1893. Homosexuality appears in a subdued way in his verse: see, for instance, the physical description of Prometheus in the poem "Las oceánidas" (The Oceaniads). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Foster, Latin American Writers on Gay and Lesbian Themes. Poet and autobiographer from Italy writing in Latin. 1725-1798. Casanova is known for his memoirs which detail his sexual experiences which are of a heterosexual nature, The History of My Life. They were written in the last years of his life in a mixture of French and Italian with parts in Latin. They estensively detail his sexual conquests of women especially in *Venice, from where he famously escaped from the prison, *Paris and *London and show him as a classic libertine. The original text was first published in Paris in twelve volumes 1960-62 as Histoire de ma vie(all prior texts are defective). He seems to have had homosexual experiences with his schoolmaster Doctor Gozzi (see Lydia Flem, Casanova or the art of happiness, 1997, p. 43) and possibly while in minor church orders (ibid., pp. 43, 83, 116). The memoirs mention lesbianism throughout. He wrote some poems in Latin when young (ibid., p. 37). See his Saggi, libelli e satiri(Milan, 1968), edited by P. Chiara. The Memoirs have been translated into English. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dizionario biographico degli Italiani. Aay Gay Poetry Anthologies. Pour tout l'amour des hommes, 108-111. Poet from Ireland who wrote in English. 1864-1916. Casement was an *Irish patriot who was knighted for exposing the conditions of slave labor in Africa. When he took the part of the Irish side in the Irish Civil War in 1916 and tried to get the Germans to help the Irish cause, he was arrested when he returned to Ireland, tried for treason and hanged. A diary of his showed he was actively homosexual. It was regarded as a *forgery by many at the time and said to have been forged to blacken his name (the diary became known as "The Black Diary"); it was published in 1959. As a poet, see the very Tine poem quoted in Rowse, Homosexuals in History, pp. 259-60. Text: see Some Poems of Roger Casement (Dublin and London, 1918), 26 pp. Biography. Brian Inglis, Roger Casement (1973), quotes a poem about love pp. 381-83 noting "Even allowing for an element of fantasy... Casement was a practising homosexual" (p. 381). See also the article about him in Gay Times no. 85 (with the poem "The Nameless One"). Poems were also written about him. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 705-12. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 200-202. Howes, Broadcasting It. Gay Histories and Cultures. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Les Amours masculines, 289. Poet from the United States writing in English; later resident in *Amsterdam. Born 1924. Author of the book of poems A Breviary of Torment (San Francisco, 1991): hardcore *S/M poetry overall with poems on *Saint Sebastian pp. 11-17; illustrated with etchings by Piranesi. See pp. 3-8 re *flagellation litanies from the *Middle Ages with parts in Latin in the genre called macaronic verse. Three poems have been posted on the internet including "Sebastian Glorification". Poet from the United States writing in English. Active before 1982. See The Advocate 13 May 1982, 26; a *West Coast gay poet. Book of poems: Coming Attractions, *Little Caesar, before 1982 Editor and archivist writing in Italian from Italy. Active from 1985. He is a leading figure in the gay archive in *Bologna and edits the occasional journal series Quaderni de critica omosessuale (see e. g., no. 2, Cupo d'amore, 1977, on *Pasolini). Editor of the book Desiderio di Pasolini: omosessualita, arte e impregno intelluale, Torino, 1990, a work of criticism on *Pasolini; translated into French as Desirde culture, ca. 1992. See also Journals - Italian. Cassady, Marsh Gay Poetry Anthologies. Badboy Book, 95; biog., 385: author of thirty-nine books in a variety of genres, he lives in southern California. Lover from the United States relating to works in English. 1926-1968. The *lover of *Ginsberg, Neal Cassady was a *bisexual footballer and had several relationships with women. He was a close companion of Jack Kerouac for seven years. See Barry Miles, Allen Ginsberg (1989), pp. 82-84 for details of his early life and the index for his later life; death pp. 410-11. Ginsberg's great gay poem "Many Loves" was inspired by him as also were *"Elegy for Neal Cassady" and "On Neal's Ashes". He died in a car accident. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 611: The First Third, San Francisco, 1972 (his autobiography). A Cassells, David (also called Cyrus) Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1957. A biographical note in James White Review vol. 8 no. 3, p. 20, states he is the author of a book of poems The Mud Actor (1982), and the forthcoming Down from the Houses of Magic (he is called David Cassells here); see p. 11 of this issue for a poem. As Cyrus Cassells, he is the author of the book of gay poems Beautiful Signor (Copper Canyon Press, 1998), winner of the *Lambda Literary Award for poetry for 1988. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros in Boystown, 19. The World in Us: Lesbian and Gay Poetry of the Next Wave, 26-31; biog., 360. Word of Mouth, 357-67. Poet from Italy writing in Latin and historian in Italian. 147B-1516. He was a famous Italian courtier whose II Cortegiano (The Courtier) written in Italian defines the perfect courtier. Homosexuals were in a perfect position to be courtiers at this time. They were in a situation which led to them having to conceal their real nature. This made them perfect for the position of courtier, which entailed considerable double facedness. For a Latin poem see Penguin Book of Latin Verse, p. 3Q3: a poem showing considerable homosexual feeling. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopædia Britannica. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 224. Criticism. Saslow, Ganymede in the Renaissance, 73: alludes to homosexuality in the work II Cortegiano (The Book of the Courtier) (written 1513-1B; published in 152B) "in contexts that suggest it was prevalent". Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, vol. 2, 11Q4: states he treated homosexuality "quite nonchalantly: in II Cortegiano. Pseudonym of a poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Pseudonym of 'Charles Philip Kains Jackson. Active 1924. Myth in Greek poetry from Greece and later trope in poetry in Latin, French and German. From 484 B.C. Called the *Dioskouroi (sons of Zeus) in Greek (in Latinized form, *Dioscuri), they are famous for their mutual love as brothers and later came to be seen as a trope for homosexuality. One, Pollux (Greek: Polydeukes), was immortal and the other, Castor, mortal. As a reward for their brotherly love, *Zeus set them in the heavens as the stars, the Gemini (the twins). Temples are known to have been dedicated to them in *Athens, *Sparta and *Olympia. Their cult was introduced into Italy at an early date, traditionally 484 B.C. They had a temple in *Rome in the Forum, the civic centre, and are early examples of a quasi gay religious cult (as occurred later in Europe with *Saint Sebastian). *Hymns and prayers to them would be relevant though none appears to have survived. It is clear from the Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium entry that their cult survived at least until 492; this cult influenced the *Catholic and *Orthodox church to create cults of pairs of saints, e.g. Peter and Paul. See the entry in Pierre Grimal, Dictionary of Classical Mythology (1976). Greek. They are referred to as having a homosexual relationship with their father Zeus in *Xenophon's Symposium vii: 30. See Liddell and Scott, Greek-English Lexicon, 435: "Dioskoreion". For the artistic depiction see * Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae, vol. 3, Part 1, 537-635 ("Dioskouroi") and the plates in vol. 3, Part 2. They offered a perfect excuse for artists to depict homosexuality under the guise of a myth - two naked men with arms around each other - and several depictions survive, most notably in the Prado, Madrid (where one figure holds a lighted piece of burning wood signifying the stars Gemini, which also refers to their role in guiding sailors safely home). Latin. See *Martial. French. An opera in verse in 1737, was written by *P. J. Gentil-Bernard with music by Jean Philippe Rameau. German. See *Stadion-Thannhausen, *Ludwig Derleth. Compare *Amis et Amile. Spanish. *Leopoldo Maria Panero. See *Salvador Dalí for a drawing of him by the poet *Federico García Lorca in relation to Federico García Lorca falling in love with Dalí. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Graves, Greek Myths, volume 1, 245-52. Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium: noting a religious cult around them in the time of Pope Gelasius I (reigned 492-96). Poet from Portugal writing in Portuguese. 1869-1944. He was an *eighteen-nineties poet with a huge oeuvre who introduced *symbolism into Portuguese poetry and was Professor of Portuguese at the University of Coimbra. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Criticism. Gomes Viana, O homosexualidade no mundo, volume 2, 187: cites his poem "Hermaphrodita" about sexual ambiguity (see *hermaphrodite). Catalogue of Selected Books from the Private Library of a Student of Boyhood, Youth and Comradeship, A Bibliography in English from Great Britain. [London?: the author], 1924, 16 pages. Compiled by *F. E. Murray, this is the catalog of a sale collection of *Uranian books, apparently the library of one person, possibly *J. G. F. Nicholson or *Charles Kains Jackson or possibly F.E. Murray himself. Only the year of publication of books is given and no place of publication or publisher is cited. Murray's name does not appear on the title page and there is no publisher given; prices were not included but a note on the second page indicates the items are for sale. 454 items are listed in three categories: Section 1, "Poetry and Drama", 2, "Belles Lettres, Essays, Biography etc", 3, "Fiction". 87 items pertain to poetry and drama but poetry is not separated from drama; all 87 items are in fact poetry except for Marlowe's play Edward II but as this in in poetry, in effect all items are poetry. Some sixty-three poets are cited in all. Pseudonyms are disclosed in brief annotations to some items and there are some brief comments on works, mostly in relation to publishing details. This is the first English language gay bookseller's catalogue known. It was the basis of much of the research for the book Love in Earnest: Some Notes on English Uranian Poets (1970), by *Timothy d'Arch Smith (confirmed by a letter from Timothy d'Arch Smiith, June 1994). Many of the books appeared in a catalog of the Timothy d'Arch Smith's collection sold in 1972. The work constitutes the first bibliography of British and United States English gay books of poetry (and indeed gay literary works). Listed is a copy of the first United States anthology * Men and Boys (1924), though the title is given incorrectly in item 5 as Boy and Man, An Anthology, 1924; many poets in the anthology are also listed. It should be especially noted that as United States poets are included, Murray must have had some links with United States gay poets or collectors of the period. A copy is in the Newberry Library, *Chicago; a photostat of this edition has been used in compiling this entry. Publisher from Canada of works in English. In existence from 1968 to 1980. It was the first Canadian *gay liberation press and originally started as a journal (1968-ca. 1970). The press published mostly poetry and some fiction and was edited by *Ian Young in Scarborough, Ontario. * Ian Young: a bibliography (1962-1980) lists twenty-nine titles and lists poets published 1969-80 on pp. 57-58. The first book published was Ian Young, White Garland: 9 Poems for Richard (i.e., *Richard Phelan). Male poets published by the press include *Oswell Blakeston, *Dennis Cooper, *Gavin Dillard, *Kenneth Hopkins (translation of *Martial), *Graham Jackson, *E. A. Lacey, *Wayne McNeill, *Tom Meyer, *George Whitmore, *Ian Young. One woman, Judith Crewe, was published. Many books were slim chapbooks of up to 20 pages though E. A. Lacey's Path of Snow (1974), apparently the longest book, is 129 pages and had a hard copy edition as well as a paper edition. Most poets went on to publish books and have substantial careers as poets. Many titles were reviewed in the * Boston Gay Review. Categories in the Encyclopedia Addressee, Anthologist, Anthology, Anthropologist, Anthropology, Archive, Archivist, Aural, Autobiographer, Bawdry, Bibliographer, Bibliography, Biographer, Biography, Bookseller, CD ROM, Censorship, Character, City, Collection, Collector, Concept, Critic, Criticism, Design, Diary, Dictionary, Drama, Dramatist, Editor, Film, Genre, Group, Historian, History, Illustration, Illustrator, Journal (i. e., Periodical; Serial), Language, Law, Letters, Lexicographer, Library, Lover, Manuscript, Meter, Movement, Myth, Novelist, Oral Poem, Partner, Patron, Period, Philosopher, Philosophy, Place, Poem, Poet, Pseudonym (entered as Pseud.), Publisher, Religion, Scribe, Sex, Sexologist, Sexology, Singer, Sociology, Song, Songwriter, Tape (this refers to cassette or other tape recordings), Taste, Translation, Translator, Trope, University, Word. 76 categories. nm, Catholic Church and Catholicism Religion with headquarters in Italy in the Holy See, an independent state situated in Rome sometimes referred to as Vatican City. From ca. 33. Catholicism was the only form of *Christianity in western Europe until the *Renaissance. See Bailey, Homosexuality and the Western Christian Tradition, pp. 82-120 for the period of the *middle ages. The major theologian of Catholicism was Saint *Thomas Aquinas who stigmatized homosexuality (compare *humanism). Priests did not marry and swore a vow of celibacy from the late middle ages but many have been homosexual, while some kept and keep mistresses. The leader of the church, the Pope, lives in *Rome (because of this the Catholic Church is called by some the Roman Catholic Church). Some popes were gay or bisexual, especially in the *Renaissance and later including allegedly in the twentieth century. The Catholic church has been and remains strongly anti-gay; in European countries and their colonies it has been responsible for *censorship of books with local bishops being responsible for approval of works relating to theology, which had to have an approval written in by the bishop. Until recently the church maintained a list of books which Catholics were forbidden to read, the * Index librorum prohibitorum, which included such authors as John Milton. The reasons for the church's anti-gay attitudes go back to Saint *Paul and struggles within the early church. Church law was strongly anti-homosexual with penances prescribed in the penitentials in the middles ages and homosexuals being burnt at the stake from the *Renaissance onwards in some countries (see *Law - Latin). Catholics were frequently told that they could be gay but must not have sex with a person of the same sex. Despite this, Catholic *mystical poets such as the Spanish poet *St. John of the Cross have written strongly homoerotic poetry. Dutch: see *Harry Oosterhuis. French: see *Max Jacob. English. The poet *Gerard Manley Hopkins was a Catholic priest; *Eddie Linden is a twentieth century poet. In the late nineteenth century the church played a strong part in the *decadent movement: see Ellis Hanson, Decadence and Catholicism (Cambridge, MA, 1997). See *Cardinal Newman, *Digby M. Dolben, *Huysmans, John Gray, *Raffalovich, *R. H. Benson, *Lionel Johnson. About 1900, some homosexuals turned to the church for "comfort", ceasing sexual activity and giving up their "sinful" ways: *Oscar Wilde was given conditional baptism into the Catholic Church on his deathbed; however it is uncetain whether he was aware of what was happening (see Richard Ellmann, Oscar Wilde, 1987, pp. 548-49). *Dom Sylvester Houedard was a gay Benedictine monk who wrote poetry in the twentieth century. *David Hilliard has written the most thorough study of homosexuality and British Catholicism to date. The gay historian, John Boswell, was perhaps the best known United States Catholic in the contemporary period See also *Neoplatonism, *Hymns. The Catholic church exercises enormous authority on sexual mores in South America, Africa, Europe and the United States. The *age of consent in Vatican City is twelve. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality: see "Christianity". Gay Histories and Cultures ; see also "Papacy", "Patristic Writers". Other references. Homosexuality and world religions, 135-48: article by Denise Carmody and John Carmody. Publisher of works in English from Great Britain. 1897-1971. He was the owner of The *Fortune Press (1924-70) which published many gay poetry titles. The press specialized in modern poetry and over 600 titles were produced: a list of the 182 titles in print was compiled by *Timothy d'Arch Smith and published in 1969. See Smith, Books of the Beast, pp. 58-7, "R. A. Caton, *Montague Summers and The Fortune Press", for discussion of Caton's life and the press. Caton lived a solitary, miserly life and died owning ninety-one houses. See also Smith, Books of the Beast, pp. 61-74. Poet from Italy who wrote in Latin. B4 B.C.-ca. 54 B.C. Catullus came from 'Verona, in northern Italy and, as poem 31 states, had a property on the island of Sirmio in Lake Garda nearby. Only 116 poems of his have survived but they include poems about sexual experiences with both women - his mistress Lesbia - and his male lover 'Juventius (see poems 24, 4B, B1,99). Most of the love poems are to Lesbia. Poems which deal explicitly with male homosexuality are: 9, 16, 21 ,23, 24, 25, 29, 33, 37, 4B, 56, 57, 61 (see lines 126-5Q), 74, 7B, BQ, B1, BB, 93 (re 'Julius Caesar being gay), 99, 1QQ and 1Q6; there are insinuations of homosexuality in others e.g., 11, 2B, 47, 9B. The homosexual love poems of Catullus are, with the poems of 'Tibullus, the major group of homosexual love poems in Latin of the 'Roman period. Although Catullus writes poems about his love for the man Juventius (usually centering on jealousy), his poems - for instance, poem 25 - frequently express extremely hostile and negative emotions about homosexuality (like 'Martial's epigrams). Two rivals, Furius and Aurelius, vie for Juventius (Latin spelling: Iuventius) - for example in poem 16 - and Catullus is fierce in imputing all sorts of homosexual vices and punishments on them - see poems 21 and 23. So, although Catullus does write about loving and 'kissing Juventius (see 99), he is quite confused, and his feelings in relation to homosexuality expressed in his poems are mainly negative except for Juventius. His sexuality overall seems 'bisexual. In the twentieth century Catullus has been seen as a poet of special relevance to readers; his self division and bisexuality may be reasons. The 'editio princeps was in Venice in 1472 and Catullus has been continually popular since then, although not nearly as popular as 'Horace. The text derives from a manuscript known to be in Verona in the 13th century, the Veronensis manuscript. There are seven surviving manuscripts. Editions: see the bibliography of Lilja, Homosexuality in Republican and Augustan Rome, 'W. Kroll and 'Kenneth Quinn. Brunet, Manuel du librarire, lists earlier editions; some have critical comment. Earlier editions by Emil Bahrens (1BB5; with Latin commentary), Robinson Ellis (1B76; 2nd edition 1BB9) and C. J. Fordyce (1961) remain important. A collector of editions of Catullus in the twentieth century was 'John Carter. Critics discussing homosexuality in the poetrv of Catullus. See the bibliography in Lilja, Homosexuality in Republican and Augustan Rome. For the earliest critics in mechanically printed books consult Brunet, Manuel du libraire. Consult also the list of critics at the end of his entry in the 'British Library General Catalogue for criticism to 1975. There has been a huge volume of criticism especially in English, French, German, Latin, Italian. See also "Criticism" below and Brian Arkins, Sexuality in Catullus (Hildesheim, 19B2). Translation. Catullus, although never as popular as 'Horace, has been extensively translated into the major European languages: firstly into French in 1653, then German in 169Q and Italian in 1731. Only the first and major translations - those reprinted several times or known to be by important translators - are listed for the languages French, German and Italian (where many translations are known). There has been censorship of the texts in relation to homosexuality in translations. Afrikaans: T. J. Haarhoff (1837; repr.). Catalan: Joan Petit (1928). Czech: V. Klepla (1928). Danish: Axel Juel (1937). Dutch: A. Rutgers van der Loeff (1937), A. G. Toellenaere-Blonk (1950). English. Catullus was first translated into English in 1795. Translation of his work has been very popular in the twentieth century as he has been felt to express the twentieth century temperament. Because his works are very explicit sexually, only close analysis of each translation will reveal its accuracy as regards homosexual content - for instance, in 'F. W. Cornish's Loeb edition, lines have been omitted in the translation. The Burton/Smithers translation is a landmark in uncensored translations. Translators. John Nott (1795), George Lamb (1B21), Robinson Ellis (1B71), 'Sir Richard Burton and 'Leonard Smithers (1B94), 'F. W. Cornish (19Q4, 1913+; Loeb edition), 'Horace Gregory (1931), 'F. A. Wright (1926), 'Robert Gathorne-Hardy (1934), 'Jack Lindsay (1929, 194B), Frank O. Copley (1957), 'Peter Whigham (1966; repr.), 'C. H. Sisson (1966), C. and 'L. Zukofsky (1969), 'James Michie (1969; repr.), Carl Cesar (1974), Charles Martin (1979), 'Joseph Salemi (19B4; Catullus poem 16 only). French: M. de Marolles (1653),*François Noël (1803), C. Héguin de Guerle (1837; repr), Eugène Rostand (1879; repr.), Maurice Rat (1931), Georges Haldas (1954). German: Joachim Meiers von Perlberg? (Leipzig, 1690; see British Library General Catalogue ), K. Schmidt (1793) *K. W. Ramier (1793), T. Heyse (1855; repr.), *Max Brod (1914), Carl Fischer (1957). There have been many twentieth century German translations. Greek: P. loannou (1874). Hungarian: Csengeri Janos (1880), Kerecsenyi Karoly (1942). Italian: Parmindo Ibichense (pseud, of F. M. Biaccha - see British Library General Catalogue; 1731), T. Puccini di Pistoya (1815), *Salvatore Quasimodo (1945+), G. B. Pighi (1961; repr.), Alberto Buda (1974). There have been many Italian translators in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Polish: S. Baranowskiego (1839), A. Swiderkowna (1956). Portuguese: A. da Silva (1933). Russian: *A. Fet (Moscow, 1886), M. Chernyavsky (1957), F. Petrovsky (1963; commentary by E. Berkova). Serbo-Croat: *N. Sop (1950). Spanish: Manuel N. Perez de Camino (1878), Juan Petit (1950); Cuaderno bibliográfico gay, 13: (no translator given), titled Poesías de Cátulo, Barcelona: Los Libros de la Frontera, 1986. Swedish: trans. not known (1850), G. E. Westergreen (1856), E. Janzon (1889-91). Ukrainian: T. Franko (1913). The National Union Catalog and *British Library General Catalogue were consulted. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 97-99. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 2Q6-Q7. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 46-47: Carmina Catulli, Leipzig: Teubner, 1B92, Catull's Buch der Leider, Halle: Hendel, 1BB9, Liebesgedichte, trans. Carl Fischer, Weisbaden: Vollmer, 1957 and the poems "An Juventius", "An Veranius". Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 1Q525-2B: Carmina. Various editions [the only information given], The Complete Poetry, Ann Arbor Paperbacks, 1969, trans. by Frank O. Copley, Poésies, Paris: J. Tallandier, 19QB, Love poems and other works, New York: Covici-Friede, 1933, trans. by Horace Gregory. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 617-19: Carmina, London: Oxford, 195B, Catullus Translated by C. H. Sisson, London: McGibbon and Kee, 1966, Catullus and 'Tibullus, London: Heinemann, Loeb Classical Library. Cuaderno bibliográfico gay, 13: Spanish translation - see details above. Gay Poetry Anthologies. 'Forberg, Manual of Classical Erotology. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 3B-39. Ioläus (19Q2), 76: trans. by 'Edward Carpenter; 91-93 (trans. 'J. Lamb and 'Edward Carpenter). Men and Boys, 13. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 91. Orgasms of Light, 167 (poem modelled on Catullus). Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 7B-B2. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 16B-17Q; 163-64 biog. note. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, B7-9B. Name of Love, 5. Art of Gay Love, 49 (trans. Hon J. Lamb). Powell, Gay Love Poetry, B9-9Q: poems 15, 4B and 99 trans. 'C. H. Sisson. Gaio verso: poesia latina per I'altro amore. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 64-65 (trans. Eugene O'Connor). Criticism. Mayne, The Intersexes, 2B4-B5. Kiefer, Sexual Life in Ancient Rome, 1B5-92; p.1B6 he states: "Catullus was naturally bisexual, although... the heterosexual side of his nature predominated." Arcadie no. 129 (December 1963), 57Q-76: article by D. Constandiou. Lilja, Homosexuality in Republican and Augustan Rome, 51-62; index 149-5Q. Courouve, Ces petits grecs, 13: cites poems 15, 16, 24, 25, 29, 4B, 56 57, 61, 99, 1Q6, 112. Trypanis, Greek Poetry, 6B9-94. Translator from Greek to Latin from Italy. Active 102 B. C.-died 85 B.C. See E. J. Kenney, The Age of Augustus (Oxford, 1982), p. 113: states he translated Palatine Anthology book xii poem 73 into Latin from Greek (one of the classics of the genre of love poems written to boys). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 217: Catulus (2), stating he married twice, was consul 102 B. C., and was a cultured man and a link between the friends of Scipio and the generation of *Cicero. Language group and language family extending over Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan. Material of relevance dates from before 1200. The Caucasus is an area between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea. *Islam is the dominant religion but *Orthodoxy is strong in Georgia which was converted to Christianity in the fourth century; the Georgian Orthodox Church is self governing. *Christianity also came early to Armenia ca. 300 which has two branches, an Orthodox church and a *Catholic rite. The area is very rich in languages and language families. Caucasian languages is an ambiguous term which refers both to the languages spoken in the Caucasus and a language family spoken there. *Indo-European, *Turkic and *Semitic languages are spoken as well as the Caucasian language family. In all thirty-eight languages are spoken. The Indo-European language *Armenian and the *Turkic language *Azeri are the most widely spoken languages. The Caucasian language family. The Caucasian language family includes Georgian (or Grusinian), Abkhazian, Laz, Mingrelian and Svanian (or Svanetian). See W. K. Matthews, Languages of the USSR (Cambridge, UK, 1951), Chapters 5 and 6. See the entry "Kartvelian" (the name for the family) in Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. *Dancing boys are suspected in all these languages from the Caucasus. They are known in Azeri. The tradition may have died out in some languages. On the literatures see Queneau, Histoire des littératures, volume two, pp. 1743-48. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica; see also "Caucasian peoples". Parlett, Short Dictionary of Languages, 29. Katzner, Languages of the World, 4. International Encyclopedia of Linguistics . Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1917. See *Hamdija Demirovic for an important homosexual poem. In Collected Poems 1951-75 (London, 1975), see the *ballad "Nelson Gardens" pp. 198-99 and "Autobiography", p. 33. In Secret Destinations (London, 1984), "New Year's Eve" p. 24 and "Glen Helen", p. 54, are *non gender specific love poems; "The Dancers" is slightly homoerotic (pp. 45-49) and deals with Australian Aboriginal dancers. A native of Cornwall, he has travelled widely and has published widely. He is well known for his writing in the *ballad form. In Poems for Charles Causley, edited by Michael Hanke (1982), see *David Gascoyne's poems "Two Free Adaptions of Late *Hölderlin Poems", p.13. For criticism on him see Contemporary Literary Criticism. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Contemporary Authors New Revision Series, volume 5. Dictionary of Literary Biography. . Cavafy Poet and letter writer from Egypt who wrote in Greek; he also lived in Great Britain and Turkey and wrote some poems in English and French. 1B63-1933. A major Greek language poet of the twentieth century and regarded by many as one of the greatest homosexual poets. Only a few poems were published individually in his lifetime and then only in small printings which the poet gave away. Cavafy was born in Alexandria, Egypt, of a rich family of Greek merchants. As a child he lived in Great Britain where he learnt English and where he and his brothers were unable to carry on a family business when his father died. He then moved to 'Alexandria, which city forms the background to and setting of his poetry. Cavafy's poems are openly gay and he wrote about gay assignations in Alexandria. In line with his Greek Orthodox religious background, which stigmatized male homosexuality (see 'Law - Christian), his poems have a coloring of 'sado-masochism and are very negative and full of self pity. They may not appeal to modern gays and in this respect his poetry contrasts with the great love of life expressed by the poets of the 'Mousa Paidike and the 'Anacreontea. He was one of the first twentieth century European language poets to write openly of male homosexual experience. In addition, he expressed the feelings of negativity many felt in oppressed cultures such as in Great Britain, the United States and Greece itself. Cavafy was well aware of the ancient Greek gay traditions and, especially, living in Alexandria, the 'Alexandrian poets. His poems employ various homosexual tropes from ancient Greek: e.g., 'Endymion ('Memas Kolaitis edition and translation, vol. 1, p. 7Q: "Facing the Statue of Endymion"), 'Dionysus (ibid., p. 24: "The Procession of Dionysus") and 'wine (ibid., p. 145: "In the Tavernas"). He had also read the English and French 'Decadent poets who greatly influenced him. He wrote his first poems in English and French and lived in 'Istanbul for three years, 1BB2-B5, which put him in touch with the Greek past of that city; his family had been in the Ottoman administration and had close links with Istanbul. He published a paper bound volume of poems written before 191Q and a number of 'broadsheets after that. After 1911, his poems become more revealing and he began to freely express his gay sensibility (male homosexual acts were not illegal in Egypt at the time). Cavafy himself identified only two love affairs during his lifetime and his one longstanding friendship was with Alexander Singopoulos, his heir and literary executor (see Edmund Keeley and Philip Sherrard, editors, Collected Poems, 1975, biog. note pp. 247-51). Text of the poems. The first substantial publication of his poems was in Athens in 1935, 306 pages, but the complete text of all poems written by Cavafy has only been slowly published due to the efforts of his editor 'G. P. Savidis (on the early poems see also 'Memas Kolaitis). Biography. Biographies in Greek have been written by Timos Malanos, O poetes K P Kavafes (The Poet C. P. Cavafy) Alexandria, 1933 (new edition Athens, 1957), by Michael Peridis, Ho bios kai to ergo tou Konst. Kavafe (The life and work of Constantine Cavafy), Athens, 194B, and by 'Stratis Tsirkas (1964). A biography has been written in French by G. Cattaui titled Constantin Cavafy (Paris, 1964) and in English - in which language the most complete biography to date has been written - by 'Robert Liddell. In French there is a biography by 'G. Cattai (1964). Bibliographies have been compiled by 'G. C. Katsimbalis (1943; supplement, 1944) and G. P. Savidis (1966); see also 'Edmund Keeley. Since 1951 the English translations of Cavafy (see below) have acted as a significant body of homosexual verse available to be read in English, especially relevant before 'gay liberation. Letters. Letters to 'E M Forster survive (see Liddell's biography, p. 214) and also to Marios Nainos: see Epistoles ston Mario Vaianos (Athens,1979, 233 pp.; in Greek). Cavafy has significantly influenced the major Greek homopoet 'Dinos Christianoloulos. 'Andreas Angelakes and 'Yannis Ritsos have written sequences based on his life. Criticism. There has been critical discussion since 1917: see the *Keeley and Sherrard Collected Poems (1975), pp. 252-57, the Liddell biography, pp. 214-16 and 'Stratis Tsirkas who has written three books on the poet in Greek. The gay novelist 'E. M. Forster was initially responsible for bringing his poetry to the attention of English language readers, following a visit he made to Alexandria where he met the poet. Articles. 'Mario Molegraaf "'Ich ging in die geheimen Kammern': Erotik bei Konstantinos Kavafis", Forum 7 (19B9), 25-49; see also Sodoma no. 3 (19B6), 39-46 (article by Christopher Whyte) and Stephen Watson, "Cavafy and Eroticism", London Magazine new series, vol. 31 no. 7-B, 56-77. 'Margaret Alexiou and Gregory Jusdanis have written The Poetics of Cavafy: Textuality, Eroticism, History (19B9); bibl., 1B1-B9. See also 'C. M. Bowra, 'D. J. Enright, 'John Taylor. Illustration of his poems. In 1966, an edition of English language translations of Cavafy was illustrated by the gay artist David Hockney (see below under translation). There is a United States edition of his poems illustrated with homoerotic photographs by Duane Michals (197B) - see below for details. A selection was illustrated with photographs by Giorgos Tourkovasiles, published in Athens, 19B4. A curious work is Hommage a Konstantinos Kavafis, an exhibition of paintings by five artists (with poems printed in the catalogue) in the German city of Olzheim, about 19BQ, 32 pages. See also Translation below, where other illustrated editions are discussed. Translation. Cavafy, who has been enormously popular in translation in 'European languages, was first translated into English in 1919, when a few poems were translated by the poet himself (see below). He was translated into German (in a publication of 25 pages) in 1942, then French in 1947. Catalan. *Joan Ferrate (1975; enlarged edition 1978). Dutch. G. H. Blanken (1955; repr.), *Hans Warren and *Mario Molengraaf (1984; complete). English. Cavafy has been continuously translated into English in book form in translations which reveal his homoeroticism since 1951 and into English from 1919 (see below); see 'Peter Bien for discussion of the tradition. The Keeley and Sherrard translation is generally the most widely read, complete and reliable to date though that of 'Memas Kolaitis is the most recent. Translators: 'John Mavrogordato (1951), 'Rae Dalven (1961), 'Nikos Stangos and 'Stephen Spender with illustrations by the gay British artist David Hockney who lives in 'Los Angeles (1966), 'Edmund Keeley with 'George Savidis (1961) and with 'Philip Sherrard (1975; repr.), George Khairallah (Beirut, 1979: fine gay translation; see 'Peter Bien), 'Memas Kolaitis (199Q). See also 'Kimon Friar, 'Ian Young. J. L. Pinchin "Cavafy and His English Translators" in Alexandria Still (1977), pp. 2Q9-22 is a thorough analysis of the difficulties of translating Cavafy, listing all known English translators to 1976 (including translations in manuscripts, books and journals). This article reveals that Cavafy was himself the first translator of a few poems (p. 21Q) and 'E. M. Forster introduced Cavafy into English in an essay in The Athenaeum, 23 April 1919 (reprinted in Forster's Pharos and Pharillon, 1923) with a few poems included in the article, including a homopoem, translated by 'George Valassopoulo (pp. 211-12). Cavafy highly approved Valassopoulo's translations but Valassopoulo "felt incapable of translating the 'lurid' love poems" (p. 213). The Keeley and Sherrard translation was published in an edition with fine photographic illustrations by the gay artist Duane Michals, as Homage to Cavafy, Addison House, Danbury, New Hampshire, 1978: this consists often poems with photographs opposite. French: Theodore Griva - with critical study by Edmond Jaloux (1B7B-1949) (Lausanne, 1947; repr. Paris, 1947), 'Marguerite Yourcenar and 'Constantin Dimaras (195B; repr. 197B), Georges Papoutsakis (195B), G. Ortlieb and P. Leyris (197B), Ange S. Vlachos (Athens, 1983). German: Walter Jablonski (1942; Jerusalem, 25 pp.), *Edouard Roditi (a selection of poems in 1947 for a German journal), Der Wein der Gott, Maastricht, 1947, BQ copies only, 'H. von den Steinen, Adolf Endler, Karl Dietrich (1979), 'Helmut von den Steinen (19B5 - complete poems; for details see Bibliographies below), Helmut Schwabl (6 poems in the German edition of Calamus, edited by D. Galloway and C. Sabisch, 19B1 and 19B5), 'Wolfgang Josing and Doris Gunert (19B3; second edition 19B7), Michael Schroder (19B9: titled Konstantinos Kavafis with 13 illustrations by David Hockney), Mario Mariolea (19B9), translator not known, 55 pages with illustrations by Andreas Karayan (1993), translator not known, titled So unverwandt betrachtet, published in Switzerland, 1997, 49 pp. with illustrations by Dieter Hall, translator not known titled Das Gesamtwerk (Complete Works) (1997), 576 pages, probably Helmut von Steinen reprinted from his 19B5 edition (see Bibliographies below). See also Forum 7 (19B9), 26, footnote 2, listing and discussing translations by Wolfgang Cordan (pseud, of Heinz Horn). Italian: *Filippo Maria Pontani (1961, 1974), Trans, not known Constantino Kavafis - Poesie erotiche, with 15 drawings by Yannis Tsaruchis and introduction by Vittorio Sereni, Milan, ca.19B3 (see review and illustrations in Babilonia no. 6, 1983); Portuguese: Theon Spanudis (Säo Paolo, 1979, second revised edition); Romanian: Aurel Rau (1971); Spanish: José Maria Alvarez (1976; repr), Trans, not known, 65poemas, Madrid: Hiperión, 1979, and Poesías completas, Madrid: Hiperión, 19B1 (information from Cuaderno Bibliografico Gay, 13), Miguel Castillo Didier (Caracas, Venezuela, 1983; complete poems translated); Swedish: *Nils Hallbeck using the pseudonym *Jan Hogan (1960), Gottfried I. Grünewald (1984). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 2Q7. Howes, Broadcasting It. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Dictionnaire Gay. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 1Q529-31 : The Complete Poems of Cavafy, London: Hogarth Press, 1961, trans. Rae Dalven, The Poetry of Cavafy, New York: Grove, 1952 and Collected Poems, Princeton University Press, 1974, trans, Edmund Kelley and Phillip Sherrard. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 623-27: The Complete Poems. Expanded Edition, New York: Harvest, 1976, Homage to Cavafy. Ten Poems by Constantine Cavafy. Ten Photographs by Duane Michaels, Danbury, NH: Addison House, 197B, Passions and Ancient Days, New York: Dial, 1971, Poems, London: Hogarth, 1951 and Selected Poems, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1972 Cuaderno bibliográfico gay, 13: see under Translation above for details. Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen, item 5BB: Gedichte. Das gesammelte Werk (Complete Poems; trans. into German by Helmut von Steinen), Amsterdam: Castrum Peregrini Presse, 19B5. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 321-27 (trans. 'John Mavrogordato). Orgasms of Light, 41-42; biog 249-5Q. L'amour bleu, 26B-7Q. Digte om mænds kærlighed til mænd. Frà mann til mann, 23. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 243-49: same trans. as Eros. Les Amours masculines, 2B7-BB. Drobci stekla v ustih, 5-7. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 143-47. Name of Love, 42-43. "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen ", 99-1Q1. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 47. Pour tout l'amour des hommes, 167-6B. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 469-71. A Day for a Lay, 9-17 (trans. by 'Gavin Dillard); biog., 9. Criticism. Arcadie no. 129 (December 1963), 57Q-76: article by D. Constandiou. Trypanis, Greek Poetry, 6B9-94. Woods, History of Gay Literature, 1B7-91. Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. Ca. 1260-1300. A close friend of *Dante, whose Vita Nuova was a product of this friendship. The leader of the Florentine dolce stil nuovo (sweet gentle style) movement. He married. Criticism. Sodoma no. 5 (1993), 23-25: article by Yorik (pseud.) on the homosexuality of Cavalcanti - cites Domenico de Robertis, editor, Rime (1976), pp. 178 and 182: the poem "In un boschetto trova' pasturella" and a sonnet by Lapo Farinatat Degli Uberti in reply. Movement in English from Great Britain. Ca. 1625-ca. 1650. The Cavalier Poets were *seventeenth century poets of the time of King Charles I (1625-49) who celebrated the pleasures of the senses. See *Robert Herrick, *Sir John Mennes, *Richard Lovelace, *Thomas Randolph. *Ben Jonson's poetry marks the beginning of the style and most considered themselves *sons of Ben. The poets were reacting to the growing *Puritanism of the time. Later poets such as *Cowley show their influence. They were contemporaries of the *metaphysical poets. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature.: "Cavaliers". Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics Addressee of poems in Italian who was from Italy. 1509-1587. Michelangelo's sonnets were addressed to him; whether the two were lovers is not known. *Benedetto Varchi especially mentioned him in his oration at Michelangelo's funeral. He did not reciprocate Michelangelo's passion for him dates from their meeting in 1532 to ca. 1545. He was heterosexual and married. On his life see James Saslow, The Poetry of Michelangelo, 1991, p. 16; see also poems 57 to 109 in this work. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 22. Ioläus (1902),131-35 Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1927. Author of two books of poems, Paradise Stairway (Manchester: Carcanet Press, 1977), and Elegy for St Anne's (1982). In Elegy for St Anne's see the poem based on gay advertisements. Nothing of relevance was found in Paradise Stairway. A fine poet and a disciple of *Charles Williams, about whom he has written a detailed study: Charles Williams: Poet of Theology (1983); bibl., pp. 190-92. An academic in the Cambridge University English Department and a clergyman in the Church of England. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors New Revision Series, volume 29. Publisher of English language books from Great Britain. 1923-1930. A list of items the press published is in G. S. Tomkinson, A Select Bibliography of the Principal Modern Presses (1928), pp. 28-43; additional items are in William Ridler, British Modern Press Books, new enlarged edition 1975 (from 1971 edition), pp. 38-43. The press published The *Rodiad, *Philip Bainbrigge and works by *E. P. Warren. Although a significant amount of works were gay related, by no means the majority were. It was a *private press founded in 1923 by Philip A. L. C. Sainsbury. References. Smith, Love in Earnest, 113-14; see also the "Hand-list of *Uranian Verse", 240-55. Poet from Brazil who wrote in Portuguese. Ca. 1960-ca. 1990. An openly gay poet who died of *Aids (information from *Joâo Silvério Trevisan). Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. Active 1320-50. Born in Perugia. See the poem "A Messer Ugolino da Fano" in Mario Marti, Poeti giocosi del tempo di Dante (Milan, 1956), p. 22. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dizionario biografico degli Italiani. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 140 (trans. Jill Claretta Robbins). Biographer from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1902-1986. *Francis King in his autobiography Yesterday Came Suddenly (1993), pp. 203-04, implies David Cecil had a homosexual relationship while living in a palazzo in *Venice with a man named Leslie who described Cecil as "the love of my life" to Francis King. See also Adrian Wright, Foreign Country, (London, 1996), pp. 91-113 in Chapter Four, "The Venetian Years". Lord David Cecil was the author of The Stricken Deer (1929), a biography of the poet *William Cowper. The book was nicknamed "The stricken deer by the stricken peer" by *Oxford University students (Richard Wilson, lecturer in English, University of Queensland, ca.1961, to the author). Educated at *Eton David Cecil was Goldsmith's Professor of English at *Oxford 1948-69 and married . Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionary of National Biography 1986-1990; states he was happily married. Translator from English, Portuguese and Russian to German who was from Romania; he lived in Austria and, for most of his life, in France. He is best known as a poet. 1920-1970. He translated from English into German *Shakespeare's sonnets (twenty-one only, published in 1947), *Esenin from Russian to German (1961) and, from Portuguese, poems of *Ferdinand Pessoa (with Georg Rudolf Lind, published 1989-1990; titles not known). He was very close to his mother but married. He was born in Romania of Jewish parentage and moved to Vienna in 1947, after losing his parents in a concentration camp in the war. His poem "Todesfuge" (Death fugue) is one of the most famous German poems about the Second World War. He moved to Paris in 1948 and committed *suicide there in 1970. Biography: see John Felstiner, Paul Celan: Poet, Surviver, Jew (1995). Celan is an anagram of his name in Rumanian, Ancel. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature . Poet from the Unted States writing in English; he lives in Great Britain. Born in 1949. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Take Any Train, 16-17; biog., 61: raised in California, he lives in London. Poet and autobiographer from Italy who wrote in Italian. 1500-1571. An Italian sculptor, author of a few poems, who was *bisexual and whose sculptures, such as the "Perseus" (Florence), reveal fascination with the male form. He is the author of a famous Autobiography (1562) which was translated into English by John Addington Symonds and details his love life. Records survive of charges of *sodomy against him in Florence: see Luigi Greci "Benvenuto Cellini nei delitti e nie processi fiorentini", Archivio di antropologia criminale 50 (1930), 342-85 and 509-42. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 208-09. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Criticism. Saslow, Ganymede in the Renaissance, 12: states he left some poems. Poet from Turkey who wrote in Turkish. 1459-1495. The younger son of Mehmed II. He fled Turkey after Mehmed's death and after an unsuccessful attempt to take the throne. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, vol. 3. Mitler, Ottoman Turkish Writers. Penguin Book of Turkish Verse, 69-70: a *non gender specific love poem; biog., 8. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 364: "Banquet Boys" (homosexual poems about *sakis). Poet from Switzerland who wrote in French; he also lived in France. 1887-1961. Cendrars led a nomadic existence, was friends with *Apollinaire and *Max Jacob, and was involved with the Cubist movement as well as writing over twenty books. In English translation, see "Young Man" in Selected Poems, trans. Peter Hoida (Penguin, 1979), 48: features a *dandy with a valet; possible homosexual subtext. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Poet, critic and editor from France writing in French. Born 1961. A poet who has published critical works in the French press and edited the works of *Raymond Radiguet. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionnaire Gay; photo between pp. 336 and 337. Censorship - refusing to allow a book to be read or circulated - dates from 1559 in *European languages, initially in Latin (and later Italian) in Italy and later in other languages. This date is taken from the Latin * Index of the *Catholic Church. Censorship of homosexual poetry seems absent in ancient Latin and Greek perhaps because books were only hand written and circulation was limited. Censorship became a problem with the rise of mechanical printing which, through the cheap reproduction of books, allowed them to be widely circulated. The place to start on this difficult topic is the bibliographies in Besterman and Toomey cited in Bibliographies below. Self censorship by gay writers also needs to be considered (for instance much writing of the *decadent movement); this occurs when writers deliberately avoid expressing gay feelings. The effect on poets of anti-gay laws (including censorship of published texts) has undoubtedly contributed to this. The poetry of *Byron, for instance, may have taken a different course without censorship. Censorship in translation is also a major issue (see *Cavafy regarding the English translations by Vassapoulo). Censorship operates in the form of taboos in *oral cultures. See also *Erotic Poetry. Overall the effect of censorship on the writing of gay poetry has been very negative: for instance, in English, very little erotic gay poetry was written before 1970 due to censorship. Censorship in English and under the *Catholic Church included destroying banned books; the Catholic church until recently insisted that every theological book be approved by a local bishop and the work in question had to have this approval written in. English. See the separate entry 'Censorship - English. The journal New Yorker, 4 April 1994, 84 published a special list of subject headings for use in searching libraries by Virginia Pratt of the University of California, Berkeley, library school. Arabic. Most works were in manuscript until ca. 1850 so censorship was not applicable; it now depends on the individual country. Czech. Censorship was relaxed 1918-28; it is fairly free from 1990. Danish. Dutch. Norwegian: see Besterman citation below. French: see *Pascal Pia, *Enfer, *Les Livres de l'Enfer (a catalog which includes books at one time or another censored in France). German. Greek. Italian. Latin: see the separate Censorship entries for these languages. Hebrew. Censorship has usually depended on the country in which speakers lived .though orthodox Judaism is strict on what one reads. Polish. The *Catholic church has exercised the dominant role. Portuguese: see Graca Almeida Rodrigues, Breve historia da censura (Brief history of censorship), Amadora, Portugal, 1980. Russian: see 'Censorship - Russian. Spanish: see * Censorship - Spanish. Swedish. Censorship has been lenient, especially from 1945. Denmark and, to a lesser extent Sweden, have been noted centers of erotic books. While censorship has been strong in 'European languages it has also occurred in Chinese and Japanese - see separate entries. See also the entry *Terence J. Deakin. References. Hastings, Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics: see "Obscenity". Encyclopaedia of Sexual Behaviour: see "Censorship". Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, pp. 47-51. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Besterman, A World Bibliography of Bibliographies, 1455-1465: see "Condemned books" (in three sections, General, Countries, Roman *Catholic Church); some items are in Latin and some have Latin titles. See, in the General section, M. Iversen and A. Henriksen, Forbudte boger, 1948 (in Danish) re Norwegian and Swedish. Toomey, A World Bibliography of Bibliographies 1964 - 1974 : see "Condemned Books". (These two works by Besterman and Toomey list references only for *European languages.) Ellis, Encyclopedia of Sexual Behavior, volume 1, 235-46: "Censorship of Sexual Literature" by Alec Craig. Kearney, Private Case: the whole book is a catalog of books at one time or another censored in Great Britain. Censorship in China of Chinese works starts with attempts to destroy the *Confucian classics in 200 B.C. Succeeding dynasties rewrote Chinese history and created their own forms of censorship (each regime depended on the character of the individual *Emperors and hence there was a certain capriciousness). In the early *Republican period, 1909-11, censorship became lax. indirect language has been the usual way of referring to homosexuality in Chinese poetry. Censorship has been very rigid since the *Communist takeover in 1949 (control has been exercised over all forms of literature and art) and also in Taiwan though homosexuality in literature has not been as censored in Taiwan as it has in mainland China However in Taiwan emphasis in social life has been on Confucian values and the family. Heterosexual family values have similary been emphasised on the Communist mainland. Many books and scroll paintings with poems written on them were destroyed during various Maoist campaigns on the mainland in the 1950s and 1960s. Censorship has occurred in translation - e.g., the homoerotic poems in New Songs from a Jade Terrace (1982) were first translated in an uncensored version only in 1982 by *Anne Birrell; indeed censorship in translation is a big issue in relation to knowledge of Chinese homosexuality. Even *Van Gulik in his history of Chinese sexual customs underplays homosexuality. See also *Law - Chinese. Censorship in English dates from 1539. Great Britain. Various censorship laws have existed in Great Britain involving licensing of publishing and outright banning of books. There are also laws against receiving or sending prohibited books through the mail. Censorship began effectively with the licensing act of 1538 (though in the *Elizabethan period openly gay poems such as the sonnets of *Barnfield and *Shakespeare were published). In 1689 *Rochester's Poems on Several Occasions and *Sodom were found obscene. The licensing act was allowed to lapse in 1695. In 1727, the publisher *Edmund Curll was convicted. The Obscene Publications Act of 1857 operated to inhibit any erotic writing concerning sexuality in Great Britain and its overseas colonies (unlike in France where erotic writing was perceived as less dangerous to the state). In 1866, *Swinburne's Poems and Ballads were published by *Hotten after refusal by another publisher and this caused an uproar (they were never banned). *Ellis's Sexual Inversion (1897), with its history of homosexuality, was prosectuted for obscenity and was banned, denying British gays a sense of gay history. In the twentieth century *D. H. Lawrence suffered under British laws. The current act governing books is The Obscene Publications Act (1959). *Libel needs to be considered as inhibiting discussion about homosexuality. James Kirkup and * Gay News were prosecuted under laws of obscene libel or publishing a poem about Jesus Christ written by James Kirkup (in the poem, the Roman centurion at the Crucifixation of Jesus expressed homosexual longing for him). (On the issue of blasphemy or impious talk, which resulted in this law, see Richard Webster, A Brief History of Blasphemy, 1990; bibl. pp 151-52.) In 1982 *Anthony Reid's translation of *Mario Stefani, No other gods, was banned. The London bookshop *Gay's the Word was prosecuted in 1984 for sending gay books through the mail but this prosecution was withdrawn in 1986. These laws have had a severe effect on the publication of openly gay poetry before the contemporary period (from *gay liberation in 1969 on) and, to a lesser degree even since. English censorship laws operated in British colonies such as - initially - in the United States from 1620, and in Australia, Canada, South Africa, India and other colonies; they formed the basis of such laws in these countries. Norman St John-Stevas, Obscenity and the Law (London, 1956), discusses the law to 1956. See also * Index, *Law - English. References. Oxford Companion to English Literature : see article at the end, "Censorship and the Law of the Press" pp. 1101-1112. Hyde, History of Pornography, pp. 154-182. European Gay Review vol. 1, 75-81. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, pp. 210-12. United States. British laws were transferred to the United States in 1620. Laws differ from state to state - e. g., they are more lenient in California than in many other states. Amongst cities, *Philadelphia was traditionaly more lenient (e.g., *Whitman was published there when publication in *Boston was refused by the printers). Until 1970 laws were particularly restrictive. In 1958 *One Inc. won a historic Supreme Court case which finally allowed gay material to be sent through the post (see Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, re One's test case; see also Brother *Grundy). *New York, *Washington, *Los Angeles and *San Francisco have been centers of erotica and pornography from the 1960s (see * The Platonic Blow, *Ed Sanders). The Presidential Report of the Commission on Obscenity and Pornography (New York, 1970), was influential in relaxing the laws. Until recently, United States laws have generally followed British law but from the 1960s they have influenced British, Australian and Canadian laws. For the period 1967-86 see the section "Censorship" in *Robert B. M. Ridinger, The Homosexual and Society: an Annotated Biobliography (1990), pp. 211-235: a detailed list of articles almost all from * The Advocate. The laws in the United States are at present fairly lenient on sexual material with debate turning to hardcore and very violent material, as distinct from non-violent erotica. The controversy over restrictions on the display of Robert Mapplethorpe's photographs in 1995 galvinized support for freedom for what seems a new struggle centred mainly on the Nation Endowment for the Arts which funds artists with public money and may withhold it for works deemed obscene. James Elias and others, Porn 101: eroticism, pornography and the First Amendment, 1999 discusses recent law. For a bibliography to 1980, see Greg Byerly and Rick Rubin, Pornography: The Controversy over Sexually Explicit Materials in the United States: An Annotated Bibliography (New York, 1980). References. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 210-12. Canada. British law forms the basis of Canadian law and United States trends have influenced Canada which has been a federation since 1867. English. Peter Birdsall, Mind War: Book Censorship in Canada (1978) discusses censorship from 1930 to the 1970s (most titles are heterosexual). D. Schneiderman, Freedom of Expression and the Charter (1991) discusses the Charter of Civil Liberties which guarantees sweeping civil rights; see 129-35 on the law 1920-1990. It notes, p. 132, a "distinction has been drawn by the courts between material portraying violent, degrading or dehumanizing sexual activity (mostly directed against women) on the one hand .. and that which, while explicit, lacked those elements and was apparently consensual." The law is also now not to be invoked for works of artistic merit. The journal *Body Politic from 1977 fought a number of cases over censorship. French. For French material see 'Censorship - French and Jacques Hebert, Obscénité et Liberté, 1970 (on book censorship in Canada). Australia. As in the United States and Canada, British laws formed the basis of Australian laws, though United States trends have recently influenced Australian law. From 1788, with British settlement (or invasion from the Aboriginal point of view), until the granting of self government in the various Australian states (from 1843 in New South Wales), all power in the British colonies lay initially with the Governors and then State legislatures. After Federation in 1901 a new federal (that is, national) Parliament came into existence. Censorship laws were normally modelled on British law. The laws were of two kinds: firstly, the outright banning of books and secondly, laws against receiving or sending such works through the post. Laws operated at both Federal and State level. Books were taken off the Commonwealth list in 1966 and the laws were drastically reduced in keeping with western democratic trends from 1971. The postal laws operated at federal level and the banning laws at both state and federal. This led to a situation where a book could be banned in one state but not in another (as in the United States). These laws were challenged by *Wendy Bacon and others (including publication of the erotic homopoem * A Day for a Lay) in 1970. Before the early 1970s, any publication of sexually explicit poems relating to homosexuality would have risked prosecution for obscenity and no published homosexual poems in printed form are known. The censorship laws thus had a severely inhibiting effect on the writing of homosexual poems in this period, as in the United States. They channelled homosexual expression into the form of *friendship or *mateship. For a history of censorship see Peter Coleman, Obscenity, Blasphemy, Sedition: 100 Years of Censorship in Australia, revised edition, Sydney, 1974. The first edition of this book, Sydney, 1961, was a plea for less censorship. Recent developments in Australia have turned on censorship of the internet with some sites being banned from 2000. India and other countries under British dominance. Censorship was strong after British control became widespread after 1800 and continued to the time of independence in 1947 and afterwards. Former British colonies also suffered from censorship imported from Great Britain. Bibliographies. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 13-16. Censorship in French in France dates from 1559 with the Catholic Church's * Index, the first censoring instrument of note, France being a *Catholic country. Several poets were put on trial for writing licentious verses including homosexual ones (e.g., *Theophile de Viau). For the eighteenth century see Robert Danton, The Corpus of Clandestine Literature in France 1769-1789 (New York, 1995) and the same author's The Forbidden Best-sellers of Pre-revolutionary France (New York, 1995). After the French Revolution, the publishing situation was easier as the Church's power decreased. *Baudelaire's poems were censored as well as *Rimbaud and *Verlaine. On censorship 1881-1914 see L'Enfer de la IlIe République: Censeurs et Porhographes (1881-1914) by Annie Stora-Lamarre (Paris, 1990). Jean Genet suffered from censorship. The present position is relaxed. For French speaking Canada see Jacques Hebert, Obscenité et Liberté, 1970 (on book censorship). Censorship in German in Germany was based on the *Catholic church's * Index (1559+) which operated in Germany in the Catholic south; the north was *Protestant from the sixteenth century. From 1890 to 1933, censorship was less severe than in Great Britain and a great deal of homosexual material was published, as well as sexological material. Perhaps the greatest act of quasi-censorship was the *Nazi destruction of the *Hirschfeld Institute and the burning of its books in 1933. The Nazi period was the worst period for censorship when gay material of any kind disappeared. The Berlin police list from 1920 contains material. Nachtrage I-III.., Berlin (1936) is the Nazi censorship list issued 1936, Berlin: Gestapa, 30 pages. Liste des schädlichen and unerwunschten: Stand vom 31 Dezember 1938 und Jahreslisten 1939-41, Leipzig, [1939] (repr. Vaduz, Lichtenstein, 1979), 181 pp. and 56 pp. are Nazi censorship lists 1938-41; the latter included erotica and *Magnus Hirschfeld was on it (see *Terence J. Deakin). *Berlin has been the city most free of censorship after 1945. Generally non violent erotica is not highly regulated. See Germanic Review vol. 65 no.3 (Summer 1990), 98-102: "The Many Faces of Censorship in the Federal Republic of Germany" for an overview. Censorship relating to works in Greek from Greece, Turkey and Egypt dates from ca. 330. The most blatant act of censorship of Greek homosexual poetry has been the probable destruction of large amounts by the *Orthodox Church from the beginnings of the *Byzantine period (ca. 330), though wars and time have also taken their toll. The attitude of the Orthodox church was hostile to pagan culture and to male homosexuality and the great body of material on homosexual love it contained. The destruction of the holdings of the library of *Alexandria may have involved censorship, as indeed does the wilful destruction of any library's holdings. The monk *Planudes was probably working from another manuscript than the surviving manuscript of the * Palatine Anthology when he compiled the *Planudean Anthology (which lacks the large number of homopoems of thePalatine Anthology manuscript): it cannot be ruled out that he censored the homopoems by refusing to include them. Under the Turks (15th century to 1821) in Greece and Turkey, censorship as regards literature is difficult to determine. Speaking Turkish, they were probably less interested in Greek literature though the Greek Orthodox Church unquestionably was; the attitude of the Turks to minority cultures was to allow them to flourish provided they paid taxes to the *Ottoman empire. *Pope Paul II banned the study of Pagan poets by Roman children ca. 1470; besides banning Latin writers and poets this also included Greek. School editions of Greek poets for British and United States students, dating from the eighteenth century (of which many are listed in the *National Union Catalog), censor all mention of homosexuality in their selections. The translation of the poems of the * Mousa Paidike into Latin and not the vernacular language, as has frequently occurred, is a defacto act of censorship. This happened with the first French translation - see *F. D. Deheque - and with the English translation of *W. R. Paton. Before the twentieth century translations in almost all cases censored poems dealing with homosexuality (see e.g., *J. W. Mackail). Censorship in contemporary Greece has varied with the government. It was bad for gays under the period of the Colonels 1967-74 (see Gay Books Bulletin 9 [Spring/Summer 1983], 17) when both *Elias Petropoulos and the *journal Amphi were prosecuted. At present, it is fairly free. There has been open publication of homosexual poems by *Cavafy (from 1935, published in Athens) and *Christianopoulos (from 1950). See also *Law - Greek. Censorship in Italian from Italy, which was severe, was in the hands of the church from 1559 with the promulgation of the *Catholic church's Index. Open erotic writing was effectively stopped after this date. See *Baffo, *Michelangelo, *D'Annunzio (who was put on the Catholic Church's Index), *Umberto Saba, *Mario Stefani (re banning of the English translation of his work by *Anthony Reid). The present situation is fairly relaxed. The *Catholic Church, which disapproves of homosexuality, still plays a big role in Italian politics. See also *Censorship - Latin. Censorship in Japan of Japanese erotic books starts with an edict by Ooka Tadasuke in 1723. Japanese censorship has tended to push literary works, engravings and paintings into the direction of suggestion rather than explicitness: a most important consideration in reading Japanese poetry such as *haiku where suggestion rather that outright depiction of sexuality is largely the norm. The tradition of hinting at sexuality also emerges out of use of indirect language in Chinese. Censorship is still very strong but erotic works are freely available and there is a huge market. A novel by *Mishima was censored. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan : Censorship in Latin in Italy, France, Great Britain and other European countries occurred with the rise of Christianity from the death of Christ, ca. 33, and the exclusion of the erotic from the sphere of literature: see *Debate on Love - Greek. It dates from the writing of the *New Testament ca. 60. Erotic poems from the Greek *Palatine Anthology have frequently been translated into Latin instead of the vernacular language from the *Renaissance onwards which is a form of censorship. For examples, see *F. D. Deheque, *W. R. Paton. Latin was the language of the Catholic church and of much European scholarship until the late nineteenth century. Use of Latin was itself a form of censorship which kept the classical texts - such as the ancient *Roman homopoetry - from ordinary readers after publication in the *Renaissance. Pope *Paul II banned the teaching of the ancient pagan poets to Roman children ca. 1470, an act of censorship which was gradually extended to other countries, so that school texts came to completely censor all mention of homosexuality. The church maintained in Latin an * Index of forbidden writers (e.g., *Beccadelli) though not many poets were on it. Work in *manuscripts was known to scholars and church clerics but not the common people (e.g., 300 manuscripts of *Martial survive). The rise of *Neoplatonism in the *Renaissance saw emphasis turn away from the homosexual element in Plato and is probably a form of self censorship by scholars. The Latin *friendship tradition also reflects self censorship: or rather, because of the severe strictures of the church against homosexuality, homosexual sentiment came to be expressed in this way. (This is not to deny that some poets express simple feelings of friendship.) Translation of the more overt homopoets such as *Catullus has been strongly censored before the contemporary period: see *F. W. Cornish, who, in translating Catullus into English, in the Loeb edition, left out lines referring to homosexual acts. *Martial has similarly suffered, as has Juvenal. School editions of the Latin poets in the * British Library General Catalogue and National Union Catalog reflect censorship. See also *Cambridge Songs. Censorship in Persian in Iran and surrounding countries where Persian was and is spoken dates from at least ca. 1880. Strong censorship of the press and books has existed since the late nineteenth century. This seems to have inhibited any writing of gay poetry; the situation has been particularly repressive since the late 1970s with the rise of *Islamic fundamentalism. References. Encyclopedia Iranica; discusses the situation since 1850. Censorship in Russian in Russia dates from ca. 1500. Censorship was formerly very strict and was carried out by the *Orthodox Church from the *middle ages (to stop heresies developing): for instance, "In 1840-41, a third of all the books banned in Russia was stopped from publication by ecclesiastical censors" (A. Preobzrazhensky, The Russaian Orthodox Church 10th to 20th Centuries, Moscow, 1988, p. 137). 1905-17 was a period free of censorship. Censorship continued under the Soviet regime, e.g., *Kuzmin was not able to publish and *Gennady Trifonov suffered imprisonment for poems in manuscript. The situation from 1989 with glaznost is that erotic publications are increasingly appearing; for instance, *Eros Russe has been published in Russia. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Great Soviet Encyclopedia: "Censorship" (excellent to 1917). Censorship in Spanish occurred initially in Spain and then in its colonies. It dates from 1559. Spain. Censorship in Spain was carried out initially by the *Catholic Church through the * Index Librorum Prohibitorum, first promulgted in 1559. Censorship occurred in Spain by the Catholic church and until recently all works of theology had to contain a mark of approval from the church (printed on the back of the title page). Spain never had non-Catholic Christian religoins and due to the influence of the Catholic Church which was very puritanical, little erotic poetry, apart from translations of the classics was printed before the Republic in 1932 (when some material briefly appeared). Censorship was especially severe in the period of the Franco dictatorship 1936-75 (e.g., Jaime Gil de Biedma's book of poems was censored and remained unpublished). The situation following the return of democracy is fairly relaxed. Central and South America. The *lndex was transferred to the countries colonized by Spain. Censorship has varied from country to country depending on the political conditions: e.g., it has recently been particularly severe in Cuba, while it was very severe in Chile under the Pinochet regime from 1973 and in Argentina under the Colonels until the emergence of democracy in the 1980s. Generally it has been severe. The Philippines was a Spanish colony until the late nineteenth century. Figures from myth from Greece occurring in Greek poetry from ca. 500 B. C. Centaurs are mythical male creatures which are human from the waist up; from the waist down they are joined to the body and legs of a horse. They are not differentiated from *satyrs in early Greek vase painting. The most famous artistic representation of centaurs is the very homoerotic Battle of the Lapinths and Centaurs in the metopes of the Parthenon in the British Museum (between 447 B.C. and 420 B.C.). Pindar refers to them in fragment 166. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary. Graves, Greek Myths, volume 1, 360-62: citing *Pindar (active 500 B. C.), fragment 166. Central and South American languages These languages divide into introduced and indigenous languages. Material of relevance dates from ca. 1600. The introduced *Romance languages, Spanish and Portuguese, are the most widely spoken (Spanish is also the second most widely spoken language in the United States due to Mexican and other south American emigrees: see for example *Chicano poets). Spanish is spoken in Mexico, Argentina, Chile and Peru and Portuguese in Brazil. Research on homosexuality has been done mainly in Spanish and Portuguese (see the Overviews for each language for further information) with some research in English in the United States (see *Stephen Murray). For Central and South American Indian languages see Mary R. Key, The Grouping of South American Indian Languages (1979). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 678-81: see "Latin America". Journal in English from Great Britain. Published from 1884 to 1894. The first British journal of the modern period with significant gay content, it was edited by *Herbert Horne 1886-94. However, homosexuality is only apparent in some poems, articles, illustrations, essays; some issues have stronger gay content than others. Some issues are strongly heterosexual. It was one of the first journals of the *aesthetic movement in Great Britain and was an example of a periodical devoted to art. (In 1893-94 it was called The Hobby Horse.) The journal espoused the position that art permeated everything: "the Century Guild seeks to emphasize the Unity of Art; and by thus dignifying Art in all its forms, it hopes to make it living, a thing of our century, and of the people" (statement on contents page). It will be seen from this statement that there are elements of *socialism in the credo of the Century Guild and that the credo shows the influence of *William Morris. However, aestheticism was also present: "Art is our queen" stated *Arthur Galton (No. 2, p. 45 "Sonnet: To the Century Guild"). Poems with homosexual content or tropes were published: e.g., in no. 2 "Vanitas" (*Eros trope) by *Selwyn Image, pp. 5-6; "To the *Apollo Belvedere", "To John of Bologna's Mercury" by Arthur Galton pp. 43 and 45; "Sonnet from an Unfinished Drama", with *Pan trope, by Herbert Horne p. 88; in no.7, July 1887, *"Narcissus' Flower" by *J A Symonds. (Not all issues were assessed as the microflm consulted at the University of Melbourne, from the Victoria and Albert Museum copy of the journal, did not include all issues since the Museum's collection is not complete.) The poets *Lionel Johnson and *Michael Field (pseud.) were published. *Simeon Solomon illustrated issues in 1888 and 1891 (vol. 6, 1891, p. 81 has a reproductoin of his painting *Bacchus). *Oscar Wilde wrote an essay on Keats' "Sonnet on *Blue" (no. 2, pp. 8386). Books reviewed included *Whitman's November Boughs (no. 4, p. 37 by Selwyn Image) and John Gambril Nicholson's Love in Earnest (see no. 7, pp. 128-38, "A New Poet" by *Charles Edward Sayle). As can be seen, the journal had a strong homosexual side. The *British Library General Catalogue lists a complete set (under the Herbert Horne entry), volumes 1-2 edited by A. H. Mackmurdo and Herbert Horne, volumes 3-6 by Horne. Anthologist in Greek from Turkey. Active 917. He compiled an anthology on which the * Palatine Anthology was based, the *Anthology of Constantine Cephalas; this anthology has been *lost but represents an important link in the transmission of the text of the Palatine Anthology from the ancient world to the modern. He is known to have been in the Palace at *Istanbul in 917. Cernuda, Luis Poet and critic from Spain who wrote in Spanish; translator from English and German to Spanish. He later lived in France, Great Britain, the United States and Mexico. 1903-1963. Born in *Seville, he taught at the University of Toulouse 1928-29, fled Spain for Great Britain in 1937 after the Civil War, lived in the United States from 1947 and moved to Mexico in 1952. He came out in Los placeres prohibidos (Forbidden pleasures), 1932 (though this is a *surrealist work): see Gay Sunshine no. 42/43, p.19 (comment by *Gil de Biedma). He was openly gay from 1932. His second book La realidad y el deseo (Reality and desire), 1936, was republished in expanded editions bearing the same name (like Whitman's Leaves of Grass); the second edition, published in Mexico, was republished in corrected editions, with the text being fixed from the fourth edition of 1964. He was greatly influenced by *Surrealism and in Mexico had a love affair with a younger man which inspired the series Poemas para un cuerpo (Poems inspired by a body; 1957). He translated the German poet *Hölderlin into Spanish and *Shakespeare's drama Troilus and Cressida from English to Spanish. He is a major Spanish gay poet, more important than *García Lorca as a gay poet by volume of works. Cernuda also wrote a considerable amount of criticism. Text. A three volume Obra completa (Complete works) was published in Berlin 1993-1994 by Ediciones Siruela, edited by Derek harris and Luis Maristany; volume one was poetry and volumes two and three prose. Criticism. See Salvador Jimenez-Fajardo, Luis Cernuda (Twayne Publishers, 1978); bibl., pp. 165-67. Salvador Jimenez-Fajardo has also edited a series of critical essays: The Word and the Mirror: Critical Essays on the Poetry of Luis Cernuda (1989; with bibl., pp. 225-28); this discusses his homosexuality in the introduction and in various essays. See also Rupert C. Allen, "Luis Cernuda: Poet of Gay Protest, Hispanofila 83 (1985), 61-77, an article which is, however, something less than inspiring. See further Derek Harris, Luis Cernuda: A Study of the Poetry (London, 1973), and Luis Cernuda in Spanish, 1977 (with bibl. pp. 336-38 listing translations). The best discussion of him as a homosexual poet is by *Octavio Paz. See also the entry on him in Germán Bleiberg, Dictionary of the Literature of the Iberian Peninsula, London, 1993. Lovers. See Gay Sunshine no. 42/43, p. 20: this states lovers included Serafín (who inspired one of his best known poems "Donde habita el olvido" [Where oblivion dwells]), the English gay poet *Stanley Richardson who inspired "Por unos tulipanes amarillos" and Salvador, a Mexican who inspired "Poemas para un cuerpo". Translations. English: Anthony Edkins and Derek Harris (1971), Reginald Gibbons (1977; includes critical introduction and notes), *Rick Lipinski (1986; gay poems only, the best selection in English); French: Robert Marrast and Aline Schulman (1969; trans. of Realidad e el deseo), Jacques Ancet (1972; with critical study; repr.); Italian: Francesco Tentori Montalvo (1962; Realidad e el Deseo , 1971). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 212-13. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 633: Poetry, London: University of London Press, 1972. Cuaderno bibliográfico gay, 13: La realiad y el deseo, Madrid: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1986. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Orgasms of Light, 44-45: English trans. "Birds in the Night" by *Erskine Lane (the poem is about *Rimbaud and *Verlaine as lovers and is from Poesía mexicana 1950-60, Mexico City, 1960); biog., 250. Now the Volcano, 54-63; trans. into English by *Franklin D. Blanton; biog., 52-53. Digte om mends kerlighed til mend. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 316-17: "Birds in the Night". Les Amours masculines, 410-11. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 602-05: trans. by *Rick Lipinski. Drobci stekla v ustih, 5759. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 354-56. "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen", 134-36. Pour tout l'amour des hommes, 247. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 476-82: trans. Rick Lipinski. A Day for a Lay, 34-35; trans. *Mañuel Ruiz. Criticism. Contemporary Literary Criticism volume 54; very good on his homosexuality. Novelist and poet from Spain who wrote in Spanish. 1547-1616. Cervantes is the most famous Spanish novelist; his longest work, the novel Don Quixote (1605-15), tells the story of an intimate *male bonding relationship between the main character Don Quixote and his squire Sancho Panza (see the Cervantes entry in the Encyclopedia of Homosexuality). Their love is non sexual (see *Platonic love). The work starts out by parodying the medieval romances in which the two central characters were a knight and his lady whom he adored: the central relationship in Don Quixote thus parodies in a homoerotic way that of the romances as seen also in *troubadour poetry. Cervantes wrote poems at all stages of his life including satirical poems. After fighting in the Battle of Lepanto, which stopped the Turks from taking Europe, his ship was captured by Turkish pirates and he was held as a slave. On returning to Spain in 1580, he settled in Madrid where he was involved in the theatre and had a liason with an actress, producing a daughter. In 1484, he married Catalina de Salazar but the marriage was not happy and there were no children. See P. E. Russell, Cervantes (1985); includes a bibliography. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Spanish Literature. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 213: see "Cervantes" (hints at his being possibly homosexual). Cesariny de Vasconcelos, Mario Poet from Portugal writing in Portuguese. Born 1923. He was involved in *Surrealism. His book O Virgem Negra (The Black Virgin), Lisbon, 1989, contains poems with homosexual themes in a surealist vein; see also his book Pena Capital, 1957. The review of his book 19 Projectos, in Books Abroad, vol. 46 (1972), 46869, is by *Edouard Roditi. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Drobci stekla v ustih, 84-85; biog., 180. Poet from Spain writing in Spanish. Active 1986. Bibliographies. Cuaderno bibliográfico gay, 13: books James Dean... amor que me prohibes [no other information provided] and La noche y sus consejos, Pamplona: Pamiela, 1986. Poet from China who wrote in Chinese. Active ca. 1700. Eric Chou, The Dragon and the Phoenix, 1971, p. 90, states: "At the beginning of the *Ch'ing Dynasty, the eminent poet Ch'en Ch'i-nien even wrote a poem to publicise the homosexual relationship with the book-carrying *boy Chih-yung (Purple Cloud), of his friend Mao Pi-chiang, a scholar as well as a wealthy man. The poem was written to celebrate Chih-yung's marriage to a girl." No information has been found on this poet. Poet from China who wrote in Chinese, 1626-1682. China's most influential *tz'u writer who was a friend of *Na-lan Hsing-te. See Irving Yucheng Lo and William Schulz, Waiting for the Unicorn: Poems and Lyrics of China's Last Dynasty 1644-1911, 1966, pp. 102-03: a poem with "obvious overtones of homosexual love" (p.103) about *Hsu Tzu-yun, a boy *actor in the singing troupe of Mao Hsiang (1611-1693). See also the anthology * Yun-lang hsiao-shih. His name, Ch'en Wei-sung, is spelt in *Wade Giles romanization. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature. Hummel, Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period (1644-1912). Poet from China who wrote in Manchu and Chinese. 1711-1799. The fourth Manchu (*Ch'ing) emperor of China, he was Emperor 1735 to 1795. He had a homosexual *lover: see Journal of Homosexuality, vol. 14 no. 33/4 [1987], 26. He had two wives and seventeen sons and ten daughters by his concubines. He wrote "Ode to Mukden", one of the few original poems in Manchu. As emperor he had to learn to write Chinese poetry as part of the traditional education of a *scholar and frequently wrote poetry in the afternoon; some 40,000 poems are ascribed to him. He was a patron of the arts and ordered the compilation of a "Complete Library in the Four Branches of Literature" which came to 36,275 volumes. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica. Ch'ing period, also spelt Qing period Period in Chinese literature in China from 1644 to 1911. This period saw the emergence of erotic book publishing in China; there were also a large number of novels which mentioned homosexualtity, some including poems. For general literary and social discussion see Vivien Ng, "Homosexuality and the State in Late Imperial China", in Duberman, Hidden from History, pp. 76-90. *Tuan-hsiu-pien was the first collection of texts of Chinese homosexuality (no poetry included). The spelling Ch'ing is in *Wade Giles and Qing is in *Pinyin. Poets: see *Ch'en Wei-sung, *Yuan Mei (outstanding poet and *aesthete), *bisexuality, *Chan Zhiling, *Mao Chaomen, *Wu Lanxian, *Wu Meicun, *Zheng Bao Qiao. *Tuan-hsiu-pien was the first survey of Chinese homosexuality. See also the important literary critic: *Zhao Yi. References. Shasha, History of Homosexuality in China, xxiv and 202: lists poets. Poet from China who wrote in Chinese. Ca. 340 B.C.-278 B.C. He wrote a *long poem Li sao (On Encountering Trouble) which deals with homosexuality and committed *suicide by drowning in the Mi-lo River. By *Han times he had become an exemplar of *Confucian resistance to the oppressive state and a model of the scholar's duty to criticize injustice. The Li sao is a very complex poem with elements of *shamanism; in the second and third stanzas the poet imagines himself as a woman who loves the King (see note on line 20 in the David Hawkes' translation below p. 82); later affairs with women are mentioned. Ch'u Yuan is his name in *Wade Giles and Qu Yuan is his name in *Pinyin. Translation. English. Lim Boon Keng (Shanghai, 1929), *Arthur Waley, The Nine Songs (1955), Yang Hsien-yi and Gladys Yang (1955), David Hawkes, The Songs of the South (Penguin, 1985). Russian. *Valery Pereleshin (1975): see Terras, Handbook of Russian Literature, p. 336. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, vol. 1. Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature, 352: see "Ch'u Yuan". Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, vol. 1, 22-4: says he is the earliest known Chinese poet. Criticism. Shasha, History of Homosexuality in China (called Chu Juan), xx and 32-38. De Bary, Guide to Oriental Classics, 244-45. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1956. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Voices Against the Wilderness, 9-11; black poet from Unalaska, book The Dream Horse, Seal Press, [no date]. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 557: poem "Re-making the Myth" re *Sodom and *Achilles. Poet from India writing in Bengali and Sanskrit. Born 1486. A famous *Vaisnavite saint who embodied within himself *Krishna and Radha; paintings show a woman with hair shaved off (he looks very effeminate). (Information from Dr Boulton, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, to me 1987.) See Dinesh Chandra Sen, History of the Bengali Language and Literature (1954), pp. 360-384. He married and wrote poems in Sanskrit as well as Bengali. Possibly a poet in Persian or Arabic. Active before 1908. See Mayne, The Intersexes, p. 292: stated to be an Islamic homosexual writer in Persian or Arabic, possibly a poet. No information has been found on this person. Addressee of love poems in English who was born and lived in Greece. 1809-ca. 1825. He was *Byron's Greek page in 1824 and Byron addressed his last three poems - poems of unrequited love - to him before his death in 1824. A handsome Greek youth from Ithaca, he came from a wealthy family who were reduced to poverty in the struggle for Greek independence from the Turks. As a page in Byron's household his position did not involve menial work. For what is known about him see *Phyllis Grosskurth, Byron (1997), pp. 447-55. Byron fell in love with him but Loukas did not return the poet's feelings. The poet gave him a receipt for money the poet had lent to the town of Missolonghi and a bag of Maria Teresa dollars before he died (this amounted to well over 1,000 British pounds at the time). He died young about 1825 leaving his mother and sisters in poverty (they appealed to Byron's heirs in England for money); on his death see Grosskurth, Byron, p. 469. For a brief resume of his life see pp. 213-14 of Byron's Letters and Journals, edited by Leslie A. Marchand, volume 12 (1981); Marchand states that the situation between him and Byron has been best described by *Doris Langley Moore in The Late Lord Byron (1961), pp. 175-83. See also *Leslie A. Marchand, Byron: A Portrait (1971), pp. 427, 435, 438-39 (second last poem), 450-51 (last poem), 459, 474 for details of his life and the three poems inspired by him. The three poems he inspired are most commonly called: "Lines Written on His Thirty-Sixth Birthday", "Love and Death" and "Last Words on Greece" (the last two were only published in 1887; in E. H. Coleridge's edition of Byron the last poem was given the title "Love and Death". See the text of the poems and the footnotes in Marchand, Byron: A Portrait, pp. 450-51 and on pp. 510-11; other sources of the texts and first lines of each poem are given in the *Byron entry. These are poems of unrequited love. There is no evidence of physical intimacy between Byron and Loukas; whether this occurred may never be known. His first name is also spelt Lukas. Poet from Canada writing in French. Born 1939. A *Québec literary figure involved in the counter culture of the seventies. Love is explored from various angles in his work including the homosexual. He studied under *Roland Barthes and was involved with the student uprising in Paris in 1968. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Canadian Literature. Bibliographies. Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (1984): Emergence de l'Adultenfant, *Montréal: Jean Basile éditeur, 1982 and Le Prince du Sexamour, Montréal: Editions de l'Hexagone, 1976. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1901-1961. Donald E. Bower, Sex Espionage (1991), pp. 62-64; states the poet wrote homosexual verse ca. 1931: the poems "Lothrop, Montana" and "Quag-Hole" (and also his story "In Memory of R G"). Born Jay Vivian Chambers, Whittaker Chambers as he was later known, was a senior editor of Time magazine involved in a sensational espionage scandal. Chambers became a member of the United States *Communist Party in 1925, but later defected after being a Soviet agent. At Columbia University, he was thought to be capable of becoming a great poet. He accused many officials in the State Department of being Communists in 1948 and instigated a sensational trial when one, Alger Hiss, sued him. This led to Hiss being indicted and after two trials being imprisioned for five years for perjury. Biography: see Sam Tanenhaus, Whittaker Chambers (New York, 1997). Chambers married and had two children. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of American Biography ; see "Chambers, Jay Vivian"; notes p. 114 he "experimented with homosexuality". Encyclopedia of Homosexuality: see "McCarthyism", 786-88. Howes, Broadcasting It. Journal in English from Great Britain. Published in 1894. The Chameleon was a gay journal published in Oxford. Only one issue of the journal appeared, for December 1894. It was printed in *green wrappers and was sixty pages long. (It was reprinted by the British based *Eighteen Nineties Society in 1978; fifty copies only were printed). Some contributions were signed (by *Oscar Wilde, *Alfred Douglas and *J. G. Nicholson); some were anonymous. Included were two poems by Lord Alfred Douglas, that is, "Two Loves" (with the famous last line: "I am the love that dare not speak its name") and "In Praise of Shame", a long *prose-poem "The Shadow of the End" by J. G. F. Nicholson, and the fine anonymous poem *"Love in Oxford". Edited by *J. F. Bloxam, the journal was cited at *Oscar Wilde's trial regarding Douglas's, "In Praise of Shame", Bloxam's short story "The Priest and the Acolyte", a prose piece "Les *Decadents" p.16, *Bertram Lawrence's "At Dawn" and a contribution by Wilde, "Phrases and Philosophies for the Use of the Young". It has claims to be the first English gay literary *journal in the sense of being homosexual in sensibility and directed to a homosexual audience (but see * Spirit Lamp, edited by Douglas 1892-93, and compare * The Century Guild Hobby Horse). The title refers to a creature which is changeable (homosexuals could be seen to be such creatures: ostensibly "straight" - that is heterosexual - but having second lives which were homosexual). It was published by the publishers, Gray and Bird, who also published *Theodore Wratislaw's Caprices in 1893 and *Stanley Addleshaw's Love Lyrics in 1894. After the Wilde trial, the journal was withdrawn from sale. The reprint has an introduction by *Montgomery Hyde and an essay on the journal by *Timothy d'Arch Smith who states "unsigned work... can be given to Max Beerbohm, *Charles Kains Jackson, *Lionel Johnson, J. S. Green.. and Charles Hiatt" (no pagination). Poet from Germany who wrote in German; he was born in France. 1781-1838. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Bibliographies. Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen, item 147: Gedichte. Peter Schlehmils wundersame Geschichte, Offenburg, Mainz: Lehrmittel-Verlag, 1948. (Note: Peter Schlehmils wundersame Geschichte is an autobiographical story. Poet from China who wrote in Chinese. Active before 1850. A *Ch'ing poet who had a book carrying *boy. See Shasha, History of Homosexuality in China, p. xxiv and pp. 219-224. Chan Zhiling is spelt in *Pinyin. Poet from India who wrote in Bengali. Active ca. 1850. For homosexual references in his poetry see the Ph. D. thesis presented at the University of London, ca. 1970, by M. A. al-Azad: Isvar Chandragupta and his short poems (information from Dr Boulton, *School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London,1 April 1987). A copy of this thesis should be in the School of Oriental and African Studies Library. References to the poet have not been found in standard histories of Bengali. Chanted poetry, religious poetry and sung ghazals - India Songs and oral poems in Sanskrit, Hindi, Urdu and Tamil from India. From at least ca. 1500; this date is very conservative. Chanting and religious poetry are major forms of Indian poetry: see *Bhakti, *Vaisnavism. Hindi and Tamil are the major languages; see *Indic languages and *Dravidian languages for other languages. The sung * ghazal is mainly a Moslem form written in Urdu (the date is taken from the ghazal). Sanskrit material (e.g. the * Bhagavad Gita) undoubtedly dates from earlier. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians: under "India, subcontinent of", see Sections 3, "Thumri and *ghazal", 4, "Chanted Poetry", and 5, "Popular Religious music". Songs and oral poems in various languages from ca. 2,175 in ancient Egypt. Chants are a mode of recitation between spoken poetry and song, usually involving the repetition of words or a verbal formula. Chanting is associated with religious rites: see *magic and *mysticism. It may even be an attempt to sublimate sexuality. The earliest chant of relevance is in Egyptian. *"Go forth, and plant thyself on him" (ca. 2,200 B.C.), a work which may also be described as a *spell (see also *Horus and Seth). Akkadian: see *Oral poem - Akkadian. English: see *Victor Neuburg (ca. 1920), *bill bissett. French: *Comte de Lautremont (pseud.). Greek: see *Dionysus. The * Gospels were and are still chanted. Chants in male monasteries in a homoerotic context are relevant. Balonda: see *Oral poems - Balonda. *Bantu languages: see *J. B. C. Laubscher. In "Tribal Languages communal chanting and singing is important in some initiation ceremonies. Chinese and Japanese: see *Buddhism where chants in monasteries in a homoerotic context are relevant. (Other Buddhist religions are relevant.) Latin see Allen Edwardes, Erotica Judaica (1967), 179: cites the words "Pro Judeis non flectant" (Do not bend to the Jews) from a ninth century liturgy which, as he states, contain a double-entendre. Chants of monks in male *Christian monasteries are relevant their all male structure was and is innately homoerotic and there were many homosexuals in monasteries; Latin chants derive from Hebrew chants. Other Christian religions are relevant. Sanskrit: see *Mantras. Urdu: see New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, vol. 9, "Chanted Poetry", pp.143-44. Hindi: see *Bhakti (from 800). nirtinnarioc anrl FnrwlnnoHiac Eliade Encyclopedia of Religion New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics Chants and songs in Afro-Brazilian cults Oral poems and songs in Portuguese from Brazil feature in Afro-Brazilian cults. Material dates from ca. 1982. Homosexual behavior is known to have occurred in some of these cults, hence songs and chants in Brazilian Portuguese are relevant: see the discussion of Umbanda by Peter Fry and Allen Young, in "Gay Gringo in Brazil", in L. Richmond, The Gay Liberation Book (1973). The cults came from Africa and point to similar cults in *African languages; they involve *magic. *Hubert Fichte has written on the cult of Xango. In Journal of Homosexuality, vol. 11 no. 3-4 (Summer 1985), 137-53, see Peter Fry, "Male Homosexuality and Spirit Possession in Brazil", with bibl. pp. 152-53 (this article notes p. 140 "singing of ritual songs"). See also in Peter Fry, Para Ingles Ver (Rio de Janeiro, 1982), the article "Homosexualidade masculina e cultos afro-brasileiros", with important bibliography pp. 84-86 listing references to these songs and oral poems (this article is reprinted in Murray, Male Homosexuality in Central and South America, pp. 55-91). References. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion: Afro-Brazilian cults. Trevisan, Perverts in Paradise, 171-92: re Brazilian candomble and *chants. Oral poems and songs in Yoruba from Nigeria date rom 1966. For chants see S. A. Babalola, The Content and Form of Yoruba Ijala (1966): chants addressed to the male god Ogun, regarded as a great hunter, in western Nigeria. Songs: see Yoruba Poetry, edited and translated by Ulli Beier (1970), e.g., pp. 27-28: homoeroticism directed to a *god. On Yoruba see Part 3 of volume 3 of H. Munro Chadwick and Nora Chadwick, The Growth of Literature, 1932 -1940 (repr.), pp. 640-49. Chapbooks are books of poems usually of less than fifty pages and usually (but not invariably) are printed on cheap paper and therefore subject to conservation problems, coming into the sphere of 'ephemera. They exist for gay poetry in English and German in the United States, Canada, Australia and Great Britain and Germany from ca. 1970. They are frequently self-published by poets and often their first published work. They became especially popular amongst gay poets from 'gay liberation ca. 1970 due to cheaper methods of printing and have been especially popular in the United States. They have become even cheaper to produce with computers and desk-top publishing. English. Australia. *Javant Biarujia, *Denis Gallagher. Canada, ian Young's *Catalyst press published them. United States: see *Jack Spicer, 'Glenway Westcott. Many of the books in ' The Male Homosexual In Literature fall into this category. The large cities have been centers of activity for the production of these works, e.g., San Francisco (see *Jack Spicer). Great Britain: books by *Peter Daniels' Oscars Press fall into this category. German: see *Maldoror in blauen Mond, *Jürgen Baldiga. Poet and dramatist from Great Britain writing in English; he was also a translator from Greek to English. Ca. 1559-1634. He completed Hero and Leander, the *long poem begun by *Christopher Marlowe which Marlowe had left unfinished at his death in 1593. Marlowe wrote the first two sestiads which have a homoerotic episode; Chapman added four sestiads and the edition was published in 1598. In 1611, he published a complete translation of *Homer's Iliad (previously publishing Books 1, 2, 7-11 in 1598 and twelve books in 1609). He died in poverty. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2523: Hero and Leander; item 637 is the play The Gentleman Usher, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1970. Translator from Greek to English from Great Britain. Ca. 1810-1865. Author of Greek *Pastoral Poets (1836), and The Idylls of *Theocritus, Bion and Moschus (London, 1881). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Ioläus (1902), 81-85, 86-87. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1968. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 640: Blue House [: Poems in the Chinese Manner], Honolulu: 9 Beasts Press, 1968 (with co-authors James Liddy and Thomas Hill though they are not cited as poets). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Male Muse, 19-20; biog., 118. His poems show the influence of the Chinese *friendship tradition. Charkianakis, S. S., Archbishop Stylianos Poet from Australia writing in Greek; he was raised in Greece. Born 1935. Author of seventeen books of poems. In his selection of poems in English, Fireworks and Sparrows: Selected Poems (Sydney, 1994), translated into English by *Vrasidas Karales, see the poem "To C. P. *Cavafy" p. 15 on the homosexual Greek poet; biog. note p.73. He is Archbishop of the Greek *Orthodox Church in Australia and has lived in Sydney from 1975. Poet from France who wrote in French. 1394-1465. A well known French poet; his poems speak of love in the abstract and there is no feminine presence. He was a French prisoner of war in Great Britain and wrote some poems in English. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature : see under "Orleans". Criticism. *Herelle manuscript 3188, f. 357-58; homosexual reference not stated. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 196Q. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 27: poem "Pony Boy" re sexual exploitation and prostitution; biog., 174. Brother to Brother, 6Q; biog., 27Q. Here to Dare, 13Q-42; biog., 129 - 'black poet from Kansas City, Missouri; see especially "An Open Letter to Black Men", p. 13B. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1948. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Not Love Alone, 18-20: *free verse poems, not all gay poems; biog., 140: states he lives happily with three gay men in London and speaks Spanish. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1987. Chapbook: Respectively (with *A. W. Mann and *Pat O'brien), London, *Oscars Press, 1987; reprinted 1989: see pp. 20-34; biog., p. 20. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active before 1992. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 559. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1964. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10532: "Tom Hunt" in ONE Magazine 12:7, 1822, July 1964. Poem in French from France. Ca. 850. A poem attributed to Chrestien de Pontoise from a manuscript in the Abbey of Cluny and translated into modern French by Fulcanelli in 1919. An *Arthurian tale in which Sir Galahad is a homosexual. See the text and article by Renald Tremblay in Sortir (Montreal: Aurore, 1978; no editor cited for the poem), pp. 281-97. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1752-1770. A famous forger of poetry, called by *Wordsworth "the marvellous boy", who published the supposed poems of Thomas Rowley, supposedly a 15th century poet. He was taken up by the homosexual *Horace Walpole but later dropped when Walpole realized he was a forger. After this, he wrote the lines "To Horace Walpole" (1769). He also wrote an *elegy to the homosexual *William Beckford (see Complete Works vol. 2, 1971, pp. 713-18); see also his elegy to his friend Phillips. He committed suicide by arsenic poisoning and John Keats dedicated his long poem * Endymion to him. He has been thought to be homosexual by some but no evidence has emerged so far. Biography: John Cranstoun Nevill, Thomas Chatterton (London, 1948); states p. 168 "much of his time was spent in the company of disreputable men". Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Penguin Companion to World Literature. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Ca. 1343-1400. Chaucer is the most famous English poet of the *Middle English period; his poetry is noticeably bawdy, influenced in this respect by *Boccaccio. In his best known work, The Canterbury Tales, a series of tales told by pilgrims on the way to Canterbury Cathedral, the Pardoner is a recognisable homosexual: see the description in the General Prologue lines 669-714 in F. N. Robinson's edition (1933; repr. 1957). This is the first sympathetically portrayed homosexual in English. See *Monica McAlpine, "The Pardoner's Homosexuality and How it Matters", PMLA: Publications of the Modern Language Association 95 (1980), 8-22. The Pardoner is friends with the Summoner who also needs to be considered (see Jill Mann, Chaucer and Medieval Estates Satire, 1973, pp. 145-52). A book length study is Robert S. Sturges, Chaucer's Pardoner and gender theory: bodies of discourse (New York, 2000); bibliographical references pp. 169-224. The Knight's Tale features two strongly *male bonded knights in love with the same woman. *Walter Pater, after comparing the relationship of the knights to that of the two protagonists of * Amis and Amile, commented in The Renaissance: "one knows not whether the love of both Palamon and Arcite for Emelya, or of those two for each other, is the chief subject of the Knight's Tale" (New York, Modern Library Edition, 1965, p. 7). In the Miller's Tale a man pokes another in the backside with a poker. In the Parson's Tale, which is a sermon, the parson states "no man should know his own gender" (line 924 in Robinson's edition). In the *long poem The House of Fame the poet is snatched up and guided by an eagle at the end of Book 1 and in Book 2, an incident which recalls the trope of *Ganymede. Chaucer also partly translated the * Romance of the Rose by Jean de Meung and *Guillaume de Lorris. * Lost lines from the prologue... is a *parody of the poet's style. Biography: the chief facts of Chaucer's life are in Robinson's edition pages pp. xix-xxviii. Chaucer was widely travelled in Europe and knew both French and Italian; he was extremely cosmopolitan with great human sympathy. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 273-76 (re the Pardoner). Criticism. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, item 601. Poet from the Netherlands writing in Dutch. Born 1954. Gay Poetry Anthologies. David heeft ook een achterkant, 52; biog 61. Poet writing in German. Active before 1964. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 47: poem "Das Lied (Einer im Kreise sang ein Lied...)"; no date or source given. No entry in the *British Library General Catalogue. Poet from France who wrote in French. 1752-1794. A *Romantic poet whose verse owes much to the Greeks. He was the son of the French consul to Constantinople and a Greek woman. See "Le poème d'Hylas" (source *Hérelle manuscript 3405); *Hylas trope. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Poem in Javanese from Indonesia. Ca. 1750. References to homosexuality (noticed by the author in travelling around the country) appear in the poem; there are two longish sections. (Professor A. H. Johns, Australian National University, Canberra, to the author, 16 October 1986). Javanese is the main language spoken on Java, the most highly populated Indonesian island where the capital Jakarta is. Other references to homosexuality in Javanese are in popular culture and shadow plays; *oral poems in popular culture may therefore be relevant. For information and manuscripts of Chentini see works compiled by Theodore Pigeaud, e.g., Javanese and Balinese Manuscripts: Descriptive Catalogue (Weisbaden, 1975). The poem is also spelt Centini andTjentini. Old Javanese poems were based on the *Mahabharata and *Ramayana. On homosexuality in Java see *Clifford Geertz, The Religion of Java, 1964, 157, 291, 295, 298 (source: * Human Relations Area Files). Poet and critic from the United States writing in English. Born 1920. He has been a figure on the Californian poetry scene since the late 1970s. His most recent book * Whitman's Wild Children (1988), has the first extended critical discussion on the gay poets John Weiners, James Broughton and *Harold Norse as well as having a section on *Allen Ginsberg. His book Clear Wind was reviewed in The Advocate no. 411, p. 30, by *Steve Abbott. See poems in James White Review vol. 6 no.1 (Fall 1988), 7: excellent gay poems. With *Charles Bukowski he edited the poetry journal Laugh Literary and Man the Humping Guns. He has written biographies of *Charles Bukowski and *Lawrence Ferlinghetti and edited Anthology of L.A. Poets (1972), 64 pages. Poet in English from Great Britain. Acive ca. 1380. Author of the middle English poem *Sir Launful, a *middle English version of one of the Breton lays; see the edition by A. J. Bliss, 1960, p. 276. In this poem at lines 775-80 a man is accused of not being loved by any woman and not liking them; the suggestion of homosexuality is stronger in the version of the story by *Marie de France. The story is from the material relating to *King Arthur. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Poet from Australia writing in English; he was born in Malta. Active 1983. A contributor to the gay poetry journal * Ganymede, he also wrote a biographical contribution to the gay collection of life stories Being Different, edited by Garry Wotherspoon (Sydney, 1986). He arrived in Australia from Malta in 1965 and has helped produce Homosexuals Report Back (on decriminalization of homosexual acts). He has edited two ethnic newspapers and chaired the Victorian Association of Multicultural Writers. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Edge City, 56-8; biog., 221. Love and Death, 40-41; biog., 52. Poet from Portugal who wrote in Portuguese. 1520-1591. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Criticism. Gomes Viana, O homosexualidade no mundo, volume 2, 183-84: an ex Franciscan friar accused of *prostitution with men; he also wrote plays. City in the United States in which English is the main spoken language. Homosexuality is documented from at least 1924. Chicago, at the southern end of Lake Michigan, is the major city of the mid-west of the United States. The state of Illinois, of which Chicago is the capital, was the first state in the United States to decriminalize consenting male homosexual activities in 1962. In 1924, a Society of Human Rights was formed by Henry Gerber to campaign for gay rights. The city is an important publishing centre (see John Boswell, Joseph Pequigney) and has major libraries and the University of Chicago, one of the finest universities in the United States. It has a major gay archives and library, the *Gerber Hart Library (named after a gay man and a lesbian woman). The *black population in now outnumbers the white. Poets: see *Daryl Hine, *J. D. McClatchy, *Stan Persky. See *Frankie and Johnnie for two gay singers of the 1930s. Special articles on the city are in The Advocate 10 June 1982, 27-29, 58 and 18 August, 1983, 28-31 and 58. The city's gay culture was extensively studied by *Alfred C. Kinsey in 1939: see James H. Jones, Alfred C. Kinsey (1997), 371-73. References. Katz, Gay American History, 385-97 and Katz, Gay/ Lesbian Almanac, 418-21: both extracts refer to the founding of the Society of Human Rights, 1924-25 by Henry Gerber, the first United States gay reform organization. Black Men/ White Men, 33-43: prose piece by Ron Vernon about growing up black and gay in Chicago. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 213-15. Poets from the United States who write in Spanish and English but whose primary language is Spanish. Active from 1991. There are many Chicano groups in the United States and an emerging gay Chicano literature. A Preliminary Chicano and Latino lesbian and gay bibliography was published in San Francisco in 1994 by Archivos Rodrigo Reyes for a gay Latino festival held at the Mission Cultural Center. David William Foster, Chicano/Latino homoerotic identities, 1999 is a series of literary essays; bibliographical references pp. 305-52. *Francisco X. Alarcon was one of the first openly gay Chicano poets who has done much to promote Chicano gay literature. *Gil Cuadros has written notably of *Aids. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage: see "Latino Literature". Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Chicano and Latino Gay Cultures". Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Born ca. 1965. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Sugar and Snails, 14-15; biography inside front cover; no birth date given; this state he lives in South Wales so is apparently *Welsh. Chien Chien-I Poet from China who wrote in Chinese. 1582-1664. See Journal of Homosexuality, vol. 14 no. 3-4 (1987), 21: a scholar and poet who praised the beautiful gay man Wang Lang (born 1640-active ca. 1660). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Hummel, Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period (1644-1912). Stories which contain poems in Japanese from Japan. Ca. 1377. The Chigo Monogatori are eight Japanese tales about Buddhist monks and their pages or attendant novices (chigo). They contain some poems. See Margaret H. Childs, "Love Stories or Buddhist Sermons?", Monumenta Nipponica 35 (1980), 127-51: this includes a translation of "A Long Tale for an Autumn Night" 131-51, with poems. *Pederasty is the dominant form of homosexual love in the poems. This form of mixed prose and poems is called a *prosimetrum. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan: Dramatist and poet from Japan who wrote in Japanese. 1653-1725. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 652, lists the play Love Suicides in the Women's Temple - parts of the play are in poetry. A playwright who wrote kabuki and other plays. His real name was Sugimori Nobunori. See Leupp, Male Colors: The Construction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan, p. 30 for a poem from this play. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Active from 1936. In James Kirkup, A Poet could not but be Gay (1991), pp. 120-21, he is stated to be a poet who taught at Leeds University around 1950 and was gay. The *British Library General Catalogue shows several volumes of poems published. Oral poems in English from Great Britain, the United States and Australia. Explicit sexual references occur in these works though homosexual reference is slight and only dates from 1951. Great Britain. *Norman Douglas was the first to collect these oral poems; see London Street Games (1916; revised and enlarged 1931). However the material he published is not homosexual. Australia. Material comes from Great Britain in almost all cases. See Wendy Lowenstein, Improper Play Rhymes of Australian Children, 1988 (first published as Shocking, Shocking, Shocking, 1974). Originally collected between 1967 and 1973 in *Melbourne, the poems may be at least 100 years old. The book contains some homosexual material: e.g., pp. 22 ("The boy stood on the burning deck"; dated 1951-52), 25 "Carlton Bitter" (possible reference), 30 "Down in the valley" (possible reference), 41 B "In days of old" (fucking not depending on the sex of the person or even a person), 46 B "Listen to the story" (anal sex reference), 48 "Way down in Alabama" (homosexual *finger fucking; source: United States), 53 "Not last night", 55 "The old brown bull" (possible reference), 58 "PK chewing gum", 67 "Tiddley winks young man" (explicitly homosexual; compare the Sydney poem: "If you can't find a woman/ Get a Cranbrook man [referring to the *Sydney private school, Cranbrook School] which also has a *Melbourne equivalent "If you can't find a woman/ Get a Grammar man"). See also Ian Turner, Cinderella Dressed in Yella, second expanded edition 1982 (first edition 1969), p. 8 "Bugger bugger bitch bum", p. 45 "When Susy was a poofta"; 93 D - "P K Chewing Gum" - and E - "Yum, yum, bubble gum" (strong reference). See also *Bawdry. Historian and critic from the United States writing in English about Japanese culture. Active 1980. Author of : "Japan's Homosexual Heritage" in Gai Saber vol. 1 no. 1 (Spring 1977), 41-45 - a brilliant survey with bibliography. This work was the pioneering study of Japanese gay culture in English. See *Murasaki Shikibu, *Anonymous poems - Japanese, *Shoguns, *Gozan literature and * Chigo Monogatori. Poet from Malaysia who lives in the United States and writes in English. Born 1969. Books of poems: Bite Hard (1996) and Mongrel (1998). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros in Boystown, 20-21; biog., 60: a writer and performance artist who lives in *San Francisco. A Day for a Lay, 291-94; biog., 291: born in Malaysia and raised in Singapore he now resides in San Francisco. The World in Us: Lesbian and Gay Poetry of the Next Wave, 32-39; biog., 360-61. Word of Mouth, 437-47. Chinese poetry written in Japan, Korea and Vietnam There is a large volume of Chinese poetry written in Japan, Korea and Vietnam which dates from at least 1200 since all *scholars and *Emperors in these countries wrote Chinese characters and invariably wrote poems in Chinese. See also *Scribes, Calligraphy. There have been successive waves of influence but *T'ang poets have been especially influential, especially *Tu Fu and *Li Po. Japan. In the Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan see the article "Poetry and prose in Chinese". See also *Kukai, *Gozan literature, *Buson, *Ryokan, ikkyu. Burton Watson, Japanese Literature in Chinese (1976) is a survey. Korea and Vietnam: *Confucianism and *Buddhism have moulded much poetry. Place in Greece where Greek is spoken. Island and city associated with the poet *Ion of Chios (active 500 B.C.), *Likymnios, and the poet *Simonides (ca. 556 B.C.-468 B.C.). Poet from the United States who wrote in English; he also lived in Italy in later life. 1913-1972. The son of a very rich man, he was a minor poet who wrote six volumes of poetry and was twice married; he seems to have been bisexual (or heterosexual in the earlier part of his life) and in the latter part of his life homosexual, based on letters he wrote during that time. In Lament of the Lovers (New York, 1947), see the title poem. He lived in Europe for much of his life. Manuscripts are in the *Library of Congress including a gay *limerick called "Trade". Gay lover letters addressed to Rolf Anderson written in the last years of his life are held in the Library of Congress, which also holds photographs of his splendid house in Italy. (The author expresses thanks to the manuscript section of the *Library of Congress for drawing my attention to his manuscripts.) Poet from Korea who wrote in Korean. 1553-1627. See Lee, Poems from Korea, pp. 107-08; biog., p. 107. Four poems survive all addressed to a *boy. He was governor of Kangwon Province. Poet and songwriter from Korea who wrote in Korean. Ca. 1536-1594. See Lee, Poems from Korea, pp. 87-106; biog., 87. Strong poems of personal attachment to the king based on *Confucian values; these poems read at times like homosexual love poems. A *sijo poet who was also a musician. Poet from China who wrote in Chinese. 1898-1976. A leading member of the *Communist Party in China and premier and foreign minister after 1949 and later close to *Mao Tse-Tung (the leader of the Chinese Communist Party) Chou en Lai was later Foreign Minister and very popular with the people. In his youth he was an *actor, sometimes taking female roles and, as an educated Chinese, a *scholar. In the Cultural Revolution he was a moderating influence and saved many cultural sites including the Potala Palace in Tibet, now a World Heritage site. At his death there was a spontaneous outpouring of emotion for him in *Beijing when flowers and posters appeared in Tiananmen Square. Though a handsome man, he married an ugly woman in 1925 and they had no children. He is believed to have been gay by some sources; information from a senior Chinese librarian in the *Library of Congress. He was an outstanding diplomat and negotiator. In Quest: Poems of Chou En-lai, translated by Nancy T. Lin (Hong Kong, 1979) is a selection of his poems. Poems in this work are very traditional and reveal nothing of the poet's emotions (possibly relevant is "Bon Voyage to Li Yu-ju 1920", pp. 21 -25); some poems from this work are included in Merrilyn Fitzpatrick, Zhou Enlai (St. Lucia, Queenaland, 1984), p. 11. A volume of poems inspired by his death was published in Peking in 1978 titled Tien-an-men shih chao. (Chou En-lai is spelt in *Wade Giles romanization.) Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Born 1897. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 95-96: poem about "a *boy who had watched me always/ Having great trust in me"; biog., 231: a Lieutenant in World War I 1917, poems appeared in Crimson Stains, 1917, and Memory, 1918. Poet from France who wrote in France. Active 1160-80. His Perceval was the source for *Gottfried von Strassburg's work. His Tristan is lost. Both these works are *long poems. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Criticism. *Herelle manuscript 3188, f. 357-58: homosexual reference not stated. Editor of works in Persian and critic from Denmark who wrote in Danish and French; he was also a translator from Persian to Danish and English. 1875-1945. The most important person to work on the text of the Persian poet *Omar Khayyam from 1900 to 1930. He established the fact that the manuscript tradition was very corrupt with many poems being added to the original stock by other poets . He was a Danish scholar who was the author of Omar Khajjams Ruba'iyat, 1903 (in Danish), Recherches sur les Ruba'iyat de 'Omar Khayyam, 1905 (in French). See also "Critical Studies in the Ruba'iyat of 'Umar-i- Khayyam" in Historisk-Filologiske Meddelelser, vol. 14, 1927. He translated Omar Khayyam into English in 1927 and Danish in 1943 and wrote an article on *'Ubayd Zakani in French (in Acta Orientalia 3 [1924], 1-37). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Iranica; with bibl. citing 327 items. Poet from Australia writing in English. Born 1911. In North Coast (1943) see "Friend of the Crane" (for *Shaw Neilson) p.18 and "My Love is a Golden Bough" p. 20, both *non gender specific love poems. In South Coast (1944), see "Comes an Echo to my Heart" p. 12 (homoerotic *male bonding), "Dream-World of the Haute Bourgeoisie" p. 19, a satire on homosexual *aesthetes ("Bored with the world, with life,/ he turns to *Proust..../ Vicariously he minces from party to party/ With Madame Verdurin"). In Dirge and Lyrics, 1945 - dedicated "For Nina, in memory of Jim" - see "Thus Winter Comes" pp. 3-5 (a non gender specific love poem about an unhappy love affair), "Song" p. 6 and "Affirmation" p. 7. In The Hand of Memory, 1970, see "The Challenge of Your Eyes" p. 76 (non gender specific love poem which seems inspired, however, by his wife Nina). A leading *Marxist who founded the literary journal Meanjin in 1940 and was instrumental in the promulgation of the doctrine of *mateship. He had close links with the Brisbane Barjai poets *Laurence Collinson and *Barrett Reid when he lived in Brisbane 194045. He wrote the poems Having Loved (1979) to his wife Nina. His early books are rare; copies sighted: Mitchell Library, Sydney. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Songs initially in Latin, Greek, Syriac, Coptic, Ethiopic, Armenian and Georgian and in later centuries in *European and other languages of *Christianity. They survive from ca. 300 in Israel, Greece, Italy, Syria, Egypt, Ethiopia, Armenia and Georgia and later all other practicing Christian countries worldwide (for information about languages into which one book of the Bible has been translated see the * Bible entry). *Hymns, which are songs in praise of a *god, exist from ancient Egyptian times: see *Akhenaton. Listed here are only the languages of early Christianity. Greek. For sources to 400 see Queneau, Histoire des littératures, volume one, pp. 576-620. Syrian, Coptic and Ethiopic have strong early Christian religious traditions. Syrian: These hymns possibly emerge from Canaanite religion and worship of the Mother Goddess which had a homosexual component. See Dawes, A Phase of Roman Life, pp. 159-60 (the priests of the mother goddess were vowed to celibacy like Christian priests and castrated themselves). Apulius, Book 8 has a homosexual reference in relation to the priests; see also *Lucian. For Christianity see *Saint Ephraim. Coptic and Ethiopic. These are *Semitic languages spoken in Upper Egypt and Ethiopia. The literary language of Ethiopian is called Ge'ez (modern Ethiopian has several dialects, the main one of which is Amharic). In Coptic, *Gnosticism was strong. Hymns in all three languages continue in existence today. Armenian. See Hovanessian, Anthology of Armenian Poetry, pp. 36-75. A very strong homoerotic component exists in these Armenian hymns. Georgian. Early hymns exist. Religion originating in Israel in Aramaic from ca. 30. The *Gospels, which record the sayings of Jesus, were in existence from 60, written down in Greek. The religion dates back to the oral teachings of Jesus Christ, who spoke in Aramaic, from ca. 30. The Gospels have been extensively translated and are almost certainly the most translated work in the world (the only other contender is the works of Marx and Engels which are the basis of *Communism). Christianity is the major religion of Europe and large parts of the world (except eastern and southern Asia). It is based on the teaching of Jesus Christ and is especially growing in Africa. It has a strong homosexual component is its philosophy of love - in the words of Jesus Christ "Love one another" (Gospel of John chapter 13, verse 34). The Christian church split into western and eastern sections from 324 when the capital of the *Roman empire was moved from *Rome to *Istanbul. The western church became the *Catholic Church and the eastern, the various *Orthodox churches (see *Law - Greek). The crucial issue here from a homosexual point of view is the overthrow of the old Greek culture where homosexuality played a large part with a Christian world view based on heterosexual marriage. *Michel Foucault deals with this issue in his History of Sexuality. The rise of *homophobia in Christian cultures is recorded from the first centuries of Christianity. A study of sexuality and Christianity (despite its misleading title) is William A. Brend, Sacrifice to Attis: A Study of Sex and Civilisation, London, 1936; this work takes the view that the church has caused much misery by taking the position that sex is inherently sinful. The Catholic church was dominant in western Europe until the *Renaissance, when splits led to the rise of *Protestant churches (which emphasized reading the * New Testament as distinct from the religious ritual of attending the Christian service, the Mass, which in the west was conducted in Latin until the 1960s). Christianity has been anti-gay for most of its history: see *Michel Foucault, *Law - Christian and the Hebrew story of *Sodom and Gomorrah from the Old Testament which influenced Christian ideas about homosexuality. Recent trends are towards toleration of homosexuality. Links with other Asian religions. Christianity relates to religions emanating from India which relate to love, such as forms of *Hinduism (especially religious beliefs centered on *Siva and *Krishna); see, for instance, N. K. Devareya, Hinduism and Christianity, Bombay, 1969. These Hindu religions may in turn have been influenced by Christianity and Greek philosophy: see *Debate on Love - Greek. Persian religions such as *Zoroastrianism are also relevant and interconnection between Persian and Indian religions needs to be considered in the emergence of Christianity. *Walter Schubart has written a valuable study of religion and *eros including Christianity. For the relationship of the Christian idea of the resurrection to Egyptian religion see *Osiris and *Sir James Fraser. See *Aelred of Rievaulx, *Angel, *Petrus Berchorius, John Boswell, *Censorship - Latin, *Christianos (pseud.), *Dinos Christianopoulos (pseud.), *Debate on Love, * Gospels, Jesus Christ, *Ganymede, *Hilary, *Humanism, *Hilary, *Istanbul, * Medieval Latin Poems of Male Love and Friendship, Saint *Paul, *Saints, *Thomas Aquinas. Compare *Sufism. By the 1980s there were gay Christian churches, especially in the United States; for example, the Metropolitan Community Church (with branches in other countries such as Australia). An unusual one is the Church of Saint *Priapus, in *San Francisco: see Andy Nyberg, "The Organ-ized religion", The Advocate, 1 September 1983, 35, 36, 52: this notes, page 36, that the service begins with the Priapum in which "a poem about Priapus or the penis is read". Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary; excellent short history of the church to 350. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 221-25: "Christianity"; 954-59: "Patristic Writers" (details the *homophobia of the early church); see also "Anglicanism", 58-60, "Clergy, Gay", 239-42. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Cassell's Encyclopedia of Queer Myth, Symbol, and Spirit. Gay Histories and Cultures. Other. Bailey, Homosexuality and the Western Christian Tradition, 29-63, 82-120. Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance and Homosexuality: the whole work is relevant for the *Middle Ages; see especially 91-166. Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality: Gay People in Western Europe from the Beginning of the Christian Era to the Fourteenth Century Book from the United States which includes an anthology in Latin and English. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1981. This book, by John Boswell, is a major survey of the social and historical background to 1300 A.D., including an anthology of Latin poems in translation, pp. 355-402, the first collection of Latin homopoems; the Latin texts of two poems are included. Poets and poems: *Marbod of Rennes pp. 370-71, *Hilary pp. 372-74, * Carmina Burana pp. 378-80, * Ganymede and Helen (*Altercatio ganimedis) pp. 381-89, "A Perverse Custom" ("*Quam pravus est mos") pp. 389-92,"Ganymede and Hebe" (*"Post aquile raptus") pp. 392-398 (translation and Latin text, 12th or 13th century), "Married clergy" ("Nos uxorati") pp. 398-400 (translation and Latin text, 12th or 13th century), "Ganymede" (13th century?) p. 401, "Triangle" (13th century?) p. 401. Several key Latin prose works are also translated. Christianopoulos, Dinos (pseud.) Pseudonym of a poet, editor of a journal and publisher from Greece writing in Greek. Born 1931. A major homosexual poet of contemporary Greece, who published openly gay poems from his first book, published in 1950 onwards, and lives in *Thessaloniki; he is an expert on the history of the city and has written several books on the subject. His pseudonym, adopted in 1945, means Dinos, son of Christ. He runs an art gallery and is a publisher including of his own poetry. He also publishes the magazine Diagonal. His poetry is in the tradition of *Cavafy, who has greatly influenced him; however, he has gone further than Cavafy in exploring erotic gay sexuality: where Cavafy hinted, Christianopoulos is more explicit. His poems are regularly re-written and his several books of poems were gathered into one volume, Poemata (Poems), 1985, published in an edition of 5,000 copies; this includes his poems from 1949 to 1984 and lists at the end twenty-one books of poems published to 1985 (although several of these collate earlier volumes). In 1995 there was a new edition titled in Greek Poiimata (Poems) (Athens:Odysseas, 1995) also published in Thessaloniki in 1998 His prose works are listed opposite the title page; they include the short stories The Downward Path (1980), and The Rembetes of the World (1986), subsequently published in a single collection, The Downward Path(in Greek I kato volta), 1991 (all books are in Greek). His essays were published in 1999 as Dokimia (Athens: Bilieto) and autobiographical articles were published in this year in Thessaloniki with a Greek title meaning "In Thessaloniki where I was committed". His booklet of poems Nekri Piatza (Piazza of Death), 1983 (repr.), features a coloured wood cut on the cover with a youth shining the shoes of a man in army uniform displaying overtones of *sado-masochism. His later poems such as those in Small Poems (1975) owe much to the ancient Greek *epigram tradition. Overall, his work is equal to that of the best ancient Greek homopoets and Cavafy. He studied philosophy at Thessoloniki and his poetry has philosophical depth. He was adopted as a child and has never traced his parents. Both John Taylor and Kimon Friar are said to be working on books on the poet (information from the poet and the Gay Sunshine article above). See *Kimon Friar, "The poetry of Dinos Cristianopoulos: An Introduction", Journal of the Hellenic Diaspora, vol. 6 no. 1 (Spring 1979), 57-58; includes a selection of English translations. A photograph appears on the internet on a page devoted to him as a guest of the Frankfurt Bookfair 2001. Translation. See * Gay Sunshine 42/43 (1980), 7: English translation by Kimon Friar of several poems and a biographical note. Christopher Street no. 200 (April 1993), 11-13, has a translation of a selection by Nicholas Kostis of Boston University who is said to be completing a book of translations of Christianopoulos's poems (see biographical note on the journal's title page); a biographical note on the poet is also on the title page. Poems (Athens: Odysseas, 1995) is a selection translated by Nicholas Kostis, a professor of French and Modern Grek at Boston University (information from his internet homepage); this states a translation of The Naked Piazza, which consists of poetry and prose of Dinos Christianopoulos, is complete. Swedish: a translation was titled Jag Faller Oavbrutet Ner I Natten (ca. 1990, trans. not known, possibly *Nils Hallbeck). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Drobci stekla v ustih, 105; biog., 182. Criticism. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 502-03. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 673-75: trans. *Kimon Friar. Gay Books Bulletin no.12 (Spring/Summer 1985, 11-13): John Taylor, "The Poetry of Dinos Cristianopoulos", with translations and containing the most up to date list of his books. Christianos (pseud.) Poet from Australia who wrote in English. Active 1B47. Author of a *ballad, "Hail! Sons of Freedom, Hail!", quoted in J. Syme, History of Van Diemen's Land (London, 1848), 200-201. The poem was first printed in the Launceston Examiner, 5 May, 1847. The eighth stanza reads: "Shall Tasman's isle so fam'd/ So lovely and so fair,/ From other nations be estrang'd - / The name of *Sodom bear?". This is the first known direct reference to male homosexuality in Australian English language poetry so far. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active before 1982. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Keine Zeit für gute Freunde, 82: poem "Heimkehr". Oral poem in English from the United States. First documented ca. 1892. Famous erotic *ballad with a strong homosexual streak. See *Immortalia, *Vance Randolph, *Mark Twain (discussing the poem's recorded history), *Ed Cray. Journal in English from the United States. 1976-1997. A *New York monthly journal of great gay cultural importance. Poems are regularly published and articles written on poetry; many articles are primary sources of information on gay poets and are excellent. It is owned and edited by the poet *Charles Ortleb. The journal is discussed in The Advocate no. 508 (27 September 1988), celebrating issue 120: the founder is supposed to have said "No one will ever masturbate over this magazine" which differentiates the journal from *pornography. Issues have tended to be uneven. Over 200 issues have appeared. The magazine has been quite daring, for instance early issues featured three articles *outing the gay and bisexual dancer *Rudolf Nureyev. See the selection in M. Denneny and others, The View from Christopher Street (New York, 1983 and London, 1984), which contains many cultural articles including several on *Gennady Trifonov. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gay Histories and Cultures. Poet from Greece writing in Greek. Active from 1973. See his Ta Archaia Vrephi (Athens, 1983), 208 pages; fine gay photographic illustrations, many of sailors and the naked torsos of men. This book collects several previous books of the author. He has written two books of biographies on women singers of Greece. Transliteration is taken from the *Library of Congress catalog. Criticism. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 503; his name spelt Khronas. Poem from Greece in Greek. Ca. 1350. An anonymous account of the Frankish conquest of the Morea. Close *male bonding occurs. The author express thanks to Professor Elizabeth Jefferies, Professor of Byzantine and Modern Greek, University of Oxford, for help with this entry. There are French, Italian and Aragonese (i.e. Spanish) versions as well. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium . Figure in myth from Greece in Greek poetry from ca. 451 B.C. First mentioned in a fragment of *Praxilla (active 451 B.C.), Chrysippus was *raped by *Laius, the first king of Thebes. Traditionally this occurred sometime before 600 B.C. when Laius was banished. For the artistic depiction see * Lexicon Iconograhicum Mythologiae Classicae, vol. 2, Part 1, p. 287 and the plates. He appears in art in Italy as early as the Etruscan period, ca. 350 B.C. on the Chrysippus Cista (see Otto Brendel, Etruscan Art, 1978, pp. 352-54); this is an important work of Etruscan art. For possible relevant works in Etruscan see *Songs - Etruscan. Criticism. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 463. Sergent, Homosexuality in Greek Myth, 60-67. Poet, publisher and illustrator from Great Britain writing in English. 1892-1960. Living in poverty, Ralph Chubb was the most open homosexual poet in Great Britain from 1924 to 1960; he was on one occasion threatened with exposure for being gay. He published his books from 1924 to his death and was most active as a gay poet from 1928. The books were published in small editions, lithographically reproduced from 1930, with only limited circulation. Before 1930, his works were made on a hand press and illustrated with woodcuts. He made only a few copies of each work, reusing piece of wood to redo the next page and thus destroying the page. As a poet, he is in the tradition of *William Blake who also engraved his books in small editions. He studied art at The Slade School in London. He is one of the most fascinating of all homosexual poets but his poetry is very uneven in quality. It has poems on *pedophile and *pederast themes and the poet evolved a mystic philosophy of *boy love. A critical evaluation has been attempted by *Tariq Rahman; however, Chubb's work has been inadequately assessed so far. His works were saved by his sister, Muriel, and many were acquired by *Anthony Reid. The Child of Dawn, 1948 (30 copies only) and Flames of Sunrise, 1953 (25 copies only), are major works. The Child of Dawn is regarded by Anthony Reid as his masterpiece. Copies of his books are in the major British deposit libraries and are also believed to be in the *Humanities Research Center, sold to them by Anthony Reid. Biography: see *Anthony Reid (who is working on a definitive biography), *Timothy d'Arch Smith. The best published bibliography of his works, apart from the seventeen works listed in the references below, is by Anthony Reid who has compiled a brilliant annotated bibliography in his article on Chubb published in The Private Library (1970), 141-56 ("His Life") and 193-213 ("His Work"); this also has a bibliography of articles about Chubb, 211-12. The bibliography of nineteen published books and fifteen published articles by Chubb is on pp. 194-211 and there is an "extensively expurgated" biography of the poet which includes illustrations of pages from his books; the articles have been reproduced in an offprint. Compare *Frederick Rolfe. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 227: Tine account by *Stephen Wayne Foster. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10533-45: The Book of God's Madness, Newberry, printed for the author, 1929 "A poem of paiderastic love", The Child of Dawn or, The Book of the Manchild, Newberry, privately printed, 1927, The Cloud and the Voice, Newberry: privately printed, 1927, A Fable of Love and War, Curridge, printed by author, 1925 "Poetic tale of paiderastic love", The Golden City with Idylls and Allegories, "Lithographed by Chubb and posthumously published, 1961. Mostly poems of boy love", The Heavenly Cupid, Newberry, 1934 "Lithographed by Chubb", Manhood, Curridge, privately printed, 1924, The Secret Country; 1939, "Lithographed by Chubb", Songs of Mankind, Newberry, printed for the author, 1930, "Paiderastic poems", Songs, Pastoral and Paradisal, Brockweir: Tintern Press, 1935, The Sun Spirit: A Visionary Phantasy, 1931, "Lithographed by Chubb", Treasure Trove, 1957 "Lithographed by Chubb", Water-cherubs: A Book of Original Drawings and Poetry, "Lithographed by Chubb". Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 658-75: An Appendix: A Random Collection of Original Ideas noted down at odd times in varying personal moods and circumstances in an old Bombing Note-book..., Ashford Hill: privately printed, 1929, The Book of God's Madness, privately printed, 1928, The Child of Dawn or, The Book of the Manchild, Newbury, privately printed, 1948, The Cloud and the Voice (A Fragment), Newbury: privately printed, 1927, The Day of St. Alban, Pinner: Middlesex: Cuckoo Hill Press, for *Anthony Reid, 1965, A Fable of Love and War. A Romantic Poem, Curridge: privately printed, 1925, Flames of Sunrise: A Book of the Man Child Concerning the Redemption of Albion, Newbury: privately printed, 1954, The Golden City with Idylls and Allegories, Newbury: privately printed, 1961, The Heavenly Cupid: or, The True Paradise of Loves, Newbury: privately printed, 1934, Manhood. A Poem, Curridge, Berkshire: privately printed, 1924, The Sacrifice of Youth. A Poem, Curridge, Berkshire: privately printed, 1924, The Secret Country; or, Tales of Vision, Newbury: privately printed, 1939, The Shipboy's Tale, Sub Signo Libelli Press, 1977, Songs of Mankind, Newberry: privately printed , 1930, Songs, Pastoral and Paradisal, Brockweir, Gloucestershire: Tintern Press, 1935, The Sun Spirit: A Visionary Phantasy, New bury: privately printed, 1931, Treasure Trove: Early Tales and Romances with Poems, Newbury: privately printed, 1957, Water-cherubs: A Book of Original Drawings and Poetry, Newbury: privately printed, 1937. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 299-304. Drobci stekla v ustih, 41-42. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 156-58: excellent choice of poems. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 391-97. A Day for a Lay, 20-25; biog., 20. Criticism. Arcadie, no. 111 (March 1963), 137-44: article in French by *Timothy d'Arch Smith (trans. by Marc Daniel: see The Private Library, 1970, 212). Eglinton, Greek Love, 404-05. International Journal of Greek Love, vol. 1 no. 1 (1965), 5-17: article by *Oliver Drummond (pseud. of *Timothy d'Arch Smith; see The Private Library, 1970, 212) with bibliography of Chubb's books and discussion of his life. Gay Sunshine no. 35, pp. 26-27: "The Naked Torchbearer" by Enrico Donati (pseud?). Smith, Love in Earnest, 219-32; bibl. of his books 242-44. Smith, Books of the Beast, 75-88. Translator from Russian to English from Russia. 1882-1969. A famous literary figure in the Soviet Union, he was of peasant background (which perhaps saved him from the Stalinist purges); he lived in Great Britain, 1903-04, and was head of the English language translation section of the Moscow publishing house World Literature from 1918. He was a translator of *Whitman: Walt Whitman: Anarchist Poet (the title is in Russian) (1907; later editions exist). He also translated *Oscar Wilde into Russian. In later life he became a much revered literary figure. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Terras, Handbook of Russian Literature. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1979. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 675a: book of poems Cloud Nine, London: Pluto Press, 1979. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1731-1764. Author of The Times, a satire on vice and homosexuality in the manner of Juvenal: the author is familiar with the relevant literature and the main character Apicius recalls *Trimalchio in *Petronius's Satyricon; as well, the tropes of *Ganymede and *Hylas (lines 33234), *Corydon (line 430) and *Patroclus (lines 513-18) are used. The character Stone (line 476) is known from a letter of *Horace Walpole to be George Stone, Archbishop of Ireland. who was accused of sodomy in 1752 (see "Stone in Churchill's Times", Notes and Queries no. 30, February 1983, 60-61 by James Walton). The letter in question is in Walpole's Letters edited by W. S. Lewis, vol. 20, pp. 315-316. He also wrote The Rosciad (1761), a *satire on contemporary *actors, including *Samuel Foote and *David Garrick. See also the poem "Not spare the man I Love, not dare to feel", in Poetical Works, edited by D. Grant (1956), p. 451: this sarcastically implies *Pope might be homosexual. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionary of National Biography: noting, p. 311, The Times is "on a revolting subject". Dictionary of Literary Biography. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 176-77: extract from The Times (1764), lines 293-334. Hallam, Book of Sodom, 131-34: text of The Times (1764). Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 185-85: from The Times. Criticism. Karlen, Sexuality and Homosexuality, 144. Novelist and poet from Australia. Born 1964. Of English-Maltese descent, he lives in Melbourne. Distractions, 1992, is his first novel. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Dessaix, Australian Gay and Lesbian Writing, 221: poem "The Ecstasy" from Distractions; biog., 375. Philosopher from Italy writing in Latin. 106 B.C.-43 B.C. References to homosexuality in Cicero are important because they reveal to us Roman knowledge of ancient Greek homopoetry, much of which - for example the work of *Ibycus - has subsequently been lost. His Laelius de amicitia (Laelius on friendship) is a discussion of *friendship which continues from the tradition initiated in Greek by *Plato in his dialogue Lysis. It strongly influenced *Aelred of Rievaulx who refers to it in his work. In English, the poem * Cicero's Laelius, supposedly a translation of Laelius de amicitia, is a brilliant work. See also *Friendship - Latin, *W. Kroll. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 234: see "Cicero" (1). Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 231-32. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 78-82. Criticism. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 470: re the Greek poet *Ibycus. Dover, Greek Homosexuality, 195: cites Tusculan Disputations iv, 71, referring to the Greek poet *Alcaeus "singing of the love of youths". Lilja, Homosexuality in Republican and Augustan Rome, 88-97: re Cicero's Orations; index 150-52. Cicero's Laelius: A Discourse of Friendship Poem in English from Great Britain. Published in 1691. This is a long *pastoral dialogue on the nature of love based on *Cicero's Laelius de amicitia. No author is given. The title page continues: A Pastoral Dialogue Occasioned by the death of the Honourable J T. Two shepherds have lost their loved ones: *Lycidas has lost his female lover and Alcon his male friend *Daphnis. They debate whether love or friendship is best, and especially how friendship is related to love. In the end they decide to join together. It is preceded by a long prose discussion on the topic and is sixty-nine pages in length. Laelius appears as an exemplar of friendship in German in *Sebastian Brant. Criticism. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, item 3064. Courouve, Ces petits grecs, 13-14. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 231-32. Poet from Cuba who lives in the United States and writes in English. Born 1922. He is the author of the book of poems The Colors of Love: Memories of Young Love, ca. 1993, 62 pp. Cited in *Prinz Eisenherz (editors), Lyrik (Poetry) list of 1993 (no pagination but alphabetical listing). The author was born in Cuba which he left in 1960, how living in the United States where he obtained a Ph. D. in history. He has written many books and articles in the field of law and history; the book deals with his travels and experiences with young males. Cinaedic songs - Greek and Latin Songs in Greek from ancient Greece and in Latin from Italy. From ca. 380 B.C. Greek. Cinaedic songs are sung by a * kinaidos (Latin: cinaedus), a male prostitute and dancer at a banquet such as *Plato's *Symposium (ca. 380 B.C.). They are generally assumed to be ribald: see *bawdry, *dancing, * skolia, *songs. See Brandt, Sittengeschichte griechenlands, volume 2, p. 202, and Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, p. 488 (referring to *Sotades and stating the earliest meaning ot*cinaedus as "lover of boys" and it was then given to homosexual dancers). Latin. See *Forberg, Manual of Classical Erotology and Brandt, Sittengeschichte griechenlands, volume 3, 237 (this refers to songs from *Petronius from the 1st century A.D.). See also *bawdry, *songs. Cinaedus, also spelt Kinaidos or Kinaedos Word in Greek from Greece from ca. 380 B.C. and later Latin from Italy. A passive homosexual or homosexual *prostitute (who was frequently a dancer at a * symposium). The word passed from Greek to Latin where, in the spelling cinaedus, it usually had connations of a person who was anally penetrated. *Cinaedic songs were songs sung by a dancer at a men's symposium which usually had a bawdy content. Greek. See Pauly, Wissowa, Paulys Real-Encyclopadie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft: "Kinaidos"; Liddell and Scott, Greek-English Lexicon: "Kinaidos". See *Sotades, * Symposium (380 B.C.). Latin: see Oxford Latin Dictionary : "cinaedus" citing *Catullus 16.2, *Martial and Juvenal; *F. K. Forberg (re Manual of Classical Erotology), *Pacificus Maximus, *Petronius. Singer in Turkish from Turkey. Active ca. 1780. A famous eighteenth century dancing boy about whom the poet *Enderunlu Fazil wrote a poem; he was almost certainly homosexual and sang songs. Compare *Gulab Singh. Circle of Agathias Scholasticus Anthology in Greek from Turkey. Possibly ca. 568. It is also called The Cycle of Agathias depending on the translation of the Greek word kuklos (which may mean "circle, cycle, garland"). An anthology compiled by *Agathias Scholasticus which may have included homosexual poems, but in view of the *homophobia of the compiler this seems unlikely, though it cannot be ruled out. The contents are described in the * Palatine Anthology, iv, 3: 113-33, but no poets are named. In *W. R. Paton, Greek Anthology (1916), in Book 1, poem vii, it is called a "strictly contemporary work" made in the age of Justinian. (On Justinian see *Law - Greek). Bookseller and publisher from the United States publishing in English from ca. 1955. A bookshop and publishing house in *San Francisco owned by *Lawrence Ferlinghetti associated with the *Beat poets. It published *Allen Ginsberg's Howl in 1956 and was prosecuted for obscenity. They have also published *Antler (pseud.). The journal City Lights Review no. 2, 1988, 8-56 contains a forum on *"Aids, Cultural Life and the Arts". Other authors published include *George Dowden, *Gregory Corso, *Charles Henri Ford, Jack Kerouac, *Peter Orlovsky, *Pier Paolo Pasolini. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1991. Gay book of poems: Songs of Surrender (Fithian Press: Santa Barbara, CA, 1991), 92 pp.; reviewed in James White Review vol. 10 no. 3 (Spring 1993), 17. Poems of love, fear and sorrow, many dealing with gay relationships in the age of *Aids. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1883-after 1922. A *cowboy poet and writer of ballads who lived in Arizona who wrote a book of poems Sun and Saddle (1915; repr.). The Boston 1922 edition of Sun and Saddle states, p. xviii, "He is thirty-eight years old and unmarried." Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10546: Sun and Saddle, 1915. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 678: Sun and Saddle. With Additional Poems, Boston: R. G. Badger, 1917. Criticism. Katz, Gay American History, 511-12: text of the cowboy poem, "The Lost Pardner", showing strong homoerotic sympathy for a dead cowboy ("We loved each other in the way men do/ And never spoke about it...") from Sun and Saddle (published in several editions 1915-1922). Poet probably from the United States who wrote in English. Active before 1924. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 83: poem "Give Me One *Friend". Poet from Australia writing in English. Born ca. 1925. See the poem "Crete" in Ian Mudie, editor, Australian Poets at War (1944), 44: "the armies clash and wilt,/ And blood, such pretty blood is spilt." Pretty, an adjective usually applied to homosexuals when referring to males, implies homoeroticism. In The Secret Springs (1980), see p. 129, "Why Hast Thou Blinded Me?" - homoerotic sentiment. Several books are listed in the Mitchell Library Catalogue, published from 1944 to 1972. A runner and male nurse at Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Melbourne, he atended meetings of the Melbourne Gay Church, Christ's Community Church (*John Willis to the author). His sexuality is not known. Biographer from the United States writing in English. Born 1941. Author of a candid biography * Charles Olson (New York, 1991), which discusses Olsen's inadequacies as a heterosexual lover and possible latent homosexuality pp. 130-31, 135-36 and 224 (dreams of sexual encounters with male students and "troubles of *Androgyne"). The book stresses his close relationships with *Robert Duncan, *Robert Creeley and *Ed Dorn and *Oedipal elements in his character (see pp. ix-x). Olson was aware of homosexuality in *Melville and wrote on this subject: see pp. 62, 135-36 and 13940. On p. 217 he refers to 'the "muddiness of the underlying homosexuality" that "made *Black Mountain's psychic landscape so ambiguous"; however, in public at Black Mountain, Olson maintained a *homophobic attitude. See also *Edward Dahlberg. Tom Clark is a poet who has published some thirty-six collections of poetry to 1990: see his entry in Ian Hamilton, editor, The Oxford Companion to Twentieth-Century Poetry (1994). Book collector from the United States of works mainly in English. Active from 1920-died 1934. A famous collector of books, manuscripts and photographs of *Oscar Wilde and his circle, who founded the library named after himself in Los Angeles, The William Andrews Clark Library (see Steele, Libraries of the World on the library). The library is now part of the University of California at Los Angeles and concentrates on collecting English language works from 1640 to 1750. There is a catalog of Clark's collection of Wildeiana: The Library of William Andrews Clark, Jr., Wilde and Wildeiana, San Francisco, 1922-34, 5 volumes (very rare; printed in an edition of 50 copies). On the Wilde collection see also the catalog compiled by John Charles Finzi, Oscar Wilde and His Literary Circle (Berkeley, 1957), which is a photographic reproduction of cards of the manuscript collection of Wildeiana (the collection also includes portraits of Wilde). The collecting of the Wilde material is described in William E. Conway, William Andrews Clark (Los Angeles: William Andrews Clark Library, 1981). The broadsheet *"The Sodomite" is in the library. Compare *Mary Hyde. Poet and critic from Australia. 1904-1987. Perhaps more important as a critic and collector than poet, he lectured at The University of Sydney in adult education to 1972 (he was appointed to The University in 1951; information from the University of Sydney Archives). Literary manuscripts in The National Library, *Canberra, contain a typescript of unpublished poems (with some homopoems - e.g., *"Renaissance Piece", [p. 15]). Fisher Library, Rare Books, University of Sydney, has his lecture notes which - as the *Auden folder shows - reveals him to have been searching for evidence of Auden's homosexuality in his poetry. Some papers are also in the Mitchell Library, Sydney. Two books of poems were published in the 1940s: Ritual Dance (1940) and Blue Prints (1942). His article "Seaforth Mackenzie: Novelist of Alienation", Southerly 25 (1965), 75-90, on *Kenneth Mackenzie, discussing the autobiographical basis of the homosexuality of the latter's novel The Young Desire It, is the earliest open discussion of homosexuality in the Australian novel. Known to have been gay (Anthony Bradley, former lecturer at University of Sydney and other sources to the author). Biography: see R. G. Howarth and others, The Penguin Book of Meodern Australian Verse (1961), p. 106. He was also a book collector and known to have had homosexual books - e.g. D. Drew and Jonathan Drake, Boys for Sale (1969) with his ex-libris stamp (now in the collection of *Paul Knobel). Some of his books have homoerotic bookplates featuring a naked man; some are in Fisher Library, University of Sydney, while others were sold after his death. Poet from Australia writing in English. Born 1935. See the poem in GLP: A Journal of Sexual Politics 7 (Mar-Apr 1975), 35, "The Gay Forties", about gay life after forty and including a photograph of the author. (This journal is rare; copy sighted: Mitchell Library, Sydney.) "Diary of a Weekend" in the sequence "The Homing Pigeon", Poetry Australia, ca.1970, is said to be a gay poem by the author; however, a search of Poetry Australia 1969-85 did not reveal the poem. Only two gay poems were written according to the author. *Michael Dransfield wrote the poem, "Is this how whales?/ for Garth" for him (see Michael Dransfield, Collected Poems, St. Lucia, Queensland, 1987, p. 169). Critic from the United States writing in English on Greek poetry. Active 1976-1978. A scholar from Louisiana State University who has written articles on ancient Greek poetry and homosexuality: see *Achilles and Patroclus, *Mousa Paidike, *Straton. Classical music songs in English Songs in English set to music in Great Britain, the United States and Australia from ca. 1900. Great Britain. The gay composer Benjamin Britten set 'Michelangelo's Sonnets to music in 1940 and used *Wilfred Owen's poems in his War Requiem (1962). The works of all openly gay composers who have set poetry to music are relevant: e.g., Peter Maxwell Davies who composed Eight Songs for a Mad King to verse by *Randolph Stow. Operas with libretti in poetry need also to be considered. (Compare *pop songs.) United States. Settings of *Whitman are especially important e.g., the German composer Hindemith has set Whitman's *elegy When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloomed. Over 160 settings of Whitman to music existed to 1925: see *William Sloane Kennedy. The gay composer Ned Rorem has set various songs. Aaron Copland has used *minstrel songs in his works. *Leonard Bernstein, who was a poet as well as composer, wrote an opera West Side Story and set a homosexual Whitman poem to music. Philip Glass has set *Allen Ginsberg's Wichita Vortex Sutra. Australia. Percy Grainger's "Marching Song for Democracy" (1901-16) based on *Walt Whitman is relevant. Richard Meale's Homage to *Garcia Lorca (1964) is a song sequence of poems by the homosexual Spanish poet. Nigel Butterley's Sometimes with One I Love (1976) is a song sequence of poems and prose by *Walt Whitman; the first performance was financed by *Patrick White. Concept from Italy relating to works in Greek and Latin and later other languages. The concept of classicism arose in the *Renaissance from ca. 1450: basically it meant the finest ancient Greek and Latin works, then first being published in printed form. Classical works of poetry are well crafted works which will be read over generations. Classicism was especially admired from the mid-eighteenth century, with the discovery of ancient Greek and Roman sculptures at the buried cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum near *Naples. There was renewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman authors (especially after the visit of *Goethe to Italy in the later eighteenth century and *Byron to Greece). This ensuing revival of interest in ancient Italy and Greece from 1760 to 1820 and consequent imitation and adaptation of such works, especially in sculpture, was referred to stylistically as Neoclassicism, a style in Europe which influenced all the arts from sculpture (Canova) to literature (*Goethe, *Pushkin), though it normally refers to painting and sculpture. In the *Renaissance, ancient authors such as the Latin poet *Horace and the Greek poet *Homer exemplified the elements most admired in their languages: rationality and order (later commentators such as *Nietzsche disputed this view: he saw Greek civilization as more akin to the religion of *Dionysus). The revival of interest in Greek and Latin authors in the Renaissance exposed poets to a large body of literature in which homosexuality was accepted - in Greek such poets as *Anacreon and in Latin *Catullus and *Martial. Compare *Romanticism which emphasized the irrational and was a simultaneous movement emerging in the late eighteenth century (in many cases involving the same poets). Romanticism and Classicism were closely linked (e.g., in *Byron, *Goethe and *Pushkin). In The White Goddess (1948), *Robert Graves linked classicism to homosexuality. Classicism came to refer to poems setting so high a standard in the language in which they were written that they will be read over generations. English: *Byron, *Keats. German: The *Romantic poet *Platen is the most relevant; as is *Goethe. Classicism in German *Romantic poetry was indisputably linked with visiting Italy, as both Platen and Goethe did, and with the rediscovery of the ancient homosexual Greek and Latin poets which validated homosexuality and homosexual impulses in contemporary German poetry. Italian: *Leopardi. Russian: see *Pushkin. Chinese: *T'ang poets, especially *Tu Fu and *Li Po are regarded as classical poets. Turkish: see *Ottoman poets, *Divan poets. Persian: *Hafiz and *Sa'di were regarded as poets who set classical standards. See Dominique Secretan, Classicism (London, 1973). References. Queneau, Histoire des littératures, volume two, 111-39. Poet from France writing in French. 1868-1955. He had a number of religious crises, married and became a reactionary *Catholic. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Les Amours masculines, 521: mentions the poem "Faible *Verlaine" (which poem was not included in anthology as permission was refused). Poet from Egypt writing in Latin; he later lived in Italy. Ca. 305-405. He came from *Alexandria. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 245: states he is the last representative of the classical tradition and was in Italy from before 395. Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium: noting *epigrams in Greek and an attack on *Rufinus. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Medieval Latin Poems of Male Love and Friendship, 23 (poem 37) and p. 148: noting that this poem may be by him. Poet from Denmark writing in Danish. 1865-1931. The greatest Danish *Symbolist poet; he married in 1896. The *British Library General Catalogue reveals a large oeuvre of poetry. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 387: gay poem. Poet and critic from the United States writing in English. Active 1979. Partner of *Louie Crew. He is an *Afro-American and reviewed * In the Life (see James White Review vol. 5 no. 2 pp. 14-15). In 1999 he calls himself Ernest Crew-Clay and there is a photograph of him and Louie Crew on the internet homepage of Louie Crew and further information available on the internet under his own name. Bibliographies. Young, The Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, after item 686 referring to item 852: a *poem card with *Louie Crew, Advent of the Eighties, Stevens Point, Wisconson: Swish Publications, 1979. Poem in English from Great Britain. Ca. 1350. The poem contains a paraphrase of the biblical stories of the flood, the destruction of *Sodom and Gomorrah (lines 557-1156) and the fall of Balshazzar; it links the destruction of Sodom to homosexuality in English literature. Lines 689-95 specifically refer to homosexual love and *anal sex. The poem has passages of great power such as the denunciation of Sodom. It is written in the North West Midland dialect. A modern English translation is by Brian Stone (Penguin Books, 1971). Authorship has been ascribed to the Pearl Poet (see the Oxford Companion to English Literature entry). Criticism: see Allen J. Frantzen, "The Disclosure of Sodomy in Cleanness", PMLA vol. 111 no. 3 (May 1996), 451-64 (with bibl.) and Elizabeth B. Keiser, Courtly desire and medieval homophobia: the legitimization of sexual pleasure in Cleanness and its contexts, New Haven, 1997. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature: "Cleanness". Criticism. *Monica McAlpine, "The Pardoner's Homosexuality and How it Matters", PMLA: Publications of the Modern Language Association 95 (1980), 12: the author quotes lines 787-93 of the poem from the story of Sodom describing Lot's first description of the angels (in which they are beautiful men with beardless chins). Greenberg, Construction of Homosexuality, 291: re lines 689 ff. Historian from Egypt who wrote in Greek. Born ca. 150. Clement was an early church father. He compiled the first surviving list of homosexuals (see below). Many names on the list - cited below - are tropes of gay poetry. The list is in his work the Pedagogicus which appears in his volume in the Patrologiae cursus completus series Graeca (1857-1866), volume 12 (there is an English translation in the PreNicenean Christian Fathers). He was an early Christian writer who promoted *homophobia, a theme later taken up by the two most influential early Christian fathers John Chrysostom (354-407) and Augustine of Hippo (354-4300 (for information on them see Oxford Classical Dictionary). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 238-39; by *William A. Percy. References. Symonds, A Problem in Greek Ethics, 60. Brandt, Sittengeschichte griechenlands, volume 2, 205-06: states he compiled a list of homosexuals. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 464: he used the Erotes of *Phanocles "to prove the immorality of paganism"; on pp. 492-93 he lists the gay relationships Clement ennumerated (though does not state the source which may be the work in which he discusses the Erotes): "Zeus loved *Ganymede; *Apollo Cinyras, Zacynthus, *Hyacinthus, Phorbas, *Hylas, Admetus, Cyparissus, Amyklas, Troilus, Branchus, Tymnius, Par; *Dionysus loved Laonis, Ampelus, Hymenaeus, *Hermaphroditus, and Achilles; Asclepius loved Hippolytus; Hephaestus Peleus; *Pan *Daphnis; *Hermes Perseus, Chryses, Therses, and Odryses; Heracles Abderus, Dryops, Iokastus, Philoktetes, *Hylas, Polyphemus, Haemon, Chonus, and Eurystheus." The spelling of the list in Brandt differs slightly, Brandt using the Greek transliteration, with c being k in some places, and u being o. See Courouve, Ces petits grecs, 14-15. Addressee of a love poem by Anacreon and possibly a lover. Active ca. 55Q B.C. A famous short poem (fragment 3 D) addressed to him survives: "Cleobulus I love, Cleobulus I'm mad for, Cleobulus I gaze at." Criticism. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 472. Poet from Italy writing in Italian. Born 1966. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 271: poems about an unhappy love affair; biog., 470: states he is associated with *Rome University. Poet possibly from the United States who wrote in English. Active before 1924. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 75: poem "The Parting of the Ways" (re *boy love). Poet from Belgium writing in French. Born 194Q. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Drobci stekla v ustih, 119-2Q: "Ballad of Homosexuality"; biog., 1B3. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active before 1992. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 553. Poem in English from Canada. 1971. Ed Jackson and *Stan Persky, Flaunting It: A Decade of Journalism from the Body Politic (Vancouver, 1982), p. 2, cites the poem: "Closet door, closet door,/ I don't need you any more." The poem seems to have circulated *orally. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. 1819-1861. The subtitle of the poem cited in Young, Male Homosexual in Literature below, "The Bothie" (1848) is "An Oxford *Pastoral". It is about a student reading party in Scotland; despite its epigraph in Latin at the beginning of section 2, mentioning *Corydon, this is a world of innocent male camaraderie with Philip falling in love with Elspie and marrying in the end. Clough's long sequence Amours de Voyage is heterosexual. Thyrsis, a famous *elegy by *Matthew Arnold, was inspired by Clough's death. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 696: citing "The Bothie" in Poems, London, 1910. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Active 1919. Not in Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. See Joseph Kling and Hart Crane, editors, A Second Pagan Anthology (New York, 1919). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 491: Tine homoerotic poem "Rivals". Foster, "Beauty's Purple Flame: Some Minor American Gay Poets", Gay Books Bulletin no. 7 (1982), 17, 18: a homosexual poet published in the journal Pagan, edited by *Hart Crane; he quotes from the poem "Nocturne" - "Moonlight, and the sparkle of nude boys/ Dancing like slender *fauns across the sandbar,/ Enchant the night" (see also *bathing). Sexual practice recorded in English poetry from Canada. The sexual practice of lashing the erect cock with a small leather strap until ejaculation. Documented from 1986. See *Ian Young's title poem in Sex Magick (1986), pp. 1-5 (especially p. 3) which describes him performing this on his boyfriend. Poet, diarist and illustrator from France who wrote in French. 1889-1963. A poet who was openly gay from the latter part of his career, especially from 1954 (see below). His homosexuality was known in gay and artistic circles from the 1920s. A friend of *Apollinaire, he was both a *modernist and a *surrealist. He was at the height of his powers in the nineteen twenties when he published over twenty books. His volume Plein-chant contains gay poems. Le Livre Blanc (1928; English trans., The White Book, New York, 1958), published anonymously, is a novel which defends homosexuality and also deals with *homophobia: see "Cocteau's White Paper on Homophobia", Gay Sunshine no. 25, 10-11 by *Rictor Norton. Cocteau never acknowledged authorship but the second edition, 1930, was illustrated by him. Cocteau also illustrated Jean Genet's novel Querelle de Brest (1947). The illustrations, which were unsigned, show sailors buggering each other and the book bears the imprint Milan. A copy is in the *Enfer; for bibliographical details see Richard Coe, The Vision of Jean Genet, London, 1968, pp. 324-25). On these illustrations see Babilonia 15 (1984), 24-27. His diaries were published from 1983 (volume 1, covering the years 1951-52); volume 2 (1953) was published in 1985; English translations exist (see under Translation below). His play La Voix Humaine (The Human Voice), 1930, was based on the ending of his affair with Jean Desbordes. An affair with *Raymond Radiguet began when Radiguet was fifteen. A notable later boyfriend was Jean Marais who starred in his film Le Sang d'un Poet (The blood of a poet) (1930). After long being the enfant terrible of French letters, Cocteau became a member of the prestigious Académie Française. The affair with Marais petered out after 1948 and his place was taken by Edouard Dermit, whom Cocteau adopted as a son and who was called Doudou; both Marais and Edouard Dermit cared for Cocteau in his last illness. He wrote a message of support in the first issue of the gay journal * Arcadie, January 1954 (reprinted no. 233, May 1973, 222-24). Cocteau became addicted to the *drug opium. Biography. Roger Lannes, Cocteau (1945; repr. 1989) is the first of several biographies in French. In English see Frederick Brown, An Impersonation of Angels: A Biography of Jean Cocteau (1969). *Francis Steegmuller has written a brilliant biography (published in 1970). Jean Cocteau and the French Scene (compiled by the French American Foundation), New York, 1984, has an excellent summary of his life and essays on various aspects of his career. For an excellent introduction see "Jean Cocteau" by Roy Busby, Gay News no. 121 (1977), 19-20 and no. 122, 21-22. See also *Oedipus. Translation. English: Jeremy Reed; German: Thomas Plaichinger (1989). Translation of the diaries. English: *Richard Howard (1987 - volume 1; 1988 - volume 2) Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Penguin Companion to World Literature: excellent overview. Contemporary Authors New Revision series, vol. 40. Dictionary oi Literary Biography. Kinuters neues Literatur Lexikon. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 247-48. Howes, Broadcasting It. Dictionnaire Gay. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 47: poems "Ein Freund schläft", "Zueignung an Greco". Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 707: poems in Mid-Century French Poets, edited Eallace Fowlie, New York: Grove, 1965. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amour bleu, 254-63. Digte om mænds kærlighed til mænd. Frà mann til mann, 35-36. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 295-99. Les Amours masculines, 368-71. Drobci stekla v ustih, 33-34. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 441-43: poems "Raymond", "Summer" and from *"Peter Doyle to Walt Whitman". "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen ", 114-16. Eros in Boystown, 38 (*prose poem trans. Jeremy Reed); biog., 60. Pour tout l'amour des hommes, 211-14. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 422-26: from Le Livre Blanc. Criticism. Rowse, Homosexuals in History, 189-93: re his love for *Raymond Radiguet making him produce some of his finest poems in the book Plein-chant. Stambolian, Homosexualities and French Literature, 279-94. Woods, History of Gay Literature, 317-19: on his prose. Law system originating in France in French. From 1791. The Code Napoléon is the French system of law introduced after the Revolution of 1789 by the gay chancellor Cambarcérés (17531824) of the Chancellor Napoléon (see his entry in the Encyclopedia of Homosexuality and Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity); it decriminalized male homosexual acts for adults. The Code Napoléon became the law in various Mediterranean countries and male homosexual acts were thus legalized in the countries in which it was adopted (while being illegal in Great Britain, the United States and parts of Germany). French. The country where the Code originated decriminalized homosexual sex from 1791. Dutch. The Code was adopted in 1811 when male homosexual acts were decriminalized. Greek. Greece follows the Code. Italian. Homosexuality was legalized in 1889 following the code. Spanish. Spain. Male homosexual acts were legalized in 1822 following the code. Mexico. Male homosexuality was legalized following the French occupation of 1862-67. Polish. The Code was adopted in 1932; male homosexual acts are legal for males over 15. Portuguese. Male homosexual acts were legalized in Portugal in 1852 following the Code. As can be seen, the *age of consent varies in these countries. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gay Histories and Cultures. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1976. An American *Indian living with a group of gay men in Charlotte, North Carolina. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 711: Unbeckoned Thoughts, Undressed Fantasies, Charlotte, NC, privately printed, 1976. Poet and critic from Great Britain writing in English. Active before 1968. See *M.-J. Lancaster, Brian Howard (1968), p. xix: cites from an unpublished series of *epitaphs stated to have been written with "the late Professor Dawkins" (see *R. M. Dawkins), one of which is on *Brian Howard: "*Narcissus doesn't miss us./ He looks in the stream,/ And has a wet dream." He was possibly the author of * Lost Lines from Chaucer's Prologue to The Canterbury Tales; certainly no more likely candidate exists. He was an Oxford Don, who tutored *W. H. Auden and published a modern version of the Canterbury Tales. Known to be homosexual: see the *C. S. Lewis entry. As a critic he wrote on *Geoffrey Chaucer and other *Middle English writers. See To Nevill Coghill from friends, edited by John Lawlor and W. H. Auden (1966). Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Ca. 1936-1989. An American dancer, actor, stage manager and teacher of stage movement and creative writing who died of *Aids in 1989. A box of his papers are in the *New York Public Library and include printouts of his poems, which appear to be unpublished. Information from the library's catalog. Poet from Italy writing in Italian. Active from 1975. He published poetry in the *Turin originated gay journal Fuori!, numbers 10-12 and 14. There is also an interview with him in an issue of Fuori! (issue not known). See Babilonia no. 10, 36-37. Sodoma no. 1 (1984), 103-05: poems; biog., 117. Poet from the United States writing in English; he has lived in Morocco and Nepal for extended periods. Born 1935. Born in *New York, he lived in *Tangier, Morocco, for four years and in 1977 lived in Kathmandu, Nepal. His poetry shows the influence of *Dada, *Surrealism and *drugs. Books of poems: Poems from the Cosmic Crypt (1976), and Gilded Splinters (1977), both published Kathmandu, Nepal. Poems are printed in Gay Sunshine no. 24, p. 26. In Leyland, Gay Sunshine Interviews, volume 1, pp. 15-65, Ira Cohen interviews *Charles Henri Ford. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Angels of the Lyre, 35-37; biog., 238. Orgasms of Light, 46; biog., 250. Poet from the Netherlands who wrote in Dutch, 1899-1972. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Naar vriendscaap zulk een mateloos verlangen, 55-56: two poems from books Reflexen, Amsterdam, 1925, and Suggesties, Amsterdam: Em. Querido's uitgeversmij, 1930 (books cited, 116). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 292 - active 1925-30. Poet and songwriter from Canada writing in English. Born 1934. A popular singer-poet in the nineteen-sixties, widely travelled. He is famous for his novel Beautiful Losers, 1966 (listed in Homosexuality in Canada, first edition [1979], p. 8); for possibly relevant poems see below in Bibliographies. Biography: Ira B. Nadel, Various positions: a life of Leonard Cohen, 1987. From *Montreal he has a Jewish background and has practiced for thirty years *Zen Buddhism; he has had tumultuous relationships with women, been subject to severe depressions and used *drugs. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Canadian Literature. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, first edition, items 503-04: Let Us Compare Mythologies [Toronto: Contact], 1956; Selected Poems 1956-68, Toronto [: McClelland and Stewart], 1968. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 714-15: same books as preceding. Homosexuality in Canada (first edition), 1979, 8: the same books as in the preceding noting poems in Let Us Compare Mythologies, 1956 (repr.), as being relevant, "possibly 'Elegy', 'Friends' and 'Song'". Poet from Great Britain writing in English. 1889-1959. *Uranian poet. Bibliographies. Murray, Catalogue of Selected Books, item 17: New Beginnings, 1914. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10548: New Beginnings and The Record, Oxford: B. H. Blackwell, 1914 (note: this appears to be the full title of one book). Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 718: same book. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 151. Criticism. Smith, Love in Earnest, 141: noting Uranian content is not obvious; 244 (bibl.). Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1956. He teaches at *Harvard in the English Department and has written several books of poems: The Marble Queen (New York, 1986), The Zoo Wheel of Knowledge (1989), and The Look of Things, (1995). Information is available from an internet homepage. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poets for Life, 51-53; biog. 233. Eros in Boystown, 54: poem "The Roman *Baths at Nimes"; biog., 60. Editor from Great Britain of works in English. Active 1963. Editor of Erotic Poetry (London, 1963), a collection of erotic poems. Love is heterosexual if this volume is to be believed; nevertheless, a few homosexual poems are included in the final section "By-paths and Oddities": see pp. 420 (*Shakespeare, "Sonnet 20"), 435-36 (*Cavafy), 452 (*Erich Kastner, "Ragout fin de siècle"), 455 (Francis [pseud.], a *parody of Shakespeare's sonnets), 467 (*Edwin Denby, "Dishonor"), the final poem 478 ("Lip" by J. V. Cunningham, about bisexuality). *Paul Blackburn's "The Proposition" is also in this section (it features lesbianism and *bisexuality). Some gay poets are included e.g., *Verlaine, *Thom Gunn. There are indexes of poets, translators and titles. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 721 : Erotic Poetry; the Lyrics, Ballads, Idylls and Epics of Love, Classical to Contemporary, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1963. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Active 1889. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 75: from the poem "Giton"; biog., 119. Giton is a character in *Petronius's Satyricon and the 28 stanza highly homosexual poem appeared in Harpers Monthly for July 1889. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1953. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 28: poem "When I Write to Godmother"; biog., 174: *black poet from *Washington. Biographer from Australia writing in Englsh. Born ca. 1935. Author of a biography of *Frederic Manning titled The Last Exquisite (Melbourne, 1989). It is one of the few biographies of an Australian poet to mention homosexuality, though the subject is only inadequately dealt with in relation to Manning and Galton; on p.105, Manning is referred to as Galton's "close companion". The author felt she had gone as far as she could go in her discussion of homosexuality (Peter Coleman, her husband, to this author). Whether the relationship between Manning and Galton was physically homosexual may never be known. The book gives considerable background on the British *eighteen-nineties. See also *Arthur Galton, *Lionel Johnson. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1977. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 728: Art in the Court of the Blue Fag, Santa Barbara, CA: Black Sparrow Press, 1977. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. 1796-1849. The eldest son of 'Samuel Coleridge. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Ioläus (1935), 275: poem "Friendship". Poet from Great Britain writing in English. 1772-1834. A 'Romantic poet, Coleridge's strong 'male bonding with Wordsworth produced a seminal volume for English Romanticism, Lyrical Ballads (1798); the two poets were especially intimate 1797-98. Their relationship at this time has been discussed in homoamative terms by 'Wayne Koestenbaum. He was a close friend of the poet 'Robert Southey. The two poets Coleridge and Southey married two sisters. Coleridge took opium and became addicted to this 'drug; his married life was unhappy and his life itself became increasingly unhappy. Lesbianism is referred to in his poem "Christabel". Jim Mays, head of the English Department, University College, Dublin claimed in 1995 he had discovered 300 poems by Coleridge including some with homosexual themes: see International Herald Tribune (Hong Kong edition), 14 February 1995, 26. These poems have not been published so far. Coleridge's son, 'Hartley Coleridge, was included in the gay anthology 'Ioläus (1935 edition). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10549 citing "Christabel" ('lesbianism). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 183-4: "Christabel", lines 236-277. Poems of Love and Liberation, 35: "In the Moonlight Wilderness". Criticism. Ellis, Sexual Inversion, 41: citing Table Talk, 14 May 1833, in which Coleridge states male homosexual love is a possibility in human beings as evinced in 'Sidney (see entry). Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1989. He has published three books, Good Luck, No and Pleasant Attitudes towards Art - see James White Review vol. 6 no. 4 (Summer 1989), p.16; poem, same issue, p. 4. Genre in English and German poetry in Great Britain, the United States and Germany. From ca. 1922. Collage in art consists of mixing medias, for instance pasting newspaper onto paintings. In poetry, collage techniques consist in placing poetry beside quotations from other literature, newspapers etc, as in *T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land (1922). It has been a major technique in the twentieth century in poetry and is especially applicable to *modernist and *postmodernist poets. Sometimes it is called cut up technique. English: see *W. C. Williams, *Charles Olson, *Harold Norse. Compare *Dada, 'Surrealism. German: see poets in *Milchsilber and other *gay liberation *anthologies. Poet from France writing in French. 1709-1983. Erotic poems were published after his death. Not in Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Les Amours masculines, 168-70; with biog. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 414; biog., 387, Pour tout l'amour des hommes, 104: *Chansons. Collectors and collecting - English Collectors of English language gay poetry were initially in Great Britain and later in the United States, Canada and Australia from ca. 1780. The first known gay collection of poetry books dates from ca. 1780 when the gay poet *William Beckford was forced into exile; Beckford's poetry collection formed part of his general library. *Horace Walpole and *Byron were also book collectors - see Sotheby's Catalogue of the Library of the Late Lord Byron, 1827 (repr. 1929, edited by Gilbert H. Doane). *Richard Heber, one of the greatest of all English book collectors, fled London because of a homosexual scandal. Many *eighteen nineties poets collected gay poetry including *Oscar Wilde. One such collection by *F. E. Murray formed the basis of the first English language bibliography. Not all collectors of gay material have been gay and because such material has been collected is no reason to assume the collector was gay. *Libraries and archives are important sources for rare gay books, manuscripts and special collections; many of these have been donated by collectors. The collections of all gay *poets and *scholars are relevant. Collections in South Africa and New Zealand undoubtedly exist. Noteworthy gay collectors. Australia: see *D. S. Mitchell, *Libraries and Archives, *Paul Knobel, J. J. Quinn (regarding *Christopher Brennan), John Willis. Great Britain: see *H. S. Ashbee, * Catalogue of Selected Books from the Private Library of a Student of Boyhood, Youth and Comradeship, *C. R. Dawes, *Mary Hyde, *Private Case, *Anthony Reid, *Timothy d'Arch Smith. United States: see *William Andrews Clark, *Ed Drucker (pseud.), *Donald J. Kaufman, *Donald H. Mader, *Donald Weeks, *E. P. Warren. Canada: see *Henry S. Saunders, *Ian Young. References. Hyde, History of Pornography, pp. 180-82. Collectors and collecting - German The major gay German language gay book-collectors have come usually from Germany and have been *Magnus Hirschfeld (active from 1895 but whose collection was destroyed by the Nazis), *Elisar von Kupffer (some of whose collection survives in Minusio, Switzlerland, where he mainly lived), *Paul Brandt and *Baron von Bleichroder (see * Bibliographisches Verzeichnis). *Leo Schidrowitz, who formed a sexological institute in Austria before World War II, undoubtedly had relevant books. The contemporary gay library of *Wolfgang Popp has 2,105; a listing of the books has been published and there are many poetry books (the library, which is mainly of German contemporary books, also includes material from the nineteenth century). German material is in Dutch gay collections such as *Homodok and was in the collection of the Dutch collector *J. A. Shorer. The Danish gay archive *Forbunbet af 48 holds materials. The *Kinsey Institute has rare German material as, it is rumored, does the *Vatican library. See also *Archives and libraries - German. Collectors and collecting - Greek and Latin Collections of homopoetry in Greek and Latin undoubtedly date from ancient times when Greek and Latin poetry contained much homoerotic material. The poet *Persius (43-62), who lived in Italy and may have been gay, had a library. Books were in the form of scrolls and manuscripts in earlier times (many of these scrolls and manuscripts have decayed). From the *Renaissance on (ca. 1450), collections of books of *poets and *scholars are relevant as many contained homosexual material in Latin and frequently Greek, e.g. the * Palatine Anthology. Janus Lascaris rescued the manuscript of the * Palatine Anthology. *William Beckford's library contained homosexual material. College-Wit Sharpen'd: or, The Head of a House with a Sting in the Tail: Being a New English Amour of the Epicene gender done into Burlesque Metre from the Italian addressed to the two famous Universities of S-d-m and G-m-rrh. Poem in English from Great Britain. First published in 1739. A *satire on the homosexual scandal concerning John Swinton and Robert Thistlethwayte of Wadham College, *Oxford. (It is not a translation as the title states; this is only teasing the reader and throwing him off the scent.) Wadham rhymes with sodom. The background is explained in the booklet A Faithful Narrative of the Proceedings in a late Affair between The Rev. Mr. John Swinton and Mr George Baker.. .to which is prefix'd a particular account of the Proceedings against Robert Thistlethwayte ... Warden of Wadham College for a sodomitical Attempt upon Mr. W. French Commoner of the Same College (Oxford, London, 1739), 31 pp. (reprinted in Sodomy Trials, New York, 1976). See Foxon, English Verse 1701-50: item C286 (lists copies in US and UK libraries). Rare. Copy consulted: *British Library. *C. M. Bowra was a later warden of Wadham. Editor from France of works in Latin. Active 1680. Editor of the so-called Delphin Edition of Martial, M. V. Martialis Epigrammatum libros xv, which printed the so-called obscene epigrams at the end (see *Martial - Editors), thus making them easily accessible. The first printing was in Paris in 1680 followed by London in 1701; later printings (e.g. in 1720) exist. See Brunet, Manuel du libraire under "Martial". Collignon, Albert Bibliographies. Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (1984), 137: book Flowers of the Imagination or (Perversions and Castrations) and Dedicated to the City Police Department, [Winnipeg, Manitoba?], privately printed, ca.1976 [note: the title is exactly as given]. In Homosexuality in Canada, first edition (1979), 8, the book is called a miscellany and pagination given as 27 pages. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Larkspur and Lad's Love. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1985. See "The Last Pastoral" in his Naked to the Sun: Dark Visions of the Apocalypse (Mercer Island, WA: Starmont House, 1985), pp. 5860: a parody of *Christopher Marlowe's "Come Live with Me and Be My Love" in the form of a science fiction work. Partner from the United States relating to works in English. Born 1923. The partner of *Robert Duncan: they lived together from 1951. He is a painter who has illustrated Duncan's books. See Michael Auping, editor, Jess: A Grand Collage (Buffalo, 1993); this work cites from Duncan's poems. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1963. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Beyond Paradise, 44-45, 54-55; biog. 77. Poet from New Zealand writing in English. Active 1999. Gay Poetry Anthologies. When Two Men Embrace, 13-16: Tine poems about a friend who had *Aids; biog., 47. Poet from Australia who wrote in English; he later lived in Great Britain. 1925-1986. Born in Leeds, Great Britain, he emigrated to Australia. He was involved in left-wing politics but was expelled from the Australian *Communist Party for declaring himself gay: see the taped interview with Hazel de Berg, in the De Berg Collection, National Library, Canberra. His lover in Australia at this time was Rod Anderson (noted by him in his papers in the Australian National Library). He left Australia in 1964 to live in London and was co-founder of Gay Sweatshop (a gay London playwrights group), for which he wrote the play Thinking Straight for its first 1975 season; the London based writer *Roger Baker was a colleague and later the literary executor of his will. Thinking Straight marked an important change in his consciousness from "thinking straight" to a *gay liberation approach and a new approach in his writing. See his article "Gay Phobia: Fear of Liking Oneself" in The Gay Journal no. 1 (1978), 51-55. For gay poems, see the books Hovering Narcissus (London/ Melbourne, 1977), and Eleven by Two (London, 1985): a folio of eleven gay love poems in *broadsheet form, each illustrated by Peter Niczewski. There were two editions of Hovering Narcissus, a limited signed edition of 150 copies and an ordinary edition (see Gay News no. 103 (1976), 28; includes a photo of the author). He was the British correspondent of the Australian journal Overland (edited by his friend *Barrett Reid). An account of his funeral in Overland, March 1987 (106), 48-54 by Alan Seymour does not mention his gay background. His papers to ca. 1970 are in the Australian National Library, Canberra and contain letters from *Patrick White. Papers after ca. 1970 are in the Mitchell Library, Sydney. A pioneering writer of the *gay liberation period who has written enduring work. His lover in London, 1964-1973, was James Corbett (noted in his papers in the Australian National Library). Criticism: see *Vincent Buckley. Obituary: Gay Times no. 99 (December 1986), 18, by *Roger Baker. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Howes, Broadcasting It. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10550: "Subterfuge" in Gay News 34, 18 October, 1973. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 736-38: Cupid's Crescent, London: Grandma, 1973, Hovering Narcissus, London: Grandma, 1977, Who Is Wheeling Grandma?, Melbourne: Overland, 1967. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gay Verse. Not Love Alone, 21-24; biog., 140. Pseudonym of a poet from Canada writing in English. Active 1966. Pseudonym of John Glassco. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1762-1836. In Poetical Vagaries see "Two Parsons or the Tale of a Shirt " in the 1812 edition (reprinted New York, 1976) - about two priests who end up in bed together (though it has only very slight gay interest). Colman was a dramatist in London. As *H. S. Ashbee has made clear, *The Rodiad, once ascribed to him, cannot be by him: see The Rodiad entry. Nor is the ascription of * Don Leon to him any longer accepted. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10551: Poetical Vagaries, London: Longman, 1814. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 739: same book; also notes this is the pseudonym of John Glassco. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 45-46; biog., 115. Poet from Ireland who wrote in English. Acvtive ca. 800. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 116: translation into English of the Latin poem, "Written by Colman the Irishman to Colman returning to his own land", by *Helen Waddell. Colors linked with homosexuality date from the Latin poet *Martial, active ca. 85, who lived in Italy. As a trope they exist in English, Arabic and other languages. Color references have mostly been found in English poetry. See *Blue, *Green (also used in Latin in *Martial, ca. 85), *Lavender, *Lilac, *Pink, *Purple, *Mauve. See *grey hair for its gay significance in Arabic poetry. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 249-50. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1962. Pseudonym of Joseph Hansen: see Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, p. 428. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10552: "Three poems" in ONE Magazine 10:3, 26-27, March 1962. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature: Readings from Western Antiquity to the Present Day Anthology from the United States in English. New York: Columbia University Press, 199B, B29 pages. A combined poetry and prose anthology which contains a generous selection of poetry; the title comes from the name of the publisher. It was compiled by 'Byrne R. S. Fone. Bibliographical Note pp. xxxv-vii (this is a brief but thorough listing of important books on homosexuality). There is no index of the writers. With the exception of Gilgamesh and excerpts from the Bible, the work consists only of European and American gay poets, one of the largest gay anthologies ever of European and American gay poetry. English poetry from 1B4Q is only represented by poets and prose writers from the United States. United States poets occupy the last third of the anthology. For the first time in English there are translations of little known poets and poems (e.g. 'René Crevel, 'Benedetto Varchi, 'Pasquinades); it includes the texts of many hard to come by works in English. Overall this is one of the best anthologies for gay poetry in English. Poets, poems and anthologies (see entries): Addaeus (see the entry Adaios), Amis and Amile, Anacreon, Clement Andrews, Anononyous Greek poets, Antipater, James Baldwin, Emilio Ballagas, Porfirio Barba-Jacob (pseud.), William Barber, Richard Barnfield, Baudri of Bourgueil, Walta Borawski, Joe Brainard, Perry Brass, Michelangelo Buonarroti, Lord Byron, Joseph Cady, Edward Carpenter, Catullus, Constantine Cavafy, Marino Ceccoli, Luis Cernuda, Ralph Chubb, Alfred Corn, William Johnson Cory, Hart Crane, René Crevel, Aleister Crowley, David and Jonathan, Diodes (this is a mistake: Diocles is meant), Melvin Dixon, Don Leon, Lord Alfred Douglas, Michael Drayton, Robert Duncan, Sergei Esenin, Euripides, Jim Everhard, Edward Field, Salih Michael Fisher, Charles Henri Ford, Federico García Lorca, Jean Genet, Gilgamesh, Giles de Gillies, Allen Ginsberg, John Giorno, Glaucus, Greek Anthology (see entry Palatine Anthology), D. Rubin Green, Thom Gunn, Hebe and Ganymede (see entry Post Aquile raptus), Essex Hemphill, Hilary, Daryl Hine, Walter Holland, Homer, Gerard Manley Hopkins, A. E. Housman, Hrabanus Maurus, John Iozia, George Ives, Juvenal, Nikolay Klyuev, Elisar von Kupffer, Mikhail Kuzmin, Michael Lassell, George Lesly, John Henry Mackay, Donald Malloch, Christopher Marlowe, Marbod of Rennes, Martial, Pacifico Massimi, Meleager, Men and Boys, Carl Morse, Musa paidike, Nonnus, Harold Norse, Cecco Nuccoli, Bruce Nugent, Frank O'Hara, Ovid, Wilfred Owen, Pasquinades, Paulinus of Nola, Sandro Penna, Petronius (mainly prose; two poems included), Pindar, Kenneth Pitchford, Angelo Poliziano, Ralph Pomeroy, James Purdy, Alexander Pushkin, Marc André Raffalovich, Craig Reynolds, Arthur Rimbaud, Michael Rumaker, Filippo Scarlatti, Scythinus, William Shakespeare, Solon, Stephen Spender, Edmund Spenser, Strato, John Addington Symonds, Bayard Taylor, Tennyson, Henry Thoreau, Torquato Tasso, Theocritus, Theognis, Parker Tyler, Benedetto Varchi, Paul Verlaine, Xavier Villaurrutia, Virgil, Walafrid Strabo, Edmund White, Walt Whitman, Oscar Wilde, Sidney Wilmer, Donald Woods. See also the following prose writers included in this Encyclopedia (some wrote poetry but poems by them are not included in The Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature): J. R. Ackerley, William Burroughs, Jean Cocteau, D. W. Cory (pseud.), Havelock Ellis, Marsilio Ficino, E. M. Forster, Benedict Friedlander, André Gide, Heinrich Hössli (spelt in Hoessli), Christopher Isherwood, K. M. Kertbeny, King Arthur (re Lancelot-Grail), D. H. Lawrence, José lezama Lima, Lucian, Xavier Mayne (pseud.), Plato, Marcel Proust, Antonio Rocco, Sade, Tobias Smollett, Charles Warren Stoddard, Karl Heinrich Ulrichs, Gore Vidal, Xenophon, Heinrich Zschokke. Poet from the United States (from the Virgin Islands) writing in English. Born 1924. The Virgin Islands is a territory of the United States in the Carribean. Ceremonies in Mind (St Thomas, Virgin Islands, 1959), seems the main book of interest to 1982; see p. 51 (a gay poem) and p. 54 (rare; the copy used was from the *Library of Congress). Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, p. 654, states he had a manuscript copy of * The Platonic Blow and supplied the publisher *Ed Sanders with it. He was a bookseller in the Virgin Islands from 1952. The Contemporary Authors entry (see below) states he is working on a history and bibliography of *San Francisco poetry 1941-65. Saint Thomas (Middleton, 1965), takes its name from the capital of the Virgin Islands where he lives; see the gay poem "Love" p. 51. Briefs (Franklin, New Hampshire, 1966), is a Tine gay volume, e.g., see, on pp. 6-8, the poem "Suite on Boys" (copy used: *Library of Congress); a note at the end states that since 1951 he has lived in St Thomas, Virgin Islands. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10553-56: Ceremonies in Mind, St. Thomas, Virgin Islands: My Trammels, 1959, "Love poem, sort of" in ONE Magazine 7:1, 21 January 1959, Pilgrim's Terrace, San German, P. R.: Editorial La Nueva Salamanca, 1957, Saint Thomas: Poems, Middleton, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1965. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 750-51: Ceremonies of Mind. Artists, Boys, Cats, Lovers, Judges, Priests, St. Thomas, Virgin Islands: Mind Trammells Printed, 1959 and Saint Thomas, Middletown CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1965. Poet from Canada writing in French. Active 19BQ. Bibliographies. Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (19B4): Entre Amours et Silences, Moncton, New Brunswick: Editions d'Arcadie, 19BQ. Commentators and commentaries on Greek and Latin Classics Critics of Greek and Latin poetry come mainly from Italy, France, Germany and Great Britain. Commentaries survive from ca. 1470 in Latin; from the nineteenth century they began to appear in vernacular languages. Most commentaries, however, remained in Latin until the twentieth century. Before the invention of mechanical printing they were written on manuscripts or attached to them. There is a tradition of comment since the *Renaissance when poets were first published in mechanically printed editions and commentaries were added to editions. Poets and works especially relevant are, in Greek. *Anacreon, *Homer, *Nonnus, the * Palatine Anthology, the *Mousa Paidike and *Theognis, and in Latin. *Martial (who is especially important), Juvenal, *Virgil, *Catullus, *Tibullus and *Horace. See also *editors since most wrote commentaries. In both Greek and Latin there are a huge number of commentaries on the * Bible. English, German, Italian, French and Spanish are other major languages in which commentaries on Greek and Latin homopoets have been written. Communism and Communist Parties Movement and political ideology, especially influential in Russian and Chinese but also many other languages. It was the ruling ideology in Russia from 1917, later in the former countries called the USSR, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and in China from 1948. Censorship of gay culture was extreme under Communism. Communism holds that property should be held by the community and wealth shared. Sometimes it is referred to as *Marxism after its founder Karl Marx. Communism was a strong force in western Europe and the United States from the 1930s to after the Second World War (Russia was an ally of the west European nations and the United States in this war). Overall, Communism has been severely repressive of homosexuality; *censorship has also been strict. There were Communist parties in western European countries and countries which were formerly their colonies; France and Italy had large Communist parties. The countries of eastern Europe (Poland, east Germany, Czechoslovakia, Hungary) were under Russian control from 1945 to 1989, when the Russian Communist empire split apart; homosexual acts were legal in Poland and east Germany during this time (for other countries see the Overview for the languages spoken; see *Languages of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics for languages). English: see *Claude McKay, *Earle Birney, *Laurence Collinson, *Tom Driberg, *Will Inman, *Tom Kennedy, Jim Kepner, *Eddie Linden, *Hugh Macdiarmid, *Harry Hay. French: see *André Breton, *Louis Aragon. German: see *Ludwig Renn. Italian: see *Pasolini (the most famous gay Communist cultural figure in Italy). Russian and Chinese: Communism in Russia and in China has severely repressed homosexuality from 1922 to 1990, in Russia from 1917 and in China from 1948 when the Communist Party came to power. Changes in Russia from 1989 led to decriminalization of male homosexuxal acts in 1993 by Presidential decree of President Boris Yeltsin, a former Communist. A more open situation seems to be emerging in China from the mid 1980s. For Russian, see *Kuzmin, *Ryurik Ivnev (pseud.) and 'Overview - Russian. For Chinese see *Lu Hsun, *Chou en Lai, *Mao Ze Dong, *Rewi Alley. Spanish: *Neruda, *Vallejo. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica . Computer databases and networks Bibliography in English and other *European languages and Japanese and Chinese and other languages from the United States and other countries from 1967. Computer listings of library holdings constitute the largest bibliographical source for locating books of gay poetry and biographical information on poets. They are mostly excellent for books published from 1975. In addition, libraries all over the world are converting their card catalogs to computer form and huge data banks are coming into existence. Computer library networks result when catalogs in one place are linked to others (this is called a union catalog: see the * National Union Catalog as a book based example). The largest computer network is the internet where the library catalogs of many research libraries may be found (e.g., the *Library of Congress, *New York Public Library and the *British Library). *Manuscript holdings are on computer systems such as the *Research Libraries Information Network (RLIN); *broadsides also are listed in such databases. Computer catalogs can be checked for exact bibliographical details of books and *subject checks can be made for homosexuality and literature since subject cataloging is invariably part of records. Such catalogs also offer the possibility of locating rare books and possibly the works of what have been thought of as *lost poets. English language. United States. Holdings of the *Library of Congress have been computerised since 1967; the * National Union Catalog, published by the Library of Congress, is computer based since 1968. The *Online Computer Library Center (called OCLC) and Research Libraries Information Network (called RLIN for short) are two other United States library computer databases; the Research Libraries Information Network is based on over 100 academic libraries and for practical purposes has succeeded the National Union Catalog. Both it and OCLC should be searched for the works of a little known writers; however by 2000 both were weak on works catalogued before 1970 since these works are still mainly cataloged on cards. United States libraries have rich holdings in materials in Spanish and Portuguese from South America. *MLA, published by the Modern Language Association is a huge data base published by the Modern Language Association indexing journal entries in European languages; it is now available on CD ROM. The libraries of *Harvard University, the largest library in the United States and such universities as *Yale are available through the Internet as well as major public libraries such as the *New York Public Library and many smaller public libraries. Great Britain. The *British library's catalog is computer based from 1975 and is called BLAISE. A CD ROM exists of the catalog to 1975, the *British Library General Catalogue to 1975. The entire corpus of *Old English literature is being put into machines readable form in Toronto. Australia. *Austlit is a database indexing Australian literature. The 'Australian Bibliographical Network (now called *Kinetica) is an Australian database based in Canberra linking the catalogs of research libraries across the country and listing holdings of major libraries (it also includes the records of such other library catalogs as the Library of Congress Computer Catalog, the British National Bibliiography and the National Bibliographies of New Zealand and Canada). This Australian database in 1999 contained over 22 milllion holdings records relating to over 11 million items, and is one of the largest national computer based union catalogs. Australian libraries hold rich materials in Asian languages. Canada. *Our Own Voices, the catalog of the journal holdings of the 'Canadian Gay and Lesbian Archives is computer based and is available on the Internet. Recent trends in computer catalogs include the inclusion of the contents page of a book and/or a summary of the book. * English Poetry Full Text (Chadwyck Healey, 1993), is a massive data base which has the text of poets in English listed in the New Cambridge Bibliography from 600 to 1900; however, the texts used are not always those which are most reliable, since, due to copyright reasons, no text later than 1900 has been included. French, German, Spanish, Danish, Dutch and other European languages. National library and university library catalogs are appearing in large numbers on national databases some of which are appearing on CD ROMS and online on the Internet. The holdings of German, French and Spanish libraries are being progressively put into computers; these are in turn being added to other super databases e.g. the Research Libraries Information Network. The *Bibliothèque Nationale's catalog is available on the Internet. Languages like Italian, Russian and Polish as well as many other languages are likely to be added. A Dutch database exists devoted to homosexuality in the catalog of the the *Homodok center; this is available on the internet. Chinese and Japanese. CJK (that is, Chinese, Japanese and Korean) catalogs are emerging (for instance in Australia). In these catalogs Chinese, Japanese and Korean books may be accessioned in their own scripts as well as the Latin alphabet. Latin and Greek. Phi CD-ROM #5.3 contains virtually all Latin literature to 200 A.D. Thesaurus Linguae Graecae contains the text of more than 700 works of Greek Literature from 750 B.C. to 600 A.D. Access to many libraries including university libraries is available though the Internet; some African and South American libraries can be accessed. Concept and trope in English and German poetry. From ca. 1855. English. The idea of close male 'friendship, *male bonding and loyalty (which comradeship implies) is especially associated with *Walt Whitman. (Compare *friendship in *Elizabethan poetry: comradeship implies a much closer form of bonding.) The word comrade also has a homosexual sense in Whitman and comrade and comradeship were used by *Edward Carpenter as coded words for homosexuality. See also *socialism (which arose in the late nineteenth century and with which Edward Carpenter was much involved; socialists frequently call each other "comrade"). Great Britain. The words were used by poets of World War One (see *M. McClymont, *R. Heywood) and especially in the anthology *Lads; see also * Catalogue of Selected Books from the Private Library of a Student of Boyhood, Youth and Comradeship, *Noel Grieg. *Richard Aldington in his novel Death of Hero (1929), 26-27 denies there was a physical homosexual element in *war comradeships. United States: see *G. E. Woodberry, *Bliss Carman and *Scott Giantvalley regarding Whitman. Australia. The word was especially used by *J. le Gay Brereton with homosexual undertones; see also *Bernard O'Dowd, *E. J. Brady, *E. Briggs; compare *mateship. German: see *"Mein Kriegsfreiwilliger", *"Mein Kamerad", *Erich Makowski (re war poems from World War I). Chinese: see *Rewi Alley. The word "tongzhi" means *comrade and is now used to refer to same sex love: see *Historical and social background - Chinese. Concrete Poetry, also called Visual Poetry Genre in poetry in French, Spanish and English existing from ca. 1965 as a movement. Influenced and growing out of the experiments of *modernism and *postmodernism and especially the concept of *open form, concrete poetry is poetry relying on reshaping the printed words of a poem into something pictorial. It goes back to the * Palatine Anthology where some poems are shaped in pictorial ways. Sometimes it is called visual poetry. The first modern text was the French poet *Mallarme's poem Un Coup de Des. *Apollinaire was also a pioneer of the style. Spanish. See *Glauco Mattoso (pseud.). For poets with homosexual reference in English see, for Great Britain, *Edwin Morgan, *Dom Sylvester Houedard. In Australia, *Christopher Brennan wrote a visual poem modelled on Mallarme's; see also *Barrett Reid. In Canada, *bill bissett is the main poet of interest. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Princeton Handbook of Poetic Terms. Translator from Greek to Spanish from Spain. 1765-1820. He was the foremost authority of Muslim Spain before R. Dozy and was the librarian of El Escorial, the Royal palace near Madrid, and later the Royal (now National) Library, *Madrid. He translated the Greek poets *Anacreon and *Theocritus into Spanish: Poesías de Anacreon, Teocrito, Bion y Mosco (Madrid, 1796), 2 volumes. An edition of *Meleager with translations was published in 1884. He wrote a histroy of the Arabs in Spain in Spanish, Historia de la dominacion de los arabes en España, 3 volumes (1820-21). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Spanish Literature. Gay history and literary conferences have proliferated from 1983. The papers of these conferences are important documents for gay literature; some are in gay 'archives. Dutch. A gay writer's conference took place in Amsterdam in 1984 ('Harold Norse, 'James Broughton, 'Dennis Cooper and 'James Holmes read poetry at a poetry reading: see the report in The Advocate no. 411, 8 January, 1985, 26-27). Two history conferences have occurred: Among Men/Among Women (1983) and Homosexuality, Which Homosexuality? took place in Amsterdam in 1987 with many literary papers (see The Advocate no. 492, 16 February 1988, 28-31). Abstracts from the papers were published in the conference proceedings and some in books - the 1983 conference in Among Men, Among Women (1983), and the 1987 conference in a book Homosexuality, Which Homosexuality?, 1988, edited by 'Denis Altman. English. Great Britain. A gay writers conference is believed to have taken place in London in 1987. See Forum 2 (1987), 117-21, "European Lesbian and Gay Writers Conference" by 'Ron Mooser. The British Library has a CD ROM listing all British conference proceedings published from ca. 1993; two items dealing with homosexuality were found in a check but none relating to gay poetry. United States. There have been a large number of literary conferences. Outwrite (also called Out Write), a gay writer's conference, took place in 'San Francisco 3 and 4 March 1990. It was organized by Kevin Killian and 1200 people attended: see James White Review vol. 7 no. 3 (Spring 1990), 2; the conference was sponsored by Outlook journal. There was another Outwrite conference in 1992 (James White Review vol. 9 no. 4, 2) and one for 1993 was announced for Boston in November 1993 in James White Review vol. 10 no. 3 (Spring 1993), 2 as the fourth conference. OutWrite Seven was held in Boston 20-22 February 1998: see report in Lambda Book Report, May 1998, 8-12. Conferences on gay studies were held annually at 'Yale University from 1986 and one at 'Harvard in 'Boston was held 24-30 October 1990 (see Chronicle of Higher Eductation 24 Oct 1990, A6, A8). Ten essays from the Fifth Annual Lesbian and Gay Studies Conference at Rutgers University (in New York state) in 1991 were published as Negotiating Lesbian and Gay Subjects (1995), edited by Monica Dorenkamp and Richard Henke; subjects include 'Oscar Wilde and 'Aids. "Inside and Out: The Third National Graduate Conference on Queer Studies" was to be held 15-17 April 1993 in Minneapolis (see James White Review vol. 10 no. 1, p. 2). There is also a gay caucus of the 'MLA (Modern Language Association) which publishes a newsletter 'Lesbian and Gay Studies Newsletter which lists upcoming conferences. See also 'Queer. Canada. A gay history conference was held in "Toronto in 1985 with some literary papers (see *Paul Knobel). Australia. A Queer Literature conference was held in 'Sydney in July 1993 with proceedings published as A Cold Collation: Papers from the Inaugural QueerLit Conference (Sydney, 1993, unpaginated). In Hurley, Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia, see under "Queerlit Conference" for further information. French. See Les gays savoirs, edited by Eduardo Mendicutti, Paris, 1998. There were several gay colloqiums at the Sorbonne, Paris, in the 1990s. German. The University of Siegen had a conference on homosexuality and literature in 1990 and proceedings were published in 1992 in Berlin by 'Verlag rosa Winkel verlag, edited by Gerhard Härle, as Erkenntniswunsch und Diskretion, 445 pp. (copy seen: Yale University Library). In 1991 the literary proceedings of the 1987 Amsterdam History Conference, Homosexualitaten, literarisch, edited by Maria Kalveram were published (Essen: Die Blaue Eule, 146 pp.). Hebrew. A conference was held in Kibbutz Givat Haviva, between Tel Aviv and Haifa, in June 1994 with a paper, "Homoerotic Poetry in Hebrew", listed (source: Capital Q Weekly, Sydney, 6 May 1994, p. 85). Spanish. A conference titled "Questions of Homosexuality" was held at the Institute of Romance Studies, University of London, June 1991. A literary conference was held at New York University in 1999 following one in 1994 (see report in Lambda Book Report, June 1999, 10-11). Estonian and Russian. The Soviet Union's first ever international conference on homosexuality was held in May 1990 at Tallinin in Estonia with researchers from all over the world expected to attend ( Sydney Star Observer, 9 March, 1990). The proceedings were published in a book Sexual Minorities and Society, edited by Teet Veispak, Tallinn, 1991. No papers dealt with literature but Siegfried Tornow touches on it in "Homosexuality and Politics in Soviet Russia", pp. 78-93. (Rare; copies: University of Sydney Library donated by 'Paul Knobel who also has a copy). Philosopher in Chinese and founder of the Confucian religion in China. 551 B.C.-479 B.C. For many periods of Chinese history the philosophy of Confucius was the guiding principle of action. Humaneness, i.e. kind heartedness, was a central part of his philosophy, which was strongly *patriarchal. Male *disciples figured strongly in Confucius's life. The poetry of China - which emerges from a Confucian context - is strongly male centered. Confucianism was the dominant religious philosophy in China for much of the last 2,500 years. It was the state ideology in China at various times and is still ideologically strong in Taiwan (though it was ousted by Communism in mainland China after 1949). Five Confucian classics are traditionally ascribed to Confucius including the poetry collection * Shih Ching (though this ascription is doubtful). The Ta-hsueh (Great Learning) is his central work. Confucianism, despite its male centeredness, has strongly emphasized the family and family values. It does not condemn homosexuality but emphasis on the family meant that all males were supposed to marry; within that context homosexual activity could (and did) occur. Other east-Asian languages which are relevant are Korean, Japanese and Vietnamese all written in Chinese in earlier centuries (this tradition continued with scholars in these countries learning Chinese until the twentieth century). Korean. Confucianism was and is the central religious ideology in Korea. Vietnamese. Confucianism has been a strong influence on the poetry and was a dominant ideology until Communism replaced it after 1945 in the north and after the Vietnam war ended in the south. Japanese. See the entry in Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan: "Neo-Confucianism". Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, vol. 1. Encyclopedia Britannica. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Cassell's Encyclopedia of Queer Myth, Symbol, and Spirit, 12. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1924. First published in One magazine in 1957, Kirby Congdon is a *leather poet who lived in New York with *Jay Socin (1914-68) and published several books in the 1970s. His book of poems Dream-Work (New York, 1970, 500 copies; printed in Great Britain as Chain Drive, 1976) was an underground classic and centers on the male image, motorcycles, *S/M and *suicide. The book, which is illustrated with photographs of the author in *leather, is concerned with hardcore violence (see e.g., "The Orgy", pp. 39-40). It is stated to have been composed in 1966 and to be *prose poems (rare; copy sighted: Australian National Library, Canberra). He published "Notes on Dream-Work" in Boston Gay Review no. 4-5 (1978), 10-11. As a work of literature Dream-Work is impressive. "Horse-Opera" (Angels of the Lyre, p. 41) links the *cowboy trope with leather. He edits the journal Magazine. Criticism. See the assessment of his work in Gay Sunshine no. 42, p. 28, by *Rudy Kikel; with bibliography of published works and criticism. Interviews: Gay Sunshine 28 (1976); reprinted in Leyland, Gay Sunshine Interviews, volume 2, pp. 39-54 (photo p. 39, biog., 40). Bibliography. See Ray C. Longtin, Kirby Congdon: A Bibliography of His Poems and Prose-Poems. Privately printed by the author, 1993. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10557-60: Black Sun, Grand Rapids, MI: Pilot Press, 1973, Dream Work, Brooklyn, New York: Cycle Press, 1970, Figure, New York: Interim Books, 1967 and notes his work featured in Mouth of the Dragon no. 7, 1975; 10774 (using the pseudonym *Alden Kirby): three poems in ONE Magazine 5:8, 5-6 October,-November 1957. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 755-61: same books as in Bullough plus Chain Drive, Llanfyndd, Wales: Unicorn Bookshop, 1975, Fantoccini: A Little Book of Memories, Los Angeles: *Little Caesar Press, 1981, Figure, New York: Interim Books, 1967, Juggernaut, New York: Interim Books, no date and Shirt Poem, Brooklyn, NY: Cycle Press, 1974. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Male Muse, 21-22; biog., 118-19. Angels of the Lyre, 38-41; biog., 238. Orgasms of Light, 47-49; biog., 250. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 392. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 653: two *prose poems. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 543: poem "The Flame"; birth date given as 1929. A Day for a Lay, 82-87. See 'Hartford Wits. Active 17BQ-1B1Q. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1991. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Unending Dialogue, 21, 28-29 (prose poem), 34-35, 40, 75. Fine poems by a gay man on having *Aids. Poet and journal editor from Great Britain writing in English. 1903-1974. He founded the influential *journal Horizon with *Stephen Spender in 1939 and was its editor until 1950; the journal was paid for by the homosexual Peter Watson. His autobiography Enemies of Promise (1938), describes homosexual experiences in his life - see pp. 148, 169-71 (including a poem); Chapter 23, pp. 216-225, describes homosexuality at *Eton. He seems to have written no poems of note as an adult. See Michael Sheldon, Friends of Promise: Cyril Connolly and the world of Horizon (1989): this describes his pursuit of women in adult life. He was three times married; see the life by Jeremy Lewis, Cyril Connolly: A Life (1999). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Poet from France who wrote in French. 1150-ca. 1220. See *Thomas Stehling's article, "To love a medieval boy", Journal of Homosexuality vol. 8 no. 3/4 (Spring /Summer 1983), 169: in the poem L'autrier avint en chel autre pais a lady uses an accusation of homosexuality to insult a knight. *Troubadour poet. Poet from Sweden who wrote in Swedish. Active 1905-1950. Bibliographies. Hansen, Nordisk Bibliografi, 14: cites Samlade dikter (Collected Poems), Stockholm: LTs förlag, [no date], 206 pp. States he wrote four books of poems dealing with homosexual themes 1905-50: Skyarne (1906), Friska sorgens källa (1907), Hjärtats frid, den blödande (1907) and Dikter ur tre samlingarna (1950) and states a biography exists by Carl Magnus von Seth i Conradsons titled Om kristendomens betydelse i mänsklighetsödet. Conservatism and conservatives Concept in English in Great Britain, the United States and other countries, dating from ca. 1789. Conservatism may be defined as an attempt to keep the status quo; that is to keep things the way they are; as such it is undoubtedly a very ancient ideology and the date here is mainly in relation to modern Europe. It became a leading ideology after the French Revolution (1789) and at the emergence of *Romanticism. It has been a strong force in United States politics and in the *Catholic church. United States: see *Hartford Wits, The *Advocate. Australia: see *James McAuley. Compare *Anarchism, *Socialism. Conservatism can be applied equally to social, political and religious concerns. Poet and archivist from Italy writing in Italian. Born 1945. Author of "The Homosexual Movement in Italy" in Gay Books Bulletin vol. 1 no. 1 (Spring 1979), 24, 26. He is the founder of *Massimo Consoli's Gay International Archives also called OMPO. There is also a journal called Ompo which he edits. Bibliographies. Leggere omosessuale, items 342-43: La porta delparadiso, Rome: OMPO, 1980, and Viva l'omosessualita, Rome: OMPO, 1980. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amicizia amorosa, 233-35; biog., 283. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 268-70; biog., 245 and 470 (re 20 contemporary gay Italian poets not in Reid, The Eternal Flame ). Constantine (or Konstantinos) of Sicily Poet from Italy writing in Greek. Active as a poet BQQ-9QQ . From 'Sicily, he wrote 'Anacreontic verses. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium : see "Constantine of Sicily". Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 72: "Versch. Gedichte" [selected verses; no other information]. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 73: a poem trans. by Elisar von 'Kupffer. Spelt Konstantinos in Welter and Kupffer. Critic from Spain writing in Spanish about Arabic poetry. Active 1978. See his "Aproximacion al estudio del tema de amor en la poesía Hispano-Arabe de los siglos xii y xiii," in Awraq vol.1 (1978), 12-28, a study of poems in Arabic written in Spain, addressed to young men and written in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, with many examples included. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1964. Book: Blood Poisoning, 1995, 32 pp. (review: James White Review vol. 13 no. 3, summer 1996, 20). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gents, Bad Boys, and Barbarians, 69-73; biog., 68. Eros in Boystown, 14-15; biog., 60 - author of one *chapbook Blood Poisoning. Plush. The World in Us: Lesbian and Gay Poetry of the Next Wave, 53-60; biog., 362. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1951. Book: The Tranquil Lake of Love: Love Letters (1993), 70 pages. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 29 - poem "Love Letter #25"; biog., 174 - *black poet from *Philadelphia. Songwriter from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1968. See *Took, Barry. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Active 1919. Possibly a pseudonym. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 497. Criticism. Foster, "Beauty's Purple Flame: Some Minor American Gay Poets", Gay Books Bulletin no. 7 (1982), 17, 18: quotes from the poem "Rivals" published in the journal Pagan edited by *Hart Crane (for publication details see *A. A. Coates entry). "Rivals" is about male *prostitution. Translator from German to English from the United States. 1887-1946. The first translator of the gay German poet *Platen's sonnets into English. His works were a daring translation for their time, first published as Sonnets from Venice (Madison: Tracy and Gore, 1914). Successive volumes of translations of Platen - such as To *Cardenio (Ithaca, 1919), with a note about the composition, and To *Karl Theodor German (Ithaca, 1920), with two page introduction discussing their genesis - were collected in The Sonnets of K. A. G. M. Graf von Platen-Hallermunde (Boston: Badger, 1923); p. 136 of this latter work lists the few known English translations to 1923. He published a book of poems: Some Sonnets of a Passing Epoch, Portland, Maine (1925). Biography: see Men and Boys, pp. xvii-viii; with bibl. Cooke was born in Great Britain. His family moved to the United States in 1898 and he was educated at Berkeley. He took a doctorate at University of Wisconsin, Madison, later lecturing in philosophy at *Cornell 1920-22. After 1922, he seems to have moved to Maine and in 1933 was admitted to Farrington Hospital, Portland, a hospital maintained for the poor. He died of cancer in 1946. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 194-98: trans. of *Platen into the *sonnet form. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active before 1982. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 782: A Poem for Liberation (*broadside), privately printed, no date, but circa 1969-82 (see *gay liberation). Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1965. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Beyond Paradise, 25, 27, 36, 49 - poems dealing with gay male themes; biog. 78 - lives in *Manchester. Poet, publisher and journal editor from the United States writing in English. Born 1953. Publishing as a poet in book form from his 1973 *chapbook, The Terror of Earrings (published with the aid of *Catalyst Press), he was also the publisher of * Little Caesar journal and owner of the Little Caesar Press 1976-82. An outstanding poet of the *gay liberation period, his poems celebrate life in the fast lane, *prostitution and *drugs: see, for instance, "My Past ( Gay and Lesbian Poetry, pp. 84-85). He was born in Pasadena, California, and raised in a boys' school. Amongst his influences he cites the *Marquis de Sade, *Arthur Rimbaud and the artist David Hockney. Books of poems: The Terror of Earrings (Kinks Press, 1973); Tiger Beat (Little caesar, 1978); Antoine Monnier (Anon Press, 1978); Idols (Seahorse Press, 1979; biog., p. 80); The Tenderness of Wolves (Crossing Press, 1982) - poetry and short prose, with an introduction by *Edmund White ix-xi; biog., 76; Wrong (poetry and short prose, 1988); Idols (1989), poems. He has also written a novel, Closer (1988). His selected poems is The Dream Police: Selected Poems 1969-1993, New York, 1995 (reviewed James White Review vol.12 no. 3, Fall 1995, 21-22). He has edited the anthology Coming Attractions: American Poets in Their Twenties and lives in *Los Angeles. Interview: The Advocate No. 381, 24 November, 1983, 57-59: notes he has moved to *New York, he feels his work is amoral and De Sade is a major influence on him; Outlook no. 6 (Fall 1989), 82-85. See also interviews in The Advocate no. 582, July 30 1991, 6668 and no. 656, 8 March, 1994, 59-60. Translation. Dutch: Dichterbij, Amsterdam, Prometheus, 1992 (translator not known). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 785-91: Boys I've Wanted, privately printed, 1976, Idols, New York: Seahorse Press, 1979, The Secret Lives of Teen Idols, privately printed, 1978, The Tenderness of the Wolves, Trumansburg, New York: Crossing Press, 1981, The Terror of Earrings, Arcadia, CA: privately printed, 1973 (revised and enlarged edition, Arcadia, CA: privately printed, 1973), Tiger Beat, Los Angeles: *Little Caesar Press, 1978. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Orgasms of Light, 50-54 - "Four Poems" from Boys I've Wanted; biog., 250. Amerikanike homophylophile poiese, 15-16: translated into Greek; biog., 69. Fra mann til mann, 98-99. Son of the Male Muse, 38-45 (with photo 38): includes a *prose poem; biog., 187. Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, 83-84 (with photo p. 83); biog., 83. Drobci stekla v ustih, 165; biog., 187. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 543. Name of Love, 10-11; biog. note 70-71. Eros in Boystown, 10-11. A Day for a Lay, 225-231; biog., 225 - lives in southern California. The World in Us: Lesbian and Gay Poetry of the Next Wave, 53-60; biog., 362. Word of Mouth, 326-333. Cooper, James Fenimore, Junior Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Possible birth and death dates: 1892-1918. Note: "To a Friend" cited below, which is not dated in * Men and Boys, is by the grandson of the novelist James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851): see entry in Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature from where the dates have been taken. He has also been identified as James Fenimore Cooper's grandson by Byrne S. Fone in the *Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 82: "To a Friend". Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 194: "To a Friend". Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 493. Cooper, Wayne F. Author of * Claude McKay: Rebel Sojourner in the Harlem Renaissance (1987). This biography openly discusses McKay's homosexuality - see pp. 30, 75, 131. He states that, though McKay was married and had affairs with women, "evidence indicates his primary orientation was towards the homosexual" (p. 30). He states, p. 75, that the person whose unexpected death is reflected on in the poem "Rest in Peace" was "my [that is McKay's] friend and lover" (this poem is in Home to Harlem, New York, 1928, p. 57). He has edited a selection of McKay's work: The Passion of Claude McKay (1973). Anthologist, critic, historian and biographer writing in English and translator from Latin, French and Spanish to English from Great Britain. Born ca. 1940. He compiled the *The Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, one of the most wide ranging surveys of gay poetry ever. His Introduction is a short but very Tine history of gay poetry. Translations not assigned in The Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse are stated on p. 49 to be by him (however, he is not listed in the index of poets and translators pp. 399-401). As Latin translator see entries (all relating to The Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse) for *Statius, *Juvenal, *Ausonius, *Bernard of Morlas, *Beccadelli, *Aretino; for French translations, see *Aubigne, * Epitaph for Jean Maillard, *Rimbaud, *Cocteau; for Spanish see *Garcia Lorca. The dust jacket of The Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse states that he was educated at Magdalene College, *Cambridge, and the University of London. He is a doctor, though whether of medicine or philosophy is not known and he lives in *Oxford. He is the author of several critical books on *T. S. Eliot, *Chaucer and *Shakespeare and wrote the first substantial critique of James Kirkup in gay terms: see "James Kirkup and the Poetry of Gay Love", Gay News no. 238, page 37. His *Byron: The Making of a Myth is a biography of the poet, published in 1988. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 29-50 (Introduction) and see above. Poem in Spanish from Spain. Ca. 1474. The first documented *long poem referring to homosexuality in Spanish (at the court of Enrique IV). It was first published in Revue Hispanique (1896). A. D. Deyermond describes the poem thus: "The Provincial represents Castille as a corrupt monastery. It was probably composed ca. 1474 at the end of Enrique's reign, and refers to events of the previous nine years. Almost every kind of vice and perversion is included (some of the accusations were no doubt correct)" - see his A Literary History of Spain: The Middle Ages, 1971, p. 195. The background is given by the sexologist Gregorio Maranon in Ensayo Biologico sobre Enrique IVde Castilla y su Tiempo (1941); on this last work see also *Daniel Eisenberg, "Enrique IV and Gregorio Maranon", Renaissance Quarterly 29 (1976), 21-29 and the entry on Enrique IV in Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. The text of the poem was publised in Antonio san de *Velilla, Sodomas y lesbos modernas, Barcelona, 1932 (very rare; the *Library of Congress copy could not be found in 1989; a copy is in the collection of *Paul Knobel). Another poem based on Enrique is Coplas de Mingo Revulgo (text not seen; it may be the same poem); see entry in . Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 640-41: re Juan II and Enrique IV. Sexual practice recorded in English from Great Britain. Ca. 1900. Sexual pleasure in eating or playing with faeces (that is, in simple English, shit). It is also called coprophagia. For English poetry see *Aleister Crowley (active 1900). Drinking urine, a related practice, is called Urophilia or Urolagnia (see volume 7 of *Havelock Ellis's Studies in the Psychology of Sex). Poet from Italy writing in Italian. 1887-1907. One of a group of crepuscolari poets influenced by *decadent poetry; active 1904-07. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amicizia amorosa, 191-92: poems "A Carlo Simoneschi" and "A Gino Calza". Pseudonym of a poet from Germany who wrote in German; he later lived in Mexico. 1909-1966. *Hubert Kennedy in Journal of Homosexuality, volume 38, numbers 1/2, 2000, 67-68, states he was was born in Berlin as Heinrich Wolfgang Horn, was best known for his travel books on Mexico where he lived from 1953, was known as a Maya researcher and six poems of his were published in *Der Kreis as well as three photographs of nude Mexican youths. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1986. The author of at least two books of poetry. Bibliographies. Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen, item 157: lists a photcopy "Elegy for John, my student dead of Aids", Poetry vol. lxlix, no. 3 (December 1986), 143-44. City in Spain where Arabic was the main spoken language until 1492 when the Moors were expelled; Spanish has been the spoken language in the city since then. Gay poetry in relation to the city is documented from ca. 975. One of the most famous cities in southern Spain which, under the Arabs, had a huge mosque now converted into a cathedral. The city had a large number of *bathhouses (an Arab historian stated there were 900 at one time; see entry on the city in Encyclopaedia of Islam). The city was under Muslim control 711-1236 and was the capital of Muslim Spain 756-1013. In the tenth century it was the largest city in Europe with a population up to one million. Latin was spoken under the Romans Arabic: *'Abdallah, *Ben Jaruf of Cordoba, ibn Kharuf (possibly Ben Jaruf), *1 bn Kuzman, ibn Zaydun, *1 bn Hazm. Hebrew: ibn Khalfun (active 975.; the earliest known poet), Joseph Ibn Abitur, *Samuel Hanagid, *Yosef Ibn Saddiq. Spanish: see *Yosef Ibn Saddiq re *Muwashshah, Journals - Spanish, re the journal Cantico; *Góngora lived in Cordoba. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition: see "Kurtuba". Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1995. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Badboy Book, 87; biog., 385 - this is his first published poem and he lives in *New York. Poet from the Netherlands writing in Dutch. Active 1988. Book of poems:Vanitas (Amsterdam, 1988), 53 pages: thirty poems dealing with love. Source: * Vrolijk's Boekbulletin 1989/1 page v. "Cormac Mac Airt Presiding at Tara" Poem in Irish from Great Britain or Ireland. Possibly ca. 800. See the poem with the above title in John Montague, editor, The Faber Book of Irish Verse (1974), p. 50: a description of a beautiful man, presumably written by a man. The date is uncertain, it may be later. The exact place of writing is not known. Critic from the United States writing in English; he lives in Japan. Born 1924. A Tine United States *postmodernist poet whose poetry is much influenced by Japanese verse since he left the United States to live in Japan. In the journal Origin (volume 8, January 1963) which Cid Corman edited, see his discussion of *Basho which includes a section, Section 10, "Homosexuality"; this discusses "poems referring to good looking boys" by *Basho, the alleged homosexual relationship between Basho and his disciple the rice-merchant Tokoku (1665?-1690) and states "Looking back on the sexual life of our younger days even we who were born in the twentieth century can recall being entranced once by a goodlooking boy." A Tine poet whose small poems show the influence of *haiku and who has written a huge epic in two volumes Of (Venice, CA: Lapis Press, 1990), consisting of short poems. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Literary Biography. Contemporary Authors, New Revision Series, volume 44. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1943. Born in Georgia in the United States *south he has received numerous awards. Other books of poems, apart from those in the bibliographies below, include The Various Light (1980), Notes from a Child of Paradise (1984), The West Door (1988). Criticism: The Metamorphoses of Metaphor (1987); Autobiographies (1992). His 1978 A Call in the Midst of the Crowd is a *long poem in four parts on New York. Notes from a Child of Paradise is about a heterosexual relationship. He lived in New York in 1995 and teaches at Columbia University. His latest book of poems is Present (1997); review: James White Review, no. 54, winter 1998, 22 by George Piggford - includes a poem "A Marriage in the Nineties" about Alfred Corn's relationship with his longtime lover Chris Corwin, to whom the book is dedicated. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 805: A Call in the Midst of the Crowd, New York: Viking, 1978. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, 86-87 - poem "Older Men"; biog., 86 (with photo), stating he lives in *New York with *J. D. McClatchy. Poets for Life, 55. Badboy Book, 89; biog., 385. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 746-47. The World in Us: Lesbian and Gay Poetry of the Next Wave, 68-73; biog., 362. Criticism. Martin, Homosexual Tradition in American Poetry, 208-17; he states: "Corn announces the development of a gay poetry which can transcend its gayness" (p. 217). Word of Mouth, 234-40. Poet from Germany writing in German. 1824-1874. The Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 19 (1919), 144-74, has an article on him by *Numa Praetorius (pseud.). A composer, painter and poet with whom *Eduard Kulke was in love. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, vol. 9, pages 320-22, prints poems to him by Kulke. His *British Library General Catalogue entry lists several works of art criticism. University in the United States. Relevant especially from ca. 1985. Situated at Ithaca on a lake in upstste New York, Cornell is one of the best endowed Universities in the United States, with an outstanding library containing some rare gay material. It has an important archive of sexuality, called the Human Sexuality Collection, given by the Mariposa Foundation, formerly controlled by Bruce Voeller, and collected by David Goodstein (the former owner of * The Advocate) and given to the university following David Goodstein's death in 1982 (he also left the University an endowment for the study of sexuality). The University library has purchased half of the poetry book collection of *Ian Young; it also has good gay manuscript collections. See James Hutton, *R. B. Cooke, *George Stambolian, *Vladimir Nabokov. For an article on the library see "Gay at Cornell", The Advocate 13 May, 1982, 20-21. References. Steele, Major Libraries of the World. Translator from Latin to English from Great Britain and editor in English. 1839-1916. He translated the Latin poet *Catullus in 1904 and translated Catullus for the widely read *Loeb edition (1913; repr.). The Loeb edition contains censorship: for example, explicitly homosexual lines are omitted (see Catullus 16) or mistranslated (e.g., "darling" for "boy" in Poem 15). He was the editor of the Letters and Journals (1897) of the *Uranian poet *William Cory. He was vice-provost of *Eton and formerly fellow of King's College, *Cambridge. A poem written by *Oscar Browning states he was gay. Poet from Italy writing in Italian. Born 1953. Born in 'Milan, he has published Poesie per amare. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amicizia amorosa, 247-4B; biog., 2B3. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1930. One of the *Beat poets who included *Allen Ginsberg. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10561-64: Elegaic Feelings American, New York: New Directions, 1970, Gasoline, San Francisco: City Lights, 1968, The Happy Birthday of Death, New York: New Directions, 1962, Long Live Man, New York: New Directions, 1962. Pseudonym of a poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1860-1930. The pseudonym of *Frederick Rolfe. Corvo means "raven" in Italian, a bird which is black. Pseudonym of a historian who wrote in English. The pseudonym of *Edward Sagarin, born 1913. Poet and critic from the United States writing in English. Born 1953. Book of poems: Crossing the Street in the Rain (Gypsy Press, 1982); the title poem of this book which is in Son of the Male Muse, pp. 47-48, is *non gender specific. His chapbook Wife (Philadelphia, 1993), is reviewed in James White Review vol. 10 no. 3 (Spring 1993), 17. Wife contains excellent uncompromisingly gay poems. The Redheads, 1997, is his fourth book of poetry (review: James White Review, no. 56, summer 1998, 22 by *George Klawitter). He reviews poetry for * James White Review (e.g., *The Road Before Us ). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Son of the Male Muse, 46-48; biog., 187 (photo 46) - states he lives in West *Philadelphia where he is a *socialist. A Day for a Lay, 232-37; biog., 232 - a founding member of Insight to Riot, a poet's press based in Philadelphia. Cory, William (pseud.), sometimes called William Cory Johnson Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English, Latin and Greek. 1823-1892. William Cory was the name used by 'William Johnson after his dismissal from 'Eton in 1872. (Sometimes he is called William Cory Johnson.) In the 'British Library General Catalogue his works are entered under William Johnson (in the same cataloge see the entry under Ionica which was published anonymously). The name Cory recalls 'Corydon, the homosexual lover in 'Virgil's "Second Eclogue". His book of poems, Ionica, like 'Whitman's Leaves of Grass, was first published anonymously in 1858 and reprinted in various editions until 1891 with some poems were removed and others inserted in these later editions: see Smith, Love in Earnest, pp. 24647 for a list of editions. It was published under the name William Cory in 1905 in an edition edited by 'A. C. Benson with a memoir, the first time the author's name was on his book; this 1905 edition includes all poems published in all the previous editions of Ionica. It became a favourite of the 'Uranian poets. For the title's possible significance see 'Ion of Chios; see also 'Ion Ionicos (pseud.). Homosexuality appears in his work is a guarded way. "Heraclitus" is his most famous poem with the typical tragic tone of its time, a time of intense repression of gays ("They told me, Heraclitus, they told me you were dead"); many love poems are 'non gender specific. He was a Fellow of King's College, 'Cambridge, and the author of the 'Eton Boating Song and strongly influenced by 'Tennyson. His poems are dreamy and nebulous and there is considerable heterosexual interest. He also wrote in Latin: see Frederick Britain, editor, The Penguin Book of Latin Verse (1962), p. xlvii (biog.) and pp. 354-55 (a poem with strong gay overtones). He wrote a volume with original Latin poems intended for the teaching of Latin lyrics titled Lucretilis (Eton, 1871). Poems exist also in Greek: see Ionica (1905), pp. 210, 218-20. His Letters and Journals were edited by *F. Warre Cornish (1897). Biography: see 'Reginald Brett, 'Faith Mackenzie (who also edited unpublished poems); A. C. Benson's 1905 edition, as already noted, contains a life. Bibliographies. Murray, Catalogue of Selected Books, item 35: Ionica, states it was "First issued in 1858 under his original name of Cory" though the first edition was published anonymously. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10760: Ionica, London: Allen and Unwin, 1858 (repr. 1905) noting "especially" the poems "Heraclitus", "Preparation" and "Parting" (entered under William Johnson). Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 812-13: Extracts from the Letters and Journals of William Cory, Oxford: printed for the subscribers, 1897, and Ionica, London: Allen and Unwin, no date. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Ioläus (1935), 286. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 241-44. Reade, Sexual Heretics, 68-70. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 206-07: "Heraclitus". Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 53; biog., 116. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 274-76. Criticism. Smith, Love in Earnest, 246-47 and discussion 4-12. Trope and lover in Greek, Latin, Italian, English and French from ca. 40 B.C. Corydon is a shepherd in the Latin poet *Virgil's "Second Eclogue" (ca. 40 B.C.) who loves another, *Alexis; he appears also in "Eclogue 5" and "Eclogue 7". He is the most famous exemplar of gay love in Latin poetry. Originally, in Greek, spelt Korydon, he is a character in the "Fourth Idyll" of *Theocritus where he holds a homoaffectional dialogue with Batto and where, in the last two lines, he is called a *satyr. See the entry "Coridone" in Enciclopedia Virgiliana, Rome, 1984, for an exhaustive study with a bibliography. English. The name first appears in 'Alexander Barclay (1515) then *Abraham Fraunce and *Edmund Spenser (it is a common name for a shepherd in 'Elizabethan *pastoral poetry); see also *Charles Churchill, *Arthur H. Hallam, *L. M. Beebe. French: see Courouve, Vocabulaire de l'homosexualité masculine, 91-95 for a discussion of the word and trope in French. The French writer *André Gide wrote a famous series of essays called Corydon (1924) discussing homosexual love. Italian: see *Poliziano, *Sannazaro. Trope in Greek from Greece and Turkey. From ca. 1000. These *saints appear in Greek church art and are depicted on icons. *Hymns and prayers in the form of poetry are relevant. They were early Christian martyrs killed in Syria but nothing is known of their lives. There was a famous basilica in *Constantinople erected in their honor. For information see Catholic University of America, editor, New Catholic Encyclopedia (New York, 1967), vol. 4. (with illustration from an 11th century manuscript). Compare *Sergius and Bacchus, *Amis and Amile. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium: see "Kosmas and Damianos". Poet from Italy who wrote in Latin. Ca. 1420-1500. A homosexual and *Humanist who wrote poems to two males: "Ad Adrastum puerum" (To the boy Adastrus) and "Ad Ianum" (To Janus). He lived in Italian cities from Ferrara to *Rome. Poems in Italian accusing him of homosexuality were written about him by a certain *Antonio Cammelli. Song in Yagwoia from Papua New Guinea. From before 1985. Yagwoia is a member of the Angan family of New Guinea languages. The "Cosmogonic Song", about the creation of the universe, is sung at the first initiation rituals. The initiation rituals of the Yagwoia involve male-male *anal sex. The "Cosmogonic Song" was first recorded by Dr Jadran Mimica (Department of Anthropology, University of Sydney, 1990), ca. 1985, who is making a translation into English; the initiation rituals have now been discontinued. In Yagwoia mythology the first man had a penis in his mouth. Books on the Yagwoia have been written by Michael Allen and Ian Hogbin (known to be a gay anthropologist). Initiations stopped in the mid 1980s. City relating to works in English. A fictitious city used as the town of imprint for many erotic books, ca. 1900. This was done so as to give the impression the books were not published in Great Britain and thus not subject to British law. See *Aleister Crowley, Translator from Latin to English and critic from Great Britain. Active 19B4. Translator of the Latin poet 'Beccadelli into English (from the 1791 text ' Quinque illustrium Poetarum): Antonio Beccadelli and the Hermaphroditus (Liverpool, Janus Press, 19B4), 6B pages. It contains a fine introduction, life of Beccadelli and discussion of the textual history of the 'Hermaphroditus. This is an excellent English translation of a world formerly known only in its original language. Critic from Brazil writing in Portuguese. Active 1992. Author of A inocencia e o vicio: estudos sobre o homoerotismo (Rio de Janeiro, 1992), 195 pages, study of homosexuality and literature. Not seen. Poet from Brazil writing in Portuguese. 1901-1968. Author of Obra Poetica (1954). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poemas do amor maldito, 113: sonnet to an *angel; biog., 112. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Born 1863. An Anglican clergyman who wrote New Sermons for a New Century (London, 1909) along with poetry. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10566-67: Cameos of Boyhood, London: Arthur H. Stockwell, 1930, Friends of My Fancy, * Eton: Shakespeare Head Press, 1960. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 818-19: same books. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, x, xii-xiii: about an unpublished *manuscript of translations from the Greek * Palatine Anthology and a modern homoanthology, The *Golden Flame, submitted to the *Fortune Press, which is *lost. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 249: "To G R"; a Tine poem. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 83: re Agathon, lover of *Plato. Criticism. Smith, Love in Earnest, 85-87 (re connection with *Wratislaw) and see index; 244 (bibliography of works). Poet from Germany writing in German. Active before 1964. No entry found in the *British Library General Catalogue. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 47: poem "Die neuen Kamaraden" ("Die Sonne schimmert golden...") from Afrika singt. No other information given. Countries in the Encyclopedia and countries in the world The country names are taken from the list US State Department list of Independent States in the World which lists 190 states with which the United States has diplomatic missions (with Serbia and Montenegro and Taiwan being two others). This is available and updated yearly on the internet. As countries have changed names during history, the name of the country as at 21 January 2000 is used for country names. Boundaries have also changed and boundaries are taken at this date. In addition, not all countries are recognized by other countries and the United States does not recognize some countries (e.g. for some 30 years it did not recognize the Republic of China). Short forms of a country are used (e.g. Australia for Commonwealth of Australia) and spelling is based on the United States State Department spelling. Concise information on countries and a list of current countries is given in the Encyclopedia Brittanica Yearbook, Chicago: Encyclopedia Brittanica. This has information for the year before that in the title (e.g. 1997 Encyclopedia BrittanicaYearbook deals with information for 1996 under "Nations of the World"). This information may not be as up to date as that of the US State Department which however is defective as it only lists countries with which the United States maintains diplomatic missions. Some parts of the world are under United Nations control (e.g., the Caroline Islands are a United Nations protectorate under the control of the United States as is East Timor) and there overseas colonies still exist (e.g., France has colonies in the Pacific, including Tahiti) so not all parts of the world are separate countries. Some areas have an ambiguous status: for example, Puerto Rico, an island in the Caribbean, is an autonomous political entry in voluntary association with the United States which is the country of sovereignty (entries referring to Puerto Rico state "United States" but the area is noted within entries as Puerto Rico). The US State Department maintains a list of Dependencies and Areas of Special Sovereignty (e.g. East Timor). This list is available on the internet. On the United Nations site there is a section of Unrepresented Nations and Peoples (UNPO) which lists peoples claiming to be nations. The number of countries has increased since World War Two ended in 1945. Not all countries are members of the United Nations (e. g. Switzerland and Taiwan are not members) so the list of United Nations members, also available on the internet, cannot be taken as a definitive list of countries. 118 countries are referred to throughout the Encyclopedia: Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burma, Cambodia, Canada, Central African Republic, Chile, China, Colombia, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Estonia, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Holy See (sometimes called *Vatican City) Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kirghizstan (alternative spelling: Kyrgyzstan), Korea (this refers to both North Korea and South Korea), Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Libya, Lithuania, Macedonia, Madagascar, Malaysia, Malta, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Saint Lucia, Samoa, Saudi Arabia, Serbia and Montenegro (formerly Yugoslavia), Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka (formerly Ceylon), Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Taiwan, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine, United Kingdom (also called Great Britain; full title: United Kingdom of Great Britain), United States of America, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuala, Vietnam, Yemen, Zimbabwe. For the countries of the former Yugoslavia see Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Serbia and Montenegro. George Peter Murdock, Outline of World Culures, sixth edition (New Haven, CT: Human Relations Area Files, 1983), is a concise guide to the *cultures of the world based on the * Human Relations Area Files (publication commenced in 1954). There are more cultures than languages though in many cases culture and language coincide. For information on the cultures of the world consult David Levinson, editor, Encyclopedia of World Cultures, 10 volumes (Boston: G. K, Hall, 1993) and Amiram Gonen, Encyclopedia of the Peoples of the World (New York: H. Holt, 1993). See also *Cultures. Poet and novelist from the Netherlands who wrote in Dutch; he also lived in Indonesia. 1863-1923. The foremost Dutch novelist of his time who wrote novels based on upper middle class life in The Hague and which are now regarded as classics; he wrote some poetry. His first novel Noodlot (1891) had a strong homosexual theme. The novel De berg van licht (1905; English trans. The Mountain of Light) is about the bisexual and androgynous Roman Emperor Heliogabalus; other novels have homosexual characters. He wrote some poems and translated the Greek poet *Theocritus's "Second Idyll " into Dutch (published in 1973). He married but *Gerard Reve has maintained he was a virgin when he died. He lived in Indonesia for a decade of his youth. See F. L. Bastet, Een zuil in de mist (Amsterdam, 1980). Biography: Frederic Bastet, Louis Couperus (1987). There is a Louis Couperus Foundation Museum in The Hague. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Penguin Companion to World Literature: states he wrote some poems early in his career. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 271-72: by *Gert Hekma. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Naar vriendscaap zulk een mateloos verlangen, 17-19: four poems from Nagelaten Werk, Amsterdam/ Assen: Van Gorcum, 1975 (books cited 116). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 270-71: four *sonnets, one called *"Eros"; 262 - biog. note and note on 54 sonnets titled * Endymion. Bibliographer and lexicographer of French material from France writing in French; bibliographer of material in Greek and Latin. Born 1943. An outstanding bibliographer who compiled the first French gay bibliographies, Fragments 4: 1478-1881 (Paris, 1981 [24 pages]), Bibliographies des homosexualités ii 1882-1924 (third edition, Paris, 1981 ; unpaginated, about 24 pages), and Bibliographie des homosexualités 1924-77 (Paris, 1978) - which includes additions to the earlier works but fails to list whether literary works are poetry, novels or dramatic works. These bibliographies are partly annotated lists of books and articles covering literature, sociology and history in French. (Compare *Manfred Herzer for German and Giovanni Dall'Orto for Italian.) They were published by the author from 1977 in expanded editions and are rare. He is the author of the first study of the French homosexual vocabulary: Vocabulaire de l'homosexualité masculine (Paris, 1985), 248 pages; bibl. pp. 241-44. This is one of the most detailed studies of a gay vocabulary in any language. Greek and Latin. He is the author of a bibliography of Greek and Latin writers on homosexuality, Ces petits grecs ont un faible portes gymnases...: l'amour masculine dans les textes grecs and latine (Paris, 1988), 50 pages; it is in progress but is being periodically published. This is an annotated list of references to male homosexuality in Greek and Latin authors to 1200; it also lists homosexuality in the *Old Testament and *New Testament. He cites homopoems by poets and has brief comments. It is available from the author who lives in *Paris. He has studied the manuscripts of *Georges Hérelle and has made an annotated summary of their contents on computer. He is editing the diaries of *André Gide. In Gay Books Bulletin no. 7 (Spring 1982), 13-14, his article "Aspects of Male Love in the French Language". Poets associated with the court of a particular ruler; documented from 502 in Chinese in China and after in other languages. In the middle east and formerly in India, in some feudal kingdoms, rulers employed a poet. This tradition spread as far as Japan and probably to Indonesia. Such poetry may contain a strongly homoerotic component (though sometimes this is in the form of flattery directed at the ruler and the feelings expressed cannot be accepted as genuine). The entire Persian tradition was strongly associated with such poets as was the Arabic (see *Abu Nuwas, *al-Mutannabi, *Saif al-Daula) and the Turkish tradition (where some bisexual or homosexual *Sultans wrote poetry). The rulers in these languages acted as patrons for poetry. The tradition also spread to Urdu speaking India. Such poetry is associated with *wine drinking and 'epicureanism (frequently in an all male setting). Persian *manuscripts were illustrated with scenes of strong male homoaffection and Persian poets frequently wrote an *elegy for their ruler on his death. Other *Islamic languages such as Pashto and Tajik may be relevant. Poems addressed to rulers may have a homoerotic element. Though many of these poems show flattery, some undoubtedly exhibit genuine sentiment. Persian. In Encyclopedia Iranica under "Courts and Courtiers", see "Court Poetry" in vol. 6, pp. 384-88. See, too, Yarshater, Persian Literature, 75-95. See also illustration - Persian, *Zuhuri. Chinese: see *Orchid Terrace (active ca.502). Japanese: see *Waka (a tradition closely associated with the court). See also *Emperors for Chinese and Japanese. Korean: see *Chong Ch'ol. Burmese. Poems directed to rulers are a feature of early poetry. They are likely in Thai. Cambodian. Vietnamese and Javanese. Latin: see *Castiglione. English. Many 'Elizabethan poets such as *Sir Philip Sidney were closely associated with the court of Queen Elizabeth I. Russian. Rulers can censor poets as was the case with *Pushkin whose work the Czar Nicholas I took a personal interest in. For *African languages see *Praise poems. Courtly Love, also called Amour courtois Movement in France in French and in Italy, Spain, Germany, Great Britain and Russia in *Romance languages and German and Russian. From ca. 1100. Courtly love (in French Amour Courtois) was a convention involving the writing of love poems to a distant lady. Roger Boase, The Origin and Meaning of Courtly Love (1971) is a major study which traces the convention centrally to Arabic poetry in Spain (p. 3) - see especially Chapter 11, "Theories of the Origin of Courtly Love", pp. 62-99; he states it "grew out of the Cathar or Albigensian heresy", a heresy which relates to the word *buggery, that it was fostered by *Neoplatonism (p. 81) and that it was "a collective fantasy or an institutionalisation of neurotic values"; fine bibl. pp. 140-66. F. X. Newman, The Meaning of Courtly Love (1968), has one of the best general bibliographies. Andreas Capellanus (active 1175-80) wrote the major document in Latin Tractatus de amore (Thesis on love); this work has been translated into various Romance languages and English; in English, see the translation by John Jay Parry (New York, 1941; repr.). See also *Irving Singer, *Clive Staples Lewis. The reality of the lady has been doubted in some cases and the "lady" addressee could provide a mask for homosexual writing; "she" is addressed in the masculine form in still other poems (Boase, Origin and Meaning of Courtly Love, p. 63). So it cannot always be assumed in the poetry that the lady is a female. Love in this tradition is unconsumated. At this time homosexuality was being enforced as a heresy by death and open homosexual love poems could not be written (see Law entries in the languages listed). The *troubadours are the main poets involved in relation to homosexuality. The whole convention could obviously provide a covered way of writing about homosexuality at such a time. The convention died out ca. 1400 and, as yet, there has been no study of homosexuality in relation to courtly love (though see *Reni Nelli). *Petrarchism emerged from the idea as did the poetry of *Dante. See in French, Denis de Rougement's study, L'amour et l'Occident (1939; trans. into English as Passion and Society, 1940), shows the influence of *Freud, linking *Eros with death. See also *Platonic Love and *Debate on Love - Arabic (the convention of Courtly Love undoubtedly owes much to Arabic poetry and Arabic poetic conventions, in turn influencing Spanish and Provençal poetry), *Ibn Dawud, influence - Arabic, *Slavery. French. The *Roman de la Rose is the most important poem. German. The concept influenced the *Minnesingers. Italian. Through *Petrarch the idea of courtly love became a major concept behind the ideas about love expressed in the *sonnet form. Provencal: see iroubadours. Russian: see *Byliny. Spanish: see *Alba. See also in general iroubadours. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature: see the entry "Minnesang". Critic writing in English about Latin poets from Great Britain. Active 1980. Author of A Commentary of the Satires of Juvenal (London, 1980), 650 pp.: a major commentary on Juvenal with extensive discussion of homosexuality, especially in Satires 2 and 9 (pp. 120-150 and 424-45). It extends the commentaries of *Gilbert Highet; see the Index under *Effeminacy and *Homosexuality (p. 634) and also *Baths (p. 631) and Education, morals (p. 634). The title page states the author is Professor of Latin, King's College, London. Review: Liverpool Classical Monthly vol. 6 no. 3 (March 1981), 83-86. Poet from Brazil who wrote in Portuguese. Active from 1910. See Arcadie no. 72 (December 1959), 711: re his poem "Cancioneiro de Amigo" in his book Cancioneiro de Dom Alfonso (Lisbon, 1939). Poet from New Zealand writing in English. Active 1994. Book of poems, I Know, which is gay inspired poetry; see the review in Man to Man (Auckland) 4 August 1994, 15. This is also listed in the Bibliography on Homosexuality in New Zealand (1995), by *A. P. MIllett, item 655. He lived in *London for a short period and now lives in Auckland; he has made three experimental short films. Gay Poetry Anthologies. When Two Men Embrace, 17-24; biog., 47. Poet, diarist, autobiographer, song writer and dramatist from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1899-1973. Best known as a playwright who wrote *camp plays such as Bitter Sweet (1929) and Private Lives (1930), Noel Coward was also a poet. Besides his original poems, some song lyrics written for his plays, such as the lyric "Mad About the *Boy" (1933), are relevant. His *long poem Not Yet the Dodo is one of the finest long poems in English on the theme of male homosexuality: it deals affectionately with an upper-class English couple who accept their son (Barry's) homosexuality when he goes on the stage. Text. Collected Verse (1984). His longtime companion Graham Payn wrote a book of reminiscences. He lived as a tax exile in later life in Switzerland and Jamaica and had a nervous breakdown in middle age. Autobiography: Noel Coward Autobiography, edited by Sheridan Morley (1976). Criticism: see the study of his songs in Robert F. Kiernan, Noel Coward (1986), Chapter 5, "The Revues, Operettas and Songs", 13955. Biography. Cole Lesley, The Life of Noel Coward (1976) was written by his secretary from 1936; Noel Coward asked for details of his homosexuality to be removed. Clive Fisher, Noel Coward (1992), deals openly with his homosexuality. *Philip Hoare, Noel Coward (1995), is the most candid biography to date and openly deals with his homosexuality with listings of homosexuals in his circle. Diary. The Noel Coward Diaries (1982), were edited by Graham Payn and Sheridan Morley and cover his life 1940-69. A television film of his life was made in Great Britain: Noel Coward (1992). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionary of National Biography 1971-80 : openly refers to his homosexuality. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 277-78. Howes, Broadcasting It. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10568-69: The Lyrics of Noel Coward, London: Heinemann, [no date], and Not yet the dodo, London [no date]. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 826: Not Yet the Dodo and Other Verses, Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1968. Criticism. Bronski, Culture Clash, 69-71 and 112-13: re the lyric "Mad About the Boy", quoted in full. Cowboys, called in Spanish gauchos Cowboys are males who look after cattle which are later sold to be killed and eaten. Material in English dates from ca. 1915; there may be some relevant material in Spanish where they are called gauchos. English. The all male society of cowboys may involve homosexuality, either repressed or active. See entries: *Charles Badger Clark (active ca. 1915), *Ed Dorn (an important *sequence), * Brother Songs (re Barney Bush), *Donald Friend, *Kirby Congdon, *Ian Young (re his poem, "Home on the Range" in Not Love Alone, pp. 136-39). A major *sequence is the Billy the Kid sequence of Jack Spicer. See also References below, *Bawdry (though cowboy bawdry seems completely lost), *Leather and *S/M. Spanish. Homosexual reference in South America is quite likely: see Arturo Torres-Rioseco, The Epic of Latin American Literature (Berkeley, 1959), Chapter 4, "Gaucho Literature", pp. 133-67. A large volume of gaucho literature exists, especially in Argentina; a gaucho epic was written by José Hernandez. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gay Histories and Cultures. Other references. These references are all to English language material. Katz, Gay American History, 508-11 ; includes pictures of cowboys dancing together. Woods, Articulate Flesh: Male Homoeroticism and Modern Poetry, 77-80 and f. 107, page 240: cites *Vernon Scannell, *Ed Dorn, *Dennis Kelly, Jack Spicer, *Thomas Meyer, *Michael Ondaatje. Peters, Hunting the Snark: A Compendium of New Poetic Terminology, 36-38: see "Billy the Kid Poems" (cites *Jack Spicer, *Michael McClure and *Thomas Meyer), and "Cowboy Poems", 84-87. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English; translator from English to Latin. 1618-1687. There is considerable homosexual interest in his poetry. His *epic poem Davideis tells the story of the biblical *David and Jonathan. A supporter of the Royalist cause, he was a noted lyric poet. In his lyric poem "Platonick Love" he states to his lover: "I Thee, both as Man and Woman, prize/For a perfect love implies/Love in all capacities"; the poem also compares the lovers to *Narcissus and is a major expression of English *Platonism. He wrote imitations of the Greek poet *Anacreon and also Pindarique *Odes published in Poems (1656). Poems (1656) contains the first use of the word "Anacreontiques" in English so far known (see Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics entry "*Anacreontics"); the poem "Underneath this Myrtle Shade" in this volume has the *cupbearer trope from ancient Greek and "The Grasshopper" contains the *Ganymede trope. His epigrams show the influence of *Martial. His Anacreontics were reprinted in the 1683 edition * Anacreon done into English in a bisexual context. *Bisexual interest, though most poems are heterosexual in ambience. He translated Book 1 of the Davideis into Latin as Davideidos. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 168-69: from his epic Davideis , Book 2. Cowper, William A poet remembered for his long poem The Task (1785). In The Works, edited by *Robert Southey (London, 1854), vol. 6, p. 185, in "Tirocinium" he refers to "*Fops at all corners, lady-like in mien,/ Civeted fellows, smelt ere they are seen" at Westminster school when he attended it. These lines are from "Tirocinium" ii, lines 827-30. He was a contemporary of *Charles Churchill at Westminster (compare *Leigh Hunt as regards homosexuality at school). On "Tirocinium" see the note pp. 347-48 in B. Spiller, editor, Cowper: Poetry and Prose (1968); this refers to a suppressed letter of 27 November 1784, about a surgeon being kept to treat the boys at Westminster for venereal disease. Criticism. On the poem, "On the Receipt of My Mother's Picture", see Albert Mordell, The Erotic Motif in Literature (1919; repr. 1962), pp. 37-39 on Cowper and the *Oedipus Complex. Mordell states the poem is "The best example of the Oedipus complex in English literature.." (p. 37). (This author's reading of the poem is simply that it represents a sentimental approach to its subject.) Cowper translated *Homer's * Iliad from Greek (published in 1791; worked on 1785-91). A very depressive and neurotic person (he attempted *suicide several times), Cowper's sexuality is very problematical. Asexuality or a low sex drive cannot be ruled out and changes in his sexuality, including from being sexually active to non-activity, may have occurred. He has been suspected of being homosexual. The homosexual theory was put forward by H. K. Gregory in The Prisoner and His Crimes: A *Psychological Approach to William Cowper's Life and Writings, unpublished *Harvard Ph. D. 1951. See also the comments on this work by Charles Ryskamp in his William Cowper (1959), in Chapter 9, and by James King in William Cowper (1986), p. 28 and footnote 19, p. 292; they both come to different conclusions. James concludes that Cowper "was an active heterosexual until 1763; after that, his diminution of self-esteem seems to have led to an eradication of sexual urges" (p. 28). Cowper wrote Olney *Hymns (1779) which could be read to show sublimated homosexuality. He wrote an autobiography, Memoir (ca. 1767; published in 1816), and letters. A biography was written by *David Cecil. His Letters were edited by Charles Ryskamp and James King, 4 volumes (1979-84). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1926. Raised a Catholic, he was in the United States navy and has worked in various public projects in *Washington. His book of poems Waking (*Gay Sunshine, 1977), 48 pages, contains striking gay poetry - see the title poem p. 37; biographical notes on the poet are on p. 48 (with photo). Waking has a fine cover drawing by Ed Aulerich and is an outstanding book of gay poetry in *free verse style (reviews: Gay Sunshine no. 33-34, 53; Boston Gay Review no. 4-5, Fall 1978). Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10570: Blocks, Washington, DC: Some of Us Press, 1973. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 836-37: Blocks and Waking, San Francisco: *Gay Sunshine Press, 1977. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Angels of the Lyre, 42-46; biog., 238. Orgasms of Light, 55-57; biog., 251. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 638-39. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 534. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1754-1832. His *long poem The Borough (1810) is based on the town of Aldeburgh, Suffolk. One story in the poem, that of Peter Grimes, was used as the basis for the opera Peter Grimes by the gay composer Benjamin Britten (first performed in 1945). The opera has been interpreted on stage as being deeply homosexual (see the Britten entry in Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, pp. 164-65); it was a favorite work of *Leonard Bernstein. The Borough is written in *heroic couplets. Homosexuality is only implicit in the Peter Grimes story as told here: see The Borough, Letter 22. Crabbe led a varied life becoming successively the parish doctor, destitute, and then the parish vicar of Aldeburgh; he married in 1785. The novelist Sir Walter Scott called him "the English Juvenal". Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 187-89: from Peter Grimes. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1970. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10571: " My confession" and "This morning will last forever" in Gay Sunshine 4:12-13, December 1970. Poet from the United States who wrote in English; translator from Latin to English. 1813-1892. Book of poems: The Bird and the Bell with other poems (Boston, 1890) He translated *Virgil's Aeneid from Latin, 1872. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature: a clergyman of ample means, essayist, poet and painter he "lived for many years in Rome and Paris [and] was definitely a dilletante". Criticism. Foster, "Beauty's Purple Flame: Some Minor American Gay Poets", Gay Books Bulletin no. 7 (1982), 15, 18; on p.15 Forster states late in life he wrote a poem "Iapis" about a shepherd youth whom Phoebus loved based on an episode in the Aeneid, Book 12, where the boy's name appears as "Iapix"'. Poet and letter writer from the United States who wrote in English. 1899-1932. A *modernist poet who probably committed *suicide by jumping off a ship (though he may have fallen). His work develops out of the poetry of the *eighteen-nineties. His first published poem, in the journal The Pagan, in 1916 was called "C 33" (*Oscar Wilde's prison number). *Philip Horton, Crane's first biographer first pointed out his gay nature in 1937. "Voyages 2" from the Voyages sequence is usually regarded as a homosexual love poem; however it is not openly homosexual since the sex of the *"you" in the poem is not made clear. Open homosexual poems do not exist as such in his oeuvre. He was an immensely complex person whose work and style relates to the *surrealist movement. His last love affair was with a woman, Peggy Baird. Her letters as quoted in John Unterecker's biography, Voyager: A Life of *Hart Crane, 1969 - for instance on pp. 716-17 - reveal that the relationship was consummated and Hart Crane may thus be described as *bisexual. A documented lover was the sailor *Carl Carlsen. Text. The first complete text is Complete Poems, edited by Brom Weber (1958). His Letters were edited by Brom Weber in 1952. The publication of the letters confirmed Crane's homosexuality - e.g. see pp. 26-27 (letter to Gorham Munson 27 December 1919); see also *Allen Tate and *Waldo Frank. An expanded selection of his letters was published in 1999, O My Land, My Friends: The Selected Letters of Hart Crane, edited by Langdon Hammer and Brom Webber (review: Lesbian and Gay Studies Newsletter, Spring/ Summer, 1998, 61-63 by David Jarraway). Not all letters have been published. Criticism in general. As a major poet of *modernism there has been a large volume of criticism on him. An adequate gay reading of his major long poem The Bridge (1930) has not yet been attempted though *Thomas Yingling has attempted a gay reading of Crane overall; see also *Hunce Voelcker. An overview of the latest research on him in relation to homosexuality is "The Reinvention of Hart Crane" by Samuel R. Delany in Harvard Gay and Lesbian Review, Fall 1999, 9-13. For other gay criticism see "Criticism in homosexual terms" below. Biography. *Philip Horton disclosed his homosexuality in 1937, as already stated. John Unterecker wrote a major biography of a gay poet and discusses the homosexual aspects candidly. The Broken Tower: A Life of Hart Crane by Paul Mariani, 1999, is the latest biography and deals candidly with his sexuality (see the review in the London Review of Books, 30 September, 1999, 45-46). Bibliography: see Joseph Schwartz and Robert C. Schweik, Hart Crane: A Descriptive Bibliography (1971). Translation. Dutch. Translated by Lloyd Haft (titled GefluisterdLicht [Whispered Light]; 1997). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Dictionary of American Biography: by *F. O. Matthiessen. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 727-28. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 278-79. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10572-73: Complete Poems, Garden City: New York: Doubleday, 1966 and White Buildings, New York: Liveright, 1925. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 843-44: Complete Poems and Selected Letters and Prose, Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1966 and The Letters of Hart Crane, 1916-1932, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1965. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 312-13: the poem "Voyages II". Digte om mends kerlighed til mend. Fra mann til mann, 43. Les Amours masculines, 390. Name of Love, 23-34: poem "Episode of Hands"; biog., 71. "Matrosen sindder Liebe Schwingen", 120-21: German trans. of "Voyages 4". Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 678-84. Criticism in homosexual terms. Martin, Homosexual Tradition in American Poetry, 115-63. Foster, "Beauty's Purple Flame: Some Minor American Gay Poets", Gay Books Bulletin no. 7 (1982), 17: re editorship of the *journal Pagan. Woods, Articulate Flesh: Male Homo-eroticism and Modern Poetry, 140-67: a close reading of his poetry. Short story writer and poet from the United States writing in English. 1871-1900. A journalist and major writer of realist short stories especially known for his American Civil War novella, The Red Badge of Courage (1895). Stephen Crane also wrote poetry. He led a bohemian existence and lived with a woman Cora who was the hostess of a night club brothel. He started a homosexual novel after seeing a boy with purple eyes on Broadway in 1894 but Hamlin Garlin found the manuscript so shocking that Crane abandoned the work: see John Berryman, Stephen Crane (1950), p. 86. He is believed to have shared lodgings with the poet George Cooper. He lived in Great Britain for the last three years of his life where he was a close friend of Joseph Conrad. He wrote some poetry. Homosexual elements in his character may never be adequately known. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1954. Book of poems: Salt and Honey (London: Gay Men's Press, 1989 - shared with *Martin Humphries); biog. opposite title page and photo on back cover. Cranfield's poems ocupy pp. 5-41 and are called "Music for the Soviet Minister of Culture"; they include a selection of *sonnets. Born in London, he read English at the University of York then trained as a general and psychiatric nurse. He lives in *London. Poems have appeared in the journal Square Peg. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Not Love Alone, 25-27: a poem about the Soviet composer Shostakovich (the poem is not obviously gay); biog., 140. Take Any Train, 18; biog., 61. Language of water, 37-38; biog., 78. Of Eros and Dust, 11-12, 23-24: a fine poem on the gay writer Joe Orton and his lover Halliwell, 79; biog., 85: states he is editing an anthology of *Aids poetry. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 125, 163-64, 229. Poet and critic from the United States writing in English. Born 1944. Author of a major book of poems about the United States, The Revisionist (1981), examining how the country may be restored to its native beauty (e. g., by removing all foreign plants and works of art). In The Revisionist see "Pultneyville", pp. 37-39, dedicated to John Ashbery. He is a poet liked by *Richard Hall and John Ashbery (stated in the interviews in The Advocate cited in their entries). He has been greatly inspired by Ashbery and has written a brilliant essay on James Schuyler. His lover is *Frank Polach (born 1944) - see Schuyler, Diary, p. 312. Schuyler, Diary, p. 303, states " he and his lover, Frank Polach, appear in the [James Schuyler] poem 'Dinging Out with Doug and Frank'". He has also published AMERIFIL.TXT: a commonplace book (1996). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors, vol. 106; notes he is divorced. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Ca. 1612-1649. Educated at Cambridge he became a *Catholic: see his poem "The Flaming Heart". He wrote religious mystical poetry addressed to Jesus Christ. He also wrote in Latin, though nothing of relevance was found in the L. C. Martin edition of his works. Compare *Digby Dolben. See the essay by Richard Rambuss, "Pleasure and Devotion: The Body of Jesus and Seventeenth Century Religious Lyric" in Jonathan Goldberg, Queering the Renaissance, 1994, pp. 253-79, an essay mainly on *Crashaw. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1923. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 846: The Carrying of the Ghost, Boston: Brimmer, 1923. Bibliographer from Canada of works in English and French. Active 1984. He compiled * Homosexuality in Canada. Editor of bawdry oral poems in English from the United States. Active from 1965. He compiled Bawdy Ballads (London, 1975), with a bibliography pp. 266-67; the ballads are texts put together from several sources (with notes). Homosexual reference in most cases is slight and negative but see "The Tinker" p. 11, "Samuel Hall" p. 12, "The Monk of Great Renown" p. 25, "O'Reilly's Daughter" p. 28, "The Ball of Kirriemuir" pp. 34-35, "The Sexual Life of the Camel" p. 49, "I-Yi-Yi-Yi" pp. 74-79, "Abdul the Bulbul Emir" pp. 70 (important), "Life Presents a Dismal Picture" p. 85, "Fuck em all" p. 146-147. The Erotic Muse: American Bawdy Songs (1992), is a revised edition which includes forty more songs and gives variant texts; it is more scholarly than the first edition; important bibliography pp. 415-24. The poems are emphatically heterosexual and homosexual reference is slight. See the poems listed above in the second edition and in particular "The Darby Ram" pp. 23-28, "The Monk of Great Renown" pp. 37-42, *"Christopher Columbo" pp. 308-315 (the most important gay work). There are British versions of some of these poems: see *Alan Bold, *Vance Randolph. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10574: The Anthology of Restoration Erotic Poetry, Los Angeles: Brandon House, 1965, 165 pp. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1967. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 847: Apple Pie, San Diego: Greenleaf Classics, 1967. Translator from Greek to English from Great Britain. 1659-1700. The second English translator of Theocritus; the first was the author of *Sixe Idyllia (1588). The title page of his translation reads The Idylliums of Theocritus, with Rapin's discourse of Pastorals done into English Oxford, 1684, L. Lichfield for Anthony Stephens (see *Anthony Stephens); it was reprinted by *Edmund Curll. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 75-78: trans. of *Theocritus, Idylls 23 (dedicated to Mr Rily, painter to His Majesty) and 26 (To Charles Viner of Wadham College [*Oxford], Esquire) - 1684. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 3-5: trans. of Theocritus "Idyll 23". Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1926. In The Collected Poems 1945-75 (Berkeley, 1982), see pp. 23 "Hart Crane 2", 71 "For a Friend", 109-110 "Hart Crane", 156 "Please" (for *James Broughton) and 288 "Messengers" (for *Allen Ginsberg). The Australian poet *Robert Adamson dedicated a homosexual love poem to him. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poets for Life, 56: poem "Plague" about *Aids (not a gay poem). Biographer from Great Britain writing in English. Active from 1940. His biographies of * Horace Walpole (1940) and *Thomas Gray (1955) touch on homosexuality in guarded terms. His Dictionary of National Biography entry states that he "came to terms" in his two biographies with the fact that Walpole and Gray were "natural celibates". Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography 1961-70: states he never married and was a practising Christian. Pseudonym of a poet possibly from the United States writing in English. Active 1978. Pseudonym of *Frederick Morey. Poet and letter writer from New Zealand who wrote in English; he lived later in Great Britain. A homosexual incident with the mayor of Wanganui and leading lawyer in the town, Charles Evan Mackay, in 1920, leading to a court case, is described in Michael King, Frank Sargeson: A Life, 1995, pp. 161-62. Charles Mackay, though married, was known to he a homosexual and citizens wanted to get rid of him; they hired D'Arcy Cresswell as an agent provocateur. The lawyer shot and wounded Cresswell in the chest after Cresswell threated to go to the police; Mackay was convicted and sentenced to fifteen years in prison. Cresswell was friends with Sargeson whom he met in 1935 (see King, Frank Sargeson, p. 160). Cresswell married in *London in 1925 but abandoned his wife and son the following year. The Forest, a verse play written in the 1930s but only published in 1952, is about the primacy of homosexual love. Poems: see "To L - / After we had fought" in Poems, 1921-27, London, 1928, p. 71. In Sonnets, Christchurch, 1976, see "To - " and "To L - " (Numbers 10 and 11), pp. 22-23; this volume shows the influence of *Shakespeare. Letters of D'Arcy Cresswell was published in Christchurch in 1971. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to New Zealand Literature. Criticism. Best Mates: Gay Writing in Aotearoa New Zealand, 15-16. Poet from Spain writing in Catalan. Active before 197B. See also 'Anna Gil Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poemes Gais, 7-1Q. Catalan poet; also trans. into Spanish in Poemes Gais. Poet from France who wrote in French. 1900-1935. French *surrealist novelist who wrote some poems. He was the only self proclaimed homosexual in the surrealist group and committed *suicide. Text and general criticism: see Claude Courtot, René Crevel (1969); includes a selection of poems. Biography. In French see Michel Carassou, René Crevel (Paris, 1989) and François Buot, René Crevel (1991), 489 pp.; bibl., pp. 271-79. A special issue of the journal Masques no. 17 (Printemps 1983) was devoted to him. Manuscripts are believed to exist in a library in Paris. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 281-82. Dictionnaire Gay. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amour bleu, 238: the poem "Nighttime" about *cruising; includes a biographical survey. Les Amours masculines, 399-401. Drobci stekla v ustih, 56. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 447: "Night". "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen ", 122-23. Pour tout l'amour des hommes, 240-41. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 422-23. Criticism in homosexual terms. Woods, History of Gay Literature, 231-35: deals with his novels. Crew, Louie English poet from the United States; he lived in China for a time. Born 1936. Born in *Alabama in the *south, in 1974 he edited The Gay Academic, a pioneering work (including two essays by him on gay history). In the same year he edited with *Rictor Norton the special issue of College English, November 1974, titled The Homosexual Imagination (this issue has a selection of gay poems pp. 337-49). His partner is the *black Afro-American *Ernest Clay (who in 1999 calls himself Ernest Crew-Clay) and together they founded Identity, the association of gay Episcopalians. He has published an enormous number of gay poems and related articles (over 475 items by 1995 and over 1,300 by 1999), several poetry *chapbooks, several *postcard poems and lived and worked in *Hong Kong when it was a British colony. He taught in the mid 1990s in South Carolina in Chaflin College. In his book of poems Sunspots (1976), see especially "Hymn to Gay Brotherhood" pp. 5759 (a biographical note is on the last page). In Midnight Lessons, (1987), 12 pages, see "Surveillance Twenty Years Ago" p. 10 and "Quem Quaeritis", p. 11. These two books are his most noted gay books. A Tine gay poet, he has an elaborate homepage on the internet. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 849-52:The Gospel Truth, Fort Valley, GA: Swish Press, Publications, no date (poem card), Queer Power, no place: Swish Publications, 1979 (postcard), Sunspots, Detroit: Lotus Press, 1976 and poem card with Ernest Clay published in 1979 (see Ernest Clay entry for details). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, 88-90; biog., 88 (disclosing he uses the pseudonym *Li Min Hua). Poet from the United States writing in English. Active before 1976. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10575: You Mark Anthony: Navigator on the Nile, privately printed, no date. Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. Born ca. 79 B.C. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 298. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 133: re *Eros. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1992. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Language of water, 42-44: very Tine poems about life after his lover Brian's death; no biog. note. Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. 460 B.C.-403 B.C. One of the Thirty Tyrants of *Athens who was an early associate of *Socrates. He wrote tragedies (fragments of which survive) and *elegaic poetry. Xenophon in Memorabilia i 2 states his best loved *boy was Euthydemos. No certain poems survive (see *lost works). Cited as being homosexual in Hirschfeld, Die Homosexualität des Mannes und des Weibes, 653. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 35-36. Critics and Historians - Italian Critics and literary historians of gay poetry in Italian from Italy and in other *European languages of Italian poety date from at least 1897. Criticism on *Michelangelo Buonarotti's sonnets constitutes the largest body of gay poetry criticism in Italian and dates from at least 1897 with the German edition of the poet by *Carl Frey: see the main Michelangelo entry for editions and *James Saslow (in English') and *Enzo Girardi and *Giovanni Testori in Italian for critics of the poetry. There has been significant comment on homosexuality in *Dante (for instance, by *Richard Kay) while *Pier Paolo Pasolini, the filmmaker who was also a poet, has had a significant body of criticism written on his poetry and the Tine poet *Sandro Penna has had criticism written on him by *Elio Pecora. *Giovanni Dall'Orto is the outstanding critic and historian of the *gay liberation period. Prior to this, *Mario Praz wrote on *Decadent poets. Italian critics have written on homosexuality in ancient Greek and Latin poetry: e.g., see *Filippo Maria Pontani. *Anthony Reid has written a concise historical overview in English of Italian gay poetry while earlier in the century *E. I. P. Stevenson critically listed Italian gay poets. In French *Georges *Herelle wrote on Italian poets and the journal * Arcadie carried criticism; *Dominique Fernandez has written essays. See Critics and historians - Turkish, - Persian for works in Italian on the poetry of these languages. Quando le nostre labbra siparlana, edited by Giovanni Delfino, Turin: Edizioni Gruppo Abele, 1986, is a general work of criticism. Critics and literary historians - Arabic poetry Critics of Arabic gay poetry date from 1000, initially from Spain. Male homosexuality has been extensively discussed in relation to Arabic poetry; however, earlier critics in European languages - e.g., R. A. Nicholson in English - have censored sexuality in their histories and only recently has the full extent of homosexuality begun to become known. The tradition of discusssion of homosexuality (which can hardly be avoided: see *Abu Nuwas) is one of the richest of all languages. Because homosexuality appears so prominently in the *Abbasid period (when Abu Nuwas wrote and which was a major period of Arabic poetry), probably all literary historians are relevant to some extent. Critical comment dates from *Ibn Hazm (active 1000 in Spain); see *Debate on Love for other earlier sources. *Taha Husayn wrote a notable article this century. The contemporary critics *Muhummad Mustapha Haddara and *Yusuf Husayn Bakkar have both written noteworthy books dealing with homosexuality in the poetry. In Hebrew see *Jefim Schirmann and *Arie Schippers (re comparison of Arabic and Hebrew). Relevant criticism in Hebrew about Arabic may also date from the *Middle Ages. European languages. Published discussion of homosexuality in Arabic probably starts in European languages with *Hammer-Purgstall in German: see also, in German, *Karsch-Haack. French. See *Henri Peres (1937), *R. Blachère (1939), *J. Rikaki (1949), *Tahar Djedidi (1979), *Marc Daniel (pseud.) and *Charles Pellat, one of the editors of the * Encyclopedia of Islam. In English, criticism dates from *Richard Burton. Other critics who have taken up the theme of homosexuality in Arabic poetry include *A. R. Nykl, *Allen Edwardes, James Monroe, *Arthur Wormhoudt, *Norman Roth (discussion in relation to Hebrew poetry), *Paul Sprachman and *Arie Schippers, all of whom have contributed outstandingly in one way or another. Marc Daniel (pseud.) has written one of the most comprehensive surveys of homosexuality in Arabic poetry (translated into English from French). *Maarten Schild and *Wim van Wiggen have recently written extensive critical studies in Dutch. For Spanish, see *Emilio Garcia Gomez, *J. M. Continente Ferrer, *Henri Peres (trans). *José Antonio Condé possibly refers. In Spanish (or Catalan') J. Vernet, Literatura araba (Barcelona, 1968), is a scholarly survey of Arabic literature. Italian: see *Francesco Gabrieli. Russian. See, in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia , "Arabic Culture" and the bibliography at he end, *Krymskii possibly refers. Compare *Critics - Hebrew. Critics and literary historians - Dutch Critics and literary historians relating to gay poetry in Dutch from the Netherlands. Material dates from ca. 1900. Critics of gay poetry include *C. van Emde Boas who has written on Shakespeare and *Hans Hafkamp who has written a overview in the introduction to the anthology * Naar vriendscaap zulk een mateloos verlangen. *Anthony Reid has written poets in English. concise on Dutch gay 'Wim van Historians discussing gay poetry include *H. J. Kuster for the *Middle Ages and *Harry Oosterhuis for the modern period. Wiggen has written in Dutch on Arabic gay poetry and *Maarten Schild on Arabic and Persian poetry. Critics and literary historians - French Critics of gay poetry in French from France and in English from the United States and Great Britain date from 1897. Critics. French has a significant volume of critical writing on gay poetry. *André Raffalovich wrote the first book length study in 1897. The later writers *Andre Gide, *Jean-Paul Sartre and *Dominique Fernandez have made notable contributions. The journal * Arcadie published much gay criticism. *Semiotics and *Deconstructionism were basically French movements. There is a significant body of criticism on such major gay poets as *Rimbaud and *Verlaine. French writers (e.g., *Georges Hérelle) have written on homosexuality and Greek and Latin poets from the nineteenth century and on Arabic poetry - see *Marc Daniel (pseud). English language critics. See *Walter Pater, *E. I. P. Stevenson, *Edouard Roditi, *George Stambolian (compiler of the first major collection of gay essays on French writers in English). See also Lawrence R. Schehr, The Shock of Men: Homosexual Hermeneutics in French Writing, 1995 (essays on *Proust, Barthes, Renaud Camus and Michel Tournier) and the same author's Alcidiades at the door: gay discourses in French literature, 1995 (essays on *Crevel, *Sartre, *Barthes and Hervé Guibert). Literary historians of gay poetry. André Raffalovich's work is a study by author which is historically based. Most *anthologies have critical and historical material (e.g, that of *Cécile Beurdeley). General essays are in Rommel Mendès-Leite and Pierre-Olivier de Busscher, Gay Studies from the French Cultures, 1992, which is also volume 25 no. 1-3 of the Journal of Homosexuality). For old French see Karen J. Taylor, editor, Gender transgressions: crossing the normative barrier in Old French literature (1998). Critics and literary historians - German Critics and literary historians of gay poetry in German from Germany date from at least 1896. German has one of the richest traditions of critical comment on gay poetry. *Magnus Hirschfeld wrote the first work in 1896 while in 1990 *Paul Derks published a major study of the eighteenth century; *Platen is the outstanding gay poet before the twentieth century but there has also been significant gay comment on *Goethe, including the brilliant reading of his life and writings in homoerotic terms by *Karl Hugo Pruys published in German in 1997. *Hans Dietrich Hellbach published the first extended discussion of homosexuality and German poetry in 1931 (the work also dealt with prose writers). The bibliographer *Manfred Herzer has also been at times an astute critic and historian (e.g, in * Eldorado). Outstanding gay critics include *Hubert Fichte who was engaged in reconceptualizing the subject of gay literature and criticism. In the period since gay liberation, too, *Marita Keilson-Lauritz has written a major study of *Stefan George, a poet who has attracted much critical attention from the publication of his first works in the 1890s. *Wolfgang Popp is the editor of the serious journal * Forum. German writers have written on homosexuality and Greek and Latin poets from the nineteenth century: see, for example, *F. K. Forberg, *Otto Kiefer, *Ulrich Wilamowitz-Mollendorf. German Journals have been outstanding from 1896 with a huge volume of as yet mainly unassessed criticism. *Friendship has been a major issue. See also Critics and literary historians - Arabic, - Japanese, - Turkish for German critics in those languages. See also Rainer Guldin, Liebe ist mir ein Bursch, Berlin, 1995. In French see *George Herelle, *Henri Weindel. In English *E. I. P. Stevenson wrote ca. 1910 and *Anthony Reid has written a concise overview of German poetry. David Jackson, Taboos in German Literature, Providence, RI, 1996, is a general work. Critics and literary historians - Greek Critics and historians in Greek from Greece and later other languages. There is a huge and ancient tradition of discussion of homosexuality in Greek poetry in *European languages dating from ca. 470 B.C. Homosexuality cannot be avoided in ancient Greek poetry, occupying as it does such a prominent position from *Homer through the *Palatine Anthology to *Nonnus. In the modern period the homosexual *Cavafy has been central and *Dino Christianopoulos more recently. The tradition commences with a comment by *Aeschylus (active 470 B.C.). Written literary criticism probably starts from * scholia (comments on texts) which date from 300 B.C. All *editors (who made critical choices in choosing the text which survived), *scholars and, especially, *commentators are relevant; see the separate Greek entries for these categories. Latin: see *commentators (there is a huge unexplored tradition dating from ca. 1470 associated with the editing of manuscripts for publication). The first editor of the Palatine Anthology - which contains much homopoetry - *Friedrich Jacobs, wrote a commentary in 1819. *Friedrich Forberg's 1824 commentary De Figuris Veneris is important for its discussion of homosexuality in ancient Greek (though more important for Latin homopoets). *J. Jarry's thesis in Latin of 1868 discussed the depiction of beautiful boys in the poetry. English. John Addington Symonds wrote what is still the finest concise study of homosexuality and ancient Greek culture in English, a work which had a special literary emphasis (it was first published in 1897). *E. F. M. Benecke first referred to homosexuality in poetry in the *Achilles and *Patroclus relationship in Homer. *J. Z. Eglinton (pseud.) has written a fine study. *David Robinson and *Edward Fluck's study of the Greek love names is a major study of an obscure topic and James Hutton spent his entire life studying the influence of the Palatine Anthology on later European poetry. *Thomas Figueira and *G. Nagy have written the most detailed study ever of the background of the ancient homopoet *Theognis. *C. A. Trypanis's recent history of Greek literature is the most detailed overview yet, though disussion of homosexuality could have been more candid. *W. M. Clarke is a recent scholar of note. *Kimon Friar has written on modern poetry, while *Rictor Norton's eccentric critique of gay literature starts with ancient Greek writers. *Louis Crompton in 1985 related *Byron to ancient Greek poetry. The gay *Oxford don *C. M. Bowra, *Kenneth Dover and *David Halperin are other recent critics of note. French. *Georges Hérelle who translated Meier has left valuable unpublished manuscripts with far-ranging discussion. *Félix Buffière's 1980 work is a landmark. The brilliant *Marc Daniel (pseud.) had something to say. German. *Meier surveyed homosexuality in ancient Greece in 1847 while *Paul Brandt's surveys of homo poetry (1906-08; published in book 1925-28) are still outstanding. In the early part of the twentieth century, the great classical scholar *Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff touched on the subject; as did, more directly, *Wihelm Kroll. More recent scholars of note include *Hermann Frankel who has written on the earliest Greek poets and *Werner Krenkel who has written some fine articles directly of relevance. Greek. *Mary Koukoules is a brilliant critic of contemporary *bawdry. Italian. The recent scholars *Filippo Pontani (on Cavafy) and *Massimo Vetta are noteworthy. A study of homosexuality in ancient Greek mythology was published in 1910 as a thesis by *Rudolf Beyer. Critics and literary historians - Japanese Criticism in homosexual terms In Japanese from Japan dates from *Saikaku (active 1687) and indirectly from the first anthology *Iwatsutsuji (1676); the famous critic *Kamo no Mabuchi may have implied that sublimated homosexuality pervaded Japanese literature. Literary historians and critics, iwata Jun'ichi was the twentieth century pioneer. *Kazuyoshi Mori appears to have written the first historical literary survey. Saeki Junko, Bishonezzukushi (Tokyo, 1992) discusses homosexuality and literature; not seen. See also *Ryosen Hiratsuka, *Hajime Shibayama. In English, see *Maggie Childs and *Paul Schalow; in German *Friedrich Karsch-Haack, *Tamio Satow. *Suwa Yu in 1975 published a critical work on *Allen Ginsberg. *Zeami may have been the first Japanese gay critic as such. See also *Historical and social background - Japanese. Critics and literary historians - Persian Historians and critics in Persian from Iran and later in *European languages from 1861. A large number of people have written literary histories of Persian in which language the entire tradition of poetry until the contemporary period is *pederastic; therefore all histories of literature and criticism are relevant. Material dates from at least 1861 and probably well before in manuscript. In Dutch see *Maarten Schild - an important recent study of homosex. English: see *E. G. Browne (1906-08) - author of a history of Persian literature in six volumes and which openly discusses homosexuality although not in any great detail; see also *A. J. Arberry, *Annemarie Schimmel, *Robert Surieu, *Reuben Levy (open discussion of homosexuality in a recent general literary history). Julie Scott Meisami, Persian Court Poetry (Princeton, 1987) discusses homosexuality in the * ghazal pp. 245-51. French: see Barbier de Meynard, Histoire et Literature de la Perse (Paris, 1861). Italian: i. Plzzi (1894), *Alessandro Bausani; see also *Francesco Gabrieli. Czech. German. English and Russian: see Jan Rypka whose great History of Iranian Literature has been published in all of these languages; it openly discusses homosexuality. Russian and Persian: see Great Soviet Encyclopedia vol. 10 p. 398. For Russian see *Krymskii (1914-17) and *Bertels. Serbo-Croat: see Becir Dzaka, Historija perzijske knjizevnosti od nastanka do kraja 15. vijeka (History of Persian Literature from te beginnings to the 15th century), Sarajevo, 1997; bibl., 447-49. Urdu. See *Shibli Nomani. Persian literary historians who have written literary histories of Persian include Reza-zadeh Shafaq (1942), Salim Neysari, a history in 2 volumes (1949), and Zabihollah Safa, in 3 volumes (1956-62). Al-Rami (active 1423) is the author of a treatise in nineteen chapters on the common poetical terms for describing the different parts of the human body, from head to foot (see his entry in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition). See also *Ali Dasthti. *Jan Rypka, History of Iranian Literature, pp. 767-68, has a fine bibliography of historians of Persian. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition: "Persian Literature" p. 1065 (with bibl.). Critics and literary historians - Portuguese Critics and historians writing in Portuguese from Portugal and Brazil and also in English. Works exist from at least 1922. Critics of gay poetry include *José Regio (pseud.), author of a major work on *Antonio Botto, *Joao Gaspar Simöes, who has written on *Pessoa, and *Irwin Stern. Literary history in relation to gay poety has usually been written in the context of general gay histories: for example, *Arlindo Camillo Monteiro (author of the seminal work published in 1922), *Asdrubal Antonio d'Aguiar, *Joao Silverio Trevisan and Julio Gomes Viana. These historians have inevitably been critics when they dealt with poetry. A general work on homosexual literature has been written by *Mara Lucia Faury. Paulo Hecker Filho, Uma tema crucial (A crucial theme), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande du Sul, Brazil, 1989, discusses homosexuality in literature; bibl., pp. 149-51. See also *Luiz Mott and in English. *Wayne Dynes. Critics and literary historians - Spanish Critics and literary historians of gay poetry in Spanish from Spain and south American countries date from at least 1932; some criticism has been written in English and French. Spanish has a rich tradition of criticism and gay literary history which has grown dramatically in the 1980s and 1990s. Spain. *Antonio San de Velilla from Spain published the first historical gay survey, with some critical comment on poetry, in *Barcelona in 1932. The poet Jaime Gil de Biedma gave a notable critical interview and the contemporary poet Jaime Manrique Bautista has written on *Reinaldo Arenas. *Angel Sahuquillo has written a thesis on *García Lorca. *There has been much writing on Arabic poets from Spain in Spanish: for instance by *Emilio García Gomez. A significant amount of criticism of ancient Latin and Greek poets has also been written in Spanish: see, for example, *F. R. Adrados. The 1990s saw a growing volume of criticism in the liberal atmosphere that followed the overthrow of the Spanish dictatorship of Franco in 1975. Critics include *Antonio Manzanero Bautista who published a work in 1993 and Juan Vicente Aliaga, author of Identidad y diferencis sobra la cultura gay en España, Barcelona, 1997. Alfredo Martínez Expósito, Los escribas furiosos, New Orleans, 1998, deals with twentieth century narrative literature. Josiah Blackmore and Gregory S. Hutcheson, Queer Iberia: sexualities, cultures and crossing from the Middle Ages to the renaissance, Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1999, is a series of essays including ones on the Libro de buen amor, *Ramon Llull and one on "Poets of Sodom" by Josiah Blackmore. Central and South America. The Uruguayan *Alberto Nin Frias in 1932 wrote the first survey of Spanish gay poetry, a work published in *Madrid; he published a large volume of gay criticism. *Luis Gregorich, from Argentina, wrote a series of essays published in 1985 and *Fernando Alegria from Chile has written on *Whitman. *Alberto Cardin has compiled a work mostly dealing with gay tribal cultures, consisting of extracts from literary works. *Ana Maria Brenes-García has written a concise essay on Spanish South American gay writing. For Mexico see *Octavio Paz. English. *Paul Binding has written a major study of *Federico Garcia Lorca in gay terms, one of the few individual volumes of gay criticism on a gay poet. *Anthony Reid has written a concise overview. Volumes of essays in English on Spanish gay writers have been edited by *Paul Julian Smith and Sylvia Molloy and Robert McKeel have edited Hispanisms and Homosexuality (1998) which includes and essay by Daniel Balderston on the Mexican gay poets *Xavier Villarutia and *Salvador Novo. *Daniel Eisenberg has written a concise general overview of Spanish gay culture, including literary works. In French see *Henri Peres. Critics and literary historians - Turkish Critics and historians of Turkish gay poetry from Turkey have written in Turkish and German and other 'European languages from at least 1836. In European languages criticism and literary histories have been written mainly in French, German and Russian. The discussion of Turkish *Ottoman *Divan poetry in European languages, with consequent discussion of homosexuality, commences in German with 'Hammer-Purgstall (from 1836) whose translations appeared in the first German gay anthology of 'Hössli. Works appeared in Russian in 1891 by V. D. Smirnov who established Turkish studies in Russian (see his entry in Great Soviet Encyclopedia). He was the author of Ocherk istorii turetskoi literatury (St Petersburg, 1891), the first history of Turkish literature in Russian (source: Great Soviet Encyclopedia, vol. 26, p. 477). A history was published in 1901 by 'Krymskii (for Russian works see the bibliography at the end of "Literature" in Great Soviet Encyclopedia vol. 26, p. 477, in the article "Turkey"). There is a huge literature in Russian on Turkish literature and the literatures of 'Turkic languages. A recent work on poetry is V. S. Garbuzova, Poety srednevokovoi Turtsii (Medieval Turkish Poets; Leningrad, 1963), a work of history and criticism. In English. *E. J. Gibb started a 6 volume study finished by *E. G. Browne which openly dealt with homosexuality. Walter G. Andrews is the author of a recent study Poetry's Voice, Society's Song: Ottoman Lyric Poetry (Washington, 1985); bibliography pp. 211-25. This work deals with secret knowledge (insiders versus outsiders) in Turkish poetry. The book, whose style is difficult, does not discuss the crucial question of homosexuality in detail. See also Turkish poetry entries in ' Encyclopaedia of Islam. In Italian *Alessio Bombaci (translated into French and published in 1968) has written a history which also touches on the subject (with an excellent bibliography). See *Fahir Iz for candid contemporary comment in English. In Turkish consult Türk ansiklopedisi (Ankara, 1946+; 33 volumes); see also Islam ansiklopedisi. 'Fuat Koprulu wrote the first major literary surveys in modern Turkish. For bibliographical sources of histories and criticism to 1934 (including in Turkish) see Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition, in the article "Turks", after discussion of "Ottoman Literature", p. 958, in "General Works"; see also the bibliographical references in 'Overview - Turkish and the bibliography in Bausani's Italian history above. Material undoubtedly exists in Turkish in 'manuscript. Critics and literary historians - Urdu Critics and historians of Urdu poetry in Urdu from Pakistan, Hindi from India and in *European languages including French, English and Russian, date from 1870. Because of the strong homosexual character of Urdu poetry where the *beloved is male almost invariably (see *gender switching) all literary histories are probably relevant and it is difficult to see how any historian could avoid covering homosexuality. Urdu. In 1893 *Altaf Hussain Hali prudishly opposed the reality of homosexuality in Urdu poetry. *'Andalib Shadani wrote the first essay in modern Urdu on homosexuality in the poetry, ca. 1950 (scattered references exist in nineteenth century works: *Ralph Russell to me, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 1987). *Shibli Nomani discussed it in 1970 and *Abdul Haleem Sharar also. See also Aligarh tarikh-i adab-i Urdu, Aligarh (1962) (source: Great Soviet Encyclopedia - see below). For the latest discussion of Urdu poetry, see Annual of Urdu Studies, edited by C. M. Naim (six issues to 1993). English. Ram Babu Saksena wrote the first History of Urdu Literature in English (1927); see entries *Mohmmad Sadiq (active 1964), author of a magnificent history which openly discusses homosexuality; *Annemarie Schimmel; *Ralph Russell. *C. M. Naim has written the pioneering survey in English on homosexuality and the poetry which was published in a journal article. D. J. Matthews and others, Urdu Literature (London, 1985), underplays homosexuality; bibl. of English works pp. 133-35. *Tariq Rahman has written the most comprehensive study of homosexuality and the Urdu ghazal. a work which is a major piece of gay criticism. French. *Garcin de Tassy, Histoire de la litterature Hindouie et Hindoustanie, 3 volumes (1870), is a detailed study still useful. Russian. Great Soviet Encyclopedia Vol. 27, p. 668 lists histories (1961+) - see S. Ikhtisham Husain, Istorii literatury urdu (Moscow, 1961; trans. from HindD and N. V. Glebov and A. S. Sukochev, Literatura urdu (Moscow, 1967). Criticism. Rahman, "Boy love in the Urdu ghazal", Paidika vol. 2 no. 1 (1989), 11-13: history of the discussion of homosex in the Urdu ghazal in Urdu and in English. Critics, commentators and literary historians - Chinese Critics and editors in Chinese from China and latterly Taiwan; works also exist in *European languages, Hebrew and Arabic. Chinese has an old and large tradition of commentators on poetry with homosexual reference from at least 1790. *Allegory and *indirect language occur: poems that appear simple on the surface are often capable of many levels of meaning, helped by the fact that a Chinese written character may have several meanings and the fact that there are four tones in Mandarin Chinese (see *Tu Fu) and six in Cantonese. Chinese. *Zhao Yi (active before 1790) is the first critic of importance. *Kuo Mo-Jo wrote in the early twentieth century. *Sam Sha Sha (pseud.) who has provided a comprehensive concise reading; see also * Wei hsing shih. *Mao-feng chu published in Taiwan a history of homosexual literature in 1996 and a work on the 'aesthetics of homosexuality. Japanese: Hinsch, Passions of the Cut Sleeve, 205-07. Criticism in European languages. German. See *Karsh-Haack. Herbert Franke, Chinesische erotische Literatur (Chinese Erotic Literature) in Guther Debon, editor, Ostasiastische Literaturen, 1984, pp. 100-106 (with bibl. 105-06), discusses poetry (but not homosexual poetry). English. See *Hans Frankel (notice of homosexuality in Chinese poetry by a fine scholar); see also *Hsieh Hui-lien re J. D. Frodsham, *Achilles Fang, *Louis Crompton, *Brett Hinsch (a brilliant gay reading with a fine bibliography), *Fang-fu Ruan. See *Yin and Yang regarding conceptualization. See also *Bibliography - Chinese. Hebrew and Aramaic. There are a huge number of commentaries on the *Old Testament. All commentaries on *"David's Lament for Jonathan" are relevant; commentaries on this latter work exist in all languages in which commentaries on the Old Testament and the Bible exist. *Arabic. Commentaries on the * Koran may be relevant. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature: see index under commentaries for possible works of relevance. Criticism in English of English language gay poetry dates from 1579; most critics have come from the United States and Great Britain. Great Britain. Criticism of English poetry in homosexual terms dates from the glosse of *Spenser's Shepherds Calendar (1579) by *E. K. (pseud.) - almost certainly Spenser himself. *William Webbe followed closely in 1586. Criticism of *Shakespeare's sonnets discussing the homosexuality dates from 1790; *Oscar Wilde and *Samuel Butler are especially relevant amongst later critics of the sonnets. The critical reception of *Tennyson's In memoriam (1850) and of *Whitman in Great Britain needs to be considered. It was in the *eighteen-nineties that the first gay reading of European literature overall, including English literature, on historical lines occurred by *Marc-Andre Raffalovich (in French). In 1891, *J. A. Symonds published his A Problem in Greek Ethics giving a homosexual reading of Greek literature. *C. R. Dawes touches on poetry in his unpublished manuscript on erotic literature now in the *Private Case in the *British Library. *G. Wilson Knight was an important critic before the *gay liberation period and in 1970 *Brian Reade brilliantly covered the nineteenth century in the introduction to his anthology * Sexual Heretics. *Rictor Norton has written a thorough study of the *Elizabethan period and *Alan Bray relates the works of this period to its social background. *Timothy d'Arch Smith on the *Uranian poets is outstanding and *Gregory Woods has written on the early twentieth century poets while *Adrian Caesar has written an outstanding analysis of homosexuality in relation to the war poets. *Stephen Coote's introduction to The *Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse gives a Tine concise overview of its subject. The writers of literary histories in English should not be overlooked (see *E. G. Browne and Jan Rypka on Persian poetry). Due to *Puritanism there has been much hostility to any verbal discussion of homosexuality before 1969 and there has been intense hostility to homosexual writers by major critics in some quarters: see, for instance, *F. R. Leavis. John Fuller has compiled outstanding readings of the poems of *W. H. Auden which can have hidden meanings. United States. Critical comment on poetry in homosexual terms starts with the reception of *Whitman's Leaves of Grass from the second (1860) edition. The United States writer *E. I. P. Stevenson published the first thorough literary analysis of United States poetry in English around 1911 (possibly published in *Rome or *Naples): this book, The Interesexes, remains to this day one of the most detailed literary studies of homosexuality ever published. *Puritanical hostility to discussion of homosexuality may have resulted in *F. O. Matthiessen omitting discussion of Whitman and *Melville in homosexual terms in his groundbreaking work of the 1940s. In the first two-thirds of the twentieth cenury, major literary critics such as *Allen Tate and *Ivor Winters were hostile to homosexual poets: criticism even mentioning homosexuality was unlikely to be published at that time. *Walter Breen, not attached to a university as *Allen Tate and *Ivor Winters were, produced a comprehensive reading of gay literature in 1964 - but it had to be published under the pseudonym J. Z. Eglinton. The *gay liberation period has produced outstanding critics such as *Rudy Kikel, *Charley Shively and *S. W. Foster and the first reading of United States poetry in gay terms by the Canadian academic *Robert K. Martin. See also *Louie Crew and Jonathan Katz. Readings of *Whitman in homosexual terms following Robert Martin have recently been outstanding: see the Whitman entry and Charley Shively, *Byrne S. Fone and *M. Jimmie Killingsworth. Major recent critics are *G. S. Rousseau for *eighteenth century British poets and Joseph Pequigney on *Shakespeare's sonnets while *Neeli Cherkovski has written on three recent gay poets. Academic critics include *Wayne Koestenbaum, *Bruce R. Smith and *Gregory W. Bredbeck. *Alice C. Parker has attempted the first book length homosexual reading of *Frank O'Hara. *Brett Hinsch, writing in English, has produced an outstanding reading of Chinese literature as has *C. M. Naim on Urdu poets. By 1998 homosexuality had been accepted in the general discourse as *Clifton Fadiman shows in his New Lifetime Reading Plan but in this same year the eminent critic *Harold Bloom argued against a homosexual poetic in his introduction to The Best of the Best American Poetry 1988-1997. Canada. *Robert K. Martin has written outstandingly of United States gay poetry. Australia. A detailed survey of Australian gay poetry has been carried out by *Paul Knobel. See also *Historians - English since literary historians Critics of Hebrew gay poetry in Hebrew and English from Israel and the United States exist from 1955 though they possibly date much earlier. A critical tradition elaborating homosexuality in Hebrew poetry exists at least from Jefrim Shirmann (1955 active); see also *Davil Gil (active 1981), *Norman Roth (active 1982) and *Arie Schippers. Consider *Hermetic readings (especially of * Song of Songs), *Allegory, *Kabbala. A secret tradition of homosexual interpretation in Hebrew is suspected and, if this is so, criticism ultimately probably dates from the *Middle Ages. See also Aaron Citron, "Aspects of love in the Hebrew poetry of Spain", Literature East and West vol xi, 1967, 119-25 (source: *Arno Schmitt, Bio-bibliography of malemale sexuality and eroticism in Muslim societies, 1995, 66); whether this is an article or book has not been traced. Material undoubtedly exists in *manuscript from the *middle ages. Critics of Latin poetry in relation to homosexuality date from ca. 1470. Italy, France, Germany and Great Britain have been the main countries they came from. Most criticism concerns writers of classical Latin from the *Roman period. The earliest critics of classical Latin were the *Editors and *Commentators of Latin and Greek poets of the *Renaissance, active from ca. 1450 - e.g., *Perotti and *Domizio Calderini on *Martial. Almost all early commentaries of classical writers were in Latin. *P. Meniere discussed Juvenal and Martial in French in 1858. Recent candid critics include *C. R. Dawes, *Otto Kiefer, James Hutton and *Sara Lilja in English. In the last few years criticism has tended towards increasing candour, e. g., *E. Courtney on Juvenal and *J. P. Sullivan on Martial. *Thomas Stehling has begun the task of unravelling *medieval Latin homopoems but little criticism has appeared relating to Latin poetry written after 1450. Biographer and autobiographer from Great Britain writing in English. 1903-1979. Author of the biography Bosie: Lord *Alfred Douglas: His Friends and Enemies (1963). His Feasting with Panthers (1967), deals with *Swinburne, *J. A. Symonds, some of the *Uranian poets and *Oscar Wilde. The Unrecorded Life of Oscar Wilde (1972) discusses the biographers of Wilde and presents some new material and new insights on Wilde the homosexual. As Feasting With Panthers revealed, he is an important researcher into homosexuality in the late *Victorian and *Aesthetic periods, His autobiographical work The Verdict of You All (1955), describes the author's imprisonment during the 1953 anti-homosexual furore in Great Britain. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Critic from the United States writing in English about poetry in English, Latin and Chinese. Active from 1985. English. His work Byron and Greek Love (1985), is the major work on *Byron's homosexuality. Byron died in 1824 and the work concentrates only on the years 1807-16. It is a detailed study of the various texts written in these years, though much of the work concerns Jeremy Bentham's defence of homosexuality. In this work, with regard to Latin, he deals with Byron's translation of the Nisus and Euryalus episode from *Virgil's Aeneid, translation of *Hadrian, translation of *Catullus's Poem 48, and reference to the phrase "Horatian way", coming from *Horace, and in Byron's Letters referring to homosexuality. The index has extensive references under homosexuality and *homophobia. See also * Don Leon. He wrote a paper "Byron and Male Love: The Classical Tradition", in The Making of Masculinities, edited by Harry Brod (1987). Chinese. He is the author of a paper given at the 1987 Amsterdam Gay History Conference, "Homosexuality in Imperial China" (the paper was published in the proceedings). He is reputedly working on a book on Chinese homosexuality. He was co-founder of the Gay Caucus of the *Modern Language Association and is Professor of English at the University of Nebraska. Editor possibly from Canada of a work in English. Active 1995. She edited with *Michael Holmes, the collection of the work of five poets, *Plush. Critic from Great Britain writing in English. 1865-1924. He worked for *Alfred Douglas as a journal editor and was violently opposed to *Robert Ross. The * British Library General Catalogue reveals he was also a poet who published a number of books. He appears to have been heterosexual and was a moral crusader. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 862: The First Stone: On Reading the Unpublished Parts of "De Profundis'" [by *Oscar Wilde], London: the author, 1912. Publisher in the United States publishing in English from ca. 1973. A publisher who became active in the early *gay liberation period in Trumansberg, New York State. The press was owned by John Gill and has published * The Male Muse, *Son of the Male Muse, *Harold Norse (The Love Poems 1940-85) *Dennis Cooper, *Ian Young, *Michael Lally, *Robert L. Peters and Erotic Poems from the Greek Anthology translated by John Gill (with Tine drawings). The books of the press have frequently featured erotic illustrations. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active before 1982. See The Advocate, 13 May 1982, 26 - stated to be a *West Coast gay poet. Book of poems: Geographies, Red Hill, before 1982. Poet, philosopher, diarist and journal editor from Great Britain writing in English and French. 1875-1947. Aleister Crowley is responsible for the largest volume of poems in English referring to gay male sexual acts before the poetry of the *gay liberation period. His poetry, which was banned along many of his other works, is only slowly reaching a wider audience. There is as yet no overall critique of his poetry in gay terms. This is not helped by the inaccessibility of his texts and the complicated issue of knowledge of the full extent of his oeuvre. There is also as yet no comprehensive bibliography of his works. Most famous as a practitioner of *magic and the occult, Crowley was known as "the most wicked man in Britain" after a press campaign against him (see *P. R. Stephenson). This campaign was associated with his magical practices and The Abbey of Thelema near Cefalu, *Sicily, where he lived with his followers for a time and where his motto was: "Do What Thou Wilt" (from *Rabelais). (Note: this phrase replaces the *Christian "Thy Will Be Done" of the "Lord's Prayer". As well as showing the influence of *Nietzsche, the phrase may also be seen to point to *gay liberation.) His real name was Edward Alexander Crowley, Aleister being the Gaelic spelling of Alexander which he preferred. A magician and occultist, he practised ritual homosexual acts with his *disciples and lovers such as *Herbert Pollitt and *Victor Neuburg as part of his magic (with Neuburg, Latin poems composed by *Walter Duranty were used in the ritual). He joined the Order of the Golden Dawn in 1898, where he had a major conflict with the *Irish poet *W B Yeats. He wrote two key books on his beliefs, The Book of the Law - a *prose poem (see Dictionary of National Biography entry) - in 1904, and Magick in Theory and Practice, in 1929, (there are also several other works by him describing his beliefs). He travelled extensively in India and was influenced by *Tantrism, *Sufism and ancient Egyptian beliefs. He wrote at least three volumes of poetry featuring explicit reference to homosexual sex (all published privately); all three were seized by British customs and most copies destroyed. The first was Snowdrops from a Curate's Garden (first published by *Leonard Smithers in 1904; repr. 1986); this works includes *parodies and *limericks. The second is White Stains: The Literary Remains of George Archibald Bishop (George Bishop was an uncle of Crowley's whom he disliked); it was published by *Leonard Smithers in 1898 with the imprint "*Cosmopoli, 1881" and features explicit sexual homopoems and illustrations (e.g., two sets of two crossed erect penises, each set being tied together with ribbon and with a vagina between them; however most illustrations are heterosexual). This is a major volume of his poems (repr. London, 1973; copy of the original seen: *Kinsey Library). The third book containing homosexual poems is Bagh-I-Muattar (1910) - discussed below. In White Stains (reprinted London, 1973, with an introduction by John Symonds) see especially "A *Ballad of Passive Pederasty", pp. 67-69 and "Go into the Highways and Hedges" p. 73 (*non gender specific but the reference to "My bright-eyed Arab" makes this work seem male orientated; the poem is about drinking urine and what is commonly called eating shit - *coprophilia in medical terminology); some poems are in French e. g. pp. 21, 55-56, 84-86. Aceldama (London, printed by *Leonard Smithers, 1898), was dedicated to Herbert Pollitt. The Winged Beetle (1910), contained "A Slim Gilt Soul" (on *Alfred Douglas). See Smith, Love in Earnest, p. 259 for other relevant volumes. His "Hymn to *Pan" (written 1913, published 1918) is one of his best known homopoems and concerns *bestiality; see Selected Poems, 1986, pp. 61-62. Practically every known homosexual variant is referred to in his poems (especially in White Stains) and his poems frequently have an element of exhibitionism and sometimes are hard to believe; sometimes an astute reader might think he is even making things up. *Androgyny is also a theme in his poetry. He also wrote seventeen obscene *limericks: see The Limericks (Cambridge, privately printed, 1990; edition of 150), 16 pp., also printed in Selected Poems. One limerick, from 1920, on *Leadbeater ("Holy *theosophist Leadbeater...") is in his diaries (unpublished: Keith Richmond, Melbourne, who is working on a bibliography of his works, to the author). A famous *acrostic read "The Virgin Mary I desire/ But arseholes set my prick on Tire" (poem not traced; possibly "Hymns to the Virgin Mary"). He was greatly influenced by French *decadent poets, especially *Rimbaud, and tooks various *drugs. Bagh-I- Muattar, The Scented Garden of Abdullah the Satirist of *Shiraz (Paris, 1910), allegedly translated from Persian by the late Major Lutiy - the Arabic word for homosexual - "and another", is a brilliant *forgery showing great knowledge of Arabic and Persian poetry. It is modelled on the work of *Richard Burton (especially his Kasidah) but is also a *parody of *Edward Fitzgerald's * Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam. The title, written in Arabic script on the title page, is actually Persian (which language is written in Arabic script) and means "scented garden" (compare *Sa'adi). The phrase may be an inverted reference to the smell emanating from the anus (Crowley was fond of such inversions). Though pretending to be a work of homosexual mysticism, its use of the word "habib" (Arabic for friend but here meaning homosexual lover) and obsession with "podex" (i.e., anus) make it clear that the poems celebrate *anal sex. (See also *Sufism.) The work was inspired by his relationship with Herbert Pollitt and the last two poems are each in the form of an *acrostic and spell out Pollitt's and Crowley's names in the first letters of the first lines of each stanza. Poem xli, suitably titled "The *Riddle", spells Herbert Charles Jerome Pollitt (pp. 133-35) and the last poem, poem xlii, spells Aleister Crowley backwards. Review: Gay News no. 177, p. 23 (by *Timothy d'Arch Smith) - this reviews the reprint by Morton Press, ca. 1978. The World's Tragedy (1910; repr. 1985) is a verse play reviling *Christianity which Crowley came to hate following his strict upbringing in the Plymouth Brethren. He refers to homosexuality in schools in the preface and various homosexual tropes appear as characters (such as *Antinous); see also the essay "Sodomy" in the Preface, pp. xxvi-viii. Poems composed by Crowley for his magical rituals are part of his poetic oeuvre; these, in many cases, involved homosexual sex. Copies of rare works are in the *Private Case and *Enfer. The British Library and *Humanities Research Center, Texas, have large collections of his books as does the University of Sydney; consult the * British Library General Catalogue and *National Union Catalog for bibliographical details and works in public collections (though these are not exhaustive). Crowley had a *bookplate designed by *Aubrey Beardsley (copy: University of Michigan). His Selected Poems, edited by Martin Booth (no place but published in Great Britain, 1986), is very unsatisfactory as it omits many homosexual erotic works. A complete works is urgently needed; this has been hampered by the complications in his bibliography. Crowley's ideas owe much to *Nietzsche, except that he went further. He is at the extreme of the *decadent movement as well as the *eighteen-nineties: most poetry of the eighteen-nineties looks tame besides his. However, much of his life and poetry is an attempt to shock the staid and *Puritanical British of the late Victorian period and this element in his work should not be overlooked (many poems daring for their time look tame after some of the works of *gay liberation poets). His published works are very difficult to locate and much remains unpublished (e.g., manuscripts exist in the Warburg Institute, London, and *Humanities Research Center, Texas). "The Loving Ballad of John Anthony Long" is an unpublished homopoem ca. 1945 (copy from Keith Richmond, Melbourne - see below). Magical groups descended from him still exist in the United States, Great Britain and Australia and works have circulated in typescript among his devotees. Criticism. See Sunny Shah, Sexual Imagery in the Early Poetry of Aleister Crowley, Holmes Publishing Group, [no place], 1997, 24 pages; includes a biblography of Crowley manuscripts, editions of poems and list of biographies pp. 22-24. This work deals with the early poetry to 1900 and states "Union, whether sexual, mystical or spiritual, was one of Crowley's most recurrent images"; it discusses his homosexuality. For specific gay criticism see "Criticism in homosexual terms" below. Diarv. Various magical diaries have been published. His The Diary of a Drug Fiend (1922; repr.) is actually a novel. Biography: see *P. R. Stephensen, John Symonds - the major biographer of Crowley and also his literary executor, whose life of Crowley has been continually revised (latest edition 1992). *Gerald Suster's biography has a chronology of his life. Crowley published the eleven issue journal Equinox (1909-19) which was largely written by him and contained poems; there were also some later issues sporadically issued. Criticism: see *Rictor Norton, Gay News no. 132 (1977), 20, for an important discussion of his homopoetry. Autobiography. In his autobiographical work, The Confessions (1929; repr.), he denies his homosexual poems were based on real experience (this could have been to forestall the possibility of prosecution for illegal acts, since male homosexual acts were then illegal in Great Britain). Bibliography. *Timothy d'Arch Smith has written an important essay on the very complex problems of his published (and unpublished) oeuvre: see Smith, Books of the Beast, pp. 13-48 (the starting point for Crowley bibliography). This was published in an expanded edition by Mandrake Press in 1995. The Collected Works, vol. 3 (1907), pp. 233-39 lists works to 1907. Gerald Yorke, a British collector of Crowliana, compiled a check-list of Crowley's publications which is appended to John Symonds's biography, The Great Beast, in the New York, 1951 edition, pp. 301-10. Keith Richmond of *Melbourne is working on a definitive bibliography. In the absence of an adequate bibliography, it is difficult to get an overall view of his poetry. Finding all the poems with homosexual reference is even more difficult. Crowley was *bisexual, certainly for periods of his life, and had female disciples as well as males; he appears to have been homosexual for other periods and perhaps heterosexual for still others. There is contention as to what his exact sexuality is. The poetry in his three volume Collected Works of 1907 is heterosexual and the homosexual volumes are not listed in the bibliography in the third volume. Overall he was one of the most daring and original homosexual poets ever. Collectors of Crowley material include the New York based John Quinn and Gerald Yorke (whose collection is in the Warburg Institution, University of London). Francis Regardie, his sometime secretary, has written books of note on him. Films based on Crowley's beliefs have been made by Kenneth Anger, an underground film maker; Fireworks (1947), is the earliest film in circulation; see also Scorpio Rising (1962-63). (On Kenneth Anger see Richard Dyer, Now You See It: Studies in Lesbian and Gay Film, 1990, pp. 117-29. ) Kenneth Grant became the leader of Crowley's magical order on his death (see his entry in Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology). See also *A. E. Waite, a contemporary of Crowley also involved in magic. Translation. German. Translations of many magic prose works exist - e.g., Magick in Theory and Practice, emanating from Switzerland from ca. 1950 - see *Francis King, Sexuality, Magic and Perversion, 1974, pp. 194-95. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology; notes that in 1909 he established a homosexual relationship with *Victor Neuburg. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 283-84. Dictionary of National Biography: Missing Persons. Dictionnaire Gay. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature; by *Warren Johansson and based on my entry here at an earlier stage. Bibliographies. Murray, Catalogue of Selected Books, item 18: The Winged Beetle, privately printed, 1910. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10576: same book. Pia, Les Livres de l'Enfer, vol. 2, column 1237: Snowdrops from a Curate's Garden, Cosmopoli, 1881. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 865: Liber LDCLXXI vel Pyramidos, S. Stukely, Que.: 93 Publishing, no date; 867-72: (next three books published anonymously) The Scented Garden of Abdullah the Satirist of Shiraz, London: privately printed, 1910, Snowdrops from a Curate's Garden, "Cosmopoli, 1881" (that is, Paris, ca. 1904), White Stains, London: Smithers, 1898, The Winged Beetle, privately printed, 1910. Kearney, Private Case, items 510-12: 510 is The Scented Garden (London: 1910), a copy printed on japon and part of the bequest of *C. R. Dawes with his *bookplate (he states *Gershon Legman suggests the work was printed in Paris: see Gershon Legman, Oragenitalism, London: Duckworth, 1972, p. 186); item 511 is a photocopy of this work; item 512 is White Stains, 1898 [with the note by Kearney "London: Leonard Smithers"]), no. 98 of 100 copies, on handmade paper and part of the Dawes bequest. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reade, Sexual Heretics, 429-31: poems from White Stains, 1898. L'amour bleu, 192-93. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 27375. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 102-03. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 298-301. Criticism in homosexual terms. Smith, Love in Earnest, 95-99 and 259: bibl. of relevant gay books for poetry. Smith, Books of the Beast, 13-48: an attempt at unravelling the complex bibliography of his works. Cruising Cruising is actively searching in public for a male to have sex with (either walking in the street, on a beat - a public area frequented by homosexuals for the purposes of picking up men for sex - or in a bar or other social meeting place). This sexual practice is documented in poetry in English from the United States from ca. 1930 and later in other *European languages. English. See *Alan Brayne, *Jon Herzstam, *Shelley Jones, *Scott Tucker. French: *René Crevel (ca. 1930). German. *Erich Lifka. Portuguese: *Pessoa. "Cruttwell dog, Cruttwell dog, where have you been?" Oral poem in English from Great Britain. Ca. 1938. A poem composed and said to have been recited at *Oxford by *Evelyn Waugh "just before the Second World War" i.e., ca. 1938, about an Oxford don. It is quoted in Christopher Hollis, Oxford in the Twenties (1976), p. 86: "Cruttwell dog, Cruttwell dog, where have you been?/ I've been to Hertford to lie with the Dean". There is an obvious suggestion of *bestiality in the poem. Dons are employed by colleges at Oxford and Cambridge and may be a head, fellow of the college or tutor. Cuaderno Bibliografico Gay 1987/ Gay Bilduma Bibliografikoa 1987 Bibliography in Spanish and Catalan from Spain. Bilbao: Ehgam, 1987, 34 pages. The only detailed Spanish *bibliography to date. It was published by the Basque gay movement. Titles are in Spanish, with Catalan titles to the sections and Spanish and Catalan introductions. It is somewhat careless as some titles refer to Catalan works or translations and some to Spanish works (though the language is not indicated). As Spanish and Catalan are close, it is difficult to know whether some works are in Spanish or Catalan. It covers, in Section 1, Literature (poetry, theater and fiction pp. 13-21), in section 2 Essays (historical, sociological and literary works pp. 22-27), in section 3 Various pp. 28-29, and there is an Appendix on *Aids, p. 32. Very fine erotic photographic illustrations accompany the text. The poetry section consists mainly of twentieth century Spanish poems and translations of the work of major gay poets such as *Virgil and *Shakespeare; some 40 poets are listed, all included in this encyclopedia. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1952. The author of a book City of God, 1994, dealing with *Aids. He is of *Chicano background. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gay Histories and Cultures. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros in Boystown, 45-46; biog., 60. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1947. New York performance poet who worked in a band. He writes plays and his poetry explores sexuality. A good example of a *gay liberation poet. See also * Mouth of the Dragon. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Angels of the Lyre, 47-48 (very fine poem); biog., 238. Orgasms of Light, 58; biog., 251. Editor from Spain, with *Antonio Alvar, of a collection of poems in Latin. Active 1986. Bibliographies. Cuaderno bibliográfico gay, 14: Antología de la poesía latina (Anthology of Latin Poetry), Madrid: Alianza Editorial, 1985. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1903-1946. A black gay writer of the *Harlem Renaissance, mentioned in the film Looking for Langston. He was very handsome. Color (1925), was his first book. A possible poem "Tableau" (for Donald Duff) is relevant. Text: see the collected edition My Soul's High Song, The Collected Writings of the Harlem Renaissance, edited by Gerald L. Early (1991). He was briefly married. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature Dictionary of American Biography. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 147, 518 (states his homosexuality was hushed up). Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Cultures, ethnic groups and peoples of the world Cultures here refers to culture in the anthropological sense of the total expression of a people or ethnic group. For a discussion of the word culture see Raymond Williams, Keywords, 1976. The exact number of cultures in the world past and present is at present unknown and is related to the total number of ethnic groups and peoples of the world both past and present. The number must be more than 10, 000 since G. P. Murdoch in Outline of World Cultures, 6th revised edition, New Haven, 1983, lists some 10,000 living cultures on pp. 195-259, though this number is far less than those actually known to exist. Cultures date from before 3000 B.C., the time of the first surviving systems of *writing. African cultures are very ancient going back at least 3 million years and *Australian Aboriginal cultures apparently date back at least 40,000 years. Cultures are partly linked to *languages. All languages are relevant but some languages such as English and Spanish each have several cultures (e.g. those the countries of Australia, Canada and Great Britain for English and Spain, Argentina and other American countries for Spanish). About 10,000 living languages are accepted as the total number of spoken languages in the world today: see David Dalby, The Linguasphere Register of the World's Languages and Speech-Communities (preview edition), London: Linguasphere Observatory in association with the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 1997, a 1600 page work. Since the Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics lists some 33,000 known language names possibly more than this number of cultures have existed throughout world history (the figure of 33,000 does not take into account lost languages of which we do not know the name - e.g. *Indian languages from Brazil where a previously unknown tribe was only rediscovered in 1996; for other lost languages in which records have been recovered see *Dunhuang and Turfan). However the figure of 33,000 for the total number of cultures throughout world history is only tentative at this stage; if anything the figure is likely to be higher when a more accurate census is made. George Peter Murdock's Outline of World Culures is a concise guide to the cultures of the world which have documentary files in the * Human Relations Area Files. The first section to p. 190 describes cultures geographically. However this section is not comprehensive: for instance, the section on Australia pp. 142-44 only deals with 26 cultures though some 500 aboriginal cultures are known and there are some 300 introduced cultures, while for Brazil, pp. 180-82, 28 cultures are listed while over 1,000 languages were spoken in the last century and over 200 are still spoken. The last section of this book, as already pointed out, lists the cultures previously listed geographically in alphabetical order. Since many cultures are not listed this list is far from complete. *Sir James Frazer's notebooks published as Anthologia Anthropologia discuss many cultures are are possibly the first effort at a survey of world cultures. For information on cultures consult Paul Hockings, editor, Encyclopedia of World Cultures(New York, 1993) and Amiram Gonen, Encyclopedia of the Peoples of the World (New York, 1993; excellent bibliography pp. 676-82). Timothy J. O'Leary and others, Encyclopedia of World Cultures (New York, 1994), 10 volumes, is also excellent. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica: see "Culture". Poet from Australia who wrote in English. Ca. 1915-1961. Robert Cumming was a close friend of *Harry Hooton. He was a bohemian, a libertarian and a member of the Sydney and Melbourne Push. Although apparently heterosexual, his relationship with Hooton shows extremely close male bonding and he committed *suicide two weeks after Hooton died. His poetry is in the libertarian style of Hooton, written in *free verse. He only published a few poems ca. 1950 (poems have not been located and titles not known - apart from "Extract from Sydney Letter", ca. 1956 [source not known]). Tapes of Hooton exist in the National Library Canberra (made when Hooton was close to death) where Cumming talks with him. His manuscripts are reputedly in the Mitchell Library, Sydney; however the library holds no records of any manuscripts. No records of any poems are on *Austlit. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1894-1962. A poet involved with *modernism and who technically points to *Charles Olson, though his use of pubctuation was more extreme. Some of his most famous love poems are *non-gender specific: "i like my body when it is with your body"; "somewhere i have never travelled"; "All in green went my love riding". Overall the ambience of Cummings' poetry seems heterosexual. See also *Dada . Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10577 cites the novel Him, New York: Liveright, 1927. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 873: the novel Him, New York: Liveright, 1927. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gay Poetry, 6: the poem "on the Madam's best april the" [this poem however, seems to be heterosexual and is in belligerently heterosexual company in the book is 5 ; the use of the word "queer" may have prompted its entry in the anthology]. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1911-1985. An academic as well as a poet. See *William Cole, Erotic Poetry (1963), p.478, the poem "Lip": "Lip was a man who used his head,/ He used it when he went to bed/ With his friend's wife, and with his friend,/ With either sex at either end". For information on the poet see Perkins, History of Modern Poetry, volume 1, p. 388. Cupbearer, in Persian saqi (sometimes spelt saqi) Trope in Greek from Greece and later in Persian, Arabic, Hebrew, Turkish and German. From ca. 323 B.C. Saki (also spelt saqi) is a Persian term for cupbearer. Greek. Poets in the * Anacreontea (ca. 323 B.C.+), written in a 'symposium context and the * Mousa Paidike frequently refer to a *boy beside them, who brings *wine (e.g., Palatine Anthology xii 51) - but the suggestion is also that he might be useful for sexual purposes. Visual evidence of cupbearers appears on Greek vases (see *J. D. Beazley). The convention also occurs in *Anacreontics. It is possible that this convention in life and poetry passed fron ancient Greek to Persian (or even vice versa) and later to Turkish. See *Athenaeus xiii, 601 for a symposium reference. See also Eglinton, Greek Love, p. 254. Persian. Almost all poets are relevant in Persian up to 1945 (e.g. *Omar Khayyam). *Ehsan Yarshater has written a seminal article, "Persian Poetry in the Timurid and Safavid Periods" (see especially p. 975); for the source, see the Yarshater entry. Arabic: see *Ben al-Zaqqaq, * Dar ai-Tiraz, *Khamriyya, *al-Taliq, *Habib, ibn Hamdis. Hebrew: see *Anonymous poets - Hebrew. Turkish. The practice permeates the whole tradition of* divan poetry, e.g. see *Baki, *Mesihi, *Nedim; see *Vehbi, Sunbul-Zade, *Sabit. Urdu. Rahman, "Boy love in the Urdu ghazai", Paidika vol. 2 no. 1 (1989), 24. German. *Goethe composed a major volume involving the cupbearer called the East-West Divan. (All translations of all preceding poets and poetry are also relevant.) See the note on the word in footnote 85 in Wright, Homoeroticism in Classical Arabic Literature, pp. 138-39; the concept is here related to myths in ancient Hittite. though no poems are cited. Myth and trope in Latin and English. From 40 B.C. Another name for *Amor; *Eros was the original Greek name of Cupid (Latin meaning "desire"). Cupid is usually depicted in art as a naked boy with wings who shoots the arrow of love at people and, as he is male, the possibility of homolove is thus allowed for in his life - and especially as he was commonly believed to shoot his arrows indiscriminately. There are *phallic connotations in the arrow, which have been especially brought out in artistic depictions. Latin. He appears in the poetry of *Catullus (Poem 3, line 1) and *Martial (see his entry). See entry "Cupido" in Oxford Latin Dictionary. Italian. *Ariosto. English: *B. Barnes, *Thomas Watson, *Fulke Greville, *Edmund Spenser, *Milton, *Henry More, *Matthew Prior, *Robert Herrick, *Leigh Hunt, *Carl van Vechten, *A. R. D. Fairburn. Boss Cupid is the title of a book of poems by *Thom Gunn published in 2000. *Rictor Norton, "Cupid", in Gay News no. 118 (1977), is a Tine article on the subject. A prose work is Men and Cupid by Harold Matin (London: *Fortune Press, 1965). Compare *angel. Publisher from Great Britain of works in English. 1683-1747. Publisher of the anthology containing homopoems, The Works of Anacreon and Sappho (1713); he also published * Anacreon done into English andThe Idylliums of *Theocritus (1713) by *T. Creech. He published such works as A Treatise of the Use of Flogging in Venereal Affairs and Venus in the Cloister . Curll was the first major English publisher of *pornography (that is erotic works to titillate the reader). Compare *Anthony Stephens, another publisher of mild erotica in the field of poetry. Ralph Straus, The Unspeakable Curll, London, 1927 (repr. New York, 1970), contains a complete list of Curll's publications 1706-46. (For information on Ralph Straus, who was a friend of Norman Douglas, see Mark Holloway, Norman Douglas, 1976, footnote 85 and the index; he wrote a book on *Robert Dodsley and a biography of *George Augustus Sala.) Curll was prosectuted for obscenity 1725-28: see *David Foxon, Libertine Literature in England, 1965, pp. 14-15. On him see Kearney, History of Erotic Literature, pp. 49-52. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Critic and historian from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1975. Author of "Erotic Themes in *Victorian Literature", in Peter Webb The Erotic Arts (1975; repr.), pp. 202-17: discusssion of *Swinburne, *Richard Burton, *Pater, *Hellenism,*Crowley, *Rolfe - an important overview of the period discussing the emergent homosexual voice. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1941. A film Walt Curtis: The Peckerneck Poet has been made of him; he describes himself as a "jerk-off poett therapist" (information from the internet). Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 880-81: Peckerneck Country, The Selected Poems of Walt Curtis, Portland, OR: Mr. Cogito Press, 1978 and The Roses of Portland, Portland, OR: privately printed, 1974. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Son of the Male Muse, 49-58; a very Tine gay love poem; biog., 187: this reveals he lives in Portland, Oregon, where he is the "Unofficial *Poet Laureate" and has published several chapbooks. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1974. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10578: "Sex made simple for classrom use", College English, 36, 339, November 1974. Biographer from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1988. Author of The Legacy of the Beast: the Life, Work and influence of *Aleister Crowley (London, 1988.) An important biography of a difficult subject who is one of the most fascinating gay poets ever. The work is a shorter, and thus more accessible, life of Aleister Crowley that the much larger work by John Symonds. It contains a chronology of Crowley's life pp. 13-16. Editor from the United States of works in English. Active 1974. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 888: editor of Peace and Pieces: An Anthology of Contemporary American Poetry, San Francisco: Peace and Pieces Press, 1974. Trope in Chinese poetry from China and later in Korean poetry. From ca. 90. Chinese. A term for homosexuals. It originated with the *Han Emperor Ai (ruled 6-1 B.C.) who cut off the sleeve of his gown rather than wake his sleeping companion Dong Xian according to a traditional story (see Hinsch, Passions of the Cut Sleeve, 53). Dong Xian was forced to commit suicide by minister Wang Mang on the emperor's death (his name, Dong Xian, is in Pinyin; it is Tung Hsien in Wade Giles.) The term was first used in reference to homosexuality in The History of the Later Han written by 90, but completed by the sister of the writer Pan Ku (lived 32-92: see his entry in Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature ). See *Words - Chinese, *Liu Zun (died 535), *Han-shan, *P. R. Stephensen, *Brett Hinsch. Korean. See *Yi Hyang-Gum. Critic from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1988. His article "The truth untold", New Statesman, vol. 113 no. 2912, 22-24, is a brilliant gay reading of *Wilfred Owen. He argues that Wilfred Owen uses words in a coded way and they have hidden homosexual meanings due to the constraints of his times. He states, p. 23, "The key to Wilfred's later poetry is his *S & M sexuality". Letters in the New Statesman of 30 January, p. 32, and 13 February, p. 32, are relevant. Myth and trope in Greek from Greece and later in Latin. From ca. 10. A youth loved by *Apollo who was metamorphosed into a tree, the cypress. He first appears in poetry in Latin in *Ovid's Metamorphoses (composed 2-17 A.D.), Book 10, lines 106-42; see also the Greek poet *Nonnus's, Dionysiaca xi, 364. For the artistic depiction see * Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 305. Criticism. Buffiére, Eros adolescent, 359. Sergent, Homosexuality in Greek Myth, 81-82 and 282, footnote 6 (citing sources). Poet from Poland writing in Polish. 1903-1939. He was born in 1903 in Lublin. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Gay Poetry Anthologies. "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen", 128-33: poem "Hildur, Baldur and die Zeit"; biog. 174 - states the poem "Hildur, Baldur und die Zeit", published in 1936, is based on his relationship with a youth Stefanek; Baldur was an old god of love and Hildur represents Stefanek in the poem. Poet possibly from the United States writing in English. Active before 1924. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 74: poem "Two Tiny Hands"; annotated in Men and Boys as "a schoolboy to another". Poet from Australia writing in English. Active from 1985. See Cavafy's Room (Melbourne: Nosukumo Press, 1987); the title refers to the Greek gay poet *Constantine Cavafy. There are gay elements in Flowers of Impotence, 215 pp. (privately printed, 1983), and a gay episode in an unpublished novel (not sighted: Javant Biarujia to the author). There is no evidence that this author is a practising gay. He is married (information from Javant Biarujia). Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. 1863-1938. Famous Italian *decadent poet and playwright. His sexuality is very problematical. Homosexuality has not been proved so far, though he appears to have all the signs of having at least had some homosexual experience. He was an *aesthete and *dandy with an elaborate house beautifully decorated, including statues of naked youths such as a copy of the Apollo Piombino (in the Louvre, Paris). He had mistresses and married and was one of the most famous writers in the world in 1900. He was called by Benedeno Croce a dilettante oi sensations . d Annunzio was politically to the right and inclined to rascism. His entire works were put on the Catholic * Index. See J. M. Becker, "Homoeroticism and Nationalism" in Stanford Italian Review vol.11 no.1-2 (1992), 139-54. He wrote a play The Martyrdom of St *Sebastian. Biography: see *Philippe Jullian whose biography, Gabriele D'Annunzio, in the English translation of 1972 (from the French edition of the same title, Paris, 1971), pp. 343-344, deals with homosexuality in his life. His works were widely translated; his French translator was the homosexual *Georges Herelle. See Arcadie no. 64 (April 1959), 193204: trans. into French of a poem "L'Alcyon", 1903 ("L'Enfant" [The Enfant], trans. by *Roger Peyrefitte). See also *ode . Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Dictionary of Italian Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amicizia amorosa, 173-75. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 247: *bathing poem. Poet and philosopher from India writing in English; he lives in the United States. Born 1939. An Indian guru who has a temple in the United States in *Los Angeles. See The Love-Ananda Gita (Clearlake, California, 1989): pp. 155-247 consist of 108 verses about "love-bliss-unity" (p. 169) and the rest is commentary. The work is described as verses on the back cover but in English reads as prose. The works endorse free love. See *Indian philosophies as he was greatly influenced by them and is a pupil of Swami Rudrananda. *Ananda, from whom his name comes, was a pupil of the Buddha and means "joy, bliss". Movement in French, English and Swedish. From 1915. A movement begun in Switzerland in 1915 by Tristan Tzara which consisted of the reduction of sense to nonsense in poetry and the other arts. It flourished from 1915 to 1922. It had close links to *surrealism, a movement in the arts which emerged out of it. It was a reaction to such ideas as *art for art's sake. *Collage was an important Dada technique. English. *E. E. Cummings was especially influenced in the layout of his poems which placed letters and words all over the page; see also *Ginsberg, *Don Maynard, *Imiri Baraka. *Modernism and *postmodernist poets who have written *free verse have been influenced by it. French: see *André Breton. See also 'Surrealism. Swedish: *Gunnar Björling. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature: Poet from India who wrote in Rajasthani. 1544-1603. Greatly influenced by the works of *Kabir, he was an Indian religious saint. (Rajasthani is sometimes regarded as a dialect of Hindi.) See W. G. Orr, A Sixteenth Century Indian Mystic, 1947 (with English translation of poems); ardent poems of love of God strongly influenced by *Sufism with strong homosexual aspects: see pp. 60, 62, 64, 66, 84-85 (re Guru). Some poems ascribed to him may be by *disciples. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Critic and poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1900-1977. His book of essays The Flea of *Sodom (1950), is a satire on the bohemian Greenwich Village, *New York. He was a close friend of *Charles Olson. Indeed, as Tom Clark's biography of Olson makes clear, he was Olson's mentor and their relationship was one of master and *disciple with a strong homosexual undercurrent. He wrote a book of poems Cipango's Hinder Door (1966) which includes *"Walt Whitman". The Sorrows of *Priapus (1957), is prose. In Alms for Oblivion he declared that *Robert McAlmon's marriage to Bryher was a sham. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors New Revision Series, volume 31. Addressee from Turkey of a poem in English by T. E. Lawrence. 1896-1918. *T. E Lawrence wrote the dedicatory poem of his prose work The Seven Pillars of Wisdom (first published in 1926) to him. He may have been a lover of Lawrence who met him in 1911, aged fourteen, when he was working on the excavations at Carchemish in Turkey. Dahoum, who was Lawrence's servant, and whose real name was Salim Ahmed (or Sheik Ahmed) has been identified as an Arab youth by various biographers (see, for instance, Joseph Bean); he may have been from Syria since Syria was then part of Turkey. See the article "Lawrence of Arabia", The Advocate, 11 April 1989, 27-33. *Richard Aldington, in Lawrence of Arabia, first published in 1955, calls him in the London, Four Square edition, with added material, 1957, "probably the great love of Lawrence's life" (see pp. 75-76) and states Lawrence carved an image of him in limestone, leading the Arabs to think him a *pederast (Dahoum's age here is given at the time of meeting as fifteen and he is said to be a donkey-boy or water-boy). For further information see the index of Richard Perceval Graves, Lawrence of Arabia and his World (1976); a photo appears on p. 19. Dahoum died of typhus. He is referred to in Lawrence's letters. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 149: "To S. A." (i.e. Salim Ahmed or Sheikh Ahmed). Poet from Turkey who wrote in Turkish. Died. ca 1430. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Turkish Verse, 77: a love poem to a man; biog., 8. Criticism. Gibb, History of Ottoman Poetry, vol. 2, 368: "Dai of Qastamuni" appears to be this poet. Poet from Japan who wrote in Japanese. Active before 1713. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Partings at Dawn, 107; a reply to Risshi Nin'yu (from the anthology * Iwatsutsuji). Poet from Iran who wrote in Persian. Active ca. 159Q. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A'in i Akbari anthology, 677-7B; biog., 677. Poet from Australia who wrote in English. 1858-1903. Strong homoaffectional feeling occurs in his poetry as with other *eighteen-nineties Australian writers: e.g. in the poem "In a *Wine Cellar" (from At Dawn and Dusk, Sydney, 1898, pp. 37-43). He was symposiarch, i.e., leader - the term is derived from *Plato's *Symposium - of the *Dawn and Dusk Club, a Sydney Bohemian group which met at dusk and parted at dawn. He was a close friend of *Henry Lawson and *J. Le Gay Brereton and a famous photograph of him and Theodore Argles exists suggesting an intimate friendship (reproduced in the Daily Mirror, Sydney, Monday 14 September 1959, 14). He married and had six children. He used the pseudonym Creeve Rowe and his writings under this name were published in an edition edited by *Muir Holborn. A letter in a Mitchell Library copy of At Dawn and Dusk (at catalog entry number A821/141/1A1) has the note to the publisher Angus and Robertson "But - I DO NOT like the colour of the cover, and I think it is out of keeping with the contents. Could you make it *purple or dark *green?" See entries *green and *lavendar for the possible significance. However, green could here refer to the writer's Celtic background, as he and *Roderic Quinn were referred to as poets of the Celtic twilight. Purple could have undertones of bohemianism. Daley was a heavy drinker, perhaps alcoholic. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Addressee of letters in Spanish by Federico García Lorca; he was from Spain. 1904-1988. Dalí was a *Surrealist painter with whom *Federico García Lorca fell in love (see *Ian Gibson's biography of Lorca). Dali's letters to Lorca survive but only two letters from Lorca to Dali. See A. Rodrigo, Lorca-Dali: una amistad tradicionada (Barcelona, 1981), for the text of the surviving letters. Lorca wrote an "*Ode to Salvador Dali". Ian Gibson has written a biography of Dali which deals candidly with Dali's sex life, The Shameful Life of Salvador Dalí (London, 1997): on p. 135 it is noted that Lorca tried to have anal sex with Dali but the painter apparently refused; see also p. 223 (ménage a trois with his wife Gala and another painter showing later homosexual experience). On p. 155 Ian Gibson notes that Lorca did a drawing of himself and Dali as *Castor and Pollux; see also the index of the book under "Dali, Salvador" and, under this, see "sexual problems" and "personality - anal fixation" and the index under "Garcia Lorca". Some works of Dali contain homosexual elements such as his painting Narcissus and there is a considerable *Freudian element in his life and work. In Ian Gibson, Federico García Lorca: a life(1989), p. 164, Dali hints here that anal sex on him was at least tried by Lorca ("It hurt, moreover"); he states here Dali repressed his homosexual tendencies. The painter married a woman but there were no children. The film Dali (directed by Antoni Ribas, 1991) features his supposed love affair with Lorca (reviewed in Time, 15 July, 1991, 8). Haim Finkelstein, Salvador Dali's Art and Writing 1927-1942: The Metamorphosis of Narcissus, 1996, discusses his work. An unpublished paper on "Homosexuality and the Question of the Double in Dali's Autobiographical Writings" from the London 1991 Hispanic 'Conference by Vilasca David is listed in *Paul Julian Smith's The Body Hispanic: Gender and Sexuality in Spanish American Literature (1989), p. 228. Bibliographer from Italy of works in Italian; he is also a critic, historian and archivist. Born ca. 1960. He is the author of *Leggere omosessuale, the only Italian gay bibliography to date. It lists books with homosexual themes in Italian from 1800 on. The work deals with sexological and sociological material as well as literary material; it omits to list the anthology * L'amicizia amorosa. It is in five sections: Literature pp. 111-44, Poetry pp. 45-51, Movement pp. 52-56, Scholarly and sociological pp. 57-78 and Early medical, psychiatric works etc. pp. 79-99. The work has been supplemented by a computer index on Giovanni Dall'Orto's personal computer of subsequently found works. He founded the *Milan gay archives and writes for * Babilonia of which he is a part owner. He has collected many little known gay poems in Italian, French and other Romance languages from research in European libraries. He wrote a series of articles on Italian gay poetry in Babilonia no. 101, June 1992, pp. 56-69, no. 102, July-August 1992, pp. 58-60 and no. 103, September 1992, pp. 6668. These articles are the most detailed survey of gay poetry in Italian so far. Biography: see opposite the title page of Leggere omosessuale. He did not complete his university education but is the finest living gay scholar in Italy of male homosexuality and one of the greatest living gay scholars. For a work of literary criticism see Sodoma no. 3 (1986), 13-37: homosexuality in Italian poetry before *Dante; see also in the same issue, pages 81-95 - article on gay *words in Italian. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1892 to 1927. Some poems in his 1900 volume published by Grant Richards in London, Flower and Leaf, are relevant. Minuti& (Poems) (London, 1892) may contain relevant material. Translator from Greek to English. Born ca. 1923-died ca. 1993. She assembled the second translation of a large number of *Cavafy's poems into English: The Complete Poems of C P Cavafy (1961). However, despite its title, the text is not complete: see the main Cavafy entry. She has also translated *Yannis Ritsos. Dean Kostos, in "The Writing Life", in Lambda Book Report, April 1999, 18, has some reminiscences of her. She lived in New York. Poet from Greece writing in Greek. Active before ca. 217 B. C. He has ten poems in the * Palatine Anthology. No entry Oxford Classical Dictionary. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Der kleine Pauly, volume 1, 1368. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Garland of Meleager. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 132. City in Syria where the main spoken language is Arabic. Damascus is a very ancient city which was the capital of the Islamic empire in the Umayyad period from 661-750; in 750 the capital was removed to *Baghdad. The city has been much occupied by many different nations, e.g. in 1076 by the Seljuk Turks. It is an important publishing center (see *Ibn Sana al-Mulk) and is the capital of Syria. It houses the National Library of Syria. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition: "Dimashk". Pseudonym of an anthologist from Brazil who wrote works in Portuguese. 1918-died ca. 1985. Coeditor of the poetry anthology * Poemas do Amor Maldito, Gasparino Damata is a pseudonym based on his real name, *Gasparino da Mata e Silva. He was a pioneer of gay publishing in Brazil and one of the editors of the first Brazilian gay journal * Lampiao. He writes stories (see Now the Volcano, pp. 98-144) and has written a novel with a homosexual theme, Queda em Ascensao (1951). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poemas do amor maldito (anthologist). Now the Volcano: biog., p. 97. Figure from myth and trope in Greek from Greece and in English from Great Britain. From 1494. A pair of friends in ancient Greek who were later taken as gay lovers. For the ancient artistic depiction see * Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae, volume 3, part 1. English: see *Richard Edwards, the first reference in English (his only extant play, printed in 1571, was called Damon and Pithias), John Milton, *Edmund Spenser, *Philip Roberts, *Charles Jury. German. 'Sebastian Brant (1494). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Ioläus (1902), 36-37. Hidden Heritage, 67. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active from 1957. A lover of James Kirkup from the United States. They met in Spain and wrote poems together: see James Kirkup, A Poet Could Not But Be Gay (London, 1991), pp. 54-76, "A Fatal Encounter" (which includes poems they wrote); see also the remainder of this book (other poems are included). James Kirkup states that, though he felt obliged to break the relationship off, he has thought about him every day since. He saw Dana from a distance in *Washington in 1974 (when he found his name in a United States poets' directory) but could not bring himself to speak to him (see pp. 231-33). The poems of "Suite Salmantina" were written to him (printed in James Kirkup's The Prodigal Son: Poems 1956-59, London, 1959); see also A Poet Could Not But Be Gay, p. 176. The name may not be - and probably isn't - his real name. Poem in Igbo from Nigeria. Framo about 1971. See pp. 41-42 in Igbo Traditional Verse, edited and translated by Romanus Egudu and Donatus (Nwoga, 1971): a poem addressed to the *god Igbo. Igbo is an African language, one of the Niger-Congo group and one of the most important in Nigeria. Editor from Canada of a collection in French. Active 1954. Compiler of Poètes bucoliques (Québec, 1954), 151 pages: an anthology with a linked commentary on *pastoral poetry from the Greek *Theocritus to the French writer *Gide, including Italian and English pastoral poets. There is a strong homosexual flavor to the choice of poems. Rare. Copy: *University of Sydney Library. Poem in English from Great Britain. Recorded in 1904. About a man who appears to be an *aesthete and never takes his pants off when in bed with his wife and "sleeps in women's stays" (he seems to also be a *transvestite). Text. James Reeves, The Idiom of the People (London, revised edition 1959), p. 101 (from the C. J. Sharp manuscripts, possibly in the *British Library). Dandyism and dandified behavior Movement in Latin from Italy and later in French, English and other 'European languages. From ca. 50. Dandyism is excessive attention to style in clothes. It is perhaps best exemplified in gay circles by the homosexual 'Oscar Wilde (famous for wearing a 'green carnation, which symbolized artificiality as opposed to the natural just as homosexuality was seen to be artificial and "against nature"); it was very strong in France from the 1880s (see 'Jacques d'Adelswärd Fersen) and swept Europe from this time. However, earlier in the nineteenth century, 'Byron was a dandy and even influenced 'Whitman to adopt a dandified pose in his early period as a poet. It dates from the Latin author 'Petronius (active ca. 50). A dandy is not necessarily a homosexual though dandyism may be a coded way of recognizing a homosexual (necessary in a time when laws were against homosexual acts or any behavior seen as homosexual); however, the ambiguity of dandyism precludes absolute indentification. So, as a coded way of showing and recognizing homosexuality, dandyism is ambiguous. (Some dandies were, of course, both heterosexual and homosexual, as in Wilde's case.) Dandyism became a cult amongst homosexuals in the arts from the 1880s. See 'Aesthetes, 'Effeminacy, 'Fop, 'Taste. Jessica R. Feldman, Gender on the Divide: The Dandy in Modernist Literature (1993), is a detailed study; see also Ellen Moers, The Dandy: Brummell to Beerbohm (1960) and Jules Barbey D'Aurevilly, Dandyism (1988), 78 pp. English: see 'Vanburgh, 'Botany Bay, 'Walt Whitman, 'Muir Holborn, 'Brian Howard, 'Alistair Kershaw, Julian Sturgis, 'Wallace Stevens. French. 'Blaise Cenders, 'Huysmans, 'Proust were all dandies. See Marylene Delbourg-Delphis, Masculin singulier (Paris, 1985). Italian: see 'D'Annunzio. Latin: see 'Petronius. Polish: 'Cyprian Norwid. Russian. Dandyism occurred amongst poets from 'Pushkin onwards (Pushkin modelled himself on Byron). This was especially a pose poets took up in Russia from the 'eighteen nineties onwards based on Pushkin: see 'Ivnev and 'Marienhof. See also 'Aestheticism. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 292-94. Gay Histories and Cultures : see "Dandy". Poet from France who wrote in Provençal. Active 1180-1220. He was a 'troubadour poet. Goodich, The Unmentionable Vice, p. 6, states he is placed by Dante in the seventh circle in Purgatory (among whom there were sodomites); on p. 7 Goodich says a poem by him "describes an oral-anal encounter between his two poetic rivals, 'Raimon de Derfort and 'Turc Malec" (this poem is in Arnaut Daniel, Poetry, edited by 'J. J. Wilhelm, New York, 1981, poem no. 18, "Sirventes"; see also footnote 11, p. 128, for sources). The Dante reference is to Purgatorio, Canto 26. See also Kuster, Over Homoseksualiteit in middeleeus West-Europa, 596, f. 39. This interpretation is disputed by 'Edourard Roditi in De l'homosexualité, 1962, p. 143. Poet and journal editor from Australia. Born ca. 1950. Editor of * Ganymede: A Journal of Gay Poetics. Several poems by him appear in the three issues published. He wrote reviews of gay art exhibitions and was also a writer for the *journal Campaign. Daniel, Hal J. A poem in the James White Review vol. 3 no. 4 (Summer 1986), 4, is about a male nurse and titled "David"; a biographical note, p.12, states he is a Professor of Language and Auditory Pathology at East Carolina University and has published two collections of poetry and seeks a publisher for the third. His full name is Hal J. Daniel III (III means "the third" and means he is the third person in his family in direct linear descent with this name). Pseudonym of a critic from France writing in French. Active from 1955-1968. Stated to be the pseudonym of Michel Duchein by sources in France. However, in Paris in 1995, Michel Duchein denied that he and Marc Daniel were one and the same; he said Marc Daniel was a friend now dead (telephone call with the author). The *National Union Catalog reveals Michel Duchein published two books on archival materials in French, one, Catalogue des microfilms de securité (Paris, 1955), where his occupation is given as archivist for the archives of France, and another, Guide des Archives de la Haute-Vienne, Limoges, 1954 (where his occupation is given as chief archivist of "Haute-Vienne"; Vienne is near Lyon and Haute Vienne is the upper part). A book Jacques Premier, Le roi d'Angleterre (ca. 1980) by Michel Duchein discusses the homosexuality of James the first, King of Great Britain, and a photograph of Michel Duchein appeared in * Gay News (*Claude Courouve to the author, 1995). French. Marc Daniel (pseud.) regularly wrote articles for * Arcadie and was the author of * Shakespeare et Gide en correctionelle (1959) and, with Andre Baudry, of Les Homosexuals (1975). He - whoever he was - seems to have been a gay activist at this time. "A Study of Homosexuality in France during the Reigns of Louis XIII and Louis XIV" in One Institute Quarterly no. 14, vol. 14 no. 3 (Spring 1961), 77-214 (trans. from the French text in Arcadie December 1956-September 1957) includes discussion and translation of French homosexual poems of the seventeenth century by *Théophile de Viau, pp. 80-83, *Des Barreaux, pp. 81-83 (including an anonymous *song of ca. 1640 about him), *Saint Pavin, pp. 83-84, the poet Charles d'Assoucy (about whom Chapelle and Barchaumont wrote a homopoem) and *Anonymous French poems accusing others of homosexuality, pp. 88-93 (including a *Song of ca. 1621, p. 89). This is a very scholarly article. See Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, item 640 for studies on homosexuality in England. Arabic. Marc Daniel (pseud.) was the author of "La civilisation arabe et l'ampir masculin" in French in Arcadie, issues 253-55, 257-59, 261, 263, 266-67 (1975-76). This is the finest survey of Arabic literature and homosexuality in a *European language. There is an English translation by *Winston Leyland in *Gay Sunshine 32 (Spring 1977), 1-11 and 27, titled "Arab Civilization and Male Love". This is a seminal article for the study of homopoetry in Arabic and probably the most detailed survey to its date in any language. It is in fact one of the finest articles ever written on gay poetry in any language (it was reprinted in Gay Roots as cited below). An article by Arthur Wormhoudt "Classic Arabic Poetry", cited below, supplements it. Akkadian: see Arcadie no. 316 (avril 1980), 209-214, "Notre Ancêtre Gilgamesh", a review of a French translation of Gilgamesh by Abed Azrie from an Arab text which is an adaptation of Sumerian and Akkadian texts. Bibliographies. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, item 649: states his real name is *Michel Duchein. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, item 486: citing Des dieux et des garçons: etudes sur l'homosexualité dans la mythologie grecque, Paris: Arcadie, 1968, 38 pp: a study of homosexuality in Greek gods. Criticism. *Arthur Wormhoudt, "Classic Arabic Poetry", *Gay Books Bulletin, no. 4 (Fall 1980): the whole essay supplements Duchein's earlier work. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 33-76: reprint of the essay "Arab Civilization and Male Love". Translator from Sanskrit to French; poet and autobiographer from France writing in French. He lived in India for much of his life and later in Italy. 1907-1994. One of the most famous Indologists of the twentieth century. He was gay and lived with Raymond Burnier, an heir of the Swiss Nestlé fortune, for fifteen years in Benares, India from 1937 where he converted to *Hinduism. They later separated when they both moved to Italy. He is the author of a book on *Hindu myths Shiva and Dionysus (1984), a very thorough coverage of the cult of Shiva in India, and the author of the only complete translation of the Sanskrit * Kamasutra into French (translated into English as The Complete Kamasutra, 1993). Gods of Love and Ecstasy: The Traditions of *Shiva and *Dionysus (1982) is a famous work comparing east and west myths of these two gods and finding much in common. His autobiography, The Way to the Labyrinth (French edition 1981; English translation, 1987) is a major gay autobiography; as a poet see pp. 54-55. See also L'erotisme divinisé (Eroticism made holy), 1962. Obituary: Guardian Weekly 27 February 1994, 26; discusses his gayness and relationship with Raymond Burnier. An article in Gai Hebdo no. 290 discusses his life with Raymond Burnier (by Jacques Barozzi). After 1945 he worked for Unesco as head of the world music program where he was the creator of the Unesco record collections of traditional music. In 1971 he donated his library to the Cini Foundation. Information is available from a homopage on him on the internet. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors New Revision Series, volume 31. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1954. Compiler of the anthology * Take Any Train: An Anthology of Gay Men's Poetry (1990). He was born in Birmingham, educated at Reading University and has lived in London since 1982. He is the owner and publisher of The *Oscars Press (1987+) which has published several *chapbooks of gay poetry. He selected the poetry in a special isssue of the * James White Review , vol. 9 no. 3, Spring 1992. Book of poems: Breakfast in Bed (with *Kieron Devlin and *Kenneth King), London, Oscars Press, 1987; see pp. 5-19. Other books of poems: Peacock Luggage (1992) and Be Prepared. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Sugar and Snails, 7, 13, 31; biog. inside front cover. Take Any Train, 19-21 ; biog., 61. Language of water, 46-47; biog., 78. Of Eros and Dust, 10, 16, 29, 58; biog., 85. Badboy Book, 91-94; biog., 385. Eros in Boystown, 22. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 62, 165. Poet from Germany who wrote in German. Active 1932. The *British Library General Catalogue entry reveals he was active as a writer in 1932. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 48: poems "Die Brücke", "Erhoffer Tag", "Geleit gen Abend", "In Einer Nacht", "Peregrinus", "Serenade", "Spätes Fest", "Vermachtnis an den Morgen". No other information given. Poet and critic from the United States. Active 1972. Poet who co-authored an article on Effeminism with *Kenneth Pitchford. Poems: see Double-F no.2 (Spring/Winter 1973), 15-18. Poet from Italy writing in Italian. 1265-1321. Dante is the most famous Italian poet thought by some equal to *Homer in Greek and *Shakespeare in English. His poetry emerges from the *troubadour and *courtly love traditions. He wrote in the Florentine dialect which became the standard Italian literary dialect and he was famous for his love of the woman Beatrice whom he met and fell in love with when both were nine years of age (see Dante La Vita Nuova, translated by Mark Musa, 1957, p. ix). He was expelled from his native city *Florence. His major work, the *long poem The Divine Comedy, is divided into three books, Hell, Purgatory and Paradise. His most famous reference to homosexuality is in Hell, Cantos 15 and 16, which deal with sodomy, and where he places his teacher the poet, *Brunetto Latini, who greets him. This placement follows the doctrine of the *Catholic Church of the time. Inferno, Canto 9, refers to the gay trope of *Ganymede and he also refers to *Achilles and Patroclus in the Inferno. Purgatory, Canto 26, refers briefly to sodomy in relation to two poets: *Arnaut Daniel and *Guinicelli. For some other references to homosexuality in The Divine Comedy see Anthologies below. Criticism. There has been detailed commentary on Dante's Divine Comedy almost from its inception with many editions of the work containing detailed commentaries. There are thus many commentaries on Canto 15 and other sections referring to homosexuality. While there have been a large number of these commentaries in Italian (e.g., one by *Boccaccio), some exist in English (e.g., by *Dorothy Sayers, John D. Sinclair and a detailed commentary by Charles S. Singleton, published in 1970, all of whom translated the poem). For sources of Italian commentaries consult the Enciclopedia Dantesca, an encyclopedia entirely devoted to Dante (second edition 1984); see especially the articles "Achille", "Sodoma", "Sodomiti" in this work. A major study of Canto 15 in English is by *Richard Kay, a work which seems strongly influenced by Andre Pezard's 1950 study in French of the canto: Dante sous la pluie de feu. Giuseppe Aprile, Dante, inferno, dentro e fuori (Palermo, 1977), 206 pages, is a slight study of homosexuality and *S/M in Dante's Divine Comedy. (These books are discussed in the Encyclopedia of Homosexuality entry below by *Giovanni Dall'Orto.) *Edourard Roditi in De l'homosexualité, 1962, pp. 141-43, discusses Canto 15. See also "Criticism in homosexual terms" below. Translation. English: see *T. W. Parsons, *Dorothy Sayers (1949), John D. Sinclair (1971), Charles S. Singleton (1971). Dante has been extensively translated into most European languages. Consult the * British Library General Catalogue and * National Union Catalog for translations. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 294-96. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 48: Göttliche Komödie. Hölle 15 und 16, Fegefeuer 26 (Divine Comedy, Hell 15 and 16 and Purgatory 26). Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10579: The Divine Comedy. "Many references, as in 'Inferno', Canto XV". Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 900: The Divine Comedy, New York: Basic Books, 1962. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Ioläus (1902), 69: re his Inferno referring to *Achilles and Patroclus, but ambiguously as to their relationship. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 131-35. Les Amours masculines, 63 64. L'amicizia amorosa, 45-47. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 214: trans. of Inferno xv. Hallam, Book of Sodom, 135-38: Purgatory, Canto 26 (re Julius Caesar and Arnaut Daniel), trans by Henry Francis Cary. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 265-71: Inferno vx and xvi. Criticism in homosexual terms. Raffalovich, Uranisme et unisexualité, 300. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 4 (1902) 871-73: Dante and homosexuality (in German). Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 8 (1906), 351-64: article on homosexuality in The Divine Comedy by Undine Freiin von Verschuer. Poet from Canada writing in French. Active 1982. An English translation of his poetry exists, Black Diva Poems 1982-86, trans. Daniel Gloate, Montreal, 1991. Bibliographies. Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (1984): Poèmes de Babylones, Trois Rivières: Ecrits des Forges, 1982. Figure from myth and trope in Greek from Greece and later in English. From ca. 270 B.C. Greek. In "Idyll One" of Theocritus, Daphnis is a Sicilian shepherd who will love no one, and in whom Aphrodite, the goddess of love, inspires a desperate passion. He dies of unsatisfied longing rather than yield. Daphnis is thus the prototype of the unhappy lover, not necessarily heterosexual. The name Daphnis is extensively used in *pastoral poetry in *European languages. Pan was said to love him in *Alexandrian poetry: on this point see *Meleager in Palatine Anthology vii: 535. The Greek writer Longus wrote a pastoral romance, Daphnis and Chloe, in prose, in which Daphnis falls in love with the female Chloe. In English see *Cicero's Laelius. For the artistic depiction see * Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae, vol. 3, part 1, pp. 348-52 and the plates, most of which are homosexual. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 313: citing Theocritus * Idylls i, 66 ff. Criticism. Buffière, Eros adolescent, 364-65: Daphnis and *Pan. Poet from Iran who wrote in Persian. Ca. 930-975. He began the epic poem the Shahnamah completed by *Firdawsi and is reputed to have been murdered by a slave. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 329: *fawn trope; biog., 326. Criticism. Rypka, History of Iranian Literature, 153-54. Dar al-Tiraz, also spelt Dar at-Tiraz Anthology in Arabic probably compiled in Egypt. Compiled ca. 1200. The first and, so far, only, Arabic gay poetry anthology. It was compiled by *Ibn Sana al-Mulk who was from Egypt but later possibly lived in Syria; the work may even have been compiled in Spain. It consists of * muwashshah, thirty-four from Spain and thirty-five composed by Ibn Sana. Poems feature the tropes of the *cupbearer and the *gazelle and are mainly gay love poems. It is one of the finest gay love anthologies. See *Emilio García Gómez, "Estudio del Dar al-Tiraz", Al-Andalus 27 (1962), 28-104. Text. *Dar at-Tiraz was published in *Damascus edited by Jawdat Rikabi in 1949 (second edition, Damascus: Dar al-Fikr, 1977, 217 pages; this appears to be a reprint and has a two page unpaginated Preface dated Paris, 1947 by E. Lévi-Provencal, Professor at the *Sorbonne). There are two known manuscripts in Leiden and the National Library of Egypt in Cairo. Translation. English. *Norman Roth, '"Deal Gently with the Young Man': Love of Boys in Medieval Hebrew Poetry of Spain", Speculum 57 (1982), p. 27, footnote 29, states some of the less explicit poems are translated in Linda Fish Compton, Andalusian Lyrical Poetry and Old Spanish Love Songs, New York, 1976 (see pp. 9-44; the work has a biblliography, pp. 139-41). Poets included in Compton's selection: *al-A'ma al-Tutili, *Anon, *Hatim ibn Sa'id, *Ibn al-Labbana, *Ibn Baqi, *Ibn Sana al-Mulk, *Ibn 'Ubada, *1 bn Zuhr. Spanish. A complete translation appears in Garcia Gomez's article cited above. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1237. Critic from Russia writing in Russian; he lives in Israel. Active from 1978. The first critic to write of an openly homosexual poet in contemporary Russia. See his article in Christopher Street, January 1979, 6667: "About *Gennady Trifonov's Poetry" (translated from Russian into English). He was married to the Russian novelist and playwright Vera Panova until her death in 1973 and later emigrated to Israel. He formerly lived in *Leningrad. Poet from India writing in Urdu and Persian. 1721-1785. His penname, Dard, means pain. He wrote poems about *anal sex and his name possibly refers to pain in being penetrated in the anus by the penis. He wrote a huge amount in Persian but his fame rests on a small amount of Urdu *mystical poetry and he was essentially a *Sufi. He lived in *Delhi. Translation. English: see Angus and Robertson Book of Oriental Verse (formerly The Elek Book of Oriental Verse, 1979) edited by Keith Bosley, 1979, pp. 149-50. Criticism: see *Annemarie Schimmel. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Criticism. *C. M. Naim, "The Theme of Homosexual (Pederastic) Love in Pre-Modern Urdu Poetry", in Studies in the Urdu Gazal and Prose Fiction, 1979, 130. Sadiq, History of Urdu Literature, 139-42. Rahman, "Boy love in the Urdu ghazal'', Paidika vol. 2 no. 1 (1989), 24. Poet from Australia writing in English. Born 1960. Book: Death as Mr Nice Guy (Canberra, 1989). This is a *long poem in the manner of *Allen Ginsberg's Howl about such issues as sex, *bisexuality, *drugs and fear of *Aids; it is based on the idea that being a "nice guy" was the way he was brought up. A journalist based in Canberra in 1994 who works for The Glebe newspaper in Sydney. Pseudonym of a poet from Nicaragua who wrote in Spanish. 1867-1916. Regarded as the founder of *modernism in Spanish poetry, he was strongly influenced by the *decadent movement and *symbolism. Widely travelled, he was three times married. His real name was Felix Ruben García Sarmiento. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, vol 2, 1240: stated to be interested in homosexuality. Translator from Latin to English. Active 1720. The first English translator of the Latin poet *Tibullus. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 87-88: trans. of *Tibullus (Odes I, 4 lines 11-20, 53-72). Poet who wrote in Persian. Active ca. 159Q. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A'in i Akbari anthology, 649-51 ; biog., 649 - of Turkish extraction, he renounced the world and became a water carrier. Critic from Iran writing in Persian. 1901 - ca. 1980. An important recent writer on *Omar Khayyam. Author of In Search of Omar Khayyam, New York, 1971 (translated from Persian); bibl., pp. 267-70. The book is a detailed analysis of all issues relating to Omar Khayyam and his text; however, Omar Khayyam's sexuality is not discussed. A famous man of letters of Iran, Ali Dashti has written on classical Persian poets, e.g. *Hafiz (Naqshi az Hafaz, Tehran, 5th edition, 1970) and *Rumi. He wrote a work on the prophet Mohammad, Twenty Three Years: A Study of the Prophetic Career of Mohammed (1985) in which he questioned traditional accounts of the Mohammed's life as mythmaking. He died mysteriously shortly after the Iranian revolution of 1979. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures . Poet from Germany who wrote in German; he later lived in Indonesia. 1B67-191B. Best known as a painter, he died in Java, Indonesia. He was a Romantic and solitary who also wrote poetry and was a member of the 'George Kreis. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Neue deutsche Biographie. Bilder-lexikon. Lover from Great Britain. Active ca. 1595. He was not a writer; there is no entry in the * British Library General Catalogue. He was possibly related to *William Davenant. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 25: states he used to boast of the frequency with which *Shakespeare "*kissed him" and that his brother is stated as being William Davenant (source not cited). Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1606-1668. A playwright who contracted *syphilis, he does not appear to have married. He was also *poet laureate. Poems appear to be heterosexual in inspiration. He was possibly related to *Robert Davenant. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature: states he was rumoured to have been the natural son of *Shakespeare. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 25: states Shakesepare was so fond of him that he was thought to be his son (source not given). Poet and critic from the United States writing in English and translator from Greek to English. Born 1927. Guy Davenport is a very difficult, learned and obscure author who reads several languages and who has been hailed as a writer of genius. He is a translator of ancient Greek poetry. Carmina Archilochi: The Fragments of *Archilochus (Berkeley and LA, 1964), is a fluently translated attempt at making *Archilochus, who survives only in fragments, available to the modern reader (it has fine woodcut illustrations with homoerotic undertones). He has also translated Sappho from Greek * Sappho: Poems and Fragments (Ann Arbor, 1955), and Archilochos, Sappho, Alkman: three lyric poets of the late Greek Bronze Age (Berkeley, 1980). Thasos and Ohio: Poems and Translations 1950-80 (1985), includes, besides works from the above books, translations of homopoems of the Greek poet *Anacreon, pp. 69-72. He has also written short stories of gay relevance such as Eclogues: Eight Stories (San Francisco, North Point Press, 1981): see, for example, *"Idyll" pp. 137-46 and "On Some Lines of *Virgil" (about sexual awakening in French youths). "The Death of *Picasso", from this volume, has been called by George Steiner "among the few masterpieces of homosexual sensibility after *Proust" (quoted in Stephen Murray's review in The Advocate no. 364, 31 March, 1983). The genre of these pieces could be described as *prose-poems and the author is best described as a *postmodernist. He is the author also of * Jonathan Williams, Poet (1969). He appears to be a close friend of Jonathan Williams. His book The Bicycle Rider (1985), is a novella about boys making love. His essays, The Geography of the Imagination: Forty Essays (1981), are Tine works in the essay genre. It is very difficult to know exactly what genre he is working in in many of his volumes. He lives in France after retiring in 1991 from the University of Kentucky where he was Distinguished Alumni Professor. He is a Rhodes scholar with a doctorate from *Harvard awarded in 1961. Bibliography: see Guy Davenport: A Descriptive Bibliography 1947-1995, compiled by Joan Crane with the assistance of Richard Noble (1996). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors New Revision Series, volume 23: a very thorough assessment. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Active 1908. Mayne, The Intersexes, p. 382, quotes from a *hellenic poem in the manner of *Whitman, "The Parting", "recently published in a *New York Magazine". Biographer from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1996. Author of the most detailed biography of *W. H. Auden so far published, titled Auden (New York, 1996). It scrupulously records everything the author could find out. Review: Lesbian and Gay Studies Newsletter, Summer 1997, 18-20 by David Jarraway. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Active 1920. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 906: Desiderium MCMXV-MCMXVIII (title means: Desiderium 1915-1918), Cambridge: Heffer and Son, 1920. Myth and trope in Hebrew and later a trope in Latin, English, Dutch and Norwegian; he also appears in some works as an archetypal gay lover. From 300. Hebrew . See the entry *David, King and *"David's Lament for Jonathan". "David's Lament for Jonathan" (ca. 300), a Hebrew poem, has long been taken as an expression of homoerotic sentiment and possibly the first *elegy (it may date before 200 B.C. and as early as 1000 B.C). David and his companion Jonathan have been considered archetypal gay lovers. See also *Allen Edwardes. David appears as a trope of the beautiful male lover in the poetry of the Hebrew poet *Isaac ibn Mar Schaul (see Jefrim Schirmann, "The Ephebe in Medieval Hebrew Poetry", Sefarad I5 (1955), 58). English: *Edmund Spenser, *J. A. Symonds, *Abraham Cowley, *Byron, *David Jones, *G. A. S. Kennedy, *D. H. Lawrence, *Stephen Schecter. German. *Sebastian Brant. Latin: see *Peter Abelard. Norwegian: see *Bjorneboe. The trope will also be in all translated editions of the * Old Testament and the *Bible. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 296-98. Howes, Broadcasting It. Dictionnaire Gay. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 429. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 9-10. Criticism. Bailey, Homosexuality and the Western Christian Tradition, 56-57. Arcadie no. 63 (March 1959), 155-65: article by A. d'Aunis. David heeft ook een achterkant: Nieuve Nederlandse homo-erotische poezie Anthology in Dutch from the Netherlands. Amsterdam: *Corydon/ De Woelrat, 1985. Compiled by *Mark Thornton. Introduction by Mark Thornton pp. 5-9; biog. notes pp. 59-61. The title is a reference to *Michelangelo's sculpture of David and means "David also has a backside"; it refers to the fact that while many have admired David from the front (including the sight of his penis) he "also has a backside": that is, David could be attractive from the point of view of gay *anal sex. The subtitle means "New Dutch homoerotic poetry". A collection of contemporary gay Dutch poems. Poets (see entries): Uw Chauffeur, Joop van Gilsdonk, Johan Hanssen, Jos van Hest, H. H. D., Ben ter Hoogh (pseud.), Wim Huetink, André Koch, Han Kop, Hans Kroesen, Gerard Laan (pseud.), Leo Mesman, N. N., Ludo J. Nagelkerke, Bram Rebers, Jan Rijnsberger, Jan Seegers, Roger Thomas, Michael van der Voort, Guus Wakelkamp. Very little is known about these poets apart from the information in the biographical notes; most have not published in other Dutch gay anthologies. Rare. Copies are in the *Homodok library and collection of *Paul Knobel. Poet from Israel writing in Hebrew. Traditionally accepted as being alive ca. 1000-died ca. 970 B.C. A legendary king of Israel alleged to have composed *"David's Lament for Jonathan". If the date of 1000 B.C. is correct, he is the first homosexual poet known by name. See, in the * Old Testament, 2 Samuel 1, 17-27. Some * Psalms are attributed to him. The date of the earliest surviving manuscripts of the * Old Testament is 100 B.C. though the Greek Septuagint translation of it dates from 200 B.C Biography: see Steven L. McKenzie, King David: A Biography (2000). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia Judaica. Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Dictionnaire Gay. Criticism. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 2 (1900), 288 ff: "David und der Heilige Augustin, zwei Bisexuelle" (David and Saint Augustine, two bisexuals); repr. in Schmidt, Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen (1984), vol. 1, 159-66. Poem in Hebrew from Israel. Possibly from 1000 B.C. but a more reliable date is 300 from when the Greek Septuagint translation of the Old Testament survives in the Codex Vaticanus. The first homoerotic *elegy to survive. It was supposedly composed by *King David, the legendery King of Israel (active traditionally 1000 B.C.); the text is in 2 Samuel 1, 17-27 and there are many commentaries on this book in many languages as on all books of the Bible. David refers to his relationship with Jonathan in a famous phrase: "thy love to me was wonderful: passing the love of women" (Authorised Version of the Bible, 1611). As a trope of gay love, the poem is discussed in the entry *David and Jonathan. See Tom Horner, Jonathan Loved David (Philadelphia, 1978). Chapter 2, "David and Jonathan", pp. 26-39 which discusses the relationship. Compare * Gilgamesh, *Achilles and Patroclus. For the date of 200 B.C. see Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature, vol. 1, p. 60. Translation and commentaries. *Christian and Jewish Commentaries on this work are relevant and are some of the most ancient: a huge exegitcal literature exists in Aramaic (which has an early paraphrase of the poem in the Targums), Greek (where the poem was translated in the Septuagint of ca. 250 B.C.) and Latin (where the poem cilculated in the Vulgate translation of *Saint Jerome). The poem exists in all translations of the Old Testament of which there are more than 350 complete translations. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 7: see "Jonathan". Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 19, 183: trans. into German by *Martin Luther. Ioläus (1902), 6-7: "David's Lament". Men and Boys, 5: citing "David's Lament for Jonathan" from the authorised version of the * Bible. Die Bedeutung der Freundesliebe, 18. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 15-16. Hidden Heritage, 120-21. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 432. Art of Gay Love, 38. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 10. Critic from Australia writing in English. Born ca. 1945. See his fine review, "A Walk on the Wilde Side", of *Richard Ellmann's biography of *Oscar Wilde and of *Neil Bartlett's, Who Was That Man? (also on Oscar Wilde) in Meanjin 48 (1989), 785-95 (the article discusses the search for a gay tradition in literature). This article also discusses the search for a gay tradition in literature. His The *Sydney-Melbourne Book (1986), has discussion on the gay community in each city and their impact on each other. He is the former editor of Meanjin. Anthologist from Great Britain in English and Gaelic. Born 1976. Compiler of the first Scots anthology * And Thus Will I Freely Sing. He lives in *Glasgow. Gay Poetry Anthologies. And Thus Will I Freely Sing, 187-88 (biog. information). Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1922. In The Shires (New York, 1975), see "Cambridgeshire" ("Housman came, savage recluse/ Lover of *boys"); this volume has no pagination. This poem is on the gay poet *A. E. Housman. He was a pupil of *F. R. Leavis and has written a history of British poetry. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1969. See John Hunter, The Gay Insiders (New York, 1972), p. 84: re gay poetry inspired by visits to Fire Island, a gay holidaying place near *New York and other gay spots. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10580: Cherry Grove Cantata, New York: Barton, 1969. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 933: the same work. Note: Cherry Grove is a gay area on Fire Island. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1960. Books: The Tyrant of the Past, the Slave of the Future (1989) and The Patriot (1998). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Word of Mouth, 389-99. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1973. He used the pseudonym *Haviland Ferris. A *Washington DC poet. Bibliography. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10628: Poems of a Love Affair, New York: Vantage, 1973 (published under the pseudonym Haviland Ferris). Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 1231-32: Poems of a Love Affair, New York: Vantage, 1973, Runes for Faring Forth, Champaign, ILL: The Finial Press, 1975 (both published under the name Haviland Ferris); item 1231 discloses that John Davis used the pseudonym of *Haviland Ferris. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Son of the Male Muse, 87: a Tine poem on *Cavafy; biog., 188. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 549: poems including *Ganymede. Songwriter from Australia writing in English. Born ca. 1950. A left-wing gay activist involved with The Gay Solidarity Group, he has composed songs in the songbook * Songs of the Gay Liberation Quire. Addressee from Italy of love poems in Italian. Born 1948. A young star of Pasolini's films. Pasolini fell in love with him in 1963 when he was 15 and he inspired many poems. Ninetto Davoli later married a woman. He was from Calabria in southern Italy and the son of peasants who had moved to *Rome. See *Enzo Siciliano, Pasolini, translated by John Shepley (1982), pp. 283-86, 294-97 and 336-37 and also the index; photos of Ninetto Davoli appear between pp. 246 and 247. Critic and historian from Great Britain writing in English; he was also a book-collector. Ca. 1880-1964. Author of a typed manuscript on *Roman homosexuality, A Phase of Roman Life, ca. 1914, now in the *Private Case, British Library, London (at pressmark Cup 363. ff. 4). He also wrote the typescript manuscript A Study of Erotic Literature in England (completed ca. 1943) (at pressmark Cup 364. d. 15 in the British Library). (See Kearney, History of Erotic Literature, p. 187 on the details of the Study.) Both are unpublished. A Phase of Roman Life is a detailed study of homosexuality lacking, unfortunately, for the most part, references (so sources cannot be checked). This is the most complex and far ranging discussion of Roman homosexuality in any language, concentrating on the early imperial period from Julius Caesar to Elagabalus (ca. 50 B.C.-222 A. D.). Poetry is extensively discussed (pp. 273-335) but the opinions expressed are conventional. The book's achievement lies in detailing the extent and background of Roman homosexuality. A Study of Erotic Literature in England is 350 pages long and discusses homosexuality mostly in novels; some poetry is discussed and references have been incorporated in this encyclopedia: see *Francis Bacon, *Martial, *Edward M. Slocum. It is reasonably certain that he would have included all references found and the work is very thorough. He was a major collector of homoerotica and left a collection of erotic books to the British Library, the second largest bequest after the bequest of *H. S. Ashbee. He was known to be homosexual (Timothy d'Arch Smith to the author). Dawes's homosexuality was also confirmed to this author by *Gershon Legman with whom he corresponded for several years (meeting 4 April 1989). On his death his companion, A. J. Gordon-Hill, was allowed to choose a hundred books, before the collection went to the British Library, which he promptly sold. Dawes's catalogue of his book collection is kept in the Placer's Room of the British Library. The latest dates of books added are ca.1950. There is a significant homosexual content to the collection. Dawes published two books: The Marquis de Sade: his life and works (London, 1927; repr.) and The French Pornographer: Restif de la Bretonne, 1734-1806 (New York: Ballet des Muses, ca.1943; London, 1946). As a book collector Dawes sometimes included rare photographs or other illustrations in his copies of books: see *Edward Slocum, * Le Livre d'Amour des Anciens (this practice was later followed by *Anthony Reid). Criticism. Dawes, A Phase of Roman Life: relevant for Latin poets. Dawes, Study of Erotic Literature in England: relevant for English writers. Poet, critic and biographer from Great Britain writing in English. 1871-1955. Author of a significant work on *Norman Douglas, published under his name, R. M. Dawkins, which summed Douglas up as a modern *hellenist: Norman Douglas (London, 1952); the work was reprinted from the study published Florence, 1933, under the name Richard MacGillivray, the first two names of Dawkins. This work was a guarded attempt at justifying Douglas by someone who well understood the Greek homosexual tradition and who was Professor of Byzantine and Modern Greek at *Oxford from 1920. He wrote some poetry *epitaphs with *Nevill Coghill and one on *Brian Howard. Donald Weeks, * Corvo (London, 1971), p. 274, notes he and Rolfe had a six week holiday in *Venice together; there were also letters between the two and he helped Rolfe financially (see p. 268-76). He was a close friend of Frederick Rolfe and seems to have been homosexual; see the index of Corvo under his name. Biography. A forthcoming article on his life by Peter Mackridge is to be in Through the Looking Glass, edited by Robin Cormack (papers of the Taylorian Institute, Oxford). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography; states "He never married". Poet from Canada writing in English. Active 1972. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, first edition, item 664: Ceremonial: Poems 1961-67, Toronto: Coach House Press, 1972. Homosexuality in Canada, first edition (1979), 8. Young, Male Homosexual in LIterature, second edition, item 940. Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (1984), 138. All four entries are to the same book. Poet from Australia writing in English. Active 1991. He is also a playwright. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Pink Ink, 203-11; biog., 295-96. Poem from the United States written in English. Ca. 1971. An alternative title for the poem * The Platonic Blow: see this entry for full details. The poem was published under this name in Australia ca. 1971 by *Wendy Bacon and others. Day for a Lay, A: a century of gay poetry Anthology in English from the United States. New York: Barricade Books, 1999, 303 pages. A fine anthology of poets from *Edward Carpenter onwards, which was compiled by *Gavin Dillard. Introduction pp. 1-2; Alphabetical index of poets p. 303. Most poets are from the *gay liberation period onwards and the selection is excellent with emphasis on erotic homosexual works. The Greek poet *Cavafy, the Italian *Sandro Penna, the French poet Jean Genet and the Spanish poets *García Lorca and *Luis Cernuda as well as the Japanese poet *Takahashi Mutsuo are included as well as the English language poets. Most poets are from the United States; *Ian Young from Canada is the only contemporary poet not the United States. Translator from Latin to English from Great Britain. 1904-1972. Author of a Tine translation of the Latin poet *Virgil's complete works, The Aeneid in 1952 and The Eclogues in 1963. A *disciple of *Auden in his early poetry, he was heterosexual through his adult life. He edited Oxford Poetry with Auden in 1927, and is regarded as one of the *MacSpaunday group of poets. See the * Gay News review of the biography of him by Sean Day-Lewis written by Hallam Tennyson in Gay News 189 (1980), 24; Tennyson states Day-Lewis was "the only one who was firmly heterosexual throughout his adult life". Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Poet from Italy writing in Latin. 1473-154B. See in his Poemata (Florence, 1549): the 'epigrams "Ad Ang. Politianum" (To 'Angelo Poliziano), p. 4Q and "Ad Jacobum" (To Jacob) pp. 36-37. These poems, accusing humanists of homosexuality, belong to a climate of fierce controversy centering on 'humanism. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, vol. 2, 1Q22: states he accused 'Poliziano of homosexual tastes in a poem. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active ca. 1926. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 948: The Sublime Boy, New York: Seven Arts, 1926. "De façon qu'on ne vit jamais" The first line of a poem cited in Moll, Berühmte Homosexuelle, p. 36; the author cites the poem in relation to Cardinal Mazarin (16021661) and gives the source as Joannis Meursii Elegantiae latini sermonis Colloquium vii p.122. The next three lines are: "Dans toute la ville de Rome/Un plus habile a la Sodome/Que vous y fustes desormais." *Rome as a city of *sodom. Poet from the Netherlands who wrote in Dutch; he later lived in Israel. 1881-1924. A noted Dutch poet and novelist. Although he married, his three books of poems, 1914-27, have gay content; some poems are on *Oscar Wilde. He became Jewish and was murdered in Israel where he lived 1918-24. The Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature entry states "neglect and the recent revival... of his work is linked with its homosexual nature" ( Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature, vol. 2, p. 609). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 513-14; by *Gert Hekma. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity ; by *Gert Hekma. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Naar vriendscaap zulk een mateloos verlangen, 29-38: poems "Aan eenen jongen visscher", "Kwatrijnen" and "Aan Iwan Iwanowitsj (from Verzamelde gedichten, Amsterdam: G. A. van Oorschot, 1952) (books cited p. 117). Het huis dat vriendschap heet, 55-59: sixteen poems 1904-24. Drobci stekla v ustih, 23. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 275-81 : very fine quatrains of major importance modelled on the Rubaiyat of *Omar Khayyam; see *rubai. "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen ", 111-113. Poem in Latin from Germany. Ca. 900. The title means "About Lantfrid and Cobbo." Criticism. See *W. Leonhardt, "Homosexualität in der ältesten deutschen Dichtkunst", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 12 (1911-12), 154-157: discussion of homosexuality in the poem based on a manuscript in *Cambridge (with German translation); states Cobbo is homosexual and Lantfrid *bisexual. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1980. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 985: Budkristmarx: The Three Are One Voice, New York: Vantage, 1980. The title is an amalgamation of *Buddha, Jesus Christ and *Karl Marx. Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. 1896-1956. Author of Poesie (1942): see pp. 21, 45, 65, 120, 142-45, 161. His real name was Luigi Tibertelli. A fine Italian homosexual painter who was also a poet. Biography: see Babilonia no.14 (1984), 28; reprinted from Lambda (February 1983). A full length biography was written by *Domenico Naldini using the shortened form of his name Nico Naldini and titled De Pisis: Vita solitaria de un poeta pittore, Torino, 1991. In 1946 he did lithographs based on *Catullus. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Leggere omosessuale, item 322: Poesie, Florence: Valleccchi, 1953; his poetry called banal. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amicizia amorosa, 195-96; biog., 193. Drobci stekla v ustih, 46-47. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 249; discloses his real name. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born ca. 1944. *Black poet who is Professor of Theater at Southern Methodist University in Dallas, Texas. An interview with Andre de Shields from *Gay News no. 167 is included in the collection of Gay News interviews by *Keith Howes, OutSpoken (London, 1995), p. 78. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 30-31: "His (Blues) Story", a Tine poem about famous homosexuals in history (e.g., *Caesar, *Achilles, Jesus and *God); biog., 174. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1887-1965. Educated at Oxford, he was an officer in World War I. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 205: poem "Envoie" (slightly homoerotic); biog., 231. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1814-1902. Of *Irish background he was a prolific author. In 1851 he became a *Catholic following *Cardinal Newman. In The Infant Bridal and other poems (London, 1864), see "Song", pp. 42-43 (possible *pedophile theme, *non gender specific). A prolific poet and author of Mediaeval Records and Sonnets (1893). See also *Edmund Gosse who wrote a poem on him. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 52. Apparently the pseudonym of a bibliographer and critic from Great Britain writing in English who is also a translator from Egyptian, Latin and Greek to English. Active 1964. Believed to be the pseudonym of Terence Duquesne, of Oxford (information from 'Gershon Legman; personal meeting 1989). Author of Catalogi Librorum Eroticorum: A critical bibliography of erotic bibliographies and book-catalogues , London, 'Cecil and Amelia Woolf, 1964, 29 pages. 400 numbered copies were published; but some unnumbered copies were also sold. It is an annotated list of bibliographies of erotica with index of titles pp. 23-25 and index of names pp. 26-29. This work is one of the great works of erotic bibliography, though it only covers western 'European languages. Author bibliographies are not included but it cites some rare erotic books in four libraries: the 'British Library, 'Cambridge University Library, Bodleian Library (University of 'Oxford) and 'Kinsey Institute (University of Indiana, Bloomington, United States). It does not cite the Catholic Church's 'Index though the list of banned books of the Nazis (including banned erotica), Liste des schädlichen and unerwunschten: Stand vom 31 Dezember 1938 und Jahreslisten 1939-41, Leipzig, [1939], is included on. p. 13 (this latter list included the works of 'Magnus Hirschfeld). Besides listing the bibliographies, its major importance lies in the actual descriptions of the works listed. References to these listed works have been entered in this encyclopedia. As a poet see Testament of a Roach Eating Saint: Poems and Translations, London, Cecil and Amelia Woolf, date not known (note: his name is given here as Terry Deakin). See the first poem, "Curricul Vitae", pp. 7-9, a series of 'prose poems: 'I'm a square parttime lover of 'decadence' (p. 7); "I've had love letters from a man I never met sent love letters on hand-made paper to girls and boys (p. 8)". Included are translations from Egyptian (including *Akhenaton's "Hymn to the Sun", p. 52) and from the Latin poet *Catullus and the Greek poet *Nonnus. Egyptian. See his article "Evidence for Homosexuality in Ancient Egypt" in International Journal of Greek Love vol.1 no.1 (1965), 3138: a brilliant summary covering published discussion to 1965 (with extensive bibl.). The author gave his address as Exeter College, Oxford in 1963, at the end of the introduction; he was an undergraduate there from 1962-65 but afterwards did not keep in contact with the college (information from the college when enquiring about him under the name Terence J. Deakin). Library of books in English, French, German and other *European languages in Australia. Formed from ca. 1965. The Deane Erotica is a collection of erotic books housed in Rare Books Fisher Library, University of Sydney. There are some homosexual items but almost all material is heterosexual. It was assembled ca. 1965-1984. A printed shelf list exists and the collection is on computer in a preliminary form in the University of Sydney Library's Special Collections database which can be accessed on the internet. A large volume of material is in French and German though a significant amount is in English. The collection is outstanding and compares with the *Private Case and the *Enfer in thoroughness for basic erotic reference material (though it lacks the rare items of those much older collections); there are also many very rare items. An obituary of W. H. Deane (1901-1984) exists in Fisher Library Rare Books at Call Number RB 1684.10 by the University Librarian Neil A. Radford. He was a graduate of the University of Sydney who was wealthy and travelled extensively before settling near *Sydney in the Blue Mountains (later after a fire in his house he is believed to have moved to Sydney). He was given a special room for his collections by the the university librarian Dr. Andrew Osborne and assembled two major collections, the Deane Erotica and a collection of first editions of books of the major books of western science (also given to the University). He assembled the collection from 1957 and left an endowment for the purchase of rare books. He also formed another collection of rare scientific books which he also donated to the University. He had a Bachelor of Science. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Born 1893. *Oxford educated, he was an officer in World War I. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 166: "The Dead Turk" (re his beauty); biog., 232 (two books of poems). Debate on homosexuality in German A huge discussion on the nature of homosexuality took place in German in Germany from 1896. The debate basically saw 'Magnus Hirschfeld (who saw homosexuals as "intersexuals") opposed to 'Adolf Brand and 'Benedict Friaedlander who adopted the view that homosexuality was equal to heterosexuality and took an approach akin to 'gay liberation. 'Hans Blüher in his work related homosexuality to close male bonding which is an added complication to the debate. This debate ceased in 1933 with the rise of the 'Nazi regime. See also 'Homosexual emancipation movement - German, - Dutch, 'Historical and social background - German. Compare 'Debate on homosexuality in Japanese and 'Debate on homosexuality in Greek. Debate on homosexuality in Greek A debate in English on Greek homosexuality emanating from Great Britain occurred from 1964 at least. This debate centers on whether the basic type of homosexuality in ancient Greece was *pederasty and to what extent *androphilia and *pedophilia were involved. The issue was raised in the work of the historian *Walter Breen (pseud.) in 1964. A recent noteworthy addition to the debate is *William A. Percy in his book Pederasty and Pedagogy. Other *European languages may be involved. See *Literary critics and historians - Greek for writers who touch on this subject. Note: there was no word "homosexual" in English before ca. 1900, and the *words used need to be considered. Compare *Debate on homosexuality in German, *Debate on homosexuality in Japanese and *Debate on Love - Greek. Debate on homosexuality in Japanese Debate in Japanese in Japan. From at least ca. 1931. This debate, about the prevalence of *pederasty in Japanese culture, occurred in letters between *Iwata Jun'ichi and Minakata Kumagusu (1867-1941) from 1931 to 1941; they were published and have been translated into English (see Iwata Jun'ichi entry for details). *Pederasty was very common from 1600 in Japan and has been seen by some as the dominat form of gay male love especially amongst *samurai warriors and monks. Compare *Debate on homosexuality in German, *Debate on homosexuality in Greek and also *Debate on Love - Japanese. Debate on love in Arabic and Hebrew Debate in Arabic and Hebrew in Spain, Egypt and other Arabic speaking countries. This debate was on whether it was better to love boys than girls. It occurred from ca. 800 to ca. 1450. Arabic. Several treatises in *Arabic discuss whether it is better to love a youth or a woman, e.g. those by ibn Daoud, ibn Hazm, *al-Nafzawi, *al-Tifashi. The debate occurs also in the * Arabian Nights and dates from *Abu Nuwas (active 800). See *Richard Burton's translation of the Arabian Nights, 1885, vol. 5, pp. 154-63. These writers and the works listed below are all sources of homosexual poets and poems. The sources seem to point to a high incidence of *bisexuality amongst Arabic speakers. The *Debate on Love in Greek and *Platonism undoubtedly influenced the debate since *Plato was translated into Arabic and reached the language through Syrian (see Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, vol. 2, p. 988). *Aristotle (who deals with *friendship) was also translated (see *Philosophers - Arabic). Compare the Latin poem * Altercatio Ganimedis. References. *Marc Daniel, "Arab Civilization and Male Love", Gay Sunshine 32 (Spring 1977), 5: lists several works. Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance, 19 (re *al-Jahiz) and 256-57: re *Arabian Nights and noting, p. 257, "the majority of arguments are quotations from poetry". Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, item 1058, re al-Jahiz and Amr ibn Bahr. Hebrew. See ibn Hisdai and *Samuel Nagrillah re two poems from medieval Spain emerging from Jewish contacts with Arabic speakers there. Debate in English in Great Britain. From 1594. The question of whether it is better to love a man or a woman starts with the Elizabethans in 1594: see *Richard Barnfield. It becomes a dramatic poetic focus in *Shakespeare's Sonnets. *Cicero's Laelius (1691), is a crucial work discussing love versus friendship. Severe laws until 1967 in Great Britain and its former colonies (where law followed British law) have tended to create a situation where homosexual versus heterosexual love was not the issue, but rather gay love was simply asserted as not being valid. *Edward Carpenter's anthology * Ioläus was a veiled defence of homosexual love (as have been many subsequent anthologies). *E. P. Warren wrote a defence of *Uranian (i.e., homosexual) love continuing the ancient Greek tradition and *Oscar Wilde heroically defended homolove in a speech at his third trial. *Alfred Douglas wrote a defence of gay love in the form of a poem, "Two Loves". Gay poetry *anthologies alone have asserted by their very presence the validity of gay love. The English translations of *Foucault's History of Sexuality have again raised this issue. Debate involving philosophy in Greek in Greece. From ca. 450 B.C. This debate begins in *Plato's *Symposium (ca. 450 B.C.) where five men give their views on love, including homosexual contrasted with heterosexual love - homosexuality here meaning largely *pederasty or * paiderastia in ancient Greek. As *Foucault has noted in The Care of the Self: The History of Sexuality, volume 3, (1986), p. 195, in Plato there is hardly a debate, "the noble, masculine *Eros being clearly seen as superior by the speakers", and it is only in the Latin writer *Plutarch that a choice is seen in love "between boys on the one hand" and heterosexual marriage on the other. The debate continued in Greek in a work formally attributed to *Lucian (2nd or 4th century A.D.). This debate may have passed into Arabic where it occurred at length and Plato was translated (see *Platonism and Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, vol. 2., 988 on Arabic philosophers). The Greek debate was certainly known by the Latin speaking Romans, where Greek was spoken by the upper classes and where the language was read by many (see the discussion in *Foucault, Care of the Self, Part Six, "Boys", pp. 187-240). See *Debate on Love in Arabic and *Debate on Love in Latin. The debate forms the background against which the ancient Greek homopoetry up to *Nonnus was written. As is clear from the texts, not only was homosexual love accepted as normal but some writers even regarded it as superior; the main question was whether youths or women were to be preferred. The four * Gospels of Jesus Christ contribute to this debate and likewise Indian religions such as *Krishnavism and ancient Persian religions such as *Zoroastrianism. There was growing opposition in the Christian church to homosexuality in the early Christian centuries. This led to the stigmatization of homosexuality after the fourth century by the Emperor Constantine. By the sixth century extremely negative feelings were being expressed in poetry in relation to homosexuality: see *Agathias Scholasticus, *Eratosthenes Scholasticus, *George of Pisidia. By this time homolove was completely disregarded and heterosexual love or celibacy were the two alternatives; due to the *Orthodox religion, this has remained the case in Greek up to the contemporary period. Debate in Japanese in Japan. From ca. 1624. This debate, from ca. 1624, turned on discussion of whether it was better to love males or women. See Schalow, The Great Mirror of Male Love, p. 7 (re Dembu monogatori 1624-ca. 1643) and p. 9 (re *Saikaku). Debate in Latin from Italy and later other European countries. From ca. 80 B.C. Beginning with *Cicero (106-43 B.C.) there was a debate in Latin about *friendship and love (which continues in the *middles ages with *Aelred of Rievaulx and later *Bernard of Cluny). Love was discussed in detail in the work of *Ovid and *Lucretius. Ovid's Metamorphoses, for instance, depicted the homosexual love of male gods on equal terms with heterosexual love, which is a significant feature of Roman thinking about love. Under the influence of *Christianity, the debate on love turned from discussion of love in sexual terms to discussion in non-sexual terms, in which much was made of *friendship. (See also *Platonism and *Debate on Love in Greek since the Latin debate owes much to the prior Greek debate.) The medieval poem * Altercatio Ganimedis et Helene (ca. 1250.) contains a debate on whether it is better to love a boy or a woman. Influence from Arabic is strongly suspected in this period through Spain: see *Debate on love in Arabic. The debate took a new turn with the publication and translation of *Plato's * Symposium into Latin by *Marsilio Ficino in the *Renaissance. Ficino also wrote a commentary on Plato's Symposium, De Amore (About Love), published in 1484 in Latin and later translated into Italian. The rise of *Neo-Platonism at this time was a coded way of discussing homosexuality in Europe in a period of intense repression by the *Catholic church. See also *Gnosticism. Decadent movement and decadence Movement in French from France and later in English, German and other *European languages. From ca. 1857. The decadent movement originated in France and dates from the publication of *Baudelaire's poems Les Fleurs du Mal (Flowers of Evil), 1857, and in English from the poetry of *Swinburne which was influenced by that of Baudelaire. It should be noted that the word "decadent" broadened in meaning (from about 1920 it became simply a word to describe poetry of which the writer disapproved). English. Great Britain. The word was first used in 1884 to denounce *Huysmans' novel A Rebours (Against Nature) (see M. Amaya, Art Nouveau, 1966, p. 16). The main concept of decadent poetry was of life as failure and decay; of "moral and spiritual depravity" (Karl Beckson, Aesthetes and Decadents of the 1890s ,1981, p. xii). This concept came largely from *Christianity, which condemned any behavior not in accord with heterosexual marriage; in this Christian world too, male homosexuality was forbidden. Decadent poetry, however, promoted the idea that formerly forbidden subjects such as homosexuality and extra-marital sex should be subjects of poetry. As homosexuality was believed to be immoral and the mark of a spiritually depraved person, it is easy to see the links between decadence and homosexuality at this time. Compare *art for art's sake. *Arthur Symon's article, "The Decadent Movement in Literature", in Harper's magazine, 1893, was a seminal article in English. *Lionel Johnson is a key poet as is *Theodore Wratislaw. *Oscar Wilde was the supreme decadent while *A. E. Housman's poetry owes much to it in mood. (For reaction to the movement see *William Ernest Henley.) The decadent model was a powerful model operating in gay poetry as late as *gay liberation (but some poets influenced by *Walt Whitman, such as *Edward Carpenter, were not influenced by it). In the *nineteen-nineties, the concept again took hold in gay poetry: see, for instance, *Marc Almond. In design and illustration *Beardsley characterises the earlier period. See *Ian Fletcher, editor, Decadence and the 1890s (1979), Linda Dowling, Language and Decadence in the Victorian Fin de Siecle (Princeton, 1986); Albert J Farmer, Le mouvement esthétique et "decadent" en Angleterre (1873-1900) (1931 ; repr. 1978). See also Richard Jenkyns, The Victorians and Ancient Greece (1980), pp. 293-97. United States. British concepts of decadence travelled across the Atlantic. *Yvor Winters opposed it and attacked *Hart Crane. The concept has in 1990 been taken up by *Camille Paglia: see her book Sexual Personae: Art and Decadence from Nefertiti to Emily Dickinson (New Haven, 1990). See also Bram Dijkstra, Idols of Perversity (1989), 483 pages. Poets who went to *Harvard in the 1890s were influenced by the movement. French. See *Lautreamont, *Rimbaud, *Verlaine, Jean de Bosschère. *Huysmans is a crucial figure and very influential. *Proust and *Montesquiou were later exemplars in their poetry, though neither was a major poet. German. See the *Munich group. Max Nordau's Degeneration (1892), was a major critical book (attacking Baudelaire, Ibsen, Tolstoy and Zola as degenerates and *Oscar Wilde is mentioned in the chapter "Decadents and Aesthetes" as the chief representative); an English translation was published in London in 1895 (for its influence in Australia where it was eagerly sought and read, see Humphrey McQueen, Tom Roberts, Sydney, 1996, pp. 403-04). *Stefan George's * Blätter für die Kunst is the main journal; George was later attacked by the *Nazi regime and fled Germany for Switzerland. Greek. See *Cavafy. Italian. See the entry "Decadentismo" in Dictionary of Italian Literature (with bibl.). See *Corazzini, *Palazzeschi, *D'Annunzio (a crucial figure) and *Mario Praz. The movement was denounced by the philosopher Benedetto Croce. Walter Binni, La poetica del decadentismo italiano (Florence, 1949), is a study of Italian poetry in relation to decadence. The decadent movement was also very influential in Spanish and Portuguese poetry in the work of *Botto and *Pessoa. The crepusculario (darkness) movement in poetry in Italian, Spanish and Portuguese relates to decadence; see entries in dictionaries (e.g. Dictionary of Italian Literature) under this word. The word is loosely used sometimes simply to imply poetry with which the user of the word disagrees. For Spanish and Catalan see Lily Litvak, Erotismo Fin de Siglo (Barcelona, 1979). Portuguese: Joao do Rio, *Poemas do amor maldito. Spanish: *Garcia Lorca's poetry emerged from it and was hindered by it. Czech: *Karasek was a gay decadent poet. Russian: see Terras, Handbook of Russian Literature. The movement was hugely influential in Russia (see for example *Kuzmin). Polish: it was also very influential in Poland - see poets active from 1890. Romanian: see *Arghezi. It was influential in other *Germanic languages apart from German and in Hungarian and Georgian. See also 'Aesthetic movement, *Art for art's sake. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 299-306: "Decadence". Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Deconstructionism and Deconstructionist Theory Movement in French, German and English from France, the United States and Germany and other countries. From ca. 1970. Deconstructionism was a major French critical movement, which spread to the United States and other parts of the world. The French philosopher Jacques Derrida was the main founder of the movement. It emphasized the taking of an opposite approach to the interpretation of literary works to what might be expected. It also emphasized unusual interpretations of works as being valid in contrast to the generally accepted view of a work; in short opposing the status quo in interpretation of a literary work. A homosexual element in the movement has yet to be elaborated. Deconstructionism was strong from 1967 and especially in the 1970s but has been a continuing interest. Its rise parallels the rise of *gay liberation. French. Jacques Derrida and Jacques Lacan are the main thinkers; Derrida's thought relates to that of the German philosopher Martin Heidegger. On Derrida see his entry in Encyclopedia of World Literature in the 20th Century: Supplement (1994); De la Grammatologie (1974) was a key work (English trans. Of Grammatology, 1976). Lacan inspired the title of a book by *Bink Noll. *Michel Foucault was greatly influenced by Deconstructionism. German: see *Hubert Fichte. English. The *Yale school of English literature was strongly influenced by Jacques Derrida who taught at there (the main Yale figures were J. Hillis Miller and Paul de Man). See the articles in Stuart Sim, editor, The A-Z Guide to Modern Literary and Cultural Theorists, 1995, under the various persons mentioned above and *Harold Bloom, Deconstruction and Criticism(1979). An excellent dicussion is in Irena R. Makaryk, Encyclopedia of Contemporary Literary Theory(1993). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of World Literature in the 20th Century: Supplement. Translator from Turkish to French from France. 1844-1914. The translator into French from Turkish of *Fadil Bey's Le livre des femmes (Zenan Nameh) (Paris: E. Leroux, 1878). This appears to have been the first book to make homosexual poetry in Turkish available in French; rare: a copy is in the *Library of Congress and another in the *British Library. He compiled the catalog of Arabic, Persian and Turkish manuscripts in the *Bibliothèque Nationale and his entry in the * National Union Catalog reveals he wrote several books on Turkish and other oriental subjects. Poet best known as a novelist from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1660-1731. An English novelist who produced some 560 works including the famous novel Robinson Crusoe, about a man shipwrecked on a desert island. His poem "The True-Born Englishman", 1701, is a *satire attacking the prejudice against the foreign birth of the homosexual king William III (on whom see Garde, Jonathan to Gide, pp. 385-90); it is published in Novels and miscellaneous works (Oxford, 1841), vol. 20, 12: "LUST chose the torrid zone of Italy,/where blood ferments in *rapes and sodomy/... There nature ever burns with hot desires,/fann'd with luxuriant air from subterranean Tires..." An example of attributing homosexuality to another country apart from the native country of the writer to express the view "we aren't homosexuals, but they are". Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Translator from Greek to Latin from Germany. 1511-1587. Translator of the Greek poet *Theognis into Latin: Theognis megarensis Sententiae, Basil, 1550 (repr.). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Allgemeine deutsche Biographie - reveals he was a philosopher, legal scholar and doctor of medicine who worked at the University of Tubingen; with bibl. - including a life by G. Liebler cited as Oratio de vita et morte J. Sch., Tubingen, 1584. The entry reveals he used the pseudonym Jacobus Schegkius. That Schegkius is a pseudonym for Degen is also disclosed in the * National Union Catalog entry for this book for the Antwerp, 1582 printing. Translator from Greek to Latin and from Greek to French from France. Active 1825 to 1863. French translator of the Greek * Palatine Anthology titled Anthologie grecque (Paris, 1863); however his Book 12, the * Mousa Paidike, is in Latin. This is the only known complete Latin translation of the Mousa Paidike. See *Censorship - Greek, - Latin. Criticism. Buffière, Eros adolescent, 295 (his name misspelled Duheque). Poet from Germany who wrote in German; he was also a translator from French to German. 1B63-192Q. A German dramatist strongly influenced by 'Nietzsche. See his homoerotic novel in verse Zwei Menschen (Two men), 19Q3. His Lieder der Bilitis (Songs of Bilitis), 1923, is translated from the French of *Pierre Louys; he also translated *Villon. Influenced by 'Whitman (see 'Frederik Schyberg's book). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Neue deutsche Biographie. Bilder-lexikon. Criticism. Schyberg, Walt Whitman, 2B1-B3. Poet and dramatist from Great Britain who wrote in English. Ca. 1570-1632. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2548 (with *Philip Massinger): The Virgin Martyr: A Tragedy, London, 1622, a play in verse. City in India. Known from ca. 1300 in relation to homosexual poetry. Hindi is the spoken language and Persian, Turkish and English have been the spoken languages of its rulers and inhabitants at various times. Urdu, close to Hindi, was spoken by Muslim rulers. Delhi, the capital of India, is one of the most ancient cities of India and is at least 2,000 years old. Situated on a plain in north India, it has long been a major trading center. It was formerly the capital under the Persian Muslims who ruled India before the British and following them Urdu speaking Muslims. Persian: see *Amir Khosrou (1300 fl.). Turkish: *Babar. Urdu: *Vali, *Abru, *Dard, *Gazal-e muzakkar, *Mir, *Jan Janan Mazhar, *Shadani. See Sadiq, History of Urdu Literature, pp. 96-153, "The Delhi School of Urdu Poetry", a major Urdu school. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica. Criticism. Rahman, "Boy love in the Urdu ghazal", Paidika vol. 2 no. 1 (1989), 14 - ghazals written in the city between 1730 and 1830 dealt with boys and pederasty; 16 - a memoir of the city in Persian, Muraqqa-e-Dilli, written by Dargah Quli Khan who stayed there from 1738 to 1741 "makes it clear that boy-love was an institution in Delhi at that time"; 16 - *dancing boys named. Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian and Latin. 1503-1556. An Italian *Bernesque poet. He is believed to be the author of the licentious Italian poem Il capitolo del forno, describing the sex act as similar to baking a loaf of bread (a common use of the food metaphor in Bernesque poetry) and including some stanzas referring to homosexuality. He is also supposed to have written the Latin poem, now *lost, In Laudem Sodomiae (In Praise of Sodomy); however it is now believed that this poem did not exist. See Eugenio Donadoni, A History of Italian Literature (1969), vol. 1, pp. 222-23. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 289-90. Duroc, Homosexuels et lesbiennes illustrés, 115-16. Dictionary of Italian Literature. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 306. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 46: poem "Auf den Tod des M. N. Antonio Soranzo (O mein Soranto...)". Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 96, 202-03: Italian poem "An Soranzo" (To Soranzo). L'amicizia amorosa, 109-11. Criticism. Hirschfeld, Die Homosexualität, 660. Arcadie no. 79-80 (July-August 1960), 401-06: article by Ettore Mariotti. Eglinton, Greek Love, 469-70, and note p. 265. Bullough, Sexual Variance, 420 and footnote 30, 452. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 131: a writer of *Bernesque poetry with homosexual themes. Critic and historian from Canada writing in English. Active 1990. Author of Masculine Desire: The Sexual Politics of Victorian Aestheticism, Chapel Hill and London, 1990 (with important bibl.) This is a major study of the *Victorian period. Chapter 1, *Tennyson, 2, *Hopkins, 3, *Pater, 4, *Swinburne (Hopkins, Swinburne and Whitman), 5, *Arnold, *Winckelmann and *Pater, 6, Ruskin. The author is Professor of English and Cultural Studies at Trent University, Ontario. Review: Journal of the History of Sexuality vol. 2 no. 2 (October 1991), 306-09. Victorian sexual dissidence was published in 1999. City in Greece where the main spoken language is Greek; Turkish was spoken under the Turkish occupation from the fifteenth to the early nineteenth centuries. The city dates from ca. 700 B.C. Delphi was the most famous city in the ancient Greek world, famous for its Temple of *Apollo. The god Apollo, who had homosexual affairs, was linked with the founding of the city. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Poet and critic from France writing in French. Born 1931. He is also a critic: see books listed in the *British Library General Catalogue. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 462: poems include two fine prose poems and one about a *beat in Holland Park, *London. Poet writing in English; probably from the United States. Active before 1982. His pseudonym Demian comes from the name of a novel by Herman Hesse (English translation: New York: Holt, 1978). Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 976: Newsprint Short Stories. 150 Characters for One Dollar. Recesssion Love Songs, privately printed, no date. Poet from Bosnia and Herzegovina writing in Serbo-croat. Born 1954. See the poem translated into English by *Charles Causley "Untitled", in Charles Causley, Secret Destinations (London, 1984), p. 38, with the *Nisus and Euryalus trope; this is a strongly homoerotic poem about the artist Raphael and a male model. An English translation also appears in Twenty Five Poems by Hamdija Demirovic (1980), also translated by Charles Causley. His name indicates he is probably a Moslem from Bosnia. Concept in English from the United States and other counties. From ca. 1850 on in material of relevance. Democracy is the belief that governments should be elected by all persons living in a country with one vote for each person. It is linked with *Whitman whose Leaves of Grass (1855) was called "the bible of democracy" and who mystically linked homosexuality with democracy: see also *Bernard O'dowd, *A. McLeod, *Edward Carpenter. See *Comradeship, *Socialism. Compare *Conservatism. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1903-1983. In his Collected Poems (New York, 1975), see "A Sonnet Sequence" pp. 17-38 (not sexually explicit, except p.17) and the *sonnet "Athens" for implicit sexual reference ("a boy of fourteen/ Looks deeply at a soldier"). There is an essay on his poetry on pp. 175-77 by *Frank O'Hara (who pronounces his volume Mediterranean Cities Proustean); a list of his works appears on p. 185. His poems present a dark view of life. He was a gay *New York dance critic; friends included John Ashbery and *Frank O'Hara. A homosexual love poem, "The Dishonour" (not in the Collected Poems), is on p. 467 of William Cole, Erotic Poetry (1963) - in the section "By-paths and Oddities". His 1956 volume, Mediteranean Cities, was illustrated with photographs by his friend Rudolph Burckhardt. In 1986 a Collected Poems edited by *Ron Padgett was published. Review of Collected Poems: see Gay Sunshine no. 31, 27-30, by *Rudy Kikel. James Schuyler, Diary, p. 302, cites "a romantic relationship with Schuyler" in the early 1950s. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Literary Criticism, volume 48; the first page, p. 80, gives an outline of his life. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Word of Mouth, 1-3. Poet from Canada writing in English. Active 1994. Book: Tender Agencies, Vancouver, 1994; homoerotic back cover. Poet from Australia who wrote in English. 1876-1936. He is best known for The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke, published in 1915, a very popular work in its time. This work is a series of *dramatic monologues in rhymed verse of the "sentimental bloke", a shy bachelor just married. Humphrey McQueen in his essay "Sentimental thoughts of 'A moody bloke': C. J. Dennis" in Gallipoli to Petrov (Sydney, 1984), pp. 22-34, implies that Dennis was homosexual and states that the sequence "above all ... is autobiographical" (page 25); see especially pp. 25-29; the influence of *Shakespeare's Sonnets is also noted. Dennis published photographs of a naked swimmer who was visiting Adelaide in his journal The Gadfly (1906-09) published in that city (on this journal see the entry in Oxford Companion to Australian Literature, second edition, 1994); he contributed some two hundred articles to the journal which has a *camp tone in parts (there are many photographs with such elements, especially photographs of theater personalities). He was an alcoholic who married, aged forty-one (there were no children). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Australian Dictionary of Biography, vol. 8 (1981) Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1970. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10582: Exotics, poems of the Mediterranean and middle east, New York: Vanguard, 1970, 82 pages. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1884-1916. He studied theater design in *Florence with Edward Gordon Craig and died in the Battle of the Somme. War poems appear in There is no Death (1917). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 67, 135; biog., 232. Sexual practice from Italy recorded in Latin from Italy from ca. 64 B.C. Depilation is normally removal of hair from anywhere, face, beck, legs etc. Here it refers specilically to the removal of hair from the buttocks and the crotch, supposedly to make them more sexually attractive. Forberg, Manual of Classical Erotology, Chapter 2, pp. 98-127, is a long excursus of the subject in relation to Latin homopoetry from *Catullus (84 B.C.-54 B.C.) to *Ausonius (see *Forberg). See also *Martial. Poet from the Netherlands who wrote in Dutch. 1863-1919. He seems to have been physically homosexual (see pp. 7-8 of Naar vriendscaap zulk). He used the pseudonym Adwaita (see his entry in the * British LIbrary General Catalogue). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Naar vriendscaap zulk een mateloos verlangen, 19-20: poem "K hoor ruischen ons moeras" from Verzamelde Werken III, Amsterdam: G. A. van Oorschot, 1951 (books cited p. 116). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 272. Poet from Austria who wrote in German. Active ca. 1225. See also *Brigitte Spreitzer. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 104: cites "Klage" (Complaint); no other details given. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Andere Lieben, 69-71. Die Stumme Sünde, 208-33; 77-83 (criticism). Criticism. *W. Leonhardt, "Homosexualität in der ältesten deutschen Dichtkunst", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 12 (1911-12), 162-64. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 472: a poet who used references to *Sodom and Gomorrah in his condemnation of homosexuality. Critic and historian from Germany writing in German. Born 1944. Author of Die Schande der heiligen Päderastie: Homosexualität and Öffentlichkeit in der deutschen Literatur 1750-1850 (Berlin, *Verlag rosa Winkel, 1990), 640 pages. The title of this work means "The shame of holy pederasty: homosexuality and publicity in German literature 1750-1850". It contains a bibliography, pp. 650-714 which constitutes the most comprehensive German bibliography for the period. Index of names pp. 717-23. The book is the most detailed study of the German literature of the period and one of the most extensive studies of homosexuality in a literary culture so far. Poets and authors in this encyclopedia discussed in the book are: in Chapter 10 *Winckelmann, in Chapter 11 *Goethe, in Chapter 14 *Schiller, in Chapter 16 *Hölderlin, *Herzog August von Sachsen-Gotha, in Chapter 18 *Heinrich von Kleist, *Iffland, in Chapter 20 *Zschokke and, in Chapter 21, *Platen and *Heine. He is the author of Die sappische Ode in der deutschen Dichtung des 17. Jahrhunderts, Munster (1970), a study of the *sapphic *ode. He works at the University of Essen and is editor of a novel by *August Herzog von Sachsen-Gotha. Review of Die Schande der heiligen Päderastie: see Forum 10 (1990), 93-95. Poet from Germany writing in German; he later lived in Switzerland. 1870-1948. A Roman 'Catholic who founded a new lay order, he was associated with the 'George Kreis and lived in Switzerland from 1935. His belief is expressed in his long poem Der frankische *Koran (1932) See poems in 'Rlätter für die Kunst 8 (1908) 64-81 (including g Desbordes, Jean Poet and novelist from France writing in French. 1906-1944. A French poet who was a resistance Tighter and was cruelly killed while being interrogated by the *Nazis in the Second World War. A lover of *Cocteau (see *Francis Steegmuller, Cocteau, 1970, pp. 381-83, 386-87, 447-50 and the index). He replaced *Raymond Radiguet in Cocteau's affections. See *Ian Young, Gay Resistance (1985), pp. 19-20: states he wrote poetry. The * British Library General Catalogue lists several novels including J'adore (Paris, 1928) with a preface by Cocteau, but no volumes of poetry and a work on *De Sade. He married in 1937. Desnos, Robert Poet from France writing in French. 1900-1945. A *surrealist poet who died in a *Nazi concentration camp. Homosexuality seemed noble and romantic to him. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amour bleu, 237. Les Amours masculines, 402-03. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 448: fine poem "Rue Saint-Martin". Pseudonym of James Giancarlo, a poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1947. Anthologist and critic from Australia writing in English. Born 1944. He compiled the anthology * Australian Gay and Lesbian Writing (Melbourne, Oxford University Press, 1993), with a long critical introduction. See also his article "Feeling a Little *Queer", 24 Hours (journal of ABC Radio), October 1993, 78, 79, 85. A former lecturer in Russian at the University of New South Wales, Sydney, he was the presenter of the program Books and Writing on the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's Radio National. For biographical details see the biographical note on the book jacket. Interview: Star Observer (Sydney), about 29 September, 1994, 8. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Hurley, Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia. Poet from France writing in French. Active before 1992. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 466-67. Devil Figure from myth and trope found in English poetry from Great Britain and other countries from ca. 1900. It is likely in a homosexual sense in the poetry of other languages. A figure in *Christianity who is the opposite of *God: intrinsically evil, and embodying everything that is bad. He is also known as Satan. Lechery is a persistent quality (see in the * Old Testament the book of Genesis, chapter 6, verse 2), enabling some fundamentalist Christians to relate the devil to sexual activity of a so called "deviant" sort. Historically, in *European languages, he is modelled in art on *Pan and *satyr figures and seems to emerge historically from these figures. He usually has horns (e.g., see * Poetry in Australia) and a tail. He has sometimes been linked with the Jews. There has been a decline in reference to the Devil in recent times. William Woods, A History of the Devil, London, 1973, surveys the subject (bibliography pp. 235-37 and numerous illustrations). Poets. See *Aleister Crowley (active 1900), *Daryl Hine, *F. O. Matthiessen. Compare *centaur. Devil figures occur in many other religions apart from Christianity (see the Encyclopedia of Religion article). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Religion. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1987. *Chapbook: Breakfast in Bed, London, *Oscars Press, 1987, pp. 20-47 (with *Peter Daniels, *Kenneth King); biog., 20 - states he moved to London in 1985 and has various jobs. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Take Any Train, 22-23; biog., 62. Editor from the United States writing in English. Active from 1985. The main compiler of the * Encyclopedia Homophilica: Interim Index 1989 (Boston, 1989); this contains about 5000 proposed entries. Poet from India writing in Marathi. Active 1999. A Dalit (that is untouchaable) poet who writes in Marathi. *Surrealist poems. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Yaraana: Gay Writing from India, 72-75 (poem translated by *Hoshang Merchant and the poet); biog., 210. Poet from Iraq who wrote in Arabic. 765-860. *Abbasid poet in the circle of the Caliph Harun al-Rashid. In the edition of his poems edited and translated into English by Leon Zolonek, D'bil b. Ali (Lexington, Kentucky, 1961), see pp. 21, 97 (poem no. 37). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, volume 2, 248: states Dib'il was "famous for *satires, at times of the vilest content." *Norman Roth, "'Deal Gently with the Young Man': Love of Boys in Medieval Hebrew Poetry of Spain", Speculum 57 (1982), p. 27 footnote 28: lists a poem dealing with *anal sex. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Book of Sodom (London, 1993), 110: translation of a poem, "The Sodomites of *Baghdad" by *Stephen Wayne Foster. Di Prima, Diane Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1968. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1018: editor of War Poems, New York: The Poets Press, 1968 - apparently included because the poems feature male homosexuality Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1980 - died 1996. A protege of Ian Young, he was born in Michigan and lived in New York in the 1970s. His Selected Poems (1977-1993) was published in *New York by Jerry Rosco in 1998. Bibliographies and Encyclopedias. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 995-97: Champagne Brunch, privately printed, no date, Dec. 4-8, New York: Sally Press, 1980, Idylls, New York: Sally Press, 1980 (folded *broadsheet). Dictionaries. Gay Bards. A True Likeness, 242-53: a *sequence "True Gesture" dedicated to Isadora Duncan; biog. note, 242. Son of the Male Muse, 59-74; biog., 187. Poet from Brazil who wrote in English. 1923-1864. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Duroc, Homosexuels et lesbiennes illustrés, 123: cites from a poem (title not given) - "My pleasures/ Are my only friends,/ they only/ Will be my loves in this world" (trans. by *Paul Knobel). Criticism. Arcadie no. 57 (September 1958), 525: article on him by Max Jurth. Poem in English from Great Britain. Before 1840. See J. Holloway and J. Black, Later English *Broadsides Volume 2 (1800-1840), pp. 48-49: about a man who leaves a woman who repels his advances to go cruising the streets (possible suggestion that he could be cruising for men). Novelist mainly known as a poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1923. A famous *southern poet whose novel Deliverance features a violent homosexual *rape; the novel was made into a film. He does not appear to have written any relevant poems. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1000: Deliverance (novel), Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1970. Poet from the United States writing in English. 1928-1994. Homosexual themes appeared in his poetry from his 1978 volume The Rainbow Grocery. *San Francisco poet. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Word of Mouth, 132-135. Dickinson, Goldsworthy Lowes Philosopher, autobiographer and poet from Great Britain; translator from Greek to English. 1862-1932. A *Cambridge don from King's College who was a philosopher famous for his book The Greek View of Life (1896); this work influenced the *Bloomsbury group in its philosophy, especially *Lytton Strachey. He had a succession of young male friends. According to *A. L. Rowse (who implies he was homosexual in Homosexuals in History, pp. 276-279) he was a boot-fetishist and liked his young men to put their boot on him as he lay on the floor (op. cit., 279). A biography was written by *E. M. Forster, 1934. Autobiography. The Autobiography and other unpublished works (London, 1973), includes some poems, pp. 229-283, including a *sonnet sequence of twenty-five poems, 1893-94, showing the influence of *Shakespeare and somewhat homoerotic in parts; other poems show the influence of *Platonism. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1002: The Autobiography of G. Lowes Dickinson and Other Unpublished Writings, London: Duckworth, 1973. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Ioläus (1902), 45-46, 74-75. Men and Boys, 7: trans. of the Greek poet *Theognis. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 55; translation of Theognis 242-43. Criticism. Rowse, Homosexuals in History, 276-79. Poet from Australia writing in English. Active 1983. See Michelle Field, editor, Oz Shrink Lit. (Ringwood, Victoria: Penguin, 1983), 104: a poem which is a *parody of the gay novel The Twyborn Affair by *Patrick White. Dictionaries and words - Arabic Arabic dictionaries from Iraq and other Arabic speaking countries date from ca. 1200. Dictionaries are very likely in *manuscript. See also *Liwat (sodomy). References. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition: "Kamus" ("dictionary"; discusses Arabic lexicography). Dynes, Homolexis, 174. Balay, Guide to Reference Books: lists dictionaries. Dictionaries and words - Chinese Dictionaries in Chinese from China date from 121. Chinese dictionaries are discussed in The Cambridge Encyclopedia of China, edited by Brian Hook, 1982, pp. 352-54. indirect language - e.g. "stalk of jade" meaning penis - is much used in Chinese poetry and *"peach sharing" and "cut sleeves" are indirect ways of referring to homosexuality and are also tropes in poetry. See the article by William H. Nienhauser, "Diction and the Translation of Classical Chinese Poetry" in T'oung Pao, 64 (1978), 47-109, on erotic words in poetry. All Japanese, Korean and Vietnamese scholars and some Thai scholars have been able to read Chinese until recently and many still do. References. Dynes, Homolexis, 175 and 39: re *cut sleeves (dates from Emperor Ai-ti, 6 B.C.-2 A.D.). Duberman, Hidden from History, 77: re longyang (peach sharing) and *tuan-hsiu (cutsleeves), dating in poetry from ca. 535. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 443. Hinsch, Passions of the Cut Sleeve, 203. Balay, Guide to Reference Books lists dictionaries. Dictionaries and words - Dutch Dictionaries and words in Dutch from the Netherlands date from 1988. The first dictionary of gay words in Dutch is Arendo Joustra, Homo-erotisch Woordenboek, Amsterdam, 1988; introduction pp. 7-19; bibl., pp. 114-20. This is a scholarly work with dated citations. Supplements appeared in * Homologie no. 4 of 1990, 6-7 and no. 1 of 1991,12-13. Balay, Guide to Reference Books lists general dictionaries. Dictionaries and words - English Words in English from Great Britain, the United States, Canada, Australia and other countries relating to homosexuality date from ca. 800. Dictionaries date mostly from the eighteenth century; a few are earlier. Words. 'Sodomy was the main word for homosexuality from the beginnings of Modern English, ca. 1550, to ca.1920, though this word could also be applied to 'anal sex with women; bugger and 'buggery were also used (though not often in poetry) as was 'pederasty. 'Queen posibly dates from 1600. Molly was an eighteenth century word: see entry in Howes, Broadcasting It and the work of 'Rictor Norton. Perversion and inversion were common from 1890 to 1910 and sometimes euphemisms such as 'Greek Love have been used. The Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen no. 11 (1910-11) 40-41 has the earliest English gay lexis (by Leo I. Pavia [pseud.], on whom see 'Historical and Social Background - English). 'Homosexual only gained currency from ca. 1891 and 'gay, which dates from the 1920s, has only had wide currency from 1965. 'Faggot is known in gay poetry from 1967. In the 1960s and 1970s 'camp was used before the most recent word 'queer (from ca. 1990), though queer dates back in British English from ca. 1920. Homoerotic is a recent word synonymous with homosexual. Words describing homosexual acts were largely taboo in written literature until ca. 1960 in the United States due to censorship (see James Campbell, Talking at the Gates: A Life of James Baldwin, 1991, pp. 146-67) - hence the vocabulary in the main did not exist in print until this time to describe gay sex. Citations in dictionaries used for defining words may be taken from poems. 'Gary Simes has done the most scholarly work on English gay words. 'Maledicta is a noted recent journal investigating so-called obscene language. Words used in a particular homosexual sense (e.g., queer and 'fairy in British English in the twentieth century, molly in eighteenth century) may provide clues to a hidden gay meaning in a poem. Earlier words from the Elizabethan period include ingle (i.e., minion), and bardash from the Italian (also spelt bardach when used later in English when imported from French: see the entry 'bardache). Words like 'friend and 'boy provide great difficulty in gay contexts; they can both mean lover. Friendship also presents special problems - see the entry 'Friendship - English. See also 'dorian, 'ephebe, 'ganymede, 'gay, 'green, 'hellenism, 'lavender. 'Tropes are commonly used (e.g., 'Corydon, 'Narcissus) in poetry. "Baedling", used in 'Old English (ca. 800) to refer to an effeminate man, is the earliest word in English which can have homosexual connotations. Check the CD ROM *English Poetry Full Text for gay words in poems written to 1900. Dictionaries. Despite its great lexicographical tradition, the major English dictionary, the Oxford English Dictionary, the longest dictionary in the world, omits almost all homosexual vocabulary and is guarded on what words it includes. A forthcoming dictionary of sexual words by 'Gary Simes will deal with words from 1800. Great Britain. To 1890, see John S. Farmer and *W. E. Henley, A Dictionary of Slang and its Analogues, 2 volumes (repr. 1987); the 1966 reprint has a fine introduction by 'Gershon Legman. Renaissance and Shakespeare: see 'Gordon Williams and 'Shakespeare (regarding Eric Partridge who wrote on Shakespeare's language though his dictionary is not scholarly). United States. *Gershon Legman compiled the first lexis of homosexual works in 1941 in G. W. Henry, Sex Variants (New York, 1941), vol. 2, pp. 1149-79; see also Bruce Rodgers, The Queens Vernacular (1972), reprinted in 1979 as Gay Talk and including British words (this work is not reliable, however). Australia. There is no Australian dictionary of gay sex words. See Gary Simes, "The Language of Homosexuality in Australia", in Gay Perspectives, edited by 'Robert Aldrich and Garry Wotherspoon, 1992, pp. 31-57 for a general discussion. His A Dictionary of Australian Underworld Slang (Melbourne, 1993) includes many gay words and is the finest lexicographical work yet compiled on gay words in English (see, for example, the entry on queer). No separate list is known for any other English speaking country. References. Dynes, Homolexis, 152-63: annotated discussion of dictionaries and articles; 176-73: brief lexis of major words. Balay, Guide to Reference Rooks lists general dictionaries. Howes, Broadcasting It: see "Slang words for homosexuals". Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 59-67. Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Gay Language". Dictionaries and words - French Words in French from France referring to homosexuality date from 1500; the first dictionary dates from 1864. Dictionaries. A. Delvau, Dictionnaire érotique moderne (1864), was the first to include homosexual material; it cites many poems in illustrating the meaning of words. For other dictionaries see the bibliography at the end of *Claude Courouve, Vocabulaire de l'homosexualité masculine, 1985, 241-44. Words. The early words derive from the word *Sodom. "Inversion" was used in the early part of the twentieth century when "homosexualité" also was used; "gai" is a recent addition. Claude Courouve has written the finest study so far of French gay words. See also *François Villon on gay words in the Renaissance from ca. 1500. References. Anthropophyteia 8 (1911), 231-33 and 410-15: re words in advertisements and toilets. Les Amours masculines, 52328: a list of words century by century. Dynes, Homolexis, 174. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, item 2429: re study by Jean-Claude Feray on the history of the word homosexual in * Arcadie numbers 325-28. Pout tout l'amour des hommes, 371-76: list of words by century from the sixteenth century onwards. Sheehy, Guide to Reference Books lists general dictionaries. Dictionaries and words - German Words and dictionaries of gay relevance in German from Germany date from 1914. German gay words were first discussed by 'Magnus Hirschfeld in 1914. For the standard dictionary of erotic words see 'Ernest Borneman. References. Hirschfeld, Die Homosexualität (1914), 3-39. Dynes, Homolexis, 153-56: cites various dictionaries; 174-75: list of words. Balay, Guide to Reference Books lists general dictionaries. Dictionaries and words - Greek Greek words from Greece, Turkey and Egypt referring to homosexuality date from 570 B.C.; there were also Greek colonies in Italy and other parts of the Mediterranean. Dictionaries. Before the contemporary period dictionaries poorly represented gay words. Definitions are frequently obfuscatory and inaccurate: see entries for * kinaidos (passive homosexual, gay prostitute or in Latin, to which the word passed,* cinaedus). The first dictionary was by *Henri Estienne, Thesaurus graecae linguae, 1572 (enlarged and reprinted in later editions). Ancient Greek to 600 A.D. The standard work is Robert Liddell and H. G. Scott, A Greek-Enalish Lexikon (Oxford, 1843), now in its 9th edition, 1940. Due to its *Victonian origin, his dictionary suffers from outdated conceptions of homosexuality and antiquated definitions of words touching on the subject (e.g., the use of the words catamite and *pederasty). It omits patristic and Byzantine Greek. Gaston Vorberg, Glossarium Eroticum, 1928 (repr. 1965), though mainly a dictionary of Latin sex words, also includes Greek ones (on it see Hayn, Gotendorf, Bibliotheca Germanorum Erotica, vol. 9, 614). See also *F. K. Forberg. New Testament and Patristic Period (ca. 100-600 A.D.). Greek of this period is called "Koine" (common). Dictionaries of W. Bauer (Griechisch-deutsches Worterbuch, fifth edition, 1958) and G. Lampe (A patristic Greek Lexicon, 1961-68) are authoritative. There are an enormous number of Christian dictionaries for the period based on the word stock from the * New Testament and the Church fathers; these have been uniformly hostile to homosexuality so far (compare entries for agape in Liddell and Scott, Greek-English Lexikon, and the above works). Bvzantine and Medieval Period (300-1453). Charles du Fresne Du Cange, Glossarium ad scriptores (1688; repr.) is still authoritative. This period has suffered from a lack of serious scholarship; even existing manuscripts have not been collated. Modern Greek (1453+). See *Elias Petropoulos whose Kaliarda (1971+; fourth edition, 1982) is a specialized lexicon of Greek gay words for the twentieth century. See the entry in Balay, Guide to Reference Books,179-81, for a more complete listing of Greek dictionaries. Words. For individual words in Greek see *Bathyllus (the first word?; active 570 B.C.), *Corydon, *Dorian, *Ephebe, * Erastes, *Eromenos, *Ganymede, Jesus Christ, *Paiderastia, *Pais, Saint *Paul, *Socrates, *Sotades. Kalos (beautiful) usually has homosexual associations, especially in the phrase "Ho pais kalos" (The boy is beautiful) written on vases (see *Love names, *Epigraphy). Heterai in *Homer has a homosexual reference. For Greek words which passed into Latin and French poetry and other languages (e.g., Ganymede) see *Words - Latin, *Words - French and entries for other *European languages. Dictionaries, as noted above, have to date been very inadequate in explaining the meanings of words associated with homosexuality. Ancient Greek. Each of the following references is a brief list of words associated with homosexuality. Forberg, Manual of Classical Erotology, 211 - 35. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 213-14. Histoire de l'amour grec, 302-12. Dover, Greek Homosexuality, 23840, Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance, 411-12. See also Jeffrey Henderson, The Maculate Muse: Obscene Language in Classical Comedy, 1975, with a chapter on homosexuality (reviewed in Gai Saber, vol. 1 no. 2 [Summer 1977], 160-62). Modern Greek: see *Elias Petropoulos re his gay dictionary Kaliarda. References. Dynes, Homolexis, 154, 156; 176: list of words. Collison, Dictionaries of Foreign Languages, 85-98 lists general dictionaries. Balay, Guide to Reference Books lists general dictionaries. Dictionaries and words - Hebrew Dictionaries and words in Hebrew from Israel and other countries where Jews have lived. From 1985. There is no known dictionary of Hebrew sex words. A list exists from 1985. See Dynes, Homolexis (1985), p. 176 for a list of gay words in Hebrew. Balay, Guide to Reference Books lists general dictionaries. Dictionaries and words - Italian Dictionaries and words in Italian from Italy date from at least 1979. For a list of gay words see Tullio De Mauro, "Lessico dell'omosessualita", in Riccardo Reim and others, Practiche innominabili (Milan, 1979), pp. 98-112. *Giovanni Dall'orto has compiled another list. Babilonia 14 (1984) has an article "Vocabulario Nero" (black words) on homosexual words (words include Cock-ring, Bondage, Fist-fucking). In Babilonia no. 40, 18-19, is a list of words. See the article "Lessicografia" in Enciclopedia Italiana for a list of general dictionaries. There is no dictionary of sexual words. References. Dynes, Homolexis, 153-61: various works cited; 175: list of gay words. Balay, Guide to Reference Books: lists general dictionaries. Dictionaries and words - Japanese Words of gay relevance in Japanese date from 683. All Japanese scholars read Chinese until recently and many still do. Chinese words may therefore be relevant, especially in poetry. See *Iwata Jun'ichi for sources of possible dictionaries. References. Dynes, Homolexis, 175 and 99: re *nanshoku, the commonest word for homosexuality. Princeton Companion to Classical Japanese Literature, 397-98: list of Japanese dictionaries. Balay, Guide to Reference Books lists general general dictionaries. Dictionaries and words - Latin Words in Latin referring to homosexuality date from ca. 50 B.C.; the first dictionary dates from 1678. Dictionaries. Dictionaries of Sex Words. These works contain many references to poems and poets. Specific dictionaries dealing with Latin sexual words date from the early nineteenth century and Latin is the *European language with the largest known number of such scholarly dictionaries. Pierre Pierrugues compiled the first: Glossarium eroticum linguae latinae (Paris, 1826), 512 pages (repr. Berlin, 1908; reprinted with 770 additions in *Kryptadia volume 12). Carolus (i. e. Karl) Rambach reprinted the work as his own (Stuttgart, 1833), as Thesaurus eroticus linguae latinae. Nicholas Blondeau's Dictionaire érotique latin-francais (Paris: *Lisieux, 1885), 150 pages, is the first Latin-French erotic word dictionary, edited with notes and additions from the manuscript by *François Noel and proceeded by an essay by *Alcide Bonneau (it states the dictionary was compiled in the eighteenth century by Blondeau and added to by Noel). Gaston Vorberg, Glossarium Eroticum (Stuttgart,1928; repr. 1965) in German, is mainly of Latin erotic words, although many Greek words are also discussed. Illustrations are taken mainly from Greek vases. See *F. K. Forberg for the first discussion of words. Comprehensive Latin Dictionaries. Comprehensive Latin dictionaries are poor on sex words both in regard to illustration and definition. They include, for the classical and early Christian period to 200, the Oxford Latin Dictionary (Oxford, 1982), compiled by P. G. W. Glare, and, for Latin to 600, Thesaurus Linguae Latinae, with supplements (Leipzig,1900-83), though it is only to the Letter P. For the *middle ages see C. Du Fresne Du Cange, Glossarium mediae et infimae latinitatis (1678; repr.). Dictionaries for the middle ages are also being compiled from sources in various European countries e.g., British sources and Dutch sources. A comprehensive dictionary from 200 A.D. to the end of the 13th century is Mittellateinisches Worterbuch (1959-76; in progress; letters A-C). These dictionaries provide sources for homopoetry in the citations for individual words relating to homosexuality (such as *cinaedus, pathicus and *sodomia from the middle ages). There is no dictionary for *Renaissance or modern Latin. Words. J. N. Adams has written the most recent study: The Latin Sexual Vocabulary (London, 1982), 272 pages - see under "Abbreviations" pages ix-xii for a list of dictionaries and articles on words. This is the most thorough study in English of Latin sexual words and includes a Latin index (pp. 257-65) and a Greek index (pp. 266-68) but is still inadequate as it concentrates on ancient Latin and omits the medieval tradition. D. S. Farmer, A Dictionary of Slang and Its Analogues, volume one (revised edition, New York, 1966), pp. i-liv, has an excellent discussion of all known works (listing erotic words) by *Gershon Legman; he states the final volume of the journal *Kryptadia, vol. 12 (1911), contains a combined index to all the Latin erotic dictionaries. Important words in ancient Latin are * cinaedus, pathicus (passive homosexual), *pederastia, *sodomia (only from medieval Latin). In mediaeval Latin see *effeminacy re effeminatus and molles. Almost all work on the Latin sexual vocabulary so far deals only with ancient Latin words. Craig A. Williams, Roman Homosexuality, Oxford, 1999, in Chapter 5, "Sexual Roles and Indenties", pp. 160230, discusses various words including cinaedus. Besides words for homosexuality recorded in *dictionaries, words in Latin may be used in a coded way to refer to homosex. See *Antinous, *Sebastian and *Frederick Rolfe (re corvus); see also *Dictionaries and Words - Greek, as some Greek words have passed into Latin (e. g. Greek kinaedos - see *W. Kroll - became Latin cinaedus). See also *Pederasty. References. Collison, Dictionaries of Foreign Languages, pp. 85-98. Balay, Guide to Reference Books, lists general dictionaries: however, this reference guide omits dictionaries of sex words. Dynes, Homolexis, pp. 154-57: various dictionaries discussed. Dictionaries and words - Persian Words and dictionaries with gay reference in Persian from Persian date from before 1900. For dictionaries see Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition: "Kamus" entry 2. The Miftah ul-Fuzala is a dictionary of the rare words used by the older poets. See * saqi. References. Balay, Guide to Reference Books lists general dictionaries. Dictionaries and words - Polish Dictionaries and words in Polish from Poland date from 1978. Dictionary of Polish Obscenities by Stanislaw Kielbasa (Buffalo, 1978), 28 pages is a Polish-English glossary with many homosexual words. Balay, Guide to Reference Books lists general dictionaries. Dictionaries and words - Portuguese Words and dictionaries in Portuguese from Portugal and Brazil date from 1922. There is a dictionary in Portuguese of erotic words: Horacio de Almeida, Dicionario Erotico de Lingua Portuguesa (Rio de Janeiro, 1980). The first survey was in 1922 by *Monteiro. References. Dynes, Homolexis, 155,160. Murray, Male Homosexuality in Central and South America, 183-191: "Portugayese" by *Wayne Dynes (with bibl. p. 191): a detailed study of words relying on Monteiro (1922). Balay, Guide to Reference Books lists general dictionaries. Dictionaries and words - Russian Words and dictionaries with gay reference in Russian from Russia date from 1900. There is a rich corpus of gay words in Russian which were largely unrecorded until recently; *Vladimir Kozlovskii has made a major study of them. For gay words see the article "L'argot de la subculture homosexuelle en Russie" by Michail Meilach in Spirales 12 (fevrier 1982), 10-11. See also Dictionary of Russian Obscenities, edited by D. A. Drummond and G. Perkins (Berkeley, 1980), first published as Short Dictionary of Obscenities (1971). Another dictionary is Dictionary of Russian Obscenities (Cambridge, Mass., 1971). Words are listed with translations in Charles A. Kauffman, "A survey of Russian obscenities and invective usage", Maledicta, vol. 4 no. 2, winter 1980, 261-89. Stern, Geschichte der offentlichen Sittlichkeit in Russland, volume 2, 588-97, is possibly the first list of erotic words. References. Dynes, Homolexis, 175. Balay, Guide to Reference Books lists general dictionaries. Dictionaries and words - Spanish Dictionaries and words in Spanish from Spain, Mexico, Ecuador, Guatemala and other central and south American countries date from at least 1979. There is a dictionary of South American sexual words by Hernan Rodriguez Castillo, Lexico sexual ecuatoriano y latinoamericano (Ecuadoran and Latin-american sexual dictionary), Quito, Ecuador, 1979; see the section "Homosexual", pp. 321-49 (this lists the most common words in each country). There is no sexual word dictionary for Spain. Most Spanish words have been recorded only in South American usage. For discussion of the etymology of two words in Spain, maricon (fuckee) and bugarron (fucker) see Amerindian Images and the Legacy of Columbus, edited by René Jara and N. (Spadaccini, 1992), p. 251. References. Balay, Guide to Reference Books: lists general dictionaries. Dynes, Homolexis, 155-56; 175: list of words. Murray, Male Homosexuality in Central and South America, 170-82: see "Hispanic Homosexuals: Spanish Lexicon" by *Stephen O. Murray and *Wayne Dynes which is a lexicon of Spanish words mainly from Mexico and Guatemala but also other South American countries; important bibl., 182. Dictionaries and words - Turkish Dictionaries in Turkish from Turkey date from ca. 1400. See Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition: "Kamus" entry, section 3. For the *Ottoman period dictionaries are only recorded in the literary language (not the spoken language). Turkish has an extensive oral literature and a rich vocabulary of obscene words: see the Alternative Turkish Dictionary site on the internet. References. Anthropophyteia 9 (1912), 95 ff. has a list of erotic words in Osmanli Turkish. Balay, Guide to Reference Books lists general dictionaries. Editor from Germany of works in Greek and critic writing in Latin. Active 1925-52. Editor of Anthologia Lyrica Graeca (1925), 2nd edition 1942, 3rd edition, Leipzig: *Teubner, 1949-52. The third edition consists of two volumes, volume 1, Poetae Lyrici and volume 2, * Theognis etc, with Latin notes. Compare *Brunck. Jounal in English from the United States. From ca. 1989. A journal advertising new books published by the bookshop chain A Different Light. It includes listings of some poetry books. The journal gives a limited coverage of new gay books of poetry and other materisl. There is also a newsletter published by the various shops in 'New York, 'Los Angeles (in West Hollywood, the gay area) and in 'San Francisco which is a valuable publishing record of gay books. Digte om mends kerlighed til mend Anthology in Danish from Denmark. Copenhagen: Tiderne Skifter, 1980, 92 pages. Compiled by *Peter Boesen and *Vagn S0ndergaard. The first known gay Danish poetry anthology which consists entirely of poetry by European, United States and British poets translated into Danish. The poems are well chosen. Poets (see entries): Komstantin Berlandt, Carpenter, Cernuda, Cocteau, Crane, Field, Genet, George, Ginsberg, Housman, Kavafis, O'Hara, Kirkup, Kuzmin, Lorca, Norse, Pasolini, Penna, Rimbaud, Spicer, Symonds, Takahashi, Verlaine, Whitman, Wieners. The entry in * Nordisk Bibliografi (see below) does not make it clear that it is in Danish. It consists of poems about men directed to men. Rare. Copy sighted: British Library. The Afterword, pp. 91-92, makes clear the poems have been translated from the anthologies * Eros : An Anthology of Friendship (1961), * Angels of the Lyre and *The Male Muse; however the poem by Konstantin Berlandt, whose English title is "Bring the Beautiful Boys Home" and which was a famous poem of the 1970s based on the Vietnam War, is not in any of these anthologies. The anthology's title means: poems of men's love for men. The title page has the words til maend (to men) in capital letters. The front and back covers are in mauve and the front cover features two men in bed by the gay artist David Hockney. Rare: a copy is in the *British Library. Bibliographies. Hansen, Nordisk Bibliografi, 8. Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. 1919-1987. Relevant poems appear in, in Greek, his Collected Poems (Athens, 1974). Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1953. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 32: poem "Heroes"; biog., 174: *black poet who lives in New York City and is HIV positive. Poet and anthologist from the United States writing in English; translator from Greek to English. Born 1954. He compiled the very outstanding anthology * A Day for a Lay, one of the finest anthologies of the *gay liberation period. The author of seven books of gay poetry. A very Tine poet of the *gay liberation period, The Naked Poet: Poems from 1970-85 (Beverley Hills, 1989), unpaginated, is a collection of his poems from previous collections; the front cover is particularly striking featuring a photograph of the poet with a half erect penis while the back cover features a man with his naked back to the reader. There is a photograph of the poet when young in the front and an introduction by James Leo Herlihy. The poems celebrate *gay liberation and sexual encounters and move between *San Francisco, *New York and *Los Angeles. Review: James White Review vol. 8 no.1, 4, by *George Klawitter. Notes from a marriage (New York, 1983) consists of 135 short poems about a gay relationship. Pagan Love Songs (Beverly Hills, 1987), unpaginated, is a major gay book of poems (review: see *Denis Altman, "Porn Star Poet", Outrage no. 62, July, 1988, 28-29); there is a photograph of the poet at the front and the introduction is by *Ian Young whose *Catalyst Press was Gavin Dillard's first publisher. Themes in his books cover the gauntlet of gay sex and include *incest (see the poem "Frank's father used to take him out in the barn/ and fuck him" in Pagan Love Songs). A Tine poet of *free verse and short poems. He edited Between the Cracks:The Daedalus Anthology of Kinky Verse (1997) which contains some gay poems. He formerly lived in *Los Angeles and is famous for his nude poetry readings and porn movies; in 1999 he lives on the coast of northern California. His books are all handsomely produced with erotic illustrations and usually feature photographs of the good looking poet naked or semi naked. In the Flesh: Undressing for Success, 1998, is his autobiography. Interview: Lambda Book Report, August 1998, 6-7. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10585: Twenty Nineteen Poems, Scarborough, Ontario: *Catalyst, 1975. Homosexuality in Canada, first edition (1979), 9: two chapbooks, Rosie Emissions and Twenty Nineteen Poems, both published Scarborough, Canada: Catalyst, 1975. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 1010-11: same works. Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (1984), 138: same works. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gay Verse. Orgasms of Light, 60-61; biog., 251. Amerikanike homophylophile poiese ,19: trans. into Greek; biog., 69. Son of the Male Muse, 75-81 (photo 75): includes the *sequence "Magic" (with poems on *S/M); biog., 188-89. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 617. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 544-45. Badboy Book, 95-106; biog., 385. Name of Love, 14; biog., 71: "an artist, poet and, in his own word, pornographer" who has written eight books of poems. Eros in Boystown, 48; p. 60 notes he is also an erotic film star as well as poet. A Day for a Lay, 9-16: translation from Greek of *Cavafy; 254-64; biog., 254. Poet and editor from the United States writing in English. Born 1906. The editor of the *Chicago journal Poetry, 1937-50. He translated *Baudelaire (1935). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1012: The Flowering Stone, New York: Viking 1931. Translator probably from Greece of the Greek poet *Cavafy into French in conjunction with *Marguerite Yourcenar: see her entry. Active 1958. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1995. Author of Limericks Naughty and Gay by (the late) Dr. Fey (Mobile, AL, 1995), 60 pp. with illustrations, by the author, of nude youths. A very fine collection of gay *limericks and a rare individual volume on limericks (most appear in collections of limericks). The biographical note on the volume states: "lives, loves and plays in Oregon". In conception compare *Nabokov in Pale Fire. Poet from Greece writing in Greek. Possibly active ca. 80 B.C. Since many poets have this name in ancient Greek, it is difficult to know which one is the poet Diocles of Book 12, poem 35 (the only relevant poem) of the * Palatine Anthology. See also the entry for Diocles as myth and character. It may be possible, granted the generic idea of Diocles as archetypal male homolover, that the name is meant as a pseudonym. If this is the case, this usage of the name is an early use of a *pseudonym. Diocles the poet of Palatine Anthology xii 35 and Diocles the lover of Meleager may be two different people: see *homonyms. The date has been taken from the *Garland of Meleager (see Criticism below). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 345-6: six entries but none pertinent. See also the entries in Pauly, Wissowa, Paulys Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft: "Diokles". Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10586: citing *Musa Puerilis, London: Heinemann, 1918. Book 12, poem 35. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Palatine Anthology xii 35. Criticism. Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 9 (1908), 249, 271-72: lover of *Meleager, who dedicated the Garland of Meleager to him. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 42. Character in myth in Greek from Greece. Active before 279 B.C. Whether this Diocles was a real person is not known; see also the entry for *Diocles as poet and lover. See * Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae, Volume 3, Part i, 395 (spelt Diokles) and the plates for artistic depiction. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Pauly, Wissowa, Paulys Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft: "Diokles". Criticism. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 474-75: mentioned as introducing the boys' *kissing contest in *Megara in the context of referring to *Theocritus's homosexual "Idyll 12" where Diocles is mentioned as the prototype of the ideal lover. Letter writer and possible lover from Italy writing in Greek, Latin and Italian. Ca. 1608-1638. A friend of the English poet John Milton from school days and at Christ's College, *Oxford, and very possibly a lover of Milton at one time. Milton wrote three poems to him and effusive letters in Latin, one letter referring to "our love". Diodati wrote letters to Milton, in Greek, Italian and Latin: see the *Milton entry for details. Milton, in turn, wrote an elegy in Latin about Diodati on his death, Epitaphium Damonis, 1639. See John T. Shawcross, "Milton and Diodati", Milton Studies vol. 7 (1975), 127-163: he states "A reading of [Milton's] Epitaphium Damonis implies a homoerotic relationship" (p.127); he also states, p. 152, that evidence of Diodati's character "would not deny a rather promiscuous homosexuality". Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. Born ca. 250 B.C. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 348-49. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 134. Criticism. Courouve, Ces petits grecs, 16-17. Addressee from Greece relating to works in Greek. Active 400-ca. 347 B.C. Possibly the lover of *Plato. Plato addressed a love poem to him. Criticism. Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 8 (1906), 635. Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. Active before 130. See *homonyms. As he appears in the * Mousa Paidike, he must be prior to 130. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. 10 entries are in Oxford Classical Dictionary, 350-52. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Palatine Anthology xii 108. Criticism. Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 9 (1908), 272. Trope appearing in Greek poetry from Greece and Egypt and later in Latin, English and Polish. From ca. 544 B.C. A Greek god associated with *wine drinking, sexual abandon and, at times, homosexuality; his cult was associated with the cult of Attis in Egypt and first grew in importance in the Roman period, though it relating to the *symposium tradition. Greek. Possibly the first reference in a homosexual context is *Theognis (active 544 B.C.) in fragment 976. He is also referred to in the *Anacreontea in a homosexual context and J. M. Edmonds records a gay *skolia. For the earliest references in Greek poetry see Liddell and Scott, Greek-English Lexicon, 433 (referring to Hesiod Theognia 947, Archilochus 77, Theognis 976). *Nonnus, in his epic The Dionysiaca (fifth century A.D., but possibly earlier), describes the life and deeds of Dionysus in detail, including his gay side which comes out in the Ampelus Idyll (Book Ten, line 175 to the end of Book Twelve) where Dionysus falls in love with the youth *Ampelus. As a god of sexual frenzy, Dionysus contrasts with *Apollo, the god of light and reason: e.g., in *Archilochus fragment 77; though both Apollo and Dionysus had sexual relations with men. Dionysus was also called *Bacchus in Greek (see Palatine Anthology Book Twelve, poem 50, and Liddell and Scott, Greek-English Lexicon, 303) and later in Latin. He frequently appears in a gay context on sarcophagi of the Roman period, notably from 100 A.D. to about 250 A. D. For the artistic depiction see Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae, vol. 3, Part i, 413-566, and the plates; the iconography revived in the sixteenth century (for instance, the bisexual Italian Caravaggio, the probably homosexual *Leonardo da Vinci and the Spanish painter Velazquez did paintings of Dionysus as a young man). Songs, oral poems and chants associated with the Dionysus cult in Greek and in languages of the Middle East are relevant for homosexuality. Poetry references to Dionysus in later European languages must always be considered in the light of possible homosexual or bisexual undercurrents. Karl Kerenyi's Dionysios: Archetypal Image of Indestructible Life (trans. into English from German, and published in English in 1976) is the most exhaustive study to date with illustrations from Greek art; bibl. 393-420. An earlier study was H. Jeanmaire, Dionysos, histoire du culte de Bacchus, Paris, 1951. For Latin poetry references in *Horace, *Ovid and *Virgil see Oxford Latin Dictionary, 223 (under Bacchus). The *cupbearer trope is closely related to Dionysus as is the * saki trope in Persian. *Bacchus is the more usual Latin word for Dionysus; via Latin the word Bacchus entered other'European languages. Modern Greek: see *Cavafy, *Sikelianos, *Embirikos. English: *Edmund Gosse. German: *Nietzsche wrote a study of Dionysus, The Birth of Tragedy (1872), seeing the Dionysiac and the Apollonian as polarities in life. Polish: see Jaroslav Iwaskiewicz. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Pauly, Wissowa, Paulys Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft. Encyclopedia Britannica, eleventh edition. Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 31820 (with bibl.). Gay Histories and Cultures. Criticism. Norton, Homosexual Literary Tradition, 30: re the Dionysiac mysteries. Buffiére, Eros adolescent, 363. Sergent, Homosexuality in Greek Myth, 179-92. Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. Active 220 B.C. Despite the small mumber of poems that survive, he names several homosexual lovers (e.g. in Palatine Anthology xii 169 he names two lovers). He thus appears to have had an abundant love life. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 355: "Dioscorides" (1). Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10587: *Musa Puerilis, London: Heinemann, 1918, Book 12, poems 14, 37, 42, 16971. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Garland of Meleager. Palatine Anthology xii 14, 37, 42, 169-71. Criticism. Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 9 (1908), 266. Brandt, Sittengeschichte griechenlands, volume 2, 199-200. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 485. Buffière, Eros adolescent, 300: notes he wrote at the end of the third century B.C. Figure from myth and trope in Greek and Latin from Italy. The Latin name for *Castor and Pollux who exist from 484 B.C. Dioskouroi is their name in Greek. Poet from Turkey who wrote in Greek. Active ca. 250 B.C. He is associated with the city of *Adramyttium and has eleven poems in the * Palatine Anthology. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 355. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Garland of Meleager. Criticism. Brandt, Sittengeschichte griechenlands, volume 2, 180. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 464: "wrote an epos, The Struggles of Heracles, in which he endeavoured to prove the rather silly idea that the mighty deeds of Heracles are to be ascribed to his love for Eurystheus." Poet and dramatist from Greece writing in Greek. Active 360 B.C. A comic verse dramatist. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary. Criticism. Courouve,Ces petits grecs, 18: re fragments 43 and 50 and re his *lost work The Homosexuals. A person who is strongly emotionally dependent on another, usually older, person. The concept appears in relevant poetry in Greek from Greece from ca. 380 B.C. and later in other languages. Strong *male bonding is implicit in disciple relationships when they occur on an intimate personal level, as, for instance, in the circle of *Oscar Wilde (*Robert Ross was a major disciple of him). They imply a guru, or person who is looked up to (see *Guru Nanak). See also *Beloved Disciple. Compare *male bonding, *Männerbunde. Disciple relationships can be intellectual: see *Foucault. English: see *Christopher Brennan, *Calamites, *Abraham Crowley, *Harry Hooton, *Cecil Day-Lewis, *Ben Jonson, *Charles Olson (see Jonathan Williams and *Gerrit Lansing; see also *Edward Dahlberg), *Mateship, *Sons of Ben, *Walt Whitman (Whitman had many disciples - see John Burroughs, *Horace Traubel for the United States; *R. M. Bucke in Canada; *Edward Carpenter in Great Britain; *Bernard O'dowd and J. le Gay Brereton in Australia), *Oscar Wilde. German: see *Stefan George, *George Kreis, *Karl Wolfshehl. Greek: see *Plato re his * Symposium (ca. 380 B.C.), *Socrates, *Bion, Jesus Christ, * Gospels, John the Disciple. Chinese: 'Confucianism. Japanese: *Pupils of Basho, *Sora, *Masaoka Shiki, *Ryokan, *Zen Buddhism. Persian: strong disciple relationships occurred in *Sufi poetry. Sanskrit and Hindi. All guru relationships and poetry associated with religions in which they occur are relevant if they have a subliminated homosexual element; see *Kabir, *Hymns, *Dadu, *Sikhism, *Guru Nanak. Bengali: see *Ramakrishna. Puniabi: see *Sikhism, *Guru Nanak, *Ramakrishna. For India and all indian languages see *Mysticism - India. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion : see "Discipleship" and "Disciples of Christ". A journal and now CD ROM from the United States in English listing and describing new theses. In existence from 1938. It is possible to search Dissertation Abstracts, called DA in scholarly literature, for theses dealing with homosexuality, including critical works discussing poetry. When published in paper form as a journal it was previously called Dissertation Abstracts International (Ann Arbor, United States; coverage was from 1935). It was called Microfilm Abstracts from 1935 to 1951 and Dissertation Abstracts from 1952 and then Dissertation Abstracts International. A CD called Dissertations Abstracts exists from 1993 which includes material referenced from 1861. The same company also abstracts Masters theses. Dissertations in many European universties were written in Latin up to the twentieth century (see *Rudolf Beyer) and are documented from 1815. A check of library catalogs in Europe in 1989 revealed that many of these Latin dissertations were published in small numbers and some deal with homosexuality: see dissertations at the University of Paris, Sorbonne, *Paris. Some references were found in the papers of *Georges Herelle (see Latin entries below). English. For recently published material see the United States based *MLA (Modern Language Association) annual bibliography now published on CD Rom. * Dissertation Abstracts International is the largest computer database. Latin. See * Anacreontea, *Aristotle, *Ephebe (1815 thesis, the earliest relevant so far), *Ganymede, *Historical and social background - Latin, *J. Hutton, *Pederasty, *Platonic Love, *Shakespeare. Divan poets - Turkish, Persian, Arabic (also spelt diwan) Divan means a collection of the works of a poet; a divan was a couch on the floor and the word comes from the custom of sitting on it to recite poetry. The term is especially employed in Turkish from Turkey but also in Arabic, Persian, Urdu and other written Islamic languages. In the Penguin Book of Turkish Verse, p. 39, a divan (sometimes spelt diwan) is defined as "a collection of works of one poet in a variety of forms". From ca. 1400. Turkish. Poets who wrote traditional poetry under the *Ottoman empire wrote divans and were called Divan poets. Some of these poets were homosexual or wrote love poems addressed to males e. g., *Nedim, *Baki. *Pederasty was a major form of homosexuality exhibited by them in their poetry. See 'Anthologies - Turkish. German: see *Goethe. English: see *Edwin Morgan. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1950-1992. *Black poet who lives in New York and has published two novels and a book of poems, Change of Territory (1983). He contracted *Aids (see James White Review vol. 9 no. 2, p. 2) and died in 1992. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Gay Histories and Cultures. Gay Poetry Anthologies. In the Life 119, 142; biog., 251. Road Before Us, 33; biog., 175. Poets for Life, 61-64. Brother to Brother, 14--47: a *dramatic monologue on *Aids; biog., 271. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 773-74. Poet possibly from Iraq who wrote in Arabic. Active ca. 683. A writer of *satire and one of the great poets of the Umayyad period who wrote 683-84. His love poetry does not reflect any strong emotional attachment to any woman. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, volume 2, 479-80: "Djarir". Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Criticism. *Arthur Wormhoudt, "Classic Arabic Poetry", *Gay Books Bulletin, no. 4 (Fall 1980), 24: re a slanging match of more than a hundred poems in which he accuses his opponent *al-Farazdaq of homosexuality in "explicit, almost pornographic detail". Critic from Algeria writing in French. Active 1979. See his La poésie amoureuse des Arabes: le cas des Udrites (Alger, 1979), a study of Udritic - i.e. non sexual - love poetry; Chapter 2 discusses the trope of Joseph; bibl. pp. 159-61. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1950-1990. Fine sensitive poems about personal relationships. He spent some time with the Christian brothers, and was a freelance writer in New York and a contributing editor to * Christopher Street in the 1970s. Has published several volumes of poetry including Entre Nous (published by *Little Caesar, 1982) and Powerless: Selected Poems. 1973-1990 (1996), edited by *David Trinidad with introduction by *Dennis Cooper (review: James White Review vol. 14 no. 2, Spring/ Summer 1997, 18-19); the latter volume includes poems on *Aids written 1988-1990. Final volume of poems: Strong Place: Poems (New York, 1992); the Introduction by *David Trinidad discusses his life and his death of *Aids. See the appreciation in James White Review vol.10 no. 2 (Winter 1993). He was in the circle of *Dennis Cooper. For a brief note on his life see Schuyler, Diary, 304: states he was studying for the Episcopalian priesthood at the Yale Divinity School in the two years before his death; on p. 318 there is a note on Christopher Wiss (born 1959), a marketing executive who is stated to have become lovers with Tim Dlugos in 1986. His papers are in the Fales Library, New York University (five boxes); they are described on the internet. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10590: High There, Washington, DC: Some of Us Press, 1973. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 1023-26: same book as Bullough; Je Suis Ein Americano, Los Angeles: Little Caesar press, 1979; Outlines for Three Works, Washington, DC: Lucy and Ethel, 1976; Sounding Back, Washington, DC: Dry Imager, 1974. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Angels of the Lyre, 49-50; biog., 238. Son of the Male Muse, 82-86 (with photo p. 82): includes the love poem "Close" (for *Brad Gooch); biog., 188. Poets for Life, 65. Name of Love, 25-26; biog., 71. Word of Mouth, 276-85. Poet from Russia who wrote in Russia. 1760-1837. A statesman and poet who became Minister of Justice in Russia. He wrote sentimental poems and fables; for male homosexuality see the fables "Two Doves" and "Two Friends". He is discussed in an unpublished paper on Russian gay history by *Simon Karlinsky. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Terras, Handbook of Russian Literature. Criticism. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 649: stated to have been gay. Critic and poet from Great Britain writing in English. 1891-1974. When a Professor in the English Department at Leeds University he tried to seduce the poet James Kirkup (unsucessfully). See the latter's I, of all People (London, 1988), pp. 230-31; Kirkup states he refused his advances and a few days later his fellowship as visiting poet was terminated. He wrote many critical works on eighteenth century writers including *Alexander Pope and an essay * Rochester (London: Leonard and Virginia Woolf, 1926). He married but there were no children. See the festshrift, Of Books and Humankind, edited by John Butt, 1964, for a list of his works. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography 1971-1980. Translator from Latin to English from Great Britain; he was also a publisher of works in English. 1703-1764. The most important British publisher of literary works for the period 1735-64. He published Select Epigrams of *Martial (trans. by William Hay with *Abraham Cowley and others) in 1755 and published other translations of Greek and Latin poets as well as the work of such poets as *Akenside, *Gray and *Pope. Robert Dodsley was also a poet. See Ralph Straus, Robert Dodsley (1910); bibl. of works printed pp. 311-83. (For information on Ralph Straus, who was a friend of Norman Douglas, see Mark Holloway, Norman Douglas, 1976, footnote 85 and the index; he also wrote a book on *Edmund Curll and *George Augustus Sala.) Harry M. Solomon, The Rise of Robert Dodsley (Carbondale, Illinois, 1997) is a detailed study. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1848-1868. Digby Dolben, who attended *Eton with the poet *Robert Bridges, was a handsome undergraduate at *Oxford who entered the Anglican Benedictines and drowned in a river aged twenty. His relationship with *Gerard Manley Hopkins was strongly homosexual on Hopkins part, at least mentally, as *Robert Bernard Martin has pointed out in his biography of Hopkins: see Gerard Manley Hopkins (1991), Chapter 5, pp. 80-97. This work also notes, p. 86, his passionate attachment to the *Etonian Martin Le Marchant Gossehlin though "how much physical intimacy there was between the two boys is not certain'"(p. 89). On page 95 he states "It is impossible to know how much of their emotional natures Hopkins and Dolben confided to each other". Most of Dolben's poems were written 1865-68. Text of the poems. His Poems were published in 1911, edited with a memoir by Robert Bridges and letters to Bridges; the memoir is the fullest biography to date. The poems have been re-edited by Martin Cohen as The Poems and Letters of Digby Mackworth Dolben (London, 1981). His manuscripts are in the University of Exeter. There is a strong homosexual element in his verse. In Cohen's edition, almost all poems are relevant; see especially *"Anacreontic" (no. 28, p. 50) which is openly homosexual; poems 4, "Love, we've lived together" and 6, "Come to me beloved" (both good examples of his style). Poem 36, "On the picture of an Angel by Fra Angelico", points forward to *Uranian poetry. See also "Homo Factus Est". Dolben's poems expressed stronger homosexual feelings than Hopkins's and, as the poems show, he was well aware of the homosexual traditions of Greek and Latin. His religious poems have a strong *mystical tone and there are erotic suggestions in his poems to Jesus Christ. They attempt to elaborate an ethos of homosexual eroticism attuned to *Christianity; unfortunately this attempt was stifled in English almost before it began. For criticism, see the chapter on Dolben in Robert Bernard Martin, Gerard Manley Hopkins (1991), pp. 80-97 (with fine discussion of his poems bringing out their homoeroticism). Not in Oxford Companion to English Literature. Compare *Richard Crashaw. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography: Missing Persons: notes the "strong eroticism" of his poetry and also notes Hopkins' "imperfectly suppressed erotic thoughts of him" (written by Robert Bernard Martin). Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, Volume 2, item 10591: The Poems, London: Frowde, 1911. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1027: same book. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 45-46: two love poems to Edward Manning (who was later Cardinal Manning); biog., 45. Reade, Sexual Heretics, 74-76; see also pp. 11-12. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 61; biog., 117. Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. 1508-1568. He lived in *Venice. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amicizia amorosa, 119-21: poem "To a *Boy"; biog., 117. Reid, Eternal Flame, Volume 1, 230-31 about fucking a youth, from the poem entitled "A Boy". Criticism. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 131: states he wrote *Bernesque poetry with homosexual themes. Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. Ca. 1370-ca. 1432. In his "In Condemnation of Philosophy" there is an attack on homosexuality. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 279-80. Criticism. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 173: wrote *Burchiellesque poetry. Poet and diarist from Great Britain who wrote in English; he later lived in New Zealand. 1811-1887. He had close affectional friendships with two men: Joseph Arnould and *Robert Browning (who wrote the poem "Waring" about their relationship). See his Diary (for 1872-85) edited by E. A. Horsham, London, 1953 (on p. 14 he writes of "my real love for you [Browning] - better love than I supposed I was fit for"); the diary has a long introduction on his life. Domett's diary does not reveal much of his personal life. A poet who left Great Britain to settle in New Zealand, where he wrote the long poem Ranolf andAmohia (London, 1872); he later returned to England where he took up his friendship with Browning and the diary covers this later period of his life. Domett is also the Waring in Browning's poem "The Guardian Angel". Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to New Zealand Literature. Poem in English from Great Britain. Written before 1853. Known from an 1866 printing by *William Dugdale with notes which also included the poem Leon to Arabella, it pretends to be by Byron but is a *forgery in *heroic couplets based on Byron's Don Juan. The poem was ascribed to *George Colman by *G. Wilson Knight, who discussed it in detail in his 1957 work Lord Byron's Marriage; *Doris Langley Moore has argued against this. Its exact author is unknown but it is a major gay work. *Louis Crompton (Journal of Homosexuality, 8 [Spring 1983], 53-71 in " Don Leon, Byron, and Homosexual Law Reform", dates it to around 1833 in its earliest form, possibly being added to at a later date). The 1866 printing is a reprint as it is known to have been in print in 1853: see the Crompton article p. 53. In the absence of earlier editions the closest we can date the text as it exists is: between 1833 and 1866. There is a detailed discussion of the poem in Louis Crompton's Byron and Greek Love (1985), pp. 343-64. The poem mentions many homosexual *tropes and famous homosexuals, argues for homosexuality ("I loved a youth; but *Horace did the same;/ If he's absolved, say, why am I to blame?" - lines 271-72), mentions *flagellation and has Byron sodomizing his wife ("Then turn thee round, indulge a husband's wish,/ And taste with me this truly classic dish" - lines 1248-49) which it hints was the cause of their separation (also hinted at in Leon to Arabella which deals with Byron's separation from his wife). One section refers to the famous gay book-collector, *Richard Heber, who fled England in a homosexual scandal involving a man, Charles Henry Hartshorne (see p. 34 of the London, 1866, printing). For a more accessible printing of the text of Don Leon see *Bernard Grebanier, The Uninhibited Byron, 1970 (see below). There is a 1975 reprint (New York: Arno) of a 1934 *Fortune Press reprint which was suppressed. Criticism: see *Byrne S. Fone. Bibliographies. Ashbee, Bibliography of Prohibited Books, volume one, 189-93: stated to be, p. 189, "a poem entirely in defence of sodomy". Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1029: Don Leon in *Bernard Grebanier, The Uninhibited Byron: An Account of His Sexual Confusion, New York: Crown, 1970. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 41. Hidden Heritage, 169-79. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 250-57 (a selection). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 45-46 (under George Colman). Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 226-37 (extracts from the poem). Criticism. Smith, Love in Earnest, 40, f. 15. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1993. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Absolutely Queer, 3-4 (poem about *Aids in Ireland). Biographer and critic from Italy who wrote in Latin. Active ca. 350. He wrote a life of *Virgil in which he stated "he was somewhat inclined to *pederasty" and also that Virgil in *Naples "was commonly called Parthenias (i.e. 'Virginia' [Virgin])". This life of Virgil is the source of beliefs that Virgil was homosexual. This work is the first surviving reference to homosexuality in a major European poet in a biography; some passages come from a life of Virgil, now *lost, by Suetonius. The text is translated into English in W. A. Camps, An Introduction to Virgil's Aeneid (1989), pp. 111-20. Donatus was a grammarian who taught St Jerome (the translator of the * Bible into Latin). He also wrote a commentary on Virgil, largely lost. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary: first "Donatus" entry. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English and Latin. 1572-1631. A lyric poet who is regarded as the founder of the *Metaphysical school (so named because of their use of unusual and scientific metaphors). Donne's love poems - e.g. "The Good Morrow", "The Anniversary", "The Sun Rising" - are in many cases *non gender specific. "A Valediction Forbidding Mourning" in its famous compass metaphor could refer to two erect penises (compare *Andrew Marvell). "A Hymn to *Christ at the Author's Last Going into Germany" is strongly homoerotic and *"Sappho to Philaenis" is supposedly a letter from the *lesbian poet. "To Mr *George Herbert" in English and Latin, published with Donne's accompanying seal in John Donne, The Divine Poems, edited by Helen Gardner (1978), pp. 138-47, is a complex poem moving on many levels and showing strong homoaffectionalism. Donne's Satires and Elegies belong to the 1590s (when *Shakespeare wrote his sonnets); his Songs and Sonnets are difficult to date. A major gay reading of Donne has been attempted by *George Klawitter: he finds Donne penned very explicitly loving sentiments to another man in early verse letters and later love poems can be read homosexually. Married and converted from the Roman *Catholic religion to the Church of England, John Donne became in 1621, under the Duke of Buckingham, the homosexual favourite of James I, Dean of St Paul's, the cathedral church of London, and was famous for his sermons. In 1601 he married Ann More who died in 1617 giving birth to their twelfth child. There was a revival of interest in Donne and the Metaphysical poets in the twentieth century led by *T. S. Eliot and others. Adequate texts of Donne's poems were only published in the twentieth century by Dame Helen Gardner and Wesley Milgate, a bachelor Professor of English at the University of Sydney. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Criticism. Journal of Homosexuality vol. 23 no. 1-2, 85-102: article on his "Verse Letters to T. W." [ i.e. Thomas Woodward] by *George Klawitter (states it shows a homoerotic undercurrent in his friendship with T. W.) Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1886-1961. See *H. D., her initials, and the name she wrote under. Word in Greek from Greece which became a gay trope in English and German from 1830 with gay reference. This word is used with homosexual connotations, originally referring to the idea that the Dorians, who invaded Greece in 1100 B.C. first brought homosexuality to ancient Greece, an idea which first appeared in German in O. Muller's Die Dorien, 1824 - a work which was translated into English as History and Antiquities of the Doric Race (Oxford, 1830): see Chapter 4, pp. 296-313 especially pp. 306-13. See also E. Bethe, "Die dorische Knabenliabe", Rheinisches Museum für Philologie, vol. 62 (1907), 438-75 (later reprinted as a pamphlet). (On Bethe, born 1863, see his entry in Neue deutsche Biographie.) The Dorian concept was used by *J. A. Symonds in A Problem in Greek Ethics. The name was used with homosexual connotations by *Oscar Wilde for the title of his novel The Picture of Dorian Gray (1890), where the first name of the hero was Dorian. See also *Brocard Sewell. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Ioläus (1902), 16-20. Poet from the United States whow wrote in English. 1929-1999. A member of the *Black Mountain Group and a close friend of *Charles Olson. In 24 Love Songs (1969), the love poems are *non gender specific. Poem 8 refers to "the problematic figure of youth/.. of a past love,../ and there he is"; however, Poem 21 refers to "she" and Poem 23 to "Jenny". A charming love sequence of thirty-two pages beautifully printed and dedicated "to J.D." (who could be the Jenny of the cycle). He has written a *long poem Slinger in four books, 1968-77, whose hero is a *cowboy. The poem is called Slinger on the title page and Gunslinger on the spine of the 1975 first complete edition, Wingbow Press, Berkeley. The poem exhibits strong homosexual undertones in the relationship between the narrator and the hero. *David H. Perkins, History of Modern Poetry, volume two, pp. 51214, outlines his career. He married. A close friend of *Charles Olson. Obituary: Sydney Morning Herald, 21 December 1999, 31. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10596: 24 Love Songs, San Francisco: Frontier Press, 1969. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1953. Turtle (published by David R. Godine, 1987) was his first book of poems (review: James White Review vol. 5 no. 2, Winter 1989, 4 by *George Klawitter; see also the letter in reply James White Review vol. 6 no. 4, Summer 1989, 14). "Charlie Howard's Descent", in this volume, is about the murder of a gay Maine man who was thrown into a river by three teenage gay bashers. Bethlehem in Broad Daylight (1991) is his second book. My Alexandria (1993) is a book of poems about the city of *Alexandria which has been well received. The book features poems about the death of a lover, a life companion. Reviews: New York Times Book Review, 5 November, 1995, 25; Times Literary Supplement, 5 January, 1996, 22. A recent Guggenheim fellow, his books have won prizes including the Gay Men's Poetry award in the Lambda Literary Awards for 1996 for Atlantis. James Fenton wrote a review of his books of poetry in the New York Review of Books in 1998. The volume of poems Sweet Machine: Poems was published in 1998 and a memoir of his lover, Wally Roberts, Heaven's Coast in 1997. Sweet Machine: Poems was one of the 25 "Books to Remember" of the *New York Public Library for 1998. In the James White Review in 1999 he had an exchange with *J. D. McClatchy in which he defended the writing of explicit gay poetry. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poets for Life, 66-67: poem "Tiara" about the death of a *transvestite; biog., 234. Name of Love, 60-61: "The Death of *Antinous"; biog., 71. Badboy Book, 107; biog., 385: states he lives in Provincetown, Rhode Island. A Day for a Lay, 238-47; biog., 238: states he lives in Provincetown with his partner Paul Lisicky. The World in Us: Lesbian and Gay Poetry of the Next Wave, 74-84; biog., 362-63. Word of Mouth, 343-51. Poet, critic, autobiographer and letter writer from Great Britain who wrote in English; he was also a translator from English to French. 1B7Q-1945. Famous as the lover of 'Oscar Wilde, Lord Alfred Douglas, the younger son of the Marquis of Queensberry, was also a very fine gay poet up to 1B96. He was educated at 'Oxford where he edited a gay journal The Spirit Lamp (1B92-93). He became intimate with Wilde at this time. Wilde's trial on homosexual charges in 1B95 and subsequent two year imprisonment occurred because of Wilde suing the Marquis of Queensberry (who disapproved of the relationship of his son and Wilde). The Marquis had left a business card for Wilde accusing him of being a sodomite. Douglas's oldest brother Drumlanrig, heir to the Queensberry title, who was suspected of a homosexual relationship with Lord Rosebery, Foreign Minister in the government of Gladstone and later, in 1B94, Prime Minister, had shot himself in 1B94 (see Richard Ellmann, Oscar Wilde, 19B7, 3B1, 423-24). An article by Douglas on his relationship with Wilde appeared in the Revue Blanche, June 1B96. After the Wilde debacle, Douglas married in 19Q2 and had a son. (He and Wilde met in 'Naples after Wilde was released but the renewal of their friendship was not a success.) Douglas's Poems (Paris, 'Mercure de France, 1B96), is the only authortative text of his early poems; it is in English with a French prose translation by 'Eugène Tardieu printed opposite the English text of each poem (reprinted Bruges, 19QB). The volume is rare. Poems in this work are openly gay and the volume is a gay masterpiece, revealing him to have been at his best a finer gay poet than Wilde: see for instance, "Perkin Warbeck" pp. 2B-49, "Jonquil and Fleur-de-Lys" pp. 7B-1Q1 (a very fine 'ballad), "Prince Charming" pp. 1Q2-Q3, "Sicilian Love Song" pp. 121-21, "Rondeau" pp. 136-37, "Rejected" pp. 13B-41 (with 'Apollo trope); see also "In Praise of Shame" pp. 22-23 and "Two Loves" pp. 1Q4-11Q. The poems reveal he loved Wilde deeply and was grief stricken at his imprisonment. His most famous poem "Two Loves" - containing what would become a famous line referring to homosexuality, "The love that dares not speak its name" - was first published in the gay journal The 'Chameleon, December 1B94, later republished in the 1B96 Poems but it was not republished until 1935 when the text was altered. It was quoted at Wilde's trial, as was Douglas's poem "In Praise of Shame". The French translation in this volume opposite the English text made the poems accessible on the continent from Portugal to Greece and Russia to South America (the scandal of the Wilde trial encouraged interest in Douglas everywhere it was reported). Douglas was a high church Anglican 19Q7-191Q, when he edited and later owned the journal The Academy but became a Roman 'Catholic in 1911. His attitude to homosexuality changed after his conversion and he became anti-gay. He also published the following books of poems: The City of the Soul (1B99), ' Sonnets (19Q9), Collected Poems (1919) and Collected 'Satires, 1926 (in this work see especially The Rossiad, inspired by his feud with 'Robert Ross who publicly accused him of being responsible for Wilde's misfortunes). He translated Wilde's play Salomé into French in 1B94. His later poetry is not gay poetry and homosexual themes are only incidental. The seventeen sonnets he wrote after being imprisoned nine months in 1923 for libelling Winston Churchill, "In Excelsis" are amongst the best poems he wrote. A book of criticism, The True History of 'Shakespeare's Sonnets, was published in 1933. He fought several 'libel cases and many feuds, one of which trials landed him in 'prison for six months. It is commonly agreed by biographers that Wilde was infatuated with Douglas and that Douglas treated Wilde capriciously; Douglas was also widely regarded as an unlikeable person, self-centered and shallow. Bibliography: see Montgomery Hyde's biography below for a discussion of manuscripts and a list of published books. Text of poems. Censorship has occurred, and no complete text of the poems exists; the Mercure de France text of 1B96 is still the best for the early poems. The Collected Poems of 1919 omits much; in this volume see "To Shakespeare, "To L--", "Jonquil and Fleur-de -lys", "In Memoriam: Francis Archibald Douglas" (about the death of his oldest brother Drumlanrig, heir to the Queensberry title, who was suspected of a homosexual relationship with Lord Rosebery, Foreign Minister in the government of Gladstone and later, in 1B94, Prime Minister: see Richard Ellmann, Oscar Wilde, 19B7, 3B1, 423-24), "The Dead Poet" (on Oscar Wilde), "Premonition" and "Before a Crucifix". A complete poems is urgently needed. His influence as a gay poet was perhaps stronger on the continent of Europe than in Great Britain. Autobiography. Several works were written - Oscar Wilde and Myself ( 1914), The Autobiography (1929), Without Apology (1938) and Oscar Wilde: a summming up (1940). Letters. Those with *George Bernard Shaw have been published, edited by *Mary Hyde. Wilde wrote a long letter to him from prison, De Profundis, in which he sought to make sense of the tragedy of his imprisonment. Biography. There are several biographies - by William Freeman (1948), *Rupert Croft-Cooke (1963), 'Montgomery Hyde (1984; very thorough, with excellent bibl. pp. 255-5B) and 'Douglas Murray (2QQQ) - the finest to date. There is also much information on him in 'Richard Ellmann's life of Wilde. See also Montgomery Hyde's The Marquess of Queensberry, Oscar Wilde and the Black Douglas (1949). Poems on him were writtern by 'Aleister Crowley and 'George Sylvester Viereck. See also 'T. H. Fokker and 'Christopher Brennan (author of a parody on his autobiography). Translation. Poems. French: trans. in the 1896 Mercure de France edition by *Eugène Tardieu; a work titled Poems was translated by Francis d'Avilla (1937). Translations of Oscar Wilde and Myself. French: trans. Arnold van Gennep (1930); German: trans. Elsie McCalman (1929). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 326-27. Howes, Broadcasting It. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Murray, Catalogue of Selected Books, items 2Q-21: The City of the Soul, 1B99 and Poems, Paris, 1B96. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 1Q597-9B: Lyrics, London: Rich and Cowan, 1935 and Poèmes [sic], Paris: 'Mercure de France, 1B96. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 1Q4Q-42, 1Q45-46: De Profundis and Other Poems, Amsterdam: Sub Signo Libelli, 1976, Hymn to Physical Beauty, Amsterdam: Sub Signo Libelli, 1976, Lyrics, London: Rich and Cowan, 1935, Poems, Paris: Mercure de France, 1B96, The Sonnets of Lord Alfred Douglas, London: the Richards Press, 1943. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 332-35. Reade, Sexual Heretics, 36Q-62, 417 ("Rondeau" from Poems, 1B96). L'amour bleu, 1B7. Rosen, Gay Life and Gay Writers, 46: "Two Loves". Hidden Heritage, 194-96. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 262-65. Les Amours masculines, 1B7. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 93-95. Poems of Love and Liberation, 13. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 295-97: "Two Loves" (1B94). A Day for a Lay, 17-19; biog., 17 - called "an accomplished minor poet". Criticism. Raffalovich, Uranisme et unisexualité, 279-B1. Smith, Love in Earnest, 244 (bibl). Poet from the United States writing in English. Active before 1982. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1048: Gay weather, privately printed, no date (*postcard). Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1920-1944. A *war poet. In William Scammell, Keith Douglas: A Study (1988), see p. 6: notes he was suspected of homosexuality at school where he was something of an *aesthete. States he later had sexual relations with several women in *Cairo. Published poems are heterosexual. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography: Missing Persons: he died unmarried in World War II. Editor, critic, philosopher, poet (though only in a minor way), novelist and autobiographer writing in English from Great Britain who lived mainly in Italy from 1897 but also in Russia and Portugal. 1868-1952. Though best known as a novelist and prose writer of several unusual books, he published a poem in Experiments (1925) and edited a series of bawdy limericks, Some Limericks, which he collected and which achieved an underground notoriety from the 1930s and is his main achievement in the field of poetry. A famous - indeed notorious - homosexual who had a *pedophile side, though it is perhaps more accurate to call him a *pederast. He married and had two children and was famous as a personality becoming a cult figure; many gay book *collectors collect everything on him. Douglas was apparently heterosexual until 1897 (at least in the opinion of *Richard Aldington) when he ostensibly became homosexual; he believed it was possible to go from heterosexuality to homosexuality, but not vice versa. He lived in exile away from Great Britain for most of his life mostly in Italy, especially in *Florence and *Capri, where he was known as an *epicurean - the philosophical side of his personality - who enjoyed Tine company and food. He appears in the work of *Compton Mackenzie (who wrote novels set on Capri in the 1920s). His actual Christian names were George Norman. Norman Douglas wrote twenty-four books: see *Cecil Woolf, A Bibliography of Norman Douglas (London, 1954). Ralph D. Lindeman, Norman Douglas (New York, 1965) also has a list of his published works. He died on Capri, where he lived in the latter part of his life and where he is buried. South Wind (1917), in which he expressed much of his philosophy of life through the three characters, Keith, Count Caloveglia and Eames, has little that is openly homosexual. It is partly based on Capri but also the island of *Ischia and Sorrento on the nearby Italian mainland (see James Money, Capri: Island of Pleasure, 1986, p. 140); the novel was translated into several *European languages. London Street Games (1916; revised edition 1931), which he edited, is the first book to seriously look at children's songs; it has some poems, though none is homosexual. Birds and Beasts of the *Greek Anthology, a study of the * Palatine Anthology from the viewpoint of birds and animals in the Palatine Anthology was privately printed (Florence, 1927) by Douglas and his friend *Pino Orioli (it has been reprinted). It is an example of the curious knowledge which attracted him. It contained poetry translations by *Elllingham Brooks (two homopoems appear) relating to the birds and beasts it discusses and shows the closest acquaintanceship with the * Palatine Anthology. (Douglas's interest in the Palatine Anthology may have come from its homosexual poems and especially the *pederastic ones of Book 12, the *Mousa Paidike.) For his pederasty see *Harold Acton, Memoirs of an Aesthete, 1948, p. 388, who hints at it, and Constantine Fitzgibbon, "Norman Douglas", Encounter 43 (1974), 23-47. Constantine Fitzgibbon wrote a life of Douglas in Norman Douglas: A Pictorial Record (London, 1953). Douglas had to flee England in 1917 after being charged with soliciting a youth in the Natural Science Museum, Kensington, London (see Mark Holloway, Norman Douglas, 1976, 229-32). He also fled from France, Austria and twice from Florence for similar reasons. The persons involved were teenagers around the age of pubescence and at least one was a girl; he has been called by some a pedophile though pederast seems more accurate. Some Limericks (Florence: the author, 1928), though it is mostly heterosexual in ambience, contains several brilliant homo *limericks: in the edition Boston, 1942 (probably identical with the original edition) see, for instance, the limericks on pp. 65-68, 76-77, 85, 9091, 94-96 (others are relevant). The work is a comic masterpiece and each limerick contains a critical commentary which *parodies serious criticism. The work owes much to Italian traditions of bawdy inspired by the rigidity of the Catholic church - such authors as *Beccadelli, of whom Douglas must have known. Many reprints of the book exist. He wrote a celebrated work on *aphrodisiacs Paneros: Some Words on Aprhrodisiacs and the Like (1931). The title is a joining of two words *Pan and *Eros and is printed as *Pan-eros on the spine of some copies. Douglas is most famous as one of the most notorious homosexuals of his time (at least to the British and to English language readers). *R. M. Dawkins in Norman Douglas, London, 1952 (repr. from the study published Florence, 1933, published under the name Richard MacGillivray - his first two names) correctly characterizes him as a latter day hellenist (see *hellenism). (Dawkins, Director of the British School in Athens and later, from 1919, Professor off Byzantine and Modern Greek at *Oxford university was a friend of *Frederick Rolfe and appears to have been gay: see *Donald Weeks, Corvo, 1971, pp. 268-83.) The fascination of the British, and latterly gays in general with him, lies in the fact that he was a homosexual who led a relatively open lifestyle (but not in his own country; he lad to live in Italy, where homosexual relations were legal, in contrast to Great Britain where they were completely illegal during Douglas's lifetime.) His critical works herald deconstructionism: he always took an unusual point of view or presented an unusual perspective of any subject he wrote about and even the form of many of his books is unusual. In espousing epicureanism he highlights the *Puritanism which characterized British and American life of his time. Like *Oscar Wilde he was a forerunner of *gay liberation but, unlike Wilde, he had the sense to flee Great Britain rather than be persecuted under its unjust laws. He was also well known as a gourmet and was a friend of the writer of cookery books, Elizabeth David. Autobiography: Looking Back: An Autobiographical Excursion (1933); in this work Douglas examines the calling cards of people he has met and recalls them. Biography: see *Mark Holloway, Norman Douglas, 1976 - the fullest account of his life, unfortunately lacking a bibliography. His homosexuality was first disclosed by John Davenport in the introduction to the printing of Douglas's Old Calabria (London, 1955), p. xi. There are many reminiscences of Douglas which are biographical, e.g., by *Richard Aldington. See also *Louis Golding. Manuscripts. *Yale University has some of his manuscripts. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionary of Literary Biography, volume 34. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 327-28. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10599: Some Limericks, New York: privately printed, 1928 [the first edition was published by the author in Florence in 1928 in an edition of 110 copies and this date is incorrect: see Mark Holloway, Norman Douglas, London, 1976, 367]; also lists an edition New York: Grove Press, 1967. Pia, Les Livres de l'Enfer, vol. 2, column 1241: Some Limericks, Boston: Nicholson and Whitmey, 1942. Young, Male Homosexual in Literaure, second edition, item 1051: Some Limericks Collected for the Use of Students, and Ensplendour'd with Introduction, Geographical Index, and with Notes Explanatory and Critical, privately printed, 1928. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 24 (trans. of the Greek poet *Straton), 58 (trans. of *Rhianus). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 92. Translator from Greek to English. 1873-after 1937. He translated from the Greek The Songs of *Meleager (1937) with *Frederick Rolfe; the * National Union Catalog says the author is Sholto Osborne Gordon Douglas, born 1873, and this information has been used for his dates. Sholto Douglas and Rolfe corresponded. Criticism. Smith, Love in Earnest, 29, 183-84 (probably the poem from Dawn without Daylight, London, 1926, p. 57), and 199, f. 74. Historian and editor of Greek works from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1920. His book Greek Homosexuality (Oxford, 1978) is a discussion of homosexuality in fifth century Athens based on the speech of *Aeschines at the trial of Timarchus for homosexuality (Italian trans. by M. Menghi, 1985; trans. into Greek in 1990). As the author was an Oxford don, it made male homosexuality, formerly a taboo subject apart from Commentaries on writers, a serious field of research in ancient Greek in academic circles. There is some careful discussion of the literature (see pp. 57-60 on poetry), a lexis of Greek words (pp. 238-40), and it includes reference to many Greek documents (pp. 223-27) as well as a list of vases depicting homosexuality discussed in the book (pp. 205-225) with photographs of Greek vases depicting male homosex including *anal sex in the concluding section. Dover has been influential. He is a careful scholar, widely respected in his field, who has also edited *Plato's Symposium, Cambridge, 1980 (see pp.3-5 of this work for a discussion of homosexuality). He also edited a selection of *Theocritus and has written significant articles listed below (see also Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, below). Although a milestone of sorts, the limitations of this work must be taken into account. Greek Homosexuality, despite its title, deals with only one document in one city, Athens, in one century (the fifth century). Dover's statement that "the reciprocal desire of partners belonging to the same-age category is virtually unknown in Greek homosexuality", for instance, is not supportable. It neglects much evidence from Greek vases of fifth century Athens where *satyr and *symposium scenes are shown in which the partners are of the same age. Ancient Greek poetry, such as the Idylls of *Theocritus also features men of the same age, while in many cases of homopoetry the ages are simply not known. In *Homer's * Iliad even the Greeks themselves were divided on the ages of Achilles and Patroclus in fifth century Athens - see the *Achilles and Patroclus entry. Another weakness of the book is that its argument is based on the analysis of one speech (at a trial where Aeschines seeks to get Timarchus convicted of alleged homosexual offences). Nevertheless, the book was a groundbreaking study. For a critique of Dover see J. R. Ungaretti, "Demoralizing Dover", Journal of Homosexuality vol .8 no.1 (Fall 1982), 1-17. Dover's Greek Homosexuality in its illustrations presented the edidence for homosexuality from the Greek vases cataloged by *J. D. Beazley. This evidence still needs to be assessed in relation to Greek poetry. Marginal Comment: A Memoir (1994) is autobiographical. He also wrote "Classical Greek Attitudes to Sexual Behaviour", Arethusa vol. 6 no.1, (Spring 1973), pp. 59 ff. and "Greek Homosexuality and Initiation" in The Greeks and their Legacy: Collected Papers, volume 2, Oxford, 1988, pp. 115-134. See also *Law - Greek. Interview: see The Advocate, 14 February 1989, 56-58, where he states he had "a lot of sexual play with other boys around the age of 10, 11, 12" but is not a practicing homosexual. He is also the author of Aristophanic Comedy (London, 1972); see *Aristophanes. Dictionaries and Encycloepdias. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Bibliographies. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, items 491-92. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Hidden Heritage, 75-78. Bibliographer from the United States writing in English. Active 1971. Author of A Bibliography of works by *Allen Ginsberg 1943 to 1967, San Francisco: City Lights, 1971, 343 pp. One of the most detailed bibliographies of a gay poet ever, for the period covered. Compare *Michelle P. Kraus who covers the bibliography of Ginsberg 1967-77. Down on the face and coming of the beard Trope in Greek from ancient Greece and later in Arabic, Persian, Hebrew and Urdu. It refers to the first growth of a beard, usually marking the onset of adolescence and making a youth less desirable. From ca. 500 B.C. Greek. First mentioned by *Aeschylus (525-456 B.C.), it is later a motif in the * Mousa Paidike (see *Sonya Lida). Arabic: see Woods, Articulate Flesh: Male Homo-eroticism and Modern Poetry, 35. Poets: see *Abu Nuwas, *Ben Rasiq, *Abd Allah Ibn Sara, *Ibn Abd Rabbihi, *al-lsra'ili. Wright, Homoeroticism in Classical Arabic Literature, 192-209. Hebrew: see *Jefrim Schirmann, "The Ephebe in Medieval Hebrew Poetry", Sefarad I5 (1955), 59 - re *Yehuda Halevi and probably ibn Saddiq. See also *Arie Schippers. Persian: see *Ehsan Yarshater, "Persian Poetry in the Timurid and Safavid Periods", in Peter Jackson, editor, Cambridge History of Iran, volume 6, The Timurid and Safavid Periods, 1976, 973. Poet: see *Obeyd Zakani. Wright, Homoeroticism in Classical Arabic Literature, 192-209. Urdu: *C. M. Naim, "The Theme of Homosexual (Pederastic) Love in Pre-Modern Urdu Poetry", in Studies in the Urdu Gazal and Prose Fiction, edited by M. U. Memon, 1979, 122: states many verses refer to it; see p. 124 re the poets *Hatim, *Sauda and *Qa'im; p. 125 re *Abru's homosexual * masnavi. Rahman, "Boy love in the Urdu ghazal", Paidika vol. 2 no. 1 (1989), 1719: extensive discussion with quotations from poems. See also *Zauq (pseud.). In contemporary television beards have come to symbolize gays: see the entry in Howes, Broadcasting It "Beard". Writer on myth and religion from the United States writing in English. Active 1989. Author of Myths and Mysteries of Same-Sex Love (New York, 1989), an analysis of the ideas of *Freud and Jung in relation to mythology and psychology in the widest sense (e.g. *Ganymede pp. 148-54, *Apollo pp. 154-59, Same-sex love in the age of *heroes pp. 168-83). It also includes discussion of the Greek poet *Sappho in Chapter 14 and the poet and philosopher *Plato in Chapters 15 (The *Symposium ) and 16. The work is a major discussion of *homosexuality in terms of myth - see Chapter 1. Lover from Ireland relating to works in English; he later lived in the United States. Ca. 1845-1907. The companion and almost certainly lover in a physical sense of *Walt Whitman 1866-1873; a famous photograph of them together in 1865 exists (see *Charler Shively, Calamus Lovers, 1987, p. 98). On what is known about him (with an interview in 1895) see *Charley Shively, Calamus Lovers, 1987, pp. 98-121. He was a working class youth whom Whitman met in Washington. He never married and is buried in Washington. For Doyle's letters to Whitman, see Calamus: a series of letters written during the years 1868-1880 by Walt Whitman to a young friend (Peter Doyle), edited by *R. M. Bucke (1897; repr. Folcroft Library Editions, 1972). The text of the letters to Peter Doyle is also in volume 5 of the 1902 Complete Works edited by R. M. Bucke and others; it has also been reprinted separately. John Gill wrote a book of poems on him and John Vernon the novel Peter Doyle: A Novel, 1991. He inspired a poem in French by Jean Cocteau. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 61. Dr Collyer, Piper and the Baths Poem in English from Great Britain. Published probably in London in 1823. About a visit of the clergyman Dr. Collyer to the *bathhouse near Addington Square, Camberwell, where, as the poem relates, he picked up a man and took him to a room nearby and they had sexual relations. The poem seems to have been written by an opponent of Dr. Collyer to discredit him. It is a single page *broadsheet stated to be written "By a Friend of an Eyewitness". The * British LIbrary General Catalogue lists three pamphlets on this affair entered under Collyer, one written by Dr. Collyer, a preacher who went on preaching until 1854. A copy of the poem is in the *Cornell University Library (sold to the library by *Burton Weiss). Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1963. Author of The Night Larry Kramer Kissed Me (New York,1993): a performance sequence in poetry, seemingly about a gay man's journey of self discovery. Larry Kramer is a New York gay activist and dramatist. Illustrated with photographs. Historian and critic writing in English. Active 1966-1975. Author of the book Boys for Sale: A Study of the Prostitution of Young Boys, New York, 1975, (with *Dennis Drew). This study of *pederasty and *pedophilia has much material on *dancing boys in the middle east with critic comment and is a primary source on this material. He is the author of an article in the International Journal of Greek Love vol. 1 no. 2 (1966), 13-27: "'Le Vice' in Turkey" (this discusses homosexuality in Turkey, referring to *Sultans and lewd *songs performed by *dancing boys). Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1795-1820. He collaborated with *Fitz-Greene Halleck on a poem The Croakers (1819). Halleck wrote a moving *elegy on his death. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Dictionary of American Biography. Criticism. See Martin, Homosexual Tradition in American Poetry, 93. Poet from Trinidad and Tobago; he lives in the United States. Active 1991. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 34-35: "Love Lesson #1" (about a former lover who died of *Aids); biog .,175 - *black poet who lives in *New York. Genre in Greek from Egypt and later in *east-Asian languages and English. From ca. 280 B.C. The dramatic monologue is a form of poetry in which the speaker is an invented person (sometimes the poet speaking in his own person); it offers a perfect strategy to disguise homosexuality. *Love poems written in the persona of a woman are a type of dramatic monologue. English: *Surrey, *Tennyson, *C. J. Dennis, *T. S. Eliot (his 'sequence The Waste Land is a series of dramatic monologues), *Geoffrey Lehmann. Greek: "Theocritus's "Idyll 12" (circa 280 B.C.) is the first example; see also *Bion, *Yannis Ritsos. Chinese. Korean. Japanese and Vietnamese: see *Love poems written in the persona of a woman. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics: see "Monologue". Poet from Australia who wrote in English. 1948-1973. Michael Dransfield was the best known poet of the group called the *Generation of 68 and published his first book of poetry in 1970 at the time of the beginnnings of *gay liberation in Australia. While he had relationships with two females he was homosexual at times and may even even have worked as a homosexual prostitute to support his drug habit (information from a person who knew him closely). A Tine biography by Pat Dobrez is titled: The Lives of Michael Dransfield (Sydney, 1999); see discussion of his homosexual experiences pp. 484-85. This autobiography does not satisfactorily deal with his sexuality; while the work makes clear he had sexual relationships with women it does not explain the extent to which he was homosexual (if this can ever be satisfactorily explained). He was also involved with *drugs, notably heroine (which led to his death at the age of 24). As Michael Dransfield told lies or rather obfuscated the truth (Pat Dobrez to the author; see also his Courland Penders poems which are based on a fabulous house allegedly owned by his family) many stories emanating from him cannot be relied on - e. g. one that he was only homosexual and did not have sex with women. He is known to have had sex with other males than those mentioned in Pat Dobrez's biography. For homosexual poems see the poems "Memoirs of a Velvet Urinal" (CollectedPoems, p. 159), "Interjections" (ibid., p. 197), "Is this how whales?/for Garth" (ibid., p. 169) - all first published in the 1975 volume Memoirs of a Velvet Urinal; "King Ludwig's Swans", in Drug Poems, pp. 66-68, based on *Ludwig II the homosexual king of Bavaria (Collected Poems, pp. 154-56). "Peter" (Collected Poems, pp. 287-90) and "Assignation" (ibid., p. 310), both from the posthumously published Voyage into Solitude (1978) are also relevant. "Bi shits revisited", in The Second Month of Spring (St Lucia, 1980, pp. 74 and 83) (Collected Poems , pp 369-70), as the note on p. 83 states, refers to a review by *David Malouf. The Collected Poems gathers the poems only in the published volumes and a complete poems is needed, collating all manuscripts and published works. He was strongly influenced by *Rimbaud, but also by many other poets - e.g. *Swinburne and the United States *Beat writers such as *Ginsberg. A major critical study of the poet has been written by Livio Dobrez, the husband of his autobiographer Pat Dobrez, titled Parnassus Mad Ward: Michael Dransfield and the New Australian Poetry (St Lucia, Queensland, Australia, 1990): see p. 2 re the poem "A Useless Thing" (Collected Poems, p168) and homosexuality. Manuscripts, including poetry, are in The National Library and the Fryer Library, Univerisity of Queensland, and in private collections. His letters to *Tom Shapcott (restricted) are in the Fryer Library. Letters in which Dransfield compares himself to *Rimbaud and Shapcott to *Verlaine are quoted extensively in Pat Dobrez's biography. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Australian Dictionary of Biography vol.14: no mention of his homosexuality (written by Pat Dobrez). Hurley, Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Dessaix, Australian Lesbian and Gay Writing, 347, 356. Language family from India. From 100 B.C. There are four main Dravidian languages, all of which are spoken in southern India. They include *Tamil which has the largest number of speakers and an ancient literature. Tamil has strongly influenced other languages of India such as Sanskrit though in the case of Sanskrit it is claimed that Sanskrit influenced Tamil more than Tamil influenced Sanskrit (see *Overview - Tamil). The other languages are *Telugu, *Kannada (also called Kanarese) and *Malayalam. Other languages with smaller numbers of speakers exist. Tamil and Telugu have the greatest number of speakers. The Dravidian languages all have strong oral traditions (see *hijras) and strong traditions of erotic poetry which have not been investigated for homosexuality. See K. V. Zbelebil, Dravidian Linguistics (Pondicherry, 1990). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Katzner, Languages of the World, 4. Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1563-1631. His most famous *sonnet, "Since there's no help", from his sequence Idea (1593 and 1619), is *non gender specific but little is known of his personal life. Piers Gaveston (1593) is a *long poem which describes the love of Piers and Edward, Prince of Wales (later Edward II), a subject also treated by *Christopher Marlowe; Edward's lament (Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, pp. 146-47) is especially fine. The poem was later revised and shortened. His Idea, the Shepherd's Garland (1593) was inspired by *Spenser's Shepherd's Calendar; it consists of nine eclogues and includes an *elegy for *Sir Philip Sidney in "Eclogue 4". He was homosexual in the opinion of *Gershon Legman (meeting with Gershon Legman, 4 April 1989). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionary of National Biography: by A. H. Bullen stating "he lived and died a bachelor", p. 9; states he is mentioned under the name of good Rowland in *Barnfield's Affectionate Shepherd, p. 12, and in a letter he states the two Beaumonts, *Francis Beaumont and Sir John Beaumont and *William Browne are his "good companions and bosom friends" (p. 12). Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 49: "Liebesgeschichte" [Love poetry]. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10600: The Legend of Piers Gaveston, London, 1593. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1063: same book. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 28-29. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 142-47: Piers Gaveston, lines 211-70, 313-24, 403-44, 469-515. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 137 (sonnet from Idea, "To nothing fitter can I thee compare"), 177 (Sonnet "Since there's no help, come, let us kiss and part - "), 201-02 (Piers Gaveston, lines 469 - 510). Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 163-68; from Piers Gaveston. Criticism. Norton, Homosexual Literary Tradition, 359-61; describing Piers Gaveston, p. 361, as "the first real defense of homosexual love in English literature". Bredbeck, Sodomy and Interpretation, 11-12: re "The Moone-calfe". Poet from Germany who wrote in German. Active before 1964. No entry in the *British Library General Catalogue. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 50: poem "Mein Knabe (Du mein geliebter Knabe)"; no other information given. Historian and critic writing in English. Active 1966. Nothing is known of this man including whether this is his real name. See Jonathan Drake (pseud.) with whom he collaborated on the book Boys for Sale. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1905-1976. Educated at *Oxford where he was an *aesthete and wrote poetry, he was an Anglo-Catholic, later joined the *Communist Party and was subsequently a Labour Party member of parliament. He married briefly and continuously enjoyed a swashbuckling gay lifestyle (e.g., constant visits to public *toilets for sex). He was finally made a life peer. Biography: see Francis Wheen, Tom Driberg, 1991 (Francis Wheen says on the dustjacket he has been a book reviewer for * Gay News.) The biography is entertaining and well written. Poems by Driberg are reproduced in it, pp. 32, 56, 300-01, and poems inspired by Driberg are also included (e.g. by John Betjeman pp. 50-52); see also *Osbert Lancaster. He was the model for the main character in *Compton Mackenzie's novel Thin Ice (1956) and a close friend of *W. H. Auden and John Betjeman. His memoirs are: Ruling Passions, 1977; this work, one of the finest autobiographies of a gay poet in English, is, however, unfinished. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography 1971-80 : by Gerald Irvine and mentioning his homosexuality. Howes, Broadcasting It. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Trope in Hebrew from Spain and Syria. From ca. 1200. The practice is related to the phenomenon known as deep kissing, or soul kissing. In poetry, saliva may be a metaphor for sperm and the practice in poetry of "drinking" the saliva of another person by kissing is thus metaphorically analogous to *fellatio and *oral sex. For Hebrew see references in *Norman Roth. See also *wine drinking. In Persian, *Omar Khayyam and other poets may refer. Poems in Arabic,Turkish and Urdu may contain references. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poems of Love and Liberation, 61. Songs in Latin from Italy and Germany. From ca. 1100. Songs which are homosexual and are associated with all male drinking parties date from the time of *Petronius: see *cinaedic songs (these songs were sung by male dancers at all male banquets). *Student drinking songs with homosexual connotations date from the Carmina Burana (12/13th century); there is a long tradition in European universities of Latin student songs and song books probably exist, unedited in libraries. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 320 - citing *goliardic poets and * Carmina Burana. Anthology in Slovenian from Slovenia. Ljubljana: Aleph, 1989, 187 pages. Afterword by Brane Mozetic pp. 167-71; there is a list poets in the order in which they are printed, with brief biographical information on them pp. 172-87. The first anthology of gay and lesbian poetry in Slovenian. It consists of twentieth century poets only and was compiled by *Brane Mozetic. It is an excellent anthology of gay poems translated into Slovenian, both by gay males and lesbians; there are no Slovenian poets included. Poems are translated from English, Dutch, German, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Greek, Polish and Russian. Only male gay poets have been listed in this encyclopedia. The title means "the crush of glass in the mouth". Editor in English from the United States. Active ca. 1940. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10601: editor of Stag lines, the anthology of virile verses, New York: Phoenix Press, 1940, 396 pp. Poet from the Netherlands writing in Dutch. Active 19BB. Book of poems: Ik rim en dicht als jij je hemdje licht, 19BB, 75pp. Source: 'Prinz Eisenherz (editors), Lyrik . Pseudonym of *George Fisher a bookseller mainly of English language books. Ca. 1945-1990. Drugs as a motif or trope of gay poetry occurs in Arabic, French, English and Greek. References date from 800 in Arabic from Iraq. Ababic. *Hashish is commonly taken in the Arab world and has been associated with poetry from *Abu Nuwas (active 800 in Iraq). English. Australia: see *Michael Dransfield, 'Generation of 68, *Buffy Bright. Great Britain: see *Coleridge, *Count Stenbock. United States. The *Beat poets used drugs (see *Allen Ginsberg); see also *Harold Norse, *Stephen Jonas (pseud.), *Dennis Cooper, *Marc Almond, *Hunce Voelcker. French: see *Rimbaud, *Verlaine, *Jacques d'Adelswärd Fersen, *Cocteau. Greek: *Napoleon Lapathiotis. Drug taking (for instance, amyl nitrate) may have increased the exposure of gays to *Aids. For opium, a drug smoked widely in China, see in English. *Samuel Taylor Coleridge, *Count Eric Stenbock, *Harold Acton and in French. *Count Fersen and *Jean Cocteau. Chinese poets may be relevant as opium was widely smoked, especially from the nineteenth century to 1948. Marijuana is widely taken in the contemporary world (for instance by the Beats, e.g., *Allen Ginsberg). Heroine is a much more strongly addictive drug: see *Michael Dransfield. Cocaine is another drug which has been widely taken in the 1980s and 1990s (*Georg T rakl took it earlier; see also *Lesbian and Gay Archives of New Zealand regarding *Alexande Turnbull, founder of the National Library of New Zealand). Since wine is also a drug see also *Wine drinking. Joseph Long is a poet who works as a nurse in the area of drugs. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 330-34. Poet from Brazil who wrote in Portuguese. 1902-1987. Associated with the *modernist movement and considered by many to be the greatest Brazilian twentieth century poet; active as a poet from 1930. He married and had children. He translated the Spanish poet *Federico García Lorca. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Contemporary Authors, vol.123 (obituary). Contemporary Authors , vol. 132. Dictionary of Brazilian Literature; this entry reveals an unpublished collection of erotic verse. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poemas do amor maldito, 25; biog., 24. Criticism. Trevisan, Perverts in Paradise, 108: stated to be an important poet who wrote poems "inspired or connected with homosexual love" in Poemas do amor maldito. Drummond of Hawthornden, William Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1585-1649. Born at the Manor of Hawthornden near Edinburgh, after education at Edinburgh University he travelled in Europe, acquiring a knowledge of French and Italian. He married in 1632, aged 49, and had nine children. He was the close friend of *Ben Jonson, who walked from *London to Scotland to visit him 1618-19 and also corresponded with *Michael Drayton. A list of his books in Edinburgh University survives, The Library of William Drummond of Hawthornden (1971). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionary of National Biography. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1073: The Poems, London, 1894. Criticism. Norton, Homosexual Literary Tradition, 215-17: re the tropes *Hylas, *Adonis and *Narcissus (see his poem "Iolas Epitaph"), *Ganymede ("Sonnet 49"), *Adonis ("The Rose") and Jesus Christ ("An hymn to the Fairest Fair"). Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English; translator from Latin and Greek to English. 1631-1700. *Restoration dramatist and poet. He translated part of Virgil's Aeneid, including the homosexual *Nisus and Euryalus episode (1697): see Works, edited by H. T. Swedenberg, volume 3, Poems 1685-92, Berkeley, 1969, pp. 19-34. The use of the *Nisus and Euryalus trope in the lyric poem "To the Memory of Mr Oldham" (1684) seems to imply that the poet John Oldham was gay, though the usage is not conclusive; the poem certainly shows close *male bonding between Dryden and Oldham. "On the Death of Amyntas: A *Pastoral *Elegy" (which did not appear until 1704) has homosexual feeling. "*Alexis, A Pastoral", 1697, is the name of his translation of Virgil's gay poem, the "Second Eclogue". He translated the Latin poet Juvenal's Satires 1, 3, 6, 10, and 16 and *Lucretius (beginning with line 1052 of Book 4). The Juvenal translations are in The Works (1974), volume 4. He also translated, with Pope and Congreve, parts of *Ovid's Metamorphoses and Ars Amatoria and the Greek poet *Theocritus. The poem "I feed a flame within, which so torments me", uttered by a woman in the play Secret Love in Act 4 Scene 2 could be read differently in isolation if read by a gay man. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1081: citing the play An Evening's Love, or, The Mock Astrologer, London: T. N. for Henry Herringman, 1671(in prose). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 83-85: trans. of the "Second *Eclogue" of *Virgil (1697). Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 180: "I feed a flame which so torments me". Poet from France who wrote in French. 1522-1560. He wrote the first French *sonnets and defended the French language as a medium for writing. The lady in his sonnet sequence has not been identified. Claude Courouve, Fragments 4: 1478-1881, Paris: the author, 1981, p.11, notes stigmatisation of homosex. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Duroc, Homosexuels et lesbiennes illustrés, 53. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Les Amours masculines, 84-85: three *sonnets on mignons of *Henri III. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 399: "Sonnet 138" (*Ganymede trope) and "Sonnet 139" re minions. Pour tout l'amour des hommes, 54-55. Poet from South Africa who wrote in Afrikaans. Born 1900. Some poems are relevant (two South African sources, including *Stephen Gray, to the author). Poetry not examined. Active as a poet from 1937. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Poem in French from France. Before 1300. Criticism. *Gerald Herman, "The 'Sin Against Nature' and its Echoes In Medieval French Literature", Annuale Mediaevale 17 (1976), 83-85: re sodomy between a priest and knight in this fabliau (the text is in A. Montaiglon and G. Raynaud, Recueil General.. des Fabliaux des XIIIe etXIVe Siecles, ii 220-230). Poem in French from France. Before 1300. Criticism. *Gerald Herman, "The 'Sin Against Nature' and its Echoes In Medieval French Literature", Annuale Mediaevale 17 (1976), 85-86: re negative attitude of knights to *sodomy in this fabliau (A. Montaiglon and G. Raynaud, Recueil General.. des Fabliaux des XIIIe et XIVe Siecles, ii 220-230) Poem from Vietnam writing in Vietnamese. Born 1930. The publication of a book of poems by this poet in 1992 in Ho Chi Minh City (formerly called Saigon) caused a scandal because of a poem referring to homosexuality (sources in Vietnam to the author in 1995). No copy of this book was found in any United States research library in 1995 and no trace of such a volume could be found elsewhere. He appears to have translated plays of Shakespeare into Vietnamese. The *Library of Congress holds a selection of Shakespeare's comedies translated by him into Vietnamese; it also holds another book by him called in Vietnamese, Song of Life, Hanoi, 1962. In 1997 he lived in Hanoi and is believed to be an art critic. Historian and critic from the United States. Born 1930. Author of Black Mountain: An Exploration in Continuity, 1972, which first noted homosexuality and homosexual undercurrents at *Black Mountain College (1933-56) e.g., see pp. 79-8, 330-33; see also *Paul Goodman, John Cage, *Charles Olson. He was the editor with Martha Vicinus and George Chauncey of Hidden from History (New York, 1989), a major survey of recent English language scholarship about gay history; in this work he published a chapter, pp. 153-68, on homosexuality in the United States *South. He was one of the first academics in the United States to be openly gay, a member of the Gay Academic Union and is the director of Gay Studies at City University of New York as well as being a prolific writer. From 1981 he published a column on gay history in the New York Native. Interview: Leyland, Gay Sunshine Interviews, volume 2, pp. 55-75; biog., notes p. 56. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. City in Ireland where the main spoken languages are English and Irish. Material of relevance dates from ca. 1732. Dublin is the capital of the republic of Ireland. It was an important printing center in the eightenth-century (see *William King regarding a 1732 work and Juvenal regarding a 1741 printing). *Oscar Wilde was raised in the city; his trial in 1895 was viewed by some as much as being persecution of an Irish person as persecution of a gay person. His trial made him an Irish martyr as well as being a gay one. The Jesuit poet *Gerard Manley Hopkins was briefly a resident 1884-89. A noted series of gay scandals in 1884 involved men working at Dublin Castle, the seat of British government. James Joyce came from the city (though he lived in Europe for most of his life). The Irish patriot *Sir Roger Casement, who wrote poetry, was born near Dublin. The gay journal Identity has been published there since 1982. See also James Liddy and *Sigma (pseud.). Editor from Germany of works in Greek and possibly a translator from Greek to Latin. 1802-1867. He edited a three volume edition of the Greek * Palatine Anthology, Epigrammatum anthologia graeca, 1864-90, with translations into Latin prose by various translators, titled Epigrammatum anthologia palatina. This was the edition used by *Paul Brandt and James Hutton. It was the major edition of the ninteenth century of the Palatine Anthology. It is not known whether Dubner did any of the translations. The *Mousa Paidike was not translated. Poet from France who wrote in French. 1846-1870. The real name of a poet who used the pseudonym *Comte de Lautreamont (suggested by a novel of Eugene Sue) - see the Lautremont entry. Critic from France writing in French. Active 1954. He used the pseudonym, some think, of *Marc Daniel: see that entry. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1979. She wrote book reviews for Time Magazine. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1089: Memorials of the Quick and the Dead, London: Hamish Hamilton, 1979: see the poem "For Benjamin Britten: A Baroque *Elegy", 66-67 (about the death of the gay British composer). Poet possibly from the United States writing in English. Active before 1982. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1091: Gay Freedom Now!, privately printed, no date (*postcard). Publisher from Great Britain of works in English. 1800-1868. Stephen Marcus, The Other Victorians (1966), pp. 73-76, has a discussion of his life and career. A prolific publisher of erotica, he spent a good deal of time in *prison, where he died. He was the publisher of * Don Leon (1866). Bibliographies. Ashbee, Bibliography of Prohibited Books, volume one (see the index which has extensive reference); volume two, 344: cited for publishing *Rochester's Poems using the pseudonym H. Smith; volume 3 (see Index). Translator from Latin to English living in Australia. Born 1949. A poet of the *generation of 68. He is a translator of The Epigrams of the Latin poet *Martial (Melbourne: Scripsi, 1989): see VII, lXII, "The minister anxious" (p. 32) (*Austlit record 150182). This last reads: "The minister, anxious/ to disclaim homosexuality,/ Turned Queen's evidence." The translations are versions based very loosely on Martial; homosexuality does not figure as highly in the translations as it does in the original. Bibliographies Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Pseudonym of an historian from Germany who wrote in German. 1B72-1922. The pseudonym of 'Iwan Bloch. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 5Q. Hayn, Gotendorf, Bibliotheca Germanorum Erotica, vol. 7, 32: real name disclosed. Pseudonym of a poet and novelist from the United States writing in English. 1909-1988. See Daniel Tsang, The Age Taboo (Boston 1981), p. 170: cites two prose works one of which, Vice Versa (New York: Coltsfoot Press, 1976) is a "chronicle of a man's amorous adventures with male adolecsents" which he states is a sequel to the other work, Dukahz' earlier novel The Asbestos Diary (1966). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 540; 467: makes clear the name is a pseudonym and states free verse poems are scattered through his books. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1872-1906. He is said to have been a lover of one of the Wright Brothers, who made the first aeroplane flight (in 1903) - see Jim Kepner, From the Closet of History, 1984, p. 3. If this is correct, he is therefore the first known black poet linked with homosexuality so far. A writer active as a poet from 1893, he was very famous as the first major *black poet and very popular. In Lyrics of Lowly Life, New York (first published 1896), 1902, see "The Dilettante: A modern Type", p.112 and "We Wear the Mask", p.167. Many poems are heterosexual. He married in 1898. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Dictionary of American Biography. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Ca. 1456-ca. 1513. A *Scots poet who was a Franciscan friar but left the order; some of his poetry is noted for its *misogyny. His rival was *Walter Kennedy. His poem "The Dance of the Seven Deadly Sins", 1507, has homosexual reference. The poem, however, may not be by Dunbar. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionary of National Biography. Criticism. Norton, Homosexual Literary Tradition, 142, citing "The Dance of the Seven Deadly Sins" where Lechery and Idleness "led thay uthir by the tersis" (led each other by the penis). (The next line also states they "fidgeted with their arses"; Norton's translation of the line "fucked with their arses" is incorrect but some of the sense.) Bray, Homosexuality in Renaissance England, 19 (re footnote 24 and Walter Kennedy), 143. Duncan, Robert A gay poet in the *post modernist school from *San Francisco who was strongly influenced by *Charles Olson, a close friend. He was closely associated with the San Francisco renaissance (with Jack Spicer and *Robin Blaser). He has been openly gay since 1944 when he published an article "The Homosexual in Society" in the journal Politics. Major volumes with gay material include Roots and Branches, 1964, and Bending the Bow, 1968. Some *broadsheet poems are known e.g. "My mother would be a falconer" (with *Oedipal undertones). A concise well-edited selection of poems is Robert Duncan: Selected Poems, edited by Robert J. Bertolf, 1993 (review: James White Review, vol. 11 no 4, summer 1994, 16 by Jim Cory). The artist Jess Collins was his partner from 1951. He has been a noted exponent of *open form and has both influenced and been influenced by Charles Olson: see "Towards an Open Universe" and "Notes on Poetics Regarding Olson's Maximus", in Fictive Certainties: Essays (New York, 1985) pp. 76-88 and 68-75. Interviews: The Advocate no. 397 (with *Robert Gluck); The Advocate no. 195, 28 July, 1976, 31. Leyland, Gay Sunshine Interviews, volume 2, 75-94. Bioaraphv: see *Egbert Faas,The young Robert Duncan, 1983 (this reprints "The Homosexual in Society"). He was married in his twenties. He greatly influenced the Australian poet *Robert Adamson. Obituary. The Advocate no. 495, 28 March 1988, pp. 38 and 63; this notes he wrote fourteen books of poetry. Criticism in general: see Robert J. Bertholf and Ian W. Reid, Robert Duncan and the Scales of the Marvellous, 1979; this includes *Thom Gunn, "Homosexuality in the Poetry of Robert Duncan", pp. 143-60. Ironwood no. 22 (1983) is a special Duncan Issue; in this issue see especially "Robert Duncan and the Gay Community", pp. 66-82. See also "Criticism in homosexual terms" below. Translation. A German translation of selected poems by Reinhard Harbaum exists titled Die Gesang des Achilleus und andere Gedichte (1993). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Dictionary of Literary Biography vol. 5. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 334-35. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10603-06: Bending the Bow, New York: New Directions, 1968 ("Strongly influenced later gay poets"), Caesar's Gate, Berkeley, CA: Sand Dollar, 1972, Roots and Branches, New York: Scribner's, 1964, "Poems from the Margins of Thom Gunn's 'Moly'", Manroot 9:32-38, Fall 1973. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 1098-1106: same books as Bullough plus Derivations, London: Fulcrum, 1968, The First Decade, London: Fulcrum, 1968, Fragments of a Disordered Devotion, San Francisco: Gnomon, 1966, The Opening of the Field, New York: Grove, 1960, Poems from the Margins of Thom Gunn's Moly, San Francisco: Ground Work, Supplement 1, 1971, Roots and Branches, New York: Scribner's, 1964 and The Years As Catches: First Poems (1939-46), Berkeley: Oyez, 1966; item 3602 (with Jack Spicer): An Ode and Arcadia, Berkeley: Ark Press, 1974. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Male Muse, 23-27; biog., 119. Angels of the Lyre, 51-53; biog., 238. Fra mann til mann, 64. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 330. Drobci stekla v ustih, 77. Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, 96-98; biog., 96. Book of Sodom, 271-72: poem "This Place Rumord to Have Been Sodom". Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 684-90. A Day for a Lay, 72-76. Word of Mouth, 20-31. Criticism in homosexual terms. Martin, Homosexual Tradition in American Poetry, 170-79. Woods, Articulate Flesh: Male Homo-eroticism and Modern Poetry, 31: states his poem "'The Torso' ranks with the most acute love poems of the century" (for "The Torso", see Bending the Bow, London, 1971, 63-65). Woods, History of Gay Literature, 300. Woods, History of Gay Literature, 300-01. Library in China with works in Chinese, Tibetan and other languages. The library was sealed ca. 1000 but works date from some centuries before. Dunhuang is the site of a major collection of manuscripts discovered in the early twentieth century where several Buddhist libraries were hidden in caves subsequently walled up. The manuscripts were preserved there due to the dryness of the climate and they remain largely unassessed by scholars, though catalogs have been made. They are scattered around the world in China, Taiwan, *Paris, *St Petersburg and *London. One homosexual poem of major importance has been found so far: see *Po Hsing-Chien. Most works are in Chinese and Tibetan and relate to *Buddhism. Between 30,000 and 40,000 manuscripts at least are known. The earliest dated manuscript is 406 and the latest 1002. The British Library is assembling a database of all known works from the site, which is available through its internet site. These manuscripts constitute possibly one of the richest unexplored sources for homosexuality in the *Sinitic languages as well as other central Asian languages. See "Notes on Tun-huang Manuscripts in Paris and London" by Woodbridge Bingham, Far Eastern Quarterly vol. 11 (1951-52), pp. 67-69. Early published books and manuscripts have also been found at other central Asian sites along the Silk Road, such as the Turfan depression. This material is leading to a reassessment of early printing since mechanically produced block books have been found as well as handwritten manuscripts. More homosexual material may be found when it is all assessed. Material from Turfan exists in 17 languages, some *Altaic (for instance, old Turkic), some *Sinitic (for instance, Tangut which is an early form of Tibetan; the language was reconstructed from blockbooks found on the site) and some *Indo-European (for instance, Tocharian A and Tocharian B). See the entry on "Turfan" in Great Soviet Encyclopedia. For information on the languages see entries in the Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Dunhuang (*Pinyin spelling) is spelt Tun-huang in *Wade Giles. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, vol. 1, 185-86: "Tun-huang". Kindlers neues Literatur Lexikon, vol. 18; with very important bibliography. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1978. Gay Poetry Anthologies. We Bumped Off Your Friend the Poet, 16-18. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1942. [*Prinz Eisenherz], editors, Lyrik, cites his book Northlight (1988) with the note that it "includes love poems and political poems as well as a long meditation on the sensorial [sensory?] foundations of art'"; in Northlight the love poem "Love-making by Candlelight", pp. 3 -4, is *non gender specific, the lovers mentioned at the end being women. In Blake Morrison, editor, The Penguin Book of Contemporary British Poetry, 1982, see "Modern Love" p. 52 - non gender specific love poem; biog., p. 201 (states he lives in Hull and has worked as a librarian in Great Britain and the United States). He is married. Poet from Australia who wrote in English. 1895-1963. A figure who moved in *Melbourne bohemian circles. In 1955 he became a *Buddhist priest and wrote the Buddhist poem Into the Radiance. Random Elements, 1943, and No Asterisks: poems, Melbourne, 1944, contain *non gender specific love poems. In "Cafe" (about a bohemian cafe), in Random Elements, the second last stanza, the lines "they pause and fling/ ruttish glances at their table-mate/ or other likely prey" has the possibility of homosexual interpretation as well as heterosexual. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Anthologist, poet and critic from Australia of works in English. Born 1954. Co-editor of the first Australian gay anthology * Edge City. Primarily a writer of short stories, he published some poems, e.g. in the broadsheet Carrionflower Writ published by Javant Biarujia. He had a poem in the journal Camp Inc when he was sixteen, his first published piece. He has also published two collections of gay short stories, If Blood Should Stain the Lino (Sydney: inVersions,1983) and As If Overnight (Sydney: BlackWattle Press, 1990). He has written reviews in the journal Outrage and the *Sydney gay newspaper, The Star, as well as editing the collection of gay stories Travelling on Love in a Time of Uncertainty (BlackWattle Press, 1991). For the imprint, inVersions, see *journals. (inversion was a word for homosexuality in the early part of the twentieth century, especially in French.) Author of "Gay Writing in Australia", Australian Author vol. 23 no. 4 (Summer 1992), 22-25, which discusses prose of the period 1970-1992. He was the literary editor of the Sydney Star Observer, forerunner of The Star. Biography: see Edge City, p. 221. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Hurley, Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia. Poet from Spain who wrote in Hebrew. Ca. 920-ca 980. The first poet in Hebrew known to us in medieval Spain; he brought Arabic meters to Hebrew. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Criticism. *Norman Roth, "'My Beloved is like a Gazelle': Imagery of the Beloved Boy in Medieval Hebrew Poetry", Hebrew Annual Review, 8 (1984), 148-49: poem using *gazelle trope in the *persona of a woman (with English trams.); the poem is capable of several levels of meaning. Bibliographer from France writing in French. Born ca. 1895. The real name of *Pascal Pia (pseud.) under which name he compiled * Les Livres de l'Enfer, a catalog of the *Enfer which is the most important catalog of the Enfer collection compiled so far. The * British Library General Catalogue to 1975 reveals he was a journalist who wrote a book on the sex life of Karl Marx. On his early life see Curtis Cate, André Malraux (London, 1995), pp. 28-29 (on p. 29 it is disclosed that he used the pseudonym Pascal Pia); see also pp. 117-18 and the index. As Pascal Pia he appears in the anthology of erotic poems La Quintessence satyrique du XXe siècle, 2 volumes, [1926] compiled by *André Malraux. Bibliographies. Pia, Les Livres de l'Enfer: for works edited or compiled by him, consult the index of names at the end under Pascal Pia (there are twenty-six references). Poet from Unted States writing in English. Active 1973. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10607: his name spelt Durant, listing The Ages of J, Santa Barbara, CA: Christopher Books, 1973. Young, Male Homosexual in LIterature, item 1116: same book name spelt Durand. Poet from the United States who wrote in Latin. Ca. 1890?-1957. He wrote the Latin poems used in magic rituals involving *Victor Neuburg and *Aleister Crowley. The text of the poems, which must date from 1914, is given in Francis King, The Magical World of Aleister Crowley, 1977, pp. 83 and 86 (with English translation). He was "foreign correspondent of the New York Times [in Paris].. and was probably the 'priest A B' from whom Crowley had 'received the sacrament' " (ibid., p. 83). Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1990. Author of Daddy, Daddy (Blackstaff, Belfast, 1990), 185 pp.: a long *sequence dealing with homosexual *incest or imagined homosexual incest and somewhat satirical. "Daddy and I were lovers" one poem begins and has the lines "... when I was six /We got married" (quoted in the review in London Review of Books, vol. 13 no. 4, 21 February 1991, 15). The book is dedicated to his father, John James Durcan, 1907-88. Biography: see the long note at the beginning of the book. The author is an Irish poet who has published several books. In The Berlin Wall Cafe, 1985, see the poem: "I was a twelve year old homosexual", which is about Ireland in the 1950s (he states "I gave up homosexuality"). Poet from Croatia who wrote in Serbo-Croat. Ca 1575-1632. From Dubrovnik, then also called Ragusa, he was one of the Ragusan *Petrarchists and wrote Petrarchan sonnets in Italian. He also wrote poems in Serbo-Croatian. See Josip Torbarina, The Italian Influence on the Poets of the Ragusan Republic, 1931. Almost certainly homosexual (Dr Zdenko Zlatar, University of Sydney, to the author). His surname is also given in Italian as Giorgi with the pseudonym Stephanus (Latin for Stephen; it also means "garland") for his surname. Biographer and historian from Belgium writing in French. Active 1983. Author of Homosexuels et lesbiennes illustrés: Dictionnaire anecdotique, Brussels: Les auteurs reunis, 1983, 505 pp., illustrated but lacking an index; bibl. pp. 495-502. A dictionary of illustrious gay and lesbian people including some poets; each entry lists the category in which the person fits and lists their birth and death dates, gives extracts from other authors on them and from their own work if they are an author. Information is not always accurate. Novelist and poet from Great Britain writing in English; he later lived in Egypt. 1912-1990. The Greek poet *Cavafy is a character in his novel Justine (1957), one of the four novels of his Alexandria Quartet, 1957-60; the Quartet is, in Durrell's words, "an investigation of modern love". Durrell lived in *Alexandria. In his Collected Poems (London, 1977), see *"Byron", pp. 27-31. Biography: Ian S. McNiven, Lawrence Durrell: A Biography, 1998. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Gay Histories and Cultures. Translator from English and Polish to Slovenian possibly from Slovenia. Active 19B9. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Drobci stekla v ustih, 92-94 (trans. from English of 'Allen Ginsberg), 15Q-51 ('E. A. Lacey), 15B ('Charles Ortleb), 163-64 (trans. from Polish of 'Grzegorz Musiai). Poet from India who wrote in Bengali; translator from French to Bengali. 1882-1922. A famous Bengali poet who wrote the national song of Bengal which is in all the Bengali school books; his name is also spelt Dalta, Dult and Dulta. He translated poets from English to Bengali including *Verlaine, wrote satires and was famous for being independent. He was one of the few Bengali poets to resist the influence of *Tagore. He may have been gay in the opinion of some Bengali speakers (a private source to the author); however no conclusive evidence has been produced. Biography: see Sukumar Sen, History of Bengali Literature, New Delhi, 1971, pp. 304-07; name spelt Datta. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature : see "Dutta, Satyen". Historian from Australia writing in English. 1922-1998. A man of letters, formerly a lecturer in English at the University of Adelaide. In The Innovators: The Sydney alternatives in the rise of modern art, literature and ideas (Melbourne, 1986), see p. 49 regarding homosexuality in the paintings of *Donald Friend and James Gleeson and pp. 80-1 re *Douglas Stewart and *David Campbell being hostile to homosexuality. This book is important for its frank reference to male homosexuality in literature and art by a heterosexual. In his autobiography Out in the Open (1994) he discusses his friendship with *Patrick White. The author, who was twice married, is an example of a heterosexual who has no difficulty accepting homosexuality and had a healthy attitude to homosexuality. Obituary: Sydney Morning Herald, Friday 18 September, 1998, 8. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1752-1817. See his poem The Trial of Faith. Text: in Elihu Smith, editor, American Poems, Litchfield, 1793 (reprinted from the New Haven Gazette and the Connecticut Magazine, 1786); the poem has not been reprinted. Dwight, a clergyman, was President of *Yale 1795-1817, grandson of Jonathan Edwards and, with Joel Barlow, one of the Connecticut Wits (also called the Hartford Wits). He married. The Trial of Faith is a typical embodiment of hom0sexual feeling in a severely repressive society characterized by *Puritanism. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 471. Criticism. Foster, "Beauty's Purple Flame: Some Minor American Gay Poets", Gay Books Bulletin no. 7 (1982) 15, 18: descriptions of beautiful boys, strongly homoerotic, in The Trial of Faith, based on the biblical story of Daniel (quoted p. 15) - a line from this poem gave S. W. Foster the title for his article "Beauty's *purple flame". Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1543-1607. An Intimate friend of the poets 'Sir Philip Sidney and 'Fulke Greville. See the poem "Prometheus when first from heaven" about 'kissing, addressed to Sidney (with strong lecherous implications in the use of the 'satyr trope and also the 'angel trope). See also the reply by Sidney: "A satyr once did run away for dread" (stating he is "thy satyr, dearest Dyer"). His most famous poem, "My mind to me a kingdom is" (1588), which shows the influence of 'Platonism, may not be by him. He also wrote an 'elegy on the death of 'Sir Philip Sidney, "Silence augmenteth grief" ("his life was my spring tide"). Only thirteen poems survive: see R. M. Sargent, At the Court fo Elizabeth: The Life and Lyrics of Edward Dyer, 1935. He wrote ca. 1565-ca. 1585 and despair characterizes his poems. No manuscript poems survive. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionary of National Biography: noting "Ben Jonson told Drummond that Dyer died unmarried". Gay Poetry Anthologies. Ioläus (1902),127: re attachment to Sidney. Bibliographer, biographer, historian and critic from the United States writing in English. Born 1934. One of the greatest living gay bibliographers, he is one of the finest gay scholars since *Magnus Hirschfeld and comparable to him in influence regarding homosexuality. He compiled Homosexuality: A Research Guide, 1987, an annotated checklist of articles, a major reference tool on the social background to homosexuality and the most detailed bibliography to 1987. It does not cover literature. This is the most comprehensive bibliography on homosexuality ever compiled by one person before the bibliography of *Gary Simes, which relies on the work. He works as an academic in New York teaching art history at Hunter College and formerly ran a series of gay seminars at Columbia University; his main field of interest was *medieval Europe. He lived in Europe for some years where he worked on the Encyclopedia of World Art. In Gay Books Bulletin no.10 (Winter 1984), 16-22, see his "A Bibliography of Bibliographies of Homosexuality" which was the starting point for Homosexuality: A Research Guide (reprinted in Italian in Sodoma no. 2, 1985, 39-54 with additional Italian items). He was the main editor and driving force behind The *Encyclopedia of Homosexuality (2 volumes, 1990) which he conceived (the coeditors were *Warren Johansson and *William Percy). He wrote some 200 articles of the 770 in the encyclopedia, including many biographic and critical entries on literary figures, e.g. *W. H. Auden, Jack Kerouac, Jack Spicer, *Marquis de Sade and general articles such as *Middle Ages and *Sadomasochism. The Encyclopedia was the source of some controversy over its treatment of lesbians; it was reviewed in the Journal of Homosexuality vol. 20 no. 4 (1991), 81-9. He is the author also of Homolexis (New York: Gay Academic Union, 1985), a major study of gay words in English (e.g. *gay, *homosexual, *Ganymede) with lists of words in other languages pp. 174-77 and a bibliography of dictionaries pp. 152-63 (this is the most comprehensive list of gay related dictionaries ever compiled). He has edited an eight volume series of articles on homosexuality for Garland Press: see, for example, Homosexual Themes in Literary Studies, 1992, Asian Homosexualities, 1992, and Ethnographic Studies of Homosexuality, 1992 (all edited with Stephen Donaldson [ca. 1950-1996] who died of *Aids), the latter two being collections of anthropological articles. His Major Lines of Investigation in Gay/Lesbian Studies, New York, 1992 (written with Stephen Donaldson), 112 pp., is a major bibliographical research tool; see pp. 41-44 on poetry. Portuguese: see Gay Books Bulletin vol. 1 no. 2 (Summer 1979), 20-22: "The Masks of Consciousness of *Fernando Pessoa" (a critical article). See also *Words - Portuguese. Spanish: see *Words - Spanish. He has an important collection of gay books and journals and a large scholarly library. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature ; by *Warren Johansson. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Translator from French to English from Australia. Active 1927. Translator into English of the Persian poet * The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam (translated from the French of *J. B. Nicholas). It is titled The Songs of Omar the Tentmaker: A Selection from The Quatrains of Omar Khayyam, Sydney: William Brooks, 1916, 56 pp. (includes introduction); there is an enlarged edition of 1927, 138 pp. An example of an Australian imprint of a book capable of being seen as a gay work. No information has been found concerning this author. Translator from Persian to English. Active 1924. Possibly he is *E. C. Lefroy. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 20: trans. of the Persian poet *Hafiz into English ("No tongue can express/ What means the separation from a *friend!") and *Sa'di ("Who shall impute it as a fault/ That I am enchanted by my friend?"). Translator from Greek and Latin to English. Active 1924. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 8-9, 16: trans. of the Greek poets *Anacreon, *Pindar, and *Rhianus into English; 14: trans. of the Latin poet *Tibullus. Possibly *E. E. Slocum the editor of Men and Boys. Pseudonym of a critic from Great Britain who wrote in English. Active 1579. The writer of the "glosse" on The Shepherd's Calendar (1579) by *Edmund Spenser. The glosse constitutes the first work of criticism of English poetry in homosexual terms. E. K. is almost universally accepted as being Spenser himself. See also *William Webbe. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active 1953. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Keine Zeit für gute Freunde, 144-45: poem "Die Zuch thausmauer spricht"; 156-57: poem "Kaleidoskop der Nacht". Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Active 1924. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 68: poem *"Boy". Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 512: same poem. East coast United States poets and entries - English Poets from the north-east states of the United States writing in English. This mainly means poets from *New England, *New York, *Philadelphia and *Boston (founded in 1620) in which cities most east coast gay poetry has originated. Major poets include *Walt Whitman, *Allen Ginsberg and *Frank O'Hara. See the article "In Search of a Muse: The Politics of Gay Poetry: East" by *Rudy Kikel in The *Advocate 342 (13 May 1982) 22, 24, 27. Collection of poems from Canada in English. Before 1982. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1129: Toronto, Cedar Point Press, no date; called an anthology. No poets listed. Homosexuality in Canada, first edition (1979), 17: states *Douglas Brooker is believed to be in this collection. Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (1984), 138: lists the book with no reason. Apparently included in the bibliographies because it contains relevant poems by Douglas Booker. Not sighted. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active 1980. Gay Poetry Anthologies. *Maldoror im blauen Mond. Lover from Germany relating to works in German. Active before 1898. Aparently the lover of *K. H. Ulrichs. The work by Ulrichs in which he is mentioned, Memnon, was originally published in 1898. Eberhard is a Christian name - i.e. first name - in German. See also the biography of Ulrichs by *Hubert Kennedy (though no references to Eberhard have been found in this work). The name may be a pseudonym Gay Poetry Anthologie s. Ioläus (1902), 158-59 ("And lips have learned to meet each other/ And kisses mute exchanged"): two verses quoted from Memnon, 1898. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1904. In Collected Poems 1930-76 see "A New England Bachelor", pp. 248-49 re *Oedipus Complex ("I was killed by my father/ And married to my mother"; "I was/ Always afraid of women"). See also "Centennial for *Whitman", London Magazine vol. 2 no. 10 (October 1955), 37-40; printed in Collected Poems, pp. 160-63. In Ian Hamilton, Robert Lowell (1982), see the letter by *Robert Lowell to the poet quoted on p. 58: "If you mention my relapsing into the soft arms of a Harvard background, I'll ask you about becoming a celibate in a fancy boarding school". Richard Eberhart taught Robert Lowell at school. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Poet and critic from the United States writing in English. Born 1947. Book of poems: What Has Been Lost. As a critic, see *Harold Norse. See *Robert K. Martin for criticism on him. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Angels of the Lyre, 54-56; biog., 239. Orgasms of Light, 62; biog., 251: stating he is an original member of the *Good Gay Poets and lives in Boston. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 646. Badboy Book, 111: poem "Phone Sex"; biog., 385. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1955. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10608: two poems from ONE Magazine 3: 2829, October 1955, "The years are many" and "Song from the Persian". Poet from Germany who wrote in German. 1900-1970. A known homosexual poet who was attacked as a homosexual in the Nazi pres. However he lived with his partner throughout the Nazi era in a chalet in Bavaria. See Lothar Machtan, The Hidden Hitler (2001), pp. 22, 244-46, 236-40. For information on him see his entry in WIlhelm Kosch, editor, Deutsches Literatur-Lexikon, Bern and Munich, 1970. Genre in Latin from Italy, spreading to French, German and English. From ca. 40 B.C. Eclogue is the English word (from the Latin) for * bucolics (or idylls from the Greek eidos, shape, form, literary form) which are *pastoral poems (see this entry for a discussion of what is meant by pastorals). Virgil's "Second Eclogue", an openly homosexual dialogue, was the most influential of the classical poems from a gay point of view, because, while, from the Renaissance, most educated people read Latin, few read Greek. Later eclogues are based on *Virgil's Eclogues in Latin and works by *Theocritus, of which there were many English translations and translations into other *European languages (see *Virgil, *Theocritus). Eclogues contain homosexual episodes; the context can be bisexual overall. English. They exist from 'Alexander Barclay (published 1515) mostly in the 'Elizabethan period. Eclogues in English were usually called idylls in the *Renaissance. For writers see *Pastoral poets, of which the first writer was *Alexander Barclay (active 1515). The movement continued into the seventeenth century with *Marvell and eventually the poetry of *Thomas Gray showed its influence. 'Whitman has been claimed for the tradition, though by his time the eclogue tradition had transformed into nature poetry. French: see 'Louis Grandin. German: see 'Stefan George. Latin: see 'Gottschalk, 'Nemesianus. Poems in Norse from Iceland. A group of poems dating 900-1200 but written down only at the end of this period. Homosexuality is referred to in several edda usually in relation to effeminacy. References are to passive homosexuality (allegations of passive homosexuality in the poems are a way of insulting a man - e.g., in the first song of Helgi Hundingsbani - see *Thorkil Vanggaard). However, *Havamal can be interpreted in a positive way in relation to homosexuality. See also * Thrymskvitha, *Harbarthslioth, *Lokasenna and *K. Friele. English translation: U. Dronke (1969), Caroline Larrington (1997). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature, vol. 1, 187-88: "Poetic Edda". Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Edge City on Two Different Plans: A Collection of Lesbian and Gay Writing from Australia Anthology from Australia in English. Sydney: Sydney Gay Writers Collective, 1983, 223 pages. The first Australian gay anthology, consisting of poetry and stories by both men and women. Edited by *Margaret Bradstock, *Gary Dunne, *Dave Sargent and Louise Wakeling (biog., p. 223). Male poets (see entries): Javant Biarujia, Ian C. Birks, Joseph Chetcuti, Rae Desmond Jones, Jeremy Fisher, Denis Gallagher, Don Maynard, Tony Page, Geoff Pearce, Dave Sargent, John Schwartzkoff, Graham Simmonds, Philip Stevenson. Also included was the British poet *Ivor C. Treby. Review: The Age Monthly Review, July 1984, 5-7 by *Paul Knobel (reply by three of the four editors, August, 1995). See also *publishers. City in Great Britain where the main spoken language us English. From ca. 1620. The largest city and capital of Scotland, the northernmost province of Great Britain which province has its own parliament from 1999, having previously ceded this privilege in the Act of Union in 1707. Homosexual interest dates from *Drummond of Hawthornden (active 1620). See also *Mark Akenside. Edinburgh was an imprtant printing centre in the nineteenth century e.g., see * Anacreon done into English. The writers *André Raffalovich and John Gray lived in Edinburgh from 1900 to 1930. *Tragara Press (1954+) publishes *eighteen-nineties material. The *Scots gay anthology * And Thus Will I Freely Sing was published there. See also *Walter Perie, *Christopher Whyte, *D. S. Bailey, Journals - English, *Scots Poets. First edition of a published work; the phrase is normally used of Greek and Latin works published from manuscript from ca. 1469, initially in Italy and later in other European countries and the United States. The phrase is Latin and is usually taken to mean the first mechanically published edition of a work from the manuscript, normally referring to the first mechanical publication of Greek and Latin authors who circulated prior to publication in manuscript. The editio princeps of an ancient Greek and Latin work in effect made the manuscript available to a wider audience. Books could be reprinted either from the original typeface or from a new typesetting once an author was mechanically printed so editions could meet demand easily. The plural form is editiones princepes. A list of the editiones princepes for ancient Latin and Greek authors, and explanation of the term is in Sandys, A History of Classical Scholarship, volume 2 (1908), pp. 102-05. Up to 1500 many Latin and Greek authors were published in Italy and Sandys's list includes editor, printer and place of publication. For early works in European languages, which can be difficult to access, see Robert Balay, Guide to Reference Books, Chicago, 1996 under "Early and Rare Books". Important dates for poets with gay material are: Latin: Virgil (ca. 1469), Juvenal and Persius (1470), Ovid (1471), Horace, Martial (ca. 1471). Greek: Theocritus (ca. 1480) (Idylls 1-18) Homer (1488), Anthologia Graeca (ca. 1594), Theocritus, Idylls 1-28 (1495), Bion, Moschus with Theocritus (ca. 1496), Pindar (1513), Anacreon (1554), Nonnus (1569). There is some doubt as to the dates of incunabula (European books published before 1500) since early colophons, on which the dates appear are not always accurate due to the fact that publishers sometimes put dates back to make the works more valuable: see A. W. Pollard, An Essay on Colophons, 1910. The editio princeps of the *New Testament a major text in the history of the book was 1516-17. See Janus Lascaris, *Aldus Manutius and *Editions of classical texts. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gustav Brunet, Manuel du libraire and the Supplements lists early editions of Greek and Latin poets. Editions of classical Greek and Latin texts Translations from Greek and Latin to English and other *European languages in specially edited series date from ca. 1860. The best texts of Greek and Latin authors are those published in the *Teubner series (published in Leipzig) and the Oxford Classical Texts (published in Oxford). Texts with parallel translations can be found in the *Loeb Classical Library, London and Cambridge, United States, 1912+ (translation into English') and the Collection des Universités de France (also called the 'Budé series and sometimes Les Belles Lettres), Paris, 1920+ (translation into French'). The Loeb translations have been heavily censored in some instances: see *Catullus, * Palatine Anthology; see also Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance and Homosexuality, pp. 19-20. Some translations in the Loeb series have been the first translations of the homopoems of the poet or work into English, e.g. the translation of the Palatine Anthology of *W. R. Paton (from ca. 1916+). English translations. In the nineteenth century, *H. G. Bohn's Classical Library (ca. 1860+) was the major series for translation and the first systematic series of translations; Bohn was also a publisher. Later Everyman's Library took over this role continuing up to the present, although translations are frequently not reliable. The *Penguin classics series has English translations of Greek and Latin writers from 1945 onwards. The Bohn series involved censorship in *Martial where the poems considered obscene were translated into Italian: this has occurred in the Loeb edition as well (e.g., see *W. Ker). There was less censorship in French and German translations. Editor's choice in Gay Sunshine Anthology in English from the United States. 1980. See Gay Sunshine pp. 44-45 (Summer-Fall 1980), 52: a selection of 25 English poems published in * Gay Sunshine by the editor *Winston Leyland from 15,000 submitted (of which 1,500 were published in various issues of the journal) which he states are his favorite poems. The poems and poets are "A Celebration" by *Robert Peters, "Hustler Joe" by *William Barber, "Autobiography" by *Taylor Mead, "On a White Cloth" by John Wieners, "The Fairies Are Dancing All Over the World" by *Michael Rumaker, "Elegy for Pier Paolo Pasolini" by James Kirkup, "Cinema Verite" by *Felice Picano, "Meson Brujo" by *E. A. Lacey, "Cute" by *Jim Everhard, "Pedro Nel Meija" by *Royal Murdoch, "Enter the Beautiful" by Jack Veasey, "Chicken Goes Hawaiian" by *Dennis Kelly, "Come Sundown" by *Salvatore Farinella, "Invocation' by James Eggeling, "Please Master" by *Allen Ginsberg, "Lexington Nocturne" by Jonathan Williams, "Christmas 1962" by *Paul Mariah, "Exorcism of the Straight/ Man / Demon" by *Aaron Shurin, "Waking" by *Ed Cox, "Immediately" by *Charley Shively, "Mark Clark" by Dennis Cooper, "Three years" by *Richard Ronan, "I sat on his face..." by John Giorno, "Behold the Bridegrooms" by James Broughton, "The Name of My Love" by *Will Inman. These poems are published either in * Angels of the Lyre or *Orgasms of Light with the exception of E. A. Lacey, James Everhard, Jack Veasey, Dennis Kelly, Paul Mariah, Richard Ronan, James Broughton and Will Inman. Translations were not included but the editor states his favorite poets who have been translated and published in Gay Sunshine are *Takahashi Mutsuo, *Xavier Villaurrutia, *Sandro Penna, *Mikhail Kuzmin, *Gennady Trifonov, *Dinos Christianopoulos and the *Mediaeval Arab poets in issue 31. The five poets cited here who are translated poets are included in the anthology * Gay Roots. The person who prepares the text of a poet from a manuscript or manuscripts or collates manuscripts to produce a text published in mechanically produced form and latterly on the internet. Editors are crucially important because they choose what is published in book form and the version in which it is published (this is especially crucial if variant manuscripts exist and one manuscript is chosen as the preferred version). They can censor homosexuality in a poet's work by by omitting it. The first editor of a work of gay rlevance as such was *Aristarchus who edited Homer as we know his text today ca. 180 B.C. Editions of poets' works can frequently contain translation into the native language of the editor as has frequently occurred with *editions of classical Greek and Latin texts. The term can also be used to refer to compilers of anthologies and to persons who edit *journals. See *Editors - Greek, - English etc. Editors of Arabic poetry of gay relevance date from 900 in Iraq and later in other countries. The state of editing of Arabic poetry is very poor due largely to circulation of poet's works in manuscripts for a thousand years until the first book was printed in Arabic in the early nineteenth century. As with other languages, a poet's homosexual works can be highlighted or obscured depending on the editing (see *editors) and an editor can have a major role in revealing homopoetry to readers by making it available. Only in the twentieth century has anything like an adequate edition appeared for some major poets (e.g., *Abu Nuwas, first edited in Iraq) but most poets remain to be edited in adequate editions. *Beirut was an outstanding centre of publication of the texts of poets of the middle ages in the 1960s when its publishing industry was one of the most free in the Middle East, a situation which continued until the civil war in Lebanon (see *Ibn Shuhaid, *Ibn al-Zaqqaq). Outstanding editors who have revealed homopoetry to a wider readership by printing poets in Arabic include *A. R. Nykl for *Ibn Kuzman, *J. Rikabi for *Ibn Sana al-Mulk, *Arthur Wormhoudt and *Ewald Wagner for Abu Nuwas and *Arie Schippers for *Ibn Khafadja (in process). See also *Winston Leyland and *Charles Pellat. For manuscript sources for poets who are not edited see *Brockelmann. *Compare Editors -Persian, -Turkish where similar problems arise. Editors of poets in English have come from Great Britain, the United States, Australia and other countries from 1609. Great Britain. British poets have generally been comprehensively and well edited; however, *censorship of homosexual material has occurred before the contemporary period (when it has been greatly relaxed). During the late nineteenth century a large number of English poets were edited in the Mermaid series which re-edited many earlier poets and some new ones (e.g., *Marlowe, *Whitman). The editors sometimes touched on homosexuality: see John St Loe Strachey, *Roden Noel. Editing of *Elizabethan poets is particularly important. Many editions of *Shakespeare's Sonnets exist from the first edition of 1609 (which was apparently edited by *Thomas Thorpe, the printer). The most famous editon is that of *H. Ryder Rollins (with extensive critical commentary). *Robert Bridges was responsible for the publication of *Gerard Manley Hopkins, a poet who may not have been published without his help. *Ian Fletcher has edited the *eighteen-nineties poet *Lionel Johnson in a Tine edition and *Edward Mendelson is editing *W. H. Auden's poems (not always to universal satisfaction). *Robert Ross edited the first collected edition of *Oscar Wilde. The editing of a poet's letters must be carefully done to reveal homosexuality: outstanding here are *Leslie Marchand for *Byron and *Sir Rupert Hart-Davis for *Oscar Wilde. From 1902, the editors of *anthologies (see *Peter Daniels, *Anthony Reid) become increasingly important as do, from the late nineteenth century, the editors of *journals. *Martin Humphries has been the poetry editor for the leading gay publisher *Gay Men's Press. See also *manuscripts - English. United States. Editing of United States gay poets has generally been good though *Whitman has suffered because of poor editing inflicted by censorship requirements (see *Gay Wilson Allen). The edition of Whitman's works by *Horace Traubel and others is wideranging, though the New York University edition edited by *Sculley Bradley and others is the most complete. *Frank O'Hara was edited by *Donald Allen though not all poems have been published. Publication of letters is important (*Robert Peters has edited the letters of the British poet John Addington Symonds). The editing of *bawdry is crucial because of variant texts: see *Gershon Legman, *Vance Randolph. Editors of important *journals in the gay liberation period include *Andrew Bifrost, *Winston Leyland, *Charley Shively, *Greg Baysans; these editors have been responsible for much gay poetry being published. See anthology entries as editors of anthologies are responsible for bringing together poems from a number of sources. The Library of America is publishing comprehensive editions of major United States writers. See also *manuscripts - English. Australia. The state of editing of Australian English poetry is poor and most poets have not been properly edited, so the full corpus of their work has not been revealed. This is particularly important for poetry dealing with homosexuality (see *Christopher Brennan, 'Michael Dransfield). Editors of journals before the 1980s would generally not publish homopoetry and only a few exceptions are known (see *Don Maynard). Editors: see *Kerry Bashford, *George Daniel, *Dave Sargent, *Michael Heywood, *Barry Humphries, *Don Laycock, *Alan McLeod, *Laurin McKinnon, *Sasha Soldatow, *Harold Stewart. Editors relating to poetry in Greek from Greece and other countries such as Turkey and Egypt; editors have come from Italy, France, Great Britain, Germany, the United States and other countries. *Editors choose the canon of a writer's work, i.e. what is read, from a writer's 'manuscripts. The earliest important editor of Greek homopoetry (and possibly a source of textual problems vis a vis homosexuality) is 'Aristarchus (active ca. 180 B.C.). Editors can also collate critical comment by others and append their own and thus may be the earliest critics of a poet. Editing was carried out in 'Alexandria (in the library) by the 'Alexandrian poets. It is particularly important for ancient Greek poetry as much material survives in 'fragments and new fragments are being discovered - see, for instance, the latest edition of 'Sappho and 'Alcaeus by 'D. A. Campbell. Editions of important homopoetry texts such as the ' Palatine Anthology usually list previous editors and editions (e. g., see 'W. R Paton's edition). The 'Anacreontea and *Mousa Paidike are major anthologies whose editing remains crucial. The text of Theognis is especially difficult and presents enormous problems; he has attracted much editorial attention recently. Douglas Young, the most important recent editor of the major gay corpus of 'Theognis, found that, even in 1949, all the manuscripts of Theognis had not been collated; this may hold for many other poets. The twentieth century poet 'C. P. Cavafy's poetry has only slowly become available in a complete edition due to the efforts of 'G. P. Savidis (see also 'M. Koliatis). The part played by gay scholars in the editing of Greek texts remains to be elucidated: 'C. A. Klotz seems a likely earlier candidate; 'A. E. Housman, who could have contributed much, largely remained silent. There appears to be a secret tradition of homosexuality amongst editors and translators of ancient Greek works; many were single (though 'marriage is no proof of lifetime heterosexuality). Greek texts are now frequently edited with translations and notes in the editor's vernacular language such as English, French, German, Italian, Spanish; in the fifteenth century (from ca. 1469 - see 'editio princeps) when mechanical printing first allowed for the wide dissemination of manuscripts, translation was usually into Latin with commentary or notes in Latin. Only in the twentieth century have commentaries and notes appeared in vernacular languages (there may be some cases of vernacular comments in the nineteenth but these are rare since Latin was then the language of learning in Europe and its overseas colonies). In the case of major gay works this body of criticism awaits collation from a gay point of view. See also 'Achilles and Patroclus, 'F. Adrados (who edited Theognis and also translated him into Spanish), 'Anacreon, 'A. Angelakes (editor of the first modern gay Greek anthology), 'R. Aubreton, 'H. Beckby (the most recent editor of the complete Palatine Anthology; includes a German translation), 'R. P. Brunck (Anacreon and Palatine Anthology), 'F. Buffière, 'J. Carrière (editing and translation of Theognis into French), 'J. M. Edmonds, 'H. Estienne, who was the first editor of Anacreon, 'T. Figueira and 'G. Nagy (important editors of criticism of Theognis), 'A. S. F. Gow re Hellenistic poets and 'Theocritus, 'F. Jacobs (important editor of the Palantine Anthology), 'Peter Jay (English translator of Palantine Anthology), 'C. A. Klotz (the first editor of a separate edition of the Mousa Paidike), 'J. Lascaris (early editor, also a scribe), 'M. Koukoules (important editor of modern bawdry), 'W. Kroll (editor of Pauly, Wissowa, Paulys Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft) 'M. H. E. Meier (encyclopedia editor), 'W. R. Paton (the most influential editor and translator of the Palatine Anthology into English in the twentieth century), 'F. M. Pontani (editor and translator into Italian of the Palatine Anthology), 'K. Preisendanz (editor of a facsimile of the Palatine Anthology manuscript), 'J. J. Reiske (first editor of the erotica of the Palatine Anthology), 'M. Vetta (editor and translation of Theognis into Italian), 'Pierre Waltz. In addition, see 'Alexandrian Poets, 'Byzantine poets and editors, 'Dictionaries, 'Editions of classical texts, 'Modern Greek entries, 'scholars. Editors in relation to Latin poetry come from Italy, France and other European countries and date from at least ca. 100. *Editors establish a poet's text. While handwritten manuscripts existed, editors chose which manuscript to copy and created the manuscripts which were handed down. Editing assumed major importance with the mechanical printing of the ancient Latin classics in the *Renaissance from ca. 1470 since these works were widely circulated and became the accepted text of the poet: see entries for the various poets e. g. *Martial (published ca. 1470+), *Catullus, Juvenal. Editors frequently wrote commentaries on the works they edited: see *F. K. Forberg, *Aldus Manutius, *Mercier de Saint-Leger, *Scholars - Latin, *Thomas Stehling. See also the Greek entry since many editors of Greek texts frequently wrote Latin notes and also edited Latin texts. Editors from Iran and other countries of Persian works date from 1000. The editing of Persian poetry - which presents difficult problems due to the long manuscript tradition - is in its infancy as the problems with *Omar Khayyam show (see, for example, *Edward Fitzgerald). Mechanically printed editions date from ca. 1850: see *Heinrich Blochmann. *Rumi has been edited by *R. A. Nicholson. Persian *manuscripts remain scattered around the world making collation difficult. Probably a lover of Byron from Great Britain; poems in English were written to him by Byron. 1790-1811. A choirboy with whom *Byron was infatuated when he (Byron) was at school and to whom he wrote a famous poem "The Cornelian". Byron was seventeen and Edleston fifteen when they were acquainted. His name is variously spelt Eddleston, Eddlestone and Edleston. The poet carried a lock of his hair in a locket with him on his travels through to his death in Greece. One of the most detailed discussion of his relationship to Byron is by *Bernard Grebanier. See *Louis Crompton, Byron and Greek Love, 1985, pp. 98106 and the index for information on him; see also *Leslie A Marchand, Byron (1957), vol. 1, pp. 107-09 and references to Edleston in Byron's Letters, edited by *Leslie Marchard (1973-82). Byron famously described the relationship as one of "violent, though pure love and passion" in a letter to Elizabeth Pigot (5 July 1807); in this letter, written when Byron was nineteen, he compared the relationship to *Nisus and Euryalus and *David and Jonathan. In the same letter Byron stated: "I certainly love him more than any human being". Edleston was arrested in London for homosexual opportuning and seems to have been a rather *effeminate gay. His death in London affected Byron deeply (see reference in Byron's Letters). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Ioläus (1902), 160-61 (spelt Eddleston). Men and Boys, 41: poem "The Adieu". Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 192-93: re "The Cornelian." Translator from Greek to English who lived in the United States. 1875-1958. He translated The Greek Bucolic Poets (*Theocritus, *Bion, *Moschus), Cambridge, MA and London: Loeb, 1912 (repr.); bibliography pp. xxvii-xxviii. In Elegy and Iambus, 2 volumes (Cambridge, Mass. and London, Loeb, 1931; repr.), volume one contains the text of *Theognis and the * Theognidea with English translation; the title page states he was a lecturer at *Cambridge. Volume 2 contains the *Anacreontea with English translation. Lyra Graeca (Cambridge, MA: Loeb, 1927), 3 volumes, is an edition of the remains of Greek *lyric poets; the title page states he was "Late Fellow of Jesus College". Volume 1 includes *Sappho and *Alcaeus, volume 2 *Anacreon and volume 3 includes *skolia (pp. 548-82; see especially the very important sequence numbers 14-16 on p. 569: "O would I might become a pretty ivory lyre, and pretty lads might take me with them to *Dionysus choral dance" [14] and "O would I might become a pretty great new gold jewel, and a pretty woman might wear me with a mind pure of ill" [15] and the fine *non-gender specific 16); there is also a long "Account of Greek *Lyric Poetry", pp. 583-679. Lyra Graeca is being superceded in the Loeb edition by four volumes of Greek Lyric edited by *D. A. Campbell. Biography. See Jesus College Cambridge Annual Report 1958, pp. 23-24; this reveals that he taught at the King's School, Canterbury, lived from 1908 in Cambridge where he taught classics at Girton and Newnham Colleges from his house in "Storey's Way, "built in 1914, where he devoted many years to scholarship, music and gardening" (p. 232), and later was a fellow at Jesus College, Cambridge. He also wrote Twelve War Epitaphs, first published in The Times and The Times Literary Supplement, in 1917, and suffered from ill health. He was apparently unmarried. Historian from the United States writing in English. Active 1959. Author of a number of studies in English which bring together sexual material, including homosexual material, in middle east and east Asian languages. His books all contain important bibliographies. The pseudonym of a man whose real name is Kinsley (*Gershon Legman to the author; meeting 4 April 1989). Arabic. Turkish. Persian. See The Jewel in the Lotus, New York, 1959, especially pp. 199-239, "Sodomy", and pp. 239-54 "Pederasty". This chapter is of the greatest importance, citing many poems in English from Arabic, Persian and possibly Turkish, unfortunately without sources. Important bibliography pp. 281-93. The work contains many homopoems in English (some sourced to Richard Burton without giving book and page numbers; he lists the * Arabian Nights and Burton's Pilgrimage to el-Medinah and Mecca, 3 volumes, 1856, in the bibliography so some poems must come from these sources.) Arabic. Chinese. Hindi. See The Cradle of Erotica: A Study of Afro-Asian Sexual Expression, New York, 1962, especially Chapter 5 "Anal Intercourse" (both hetero and homo): this cites homopoems but no sources are given. This book dicsusses sexuality in India and China but mostly the Arabic language countries of the Middle East. Chapter 6 deals with *"Masturbation", Chapter 7 with "Oral Intercourse". Bibliography pp. 343-45. See also *Abu Zayd and the poem *"The penis, smooth and round". Arabic. Hebrew. See Erotica Judaica: A Sexual History of the Jews, New York, Julian Press, 1967. This work concisely sums up Jewish beliefs about homosexuality in *Old Testament times: see pp. xii-xiii, pp. 85-87 (*Kadesh), 79-80 (*David and Jonathan), 103-04 (Joseph), 179-181 (re *Chant, *Coingy), 208-09 (Maricones, that is homosexuals). Poet from the United States writing in English; he was born in the Netherlands Antilles (an overseas colony of the Netherlands). Born 1955. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 36: "Going Down" (Tine poem on lovemaking); biog., 175: a *black poet, who is HIV positive and lives in *New York. Poet writing in English. Born 1965. The poem cited mentions Suffolk and he seems from Great Britain. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 130-31; Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Ca. 1523-1566. Associated with Corpus Christi and Christ Church Colleges, *Oxford. Life and poems: see Yale Studies in English LXXIV, 1927 (see especially the song from * Damon and Pithias, "Awake ye wofull wightes" pp. 109-110: "my true *Friend once lost/ no Art can well supply"). This is the earliest use of the Damon and Pithias trope in English. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature and the entry on his play Damon and Pithias (performed ca. 1564, printed 1571). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 26: the conclusion of the play Damon and Pithias (1571), in verse, extolling *friendship. Criticism. Norton, Homosexual Literary Tradition, 333-41: re Damon and Pithias. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1991. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 37: "Fuck Me" (about being fucked with respect); biog., 175 - a *black poet who lives in *New York. Pseudonym of a poet from the United States who wrote in English. Active 1924. Pseudonym of *Edward Mark Slocum. Bibliographer from Belgium who wrote in Dutch and translator from English to French; he was also a novelist, for which he is best known. 1854-1927. He compiled, with *J. A. Schorer, the first Dutch bibliography on homosexuality which appeared in the Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen in 1904. He was a Belgium novelist who wrote novels in French. He lived in Brussels and was a member fo the Jeune-Belgique group. He founded the avant-garde journal Le Coq rouge (1895). Homosexuality figures in his novel Escal-Vigor (1899) which was prosecuted for obscenity in Bruges; see Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 3 (1901), 520-25. An article on him partly prompted by this prosecution, "Georges Eekoud ein Vorwort", appeared in Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 2 (1900), 268-77, written by *Numa Praetorius (pseud.). He wrote an article on the Belgian gay sculptor, Jerome Duquesnoy, executed for homosexuality also published in the same issue (see Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 2, [1900]), 77-87. He translated *Marlowe's Edward II from English into French, 1896. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Duroc, Homosexuels et lesbiennes illustrés, 123. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Herzer, Bibliographie zur Homosexualität, item 0724 (with *J. A. Schorer; see his entry). Effeminacy and effeminate behavior Effeminacy has long been linked with homosexuality but, in itself does not automatically mean a male is homosexual. Material survives in relation to poetry from works in Greek from Greece from ca. 100 B.C. and later in other languages. If effeminate males in poems cannot be unequivocally taken to be homosexual, neither can they be taken to be heterosexual. In most cultures, manliness, characterized by being tough and a good warrior has been stressed in the past as the ideal for men and linked with heterosexuality (though, at the same time, all cultures almost invariably stress close *male bonding which has homosexual aspects). See also *Men's Movement, *Flowers. Greek: see *Priapeia (ca. 100 B.C.+) Latin: see 'Persius (34-62), 'Martial. Effeminatus is a word for homosexuality in medieval Latin and is used in the Latin * Bible, the Vulgate: see McAlpine, "The Pardoners Homosexuality", 11. Norse: See 'Preben Muelengracht S0rensen. The concept of "nith" (insulting a man by calling him effeminate) is crucial and occurs in poems: see T. L. Markey, "Nordic nithvisur", Mediaeval Scandinavia 5 (1972), 7-18. English: see 'Fops, 'Dandy, 'Effeminism, 'Horace Walpole, 'Cardinal Newman. Joseph Bristow, Effeminate England: homoerotic writing after 1885, New York, 1995, is a study. Bengali: see 'Tagore. See also 'Vishnu. Arabic. See "Mukhannath" (effeminacy) in 'Gay Histories and Cultures; on p. 616 the author Frédéric Lagrange claims the effeminate boy is a "cliché in poetry". Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 346-47. Gay Histories and Cultures. Bibliographies. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 353-54. Effeminism and effeminist theory A movement in English from the United States linking *gay liberation with *feminism. Ca. 1973. A manifesto was written by *Kenneth Pitchford and two others: "We must learn to discover and value The Female Principle in men as something inherent". The movement was basically anti-sexist. See also *Men's Movement. Compare *Androgyny and contrast *Amiri Baraka. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1993. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Absolutely Queer, 7. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1977. See Gay News no. 112, 1977, 26: the poem "Menu" about dining and a lover but "real love/ And real sex/ Were never ever/ On the menu". Fine poem. Despite his Scandinavian first name, his first language seems English. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born ca. 1945. A *Chicago poet whose poetry explores sexual fantasies and who has been involved with various *Aids organizations. He lived in 1991 in *Los Angeles where he was executive director of the Aids organization Being Alive. Book of poems: Your Life Story by Someone Else (1989) (review: James White Review vol. 7 no. 4, 16). The book is produced in several colors with many photos from his life. See the article in The Advocate no. 568 (15 January, 1991), 65: this quotes a *prose poem which is intensely sexual. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1934. He gives his biography as variously *pederast, painter of male nudes and *Gnostic priest. Published in gay journals, he is the author of three volumes of unpublished verse and unpublished translations from *Straton's * Mousa Paidike (Boyborne Songs) (* Orgasms of LIght, p. 65-66 gives the text of three poems) and lived in San Antonio, Texas, in the 1970s. His poetry is not conventional *free verse and shows the influence of *Charles Olson structurally. The author of fine poems of tender love. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Male Muse, 28-30; biog., 119. Angels of the Lyre, 57-62; biog., 239. Orgasms of Light, 63-66; biog., 251. Gay Poetry, 3. Amerikanike homophylophile poiese, 21-22 trans. into Greek; biog., 70. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 612-5; his name is also given as J. L. S. E. Gay Roots: An Anthology of Gay History, 264-74; biog., 240. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 526-27; biog. note, 466. Historian and critic from the United States writing in English. Active 1964. Pseudonym of *Walter Breen. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active before 1923. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 51 : two poems "Herbstabscheid (Ein schöner Knabe)" and "Zwischenpausen (Ein ummauertes Viereck)"; no other details. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10610-11 : the same two poems, "Ein schöner Knabe" in Herbstabschied [no other details] and "Ein ummauertes Viereck" in Zwischennausen. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Die Bedeutung der Freundesliebe, 29: poem "Die wilden Marzissen am Genfer See". Poet from Germany who wrote in German. 1905-1986. Using the pseudonym Heinz Birken, he was one of the most published authors in * Der Kreis, with 14 short stories, 23 poems and 4 articles: see Journal of Homosexuality, volume 38, numbers 1/2, 2000, 61 (comment by *Hubert Kennedy). He was known in *Berlin as a boy-lover. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 51: poems "Abscheid von der Campagne", "Badende Jungen", "Hamed", "Junge am Meer", "Knaben", "Knaben am See", "Knabenfreundschaft", "Südliche Bootsfahrt" [no source given] and book, Gesang der Plastik (*sonnets based on the work of the sculptor Georg Kolbe) and possible book Glück des Lichtes. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10613-15: the same two books as in Welter plus Der Trappermatrose, [Bielefeld: Schmidt,] 1949. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Keine Zeit für gute Freunde, 64: the poem *"Freundschaft"; 122-23: poem "Einmal, abends... " - both published under the name *Heinz Birken (pseud.). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 242-43: three poems to men; published under Heinz Birken (pseud). Eichendorff, Joseph von, Freiherr Poet from Germany who wrote in German. 1788-1857. A love and nature poet. Married. Poems have been set to music by Schumann and Wolf. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Neue deutsche Biographie. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 51 : poem "Der Freund (Wer auf den Wogen schliefe...)" set to music by Hugo Wolf; no other details. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10612: Der Freund [no other information given]. Eichler, Johann August Furchtegott Poet possibly from Germany writing in Latin. Active 1859. See * Forum 5 (1988), 42: citing the poem in Latin "Lateinsische *Ode auf Johann Joachim Winckelmann" (with German trans.) in his Altmarkisches Intelligenz- und Leseblatt, 1859 - a poem on the homosexual art critic *Winckelmann. Not in Oxford Companion to German Literature. Poet from Peru writing in Spanish. Born 1924. A plastic artist who writes poetry. His book of poems Noche oscura del cuerpo (Dark Night of the Body), 1983, is based on a trope of *Saint John of the Cross (an edition exists with a French translation published in Paris in 1983). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Foster, Latin American Writers on Gay and Lesbian Themes. Journal in German from Germany. Published 1896-1932. The most famous openly gay German cultural journal emanating from Germany in the early part of the twentieth century. It was published and edited by *Max Stirner and *Adolf Brand 1896-1930 (though the last issue may have been published in 1932). From 1906 it was published as a book for some years. It was founded by the anarchist Max Stirner in 1896 and its title meant "The Self-Owner"; from 1898, it became openly homosexual (see Paidika vol.1 no.3, Winter 1988, 61-62). Many poems were published (see for example John Henry Mackay, *Hans Fritz, *Erich Muhsam). The journal contained gay photographs and reproductions of drawings of the highest quality (e.g., of the homoerotic sculptor Wilhelm Bissen in June 1903). A famous special - and witty - issue of 1925 was called Die Tante (the Aunt; German slang for homosexual). This issue had a man in drag on the cover wearing a hat and veil and looking wicked. A selection of articles from the journal was reprinted as Der Eigene: Ein Blatt fur Mannliche Kultur, edited by Joachim S. Hohmann, Frankfurt and Berlin: Foerster Verlag, 1981, 381 pp. Text. This journal is extremely rare. There is no known complete set in any public library. The * British Library General Catalogue entry lists numbers 1, 2, 4, 7-12 of volume 9, 1921, as held in the *Private Case at Cup. 820.u.19. To locate copies check all gay *Archive entries (there may be a substantial run at *Homodok - see below - or in German, Dutch or Danish gay archives). German holdings are listed in Thomas Dietzel, Deutsche Literarische Zeitschriften 1880-1945 (German Literary Journals 1880-1945), Munich, 1988, p. 373; see also the German *computer database ZBD (Zeitschriftendatenbank [Journal database]) which lists a few other issues apart from those in Dietzel. Swiss, Hungarian, Russian, Czech and Polish libraries are other possibilities. A few issues are held in microfilm by the *Canadian Lesbian and Gay Archives. A volume for 1906 was owned by *Jim Kepner and may be in the *IGLA archive. A selection of articles in English was edited by *Harry Oosterhuis, 1991 (with illustrations from the journal); see note on verso of title page regarding copies in *Homodok and the International Instituit voor Sociale Geschiedenis, Amsterdam as well as the private collection of Paul Snijders, The Hague (see also Preface, p. xix). A complete set has been assembled by *Marita Keilson about 1994; she is working on a study of the journal. In Germany there are some volumes in the Deutsche Bucherei, Leipzig and the Humbolt University, Berlin (available on microfiche). In 1965 United States libraries have only a couple of issues; see the entry in Union List of Serials, third edition, which states that Princeton University has a few issues. A *Research Libraries Information Network (RLIN) search in the United States in 1995 disclosed holdings at four universities. See also John Lauritsen, The Early Homosexual Rights Movement in Germany, 1974, pp. 19-21. Criticism. An exhaustive study of the journal has been published by *Marita Keilson-Lauritz, Die Geschichte der eigenen Geschichte (Berlin: Verlag rosa Winkel, 1997). The journal is contrasted with the * Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen. A list of all issues of the journal is on pp. 366-268 with a list of the associated work published by Adolf Brand Die Gemeinschaft der Eigenen (1904-25) pp. 368-69, There is a list of authors published in early German gay journals, including Der Eigene, pp. 473-80, and a list of literary texts discussed in the journals pp. 481-502 and an overall index pp. 503-30. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 43: special issue "Die Tante" X. Jg. Nr. 9 [1925] listed under *Adolf Brand. Herzer, Bibliographie zur Homosexualität, p. 215: states it was published 1896-1930/32. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 6 (1904), 595-603: reviews the journal for 1903 including a list of poems pp. 596-97. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 9 (1906), 587-94: reviews the journal for 1905. Criticism. Goodbye to Berlin?, 49-54. Collections of poems in Tamil. From 100 B.C. These anthologies were compiled 100 B.C.-250. They comprise over 2,000 poems by nearly 500 poets and were only published in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Love poems by male poets (e.g. the famous poet Kapilar) *written in the persona of a woman can be read homosexually and could well have been inspired in some cases by love for males; however, the names of poets are not known or even whether the poems are by a man or a woman in many cases and it is even possible some poets are women. The poetry is highly *symbolic, being about masculinity and femininity as principles of the universe. Some poems are bawdy. (The real sex and the sex of the addressee also may be doubtful in many cases: e.g. see the poem on p. 71 of Poems of Love and War cited below.) They influenced or were influenced by classical Sanskrit love poetry. See George Hart, The Poems of Ancient Tamil, 1975. Homoeroticism occurs more directly. In A. K. Ramanujan, Poems of Love and War, New York, 1985, see 256 from Purananuru (called Puram 256), p. 177, about a person wishing to die and share the same urn as the just dead man; this poem might be read as being apparently written by a man (information from an internet discussion group on Indian literatures). There appears to be a tradition in ancient India of males committing suicide when a close male friend dies, "companion deaths", in Tamil, anumaranam - compare the sentiment in *Homer's Iliad on the death of Patroclus in Book 18. In later Indian culture the custom occurred of widows throwing themselves on to the funeral pyres of their dead husbands, a custom called sati. Purams 217-19 and 222 in the Purananuru refer to males committing suicide with close male friends on the death of a man. George Hart has written on this subject. Compare *elegy. Translation. English. See A. K. Ramanujan, The Interior Landscape: Love Poems from a Classical Tamil Anthology, 1967. Criticism. Zvelebil, Lexicon of Tamil Literature: see "Anthologies". Eighteen-eighties poets - English Period in English poetry of Great Britain From 1880 to 1889. Though the *eighteen-nineties have been regarded as a major era of British gay culture, the eighteen-eighties set the stage. *Eric Stenbock published openly gay poems in 1881, when *Oscar Wilde's Poems were first published and from this year dates a British gay novel Sins of the Cities of the Plain. Other poets: *Rennell Rodd, *J. A. Symonds, *E. C. Lefroy, *E. C. Lefroy, *M. A. Raffalovich, *A. G. Rensham. *Richard Burton's terminal essay was published in 1885 as well as several translations of relevance with which he was connected. *Walter Pater continued his work. From 1888 *Charles Kains Jackson edited * The Artist and Journal of Home Culture where he published gay poems. *Whitman's impact was considerable (he died in 1882). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reade, Sexual Heretics, 153-226. Eighteen-nineties anthologies - English Anthologies in English from Great Britain for the period 1891-1899. Anthologies of the *eighteen nineties containing poetry contain the works of a large number of poets who were homosexual or in the *decadent mould or involved with the *aesthetic movement. These anthologies start with the selection of work published by the Rhymer's Club in 1892 as The Book of the Rhymer's Club. For anthologies about the period published after the period, see *A. J. A. Symons, An Anthology of Nineties Verse, 1928 (the pioneering anthology covering the period); Martin Secker, The Eighteen Nineties, 1948, 616 pp.; Derek Stanford, Poets of the Nineties, 1965 (selections from *Beardsley, *Dowson, *Plarr, *Arthur Symons, John Davidson, *Lionel Johnson, *W. B. Yeats, John Gray, *Richard Le Gallienne, *Alfred Douglas, *Oscar Wilde with a long historical introduction pp. 17-45); Karl Beckson, Aesthetes and Decadents of the 1890s, 1966 (in this work see John Barlas, *Aubrey Beardsley, Max Beerbohm, Olive Custance, *Alfred Douglas, *Ernest Dowson, *Michael Field, John Gray, *Lionel Johnson, *Richard Le Gallienne, *Arthur Symons, *Oscar Wilde, *Theodore Wratislaw, *W. B. Yeats; the work contains a very important introduction providing much valuable material on the period pp. xi-xliv); C. J. Dixon, * Fin de siècle: Poetry of the Late Victorian Period 1860-1900, London, 1968; R. K. R. Thornton, Poetry of the Nineties, 1970 (a very detailed survey with biographical and bibliographical notes pp. 247-59, index of poets pp. 261-62); Derek Stanford, Writing of the Nineties, 1971, an excellent survey of the whole period. Karl Beckson, * London in the 1890s, 1993, is a survey of the cultural life of the city. See also Ian Fletcher, British Poetry and Prose 1870-1905, New York, 1987. These anthologies have tended to understate the homosexual element in the poetry; compare the anthology * Sexual Heretics, the majority of whose entries date from the period. However, homosexuality is frequently present in a coded way in the works of poets included (e.g. references to *colors and to exotic flowers such as *lilies as in the work of *Theodore Wratislaw and the use of *friend to mean lover). Period in English poetry and the poetry of several *European languages. The period extends from 1890 to 1914. English. Great Britain. For English language poetry, British poetry set the tone of the period. Although the period is from 1890 to 1899, it really extends from 1880 up to 1914 (the year of the outbreak of the First World War). (See *eighteen-eighties since the decade which preceded the eighteen-nineties saw the emergence of openly gay poetry.) Holbrook Jackson's The Eighteen Nineties, 1913, and Osbert Burdett's The Romantic Nineties, 1926, were pioneering studies of the period. *G. Krishnamurti has compiled an outstanding catalog listing over seven hundred English authors who published works 1890-99 (not all relevant to this encyclopedia). Several excellent *Eighteen-nineties anthologies exist. A brilliant reference work is G. A. Cevasco, The 1890s: An Encyclopedia of British Art and Culture, New York, 1993 (see the article by *Wayne Dynes "Homosexuality"). The phrase has also come to stand for a literary movement as distinct from a period. It is one of the most important periods for British gay culture and very complex: on the one hand there is a despairing quality to the poetry, usually labelled *decadent poetry - especially after the 1895 trial of *Oscar Wilde (and especially in the poetry of *A. E. Housman) - while, on the other hand, there is the positive celebration of gay love in the work of many poets (e.g. in the work of *Edward Carpenter, in some of the *Uranian poets, and in some poets in the anthology * Sexual Heretics). This period also saw a revival of interest in ancient homopoetry in translation - e.g. of the Greek poet *Meleager in English. The influence of French homopoetry (e.g. *Verlaine, *Rimbaud) on English was strong. *Symbolism was an important movement which made its presence felt in English in this period. *Aleister Crowley, whose first works belong to this period, took gay poetry to its furtherest acceptable boundaries and beyond; as a philosopher of sorts he is a disciple of *Nietzsche. The most important figure in English literature of the time was undoubtedly *Oscar Wilde whose influence and fate was felt in the United States and Australia (and in *European languages from South America to Russia). On the European continent the publication of *Alfred Douglas's excellent Poems, with English text and translation into French, in Paris in 1896, created great interest in Douglas as gay poet (French was read as far away as Greece, Russia and South America). As the lover of Wilde, interest in him after the Wilde trial was great. Alfred Douglas was in fact one of the the greatest English language poets of the eighteen nineties. The eighteen-nineties was also a period when the positivism of *Whitman made itself manifest. See also *decadent and *aesthete entries as, in this period, these were dominant styles. *Design of books in this period reached great heights in the eighteen-nineties, not usually matched by the contents: see John Gray, *Oscar Wilde, *Charles Ricketts. *Bookplates of note date from ca. 1895. The Yellow Book (1894-97) was the dominant journal and a famous article, "In Defence of Cosmetics", by Max Beerbohm, in 1894. caused a storm of controversy; this article can be seen as a veiled defence of practices such as homosexuality. Overall, much remains to be proven about the homosexuality or otherwise of figures of the period (e.g. *Aubrey Beardsley who may have been asexual). Many texts remain to be edited and republished before a clear view of the homosexual achievement of the period can be seen (though much may never be known). See *Eighteen-nineties anthologies for collections of poems. A number of poets published volumes at this time, especially before the trial of Oscar Wilde in 1895: see * Sexual Heretics (over half of the poets in this anthology are from the eighteen-nineties), * Love in Earnest, *Uranian poets. See especially *E. E. Bradford, *Aleister Crowley, *Alfred Douglas, John Gray, *A. E. Housman, *Lionel Johnson, *J. G. Nicholson, *Count Eric Stenbock, *Frederick Rolfe, *Theodore Wratislaw. There was also a movement called the Counter-Decadence, led by *William Ernest Henley, opposing Wilde. Bibliographical. For a bibliography of works on the eighteen-nineties, see p. xvi of Derek Stanford, Writing of the Nineties, 1971. The "Textual Notes" and "Select Bibliography" in The Complete Poems of Lionel Johnson edited by *Ian Fletcher, 1953, contain much important information. Ian Fletcher was one of the great authorities on the eighteen-nineties as were *Montgomery Hyde and *Richard Ellmann. The Journal of the Eighteen Nineties Society (1976+) has the latest reaearch. The Eighteen Nineties Society was founded in 1972 (incorporating the Francis Thompson society) and also publishes a newsletter, Keynotes. The journal English Literature in Transition 1880-1920 is also relevant. The *Tragara Press has published many pamphlets of relevance. See also Elaine Showalter, Sexual Anarchy: Gender and culture at the 'in de siècle', 1991. Australia: see entries *Ballads, *Christopher Brennan, J. Le Gay Brereton, *Verna Coleman, John Docker, *Victor Daley, *Henry Lawson, *Hugh McCrae, *Will Ogilvie, *Roderick Quinn. The entry, "Nineties" in Oxford Companion to Australian Literature, first edition, covers the period, which in Australia was a time of ferment prior to the country becoming independent from Great Britain when the Commonwealth of Australia was formed in 1901. For other works see G. A. Wilkes, "The Eighteen-Nineties" in Grahame Johnston, Australian Literary Criticism, Melbourne, 1962, pp. 30-53, George Taylor, Those Were the Days, Sydney, 1918, Arthur W. Jose, The Romantic Nineties, Sydney, 1933, and John Docker, The Nervous Nineties, 1991. United States. See *Lazer Ziff for a study of the period. Many gay poets went to *Harvard University during these years: see for example *George Santayana, *Trumbell Stickney. *S. W. Foster has adumbrated many poets working at this time in the United States, a period in United States English language poetry as yet inadequately studied from a gay point of view. References. See Perkins, History of Modern Poetry, volume one, pp. 3-59: an excellent survey of the poetry of the period in general. Non-English languages. French. The influence of French homopoetry (e.g. "Verlaine - whose homopoems were mainly published in the 1880s - and his homosexual lover *Rimbaud) on English, German and other European languages was strong. *Albert Samain, *Proust, *Pierre Louys (pseud.) and *Montesquiou wrote notable poems in French. *Raffalovich wrote the first history in French of gay culture. See the series of articles, "Non-conformisme a la belle époque", by *Marc Daniel in Arcadie issues duplicate numbers 69-71. Dutch. See *Kloos. German. The eighteen-nineties in German was a major period of gay writing. The poet *Stefan George commenced his career in this decade and the publication of the complete text of the poet *Platen's diary in 1896 - which revealed his homosexuality - was a notable event. Important journals were the * Blatter für die Kunst (1892+) published by Stefan George, * Der Eigene founded by *Alfred Brand in 1896, and the * Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen (1899) founded by *Magnus Hirschfeld. The founding of the Scientific-Humanitarian Committee to reform German sex laws (which prohibited male homosexuality) in 1896 by Magnus Hirschfeld was a major event. *Max Spohr, the first gay German publisher, commenced publishing in the period. *Walt Whitman became known in Germany at this time and *Nietzsche was the outstanding philosopher. The decade saw the growth of sexology, beginning with *Kraft-Ebbing in 1886 (with seven editions by 1893). *Havelock Ellis and John Addington Symonds's epoch making Sexual Inversion, which included a history of homosexuality, was published first in German in 1896 before its English edition and *Edward Carpenter was translated into German in 1895. *Sigmund Freud commenced his career in this decade. See also *Capri, *Design - German, *fin de siècle. Greek. *Cavafy's work dates from this time which also heralded a revival of interest in ancient homopoetry in translation e.g. of the Greek poet *Meleager in English and *Theocritus in French translation; translations of ancient Greek homopoetry also spread to *European vernacular languages (previously poets were translated only into Latin). See also *decadent movement, *Art for art's sake. Italian: see *D'Annunzio. Portuguese. The gay literature of the period had a big influence in Portugal; a group of poets in the university city of Coimbra wrote *decadent poetry. For Brazil see *Olavo Bilac. Polish: see *Waclaw Lieder. Russian: see *Kuzmin and *Akhmatova. Eighteenth century poets and entries in English Period in English poetry in Great Britain and the United States from 1700 to 1799. Great Britain. *Satire against homosexuals is especially relevant in this century and a larger number of poems dealing directly with homosexuality survive than in previous centuries; *Laurence Senelick has brilliantly analysed the poems. The * Petit Maître (ca. 1728) is a pamphlet which includes a fascinating poem. The novelist *Tobias Smollett commenced his career in 1746 with a homosexual satirical poem. See *Mark Akenside, *Charles Churchill, * College Wit Sharpen'd, *"Epitaph for Bob Jones", *Samuel Foote, *Thomas Gay, *Thomas Gray, *The He Strumpets, *William Kenrick, *Love in the Suds, *Matthew Prior, *Strawberry Hill Press, *Horace Walpole, * The Women-Hater's Lament. Historical background: see John Bray, *Montgomery Hyde, *Rictor Norton; see also the essays in Robert MacCubbin, Tis Nature's Fault, London, 1987 (reprint of special issue of the journal Eighteenth Century Life). Randolph Trumbach, "London's Sodomites: Homosexual Behavior and Western Culture in the 18th Century", Journal of Social History 11 (1977), 1-33, gives the social background; in 1998 Trumbach published a book Heterosexuality and the Third Gender in Enlightenment London (see review Lambda Book Report, December 1998, 25). Paul-Gabriel Boucé, Sexuality in eighteenth-century Britain, 1982, a series of essays on the sexual background. A historical study dealing with rhetoric is John Thomas Rowland, Swords in myrtle dress'd: towarda a rhetoric of Sodom: gay readings of homosexual politics and poetics in the eighteenth century, Madison, NJ, 1997. The gay critic *George E. Haggerty is a specialist in the period. United States: see "Timothy Dwight. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1927. The author of daring poetry showing the influence of *Charles Olson. A spastic, he has lived almost all his life in Swampscott, Massachusetts, and latterly in Berkeley, California, and is responsible for twenty-one compilations. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Contemporary Authors New Revision Series, volume 6. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10616: Air in the Trees, Los Angeles: Black Sparrow, 1968. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Orgasms of Light, 68-70; biog., 251. Poet from Norway writing in Norwegian. Active 1982. Author of two books with relevant poems: Homofil - Guds barn (1982) and Skapt sànn (1982). Bibliographies. Hansen, Nordisk Bibliografi, 18: citing his book of poems Homofil - Guds barn (Gays: God's children), Oslo, 1980 (religious in basis). Criticism. Gatland, Mellom linjene: homofile tema i norsk litteratur, 259. Critic and historian from the United States writing in Spanish and English. Active from 1976. In the Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, pp. 1236-43, see his entry "Spain" - a very Tine article in English with detailed literary reference and the first overall survey of homosexuality and Spanish literature in English (with a bibl.) His "Reaction to the Publication of the 'Sonnetos del amor oscuro'" (of *Garcia Lorca) in Bulletin of Hispanic Studies no. 55 (1988), 261-71, discusses the controversy over Lorca's homosexual sonnets. He wrote in Spanish, Poeta en Nueva York, Barcelona, 1976, on the text of Lorca's New York sequence. See also *Gregorio Maranon. Poet from Sweden who wrote in Swedish; he was also a translator from French to Swedish 1907-1968. The greatest Nordic poet of the *modernist period, strongly influenced by *oriental *mysticism and the Mediterranean. Though there is a female presence in his poems many are *non-gender specific e.g. those in * Diwan, 1965. Translation. English: Selected Poems, New York, 1971, trans. by *W. H. Auden and Leif Sjoberg (trans. of Diwan and poems to 1968). He translated a selection of the French poet *Rimbaud (1972). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Contemporary Authors, vol. 123: spelt Ekeloef. Criticism. Rossel, History of Scandinavian Literature, 173-76. Poet from Sweden who wrote in Swedish, 1880-1949. Influenced by *Symbolism, *Stefan George, *Aestheticism and *Nietzsche. He was active as a poet with gay themes 1900-1906. Letters: see Brev, 2 volumes, no date (before 1984). Biography: Algot Werin, Wilhelm Ekeland, 2 volumes, 1960-61. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Bibliographies. Hansen, Nordisk Bibliografi, 14: Dikter (Poems), Stockholm, 1980, 484 pp.; refers also to two volumes in candium (1905) and Havets stjärna (1906). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Fra mann til mann, 30-33 Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 397-99: fine poems mainly about *Eros. "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen", 110; see also note p. 175. Criticism. Rossel, History of Scandinavian Literature, 117-18. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1008: in the article Poetry by *S. W. Foster he is stated to be a "minor poet" who is homosexual. Poet from Iraq who wrote in Arabic. Active before ca 1200?. See *Numa Praetorius (pseud.). A poet who lived in *Baghdad and wrote at least one very frank homosexual love poem. The date is very uncertain. Poet from Australia writing in Arabic. Born 1968. He published homoerotic poems in a London Arabic paper al-Hawadeth (Events) in 1989 when he was living in France; a religious fundamentalist wrote to the newspaper and said they should not be published. He lives in *Sydney and was born in Lebanon and formerly lived in France. Nearly thirty poems have been published. A friend of *Vrasdis Karales. See also *Meher Kheir. Elcano, Barrett W. Bibliographer from the United States writing in English. Active 1976. Co-author of *Homosexuality: An Annotated Bibliography. Eldorado: Homosexuelle Frauen und Männer in Berlin 1900-1950: Geschichte. Alltag und Kultur A catalog of the gay exhibition at the Berlin Museum, May-July 1984, on *Berlin gay life 1850-1950. Berlin: Frölich und Kaufmann, 1984, 216 page. No editor is given. It contains many brilliant essays on the cultural, historical and sexual background and is one of the finest works on the gay life of a city; see *Manfred Herzer regarding his article on gay poetry. Meter in Greek and Latin. From ca. 700 B.C. A type of poetic meter based on the epic hexameter used by *Homer and thought to be originally inspired by a flute song (see Oxford Classical Dictionary entry). Used by poets in *songs, *epitaphs and *epigrams and especially popular with *Alexandrian poets and later in Greek in the Roman period, after 146 B.C. It was used initially by *Archilochus (800-700 B.C.) and then *Mimnermus, who are amongst those thought to have founded the meter. It was later used by *Theognis (ca. 544 B. C.) and *Critias. Elegaic became, with *iambic, the dominant meter in ancient Greek lyric poetry. It was taken over by the Romans and used in Latin by *Catullus, *Tibullus, *Propertius and *Ovid; it was the favorite meter of the homosexual *Martial. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary. A poem lamenting the death of another person; here referring to one written by a male of a male. The term comes from the Greek term for the *elegiac meter. Works survive in Akkadian from Iraq and later in other languages. From 612 B.C. Elegies by a male about another male raise the issue of sublimated homosexuality. In addition, the question has to be asked as to why such elegies were rarely written about women. Hebrew: see * David's Lament for Jonathan (surviving from ca. 200 B.C.). The *Psalms are laments in parts but more general laments and not songs directed directly towards a male by another. Akkadian: see * Gilgamesh re his lament for Enkidu (ca. 612 B.C.). Persian: see *Farrukhi. See also *ghazal (an elegy of love). Poets also wrote elegies to princes and rulers. English: Almost all the best known elegies in English are by men about men. The English elegy tradition was based on the tradition in ancient Greek, especially *Bion and *Moschus, who were known, for instance, to *Milton. In the contemporary period *Aids has inspired moving elegies: see * Poets for Life, *Paul Monette *Carol Muske. Australia: see *J. S. Manifold, *Kenneth Slessor. Great Britain: see entries for *M. Arnold, *Thomas Campion, *John Dryden, *Dyer, *Thomas Gray, *Fulke Greville, *Daryl Hine, *James Kirkup (regarding his *Pasolini elegy), *John Milton, *Tennyson. United States: see *Whitman, ivor Winters, *Maureen Duffy, *Paul Monette (a brilliant *Aids elegy for his lover *Roger Horwitz), *Thom Gunn. See also *pastoral poetry. Criticism: see Norton, Homosexual Literary Tradition, 387. French: see *Lucien Letinois re *Verlaine. German: see Theodore Ziolkowski, The Classical German Elegy 1795-1950, 1980. Greek: See *Bion (active 100 B.C.) re his Lament for Adonis and *Moschus (Lament for Bion). An elegy on *Adonis is also ascribed to *Theocritus. See also *epitaph and *Achilles and Patroclus. The death of Patroclus in Homer's * Iliad leads to elaborate funeral games and the whole of Book 23 is elegaic in nature. Latin: see *John Milton (written ca. 1625). Maori. See Sir Apirana T. Ngata, editor, Nga Moteatea: The Songs, Wellington, 1959-70, 3 volumes: a collection of Maori poems collected in the early twentieth century, here republished, which contains many laments, some of men about men (translated into English with the Maori text). See also Ian Wedde and Harvey McQueen, The Penguin Book of New Zealand Verse, Auckland, 1985, pp. 75-77, "Lament for te Heuheu Herea" and pp. 80-81, "Lament". Portuguese: *Antonio Botto. Provencal: see *Sordello. Russian: see *Klyuev. Spanish: see *Garcia Lorca. Turkish: see *Baki. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Poet from the United States who wrote in English; he later lived in Great Britain. 1888-1965. A major *modernist poet, T. S. Eliot's *New England background was deeply *Puritanical and he graduated from *Harvard and later went to Europe to study philosophy, instead becoming a poet. In his *sequence The Waste Land (1922), a merchant from Smyrna asks a man to a "weekend at the Metropole [Hotel]" (lines 209214) with the suggestion of a homosexual assignation; *Tiresias, who appears in the next few lines, is an *androgynous figure (lines 243-48). The poem is in the form of a series of *dramatic monologues, many written from the point of view of a woman and all meant to be read in conjunction with each other presenting overall a single view of the world, with female and male viewpoints merging. The poem was dedicated to his close friend Jean Verdenal, killed in World War I (see the Encyclopedia of Homosexuality entry); letters between the two have not yet been made public. On The Waste Land's relationship with *Edward Fitzgerald's * Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, see Vinnie-Marie D'Ambrosio, Eliot Possessed, 1989. An early relevant poem is "The Death of St. *Narcissus" (Complete Poems, 1969, pp. 605-06); also relevant is the early poem "The Love Song of St. *Sebastian" (see Inventions of the March Hare: Poems 1909-1917, London, 1996, pp. 78-79) - both figures in the poem could be males. His first marriage was deeply unhappy and at its breakdown he wrote The Waste Land. He later remarried but appears to have been largely asexual, certainly for parts of his life. He converted to *Christianity in 1927 and described himself as "classical in literature, royalist in politics and Anglo-Catholic in religion". T.S. Eliot was awarded the *Nobel Prize in 1948. *Wayne Koestenbaum has written of his relationship with *Ezra Pound in homoerotic terms; see also John Hayward with whom he shared a flat for many years. On alleged homosexuality, see *Francis King. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 351-52. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Criticism. Woods, Articulate Flesh: Male Homo-eroticism and Modern Poetry, 4: "The Waste Land is... a consummate love poem whose object is (most of the time) male". Pseudonym of an anthologist from Germany and Switzerland of works in German. 1872-1942. Pseudonym of *Elisar von Kupffer Elizabethan English language poets Period in English poetry of Great Britain. 1558-1603. The Elizabethan period, named after Queen Elizabeth the First, dates from 1558 to 1603 when she ruled England. It is the first outstanding period of homosexuality in English poetry especially the 1590s (compare the *eighteen nineties). *Spenser's * Shepherd's Calendar, 1579, is the first work of importance. Two outstanding gay *sonnet sequences were published: *Richard Barnfield's in 1594 and *William Shakespeare's in 1609 (but written in the 1590s). *Christopher Marlowe is also a major poet. The Spenser-Dyer-Greville-Sidney circle shows strong homoaffectionalism and *Ganymede and *Cupid are homosexual tropes of the period. Other poets of note are *Michael Drayton, *Sir Edward Dyer, *Fulke Greville, *Sir Philip Sidney. Many plays for the theater written in verse (most notably works of Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe) make reference to homosexuality. The genuineness of the women in the many sonnet sequences (which are a feature of the period) has been questioned by scholars; similary with pastoral poets, there is much ambiguity, especially in poems modelled on *Virgil's "Second Eclogue". There has been fairly thorough criticism of the period in homosexual terms: see John Bray (a Tine survey of the social bakground), *Gregory W. Bredbeck, *Rictor Norton (who has extensively discussed the poetry of the period), *Bruce R. Smith. Robert M. Wren gave a paper at the 1987 Gay History Conference in Amsterdam: *"Pederasty in *Elizabethan London". The text is in the History supplement to the conference and the paper focuses on homosexuality in the plays of the minor dramatists and among boy *actors of the Elizabethan stage.. Poet and critic from the United States writing in English. Active from 1991. Author of a critical book, * Frank O'Hara, Ann Arbor, 1994. Book of poems: Sweet Nothings, 1994; not seen. Unpublished gay poems exist in manuscripts (Javant Biarujia to me; these poem were submitted to Nosukomo Press in 1994). An editor of a journal in Ohio, who is an academic. Translator from Greek, France and Italian to English from Great Britain. Active 1969. He translated *Aretino from Italian into English; see also John Whitworth. French. He translated poems of *Verlaine and Rimbaud from French into English titled Femmes/Hombres (Anvil Press, 1979; first published London, 1969) and is called "incomparable" as a translator by Anthony Reid, especially the "Sonnet to the Arsehole" (see Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, p. 388). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 65: trans. of the Greek poet Adaios (from Palatine Anthology x 20) into English. Poet and novelist from Australia writing in English; he later lived in the United States. 1917-1991. A dramatist and novelist who lived in the United States from 1948 where he wrote for television. Openly gay at the end of his life. An obituary in the Sun Herald, Sydney (30 June, 1991, 38) mentions some of his poems read at his funeral service in New York, apparently from manuscript. He was most famous in Australia for his 1948 play Rusty Bugles, set in an all male army camp in the Northern Territory and which shocked people at the time with its use of bawdy language. His 1965 novel Careful He Might Hear You is an autobiographical story of his childhood and in 1991he published the gay novel Fairyland (see Weekend Australian Review, 2-3 June, 1990, 6). Obituary: Sydney Morning Herald, 25 June 1991, 2; Australian Book Review no. 133 (August 1991) 42-3 by Sharon Clarke. Biography: Sharon Clarke, Sumner Locke Elliott: Writing Life, 1996. An obituary appeared in the New York Times. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Sexologist, historian and critic from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1859-1939. Havelock Ellis is most famous for his five volume Studies in the Psychology of Sex. The first published volume was what is now the second volume: Sexual Inversion (1897; repr.). It was written with *J. A. Symonds (who wrote most of it). However, the first publication of Sexual Inversion was actually the German translation published in 1896, titled Das konträre Geschlechtsgefühl (Leipzig: Wigand, 1896, 308 pp.). This work is the pioneering modern study of homosexuality in English and in a *European language. Chapter One, "Introduction" (pp. 1-64 of the third revised edition of 1915) refers to homosexuality in many cultures (including tribal cultures) and in many cultural figures. This chapter is the first history of homosexuality in English and contains discussion of poetry (e.g. reference to *Digby Dolben). It is the basis of later historical works in English and is still, to this day, a brilliant survey. The 1897 British edition was banned after a court case and could only be printed in the United States and is rare. (It was added to and progresssively expanded in later editions after the 1897 edition; e.g. the reference to *Digby Dolben obviously was possibly added after publication of his Collected Poems in 1911.) There were two further editions, the third edition of 1915 remaining the definitive text in further printings. The six volumes of Ellis's Studies in the Psychology of Sex are 1. The Evolution of Modesty, the Phenomena of Sexual Periodicity and Autoeroticism, 2. Sexual Inversion, 3. Analysis of the Sexual Impulse, 4. Sexual Selection in Man, 5. Erotic Symbolism. The mechanics of Detumescence. The Psychic State in Pregnancy and 6. Sex in Relation to Society. Ellis edited the Mermaid series of English dramatists, himself editing *Christopher Marlowe in 1887 (see *J. St Loe Strachey who wrote the introduction). He also wrote poems. His wife Mrs [Edith] Havelock Ellis, who was a lesbian, wrote Three Modern Seers, 1920, under her name as Mrs Havelock Ellis, with a chapter on *Edward Carpenter, pp. 193-227. (After the first year of their marriage all sexual relations ceased and both went on to have affairs with women.) Some of Ellis's library ended up in the *Kinsey Institute (including many books on *flagellation). Manuscripts may yield additional material on homosexuality. Bibliography: for a list of works by Ellis see his My Life, 1940; the edition of My Life edited by Alan Hull Walton, 1967, is especially useful. Ellis also wrote poems. Biography: *Phyllis Grosskurth, Havelock Ellis: A Biography, 1980. Translations. Sexual Inversion is the most important of his works for homosexuality. The Studies was issued in a one volume abridgement in the 1920s which may have been the basis of the text used for the Chinese translation. French: the * British Library General Catalogue lists an edition of Studies in the Psychology of Sex, Etudes de Psychologie sexuelle, 1921+ trans. by A. van Gennep with extra material. This includes an essay on Russian sex life, including homosexual *pedophilia concealed in the section on sexuality during pregnancy in volume 6 and printed in small such small type it is difficult to read it (it was not published in the English edition as the American publisher considered it could jeopardize publication): see Andrew Field, VN: The Life and Art of Vladimir Nabokov, New York, 1987, pp. 317-18. This work is one of the most comprehensive works on Russian sexuality before 1990 and has been published in New York by Grove Press as Confessions of VictorX. German: Sexual Inversion was trans. by Hans Kurella, as Das Kontrare Geschlectsgefuhl, Leipzig: Weigand, 1896, as noted above. This German translation was published before either of the English versions. Italian and Spanish: for translation of the Studies see the notes by Alan Hull Walton in his edition of Ellis's My Life, 1967. Chinese: a translation was published in Shanghai by the Commercial Press in 1947 as Sex Psychology (notes and appendix by G. D. Pan to the Chinese translation, pp. 249-55, 380-406 which contain very valuable historical and critical comment: see references in the article in the Journal of Homosexuality, 1987, by *Fang-fu Ruan). There was also a 1949 printing of Ellis's work in Chinese by Commercial Press in Shanghai (source: Catalogue of Commerical Press Publications, Beijing, 2 volumes, 1981). Note: after 1949, this press split into three parts, one on Taiwan, one in Hong Kong and one in Beijing: all claimed to be the authentic press. Chou Tso-jen (in Pinyin Zhou Zuoren), brother of *Lu Hsun, translated Ellis into Chinese: see Clifton Fadiman, New Lifetime Reading Plan, 1999, p. 249; he may be the translator of these two editions. Japanese: see Alan Hull Walton's notes in Ellis, My Life, 1967, re this edition. Greek: Epitome sexoualikes psychologies, Athens, 1963, 318 pp., is an abridgement of Studies in the Psychology of Sex. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias Dictionary of National Biography. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 352-53. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 51. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Hidden Heritage, 255-71. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 328-334: from Sexual Inversion. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1941. His book of poems The Cherry Boy (1957) is about his infatuation with a boy; cherry may be a transference from Elizabethan poets who frequently referred to women in terms of cherries (referring to *kissing their lips). See also the poetry volumes Rave (Northwood, UK: Scorpion Press: May 1960): see pp. 17 ("Julian...") , 21 ("Grollops"). (Rare; copy sighted: John Willis Collection). He is also the author of two novels (see Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 1153-54). Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1152: The Cherry Boy, London: Turret, 1957. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 361-63: from the *sequence The Cherry Boy. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 176: two Tine poems including one on *prostitution. Biographer and editor in English from Great Britain. 1901-1987. Biographer of Oscar Wilde, London, 1987. The biography has been acclaimed one of the finest in English and is written in masterly prose. It is certainly the best biography of *Oscar Wilde as well as being the most up-to-date. However, Wilde is now thought not to have died of syphilis as described here but of an ear disease. The photograph identified as being of Wilde in drag in his play Salomé (opposite p. 371) is now known to be of an actual actress. Review: see Jim Davidson; Christopher Street no. 118 (1987), 52-58 by Brendan Lemon. The author was Goldsmith's Professor of English at Oxford and one of the experts on *modernism of which he regards Wilde as being one of the chief initiators. He is the editor of The Artist as Critic: Critical Writing of Oscar Wilde (1982) and has edited a major work on the background to *Modernism. Poet and lover from the United States writing in English. Born 1929. A prolific author, he was educated at Harvard and lives in *New York. He has written several forms of theatrical writing (e.g., songs for cabarets) as well as opera librettos (e.g., Miss Julie for the gay composer Ned Rorem). He enjoys collaborating with composers and artists and has collaborated with the artist-writer Joe Brainard on two volumes, The Baby Book, 1965, and Gamebook Calendar, 1967. He and Joe Brainard were lovers (see Schuyler, Diary, p. 304, which states that he "shared his life with Joe Brainard from the early 1960s until Brainard's death in 1994"). He has been influenced by John Ashbery and collaborated with James Schuyler on a one act play. He is usually categorized as one of the *New York School. From 1961 he considers himself primarily a poet and has published several volumes. Motor Disturbance won the 1971 *Frank O'Hara award for poetry. He has made two tapes Rare meat (Poets Audio Centre) and Big Ego (Giorno Audio Systems). In 1989 he and Joe Brainard published the book Sung Sex. In 1999 he published Selected Poems & Lyrics, including poems about the loss of his lover of thirty-one years, Joe Brainard (review: Lambda Book Review, April 1999, 15, 17, 19). Interview: Leyland, Gay Sunshine Interviews, volume 2, 95-108; biog., 96; photograph, 95. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Contemporary Authors New Revision Series, volume 25. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Angels of the Lyre, 63-68; biog., 239. Orgasms of Light, 71-74: brilliant *sequence "Some I Remember" (dedicated: "For Joe"); biog., 252. Amerikanike homophylophile poiese , 23-30; biog., 70: trans. into Greek. Word of Mouth, 147-56. Poet from Belgium who wrote in French. 1862-1931. Belgian poet in the Jeune-Belgique group, a dilettante who wrote in the manner of *Verlaine. The companion of Jean de Bosschère. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1991. Pseudonym of James W. Thompson. A *black poet from *New York who has published several books and conducts poetry workshops. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 38-40: "Earthbound Heavensound" (about attraction to a black youth); biog., 175. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1892-1973. Educated at Oxford, he was later a Labour party member of parliament. Books of poems: Schoolboys and Exiles, 1919, and Years of Peace, 1925. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10617: Schoolboys and Exiles, London: Allen and Unwin, 1919. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1158: same book. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 200: "News" - a poem about a man's death; biog., 232-33. Poet who wrote in Turkish. Active before 1838. *Ottoman poet. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: Die Männerliebe der Griechen, 79-80; born in *Turkestan. "Schejch" means Sheik in English (transliteration is German). Not found in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Bookseller and bibliographer from the United States of works in English. Active 1972-ca. 1990. The catalogs of Elysian Fields, which are undated, were compiled by *Ed Drucker (pseud. of George Fisher) and total forty. Up to 2000 items were included in each catalog. A poetry section was included in every third or fourth catalog - e.g. no. 32, ca. 1985, extends Young's bibliography to ca. 1985. The catalogs after 1982 supplement the second edition of * The Male Homosexual in Literature and provide a reasonably good bibliography of United States gay poetry (and literature) for the period covered. Bibliographies. Herzer, Bibliographie zur Homosexualität, item 3383: commencing 1972. Ian Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, first edition, 1975, states page ix, that Catalogs 4-7, called Homosexuality in Literature, date 1973-74 and he has relied on these catalogs (see also Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, page x). Bookseller from the United States selling works mainly in English. Active 2000. One finely produced catalog of 35 pages is known containing many rare works titled Elysium Books Spring 2000. See entries 'Fersen and 'Jeremy Reed. Rare; copy: 'Paul Knobel Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. 1911-1995. See the English translation of the poem "The Age of *Blue Memory", trans. Nanos Valaoritis, Penguin New Writing, edited by John Lehman and R. Fuller, Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin, 1985, pp. 192-93 (first published 1947): a *non-gender specific poem. He translated the French poet *Rimbaud and the Spanish poet *Garcia Lorca into Greek. Odysseus Elytis never married and lived in Athens in a small flat. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Literary Biography. Poet from Greece who wrote in Greece. 19Q2-1976. He wrote 'surrealist poems dealing with all sorts of sexuality. He was "[The] first ''Dionysiac' poet after 'Sikelianos" according to Trypanis. Criticism. Trypanis, Greek Poetry, 699-7QQ. Poet from the United States who wrote in English; translator from German to English. 1803-1882. A 'New England poet and 'Transcendentalist philosopher best known as an essayist during his lifetime. See also his poems '"Sa'di", '"Eros", '"Bacchus"; see in addition the poem "The Harp" in The Age of Innocence (reference: Foster, "Beauty's Purple Flame: Some Minor American Gay Poets", Gay Books Bulletin no. 7 (1982), 18). He translated 'Hafiz from the German of 'Hammer-Purgstall. He enthusiastically greeted the publication of Whitman's Leaves of Grass hailing it as a work of genius. On later editions of Leaves of Grass Whitman had printed Emerson's words in a famous letter to him: "I find incomparable things said incomparably well... I greet you at the beginning of a great career". Emerson married twice and had a 'mystical outlook, being much influenced by Indian philosophy such as the 'Upanishads and in turn influencing 'Thoreau and Whitman. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Ioläus (1902), 175: from his "Essay on 'Friendship"; states "the only way to have a friend is to be one". Ioläus (1935), 234-60: essay on friendship. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 528-31. Criticism. Mayne, The Intersexes, 38: poem '"Friendship". Katz, Gay American History, 45661: re infatuation with his fellow student Martin Gay at 'Harvard and poem. Philosopher from Greece writing in Greek. Active 459 B.C. A poem of his, the first expression of reincarnation in a European culture, is engraved on the grave of *Hubert Fichte: "I have already become a beautiful youth, a beautiful young woman, and a bush and a bird and a fish from the shining sea". (The word kouros in the poem meaning beautiful youth has strong homosexual associations.) He lived in *Sicily where he was associated with Pythagoras. The idea of reincarnation in ancient Greek philosophy may relate to similar ideas in ancient *Indian philosophy. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary. Emperors - Chinese and Japanese Poets, book collectors and patrons from China and Japan relating to poems in Chinese and Japanese. Emperors of relavance date from ca. 200 B.C. Chinese. Chinese emperors had absolute sexual freedom as emperors had absolute power until the 'Republican period from 1911: who would dare rebuke such a person, even as a child? Since Emperors had freedom to express their sexuality it is likely that the proportion of bisexual emperors is very high in all periods. All emperors wrote poetry, the writing of which was integral to the education system. Being absolute monarchs, the Emperors set the tone for Chinese society which has been tolerant of homosexuality. They are discussed below under the relevant dynasties. See also *cut sleeves, *Law - Chinese, *Libraries and Archives - Chinese. *Han period. This period was 206 B.C.-200 A.D. This is the earliest period from which evidence survives of homosexuality in Chinese emperors. Han China was noted for its great refinement and *aesthetic feeling. From the foundation of the Han dynasty, several emperors were homosexual or *bisexual. See also Van Gulik, Sexual LIfe in Ancient China, pp. 62-63 (*re Han emperors), 93 (re the boy emperor Fei-ti, also called Liu Tzu-yeh; reigned 449-465), 202 (re the Han emperor Ching (reigned 156-141 B.C.) (all names in Wade Giles). See Shasha, History of Homosexuality in China, pp. xx-xxi for other references. For a list of homosexual or bisexual Han emperors see Journal of Homosexuality volume 14 no. 3-4 (1987), 23. Sui period. See Shasha, History of Homosexuality in China, p. xxii: re Yand DI. Five Dynasties. See Shasha, History of Homosexuality in China, p. xxii: re Wang Xingxin and Emperor of Zhu (Szechwan). *T'ano period. See Shasha, History of Homosexuality in China, P. xxii: re Emperors Xi Zong, Ming Wang. *Ch'ina period. Hsien Fong (ruled 1851-61) and Tung Chih (ruled 1862-74) had homosexual relationships (see Journal of Homosexuality, vol. 14 no. 33/4 [1987], 26); *Ch'ien Lung (reigned 1736-95) had a homosexual love (same source). See also references in Shasha, History of Homosexuality in China. *Pu Yi the last emperor, who ruled as a child from 1909-1912, was homosexual. *Mao, called the Red Emperor, had homosexual experiences and wrote poetry. Paintings, which frequently had poems written on them, were part of the imperial collection and especially made for the emperors. The Emperors had important collections of sexual books in their libraries. The Chinese emperor as model influenced Korea, Japan and Vietnam, Burma, Lao and Cambodia (compare *Sultans). Other references. Hinsch, Passions of the Cut Sleeve: various emperors are referred to throughout. Japanese. See the article "Homosexuality" in Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan for the *Heian emperors Emperor Shirakawa (10531129) and Toba (1103-1156); they also have entries in Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan. The Emperor Toba married and had two sons. Several poetry anthologies were compiled for Japanese emperors (some contained relevant poems; see *Imperial anthologies). Some *shoguns (military rulers of Japan who in effect exercised imperial control) were gay. Leupp, Male Colors: The Construction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan, 26, has a list of homosexual emperors. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1960. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10618: poem "The Clown", from ONE Magazine 8: 11(November 1960). Reference work in French and English covering history, biography, criticism and listing manuscripts and bibliographies relating to Arabic, Persian, Turkish, Urdu and other *Islamic languages. From 1913. Encyclopaedia of Islam is a major source of knowledge of homosexuality in Islamic poets writing in Arabic, Persian, Turkish and Urdu and other languages of Islam. Homosexuality was discussed from the first edition and continues to be so in the second edition, begun in 1960. Both editions are published in French and translated into English. The first edition was originally published in German from 1913 in fascicles. Vol. 1, A-D, 1913+, Vol. 2 , E-K, 1927+; Vol. 3, L-T, 1936+; Vol. 4, S-Z, 1934+. Supplement Volume, 1938. The second edition was published in French and English from 1960; it has been appearing in fascicles also. Volume 1, A-B, 1960; Vol. 2, C-G, 1965; Vol. 3, H-IRAM, 1971; Vol. 4, IRAN-KHA, 1978; Vol. 5, KHE-MAHI, 1986; Vol. 6, MAHK-MID, 1991; Vol. 7, MIF-NAZ, 1993; Vol. 8, NED- (in process). Supplement Volume ABBAS-IRAKI, 1980. Index to Vols. 1-6 and Supplement 1-6, 1991. Index of Subjects, Vols. 1-6, 1993. The second edition has claims to be one of the greatest encyclopedias ever published. As attitudes to homosexuality have changed considerably during the course of publication, dates are very relevant and there is more candour in the later volumes. The second edition also includes twentieth century writers. The bibliographies at the end of articles usually cite manuscript sources so entries are an important source for manuscripts. An editor, *Charles Pellat wrote the article *"Liwat" (sodomy) in the second edition; *Arno Schmitt has written a commentary on it. Turkish. A Turkish translation of the first edition, with additional Turkish material, exists titled Turk Islam Ansiklopedisi (ca. 1940); this is in effect the second edition of the encyclopedia. A work called Turkiye Diyanet Vakfi Islam Ansiklopedisi and published in Istanbul from 1988 (volume 14, Gelibolu to Haddesena was published in 1996) is not a translation of the encyclopedia but an entirely separate work. Work of bibliography in English from the United States. The index only has been published, Boston: Homophilics Institute, 1989, 104 pages. It is edited by *Richard Dey (executive editor 1985-90) and consists, in the 1989 Interim Index, of 5000 entries of homosexuals, including many poets. Only the names and birth and death dates are given and no further information. A Directory which expands the information to 1,500 pages is available on Wang Plus Disc or for 50 cents per page. The Encyclopedia itself had 15,000 pages at 1989. According to an internet homepage on the Homophilics Insititute the list of entries is to appear on the Internet. The Insititute was formed in Boston in 1962 and publishes the journal The Gay Review (ca. 1990). Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, The Reference work relating to history and criticism in English from the United States. 2 volumes, New York: Garland, 1990; index pp. 1419-84. Edited by *Wayne Dynes, with associate editors *Warren Johansson and *William A. Percy, the encyclopedia contains a literary index at the beginning (pages xxvi-xxviii) and is the first serious attempt to adumbrate the whole field of homosexuality, male and female, in English or in any other known language. The editors wrote many of the several hundred articles, including entries on poets. The article "Poetry" is by *Stephen Wayne Foster. All relevant articles have been referred to in this encyclopedia. Reviews: Journal of Homosexuality vol. 20 no. 4 (1991), 81-97 (reply by Wayne Dynes in the following issue) and in Forum 11 (1991), 126-30, by *Wolfgang Popp. End of the World Speshul Anthology Collection from Canada in English. 1977. Edited by *bill bissett it is an anthology including a poem by the gay poet *Ian Young. This work is issue 5 of the journal blewointment, published by bill bissett 1963-1968. It is listed in *Ian Young: A Bibliograpphy as item C19. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1162: Vancouver: blewointmentpress, 1977. Homosexuality in Canada, first edition (1979), 17: states '"See Ian Young's "Saskatoon Snow'". Poet possibly from the United States writing in English. Active before 1982. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gay Poetry, 1. Poet from Israel who wrote in Turkish; he lived from childhood in Turkey. 1760-1810. The author of four books of poetry published in 'Istanbul in 1838 which were promptly banned because of their erotic nature. After his parents had been involved in an anti-government conspiracy, he was sent to Istanbul, where he was educated as a child . He has been called Fazyl Bey (see Bibliographies below) and Fadil Bey. He wrote a long poem, Defteri Ask (Book of Love) in which there are 170 couplets praising the eighteenth century dancing boy 'Çingene Ismail. His Çinginame (The book of dancing boys), a book about nineteenth century dancing boys, gives the names and stage names of forty-five performers from 'Istanbul. E. J. W. Gibb in Gibb, History of Ottoman Poetry, vol. 4, pp. 235-36 states his Chengi-Name (The Book of Dancers), is a descriptive list of the principal 'dancing boys in 'Istanbul where "all reticence is cast aside". The Hubanname details the physical charms of 'Istanbul beauties, both male and female, of various nationalities; this work was translated into French (listed in the citation in Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10623 - see below). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, p. 362 states The Book of Dancers lists forty-three boy entertainers and the Khuban Name (Book of Women) lists boys of thirty-six countries. The Zenanname describes a raid made on a women's 'bathhouse. He is also called Enderunlu Fazil Vehbi. In the ' British Library General Catalogue to 1975 see under 'Usman, called Vasif Beg - one work A Mother's Advice to her Daughter, Privately printed, 1881 is listed. His works were published in Istanbul in 1838 and immediately suppressed; as a result they became rare collector's items (a copy of the Turkish text of 1939 is listed in the 'British Library General Catalogue to 1975 - see under Fazil, Beg). He was exiled to Rhodes and went blind on seeing the bloody execution of a fellow exile. He was born in Acca (now Israel) and died in Istanbul. If Gibb is to be believed he was totally homosexual (see below). Note: the suggestion in Kearney, Private Case, p. 25 by 'Gershon Legman suggesting Fazyl Bey is 'Edmond Fazy is wrong. Translation. French. The Zenan-nameh was translated into French by Jean Adolphe Decourdemanche as Le livre des femmes (Paris, 1878). Rare: a copy is in the 'Library of Congress and one is in the 'British Library (see under Fazil, Beg). Le livre des beaux (The book of beautiful men), Paris: Bibliothèque internationale d'édition, 1909 (see criticism below) contains descriptions of forty-three beautiful young men and the translation has been attributed by 'Pascal Pia (pseud.) to 'Edmond Fazy (see Pia, Les Livres de l'Enfer in Bibliographies below); rare: a copy is in the *Enfer. English. The Book of Women (Zenan-Nameh) was translated by *E. Powys Mathers, London, 1927. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Mitler, Ottoman Turkish Writers, 45-46. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition: see "Fadil Bey, Huseyn". Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, Volume 2, item 10623: Fazyl Bey, Le livre des beaux (The book of beautiful men), Paris: Bibliothèque internationale d'édition, 1909; a note states it "has several poems dealing with homosexuality". Pia, Les Livres de l'Enfer, vol. 1, columns 757-58: same book. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 376: trans. from from Zenan-Name (The Book of Women); the only text available to Reid (see 362) biog., 361-62 and two poems p. 362. Criticism. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 11 (1910), 80-82: review of Le Livre des beaux. Der Kreis 12 (8 August 1944), 13: article on Le livre des beaux by C. W. with trans. of poem "Le Beau de la mer Egée". Gibb, History of Ottoman Poetry, volume 4, 220-42; notes 224 "the objects of the poet's love are all youths" (see also p. 230); spelt Fazil Bey. Myth and trope in Greek from Greece and later in *European languages. From ca. 100+. In Greek mythology, Endymion was a beautiful youth loved by the moon goddess, who fell in love with him while watching him sleeping. He is thus an example of the ideally beautiful man. For the ancient artistic depiction see the entry in * Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae, volume 3, part 1. The English poet John Keats wrote a *long poem called Endymion. Endymion appears in sculpture from at least the *Hellenistic period, normally depicted sleeping naked with erotic implications. The most famous sculpture of Endymion is in the Antikensammlungen (Antique Collection) in *Munich (this work was "restored" in the eighteenth century by Vincenzo Pacetti). Another sculptural masterpiece, from the era of *Neoclassicism, is in the Cleveland Museum of Fine Arts. Compare *Adonis, another beautiful youth loved by a god. Dutch: *Gerrit Komrij; English: John Keats, *Oscar Wilde, *Martin Boyd, 'Randolph Stow; German: *Oscar Linke, *Walter Wenghofer; Greek: see *Cavafy; Latin: see *Martial x 4. Swedish: *Verner von Heidenstam. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 384. Oxford Latin Dictionary. Graves, Greek Myths, volume 1, 210 11. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Criticism. Norton, Homosexual Literary Tradition, 39 (re Martial). Poem from France written in French. Ca. 1150. Criticism. *Gerald Herman, "The 'Sin Against Nature' and its Echoes In Medieval French Literature", Annuale Mediaevale 17 (1976), 80-83: homosexuality imputed to Aeneas (quote from Eneas, edited by J. J. Salverda de Grave, Paris, 1929, vv8566-8611 and vv9130-70). Aeneas is the protagonist of *Virgil's Aeneid. Sexual practice recorded in English from the United States from 1989. An enema is a device to remove faeces from the bowel. The insertion of the enema itself is the erotic part. Removal of faeces from the anus can also make *anal sex more pleasurable. In English see *Gavin Dillard, The Naked Poet, 1989, no pagination: the poem "Spivy and me": "lying on the bed.../ giving each other enemas". On the subject of enemas see David Barton-Jay, The Enema as an Erotic Art and Its History, 1984 (reviewed The Advocate no. 395, 29 May 1984). Collection of poems in English from Great Britain. The first anthology of *Elizabethan poets containing 150 poems, first published in 1600. It contains many pastoral poems with homosexual undertones and some openly homosexual poems. The editor is unknown. It was republished in 1614. Text: a convenient text is the Muses' Library edition, 1949 edited by Hugh Macdonald (also reprinted). As examples of relevant poems, in this edition see pp. 7-8 "Astrophel's Love is Dead" by *Sir Philip Sidney, 24 "To Colin Cloute" by Shepherd Tonie, 32 "Coridon and Melampus Song" (see *Corydon) by George Peele, 44-45 "Colin Cloutes Mournful Ditty for the Death of Astrophel" by *Edmund Spenser, 70-75 "Syrenus Song to Eugerius" and reply by *Bartholomew Yonge, 77-79 "The Shepherds Ode" by *Richard Barnfield, 82-83 "The Shepherds Description of Love" by Ignoto (pseud.), 87-89 "The Shepherd Carillo his Song" by Bar. Yong, 11516 "The Shepherds Sonnet" by Richard Barnfield, 192-93 "The Passionate Shepherd" by *Christopher Marlowe and reply. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1986. Book of poems: Loose Change, Alphabeta Press, 1986; listed in new books in James White Review vol. 5 no. 2 (Winter 1988), 17. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Voices Against the Wilderness, 30-36; a *black poet from Evergreen Park, Illinois. Historian and bibliographer from Germany writing in German. 1887-1935. Author of Geschichte der erotischen Literatur (History of erotic literature), Stuttgart, 1927 (repr. 1977), which was translated into French as L'histoire de l'erotisme en Europe, 1932 (an adapted rather than a straight translation). This is a noted history of erotic literature in German which, however, only deals minimally with homosexuality. This work mostly deals with German and French works with smaller sections on Italian, English, ancient Greek and Latin works and brief discussion of Egyptian, Arabic, Persian and Indian literatures. He also wrote Das skatologische Element in Literatur, Kunst und Volksleben (The *skatalogical element in literature, art and folklife), Stuttgart, 1928, and Irrgarten der Erotik (Labyrinth of the Erotic), Leipzig, 1931 (repr. 1965). He edited the ninth volume of *Hayn Gotendorf, Bibliotheca Germanorum Erotica, (1929) which has a long section on homosexuality. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Lexikon des gesamten Buchwesens, second edition. Bibliographies. Hayn, Gotendorf, Bibliotheca Germanorum Erotica, vol. 9, 146-49: detailed contents list of Geschichte der erotischen Literatur. Deakin, Catalogi librorum eroticum, 9. Work of bibliography in English from Great Britain. From 1992. This consists of two CD ROMS which contain the full text of all English poets from Great Britain from 600 to 1900; volume one, 6001800, volume two 1800-1900, Cambridge: Chadwick-Healey, 1992-1995. The whole text can be checked for any word or phrase; e.g. a check for *Ganymede, yielded twenty-three poems for the word in poems to 1800 and 24 for 1800-1900, while a check for *sodom yielded seventy and thirty poems respectively. The texts of 1300 British poets are included; however, due to copyright reasons only texts published before 1900 could be included and many are not the best texts of the poet. Enlightenment, in German Aufklärung Period in French, German and English literature in France, Germany, Austria and Great Britain. Term applied to the movement based on rationalism in the arts and sciences starting from the mid-seventeenth century but reaching its apogee 1750-1800. In relationship to homosexuality, the reediting of the ancient Greek ' Palatine Anthology and the *Mousa Paidike were important in giving validation to homosexuality in poetry and in life in this period. At the end of the period, the French revolution saw the overthrow of monarchical government in France. The enlightenment preceded *Romanticism (which was a reaction to it). French. *Voltaire was the main philosopher of this period. *Libertinism was an active creed. In 1791, male homosexuality was legalized in France following the French Revolution. See also *Jacob Stockinger. German. 1750-1780 was the high point in literature. *C M Wieland and *Lessing were key figures. *Goethe and *Schiller reacted against it in their "Sturm und Drang" period. *Paul Derks has written a brilliant study on German writers of the period. English. See Peter Wagner, Eros revived: erotica of the enlightenment in England and America, 1988 especially Chapter 6, "Poetry and Facetiae". Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality. Poet from France who wrote in Latin. 473-521. He became Bishop of Pavia. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Medieval Latin Poems of Male Love and Friendship, 4-7: epigrams in the vein of *Martial but showing strong interest in homosex; biog., 143. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 139; states he married and then entered the church. Poet from Japan who wrote in Japanese. 1661-1707. A *pupil of Basho. See Henderson, Introduction to Haiku, pp. 55-61; some poems with erotic suggestions - e.g. "snow" may refer to semen. Only slight gay reference is possible. He never married. Not in Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan: Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1920. In Laughing Hyena and Other Poems, London, 1953, pp. 46-47, see "To *Cavafy, of Alexandria"; this poem was omitted from his Collected Poems, 1987. He married in 1949, has a daughter and has worked in East Asia as an English lecturer and has published many volumes of poetry. Antholgoies. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Criticism. Perkins, History of Modern Poetry, volume two, 439-40: outline of career. Poet from Mexico who wrote in Spanish. 1948-ca. 1987. He lived in *Mexico City and was an *actor who died of *Aids. Outstanding gay poems include a brilliant gay erotic *sequence "Story of My Life". Translation. English. See Gay Sunshine 44/45, 1980 (second section) p. 41: fine poem in Spanish with English trans. by *E A Lacey: "Estupendo acompañante (Wonderful companion)". Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10619: the poem in Now the Volcano, "La mia y la historia de algunos amigos..." (The story of myself and some friends) in * Gay Sunshine 23 November-December 1974, 10-12. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Now the Volcano, 70-81: a brilliant sequence about the author's gay life, trans. into English by *Erskine Lane; biog., 65. Drobci stekla v ustih, 141-45; biog., 185. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 694-95, trans. by *E A Lacey; biog., 694. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 366-68. Word now in English, originally in Greek from Greece. A youth or young man at the age of early manhood. The word may have existed from before ca. 200 in Greek. Greek. See Liddell and Scott, Greek-English Lexicon, p. 743 (ephabos) referring to "a young citizen from eighteen to twenty years of age in Athens during which time he was occupied in garrison duty" (i.e. a young man in the peak of manhood and therefore very attractive); this definition has been taken from its surviving usage in Athenian law. The usage is not cited in Greek poetry in Liddell and Scott. See also *J. Oehler and Dover, Greek Homosexuality, p. 238 (slight references). English: *Wallace Stevens. See *Tahriq Rahman, "Ephebophilia: the case for the use of a new word", Forum for Modern language Studies 24 (1988), 126-41. French: see Courouve, Vocabulaire de l'homosexualité masculine, 107 citing *Verlaine. Latin: *Hérelle manuscript 3258 cites Quidde collegiis epheborum apud graecos..., Paris, 1877: a *thesis apparently presented at the *Sorbonne. Compare *Narcissus. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Pauly, Wissowa, Paulys Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft : see "Ephebos" by *W. Kroll. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality: see "Ephebophilia" and "Youth". Ephemera refers to works on paper which are usually thrown away. Material survives in English and other languages from the United States, Great Britain, Australia and other countries. From at least 1882. Here it refers to poems published on flimsy or cheap paper and is to be distinguished from *broadside poems which are usually formally typeset and printed on longer lasting paper (though it is not always possible to distinguish ephemera from longer lasting broadsides). Protest songs which were sometimes photocopied and were sung at gay demonstrations fall into this category. A work on *Oscar Wilde in the United States is compiled from newspaper cuttings from his 1882 tour which are ephemera: see *Lloyd Lewis. The * Songs of Gay Liberation Quire (1986) from Australia were originally given out on one page foolscap sheets. *Bawdry has survived in this form, as have some *ballads. Gay *archives are likely to contain such material. Many volumes of gay poetry and even *anthologies fall into the category of ephemera since they have been published on cheap paper which will not last long; most *chapbooks are in the ephemera category. Photocopying paper frequently used for such publications has an especially short life. Posters from poetry readings are very important for information and rarely survive. Poet from Syria writing in Syrian. Ca. 306-373. The most famous saint of the Syrian church who wrote many works in poetry including *hymns. He was an ascetic who praised virginity and possibly gay. An article by Alan Palmer of SOAS (School of Oriental and African Studies, London) is believed to have been written on him and homosexuality; this has not been traced. It was supposedly given at a conference on Syrian studies prior to 2000. A concise summary of his life is in Herbert Butler's Lives of the Saints (many editions) Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica. Genre in Sumerian, Hittite and Akkadian and later in the *Indo-European and *Altaic language families as well as other languages. Epics of relevance date from ca. 1200 B.C. when the HIttite version of Gilgamesh dates; fragments in Sumerian, possibly relevant, date from 2000 B.C. Epics divide into written and oral works. An epic is a long poem on a serious subject; the usual given example of the genre is *Homer's *Iliad. Epics usually have a *hero who is invariably male (see also *heroic poems). A narrative poem centering on a hero is perhaps the best definition of an epic. In the twentieth century, epics have tended to be replaced by the long *sequence due to the fragmentation of poetic form (e. g. long sequences by *Ezra Pound and *Charles Olson). See overall for oral epics Guida M. Jackson, Encyclopedia of Traditional Epics, Santa Barbara, CA, 1994 (called Traditional Epics for the British edition, London, 1995). The earliest surviving epic is Gilgamesh which survives complete in Akkadian from before 612 B.C. though fragments in Sumerian date from before 2,000 B.C.. A version exists in Hittite (from before 1200 B.C) with homosexual puns which is used here as the earliest relevant date. In Greek. Homer's Iliad dates from ca. 700 B.C. in composition but in its surviving form from 180 B.C. The world's longest literary work is the * Manas Epic. See also *Achilles and Patroclus, *Apollonius Rhodius, *Musaeus, *Nonnus, *Apollonius Rhodius, *Musaeus, *long poems, *heroic poems, *oral epics. Epics have frequently depicted a world of close *male bonding; but see *Achilles and Patroclus, * Gilgamesh and *Firdausi regarding expression of homosexual feelings going beyond close bonding. Many epics touch on male *homosexuality. The discovery by Milman Parry of oral epics in the Balkans in the 1930s, works which had similarities to Homer's poems, led to major rethinking about the oral composition of the Homeric epics; these Balkan epics relate to similar poems in *Turkic languages which stretch across Asia to Mongolia. *lndo-European languages. Serbo-Croat and Albanian (which language is a language isolate and not Indo-European): see John Kolsti, The bilingual singer: a study in Albanian and Serbo-Croatian oral epic traditions , 1990. See the separate entry *Oral epics - Albanian, Macedonian, Montenegrin, Serbo-Croat, Ukrainian. (These languages, apart from Albanian, are all *Slavic languages.) English: *Beowulf, *Abraham Cowley, *John Milton. From the United States poet *Walt Whitman free verse epics were written: especially relevant here are Whitman's Leaves of Grass, *Edward Carpenter, *Horace Traubel, *Charles Olson; see also *Ezra Pound, *William Carlos Williams, *James Holmes. French: see *Scarron. German: *Wolfram von Eschenbach author of Parzival, *Erich Linke. Italian: *Boirado, *Ariosto. Latin: see *Virgil. Persian: *Firdawsi. *Amir Khosrou. See Yarshater, Persian Literature, 96108, for a general introduction. Consult also Rypka, History of Iranian Literature. Sanskrit: *Mahabharata, *Ramayana (both translated into many languages). *Altaic languages. *Turkic languages of central Asia and Turkey. One of the richest traditions of all epic traditions is in these languages. See Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, the article "Hamasa" - a brilliant article by A. T. Hatto - and Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, the article Alpamish (one of the most famous epics of central Asia, in Uzbek, Kazakh, Karakalpak and spread over central Asia in all Turkic languages). In Nora Chadwick, Oral Epics of Central Asia, 1969, Part One by Nora Chadwick deals with the Turkic peoples, Part Two by Victor Zhirmunsky, "Epic Songs and Singers", deals with the Russian scholarship and translation of Turkic epics from the time of V. V. Radlov in 1866 and has a very important bibliography pp. 324-48. Karl Reichl, Turkic Oral Epic Poetry, 1992, is an excellent recent survey. Oinas, Heroic Epic and Saga, pp. 310-335, has a major overview. A huge Turkic tradition exists; there are hundreds of separate poems and works. These epics portray a strong male-centered world and need to be examined for strong *male bonding (necessary for survival in a harsh environment) and *heroic poems centering on heroes; the influence of *Firdausi is likely and he in turn was almost certainly influenced by Turkic poems. *Performance is of interest: Nora Chadwick notes., op. cit., p. 244, they were performed by a *shaman at night in a yurt (i.e. movable house). The Kirghiz * Manas epic is longer than the * Mahabharata and claimed to be the world's longest literary work in its written version; *Kokotoydun is an example of a fragment with some homoeroticism. Yusuf and Ahmed is a tale possibly relevant as is the *Koroglu tale based on the bandit Koroglu (also known in *Caucasian languages). There has been extensive translation into Russian of Turkic epics; critical discussion has been mainly in Russian due to many Turkic speaking countries being under Russian domination (except Turkey) especially 1917-1991. Turkic languages - Uzbek. Karakalpak. Kirghiz. Turkmen - contain the epic tale of Alpamysh (especially in Karakalpak and Tajik) on which see Chadwick, Oral Epics of Central Asia, 292-95, Encyclopedia of Islam, second edition, Great Soviet Encyclopedia (which lists versions in all the languages in the language field) and the entry "Alpomis" in Kindlers neues Literatur Lexikon and for Uzbek A. T. Hatto, Traditions of Heroic and Epic Poetry, London, 1980, volume 2, 94-120. Kirghiz. A huge volumed epic of 4 million lines has been recorded as existing; no text has yet reached *European languages - see the article "Manas" in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, by A. T. Hatto. See also A. T. Hatto, "The Birth of Manas", Asia Minor vol. 14 (1968-69), 217-41. Manas's parents were childless for fourteen years before conceiving him. A. T. Hatto claims (letter to this author) that the only authentic version of the epic is that of *V. V. Radlov of 1869 and that the twentieth century versions are composite versions. Mongolian. A large volume of works exists: see Lang, Guide to Eastern Literatures, 357 (works in Russian published in Moscow by Ts. Damdinsuren, 1957, N. Poppe, 1937 and B. Y Vladimirtsov, 1923, are especially important; see also, in German, I. J. Schmidt, Die Taten Bogda Gesser, Berlin, 1925). Nicholas Poppe, The Heroic Epic of the Khalka Mongols (1979) deals with one; no index or bibliography. Turkish: see *Book of Dede Korkut. *Parody is also relevant. *Dravidian languages. Tamil: see ilankovatikal. *Afro-asiatic languages. Arabic. See The Merchant of Art by Susan E. Slymovicx, 1988: discusses oral epics performed in south Egypt - see review in Oral Tradition vol. 4 no.1-2 (January-May 1989), 267-68: in a performance by a singer "Awadallah father-daughter *incest in the tale is reversed and becomes mother-son sexuality" (see *Oedipus complex). *African languages. See the separate entry *Oral epics - African languages. Isidore Okpewho, The Epic in Africa, 1979 is a study of the oral epics in Africa; includes a bibliography. East Asian languages. Ainu: see *Kutune Shirka. Ainu is spoken on an island to the north of the main Japanese islands. *Sinitic languages. For Tibetan see A. David-Neel, The Superhuman Life of Gesar of Ling, London, 1933, an epic based on *Julius Caesar. This epic exists in other languages. Mongolian, Nepalese and Bhutanese versions are known and several from Baltistan in the northeast of Pakistan in a Tibetan dialect (each valley has its own version). *Austronesian languages. Buoinese: see *1 La Galigo, an epic poem recited by *transvestite priests. Versions of the * Mahabharata and the *Ramayana which have been extensively translated into these languages are relevant. Translations of the above works have led to the wide dissemination of epic poems around the world. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics. New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Epicurus and Epicurean philosophy Philosopher and philosophy in Greek from Greece; as a philosophy it appears in Persian and English. 341 B.C.-270 B.C. Epicurus was a philosopher whose main belief was that the aim of life is to be happy and under his philosophy, the pursuit of pleasure was one of the main human ideals. As a philosopher his work shows the influence of his predecessor *Plato. He founded a school in *Athens which was very influential an influence continuing into Roman times: see *Herculaneum. In poetry is expressed in Greek in the work of the 'Alexandrian poets and later in such poets as *Philodemus and in such Latin poets as *Horace. Little of his writing survives, though his philosophical approach is apparent in much ancient Greek homopoetry with its emphasis on enjoyment and pleasure. His thought was opposed by the early Christians whose aim in life was to earn a place in heaven in the next world. After the fourth century A.D. and the triumph of Christianity his influence dramatically abated. His philosophy may have influenced such Persian poets as *Omar Khayyam. English: see *Edward Fitzgerald, *Norman Douglas. There has been increased emphasis on Epicureanism since *gay liberation. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 390-92. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 69-70. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 363-64. Genre in Greek from Greece and later in *European languages. First known from ancient Greek works from Greece from ca. 550 B.C. Greek. Epigram means inscription, and the form probably started originally as an *epitaph on a grave. It became the dominant lyric form in the *Alexandrian period, of which the best known epigrammatist was *Asclepiades; see Kathryn J. Gutzwiller, Poetic Garlands: Hellenistic epigrams in context, Berkeley, 1999. The most famous gay epigrams are Book 12 of the * Palatine Anthology, the * Mousa Paidike, in which the two major authors are *Meleager and *Straton. The first classical epigrammatist is usually taken to be *Simonides. *Poliziano wrote gay Greek epigrams in the *Renaissance. References. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 392-92. Symonds, A Problem in Greek Ethics, 40. Buffiere, Eros adolescent, 293-324: "La multiple splendour de l'epigram" (The multiple splendour of the epigram); this chapter examines the gay epigram in ancient Greek in detail. Latin. The epigram is the poetic form which has been most used for homopoetry in Latin - continuously from *Catullus onwards. Latin epigrammatists were heavily influenced by the Greek tradition. The influence of the Latin poet *Martial was paramount in inspiring homosexual epigrams in *European languages: he was the crucial poet who brought homosexuality to the fore in the genre. He influenced many later poets such as *Ausonius and the medieval poets in the anthology of *Thomas H. Stehling. The epigram was again used in Italy in the *Renaissance by the *Neo-Latin Poets of *humanism and their opponents, such poets as *Alciati, *Beccadelli, *Dazzi, *Poliziano; see also the poem * Roma quod ab inverso. Anonymous epigrams linking homosexuality and leaders survive from the Renaissance. Translation of Greek epigram writers into Latin (such as the poets of the * Palatine Anthology) is also significant. See also the entries *epitaph, James Hutton, *Pico della Mirandola, *"Let a friar of some order". English Most English epigrams (especially in the 'seventeenth century) are inspired by Martial whom epigram writers looked back to; Latin epigrams were also composed by English poets and educated men. English epigrams are notable for not referring to homosexuality due to *Puritanism and *censorsip. By the time accurate and uncensored translations of Martial became available in the *Victorian period the epigram was no longer a major genre. Other 'European languages. French: Epigrams both pro and contra homosexuality date from ca. 1500 - see *Marolles, *Perceau. See also James Hutton and *L'Estoile. German. *Platen and *Goethe wrote gay epigrams. Italian. See 'Renaissance poets, James Hutton. The epigram tradition has been brilliantly continued by the modern poets *Sandro Penna (much influenced by the form), *Mario Stefani and *Massimo Consoli. Russian: *Pushkin. Spanish: see *Benavente. Works in Dutch are likely - see James Hutton. Epigraphy and epigraphical Inscriptions Epigraphy is the study of written matter recorded in hard or durable form - e. g., inscribed on clay, rock or pottery. Material of relevance dates from before 1200 B.C. from Gilgamesh (some parts of which in Sumerian date from before 2,000 B.C.). See the subject entry "Inscriptions" in library catalogs for information. There is extensive material from West Asia which has not been analysed from a gay perspective (e. g. in cuneiform in *Afro-asiatic languages); epigraphs in Chinese and Japanese, especially in Japanese temples with *phallic statues, and possibly in India in Sanskrit and Hindi in temples with phallic statues could relate to similar practices. Material in ancient Egyptian is also likely. Material in non-literate cultures could also supply evidence of homosexuality (consult Goodland, Bibliography of Sex Rites, for possible sources). Hittite. The Hittite version of * Gilgamesh, the earliest surviving long poem of gay relevance survives on clay tablets dated to before 1200 B.C.; it is written in cuneiform writing. Akkadian: *Gilgemesh survives from the library of Ashurbanipal (668-627 B.C.) in the form of clay tablets; the records are in cuneiform. Greek, some homopoems appear painted on vases from ca. 450 B.C. with kalos inscriptions (inscriptions which name beautiful men) - see *David Robinson. Strictly speaking they are not epigraphs as they are not engraved but some kalos names are engraved. Latin: some homosexual Sgraffiti from *Pompeii are poems. Contrast *manuscripts - which are usually written on paper or other animal material (such as animal skins) and are less durable. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica . Poem in English from France. 1773. Quoted in Albion vol. 9 (1977), 99, in the article by Albert Gilbert, "Sexual Deviance and Disaster". It appeared in a newspaper of 19 July 1773. Bob Jones died in France and the poem refers to *Sodom and Gomorrah. Poem in French from France. Ca 1570. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 157-58: trans. into English by *Stephen Coote; the poem dates ca. 1570. *Hérelle manuscript 3188 f. 374: states the celebrated preacher Olivier Mailliard (1440-1521) was accused of sodomy and Helvetius in his book L'esprit, discours II, p. 184 of the first edition, gives an *epigram written against Maillard. Genre in Greek, Latin, English and French. From ca. 700 B.C. Epitaphs are inscriptions on graves; some are in the form of poetry. They relate to the beginnings of the *epigram tradition (the word epigram comes from epitaphios meaning "a funeral speech"). Many survive in the * Palatine Anthology. That they were engraved on tombs has helped in their survival, stone being longer lasting than paper (see *epigraphs). The surviving epitaphs in poetry on the graves of known homosexuals are relevant. Greek and Latin: see Richmond Lattimore, Greek and Latin Epitaphs, Urbana, 1962 (though nothing of relevance was found on perusal of this book). The homosexual *Oxford don John Sparrow edited several small collections of Latin epitaphs. Greek. See Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 133 (cited below); see also *C. M. Bowra. English. See *Drummond of Hawthornden, *"Epitaph for Bob Jones", *Fulke Greville, *Ben Jonson, John Milton, *N. Coghill. French. See *Villon, *"Epitaph for Jean Maillard". Gay Poetry Anthologies. Ioläus (1902), 80: citing *J. A. Symonds, The Greek Poets, ii, 298 re Palatine Anthology vii 346 (with English translation referring to the man Parthenophil). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 121: two Greek epitaphs ca. 700 B.C. and 6th century B.C.; i 133-35 (sepulchral epigrams). Poet from Germany writing in German. Born 1942. A journalist, bookseller and author. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Schwüle Lyrik, schwüle Prosa, 51-55: two poems; biog., 52, photo, 51. Milchsilber, 40-41, 143-69 (prose); biog., 187: pseudonym of Hans-Peter Reichelt; photo p. 186. Poet and letter writer from the Netherlands who wrote in Latin. 1468-1536. Erasmus was the greatest biblical and classical scholar of the northern *Renaissance and of northern *humanism; he was a member of the Augustinian order and was a priest. His Latin letters to a fellow monk have been responsible for deducing that he had a homosexual temperament. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1170 cites The Collected Works of Erasmus. The Correspondence of Erasmus, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1974. For homoerotic letters to Servantius Rogerus, see My Dear Boy: Gay Love Letters through the Centuries, pp. 49-53. For texts of his poems see The Poems of Desiderius Erasmus, edited by C. Reedijk, Leiden, 1956. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 254-58. Dictionnaire Gay. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Andere Lieben, 69-71: German trans. of the Latin poem "To Servatius Roger". "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen", 61-62: same poem. Criticism. Mayne, The Intersexes, 263: states he "was homosexual". Erastes The word means senior partner, lover (as distinct from beloved) or "dominant" partner, and may have the sense that this person is the insertor in homosexual 'anal sex. Liddell and Scott, Greek-English Lexicon, p. 6B1, defines the word as "lover". The word comes from the word stem 'eros meaning "love". In fifth century 'Athens, the erastes was an older male and is documented in the speech by 'Aeschylus in 'Plato's ' Symposium: at Symposium section 179, 'Phaedrus states that in his view Patroclus was the erastes in the 'Achilles and Patroclus relationship. See also 'eromenos (the junior partner), 'Achilles and Patroclus and Dover, Greek Homosexuality, p. 16. Poet from Turkey who wrote in Greek. Ca. 531-ca. 5BQ. Mentioned in Agathias Scholasticus, "The Erotic and Aesthetic Poetry of Agathias Scholasticus", Byzantion 41 (1971), 212 as a contemporary of 'Agathias Scholasticus. No entry in Oxford Classical Dictionary. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Pauly, Wissowa, Paulys Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, vol. vi, 35B. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Palatine Anthology v 277: urging men not to love males and stating that he loves women only. Publisher from Germany of works in German. From before 1964. The press has published significent gay poetry from before 1964 including: *Uve Schmidt (before 1964), *Felix Rexhausen and *Detlev Meyer (published in 1990). Initially in Stierstadt im Taurnus, in 1990 it was in Dusseldorf. Philosopher and biographer from France writing in French. Active from 1987. A major writer on gay issues and the idea of *homosexuality from a philosophical view: see his Réflexions sur la question gay (Paris, 1998), 526 pp., Les études gay et lesbiennes (Paris, 1998) and Papiers d'identité: interventions sur la question gay (Paris, 2000). He has also written a major biography of *Michel Foucault first published in French in 1989. He has published three books of interviews with Georges Dumezil, Claude Lévi-Strauss and Ernst Gombrich. He is an editor at Le Nouvel Observateur. Pseudonym of two poets from Australia who wrote in English. Active 1944. "Ern Malley" was created by two Australian poets, *Harold Stewart and James McAuley, as a literary hoax. Harold Stewart was homosexual: see his entry. The poem "Sweet William" in The Poems of Ern Malley, edited by Max Harris and J. Murray-Smith (Sydney, 1987), p. 75, contains complicated *Freudian and homosexual undertones. This poem is *non-gender specific but both protagonists appear to be male; see especially lines 8-9 "My toppling opposites commit/ The obscene, the unforgivable rape" (this could be male rape by a male). The possibility of a homosexual reading was raised by the author of this encyclopedia, *Paul Knobel, in a seminar paper on male homosexuality and Australian English language poetry given at the Australian Gay History Seminars, University of Sydney, in 1990, now published. "Night Piece" is a *non gender specific love poem. There are sixteen poems in all. The sequence of Ern Malley's poems called originally The Darkening Eliptic was alleged to be by an unknown modernist poet and motor mechanic. It was first published in the autumn 1944 issue of Angry Penguins, a modernist magazine published in *Adelaide by Max Harris. The poems had been sent to Angry Penguins supposedly by the poet's sister, Ethel. The idea was to discredit modernist poetry, but it has been claimed that the poems were genuine, because, although the two poets claimed to put them together by chance, an element of genuine creativity and of ordering was involved. (Max Harris was prosecuted for obscenity over the publication; found guilty, he was fined a small amount.) The poems were published in book form as Ern Malley's Poems, with an introduction by Max Harris (Melbourne, 1961). The poems have considerable *parody elements. See also *Vivian Smith. Michael Heyward has written the most recent study of the Ern Malley affair, The Ern Malley Affair, St. Lucia, Queensland, 1993 (the poems are reprinted, pp. 241-62); this was reviewed in The UTS Review, vol. 2 no. 1 1996, 191-198 by *Sasha Soldatow (he discusses the homosexuality of Harold Stewart in the "Postscript" pp. 197-98). *Witter Bynner perpetuated a similar hoax in the United States in 1916, the Spectra Hoax. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature: see "Ern Malley Hoax". Word in Greek from Greece from ca. 450 B.C. The word means, according to Dover, "junior partner, boy, youth" in contrast to * erastes (or older partner); it comes from the word stem *eros (love) and the word * pais (boy) has a similar meaning. "Little love" or "darling" is another possible meaning. See *Achilles and Patroclus, *Aeschylus. See also Liddell and Scott, Greek-English Lexicon, p. 695, and Dover, Greek Homosexuality, p. 16, for discussion of the word. The *age of death in the ancient world must be taken into account in relation to the use of the word: people died much earlier and sexual relations generally occurred at a lower age. Myth and trope in Greek from Greece and later in *European languages. From ca. 544 B.C. Greek. Eros as the god of love in ancient Greece frequently appears in *Plato's * Symposium (380 B.C.) in a homoerotic context. Poets in the * Mousa Paidike refer to Eros personified as a boy or youth whom men love (see e.g., Palatine Anthology xii 57, 76, 82, 99, 117, 127, 256); see also *Satyrus, *Crinagoras. In Book 16 of the Palatine Anthology there are a series of poems about statues of Eros: see Palatine Anthology xvi 194-215. On the prevalance of the figure of Eros in the Palatine Anthology see *J. W. Mackail, Introduction to Select Epigrams from the Greek Anthology, London, 1890, 36-38. Eros first appears in Book II of *Theognis which may date from 544 B.C. in compilation (or earlier). He appears in the * Anacreontea in a homosexual context and in *Nonnus's Dionysiaca in homosexual form (e. g., xi, 351, 482). See Francois Lasserre, La figure d'Eros dans la poésie grecque, Lausanne, 1946, a work of 234 pages.; this is a thesis (rare; copy seen: New York Public Library). See also H. M. Muller, Erotische Motive in der griechischen Dichtung (Erotic Motifs in Greek Poetry), 1978, pp. 39-44. This concept of love was taken over by the Latin speaking Romans as *Amor (Latin for love) or *Cupid. For the artistic depiction, which is enormous, see * Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae, Volume 3, Part 1, 850-1049 and the plates. There were famous statues in ancient Greece by Praxiteles and Scopas. From the *Renaissance on, Eros (or Cupid) was frequently depicted in European oil painting with the goddess Aphrodite (a famous example in London at the National Gallery is the oil painting by Agnolo Bronzino [1503-72], An Allegory, in which Eros as a young boy is erotically kissing Venus on the lips while fondling her breast while at the left he pokes his naked bottom out provocatively; reproduced on page 72 of Homan Potterton, The National Gallery of London, 1977). The Italian artist Caravaggio who was probably bisexual or homosexual for periods did several paintings of Eros. The word has been used in the titles of five gay anthologies: the Russian anthology Eros Russe (Geneva, 1879), the first German anthology *Eros: Die Männerliebe der Griechen edited by *Elisar von Kupffer and the English anthology *Eros: An Anthology of Friendship edited by *Edward Carpenter. Both the editors of Eros: Die Männerliebe der Griechen and Eros: An Anthology of Friendship knew and translated ancient Greek and were aware of the full significance of the title. It was also used for the 1992 English anthology *Of Eros and Dust and the 1996 anthology Eros in Boystown. English. See *Barnfield, *Marvell, *Swinburne, *Century Guild (re *Sewyn Image), J. Le Gay Brereton, *Edwin Morgan. Dutch: *Louis Couperus, Jef Last. German: *Adolf Brand founded a journal of the name; see also *Gustav Wyneken. Hermann Glaser, Eros in der Politik, Köln, [no date; ca. 1970], relates eros to the state. There was an Italian sexological journal, Eros, published in 1918. Russian. *Eros Russe is the first Russian poetry anthology containing homosexual material. Swedish. See *Ekelund. Translations of the preceding poets are also relevant. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 407. Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion: defining eros as "the ancient Greek god of sexual (either homosexual or heterosexual) love or desire". Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 22 (poem from *Athenaeus xiii 601). Symonds, A Problem in Greek Ethics, 40: stating "It was common to erect statues of love in the wrestling grounds..." (on this point see also *Theocritus "Idyll 23"). Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 461 : re *Pamphus writing *"Hymns to Eros"; 477 re *Lycidas and Eros. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship Anthology in English from Great Britain. London: *Anthony Blond, 1961. 433 pages. There was also a United States printing titled Eros: An Anthology of Male Friendship, New York: Citadel Press, 1963 (reprinted, New York: Arno Press, 1975). The British and United States editions are identical. It was compiled in Great Britain by *Patrick Anderson from material gathered by *Alistair Sutherland (see the Introduction pp. 7-13 ). This is one of the most wide reaching homosexual anthologies ever compiled, the result of very close and careful reading of texts; selection is outstanding though Asian material is neglected. It consists of both poetry and prose. Chapter 1 "The Great Originals", Chapter 2 "The Greeks", Chapter 3 "The Romans", Chapter 4 "Dark and *Middle Ages", Chapter 5 *"Renaissance", Chapter 6 *"Eighteenth Century and Romantics", Chapter 7 "The *Nineteenth Century", Chapter 8 "The Moderns" (mostly prose), Chapter 9 "Exotic Encounters" (prose), Chapter 10 "The School Story" (prose). See *Eros for the significance of the title. Contributors relating to poetry only and including translators of poetry (see entries): Peter Abelard, Abu Zaid, Abul Hasan, Achilles and Patroclus, J. R. Ackerley, Agathius Scholasticus, Agathon, Richard Aldington, al-Isra'ili, al-Ramadi, al-Taliq, Anacreon, Anacreontea, Patrick Anderson, Anonymous Poets - English, - German, - Greek, - Latin, Saint Anselm, Antipater of Sidon, Marcus Argentarius, Aristophanes, Aristotle, Asklepiades of Samos, Athenaeus, W. H. Auden, Ausonius, Peter Avery, Sir Francis Bacon, George Barker, Richard Barnfield, George Barker, Bathyllus, Baudelaire, Sir Maurice Bowra, Reverend E. E. Bradford, Sir Thomas Browne, Robert Browning, Lord Byron, Callimachus, Edward Carpenter, Catullus, C. P. Cavafy, Charlemagne, Cicero, Colman the Irishman, Condivi, Baron Corvo, William Cory, Hart Crane, Charles Darwin, "David's Lament for Jonathan", Lord Alfred Douglas, Norman Douglas, Dudley Fitts, Edward Fitzgerald, Ganymede, Stefan George, André Gide, William Gifford, Robert Graves, Thomas Gray, Horace Gregory, Habib of Seville, Hafiz of Shiraz, Abul Hasan, John Heath-Stubbs, George Herbert, Hilary, Brian Hill, Homer, Horace, A. E. Housman, Hrabanus Maurus, Thomas Hughes, Leigh Hunt, Joris-Karl Huysmans, Hylas, Ibn Abd Rahhini, Ibn Iyad, Ibn Khafadja, Ibn Muqlana, Ibn Sa'id al-Andelusi, Ibn Sara, Ibycus, Christopher Isherwood, Jami (pseud.), H. M. Jones, Ben Jonson, Juvenal, John Keats, G. Wilson Knight, Andrew Lang, Richmond Lattimore, D. H. Lawrence, Edward Cracroft Lefroy, John Lehmann, Jack Lindsay, F. L. Lucas, Lucian, Marbod of Rennes, Christopher Marlowe, John Marshall, John Mavrogordato, Maximin (pseud.), Meleager, Herman Melville, Michelangelo, Michel de Montaigne, Montesquiou, William Morris, Ibn Muqlana, Moorish Poetry, William Morris, Ernest Myers, Nonnus, "O admirablie Veneris idolum", Palatine Anthology, W. R. Paton, Paulinus of Nola, Petronius, Pindar, Plato, William Plomer, Alexander Pope, F. T. Prince, Marcel Proust, Forrest Reid, Rhianos, Arthur Rimbaud, John Wilmot (the Earl of Rochester), Sir John Sandys, Ibn Sara, Semonides of Amorgos, William Shakespeare, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Sir Philip Sidney, Stephen Spender, Straton, Suetonius, John Addington Symonds, Alfred Lord Tennyson, Theognis, Theocritus, Henry David Thoreau, Tibullus, Henry Vaughan, Paul Verlaine, Virgil, Helen Waddell, Walafrid Strabo, Denton Welch, Walt Whitman, Oscar Wilde. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 3705: cites the British printing London: *Anthony Blond, 1961; lists contributors, including prose contributors, but not including translators. Eros: Die Männerliebe der Griechen A work of history and criticism which contains within it an anthology in German from Switzerland. Published in 2 volumes, volume 1 Glarus: self published, 1836, xxxiii pages and 304 pages and volume 2, St. Gallen: Scheitlin, 1838 xxxii pages and 302 pages. The title on the title page of the second volume is Eros: Die Männerliebe der Griechen ihre Bezichungen zur Geschichte, Erziehung, Literatur und Gesetzgebung aller Zeiten under which name the work is generally known (see the entries under Heinrich Hössli in the * British Library General Catalogue and the * National Union Catalog). The work overall is a defence of homosexuality and the anthology is in the second volume. The title on the first volume reads: Die Unzuverlässigkeit der äussern Kennzeichen im Geschlechtsleben des Leibes und der Seele. The work was reprinted in a shortened edition in Münster, Switzerland, ca. 1888, 2 pp. and 125 pp. (reprinted in microfilm in 1977) and Leipzig: Barsdorf, 1892, iv pp. and 125 pp. under the title Eros: Die Männerliebe der Griechen and further reprinted in a similar shortened version titled Eros, Berlin: H. Barsdorf, 1924, 127 pp. (see Hayn, Gotendorf, Bibliotheca Germanorum Erotica, vol. 9, p. 291). The whole work was reprinted in 3 volumes in Berlin by *Verlag rosa Winkel in 1996: the first two volumes are a facsimile reprint of the original edition and volume 3 has a new introduction by *Manfred Herzer, reprints of short biographies of Hössli and Franz Desgouttes by *Ferdinand Karsch (1903) and the novella Der Eros of Heinrich Zschokke (1821) - see the review in the Journal of Homosexuality, vol. 35 no. 2, 1998, 85-101, by *Hubert Kennedy which has a detailed survey of the contents. (Desgouttes was a Swiss man of thirty-two executed in Bern for the murder of his 16 year old gay lover. This incident partly provoked Hössli's work.) It contains in the second (1938) volume, pp. 53-150, the first modern gay anthology of poetry and prose in a *European language and was compiled by *Heinrich Hössli, a Swiss milliner. The contents of the anthology are listed in Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 5 (1903), 482-84. Arrangement is arbitrary with, for example, Persian poets following Greek. Material existed for a third volume but this material has disappeared. Poets and entries relating to this encyclopedia including translators (see entries): Affitabi, Ahmed Daji, Ahmed Pascha, Anacreon, Anonymous Greek poets, Anonymous Persian poets (no translators given), Anonymous Turkish poets, Bassiri, Beijli Hassan, Elwan Schirasi, Hadrian, Hafiz, Von Hammer-Purgstall, Von Harrach (suspected lover), Herder (Greek translations), Horace, Ishak Tschelebi, Mohammed Ferdi, Monla Abdul Latifi, Persian poets (no translator given), Palatine Anthology, Plato, Ramdohr (historian), Ruscheni, Saadi Tschelebi, Sa'di, Thomas Schabert (translator), Simonides, Socrates, Sophocles, Ssaji, Ssubhi, Theocritus, Tibullus, Ussuli, Virgil, Xenophon (historian). The work was published twenty years after *Friedrich Jacobs's edition of the * Palatine Anthology which seems to have been a stimulus to its production. Persian poets appear in translations by *Hammer-Purgstall and Turkish poets in translations by *Thomas Schabert. The copy used to prepare this entry was the Harvard copy in the Theological School Library given to the library by Convers Francis, DD, and bears his signature. The text of this work is in Gothic script and the contents listed above have been checked against the contents listed in Roman letters in Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 5 (1905), 83-84 (Hössli's anthology includes prose writers which I have not included in my list; they are listed in the Jahrbuch). See *Eros for the significance of the title. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 250-56 (translation of prose extracts on Eros). Bibliographies. Herzer, Bibliographie zur Homosexualität, item 0103. Eros in Boystown: Contemporary Gay Poems About Sex Anthology in English from the United States. New York: Crown Publishers, 1996, 64 pp. An anthology of contemporary gay poems compiled by *Michael Lassell with biographical notes on the poets pp. 59-62. Erotic and sexy poetry with exploration of romance. It is a companion volume to the same author's The *Name of Love. Both are small works with covers showing two men making love, finely printed, and meant as gift volumes. The choice of poems is excellent and, as the subtitle indicates, most poets are contemporary poets and most are from the United States. This is part of a series of gay anthologies in the same format: see *The Art of Gay Love and *The Name of Love. Review: James White Review, vol. 13 no. 3, Summer 1996, 22, by *George Klawitter. Poets (see entries): Steve Anthony, Antler (pseud.), W. H. Auden, James Baldwin, Mark Bibbins, Walta Borawski, James Broughton, Regie Cabico, Rafael Campo, David Cassells, Justin Chin, Jean Cocteau, Henri Cole, Jeffery Conway, Dennis Cooper, Gil Cuandros, Peter Daniels, Gavin Dillard, Kenny Fries, Allen Ginsberg, John Giorno, Robert Gluck, Thom Gunn, Martin Humphries, Cary Alan Johnson, Chris Jones Rudy Kikel, Michael Lassell, Jaime Manrique Ardila, Harold Norse, David Trinidad, Gregory Woods, Ian Young. Anthology in Russian from Russia. Published in Geneva, Switzerland, no publisher listed on the book, 1879. The book would have been subject to *censorship in Russia if published there and almost certainly banned, hence its publication in Geneva. It was republished by Scythian Books, Oakland, California, 1987, 78 pages (with two notes to the text pp. 75-78); in this edition the type has been reset (it is not a facsimile edition of the 1879 Geneva edition). It was also republished in Moscow in 1993; in this edition the type has also been reset. A facsimile printing of the first edition is needed. The original edition is rare. It is believed to have been published in an edition of 100 copies (a copy is believed to be in the University of Geneva library: *Warren Johansson to the author). Copies are "in the Lenin Library [Moscow], the Leningrad Public Library, at least six Slavic collection outside the Soviet Union, and some private collections" and there is a photocopy in the *Kinsey Institute Library (see the thesis of *William Hopkins, The Development of "Pornographic" Literature in Eighteenth- and Early Nineteenth-Century Russia, 1977, p. 338; he also notes there were two and possibly four Russian publishing houses in Geneva at the time, that the publisher has so far not been detected and that there may have been more than one printing of the book). See *Eros for the significance of the title. Not examined in detail. This is the first known anthology of Russian erotic poems with a significant gay content in that most of the twenty-one poems deal with homosexuality. It has a subtitle and the full title reads in Russian "Russian Eros: Russian erotica not for ladies". The anthology was and is a very daring work, still the only collection of homosexual poems by different authors in Russian. The poems of *Lermontov and *Karatygin are about homosexual *pederasty, and homosexual *sadism in Lermontov's case; *A. Schtsch also has a poem of relevance. The poems come from the all-male boarding schools and military academies of nineteenth century Russia; they include the infamous "Adventures of a Page ", which lists prominent figures in Russian history who are believed by the author to be gay) Lermontov's "Ode to the Commode" and "The Hospital". "The Mistake" is an attack on Bishop Gavrill accusing him of sodomizing seminarians. A poem by *Pushkin may be relevant. The most detailed discussion so far is by *William Hugh Hopkins. The work was published by anti-establishment elements and is intended to cast aspersions on high ranking officials. The attributing of homosexual poems to famous poets is an old practice and needs to be considered in relation to the work; in other words, the inclusion of poems by a poet does not necessarily mean he wrote them. See Ed Cray, The Erotic Muse , 1992, p. 424, re possible translation into English. See also *Pornography. Criticism. Stern, Geschichte der offentlichen Sittlichkeit in Russland, volume 2, 582-84: discussion of book's contents; states that of twenty-one poems most concern homosexuality. Erotic homosexual poetry dates from ca. 2175 B.C. initially in ancient Egyptian. Most published erotic poetry is heterosexual and homosexual material has been suppressed or omitted from published erotic poetry until recently (see *Non literate/ Oral/ Tribal languages). Erotic recorded homosexual poetry commences with Egyptian poetry. A large volume of heterosexual erotic poetry survives in Egyptian but no homosexual erotic love poetry has come to light so far (all known material has been published) apart from the spell or *chant *"Go forth plant thyself on him". The ancient epic * Gilgamesh implies a close affectional relationship between the two main protagonists but cannot properly be called erotic. Very little erotic poetry survives from ancient Greek, if it ever existed in quantity (see however *songs, *bawdry, *Nonnus). The modern Greek homopoet *Cavafy is fairly chaste but *Mary Koukoules has collected modern bawdry. The *Ganymede trope refers to *anal sex since Gaymede was allegedly raped. The Latin poet *Catullus (84-54 B.C.) is the first Latin erotic poet to survive in Latin and his works reveal *bisexuality; more important is *Martial (ca. 40-ca. 104) a source of practically every known aspect of homosexuality (and erotic practices). The Italian poet *Beccadelli wrote later Latin homoerotica. Material exists in the islamic languages of Arabic (see *Abu Nuwas, * Arabian Nights), Persian (e. g., iraj Mirza) and Turkish (*Deli Birader). Much material in oral circulation is known in the Middle East in Arabic. Persian and Turkish and other *Asian languages: see *singing boys, *hijras for possible sources. English. Apart from 'Rochester and *Aleister Crowley, open homoerotic poetry did not commence until *gay liberation poets in 1969 (though bawdry - especially *limericks - are an exception). For gay liberation poets see, for example, *Allen Ginsberg. Aleister Crowley wrote major provocative works from the 1890s but these were only published surreptitiously. * The Platonic Blow (written in 1948 but not published until twenty years later) is a famous poem now known to be by *W. H. Auden. *Anthologies proliferated in the gay liberation period - e. g., * Gay Roots notably emphasises the homoerotic in a sexual sense. English *law has been anti-gay and *Puritanism has been a major force against erotic writing. French. French has a strong tradition of erotic poetry generally but little overt homoerotica, although male homosexual acts were legal from 1791, well before *Rimbaud and *Verlaine wrote explicitly in the last part of the nineteenth century. In the twentieth century Jean Genet is the best known poet. German. Homopoetry notably survives from at least *Goethe and from gay liberation poets onwards (see 'Anthologies - German). Italian: see *Baffo, *Belli. Portuguese: see *Botto, *Pessoa. Swedish: see *Nils Hallbeck. In Chinese and Japanese reference to erotica is usually by means of indirect language; huge traditions of such indirect works exist. For Japanese explicit homosexual poetry see *Takahashi Mutsuo. Understated references to explicit homosex occur in *haiku and *senryu. *Design of books is relevant as erotic illustration has been a feature: see illustration - Persian. See *sex for varieties of homosexual sex and *bibliography - homosexual erotica. See also *Censorship. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature : see "Erotic Literature". Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics : see "Erotic Poetry". New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics: see "Love Poetry" - written by *Camille Paglia. Oral poems from Nigeria in Ibibio. 1956. See "Erotic Ibibio Tone Riddles" in Man 56 (1956), 79-81 by Donald C. Simmons. The author claims there are no gay riddles but some, in English translation, seem gay; in addition, the extent and variety make it impossible not to believe gay ones exist. Nigeria was under British law and it is unlikely people would admit to homosexuality in 1956 when homosexuality was illegal in British law. Collection in Latin and Russian from Russia. Moscow, 1917, 46 pages. Not sighted. Whether there are homosexual poems is not known, though this is likely granted the inclusion of *Petronius. Compare also the entry Erotopaignia in Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium and the entry Alphabetos tes agapes in Kindlers neues Literatur Lexikon vol. 19 (this is a collection of Greek love poems - apparently all heterosexual - from Rhodes published under this title in Leipzig, 1879, and in Paris in 1913, as Erotopaignia). Compare also *Erotopaegnion on which this work may be modelled. The term comes from *Laevius who wrote Erotopaegnia, playful lyrics on amatory themes, now *lost. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium : see "Erotopaignia". Bibliographies. Kearney, Private Case, item 671: Erotopegnia, etc (verses by *Ovid, *Petronius, etc with translations into Russian). Kearney notes it was published in the censorship-free period, 1905-1917. Erotopaegnion Collection of Latin poems from France. Paris, 179B, 1BB pp. Believed to be a mostly complete anthology of Latin *hymns to *Priapus by Italian and foreign authors edited by *François Joseph Michel Noël. The National Union Catalog lists three copies in the United States. Compare * Erotopaegnia. The term comes from *Laevius who wrote * Erotopaegnia (playful lyrics on amatory themes, now *lost). Whether there are homosexual poems is not known, though this is likely. Not sighted. Bibliographies. Kearney, Private Case, item 672: anthology of priapic verses (see *Priapeia) whose full title is Erotopægnion, sive Priapeia veterum et recentiorum. Venerijocosae secrum, 188 pp., Paris, 1798, edited by *François Joseph Michel Noël. Pia, Les Livres de l'Enfer, vol. 1, column 413: *Enfer copy. Poet from Spain writing in Catalan. Active 1978. Bibliographies. Cuaderno bibliográfico gay, 13: Cangons in Manicomio, Barcelona: Zafo, 1978. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1879-1951. He led a rich and varied life, including saving the Metropolitan Opera, New York, from a financial disaster, and, as a scholar and teacher, specialized in Elizabethan literature. He wrote a series of *parodies on literary figures. Music was one of his chief interests. He was a pupil of *G. E. Woodberry at Columbia University: see his reminisences in The Memory of Certain Persons, 1947, and My Life as a Teacher, 1948. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 494: from "A Song of Friends". Foster, "Beauty's Purple Flame: Some Minor American Gay Poets", Gay Books Bulletin no. 7 (1982), 16, quoting the poem "A Song of Friends" re *Hylas trope (source not given) from Acteon and other poems, 1907; p.18 re books on Woodberry. Poet from Columbia writing in Spanish. Born 1932. A member of the Nadaist movement (1958-78) where he used the pseudonym X-504. He lives in Bogota and has published one book Los Poemas de las Ofensas, 1967. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Now the Volcano, 280-85; biog., 277: notes "the greater part of his work remains unpublished or scattered among literary magazines and periodicals". Drobci stekla v ustih, 106-07; biog., 182. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 362. Esenin (also spelt Essenin, Yesenin), Sergei Poet from Russia who wrote in Russian. 1895-1925. Esenin, who was married three times, was *bisexual (one wife, 1923-24, was the famous dancer, Isadora Duncan). A male lover was the poet *Klyuev, with whom he had a relationship; another was *Marienhof. A tortured man and and alcoholic, he committed suicide by hanging himself after writing a poem in his own blood, beginning "Goodbye my friend, goodbye" and ending "To die is nothing special/ but neither is living." Klyuev was the last person to see him alive and there have been suggestions Klyuev's rejection of him may have contributed to the suicide. Biography: see *F. Mierau who wrote a very detailed biography. The standard English language biography, Esenin: A Life by Gordon McVay, 1976, is unsatisfactory (on his homosexuality see pp. 65-68). Esenin was very popular in the Soviet Union as a "peasant" poet and was a cult poet in the last decades of the Soviet system but his homosexuality was suppressed. In 1924 and 1925 he published his Persian Motifs. This was a cycle on eastern themes. See also Gay Sunshine no. 29-30 (Summer/ Fall 1976), 6: trans. of three poems. There is a melancholy tone in his poetry reminiscent of *A. E. Housman. Esenin was the *Nobel Prize winning Russian novelist *Alexander Solzhenitsyn's favorite poet, as is made clear in Michael Scammell's biography of Solzhenitsyn; he had a copy of Esenin's poems with him while imprisoned for eight years. Translation. Chinese: translator not known but titled Yeh-sai-ning shih hsuan (1983); Czech: Jiri Zacek, 1979, 147 pp; English: *Charles Brasch and Peter Soskice, Poems by Esenin, Wellington, 1970, Geoffey Thurley (1973), Peter Tempest (Moscow, ca. 1982); Esperanto: K. Gusav and I. Hoves, Moscow, 1965, 64 pp.; German: Karl Dedecius (1989, 77 pp.); Greek: trans. Katinas Zormpala with criticism by *Yannis Ritsos, 1981, 126 pp. Hebrew: trans. Abraham Schlonsky (see *T. Carmi, Penguin Book of Hebrew Verse, 1981, p. 45); Hungarian: *Attila Jozsef; Polish: *Ziemowit Fedecki, 1960, 274 pp. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Terras, Handbook of Russian Literature. Gay Histories and Cultures. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Orgasms of Light, 75: trans. into English by *Simon Karlinsky; biog., 252. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 651. Drobci stekla v ustih, 45. Out of the Blue, 153-58; 24 - states "Klyuev and Esenin lived together as lovers and wrote about it in their poetry" and "His last poem... was addressed to a young Jewish poet." Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 460-61; trans. Simon Karlinsky. Criticism. *Simon Karlinsky, "Russia's Gay Literature and History", Gay Sunshine, 29-30 (Summer/ Fall 1976), 26. Poet from France who wrote in French. Active 1937. *The Eternal Flame(reference cited below) prints two poems "Dancing with Billy" and "Sleeping with Billy" translated into English. The poems are reprinted from Jean d'Essac's novel Billy: Idylles d'amour grec en Angleterre, 1939 (published in a limited edition with illustrations by the author), about a love affair between Jean d'Essac and an English guardsman who "seems to be fifteen in the pictures" (Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, p. 390). Reid states he is a "mysterious figure" and the name appears to be a pseudonym. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 444-45; biog., 390. Poet writing in English. Born 1951. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 113-23 - a sequence based on his life; there is no biographical information on him in the book. Editor from France and Switzerland of works in Greek. Ca. 1513-1598. One of the most famous scholars and editors of Greek writers. He edited the * editio princeps of what was then taken to be the work of *Anacreon but is now accepted as the * Anacreontea (Anacreontis Teii odae, Paris,1554; repr.) using the pseudonym Henricus Stephanus; this work includes a Latin translation of the poems and commentary. (His pseudonym Stephanus means anthology - literally "garland" - of which the most famous was the * Garland of Meleager). This edition was enormously popular and frequently reprinted; Sandys, History of Classical Scholarship, vol. 2, p. 176, says it was not superceded "for three centuries". His edition of the *Planudean Anthology, 1566 "was supplemented by many epigrams recorded in ancient authors" (Sandys, ibid.). He also published a Latin translation of the Planudean Anthology in 1570 - Epigrammata Graeca, Paris, 311 pp. - and a translation of *Theocritus into Latin in 1579. In Switzerland he published many works. He translated *Pindar into Latin in 1560. He was the compiler of the first Greek dictionary (1572), over which he ruined himself (Sandys, ibid.); see *Dictionaries - Greek. Biography. See Sandys, History of Classical Scholarship, volume 2 (1908), pp. 175-76, states he edited fifty-eight Latin authors and seventy-four Greek authors, eighteen being in the form of an * editio princeps. Anthology in English from Great Britain. Volume one was published in 1992 by Dyanthus Press, Elmhurst, NY; volume two has not been published. An anthology of 600 gay poets and 1500 poems in 2 volumes, compiled by *Anthony Reid who worked on the anthology for some fifty years. It is the finest and most wideranging gay poetry anthology ever assembled. Volume 1 has 480 pages; volume 2 has been approved for the printer by the author in camera ready copy (information provided by ANthony Reid) but has not yet appeared. The publisher seems to have gone out of business. (The address given on volume 1 - 80-50 Baxter Avenue - is the same address as for the bookseller *Elysian Fields, whose proprietor *Ed Drucker died of Aids prior to 1992.) Volume 1 deals with Greece, Italy, France and Islam (Arabs, Moors, Persians and Turks). Volume 2 is divided into the following sections: Britain (1550-1590), Britain (Modern), Germany, The Netherlands, Spain (Spain, Portugal, Spanish South America, The Caribbean), Scandinavia (Denmark, Norway, Sweden), Eastern Europe (Russia, Poland, Roumania), The Near East (Sumeria, The Bible Lands, Ancient Egypt), The Far East (China, Japan) and America; contents pp. 7-8; index of poets pp. 563-71. Compare the title of the lost anthology The *Golden Flame of ca. 1930. All poets have been entered in this encyclopedia; due to the importance of the work, poets for the unpublished volume 2 have been listed in this encyclopedia from a photstat of the camera ready copy of the work in the author's possession (supplied by Anthony Reid). The excellent translations mostly done by Anthony Reid himself. The choice of poets is excellent. It is weak on east Asian material in Chinese and Japanese, on India and south Asia, Australian and New Zealand poetry in English and poetry from Africa. An ethnic is a phrase added to a poet's name indicating where the poet came from or where he lived e.g. "of Mytilene" in "Alcaeus of Mytilene" (active ca 620 B.C.) means "Alcaeus who came from Mytilene". In the * Palatine Anthology, where there are two poets and one has an ethnic and the other does not, this can lead to confusion as to whether the poets are identical e.g. "Alcaeus" (who is also called *Alcaeus of Messina and *Alcaeus of Mytilene which further adds to the confusion). This is a problem which occurs in ancient Greek and Byzantine poetry, especially with the poets of the * Palatine Anthology, which itself combines several *anthologies (*scribes compiling this work may have confused poets with the same name but different ethnics). It may never be possible to resolve the problem as to exactly who is meant in all cases. See also *homonyms. Eton is a boarding school for boys in Great Britain situated in the town of the same name. English is the spoken language. It is possibly the most famous British school with a long history of homosexuality; as with similar educational institutions, the all male attendence fosters homosexuality. Poets and poetry of relevance in English date from the expulsion of *Nicholas Udall in 1541. The school was founded in 1440 and is situated in lovely country surroundings twenty-one miles from London, opposite Windsor. *Thomas Gray (who wrote an *Ode on the school), *Horace Walpole and *Richard West all attended in the eighteenth century - and were intimate friends. There is an Eton school of poetry strongly *pastoral in tone and especially influenced by *Theocritus (Greek and Latin were taught until the twentieth century): see *Hugh Macnaghten and *William Johnson (who wrote the "Eton Boating Song" sung in rowing competitions and who left the school under a homosexual cloud), *Digby Dolben (who was expelled; but not for homosexuality), *F. W. Cornish (a vice-provost), *Oscar Browning (expelled for homosexuality), *S. E. Cottam and *E. E. Bradford. Pupils of the school responded to the *aesthetic movement of the *eighteen nineties and the Eton style of poetry contributed to the work of the *Georgian poets. *Brian Howard produced a notably gay-inspired journal in 1922. *Sir John Leslie, *Harold Acton, *Cyril Connolly, John Betjeman and John Lehmann all attended the school. See also *Ian Gibson regarding *flagellation and the school. An anthology of Eton poems exists: John Gawsworth editor, The Poets of Eton College (London, 1933); this includes *Henry More pp. 38-40 (homoerotic work), *Shelley, *Arthur Hallam, *Swinburne, *A. H. and *R. H. Benson, John Randolph Leslie and *Osbert Sitwell. For a bibliography of books on the college to 1983 see Ian Anstruther, Oscar Browning, 1983, pp. 198-99. Several scholarships to King's College, *Cambridge, are filled each year by pupils of the school. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in LIterature, second edition, item 2438: Hugh Macnaghten, Fifty Years of Eton in Verse and Prose, London: Allen and Unwin 1924. Poet from Japan who wrote in Japanese. Ca. 1656-1739. A *pupil of Basho. See Henderson, Introduction to Haiku, p. 62: "Nighttime" - possibly an erotic *haiku (the protagonists may be lovers who have lost consciousness of time and may be both men since no sex is mentioned); an example of *indirect language. Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. Active ca. 350 B.C. He composed 104 plays of which fifty-eight titles are known including the lost work * Ganymede. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary. Courouve, Ces petits grecs, 20: re Ganymede and fragment 130. Tarnowsky, Pederasty in Europe, 209: cites *Ganymedes (no other information given), probably the lost play. Poems praising another person, usually a chief. From before 1994. For Tongan, see *Ulamoleke. They are suspected in other *Polynesian languages. Compare *Praise poems in *African languages. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active before 1982. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Keine Zeit für gute Freunde, 69: poem "An klage". Eunuchs are men who lack the sexual parts of the body, that is, the penis and/or testicles, which are normally cut off surgically (that is castrated). They are recorded from ca. 170 B.C. in Latin from Italy and later in other languages. Eunuchs in the ancient world are first known with the Syrian mother Goddess, *Ishtar. (See Andreas Karstens Siems, Sexualität und Erotik in der Antike, Darmstadt, 1988, 58-69: "Eunuchs in Ancient Religion" by Arthur Darby Nock; see also the Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium entry "Eunuchs".) Eunuchs were especially important in cultures where men were needed to guard women but rulers wanted to ensure they could not impregnate the women (e. g. in harems). In the form of castratithey were singers in operas in Europe; they were castrated to preserve their voice and a recording exists of one of the last. Eunuchs were associated with religious worship in the middle eastern mother Goddess cult where *hymns and *prayers by priests are relevant. The word can be a synonym for homosexuality based on the idea that homosexuals are impotent with women. On eunuchs and Islamic society, see Shaun Marmon, Eunuchs and Sacred Boundaries in Islamic Society, 1995 (review: Journal of the History of Sexuality, vol. 7 no. 3, January 1997, 439-442). Castrati were opera *singers in Italy who were eunuchs. Latin: see *Terence (active 170 B.C.); the poet *Peter Abelard was castrated. English: see *"Lost lines from the prologue..." Sanskrit: see *Vatsyayana. Hindi: see *hijras as eunuch is a word synonomous with hijra in many cases. Other indian languages are relevant. Poems of relevance are likely in Chinese where eunuchs exercised great power in the Imperial Palace in Beijing since the purity of line of the emperors was of major importance. See Taisuke Mitamura, Chinese Eunuchs, Tokyo, 1970. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, third edition. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion: see "Castration". Encyclopedia of Homosexuality. Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium: lists various sources in Latin and Greek. Bibliographies. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 318-19. Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. Ca. 485 B.C.-406 B.C. Lover of the poet *Agathon, Euripides was one of the major tragic writers of the Athenian stage whose plays were written in verse. (Plato's * Symposium was held in Agathon's house in *Athens.) See *Robinson Jeffers regarding his play Hippolytus. Criticism: see *Paul Brandt. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 418-21. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 29-30. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 191, 193. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 126: lines 570-90 from Cyclops; *Ganymede trope; biog., 115. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 39 (Fragment 652, trans. *J. A. Symonds). Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 52: the play Chrysippos. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1173: cites the play Cyclops in Euripides, volume II, London: Heinemann: Loeb Classical Library, no date; not cited as poetry. Courouve, Ces petits grecs, 20. Journal in English from Great Britain. From 1986. A major gay cultural journal edited in London by *Salvatore Santagati whose background is probably Italian. It publishes poetry and articles on poetry, especially Italian gay poets and has homoerotic illustrations. Articles on poets and critics of poetry and selections of poems by poets in English include: *"Pasolini as Painter" (no. 1, pp. 7-8), *Hubert Kennedy on *Ulrichs (no. 1, 70-74), Andrew Lumsden on *"Censorship in Britain" (no. 1, 75-81), *Noel Grieg on *Edward Carpenter (no. 2, 75-82), James Kirkup on *Mishima (no. 2, 116-24), *Sandro Penna (no. 3, 6-8), James Purdy (no. 3, 10-16), *Thom Gunn on *Robert Duncan (no. 4, 54-55 and 68-70), *Gregory Woods on *Charley Shively (regarding his book on *Walt Whitman) (no. 4, 122-27), *Sandro Penna (no. 7-8, 8-50). Only major articles are here listed. In no. 8-9 (1992) there is a note on Salvatore Santagati; the death from Aids of a major benefactor is noted in this issue. The journal appears to have ceased publication with this issue. Languages spoken in Europe, Europe being usually taken to be the land west of the Ural mountains to the Atlantic Ocean and as far south as the Mediterranean Sea. The earliest poetry of relevance is the the work of *Homer in Greek from ca. 700 B.C. Most European languages are part of the larger grouping of *Indo-European languages. Major languages include Greek and the *Romance languages Latin, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian and Romanian; the *Germanic languages English, German, Dutch, Danish, Swedish, Norwegian and Norse; the *Celtic languages Gaelic and Irish; the *Slavic languages Russian, Polish, Czech, Serbo-Croat and Bulgarian. (Hittite, the oldest Indo-European language with gay material - a version of Gilgamesh - was spoken in Turkey.). Hungarian and Finnish are part of the *Uralian language family; Albanian and Basque are language isolates. The *Altaic and *Uralian language families are separate language families from the Indo-European but are sometimes grouped together as one language family. The Altaic language *Turkish was formerly spoken in the Balkans from ca.1400 to ca. 1918. Uralian languages include Hungarian, Finnish and Estonian all spoken in Europe. European languages, especially English and Spanish, are now spoken all over the world. Note: languages from *Asia (e.g. *Indian languages of India) and *Africa are also now spoken in Europe due to the migration to Europe of peoples from former colonies. Homopoetry is documented from ancient Greek from Homer (see also *Archilochus). Fragments of the epic poem * Gilgamesh survive in Hittite, an Indo-European language which was spoken in Turkey. Eusi-Ndugu, Prince Poet from Canada writing in English. Active 1983. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Black Men/ White Men, 199: four poems from *Fag Rag no. 11; biog., 235 - a *black Canadian gay poet Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1944. A *Philadelphia poet, he teaches art history and is a member of the Gay Activists Alliance and the Gay Academic Union. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Angels of the Lyre, 69-70: poems include "Letter to *Walt Whitman"; biog., 239. Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. Possibly born ca. 544 B.C. The date is taken from *Theognis but this presents problems and he may be later: see the Theognis entry. As he appears in the Garland of Philip, he must be before 40 A.D. (It is possible that he was added to the manuscript of Theognis after 40 A.D.) No entry appears in Oxford Classical Dictionary and he was not found in Pauly, Wissowa, Paulys Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft. Text: see J. M. *Edmonds, Greek Elegy and Iambus, Vol. 1, 1931, 466-77. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Theognidea lines 467-96 (re drinking and the *symposium culture), 667-82 (probably by him), 1345-50 (gay poem with *Ganymede trope addressed to *Simonides). Garland of Meleager. Garland of Philip. Palatine Anthology xii 172 (compare Catullus poem 85). Criticism. Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 9 (1908), 272. Brandt, Sittengeschichte griechenlands, volume 2, 200. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 487. Evergreen Chronicles Based in Minneapolis, Minnesota, with contributions accepted at one stage from the upper mid-west of the United States only. By 1995 contributions were accepted from all over the United States; its founding editor Don Markus Matsen was born in 1954 and died in 1988. It features gay artwork as well as literature. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1946-1986. Book of gay poems: Cute, 1982, San Francisco: *Gay Sunshine Press, 1986 (reviewed in James White Review vol. 2 no. 2, Winter 1985, 13 by *Greg Baysans). Born in Dayton, Ohio, he served in the navy 1966-70, then spent eleven years on a BA at George Mason University; he is published in journals. Highly rated by Winston Leyland: see Gay Roots.Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, p. 27. He died of *Aids. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, 99-106: *long poem "Curing Homosexuality"; biog., 99 (with photo). Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 659-67: includes the *prose poem "Cute". Gay Roots: An Anthology of Gay History, 275319; biog., 240 - states unpublished manuscripts are in the care of Winston Leyland. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 552. Leyland, Queer Dharma: voices of Gay Buddhists, 392-94: *Buddhist poems (in the section "Queer Dharma Poetry"). Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 787-93. Poet from Germany who wrote in German. Active 1900. Criticism. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 3 (1901), 438, cites two poems "Einladung", p. 256, and "An einen Jungling", p. 259 (with two stanza quotation) from his poetry collection Der Halbgott (with illustrations by Max Klinger), published Leipzig: *Max Spohr, 1900. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1980. Author of "The Hollywood Poem", 2 pages: a light hearted work about the world of Hollywood ("There's well hung boys and well stacked broads/ on every boulevard"; "You fuck me and I'll fuck my dad" - see *incest). Words and music copyright 1980. The exact source has not been traced. It may be a song. Ewers, Hans, also called Hanns Heinz Ewers Poet from Germany who wrote in German. 1871-1943. He has a long entry in the * National Union Catalog. Poems: see Moganni Nameh: Gesammelte Gedichte, 1918, 171 pp. Later volumes of poems exist. Though at first in the favour of the *Nazis he was later denounced by them. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Oxford Companion to German Literature: states his work deals with themes of perversion and the occult in a sensational manner. Criticism. Mayne, The Intersexes, 320: cited as writing "novelettes and collections of verses" of gay relevance; surname spelt Evers. A major philosophical movement in the twentieth century in French initially in France, stressing physical existence in the world as the starting point of living. From ca. 1940. The French philosopher *Sartre was the major philosopher of the movement. Many existentialists turned to *Marxism and, as a movement, it dates from ca. 1940 to ca. 1970. See David Lee Pagan, "Existentialism and the Modern Poet: A Study of Modern Poetry from One Magazine", One Institute Quarterly vol. 1 no. 1 (Winter 1962), 46-57; most poems dealt with are *non gender specific and, despite the title, the study does not seriously examine the subject. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica . Historian and critic from Turkey writing in Turkish. Active 1968. Author of Divan siirinde sapik sevgi, Istanbul: Okat Yayinevi, 1968, 112 pages: a critical work which deals with homosexuality in Turkish poetry. This was reprinted in an enlarged edition of 217 pages in 1991. Biographer and editor from the United States writing in English. Active 1983. His biography of *Robert Duncan, Young Robert Duncan: Portrait of the Poet as Homosexual, Santa Barbara: Black Sparrow, 1983, is a close reading of Duncan's life from 1919 to 1950 (dealing with his friendships with such people as Jack Spicer and James Broughton), the writing of the major *sequence, The Venice Poem, in 1948, and the *San Francisco renaissance. Each chapter has a chronology. It also reprints Duncan's 1944 essay "The Homosexual in Society", pp. 319-22, in which he takes the case of *Hart Crane as example of the treatment of homosexuals and argues the case for liberation. This essay marked a coming out. He edited Towards a New American Poetics: Essays and Interviews, Santa Barbara: Black Sparrow, 1978, a selection of articles on *projective verse and *open form on *Olson, Duncan and *Ginsberg as well as Gary Snyder, *Robert Bly and *Robert Creeley. Biography: see the final page of both volumes. See also John Crowe Ransom. A general anthology containing an excellent selection of gay poems compiled by John Whitworth. London: Faber, 1990. This is a selection of sexual poems including much gay material: for instance, see "Life presents a dismal picture", pp. 77-78, "Double Date" (by *Lincoln Kirstein - very fine poem about two men having sex) 85-86, "Put a Finger up My Arse" (*Aretino trans. by *Alistair Elliot) 91, "The Disabled Debauchee" by *Rochester pp. 95-96, "My Legs Half Round Your Neck" (*Aretino trans. Alistair Elliot), *Adaios trans. Alistair Elliot 132, *Strato trans. Fergus Pickering p. 133, "Sexual Couplets" - non *gender specific - by *Craig Raine 135, Petronius (trans. *Ben Jonson) 137, "Two Sonnets" by Sebastian Barker 141 ("fuck that nice little boy you picked up in the bar/ Down by the river"), "Kisses Loathsome" - non gender specific - by *Robert Herrick 142, "There was a young fellow of King's" 167 - a *limerick, "On the low status of masturbation" by Charles Thomson 188, "The young fellow of Wadham" 20-1 - a limerick, "Sea Poem" by John Robinson 207, "Upon the Author of the Play Called Sodom" by John Oldham 222-23, *Martial epigrams trans. Fiona Pitt-Kethley 227 and *Tony Harrison 236, Catullus trans. by Rodney Pybus, Verlaine trans. by Alaistair Elliot 255-56 and 258, "Arsehole" - poem by *Craig Raine 257, "The Ball of Kirriemuir "291-94 - re an *orgy. Many of these poems are brilliant. Highly recommended for reading. Several poems feature *anal sex. *Blue formerly had a sexual and gay reference. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1814-1863. Author of *hymns including "My God, How Wonderful Thou Art". He was a Roman *Catholic convert in 1845 under the influence of *Cardinal Henry Newman. He later became the head of Brompton Oratory, one of the major Catholic churches in Great Britain (situated in Kensington, London), from 1849. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1192: Poems, London: Thomas Richardson, 1856. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reade, Sexual Heretics, 67-68: poem from Poems, 1856. Poet, historian and biographer from Great Britain writing in English. 1889-1961. Educated at *Oxford, he was an officer in World War One. After the war he was the founder of the British publishing firm Faber and Faber (for whom *T. S. Eliot edited poetry) and was a director of the London publishing firm Faber and Faber. His poems have themes of male male affection couched in the language of lover (e. g., "The Night You Went" in Lads, p. 73; "Killed in Action", Lads, p. 206). Books of poems: Interflow, 1915, In the Valley of Vision, 1918, and The Buried Stream, 1941. His study of the Anglo *Catholic Oxford Movement, Oxford Apostles, 1933, touches on homosexuality in the life of Cardinal *Newman. He wrote a biography of the Victorian literary figure * Jowett (1957). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography 1961-70: by Charles Monteith, a director of Faber and Faber. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 65-66, 70-71, 73, 129-30, 198, 206-07; biog., 233. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1924. Active as a poet after 1966, he lives in *Washington, DC. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1193: *chapbook Odissea Finita, Walnut Creek, CA: Very Stone House Press, 1969. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Angels of the Lyre, 71-72; biog., 239. Fadil Bey, Huseyn, also called Fazyl Bey and Fazil Bey Turkish poet from Turkey, 1757-1B1Q. See 'Enderunlu Fazil. Critic from the United States who wrote in English. 1904-1999. Author with John Major of The New Lifetime Reading Plan(1998) which consists of essays on on hundred and thirty-three authors to be read during a person's lifetime; two poets included are stated to be homosexual *Whitman (p. 196) and *W. H. Auden (p 284) (essays on both authors were written by Clifton Fadiman). Also included are *Shakespeare and *Goethe and other poets - e.g. *Dante and *Chaucer - and works such as * Gilgamesh included in this encyclopedia. This work shows how homosexuality is being accepted in the general critical discourse. The first edition was published in 1960. The author claimed to have read over 25,000 books. Information on him is available from the internet. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors New Revision Series, volume 44. Word and trope in English from Great Britain. Possibly used with a homosexual sense from 1596. The word can mean homosexual in twentieth century English and is usually spelt *"fairy". Whether the word had a homosexual connotation as used in *Spenser's poem The Faerie Queene (which is the first usage in the Oxford English Dictionary) is debatable. "Two Fearie queenes" is the chapter heading for a commentary on the Satire 2 of Juvenal in *Gilbert Highet, Juvenal the Satirist, 1954. A group called Radical Faeries has been associated with some United States poets in the 1980s, e.g. James Broughton. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopedia of Queer Myth, Symbol, and Spirit: see "Radical Faeries". Gay Histories and Cultures. Journal in English from the United States. From 1971. Edited by a collective and published in *Boston, over forty issues have been published, approximately one every six months. One of the major persons involved in the collective which produces the journal is *Charley Shively. The magazine has a strong *anarchist streak. It has published much poetry which is highly experimental and very erotically homosexual and a deliberate attempt to shock (see, in no. 4, p.14 "Cock *Haiku"). It contains excellent criticism (see *Kenneth Pitchford). A *microform exists in the New York Public Library. The * Boston Gay Review was an offshoot of the journal. The collective who published the journal also acted as publishers: see, e.g., *Walta Borawski. Word in English from the United States. In poetry it dates from 1967 (see *Graffiti). A word meaning homosexual used especially by United States homosexuals with a confrontationist approach (compare *Queer) especially in the early *gay liberation period from 1970. *Gay paralleled and gradually replaced it. The word has been thought to relate to the logs (or faggots) used in the burning of homosexuals at the stake in medieval Europe (see Giovan Battista Spagnoli). Poets of relevance: *Royal Murdoch, *Kenneth Pitchford, *Amiri Baraka, Tom Kennedy. See also the anthology * Flaming Faggots and Two Other Poems of Gay Rage. There was a United States journal called Faggotry published in 1972. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gay Histories and Cultures. Poet from Iran who wrote in Persian. Active ca. 159Q. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A'in i Akbari anthology, 66B-69; biog., 66B. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1935-1982. Author of the pamphlet Sussicran (London, 1965), the only pamphlet he allowed to be published in his lifetime, containing the poem "Meeting" (based on *Wilfred Owen's "Strange Meeting") about homosexual underworlds. His Selected Poems (London, 1986) was edited by his sister, the poet Ruth Fainlight. For biographical information see his entry in Ian Hamilton, editor, The Oxford Companion to Twentieth-Century Poetry (Oxford, 1994). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Bugger: an anthology, 15-18 (a sequence about picking up a man at a *toilet and taking him home and having sex with him); biog., 19: stated to be "the famous English closet queen". Poet from Australia writing in English and translator from Arabic English. Ca 1935. See in the Sydney Morning Herald 1 January 1991, 11, the poem "Between the Spirit and the Wind". This poem refers to *Gilgamesh and quotes Gilgamesh's lament for Enkidu with its homosexual wordplay ("you were the axe at my side'). "Callias to Autolycus" is another published gay poem (in Quadrant, June 1980, 25); the poem has been slightly altered since publication making the love less possessive. Arabic. In her anthology translated from Arabic to English with Ghazi al-Gosaibi, Feathers and the Horizon, Canberra, 1989) see "Friendship" by Shawqi Baghdadi pp. 29-30 and "Feminine and Masculine" by Muhammad al-Akhdaar al-Sa'ihi pp. 159-50. An Australian Conference of the Birds (1995) is a poem based on the Persian *Sufi *Attar; there is no overt gay material unlike Attar's poem The Conference of the Birds . Poet and critic from New Zealand who wrote in English. 1904-1957. His 1947 critical essay "The Woman Problem" in The Woman problem and other problems, Auckland, 1967, pp. 11-43, he touches on homosexuality (e.g. on p. 13) charging that "feminist-homosexual" characteristics have corrupted New Zealand art and homosexuals have exerted undue influence. In Collected Poems, Christchurch, 1996, see "Love Song" p. 80 (*non Gender specific), "*Cupid", p. 129 and "Not Understood" p. 133 (a *parody of *Thomas Bracken's poem. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to New Zealand Literature. Criticism. Best Mates: Gay Writing in Aotearoa New Zealand, 12: re "The Woman Problem". Poet from Australia who wrote in English; he later lived in Great Britian. 1886-1976. An Australian born poet who lived most of his life in Great Britain. He was a close friend of *Frederic Manning. He married. In his book of poems The Gates of Sleep, London, 1906 (dedicated "To the memory of *Lionel Johnson") see *"Omar Khayyam" p. 15, the "Greek *Epigram" p. 21 and epigram "To Aster" p. 31 (note: The Mitchell Library, Sydney, copy is *David Scott Mitchell's copy). In Poems, 1908, see *"Pan" p. 111; many of his poems are *non-gender specific though many are written to women. In The Horns of Taurus, 1914, see "Bitter-Sweet" p. 19. In The Troubled Pool, London, 1911, see "Camaderie" p. 17, "Friendship" p. 73. "The Cottage Clock" p. 54 is dedicated to *Arthur Galton. The Temple of Janus, 1917, is a sonnet sequence in the manner of *Shakespeare; see the title poem p. 7 and *"Friendship" p. 18. (This has many similarities with *William Blocksidge's *sequence The Wreath.) In Mesopotamia, 1919, see "Home" p. 22 and "Ordeal" p. 78 (non gender specific). The Fifth Element reveals wide reading of Turkish and Persian poetry with its strong homosexual elements (see pp. 82-85); see also "In Memoriam: For F. M.", p. 22-23 (written about Manning). Poems in his later volumes are written to women; but many of his earlier poems do not contain a specific female presence. Feelings of strong male friendship are present in many poems. On his friendship with Manning, see Chapter, 8 "Best Friends", of Verna Coleman, The Last Exquisite, 1990. Not in Australian Dictionary of Biography. His papers are in the Australian National Library, Canberra, MS 1750 (including letters from Manning). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 144 (strongly homoerotic poem called "Friendship"), 155, 173; biog., 233. Word and trope in English from Great Britain, the United States and Australia. From ca. 1896. Though there are both male and female fairies (apparently), fairies are androgynous creatures traditionally believed to come out at night and to be ethereal creatures of ambiguous sexuality. They are winged creatures. See *androgyne. Their ambiguity makes them ideal for veiled homosexual references in some poems. Being non corporeal, they are not capable of physical homosex (apparently). The word fairy in the twentieth century English was and is a synonym for homosexual; earlier usage in this way remains to be proven. The connection between the traditional belief and the word's homosexual usage also remains to be shown. Australia: see *S. L. Elliott (re novel), *Roderic Quinn, J. Le Gay Brereton. Great Britain: see *faerie, *"Let's all be fairies", *Edmund Spenser, *B. Took. United States: Mark Thompson's Gay Spirit: Myth and Meanings, 1987 (reviewed in James White Review, vol. 5 no. 2, Winter 1989, 5) deals with the concept. See K. Briggs, A Dictionary of Fairies, Penguin, 1976. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica, eleventh edition, 1910: a brilliant article by *Andrew Lang. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 384: dates usage from 1896. Howes, Broadcasting It. Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Fairy" and "Radical Faeries". Poet from Pakistan writing in Urdu. Born 1912. A significant Urdu poet of the twentieth century. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, South volume. Criticism. Rahman, "Boy love in the Urdu ghazal", Paidika vol. 2 no. 1 (1989), 16: wrote a poem about *dancing boys in Peshawar. Editor possibly from Germany of Greek works and translator from Greek to Latin. Active 1569. See Sandys, History of Classical Scholarship, volume 2, p. 105: states he was responsible for the * editio princeps of *Nonnus, published in 1568 (with Latin translation). Not in Allgemeine deutsche Biographie. Faludy, George He spent many years abroard to avoid persecution by the *Nazi and Communist regimes, including living in France and the United States; he lived in Canada in the 1980s and in North Africa and returned to Budapest after the fall of Communism. He poems and prose show he is *bisexual. Three books in English were published in Canada. Corpses, Brats and Cricket Music"(Vancouver: William Hoffer/Tanks, 1987) has no gay material. Learn This Poem of Mine by Heart (Toronto, Hounslow Press, 1983) has two poems on *Alexander the Great with minor gay content. Selected Poems 1933 - 1980, edited and & translated by Robin Skelton (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1985) has several pertinent poems: ""Death of a Chleuch Dancer", "On the Tower of the Kasbah, Above the River Draa", "Desert Under the Stars", "Sonnet Nine" and "Sonnet Thirty-Six". Many of his poems can be read "either way" (information from *Ian Young). His memoir My Happy Days in Hell (English translation: London, 1962) has gay bits in it. He translated *Villon in 1937. See Albert Tezla, Hungarian Authors (Cambridge, MA, 1970), pp. 155-56. Critic from China wrting in English. Active 1955. See his article "From Imagism to Whitmanism in Recent Chinese Poetry," in Indiana Conference on Oriental-Western Literary Relations, University of North Carolina Studies in Comparative Literature, no. 13, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 1955, pp. 178-89. In this study the author points out that a poem by *Hu Shih about two butterflies could be about two males; he also quotes from a poem by *Kuo Mo-jo with homoerotic undertones. A rare example of homosexual undertones in Chinese literary criticism. Whitmanism in his title could suggest the homoerotic. He was a Chinese national educated at *Harvard, later lecturing at that university. Critic and historian from China writing in English. Active 1987. Author, with *Dr. Yung-mei Tsai, of "Male Homosexuality in Traditional Chinese Literature", Journal of Homosexuality, vol. 14 no. 3-4 (1987), 21-33; bibl., 33. This is a concise survey with many Tine points raised. Dr. Ruan is Associate Professor of Medical History at the Beijing Medical University, *Beijing, and Dr. Tsai, who has presented papers at the American Sociological Association, is Professor of Sociology at Texas Tech University. Poet from Iran who wrote in Persian. Active ca. 159Q. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A'in i Akbari anthology, 673-74; biog., 673 - states his name is Shapur. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1940-1988. Fine *Boston gay liberation poet who was an editor of * Fag Rag. He died of *Aids. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10620,11006: Hunger, First Poems, Fort du Lac, WI: Road Runner press, 1973. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1203, 1204, 1205, 1206: Hunger: First Poems, Boston: Road Apple Review, 1972, Night Blooming, Boston: Good Gay Poets, 1976 (he is given as the editor and it is stated to be an anthology), Thieves to Flesh, Dorchester, MA: Manifest Destiny Books, 1977 and The Orange Telephone. Nuestra Señora de los Dolores, Boston: Good Gay Poets, 1975 (this work has two titles and was shared with *Charley Shively, who wrote half the poems and whose poems appear at the back - or at the front, depending on the way the book is held; Farinella's title is The Orange Telephone). This work has one poet in the front and another in the back. The book has to be turned upside down and back to front to read the second poet; this could be read as a symbolic allusion to homosexuality, where anal sex is a kind of reversal of vaginal sex. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Male Muse, 31-32; biog., 119. Angels of the Lyre, 73-77; detailed biog., 239. Orgasms of Light, 76-80; biog., 252. We Bumped Off Your Friend the Poet, 5. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 644. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1975. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1207: The Undiscovered Country: A Collection of Poems, New York: Vantage, 1975. Biographer from the United States writing in English. Active 1984. Author of Auden in Love, London and Boston, 1984: a memoir of the relationship of *W. H. Auden with *Chester Kallman by Kallman's step-mother. The book revealed the relationship was deeply troubled since Kallman was continuously having sex with other men, causing Auden great unhappiness. Unpublished poems of Auden are included (see pp. 25-27, 93-95, 205-06 [two *limericks]) and some poems by Kallman (e.g., 228-29) previously only privately printed). Critic from Australia writing in German. Ca. 1910-ca. 1970. Author of Stefan Georges Beziehungen zur englischen Dichtung, Berlin, 1937, a work dealing with *Stefan George's English reputation. He was Professor of German at the University of Sydney and lived in Germany 1933-37. See A. Stephens, H. C. Rogers and B. Coglan, Festschrift for Ralph Farrell, Bern, Frankfurt am Main and Las Vegas, 1977; with bibliography of Farrell's work at the end (several articles on *Morike). Unmarried and believed to have been gay by strong oral tradition at the University of Sydney; however no direct evidence has so far been produced. Poet from Afghanistan who wrote in Persian. Died 1037. He was the *court poet of Mahmud Mas'ud of Ghazna, Afghanistan. He wrote a notable *elegy on Mahmud's death and also * qasidas. 9,000 verses have been preserved. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures: see "Farrokhi". Criticism. Browne, Literary History of Persia, volume 2, 124-28. Arberry, Legacy of Persia, 228: a love poem in English which seems gay. *Ehsan Yarshater, "The Theme of Wine drinking and the concept of the beloved in early Persian poetry", Studia Islamica 13 (1960), 50: re the trope of the love of *Mahmud for the slave Ayaz, which has become a wide ranging trope in Persian poetry. Movement in German and Italian in Germany and Italy from 1923 to 1945. Fascism was an authoritarian movement which arose in Italy with Mussolini, who became the ruler and virtual dictator of Italy in 1923. *Nazism was its German counterpart, dating from 1933 with the rise of Hitler and the Nazi party. In than year the Nazis burned the Reichstag, the German parliament, and took over the government absolutely. Homosexuals were imprisoned in Germany but were treated less harshly in Italy (and in the Netherlands, under German occupation from 1940). Some homosexuals were protected in Germany, but life was very insecure for all homosexuals in countries under fascist control. The destruction of the *Magnus Hirschfeld library in Germany in 1933, one of the first targets of the Nazis, and the library of *J. A. Schorer in the Netherlands in World War Two, were major gay cultural losses. Fascism is now normally taken to be any right wing ideology in which the state is supremely strong. Contrast *Communism (its left wing counterpart) and *Marxism. Fascism has been studied from 1977 onwards in German in relation to homosexuallty (in Rüdiger Lautmann's Seminar: Gesellschaft und Homosexualitat, 1977) and in Dutch in a series of books (see below). An aesthetic discussion is the collection of articles edited by Klaus Behnken and Frank Wagner, Inszenierung der Macht ästhetische Faszination im Faschismus(Berlin, 1987); poetry is not discussed but there are many illustrations of works of art. For a detailed bibliography see Ronald Kolpa, Fascisme en Homoseksualiteit, Amsterdam, 1985, pp. 201-05 (in Dutch). Consult also *Historical and Social Background - German, - Dutch. Fascism has links with *sado-masochism. German: see *J. S. Hohmann for the history and the entries *Otto Kiefer, *Klaus Mann. See also Heinz-Dieter Schilling, Schwule und Fascismus (Gays and Homosexuality), Berlin, 1983. Dutch: see *Ronald Kolpa. See also Henk van den Boogaard, Fascisme en homoseksualiteit, Nijmegen, 1982 and Homoseksualiteit en fascisme, Utrecht, 1984 (no author). English: see *Ezra Pound, ian Young. See also John Milfill editor, The Attractions of Fascism, 1980, a series of essays linking fascism with male sexuality, and Klaus Theweleit, Männerphantasien, 1978 (second edition, 1980), translated into English as Male Fantasies. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 387-90: Fascism. Myth and trope in Greek from Greece and later in Latin, English, Spanish, Hebrew and Arabic. From ca. 35 B.C. Fauns were mythical creatures of the forests associated with *satyrs and the god *Pan. The Oxford English Dictionary definition states that they were "at first represented like men with horns and the tail of a goat, afterwards with goats' legs like the satyrs, to whom they were assimilated in lustful character". Webster's Third New International Dictionary, 1976, vol. 2, p. 829, defines a faun as "a deity having human shape with pointed ears, small horns and sometimes a goat's tail, or as half goat and half man". Sometimes faun is spelt fawn. Greek. See Palatine Anthology xii 146 and *Nonnus, Book 9, 85-90. Latin. The word comes from the Latin faunus: see Oxford Latin Dictionary, p. 681 under sense 1 b where the word is cited in *Horace (65-8 B.C., date of writing taken as 35 B.C.), Odes 1 iv: 11 in a homosexual pastoral context (*Lycidas whom all youths love appears here). The trope is used in a homosexual sense in the last two lines of the medieval poem *"O admirabile Veneris ydolum". Compare *roe. For the ancient artistic depiction see * Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae under "Silenoi" in volume 8, part 1 and the plates. English. *Oscar Wilde, who had studied Greek extensively, wrote a homopoem called "Faun" (published in Poems, 1883); see also *Burges Johnson. Arabic: see *Abu Tammam, ibn Zaidun, *gazelle. Hebrew. *Norman Roth, " 'Deal Gently with the Young Man': Love of Boys in Medieval Hebrew Poetry of Spain", Speculum 57 (1982), 32-33. Pagis, Hebrew Poetry, p. 64: called 'ofer or tzvi in Hebrew, faun is an image from the *Song of Songs and tzvi is a pun on the Arabic word youth. It is a major homosexual trope in *medieval Hebrew poets 1000-1300 but disappears after that. Compare *roe. Spanish: see the *Gil-Albert entry in Dictionary of Literary Biography vol. 134, p.149, re the poem "Lamentacion" published in 1937. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 432. Poet from the United Staes writing in English. Active 1968. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10621: poem "David with Chocolate", ONE Magazine 6:4, 25 (April 1968). Critic from Brazil who wrote in Portuguese. Born ca. 1928. Author of Uma flor para os malditos: a homosexualidada na literatura (A flower for the accursed: homosexuality in literature), Favero: Flaminio and Athayde Pereira, 1983 (repr. Campinas, SP: Papirus Livraria Editora, 1983 and 1984), 115 pages; bibl. p.115. It contains only slight reference to poetry despite its title but is a pioneering work in Brazilian Portuguese; see Chapter 9 re the French writers *Gide and *Proust. Rare. Copy sighted: *Library of Congress. Poet from Brazil writing in Portuguese. 1930-1962. A Tine poet. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poemas do amor maldito, 103; biog., 102 - poet and journalist who died tragically in 1962. Translator from Greek to English from Great Britain. 1720-1777. Translator of *Anacreon (1760; repr.) and *Theocritus: The Idylliums (1767). Possibly the pseudonym of an anthologist of Turkish poetry and a translator from Turkish to French; he was from Switzerland. 18701910. He compiled the first selection of Turkish *Ottoman poetry in French with *Abdul-Halim Memdouch. His name is almost certainly a pseudonym (see *Fadil Bey, also called Fazyl Bey; repr. Fontfroide: Fata Morgana, 1996 - a copy is in the *Library of Congress). He also translated Le Livre des Beaux by Fadil Bey (published Paris, 1909). The *British Library General Catalogue and * National Union Catalog reveal he wrote a book on Turkey and also Louis II et Richard Wagner, Paris, 1893, on *Richard Wagner and *Ludwig II, king of Bavaria. The note in Pia, Les Livres de l'Enfer states he was Swiss, knew Turkish and was sympathetic to homosexuals. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10622: * Anthologie de l'amour turc, Paris: *Mercure de France, 1905 with comment "Some references to male and female homosexuality, latter in a poem by *Fazyl Bey". Pia, Les Livres de l'Enfer, columns 757-58: description of Le Livre des Beaux. Criticism. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 7 (1905), 863-67: review of Anthologie de l'amour turc. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active ca. 1974. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10624-25: two poems in journals - "Bonhoeffer brings homo the bacon..." in College English 36:340-41, November 1974 and "Theme for the prom" in Gay Lit 2:48, Spring 1973. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gay Verse. Poet from China who wrote in English. Active 550. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature, 6: "Fei Ch'ang-fang, a historian of the 6th century". Gay Sunshine, 35 (Winter 1978), 10, poem trans. by *S. W. Foster - an openly gay love poem in this translation (name spelt Fei Chang); source of translation not given. Poet from Portugal who wrote in Portuguese. Active 1920. Arcadie no. 72 (December 1959), 711, cites two poems which are relevant. A compatriot of *Gomes Leal. Book collector from the United States of works written in English. 1899-1988. He was the greatest collector of material on *Walt Whitman and gave his collection to the *Library of Congress before he died. He assembled the finest collection of photographs of Whitman and read everything he purchased: see his paper, "A Whitman Collector destroys a Whitman Myth" (about Whitman misleading his biographers John Burroughs and *Richard Bucke) in Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America, 1958. A donation from him allowed the Library of Congress to purchase the *Horace Traubel papers. He lived in Detroit from 1923 and was Jewish. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Literary Biography, Yearbook (1988). Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1945. See Christopher Street, February 1977, p. 11: "About 'Petronius". A moving poem about the 'suicide of Petronius. He has written several plays and much theater criticism. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors, vol. B9-92. Fellatio, also called Cocksucking Sucking the penis to the point of ejaculation. Called *Cocksucking in the United States. From at least 40 B.C. English: see *Leigh Hunt, 'Frederick Rolfe, *Peter Schjeldahl. A famous article by the poet *Charley Shively, "Cocksucking as an act of Revolution", was published in Fag Rag 10 (September 1974). German. A book Sucking Boys (the title is in English) was published by *Peter Baschung in 1980. Greek: see the article by Harry D. Jocelyn "A Greek Indecency and its Students" in Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society 206 (1980), 12-66: an exhaustive discussion of fellatio in Greek literature. Latin. See Forberg, Manual of Classical Erotology, vol. 1, pp. 190-261; see especially pp. 191 (* Priapeia), 217-29 (*Martial [ca. 40-ca. 104], *Ausonius), 255-57 (Martial). Compare *licking, *sucking. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Ullstein Enzyklopädie der Sexualität. Movement and philosophy in English in Great Britain, the United States and other countries, in French and other *European languages, and latterly spreading to other languages from ca. 1910. Feminism is seen by many as being about the opposing of masculinism, perceived as violence and macho behavior; in a strictly female sense it can refer to women's rights - equality before the law of women and men - but in literature it goes back to *heroic poems. As a philosophy, feminism goes back to the ancient Sanskrit cosmology of the universe where male and female were seen as complimentary; Sanskrit philosophies such as *Saivism and *Tantrism and the Chinese philosophy *Yin and Yang are related. In nonliterate cultures little is known but male and female roles seem rigidly separated in *African and *Australian Aboriginal cultures. A distinction needs to be made between feminism as a philosophy and feminism as a social movement for the right of women to legal equality (which, in many cultures, was and is not even today the case). As a twentieth century movement, feminism originally aimed at giving women the right to vote (which was not the case before 1900 in any countries) and, following this advance, equality with men. Simone de Beauvoir's The Second Sex, originally published in French in 1948, was a crucial work. The United States had a strong feminist movement from the late nineteenth century. The second wave of twentieth century feminism started from around 1965 and the concept has broadened to become a philosophy based on the nature of humanity. Books by Kate Millett, Germaine Greer and Betty Friedman were crucial works. The establishment of the United Nations from 1946 saw an increased emphasis on human rights and the rights of women (especially the Declaration of Human Rights of 1948 and later the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights). See also *men's movement, *androgyny. From 1969, there were close links with gay liberation (see *Kenneth Pitchford, *effeminism) and from the 1960s with the black power movement: see *blacks, James Baldwin. Some gay liberationists modelled themselves on the women's liberation movement, believing that, if women could liberate themselves, gays could too. See *Laurence Housman, Joseph Boone, *Queer Theory. Contrast *misogyny. Virginia Blain, The Feminist Companion to Literature in English, 1990, gives the English background. German: see *Goethe. Sanskrit: see *Brahman, *Siva. Bengali: see *Tagore. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia Britannica; this entry refers readers to the entries woman suffrage and Women's Liberation Movement. Encyclopedia of World Literature in the 20th-Century, Supplement volume (1994). Gay Histories and Cultures. Trope in English from Great Britain and later in French and Italian. From ca. 1819. Woman as attractive yet destructive force luring men to their death is the basic idea of the femme fatale, the fatal woman. The femme fatale concept may indicate latent homosexuality in males involved with it. English. See *Keats (1819), *E. A. Poe, *Swinburne, *Oscar Wilde. The idea also appears in the poetry of the *Pre-Raphaelites and *William Morris. French. Wilde's play Salomé featuring this trope, was written in French. Italian. *Mario Praz discusses the trope in his book The Romantic Agony. Compare *misogyny. Ferdinando, Paul The real name of *Charles Carrington, a publisher of *pornography in *Paris in the late nineteenth century ca. 1889-ca. 1917. His real name is disclosed in Legman, Horn Book, p. 30. He published the Latin writer *Forberg's De Figuris Veneris (ca. 1889). He sold many of his published books to English language speakers because they were banned in their own countries and could not be published there. He went blind, reputedly from syphilis, turned his business over to two assistants in the 1920s and died in poverty. See Charles Carrington, Forbidden Book: Notes and Gossip on Tabooed Literature by an Old Bibliophile, Paris: for the author and his friends, 1902 (rare; copy sighted: *Deane Erotica, University of Sydney, Rare Books). For information on his life see Legman, Horn Book, pp. 26-34. Sexologist from Hungary who wrote in Hungarian. 1873-1933. A Hungarian psychoanalyst and follower of Freud who wrote on homosexuality in Hungarian from 1902 and later in German. He supported the work of *Hirschfeld to change the law in Germany and was tolerant of homosexuality in his medical practice. Works include Contributions to Psyho-Analysis, translated by Ernest Jones, London, 1916. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 392-94. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1991. A *black poet whose work has *Surrealistic undertones. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 41: poem "Shade"; biog.,175. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1919. One of the *beat poets, his poetry has celebrated love, sex and freedom. He has translated the Italian poet *Pasolini and was the publisher of Ginsberg's Howl through his bookshop *City Lights. On the publication of Howl and City Lights' prosecution for obscenity: see Neeli Cherkovski, Ferlinghetti: A Biography, 1979, pp. 100-112. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10627: Pictures of the Gone World, San Francisco: City Lights, 1955 - in this volume see "In Hintertime Praxiteles", on the ancient Greek homosexual sculptor. Anthologies. Fra mann til mann, 65-66. Critic and biographer from France writing in French and translator from Italian to French. Born 1929. Mainly known as a French gay novelist who has also written travel books, he wrote the Preface to the major French gay anthology *Les amours masculines. His Le Rapt de Ganymede (The Rape of *Ganymede), 1989, is a major series of essays on gay culture with some discussion of literature and an attempt to elaborate a gay 'aesthetic (trans. into Italian 1990; trans. into Dutch before 1992; trans. into German. 1992, titled Der Raub des Ganymed). He also wrote a biography of *Pasolini: Nella mano dell'angelo, 1982. As a translator of poetry see his translation of *Sandro Penna from Italian into French, Une étrange joie de vivre et autres poèmes, 1979. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionnaire Gay. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Les Amours masculines, 11-22 (preface). Pour tour l'amour des hommes, 300-01 : discussion of his life and work. Criticism. European Gay Review no. 8-9 (1992), 236-43: important essay on his work by Simon P. Sibelman. Woods, History of Gay Literature, 316: on his novel L'Etoile rose. Poet from France who wrote in French, 1688-1719. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Les Amours masculines, 158; with biog., 158. From Pièces Libres, London, 1738. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 411: re *angels and *Sodom and Gomorrah. Pour tout l'amour des hommes, 99. Translator from Greek to Catalan from Spain and editor of works in Catalan and Spanish. Active 1975. Translator of the Greek poet *Cavafy into Catalan: Vuitanta-vuitpoemes de Cavafis (Eighty-eight poems of Cavafy), Barcelona, Edicions 62, 1975, 129 pp.; a second enlarged edition was entitled Poesies de Cavafis (Barcelona: La Gaya Ciencia, 1978), 236 pp. He has also published editions of the Catalan poet *Ausias March: Les poésies, 1979 (in Catalan) and Poesia, 1979 (in Spanish). He is also a critic. Songwriter from Portugal who wrote in Portuguese. Active ca. 1660. When he was the Dean of Oporto Cathedral, aged about 47, in 1660, he composed a satirical song with the names of the most famous sodomites which he sang, accompanying himself with his guitar. The song does not appear to have survived and is thus a *lost work. Source: paper of *Luiz Mott, given at the Amsterdam, 1987, Gay Conference. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1969. Pseudonym of John Davis. Fersen, Jacques d'Adelswärd, Count, also called Jacques Adelsward, Freiherr Poet from France who wrote in French; he later lived in Italy. 1880-1923. One of the most intriguing poets in gay culture and one of the great figures in French gay culture, Fersen was the son of a famous Swedish family, the richest in the country at the time (see the entry Adelswärd in the Swedish biographical dictionary pp. 17-18, Tab. 14; a photostat has been sighted but the source was not supplied). The family are believed to have made their money from munitions factories in France and Sweden. He was born in Paris and seems to have been raised there. His correct name was Jacques Adelswärd and his Swedish title was Freiherr. Fersen embarked on a literary career in Paris. Books of poems he published were: Chanson Legères, 1900, Poèmes de l'enfance, Paris, 1901, 203 pp., with introduction by Edmond Rostand and Fernand Gregh, L'Hymnaire d'Adonis, 1902 (see *Adonis), Les Cortèges qui sont oasse, 1903, L'amour Ensevelli, 1904, Le danseur aux caresses, Paris, Vanier, 1906 (reviewed Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 9 [1908], 507-601 with German trans. of several poems). Two poems were translated into English as Curieux d'amour, London: privately printed, 1970, by Ian Young (this book is very rare; 125 copies only were published; it consists of two poems with an illustration by Gaston Goor of two naked erotic small boys). Amori et Dolori Sacrum, Capri, 1990, 54 pp., quarto sized, is a collection of photographs of Fersen's Capri with a selection of his poetry and an introduction by Roger Peyrefitte. No writings of his in Swedish have been located (if they exist; he seems to have written only in French). A *parody of his poetry was written by *Doctor A.-S. Lagail. He lived in Paris before being imprisoned for six months on a charge of corrupting minors in 1903. This related to his friendship with the schoolboy Loulou Locré and other boys and friendship with Albert de Warren. Warren and Fersen were accused in the French press of holding black masses; see the details in Will Ogrinc's article cited below. The file of Fersen's case of corrupting minors is still closed but *Roger Peyrefitte, who obtained a copy, states in his memoir Propos Secrets that the conduct for which Fersen was tried amounted to masturbation of the youths (see details in the Ogrin article cited below pp. 36-41). The ages of the youths are not known so whether the behavior is best termed *pedophilia or *pederasty is difficult to say. He travelled extensively and later became a *drug addict, addicted to opium. He died in *Capri where he built a splendid villa, the Villa Lysis named after a dialogue of *Plato and situated under the former residence of the Roman emperor Tiberius on one of the highest points of the island. The villa still survives and though, at one point, part was falling down is now believed to have been restored. A lover was the Neapolitan *Nino Cesarini, whose portrait Fersen had painted; he had a bronze sculpture made of him naked which stood in the garden. It seems that he committed suicide by swallowing a sleeping draught in front of Nino (see details in James Money, Capri: Island of Pleasure, 1987). His publishing of the first French gay journal * Akadémos (1909) alone merits him a high place in gay culture (some poems in this journal may be by him written under pseudonyms). He can be described as a *pederast. See reviews of two gay novels Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 11(1910), 82-87. Biography: see Roger Money, Capri: Island of Pleasure, 1987; see the index as he is referred to extensively. He is the subject of the novel L'Exile de Capri by *Roger Peyrefitte. The article by *Will H. Ogrinc in * Paidika vol. 3 no.2 (Issue 10), "A Shrine to Love and Sorrow: Jacques d'Adelswärd Fersen (1880-1923)", 30-58, is the best introduction to his life and work in English; it reproduces photographs of him and some poems (with translations); he concludes, p. 54, that Fersen was attracted to *ephebes (teenage boys). This article is a model of scholarship and contains the finest bibliography on Fersen's works and on works about him yet assembled. Fersen's novel LordLyllian. Messes Noires (Lord Lyllian. Black Masses), 1905, is based on his trial and people in his circle (see the Ogrinc article cited above, pp. 39-42); a later novel Et le feu s'éteignit sur la mer... (1909) was based on gay life on Capri and caused a sensation. The title means "And the fire extinguishes itself on the sea" but the last word "mer..." may be a shortened form of "merde" (faeces, shit) and the title could thus refer to anal sex in this case. A later intimate on Capri was the fifteen year old Corrado Annicelli (see Ogrinc article, p. 48). See also P. Cardan, editor, Dossier Jacques d'Adelsward-Fersen, Lille, 1991. Translation. English: see ian Young. The article by Will Ogrinc includes a translation into English of the poem "Treize ans" (Thirteen years), pp. 34-35, from L'Hymnaire d'Adonis. Dictonaries. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 491-95, 735. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 11-12. Dictionnaire Gay. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Homosexuality in Canada, first edition (1979), 9: Curieux d'Amour, London: privately printed, 1970 (illustrated by Goor) - trans. into English of his poems by *Ian Young. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1223: Curieux d'Amour, Translated for the First Time into English by Ian Young with an Illustration by Goor, London: privately printed, 1970; the artist is the Belgian gay artist Gaston Goor. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 438-39: six poems "White Mass", "Curieux d'amour", "Thirteen Year Old", "Paganism", "Thirteen" and "Alexis" trans. into English (the fullest selection of his poetry in English). Criticism. Mayne, The Intersexes, 347 (re his life) and 387 (text of a French poem). *Hérelle manuscript 3188 f. 448-49: stating he was sentenced to six months in *prison for inciting minors to debauchery and referring to the 1910 novel by Binet-Valmeyr, Lucien, on him and the 1912 novel by Sidney Palace, Les Fréquentations de Maurice. Translator from Russia from Russian to Latin. 1820-1892. A poet who translated the Latin poets *Catullus and *Tibullus into Russian (published in 1886) and also Horace (1856; repr.). He published in Russian bawdy Stories from Russian Folklore, Geneva, 1872; repr. Paris, *Carrington, 1897 (repr. as Ribald Russian Classics, Los Angeles, 1966). He appears to have been heterosexual and married. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Terras, Handbook of Russian Literature. Bookseller from Germany mainly of works in German. Born 1950. A major book dealer in the field of sexology who lives in the village of Allmendingen near Stuttgart. His catalogue Number 32 Erotica, 4 vols, ca. 1987, is divided into two parts: Part One, 2 volumes, is Erotica, Part 2, is Homosexuality (2560 items with detailed annotations). This catalogue is one of the most scholarly ever produced on Homosexuality and, in its notes, constitutes a critique of *Manfred Herzer's bibliography. Catalogues 58 (Erotische Literatur) and 77 and 78 (Sexualia including homosexuality) are other catalogues of relevance. Biography: see the note p. 85 of Catalogue 78. Born 1950. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1983. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Voices Against the Wilderness, 1 - a *black poet from *Chicago. Critic and poet from Germany who wrote in German. 1935-1986. A major German *beat novelist, active from 1959, whose series of essays, Homosexualitat und Literatur: Polemiken, volumes 1 and 2, 1987-88, is a survey of homosexuality and literature and an attempt at a homosexual *aesthetic (reviewed in Forum 5, 1988, 95-101 by *Wolfgang Popp); included are essays on *Rimbaud, *Genet and *Platen. He is a rare German author who not only treated homosexuality openly, but also made it a guiding force. He was engaged on a 19 volume History of Sensibility when he died and which is now being edited from fragments. Partly of Jewish background (his father was Jewish) he was raised in Sweden where he was later engaged in farming and was influenced by the ideas of *Rudolf Steiner. He is the author of two volumes on *Afro-Brazilian religions: Xango, 1978-84, and Petersilie, 1980-84. The influence of *tribal cultures gave him a fresh perspective on European cultures; *anthropology also made him treat high culture equally with what has been called popular culture. He was perhaps the leading German gay oriented *deconstructionist. Deiner Umarmungen susse Sehnsucht, 1985, one of his last works, is a passioned defence of the gay German poet *Platen. He wrote an article on *Achilles and Patroclus in Merkurvol. 5 (May 1986) and articles on *Sappho and *Homer. Interview: see Forum 8 (1989), 93-103 titled Thomas Freeman, "Gesprach mit Hubert Fichte" (about the influence on him of *Hans Henny Jahnn in his Swedish period). Criticism. See W. von Wangenheil, Hubert Fichte, 1980; outline of life pp. 224-27; bibl. pp. 228-32. There is an important article on him in Dutch by *Marita Keilsen-Lauritz, in Homologie 4 (1990) 31-35," Homoseksualiteit is het privilege". His grave has a Greek poem by *Empedocles inscribed on it. Compare *Michel Foucault. Translation. English. A selection of his critical essays was translated as The Gay Critic (1996), with an introduction by James H. Jones. The most complete listing of his work is * Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen, items 231-85. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 395-96: brilliant summary of his achievement by *Marita Keilson-Lauritz. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. See also the biog note in Andere Lieben, 300-301. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Fra mann til mann, 90-92. "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen", 160-61. Poet, critic, philosopher and letter writer from Italy who wrote in Latin and Italian. 1433-1499. He became a *Catholic priest in 1473 and never married. As a *humanist, in 1462 he became head of the Platonic Academy at the Medici villa at Careggi outside Florence and a *humanist; in this year he also started to translate *Plato from Greek into Latin. The translation was completed ca. 1470 but not published until 1484. It made Plato widely available to the learned readership of the time. A translation into Italian of The *Symposium from Ficino's Latin version was published in 1544 (see *Plato). Ficino's Latin version was frequently reprinted and continued to be influential until the eighteenth century. He wrote a famous commentary on Plato's *Symposium, De amore (About love) published as a Platonic dialogue in 1469, becoming the basis of *Renaissance *Platonism and which he translated into Italian in 1474 as Sopra lo amore (On Love). The work was expanded into the Theologica platonica, 1482. See the edition of Sears Jayne, Marsilio Ficino: Commentary on Plato's Symposium, Dallas, Texas, 1985 (revised from his 1944 edition) with English translation and excellent introduction. The De Amore forms part of a tradition of works in Latin and Italian discussing the nature of love (see *Debate on love). Six passages from Plato only are discussed. The speeches are set at a symposium and the main speaker is Ficino's friend Giovanni Cavalcanti, who is elected the guest of honor in much the same way as *Agathon forms a focal point of The Symposium. Cavalcanti speaks first on the passage from The Symposium 178c-180d, the speech of Phaedrus, which deals with the homosexual * erastes and eromenos relationship as the ideal form of love, with *Achilles and Patroclus embodying it. (For homoerotic letters from Ficino to Cavalcanti see My Dear Boy: Gay Love Letters through the Centuries, pp. 46-48.) The main argument of De Amore, whose influence was enormous, is the inherent goodness of human love and the work can be read as a defence of gay love. Ficino's prodigious writings include the Platonica Theologica (Platonic Theology), of 1482, stressing the human soul as having a central place in the universe in contrast to that of the Catholic theologian *Saint Thomas Aquinas which was God centred. This work became one of the bases of *humanism at the same time as having undertones of *allegory. Ficino also translated *Plotinus into Latin. His influence spread to the English poet *Edmund Spenser. Translation of De Amore. English: Sears Jayne (1944; enlarged edition 1985). French: de la Haye (1542), Broderie (1578), R. Marcel (1956). German: K. P. Hasse (1914) Italian: Barbarasa (1544). Spanish: A. R. Diaz (1968). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 396-97: revealing an intense emotional relationship with Giovanni Cavalcanti (ca. 1444-1509) and states he was almost certainly gay. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 131-36 (prose). Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1883-1945. A close friend of *Witter Bynner from undergraduate days at *Harvard (the two collaborated on the Spectra Hoax, a sendup of modernist poetry: for details see the Witter Bynner entry), he was an *aesthete of delicate sensibilities. Book: Sonnets of a Portrait Painter, 1914; see pp. 14, 32. The poems are modelled on *Shakespeare's and could be to a man. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Movement in Italian poetry in Italy from 1562. See Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, pp. 397-98, where it is described as a type of poetry in which a pedant declares his love for his pupil. It was originated by *Camillo Scroffa in his Cantici di Fidenzio (1562) and is a type of anti *Petrarchan poetry. Other practitioners include Jano Argyroglotto (pseud.) and *Giambattista Liviera. Compare *Bernesque poetry. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Active 1924. Fidian is a pseudonym meaning "faithful"; his real name is unknown. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 73: poem "Love's Incarnation" ("I espied beneath a tree a lovely boy") based on the trope of *Eros. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 514: same poem. Critic from the United States writing in English. Born 1917. A *Freudian and myth critic, his essay "Come Back to the Raft Huck Honey", in An End to Innocence (1955), pointed out homosexual themes in the novels of James Fenimore Cooper, *Herman Melville and *Mark Twain (all of whom wrote poetry). In his controversial critical work Love and Death in the American Novel (1959), he dealt with James Fenimore Cooper and Herman Melville. His theories have been controversial but have raised the issue of homosexuality in the works of major United States literary figures. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1924. After World War Two (see his poem "World War Two" in Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, pp. 107-11) he studied at New York University. Active as a published poet since 1963, he lives in Greenwich Village, *New York, and has a Jewish background. Although he has written Tine gay poems, his published books to the late eighties were somewhat reticent on homosexuality. He is a *performance poet, having given hundreds of poetry readings as well as poetry workshops. His first book Stand Up Friend With Me, New York, 1963, won the Lamont Poetry Award for 1962 and does not contain homopoems (except for the *lesbian poem "Ruth and Naomi" p. 21). Variety Photoplays (1975; repr) is *camp. In A Full Heart (1977) see "The Gods Desert Anthony" p. 41 (after *Cavafy). His New and Selected Poems, Sheep Meadow Press, 1987, was reviewed in Parnassus 15 (1989), 240-55, James White Review vol. 5 no. 2 (Winter 1989), 7 by *George Klawitter and James White Review vol. 5 no. 2 (Winter 1988), 12. In the twenty-five new poems in the section "The Crier" see the poem "Triad". Counting Myself Lucky is his Selected Poems 1963-1992; see review * Lambda Book Report vol. 3 no. 9 (1993), 28-29. His poem "Giant Pacific Octopus" is regarded as a gay classic (see *Robert Peters, Hunting the Snark: A Compendium of New Poetic Terminology, p. 182). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 1238-41: A Full Heart, New York: Sheep Meadow Press, 1977 (highly rated by Ian Young), Stand Up, Friend, with Me, New York: Grove Press, 1963, Sweet Gwendolyn and the Countess, Konglomerati Press, 1976, Variety Photoplays, New York: Grove, 1967. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Male Muse, 33-37: poems which explore a relationship of living with another man; biog., 119. Angels of the Lyre, 78-80 (see especially "The Moving Man"); biog., 240. Digte om mænds kærlighed til mænd. Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, 106-11 : see especially "Unwanted"; biog., 106 (with photo). Poets for Life, 76. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 668. Name of Love, 64-65; biog., 71-72. Badboy Book, 113-20; biog., 386. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 738. A Day for a Lay, 89-95. Word of Mouth, 45-56. Criticism. Martin, Homosexual Tradition in American Poetry, 190-96. Boston Gay Review, no.10 (Fall 1979), 10-11: overview by *Charley Shively. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1850-1895. Born in *New England and educated in the *south, he was later a *Chicago journalist and wit. He married and had eight children. For a gay poem ascribed to Field see "Socratic Love" in Anon. (editor), * Immortalia, New York (?), 1927, pp. 11-13; the poem was 'Written for and recited before the Papyrus Club of Boston, September 1888'" (p. 13) and appears to have been first printed in The Stag Party, Boston (?), 1888. This brilliant poem is a *satire of the concept of *Socratic Love, detailing the homosexual adventures of Socrates and his "rare avis dodger" (penis) with Alcibiades. It shows Field was thoroughly familiar with the Greek gay background (*Plato and *Solon are mentioned); see also *song. Other poems by Field in Immortalia (see pp. 8-17) are heterosexual. The largest collection of his *bawdry in the form of poems is in this same book. The poem The Crisis, Vaginal Press, Athens, 1938, 19 pp. (limited to 25 copies) may be relevant given the very sophisticated level of language; this curious work is about a French prostitute called a Queen p. 5 (though the word usually meant prostitute not homosexual), with the name Camille Maria Jesus Hector Limousine, and a man with a huge penis. The subtlety of the writing means it is possible the prostitute is a male transvestite. His collected poems have not been published. His works were collected in 10 volumes, 1896; 2 volumes were added 1900. His erotica do not appear to have been collected. Compare *Mark Twain. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of American Biography. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1846-1914. Michael Field, who could be thought to be a man if it is not known that the name is a pseudonym, was actually a woman; in fact two: Katherine Bradley and her niece, Edith Cooper. Michael Field's poems are capable of being read as male homosexual poems and some express erotic feelings addressed to other men. See *Ivor Treby, The Michael Field catalogue: a book of lists (London; De Blackland Press, 1998). Works were published from 1884 with Callirrhoe. See Mary Strugeon, Michael Field, London, 1922 (repr.). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Critic from the United States of Greek poetry writing in English. Active 1985. He compiled, with *G. Nagy, Theognis of Megara: Poetry and the Polis, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1985 (with bibl. pp. 309-21). This is the most comprehensive critical work on the ancient Greek gay poet *Theognis to 1985. It is a collection of essays which centres on the relationship of a major gay poet to his city and times, brilliantly presented and written. However, even so, this work contains no detailed gay reading of the poems of Theognis. Filho, Francisco Badaro Bittencourt Poet from Brazil writing in Portuguese. Born 1933. The author of several books of poems. He has published A Bicha que ri, Rio de Janeiro, 1981, under the name Francisco Bittencourt. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poemas do amor maldito, 57-58; biog., 56. Film in relationship to gay poetry both oral and written and to songs survives in English from the United States and other languages from ca. 1910. The largest repositories of film material are the *Library of Congress (for written cultures) and the Smithsonian Institute (most important for oral cultures) both in *Washington. Material dates from ca. 1910, though probably exists from 1900, that is from the beginnings of film. Some of the cultures recorded on film (e.g., *Australian Aboriginal cultures) are believed to date back at least 40,000 years while *African cultures are earlier. The Library of Congress is the United States deposit library and its purchasing budget is the largest of any library in the world. Film material is especially important for *oral tribal cultures where oral literatures have not been recorded and where many of the cultures are dying. Non-literate cultures. Material on oral cultures is scattered in libraries throughout the world (sometimes uncataloged or on card catalogs) and relates to the growth of *anthropology. See Emilie de Brigard, in Timothy H. H. Thoresen, Toward a Science of Man: Essays in the History of Anthropology (1975), pp. 34-63. "The History of Ethnographic Film" The Institute of Aboriginal Affairs in *Canberra, for instance, has over 10,000 films in *Australian Aboriginal Languages (some films are sacred-secret and not publicly accessible; some of these showing initiation ceremonies dating from ca. 1910). German: the institut für film Wissenshschaft in Gottingen, West Germany has important oral culture material which is extremely wide ranging (e.g. from Asia to South America and Africa): see entries for the languages Akha, Jat, Makiritare (see entries for *Oral poems and each of these languages) and Pashto (see *Songs - Pashto). The German filmmaker Leni Reifenstal did film of the Nuba which was unfinished at the time of her death. Beside the Smithsonian in Washington, ehnographic films exist in major museums such as the Field Museum in *Chicago, the American Museum of Natural History in *New York, the British Museum and Royal Anthropological Institute in *London, the Musée de l'homme, *Paris, the Dahlem Museum complex in*Berlin and the Australian Museum in *Sydney. American museums are especially rich in *American Indian material. Ethnographic films made in the former USSR, now in Russia in *St. Petersburg and *Moscow are likely in Russian and in China in Chinese. The National Museum of Ethnology in Osaka, Japan, has 63,000 audio-visual items some in Japanese. Material on Indonesian tribal cultures may be in Dutch museums especially at the University of Leiden, a major repository of anthropological material, since the Dutch ruled Indonesia for over 200 years. Material on Chinese tribal minorities, some of which may be relevant, undoubtedly exists in Chinese libraries. The material in these museums needs to be checked for oral poems and especially all male dancing and singing. Photography material may also be of relevance: for instance, C. P. Mountford, Nomads of the Australian Desert (1976) for central Australian Aborigines (this work was banned due to the sensitive nature of the photographs). For *American Indian Languages, the Smithsonian Insititute in Washington, DC, has material; for African material see the Smithsonian and museums in France and Belgium; for films relating to Australian Aboriginals see the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies in Canberra; for *South American Indians the Smithsonian Institute in Washington, DC, has much material; for Melanesian films the Melanesian acrhives at the University of California, San Diego, has material. Indonesian material may be in the Netherlands, especially at Leiden. The University of *Manchester, Department of Anthropology, Ethnographic Film Unit has film material. Literate cultures. Recently there have been film interviews of poets (see the entries for the English poets *W. H. Auden, *Jack Kerouac). Films of relevant dramatic works in poetry (e.g., the plays of *Shakespeare) are also relevant. The British Film Institute in London is the major British repository for art films. Films for television and videotapes for private use are also of interest; on television films in Great Britain, the United States and Australia see *Keith Howes, Broadcasting It (the only comprehensive survey of this neglected area of gay studies to date). Television films have been poorly archived but archives exist: for instance, in Australia, that of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, in Great Britain, that of the British Broadcasting Corporation (see Howes, Broadcasting It for references). Televised readings of poets reciting their poems are becoming increasingly common in the 1990s, especially with the video recorder. Poets have also made films: see the French poets *Jean Genet and *Jean Cocteau (who made a Surrealist film in the 1930s). In Paris a major film insititute is the Cinémathèque Française. Spanish: see *Garcia Lorcia. Armenian. See *Sergei Parajanov. A large film industry exists in India. *Indian films featuring *Siva are expecially relevant and spoof films of major works such as the *Ramayana and the * Mahabharata which parody these works may also be relevant (a spoof of the Ramayana was made by Sukumar Ray, the father of Satyajit Ray, before 1950). Japanese films: see *Mishima Yukio. See also *Aural material. Information on film institutes is available in Liz-Anne Bawden, The Oxford Companion to Film(1976). Bibliographies. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 406: bibliography of gay film sources. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 12531: "Cinema". Gay Histories and Cultures: "Film" (deals mainly with feature films). Period in French and English relating to literature in Great Britain and France. The phrase is French for "end of century" and refers to the nineteenth century, though the period is roughly 1890-1914. See *eighteen-nineties, *decadents, *aesthetes, *aestheticism - the term is loosely used synonymously with these terms. See also *Wayne Koestenbaum. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1979. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1320 (with *David Frankel): The Trial of Dan White: A Poetic Investigation, San Francisco: Rouge et Noir Press, 1979 - about the murder in *San Francisco of the gay politician Harvey Milk by Dan White, which event inspired a riot by San Francisco gays. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1935. Book of poems: According to Lilies, 1992. He teaches at Surguadai University, Saitama, Japan. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 38: poem " The Rape of *Ganymede", 148-49; biog., 238. Translator from Switzerland from French to English. Active 1983. He is mentioned in James White Review vol. 4 no. 1 (Fall 1986), 16, where he is said to be in an anthology The Classic Voice in Contemporary Gay Poetry, compiled by *William Barber, which is said to be about to be published. No trace has been found of this anthology. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 322-25: trans. into English of the French poet *Genet (from his long poem "The Man Sentenced to Death"), on *sex in prison. Using the finger to penetrate the anus for sexual arousal (compare *anal sex which involves the penis). It exists in Latin from Italy from ca. 85 and later in English. This practice has become more common with *Aids. Latin: see *Martial (ca. 85-103). English: 'Children's play rhymes. Using the fingers or a finger in a sexual way. It exists in Latin from Italy from ca. 85. Such gestures are still common amongst homosexuals in Greece and may be very ancient - see photographs in the dictionary Kaliarnta of Elias Petropoulos (Athens 1971; later editions). See the Latin poet *Martial (ca. 85-103). Poet from Italy writing in Italian. Died 1422. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 280-82; of three relevant longish poems two are directed against homosexuals. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1941-1991. Author of Mind and Blood: The Collected Poems, Santa Barbara, 1992, 124 pages edited by David Middleton. Reviewed in James White Review vol. 10 no. 3, 16-17, by Jim Cory. A former academic who withdrew to the family farm in Arkansas to write, his poems are in verse in the style of *Allen Tate, *John Crowe Ransom and *Yvor Winters (this style is called by Jim Cory the New Formalism). A long poem The Slaughter of the Herd is highly rated. He died of *Aids Firdausi (also spelt Firdawsi, Ferdowsi, Firdousi), Abu'l-Qasim Poet from Iran who wrote in Persian. 941-1019. Firdausi is from the word "paradise" and also means "garden". He is the writer of the national *epic of Iran (compare *Homer), the Shah-nama (completed ca. 1010; also spelt Shahnamah). Its subject is the history of Iran, its heroes and kings to the Sassanian dynasty. The poem is one of the epic masterpieces of world literature and one of the longest poems ever written at 50,000 lines (about 2,600 pages) or, in some manuscripts 60,000 lines. It was initially begun by the poet Daqiqi (who only composed some 1,000 lines) and continued by Firdawsi. A good introduction is the "Prologue" to the shortened prose version in English by Reuben Levy titled The Epic of Kings (1967; repr.), pp. xv-xxvi. As an example of homoeroticism in the work, see the episode of Sohrub and Rustum translated by A. and E. Warner in J. Kritzeck, Anthology of Islam, New York, 1964, pp. 116-23, especially p. 117 ("his very feet and stirrups move my love/ and make me blush"); the English poet *Matthew Arnold translated this episode. The episode titled The Legend of Seyavash, trans. by Dick Davis (Penguin, 1992) is also relevant; in this translation see p.10: "God's made you such that anyone who sees/ You loves you" (King Kavus to his son Sayavash). The episode portrays a world divided into male and female. *Misogyny - e.g. in the charatcer of the woman Sudabeh - needs to be taken into account in reading the poem and, as well, the overall latent homosexuality in the society portrayed, especially due to *marriage customs and purdah of women. Reuben Levy notes (op. cit., p. xxi) of Rustum: "Of the more than three hundred years of his life, so lovingly recounted by Ferdowsi, only one night is spent in the amorous company of a woman." *Ubayd Zakani wrote homosexual lines in parody of him. A poem on the trope of *Yusuf formerly ascribed to him is now considered a fake. Text: the text by the Russian scholar E. *Bertel's (Moscow, 1960-71; 9 volumes) is regarded as the best edited text; there is also a recent Iranian text published from 1971 in Tehran. Illustration. The Shahnamah was a favorite work with illustrators and many illustrations feature all-male groups and are strongly homoerotic; some feature *cupbearer scenes: see illustrators - Persian. Martin Dickson, Houghton Shahnama, 1982 reproduces a famous manuscript in *Harvard University Library; one of the illustrators, Shaykh-Muhammad, seems to have been gay. The poem has been enormously influential in central Asia serving as a model for other epic poems. Criticism in general. See *Browne, Literary History of Persia, volume 2, pp. 129-48. *Rypka, History of Iranian Literature, pp. 154-62. *Yarshater, Persian Literature, pp. 109-119.An earlier study of the epic is Theodore Noldeke, Das iranische Nationalepos (Strassburg, 1896; Berlin and Leipzig, 1930); English translation Noldeke's "The Iranian National Epic" or Shahnamah..., 1930 (rare: a copy is in the British Library; repr.). Translation. There are many abridgements, paraphrases etc. Only major and complete translations are included except as noted. In western European languages the only complete translations are in French by Mohl, in Italian by Pizzi and in English by Warner. Arabic: al-Bundari (in prose) also called Bondari (active 1218-27); Danish: *Arthur Christensen, selections (1931); English: J. Champion (1785), James Atkinson (1814; Sohrub and Rustam episode), *S. Robinson (ca. 1882), A. G. Warner and E. Warner (1905-12, the only complete English trans.), Rueben Levy (1967; abridged with prose summaries of omitted passages), Jerome Clinton (ca. 1990; Sohrub and Rustam only), Dick Davis (1992; Legend of Sayavash episode only). See also *Matthew Arnold who wrote a poem based on the Sohrub and Rustum episode. French: J. Mohl (1838-78; complete); German: *F. Ruckert (1890-95); Georgian: a version under the title Rostomiani circulated from an early date and there were many other versions (D. M. Lang, The Georgians, 1966, 169); Guiarati: J. Modi (1897-1904'): Italian: italo Pizzi (1886-88; complete); Russian: many shorter versions and extracts exist - see the * British Library General Catalogue and the Great Soviet Encyclopedia entry; the trans. by M. Lozinskii, 1934, who edited him in Russian, appears to be complete; Turkish. Ottoman Turkish: Anon. (1450-51), Sherif (Egypt, 1510), Derwish Hasan Medhi (ca. 1620); Modern Turkish: N. Lugakl and K.Akyuz (1945); Uzbek: see entry in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. For translations see the entry in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition (in the Bibliography). The * British Library General Catalogue and * National Union Catalog were also checked. Note: his name is spelt Firdausi in the *British Library General Catalogue and Firdawsi in the National Union Catalog. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Islam ansiklopedisi: see "Firdevsi" by *Helmut Ritter. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition: see "Firdawsi". Dictionary of Oriental Literatures: "Firdousi". Great Soviet Encyclopedia; includes bibliography in Russian of criticism. Criticism in homosexual terms. Levy, Persian Literature, 64-80; see especially p. 72: "It is a man's world that is depicted. Woman is a creature designed for his pleasure and for procreation, or else she is an Amazon who takes such virile parts in battles as to overthrow established warriors." (Note: the word "Amazon" has *lesbian connotations.) Poet from Italian who wrote in Italian. 1493-1543. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 131 - a writer of *Bernesque poetry on homosexual themes. Historian from France who wrote in French. Active 1908. Author with *Henri Weindel of L'Homosexualité en Allemagne, Paris, 1908. See the Weindel entry. Translator from French to English. Active 1974. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10632: Requiem for Huertebise: Homage to Jean Cocteau, San Francisco: *Manroot, 1974, 7 pp. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1259: same book. A translation of the French poet Jean Cocteau's "Requiem" into English. Bookseller from the United States selling works mainly in English. Ca. 1945-1990. He was the owner of *Elysian Fields bookshop, a gay bookshop in *New York, and was the compiler and publisher of catalogs which became the basis of *Ian Young's bibliography * The Male Homosexual in Literature. These Elysian Fields catalogs continued to 1990 and supplement The Male Homosexual in Literature for books of gay poetry in English published from 1982 to 1990. He used the pseudonym *Ed Drucker. The name Elysian Fields refers to the ancient Greek concept of paradise. He died of *Aids. Poet from Australia writing in English. Born 1954. He was expelled from the Anglican College, Macquarie University, *Sydney, in the early seventies when his homosexuality became known, an event which caused a public controversy: see the Australian *journal Camp Ink for coverage. He is the author of a medical bibliography of homosex in Gay Information 12 (Summer 1982-83), 44-45. Book of poems: Diversions from Routine, Sydney: the author, 1985, 30 pages: see "Whoresong", p. 7, "You are not my master, baby" p. 8 (also published in Edge City), "First Love", p. 10 ("for Phillip, July 77"). On page vi he states that he has used the pseudonyms Frederic Csillag and Basil Snail. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Hurley, Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Edge City, 8889; biog., 221: states he "was born on a south sea island and raised as an Englishman" and lives in *Sydney. Poet and anthologist from New Zealand writing in English. Active 1999. He lives in Christchurch, the largest city of the South Island of New Zealand. Gay Poetry Anthologies. When Two Men Embrace, 25-32: fine poems including on on *Michalangelo titled "Buonarroti"; biog., 47. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1956. A *black poet born in New York, in *Harlem, his poems have been published in Yemanja, a black gay men's journal and in issues 1 and 3 of the black gay journal * Blackheart. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Black Men/ White Men, 31-32: Tine poem about coming out in *Harlem; biog., 234. Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, 112-13: same poem; biog., 111 (with photo). Road Before Us, 42; biog., 175. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 808-09. Fishman, Jim Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10633: poem "Hiding", from *Gay Sunshine 7: 12, June-July 1971. Fist Fucking, also also called Fisting Putting the whole fist in the anus for sexual pleasure. Poems referring to this practice have been found only in English from the United States and date from 1974. *Emilio Cubeiro in * Mouth of the Dragon no.1 (1974) refers to it. *Paul Mariah wrote a brilliant poem. John Giorno's poem "I sat/I sat on his face" is about it. A poem by *Gavin Dillard may refer; the poem has not been located. No evidence has been found for this practice before the twentieth century. See The Fist Fucker's Manual, New York, ca.1980 (no author), 32 pp., for descriptions of this practice. For a medical view see T. P. Lowry, "Brachioproctic Eroticism", British Journal of Sexual Medicine, vol. 8 (January 1981), 32-33. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Sexual Practice: Fisting". Translator from Greek and Spanish to English from the United States. 1903-1968. For translations from Greek see books below and from Spanish see *Neruda. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10634: Poems from the *Greek Anthology, New York: New Directions, 1956. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 1262-63: More Poems from the *Palatine Anthology in English Paraphrase, Norfolk, CT: New Directions, 1941, and More Poems from the Palatine Anthology in English Paraphrase, New York: New Directions, 1956. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 24, 51, 57, 70-71: trans. from Poems from the Greek Anthology (as poetry translations from Greek to English these are very good). Translator from Persian to English and from English to Latin from Great Britain; also a biographer, critic and letter writer. 1809-1883. There is little doubt that Fitzgerald was at the very least psychologically homosexual and probably physically so. His *marriage to the daughter of his close male friend, Thomas Barton, at the age of 47 was a disaster. Strong male friendships were the mainstay of his life, such as the fisherman Joseph (Posh) Fletcher from 1864 - for whom he bought a boat called "Meum and Tuum" (Latin, meaning Mine and Yours). Other males such as W. K. Browne at *Cambridge (where he was educated) and C. B. Cowell were also closely bonded to him. The Persian lyric poetry tradition exemplified by *Omar Khayyam was a homosexual one. Fitzgerald's translation of Omar's work entitled The Rubayiat of Omar Khayyam (1859; published anonymously) - not listed in *Ian Young's two bibliographies - was one of the most popular Victorian poems (it also included Fitzgerald's biography of Omar Khayyam). By 1925, the English translation had been reprinted 139 times and many translations had been made from the English. It accurately caught the tone of Omar Khayyam. The Rubayiat of Omar Khayyam is a version or imitation of Omar Khayyam from a manuscript in Cambridge. (See the *Omar Khayyam entry regarding the complex problems of this author's oeuvre and the manuscript tradition.) Fitzgerald's introduction is an important piece of criticism on the poet. The work has remained continuously popular since discovery by *D. G. Rossetti and *Swinburne in 1860, after almost sinking into obscurity on publication. (Swinburne's reading of The Rubaiyat had a startling effect on him: see the entry *George Meredith.) It was subsequently revised and revised editions with slight variations appeared in 1868, 1872 and 1879. Only in the fifth edition, 1889, after Fitzgerald's death, did it carry Fitzgerald's name. The first United States edition was 1878. A forgery of the first British edition in the form of a type facsimile by T. J. Wise was published in 1887 (25 copies plus four copies on vellum); Wise was a noted British forger of books. The work may be considered a joke by a homosexual, based on homosexual material, on heterosexual society: the famous lines "A Flask of Wine, a Book of Verse - and Thou/ Beside me singing in the Wilderness - / And Wilderness is Paradise enow" (Stanza 11, first edition) were written to a male and a youth. In a letter Fitzgerald referred to "tesselating a very pretty *Eclogue out of his [Khayyam's] scattered quatrains". In the 1859 edition (the basis for subsequent editions) there is no female presence in the *sequence, which is *non gender specific (as stanza 11 shows). It is *allegorical (see 32) and emerges out of *Sufi traditions though Omar is very much an anti-Sufi (see 60). The theme of the work is hedonism, 'Epicureanism in the face of an implacable destiny (such as the repression of homosexuals in Victorian society). The poems are deeply sceptical about religion. *Wine - "the old familiar Juice" (stanza 65), which phrase could also refer to semen - is seen as the mainstay of life in company with the wine bearer. (Compare *Tennyson's In Memoriam, 1850.) Text See the reprint of the first edition with commentary by *A. J. Arberry, 1959. There were many illustrated editions, many of which featured women as the cupbearer, false to Persian poetic and artistic tradition (where the cupbearer or saki was always male). A collection of illustrated editions is being formed by Henry Berkelouw, a Los Angeles bookseller. Fitzgerald's Rubaiyat is one of the most widely translated works of any poetical work. *Ambrose George Potter compiled two bibliographies on it (both including listings of translations of Fitzgerald's translation). Translations from Fitzgerald's translation are included in the Omar Khayyam entry. Fitzgerald also translated The Rubaivat into Latin. Parodies of the Rubaivat. At least ten *parodies of Fitzgerald's version exist from 1903: consult the * British Library General Catalogue entry for Fitzgerald pp. 363-64; see also *Charles Osborne. Other works by Fitzgerald. Euphranor (1851) is a dialogue on education in the manner of *Plato. Homosexuality occupies a significant place in poetry of the Persian poet *Attar whose poem The Conference of the Birds Fitzgerald translated and published in 1894 (it was left in manuscript at Fitzgerald's death); he also translated from Persian Jami's Salaman and Absal (1856). This latter work is an allegory in the *Sufi tradition: the closing lines state Absal (the woman) is the body and Salaman (the beautiful man) the soul of the main character, the Shah. Letters. See Letters of Edward Fitzgerald, Princeton, 1980, 4 volumes, edited by A. M. and A. B. Terhune; homosexual references occur. Biography. *A. C. Benson, himself gay, hints at homosexuality in his life of Fitzgerald (1905). *Robert K. Martin, With Friends Possessed, 1985 is the latest life which is guarded on Fitzgerald's homosexuality. See also *Royal Murdoch. His library is discussed in Bernard Quaritch, Contributions towards a Dictionary of English Book-Collectors, London, 1891; it shows a facsimile of his bookplate (an *angel holding a shield). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionary of National Biography. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 621-23. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1264: Euphranor, A Dialogue on Youth, privately printed, 1851 (cited as short fiction) and Letters and Literary Remains, London, Macmillan, 1889. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Ioläus (1906), 222-24. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 237-39. Rosen, Gay Life and Gay Writers, 21-22: a piece of light verse to William Makepeace Thackeray - "I cared not for life; for true friend had I none" (from A. K Terhune's Life of Edward Fitzgerald). Criticism. Ellis, Sexual Inversion, 50-51. Hirschfeld, Die Homosexualität, 662. Poet from Australia writing in English. Born 1944. See "Poem for Ian", pp. 8-9, in The Eyes of the Angels, Cammeray: NSW, The Saturday Centre, 1973. He is an intellectual, historian and academic at Griffith University, *Brisbane and the author of A History of Queensland, two volumes, St Lucia, Queensland,1982-84. Interview: The Australian, 1 April, 1992, 25. He is married with a daughter. Collection of poems in English from the United States. Published in 1959. *Elysian Fields Catalogue 32 Item 145 describes it as follows: "Presenting Four Modern Poets. *Allen Ginsberg, *T. Combs, Empringham, J. Simpson. Folded sheet." The work seems to be a *broadside or poster. Not sighted. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1271: called 5 x 4, Los Angeles, One Inc., 1959. No information on the contributors is given in Young. Poet who wrote in Greek. See also 'Statyllius Flaccus. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Pauly, Wissowa, Paulys Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft : see "Flaccus", entry 5. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 44Q-41 : nine entries. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Palatine Anthology xii 12. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 64. Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung" Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 9 (19QB), 272. Sexual practice of whipping the body (usually the back or buttocks: usually the back if done by the person themself and the back and/ or buttocks if done by one person to another). Poems are known from ca. 100 in Syrian from Syria and later in Latin, Hebrew, English and Russian. See also *Sado-Masochism. Surviving material divides into two types: religious works with homosexual undertones (in Syrian, Latin, Hebrew and Russian) and secular poetry (in English). Flagellation has been frequently practiced in Christian monasteries by monks; *hymns and songs associated with such practices are relevant. An unusual allied practice is *cock lashing. Svria. See James Frazer re flagellation in ancient religions. Latin. Flagellation litanies were poems composed for recital during religious flagellation. They occurred in particular times e.g., during the epidemic of the Black Death, ca. 1350, and special hymns were sung. Very few have survived. They have elements of *parody of religious litanies and there are very strong homosexual elements in these rituals. Some are in *macaronic verse; see *Thomas Cashet for a modern reconstruction employing Latin in a homosexual context. Hebrew. In the Jewish Encyclopedia, edited by J. Singer and others, New York, 1901-07, see the article "Stripes". This was a punishment of beating a man in the presence of other males while verses were recited, the third and last verse being *Psalm 38. English. Much gay poetic material is linked with schools. See *Christopher Marlowe (though the relevant poem is almost cetainly a fake), *H. Layng (1754) re poem The Rod (the first work to deal with the subject in relation to homosexuality in English), *Eton, *Whippingham Papers, *Swinburne, *The Rodiad, *The Pearl, *Lytton Strachey, *T. E. Lawrence, *Ian Gibson (the major authority in English). *C. R. Dawes claims in his unpublished history of English erotic literature that flagellation played a big part in most British erotic literature. R. G. H. van Yelyr, The Whip and the Rod, London, 1941 (repr.) is an excellent survey of the practice, with some literary reference; bibl. pp. 241-43. Russian: the Khlysty (flagellants) and Skoptsy (castrates) sects composed gay poetry (source: unpublished paper of *Simon Karlinsky); this poetry was reworked by *Klyuev. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Hayn, Gotendorf, Bibliotheca Germanorum Erotica, vol. 2, 274-318: "Flagellantismus, Masochismus, Sadismus" (major bibliography); vol. 9, 167-184: "Flagellation". Bilder-lexikon, volumes 2 and 4. Hastings, Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics: "Flagellants"; with bibl. Catholic Encyclopedia, New York, 1908: brilliant concise overview. New Catholic Encyclopedia: "Flagellation" (with bibl.). Ullstein Enzyklopädie der Sexualität. Flaming Faggots and Two Other Poems of Gay Rage and Beauty, The Collection of poems in English from the United States. Ca. 1970. The author of the poem "Flaming Faggots" is *Kenneth Pitchford. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10635: New York: Gay Flames, 1970. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1274: described as The Flaming Faggots and Two Other Poems of Gay Rage and Beauty: Gay Flames Pamphlet No .12, New York, Gay Flames, no date. Highly rated in Young, Male Homosexual in Litertaure. No author given. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English; he lived in Turkey and Lebanon. 1884-1919. Educated at *Oxford in the last stages of the *aesthetic movement (see *Sir John Beazley for an alleged love affair at this time), Flecker was an immensely popular poet. After studying Oriental Languages at Oxford he was sent to *Istanbul, where his health broke down. He later lived in *Beirut. He died of consumption in Switzerland in 1915. His Collected Poems (1916) went through many editions, aided by the frontispiece photograph of the handsome author (compare *Rupert Brooke). In Collected Poems (reset edition, 1935) see *"Narcissus" (pp. 30-31), "We That Were Friends" (p. 62), "The Lover of Jalalu'ddin" (p. 87 re *Rumi), "Yasmin" (p. 158-59), "Narcissus" (p. 222-23). His poem "Hammam Name" (p. 163-65) - said to be "From a poem by a Turkish lady" - is about a male Turkish *bathhouse and is homoerotic; "name" means piece of writing in Turkish according to the reference in the Encyclopedia of Homosexuality. (It is unlikely that this poem was written by a woman as women were not allowed in men's Turkish baths; whether it is from Turkish remains to be proven.) In Unpublished Poems and Drafts, London, 1971, which consists of four poems, see his translation from the Latin of *Propertius I 20 about *Hylas pp. 5-6, an undoubted homosexual poem. There is a strong homosexual undercurrent in his poetry. His famous play Hassan owes much to *Richard Burton's translation of the Arabian Nights. Letters. Some Letters from Abroad, London, 1930, was edited by Helle Flecker, his wife. He was included in the *Georgian poetry anthologies. He married a Greek woman in 1911, spending most of his adult life in the Middle East. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1277-78: Selected Poems, London: Grant Richards, 1945 and Unpublished Poems and Drafts, London: Keepsake, 1971. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 285-86: "The Hammam Name". Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 142. Art of Gay Love, 42: from "The Hammam Name". Criticism. Rowse, Homosexuals in History, 351-54. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, vol. 2, 1008: states "The Hammam Name" is a trans. of a Turkish poem; this seems unlikely (see above). Translator from Latin to English from Great Britain. Active 1575. The first translator into English of the * Eclogues of *Virgil titled: The Bucolics, 1575. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Ca. 1588-1623. A poet of the school of *Spenser. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionary of National Biography: see "Giles Fletcher the younger". Handbook of Elizabethan and Stuart Literature. Criticism. Norton, Homosexual Literary Tradition, 213: possibly a character in a poem by *Phineas Fletcher (see his entry). Historian and biographer from Great Britain writing in English; editor of works in English. 1921-1989. He was an expert on *eighteen-nineties poets and the foremost expert from 1950 until his death. He was the editor of the poems of *Lionel Johnson, 1953 (spelling his first name Iain, the Gaelic spelling); second edition 1982. The Lionel Johnson edition contains an important introduction and notes on eighteen-nineties writers. He has also edited the poems of John Gray and *Victor Plarr. He wrote many articles for The Journal of the *Eighteen Nineties Society and was associate editor of Decadence and the 1890s, New York, 1979 (Stratford upon Avon Studies no. 17) and author of a most important biography of *Herbert Horne and a biography of *Walter Pater, 1959. He also wrote a brilliant short book on *Swinburne. In Romantic Mythologies, 1967, see the article "Bedford Park: *Aesthete's Elysium", pp. 169-207. In his work he has made an honest attempt to deal with homosexuality in the lives of the poets he deals with and his judgments are sensible and balanced: see the Lionel Johnson entry. Obituary: London Magazine February/ March 1990 vol. 29 no.11-12, pp. 73-80, by Derek Stanford (with photographs), stating p. 79 "he was the world's leading authority on English * fin de siècle literature and art". He was an academic at the University of Reading and married, aged fifty-five, one of his students, and had one daughter. He was also a poet. Poet and dramatist from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1579-1625. See *Francis Beaumont: they collaborated on plays in blank verse and lived together. Their relationship was almost certainly homosexual. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Ioläus (1906), 191-95. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 344-45. Criticism. Bray, Homosexuality in Renaissance England, 143. Norton, Homosexual Literary Tradition, 264: re his Brittain's Ida in which Anchises would make "A Dainty play-fellow for naked love". Partner from Great Britain of *Edward Fitzgerald. 1839-1915. Whether the relationship between Joseph Fletcher and Edward Fitzgerald was physical is unknown. The Dictionary of National Biography entry on Fitzgerald makes clear the closeness of the relationship which was deeply homoaffectional. Fitzgerald wrote many letters to him and bought him a boat called in Latin "Meum and Tuum" (Mine and Yours). Whether he and Fitzgerald were ever lovers may never be known. After Fitzgerald's death, Posh (whose name comes from the word Joseph) became an alcoholic and died in poverty in the workhouse. See James Blyth, Edward Fitzgerald and "Posh'", 1908, and *Robert Bernard Martin, With Friends Possessed: A Life of Edward Fitzgerald, 1985, Chapter 11, pp. 235-52. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Ioläus (1906), 222-24; states Fitzgerald's closest friends were men, that Posh was very handsome, "a man of the finest Saxon type" (in Fitzgerald's words), and they met when Posh was twenty-four. Criticism. Ellis, Sexual Inversion , 50-51. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English; translator from Latin to English. 1582-1650. The brother of *Giles Fletcher who *Rictor Norton, in The Homosexual Literary Tradition, asserts (p. 213) is Thelgon in Phineas Fletcher's first *eclogue and who loves the man Amyntas (possibly James I). He was at King's College, *Cambridge until 1616 and later married. Influenced by *Spenser, his eclogues are the remnants of the *pastoral tradition which flourished in the *Elizabethan period with an added twist (from Sannazaro) that the shepherds have become fishermen. Piscatorie Eclogs were translated from the Latin of *Sannazaro. Those cited below are strongly homoerotic. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionary of National Biography: by Sidney Lee and noting his seven eclogues "contain much autobiographical information but the names of the author's friends are disguised." Handbook of Elizabethan and Stuart Literature. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1283-84: The Purple Island: or the Isle of Man: Together with Piscatorie Eclogs and Other Poetical Miscellanies, Cambridge: by the printers to the University of Cambridge, 1633, and Venus and Anchises - Brittain's Ida - and Other Poems, London: Royal Society of Literature, 1926. Criticism. Norton, Homosexual Literary Tradition, 211-15: re The Purple Island (1633; where he condemns homolove) and re Eclogues 1, 2, 4 and 6 and homosexuality. Bibliographer from France writing in French. 1883-1945. He compiled the first catalog of the *Enfer with *Guillaume Apollinaire and *Louis Perceau. An author whose many other books include a selection of French libertine poetry of the seventeenth century, Le carquois du sieur Louvigné du Désert (1912) and Le Cabinet satyrique (1924). He later succumbed to alcoholism and was declared insane. Biography: see his entry in M. Provost and others, editors, Dictionnaire de biographie française, Paris, 1979, vol. 14. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1885-1960. A member of the *Imagist group of poets with *Ezra Pound and *Richard Aldington, he was a noted translator from French. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 107: a homoerotic poem dedicated to Richard Aldington; biog., 23334. Pseudonym of an alleged lover from France relating to works in French. The word was used to refer to Jean, Bishop of Orleans (active 1098), an alleged lover of the Archbishop of Tours. The word means *flower and is a common name for a prostitute in French. Florence and Florentine culture City in Italy in which Italian is spoken. Gay poems survive from ca. 1400. The city of Florence is a major cultural and university center in Tuscany in northern Italy; the Tuscan dialect is usually accepted as being the "purist" Italian. The city, which dates back to Etruscan times, was a major commercial center in northern Italy situated on the Arno River (the word Tuscany comes from the ancient word for the Etruscans on whom see the entry "Etruscans" in Encyclopedia of Homosexuality by *Paul Knobel). Latin was spoken under the Romans. Florence has been a major center for publishing from the *Renaissance and was a center of classical scholarship: see Janus Lascaris. *Dante was famously exiled from the city and *Michelangelo worked there as a sculpture and wrote poems (*Benedetto Varchi spoke at his funeral giving an oration hinting at homosexuality). For the Renaissance see Michael Rocke, Forbidden Friendships: Homosexuality and Male Culture in Renaissance Florence (1997). *Anton Grazzini wrote about *bathing in the Arno, the river on which the city stands and *Leopardi lived there for the last seven years of his life. *Platonic Love was famously celebrated by the Florentine *Marsilio Ficino during the Renaissance, though under the rule of the city by the monk *Savonarola Puritanism briefly reigned. *Piero Santi is a highly rated contemporary poet. Florence, which has much homoerotic art on display (especially by Michelangelo - for instance, his "David" in the Academy) was a favorite city for visitors on the grand tour of Europe in earlier centuries. The British poet *Thomas Gray and his companion *Horace Walpole lived there for two years from 1739 to 1741. Other non Italian writers who lived in Florence for extended periods include *Norman Douglas, *Herbert Horne and *Elisar von Kupffer. *Harold Acton had a villa nearby. In the 1990s a gay journal emanating from the city QUIR had reached 18 issues by 1995. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 408-11. Gay Histories and Cultures. Trope in Greek from Greece and later in Latin, English, French, Korean, Japanese and Nahuatl. From ca. 280 B.C. Flowers appear in Greek poetry in "Theocritus (active 280 B.C.; see in "Idyll 5", the singing contest); flowers feature also in the poetry of other *Pastoral poets. *The Garland of Philip and the * Garland of Meleager are relevant: a garland was a wreath of flowers and plants for the head and the title of these works signifies the giving of such a gift (in Meleager's case to *Diocles). See also *Pancrates. Latin. In "Virgil's "Eclogue 2" lines 17-18 Corydon compares Alexis to the vaccinium, i.e., *hyacinthus (see also *Ovid); in lines 45-55 the nymphs bring him *lilies and other flowers. English. See *Marlowe's poem "The Passionate Shepherd to His Love" (third stanza). *Pastoral poets in the 'Elizabethan period refer to garlands of flowers; translations of Virgil's "Second Eclogue", quite popular at this time, are relevant. Roses have been discussed in relation to Shakespeare's Sonnets. Exotic flowers associated with homosexuality appear as a code word for homosexuality in the work of *eighteen nineties poets such as *Raffalovich and *Wratislaw . Orchids and *lilies were especially used as were tulips (see Wratislaw). They appear ca. 1890-ca. 1930. Poppies are associated with male homosexuality in *W. S. Gilbert's opera Patience and in the poem "Two Loves" by *Alfred Douglas. On the eighteen-nineties there is a discussion of this trope in Chapter 2, "Flowers", in *Neil Bartlett, Who Was That Man?, 1988, pp. 39-59. French. See *Montesquiou. Japanese. Chrysanthemums could symbolize anal sex: see Gary Leupp, Male Colors: The Construction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan, 1995, p. 114. Korean: see *Singing boys/ Flower Boys. Náhuatl. See *Songs - Náhuatl for sources re posssible homosexual Aztec usage in poetry (flowers featured in the religion and songs). Flower and Song, edited and trans. into English, by Edward Kissam and Michael Schmidt, 1977, features homoerotic poems - e.g., pp. 35 and 43; see also Miguel Leon-Portilla, Fifteen Poets of the Aztec World, 1992, 109-11. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 411-12, re Theocritus "Idyll 5". Howes, Broadcasting It. Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Flowers and Birds". Critic from the United States writing in English about works in Greek. Active 1937. See *David M. Robinson. Book collector of works in English. Active 1909. His *bookplate is in a copy of the Sonnets of *Alfred Douglas (London, 1909, printing) and features a naked youth in profile which shows the influence of Greek art. The bookplate is very homoerotic. This book was in the possession in 1992 of the Australian book collector John Willis and was purchased in *Sydney in 1990. Folk songs, also spelt Folksongs Folksongs are oral songs usually sung in villages or small communities by folk singers and which are passed down orally. They were recorded in written form in Armenian from Armenia, in *European languages and in Japanese from ca. 1780. Europe was especially rich in them and many came to the United States from Great Britain; *bawdry elements have been suppressed in published editions of them in many cultures. Central and west Asia is an even richer area for folk songs: see the *troubadour entry. These songs, if uncensored, present a fertile field of research for homosexual poetry and are likely in all non-literate cultures. The question of a motif index has preoccupied researchers in recent years (see Legman, Horn Book, pp. 454-93). *Gershon Legman's bibliography, the product of a lifetime's work, "Erotic Folksongs and Ballads" in Journal of American Folklore, volume 103 (October-December, 1990), 417-501, is the place to start in serious research in European languages, especially English; it includes references to many unpublished manuscripts. Seth Thompson, Motif Index of Folk-Literature, 1955-58, may be helpful in locating themes in folk material, though his system of organization is very complex. Armenian: see *Sayat-Nova (pseud.), active ca. 1780. There is a large tradition based on Persian traditions. English: see ""'Christopher Colombo" (ca. 1892), *Robert W. Gordon, "Vance Randolph. German: See Hayn, Gotendorf, Bibliotheca Germanorum Erotica, vol. 8, 146-244 (the section "Volkslieder", i.e. Folksongs) for possible material; see also Friedrich Krauss who wrote a book on them. *Leo Schidrowitz (possibly relevant). Greek: *Klephtic songs (ca. 1820). Compare *Ballad, *Songs, *Rebetika. See also the entry "Poetry, Oral" in Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Japanese: see the article "Sex in Japanese folk culture" in Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan; the article notes "Many of Japan's folk songs have erotic verses, although these are rarely heard in public performances today." Some poems cited could have gay references but it is impossible to know without the context; there is also reference to the annual Penis Festival in Aichi Prefecture at the Tagata Shrine in the city of Komaki. See also *Phallicism. Anthologist and editor from the United States of works in English. Active from 1981. One of the anthologists of *Walt Whitman; The Measure of his Song. He is the editor of the journal *Walt Whitman Quarterly which is the major journal dealing with Whitman studies. Archive in Italy with material mainly in Italian. From 1980. Situated in *Turin and founded by the group who edited the *gay liberation journal Fuori!, the archives were stated by *Giovanni Dall'Orto to be very disorganized in 1989 but to have a huge volume of material. References. Directory of the International Association of Lesbian and Gay Archives and Libraries, 39-43. Poet from the Netherlands writing in Dutch. Born 1932. Active 1964-1979. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Naar vriendscaap zulk een mateloos verlangen, 85-88: four poems from the journal Tirade (November 1964, October 1965, February 1979, March 1979) (journals cited p. 116). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 306-07. Anthologist from the United States of a work published in English; critic in English; translator from Latin to English. Born ca. 1945. Compiler of the anthology *Hidden Heritage which contains some poems. The "Note" in Hidden Heritage, page iv, states he received his Ph. D. from New York University and is Associate Professor at City College, City University of New York, "where he teaches 18th century literature and has taught seminars on gay literary history". This states he is editor of several 18th century theater texts and is editing a 55 volume series, The Gay Experience. As a critic he is author of Masculine Landscapes: *Walt Whitman and the Homoerotic Text, 1990; bibl. pp. 295-300. This is a major reading of Whitman in gay terms with special reference to "The Sleepers" and Song of Myself, 1855 (reviews: Walt Whitman Quarterly Review vol. 10 no. 1, Summer 1992, 84-86 by *Charley Shively; James White Review, spring 1994, vol. 11. no 3, 20-21, by Raymond-Jean Frontain). His most recent anthology is the * Columbia anthology of gay literature: readings from western antiquity to the present day. This is one of the most comprehensive anthologies ever. See the dust jacket for information on him and a photograph. A Road to Stonewall 1750-1969: male Homosexuality and Homophobia in English and American Literature , New York, 1995, has chapters, amongst others, on *Don Leon, *Whitman and *Edward Carpenter. * Homophobia: A History, 2000, deals with this subject in relation to western civilization. Biography: see Hidden Heritage, p. iv and see "Personal Note" pp. 318-23 Bibligraphies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1288: the anthology * Hidden Heritage. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Hidden Heritage, 131: trans. from Latin of a poem by *Hilary. Poet from Canada writing in French. Active 1981. Bibliographies. Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (1984), 128: Physiqemental, Ile Bizard: Ed, MFR, 1981. Poet from Germany who wrote in German. 1819-1898. A prolific novelist who wrote poetry from 1850. His poems, Gedichte, were repeatedly enlarged through the fifth edition, 1897. He married in 1850. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Bibliographies. Herzer, Bibliographie zur Homosexualität, item 0991: an article by E. B., "Theodore Fontane und die Homosexualität" in Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 10 (1909-10), 418-19 and 11 (1910-11), 195-97. Dramatist from Great Britain writing in English. 1720-1777. Foote was a famous *actor and dramatist who satirized English mores and was in turn satirized as a homosexual in the poem Sodom and Onan. His enemies got a discharged servant to swear a warrant against him in 1776 though Foote was ultimately acquitted. Sodom and Onan appeared around this time. (For Sodom see *Sodom and Gomorrah; onan means masturbation.) He dissipated a fortune at *Oxford and then turned to the theatre, where he wrote and performed plays. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionary of National Biography. Hirschfeld, Die Homosexualität, 662 (refers to the Dictionary of National Biography article). Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 440-42: on the poem *Sodom and Onan. Trope in English from Great Britain. From 1691. A fop was an *effeminate man who dressed with excessive care and was possibly gay - but not necessarily so; fops appeared especially in the eighteenth century on the stage and were ridiculed in poetic *satires of the time. They appear in Restoration dramas such as works by John Dryden and can by acted to suggest they are homosexuals. Mundus foppensis is a poem on the subject (1691). Susan Staves, "A Few Kind Words for the Fop", Studies in English Literature, 22 (1982), 413-28 discusses fops in British English drama 1660-1800 with reference to several plays in verse; she states, p. 414, "fops are in various ways effeminate, [but] they are rarely presented as homosexual. On the contrary they are asexuals who like to spend their time with ladies." A gay reading of Susan Staves' material may come to different conclusions; in addition, how is it possible to know all fops were asexuals? See also *Dandy, *Effeminacy, *Aesthetes. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gay Histories and Cultures. Editor from Germany of works in Latin; he was also a critic writing in Latin 1770-1848. Forberg was the author of a famous commentary in Latin called De figuris Veneris (About Sex), first published in 1824 at the end of an edition of *Antonio Beccadelli's Hermaphroditus. The text was printed from a then recently discovered manuscript in Coburg library and edited by Forberg. As *Ashbee, Bibliography of Prohibited Books, notes, vol. 1, p. 81 says, "the ample notes... have been pronounced more scandalous than the text". Forberg was an academic at Jena and Saalfield who wrote a 1799 work apologizing for his atheism. In 1807, he was appointed librarian at Coburg where he discovered the manuscript of the Hermaphroditus which he subsequently edited. De figuris Veneris pretends to be a commentary on Beccadelli's work but is actually a discussion of sexuality based on ancient Latin and a few Greek authors. It contains, in fact, an extended analysis of sexuality in works of the authors, is a de-facto anthology of Latin homosexual poetry, and is important for being a detailed discussion of the various types of sex it deals with. It constitutes a brilliant and close reading of Latin poetry in sexual terms since the author picks up many subtle nuances in the poems. Chapter 1 deals with "Copulation" (i pp. 24-79), Chapter 2 *"Pederastia" (defined, p. 81, as "introduction of the member into the anus" i.e., it is treated as identical with *anal sex) (i pp. 80-189) and including a long excursus on *depilation [i pp. 98-131]), Chapter 3 "Irrumation" (*irrumation or face fucking) (i pp. 190-261), Chapter 4 *"Masturbation" (ii pp. 2-47), Chapter 5 Cunnilingus (ii pp. 48107), Chapter 6 Tribads (i.e. lesbians) (ii pp. 108-167), Chapter 7 Intercourse with animals (ii pp. 168-77), Chapter 8 Spintrian Postures (*group sex) (ii pp. 178-91). Chapter 2 is the main chapter dealing with homosexuality but chapters 3, 4 and 8 are relevant. The long chapter on homosexuality and the references in other chapters show that Forberg was fascinated by the subject. Ashbee, Bibliography of Prohibited Books, vol. 1, p. 81, notes that the 1824 edition is usually found without the twenty oval engravings (see the entry in the British Library General Catalogue to 1975 for a copy of the 1824 edition in the *Private Case). These plates have been ascribed to Pierre-Francois Hugues d'Hancarville (1719-1805) in Hayn, Gotendorf, Biblioteca germanorum erotica, and the * National Union Catalog entries and are stated in Forberg's text to be from Monumens de la vie privée des douze cesars (1780; repr.) and Monumens de Culte Secret des Dames Romaines (1784; repr.). (On Hancarville, see Hayn, Gotendorf, Biblioteca germanorum erotica, vol. 3, pp. 59-65 and Kearney, Private Case, pp. 200-02). (A reprint of the 1824 edition with the engravings was published in Paris, ca. 1900 by H. Daragon; rare: copy: *Deane Erotica). A valuable index of Latin and Greek erotic *words and phrases appears on pp. 211-35 (Grove edition cited below) and there is an index of authors quoted (pp. 237-45). Almost every author quoted writes in Latin and the book barely touches on Greek poetry. The National Union Catalog entry for Forberg also reveals a printing in Italy in Latin: Manuale di erotologia classica (Catania: F. Guaitolini, 1928). Editions. Apart from the 1824 edition and the editions cited above and in Translations and Bibliographies below an edition in New York by the Medical Press, 1964, 248 pp., with 20 plates exists (not copies of the original 1824 plates). There were various reprintings in Paris titled Manuel d'erotologie classique, published by *Lisieux around 1900; the 1906 printing contained 20 illustrations, depicting orgies, some with homosexuality, by Paul Avril (pseudonym of Edouard-Henri Avril). Various Alcide Bonneau translations cited in Translations below contain introductions by different experts in erotica. Homosexual poems. The text used for this reading was the New York Grove Press edition, Manual of Classical Erotology, in Latin with English translation opposite. Latin poets and poems cited are listed and quoted in De figuris Veneris under chapters dealing with various aspects of homosexuality. Forberg's reading of the poetry is brilliant and he finds many subtle nuances. Listed here are only homosexual references in poems; all references are to volume followed by page. Chapter 2 *Pederastia (i.e. *anal sex both homo and hetero, though only homo references are noticed here): Greek poets dealt with. *Anacreon Foberg i 161; *Pindar Forberg i 161. Latin poets dealt with. *Ausonius: Ixx, cxxxi; *Beccadelli: xxxvi; *Catullus 33, 57; *Horace: Epodes xi, xiv 9-10, Satires I ii 116-19; Juvenal: ii 8-13, 20-23, 107 vi 373-4 ix 13-15, 32-36, 40; *Martial i 97 ii 39, 51,62 iii 71, 95 v 62 vi 37, 56 ix 28, 34, 44, 48, 58, 68 xi 37, 89 xi 98; *Orpheus: I 175; *Ovid: 166-67 (stating Ovid had homo experience but "preferred young girls to lads"); *Pacificus Maximus: Elegy 1, 2 (to Ptolemy),4 (to Marcus), 14, 15, 20; *Persius: i 87 iv 37-41; *Priapeia: ii; *Petronius: Chapter 23 - *cinaedic song (see Forberg 131-32); *Song: Forberg i 148-49 - quoted from Suetonius, Augustus, Chapter 58 - "Videsne ut cinaedus orbem digito temperet" (You see how a cinede governs the world with a finger) and Forberg i 147: re a song sung by the soldiers of Julius Caesar - see entry *"Gallias Caesar subegit"; *Virgil: Forberg i 161: re his being gay and loving "a certain Alexander". This chapter includes a long excursus on *depilation in relation to homosex. Chapter 3 irrumation; a few poems are relevant (see also *fellatio as the practice described here would now be considered as fellatio). Latin. Ausonius: cxx (iicking); Catullus: xxviii 9-10; Martial: ii 47, 62, 72 iii 75, 81, 96 vi 56 xi 47, 57; Priapeia: xii, xxvii. Chapter 4 *Masturbation (note: only definitely homosexual poems referring to two males are cited here; others may be relevant): Latin. Martial: ii 43 xi 23, 44, 59, 71, 74, 105?; Pacificus Maximus: Elegy xii; *Ramusius: Book iv p. 61 [Forberg ii 4-7]. Chapter 5 Cunnilingus. Latin. Ausonius: cxx; Catullus Ixxx Juvenal ii 50. Chapter 6. Of Spintrian postures (*group sex; *orgy). Latin. Ausonius: cxxix. Translation. De figuris veneris was translated from Latin into French by *Alcide Bonneau (Ashbee, Bibliography of Prohibited Books, vol. 3, p. 445) and published by *Lisieux in Paris in 1882 (Ashbee, Bibliography of Prohibited Books, vol. 3, p. 444); the English translation is based on the French. English/ Latin edition: Manual of Classical Erotology, New York: Grove Press, 1966. This is a reproduction of the first English edition (which has 1884 on the title page but seems more likely 1889 and was printed by *Charles Carrington [pseud.]: see Legman, Horn Book, p. 33); the introduction, pp. v-xviii, discusses the 1824 edition of Beccadelli, 1882 French edition published by *Isidore Lisieux published in Paris with French translation by Alcide Bonneau, translations and Forberg's life (pp. viii-x). French: *Alcide Bonneau (1882) with at least five later reprints (see Pia, Les Livres de l'Enfer, vol. 2, columns 804-11 ; see Bibliographies below for further details); a 1907 Paris printing, translator unknown, listed in the * National Union Catalog, has twenty-six plates (see Bibliographies below for details); a 1911 Paris printing is part of * Le Livre d'Amour des Anciens (repr. 1912); Monaco: Editions du Rocher, 1979, trans. by Alcide Bonneau with an introduction by *Gilbert Lely; Paris: J. Losfeld, 1995, trans. by Alcide Bonneau (with illustrations by Paul Avril), with an introduction by *Pascal Pia (pseud.). German: see *Beccadelli re the 1824 edition and posssible translation; Dr. Alfred Kind (1908; details are in the Beccadelli entry). This 1908 edition was reprinted in a revised edition in 1986 (no other details given): see Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, p. 286. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Allgemeine deutsche Biographie. Bibliographies. Ashbee, Bibliography of Prohibited Books, volume 3, 444-49: reprints *Lisieux's introduction (see below) based on information in Allgemeine deutsche Biographie ; see also vol. 1, 81-82. Hayn, Gotendorf, Bibliotheca Germanorum Erotica, vi,19-23: under "Panormitanus" describes the 1824 edition and German translations (see the *Beccadelli entry in this Encyclopedia for details). Pia, Les Livres de l'Enfer, vol. 1, column 283: De figuris Veneris ou les Multiples Visages de l'Amour, after the edition of Forberg of 1824, no date or place, but the publisher is given as Editions du Chat qui pelot, Brantome, and it is stated there are 10 numbered exemplars on japon and 340 other copies; this is not a translation of Forberg but an anonymous dissertaion on the subjects of his work illustrated with 13 engravings. Pia, Les Livres de l'Enfer, vol. 2, columns 804-811 lists Manuel d'Erotologie classique, Paris: Isidore Lisieux, 1882, 2 volumes, with French translation by Alcide Bonneau with 5 other printings to 1969 based on this edition; it also cites, columns 806-08, the edition De Figuris Veneris, Paris: Henri Daragon, 1907, with 26 plates by d'Hancarville, translated into French (with the claim that the translation is the sole translation conforming to the 1824 text; the translator is not known). Poet writing in English; probably from Great Britain. Born 1953. The name may be a pseudonym or part of his real name. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 162: charming poem "Robert" about being in bed with his lover on Sunday; no biographical information supplied. Poet from Australia writing in English. 1950-1998. He admitted, to the author, homosexual references in poems in Stalins's Holidays (1980) and said he wondered about their significance (as an example see the title poem p. 35 - e. g. the reference "Bottoms up"). His poetry shows the strong influece of *Frank O'Hara. In his second book, The Stunned Mullet, 1988, "A Dream", p. 40, is on Frank O'Hara. One of the *Generation of 68. Archive in Denmark mainly in Danish which was established in 1979. The oldest gay Scandinavian achive and library. The archive is situated in the gay center in *Copenhagen and has a large library of gay books and 390 gay journal titles in 1989. It is especially active and has published the seminal Scandinavian bibliography * Nordisk Bibliografi and the journal *Pan-bladet (in existence since 1954). See Axel Axgil and Hjelmer Fogegdaard (the founders of Forbundet), Homofile kampar, 1985. From 1984, the archives published an irregular newsletter Nyhedsbrev fra Biblioteket. References. Directory of the International Association of Lesbian and Gay Archives and Libraries, 44-48. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1913. *Lover of the Russian-United States artist Pavel Tchelitchew and longtime close friend of *Parker Tyler (who has written Tchelitchew's biography). With Parker Tyler he wrote the gay novel The Young and the Evil (published in Paris in 1933 and banned in the United States until the 1960s); this work contained poetry (see the extract in Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature below). He lived in France in the 1930s where he was a protegee of Gertrude Stein; later he visited Tangier. He was editor of the highly influential *surrealist journal View (1940-47) and was perhaps the first United States surrealist poet. His poetry is very obscure and difficult. Volumes include Selected Poems: Flag of Ecstasy, 1972, and Out of the Labyrinth: Selected Poems, San Francisco: City Lights, 1991; biog. note pp. 111-13. His gay poetry is not adequately represented in this work and a complete poems is needed. Interviews: The Advocate 317 (14 May 19B1), 3Q-32 by 'James Saslow; Leyland, Gay Sunshine Interviews, volume 1, 33-65: interview and biographical note p. 36 (states he was "for twenty-three years... the lover of... Pavel Tchelitchew"). He made a famous gay film on Crete, in 1969, starring Allen Ginsberg and Salvador Dali, called Johnny Minotaur. Living in *New York in the famous Dakota building, he spends much time in Nepal. Manuscripts are in the *Humanities Research Centre. He has an internet homepage. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Gay Histories and Cultures. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10636-37: Flag of Ecstasy, Los Angeles: Black Sparrow, 1972 and two poems in Gay Sunshine 26/27: 18, Winter 1975/1976. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 1290-91: Flag of Ecstasy: Selected Poems, Los Angeles: Black Sparrow, 1972 and Om Krishna I: Special Effects, Cherry Valley, New York: Cherry Valley Editions, 1977. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Angels of the Lyre, 81-84; biog., 240. Orgasms of Light, 81-84; biog., 252. L'amour bleu, 284-86: extract from The Young and the Evil. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 621. Drobci stekla v ustih, 73. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 653-65. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1960. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10638-40: "Haitian Carnival" Tangents 1:8, 28, May 1960 and two poems in ONE Magazine "Hands of Han" 8:16, 21 June 1960 and "John, mowing" 9:4, 11 April 1961. Forgeries are deliberate attempts to pass the work of a poet as that of another poet. They date for gay poetry to ancient Greek from Greece and Egypt from at least ca. 460 B.C. The usual reasons for forgeries is to enhance the value of a work. Greek. See * Anacreontea, *Lucian, "Theocritus, Theognis, * Theognidea (700-460 B.C.), *homonyms. English. See Thomas Chatterton, *Sir Edmund Backhouse, *Sir Richard Burton, * Don Leon (published 1866), *Oscar Wilde, *Sir Roger Casement. Don Leon, which defends homosexuality, is the most celebrated homosexual forgery of a poem in English. Latin. Forgeries are known from 1680 - see *Petronius, regarding Francois Nodot's edition of 1680 and possibly *Kenneth Hopkins re *Martial. Imitations of Latin writers passed off as the poet's work and included in manuscript need to be considered. Persian. In Persian see *Omar Khayyam (pseud.) where imitations of the poet in the manuscripts occurred. English forgeries of alleged translations of Persian works are known from 1880: see *Haji Abdu el-Yezdi (pseud. of *Richard Burton) and *Abdullah the Satirist of Shiraz (pseud. of *Aleister Crowley). These works follow in the line of *Edward Fitzgerald's * The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam; Crowley's work is highly erotic in a homosexual sense and is one of the most extraordinary fakes ever written. Critic and historian from Great Britian who wrote in English from Great Britain; he is best known as a novelist. 1879-1970. Forster was homosexual and had sexual relations with men, though it seems he was not sexually active until he was thirty-seven, which occurred in Alexandria with an Egyptian, Mohammed el Adl, whom he met in 1917, aged 18: see Nicola Beauman, E. M. Forster, 1994, pp. 299-300. His main importance for this Encyclopedia is that he did much to promote the work of Cavafy in English - such as bringing it to the attention of *T S Eliot, who published a poem in his journal The Criterion (the poem was not gay, however). He also wrote a book on *Alexandria - Pharos and Pharillon (1923; repr Berkeley, 1980) - which contains the first English essay on Cavafy whom he had met in Alexandria (op. cit., 1980, pp. 91-97): the essay cites a homopoem of Cavafy's (p. 96), translated by *George Vassopoulo, and he says "his literary ancestor - if he has one - is *Callimachus" (p. 94). An essay on Cavafy titled "Dans la rue Lepsius" was published in Le Semaine egyptienne, special issue devoted to Cavafy, April 1929. He is most famous as a novelist whose gay novel Maurice, though written in 1914 (revised 1960) was not published until after his death in 1971; see the extract in L'amour bleu, pp. 247-48. He was on the periphery of the *Bloomsbury group and wrote a biography of *G. L. Dickinson. Forster's essays Two Cheers for Democracy (1951), espoused the cause of liberalism; he was also famous for the saying that if he had to betray his country or his *friend, he would betray his country. A famous quotation of his from his novel Howards End (1910) is "Only connect" (p. 7). He was a close friend of *W. H. Auden. His manuscripts are at King's College, *Cambridge; these contain letters to Cavafy (on these see also the *Cavafy entry). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 417-19. Howes, Broadcasting It: see "Only Connect". Dictionnaire Gay. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographer from Great Britain of works mainly in English. Active 1913. Author of Catalogus Librorum Prohibitorum Britanica (Catalogue of Books Prohibited in Britain), Brussels, 1913, which is a large manuscript catalogue of erotic book titles arranged A-Z containing bookseller's catalogs with some letters of *Charles Carrington tipped in. It exists in a unique copy in the *Deane Erotica. A few titles are of gay relevance. Poet from France who wrote in Latin. Ca. 503-ca. 603. He was famous for his *hymns and Bishop of Poitiers. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 112: lyric poem expressing strong affection to a priest; trans. into English by *Helen Waddell. Publisher from Great Britain of works mainly in English. Active from ca. 1924 to ca. 1970. *R. A. Caton established the press in London. It was not a homosexual press but published a large amount of gay material and material by gay authors. It specialized in modern poetry. Authors and books of note published by the press include: *Petronius's The Satyricon, *Plato's *Symposium, *S. E. Cottam, *Shane Leslie's Strato's Boyish Muse, *Montague Summers (*Antinous and other poems and The Poems of *Richard Barnfield), *Norman Douglas's Some Limericks and his Collected *Satires and *Alfred Douglas's Satires. References. Smith, Love in Earnest: see index. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 384-85: re *F. T. Prince, Soldiers *Bathing and other poems. Smith, Books of the Beast, 61-74. Editor from Iran of Persian works. Active from 1942. Editor of the text of *Omar Khayyam with *Qasem Ghani: Roba'iyat-e Hakim reliable text. Out of 2,000 quatrains, 53 seem attributable to Omar Khayyam: He also edited *Sa'di (Tehran, no date, but before 1984 and over 900 pages pieces). His name is spelt in the literature both Forughi and Fyrughi Khayyam-e Nishburi, Tehran, 1942. This is the most see Yarshater, Persian Literature, p. 153. in length). This edition omits the Hazliyyat (pornographic Journal in German from Germany published from 1987. Published at the University of Siegen by *Wolfgang Popp and others. It consists of critical articles on literature and book reviews; in addition, each issue has a bibliography of new gay critical articles on literary works, new critical books and new books of gay literature; biographical notes on contributors appear at the end. Usually only one or two articles concern poetry; however the bibliography and book reviews are invaluable, especially for German literature and it constitutes the major bibliographical work of serious new gay literature and criticism in German as well as covering other west *European languages. No. 26 was devoted to *Oscar Wilde. Over 50 issues have been published. References have been cited in this encyclopedia. Poem from Iceland in Norse. Written ca. 1200. See S0rensen, The Unmanly Man, pp. 72-72: poetic stanzas about a man mocked for offering himself as a woman at the point of death. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1959. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 43: "Passive Resistance" (fine poem on *anal sex from the fuckee point of view); biog., 175: a *black poet who lives in *New York. Poet and song writer from the United States who wrote in English. 1826-1864. The apparently homosexual composer of American popular music with present an idealized version of the United States *South - e. g., "Old Folks at Home", "My Old Kentucky Home", "Beautiful Dreamer", "Campdown Races"; these are some of the best known popular music songs. He was influenced by the songs of *minstrel shows in such songs as "Nelly was a Lady" (1849). Though he spent most of his life in Pittsburgh he died in poverty in *New York after drinking heavily for some years; he married a woman but separated from her a few years before his death. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Dictionary of American Biography. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 858 and 863: states he was probably gay and ran away with another composer George Cooper. Howes, Broadcasting It. Critic from the United States writing in English and translator from Greek and Latin to English and of poets in Chinese and Arabic to English. Born ca. 1945. The author of a seminal article on United States gay poetry of the nineteenth century and several articles on Italian poets as well as the article "Poetry" in the Encyclopedia of Homosexuality. See Gay Books Bulletin no. 5 (Spring 1981), 27-29: *"Sandro Penna's Lyrical Realism" (article on the Italian poet); Gay Books Bulletin no. 6 (Fall 1981), 18-20 and 33: *"Mario Stefani's Pagan Lyricism"; Gay Books Bulletin no. 9 (Spring 1983, 13 (review of No Other Gods by Mario Stefani). In Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, volume 2, pp. 1005-12, his article "Poetry" is a brilliant overview of homosexual and gay poetry and the only comprehensive one to date. However, it overemphasises *pederasty in the corpus of known homosexual poetry (in many cases it is not possible to tell whether a poem is pederastic). In Gay Books Bulletin no. 7 (Spring 1982), 15-18, his article "Beauty's *Purple Flame: Some Minor American Poets, 1786-1936" is a brilliant article on minor gay United States poets (with valuable bibliography of works p.18); authors included in * Men and Boys and *R. K. Martin's The Homosexual Tradition in American Poetry are not discussed. This article covers more ground than many books and deals, amongst other things, with the tropes of *Hyacinthus, *Narcissus, *Hylas and *Antinous. Ample quotations are included, in many cases from difficult to obtain books. (Many poets and poems mentioned here are included in the anthology of *Anthony Reid: *The Eternal Flame.) Compare *Timothy d'Arch Smith who studied similar poets in Great Britain. In *Louie Crew, The Gay Academic, 1978, pp. 92-103, he wrote "The Annotated Burton", a commentary on *Richard Burton's "Terminal Essay". See *Overview - African languages for his bibliography of sources of African homosexuality, the finest to date. As a translator see Gay Sunshine no. 35 (Winter 1978), 10-11: two pages of important gay poems; the following poets are included: Chinese - *Fei Chang, *Hou Chu; Greek - from the *Mousa Paidike (Book 12 of the * Greek Anthology), *Anonymous poems from the * Palatine Anthology, Theognis; Latin - *Beccadelli, *Giovanni della Casa, *Hilary the Englishman, *Lionel Johnson, *Nemesianus, *Pacificus Maximus, *G. B. Spagnoli; Arabic - see *Di'bil ibn 'Ali. It is not known is his translations from Chinese and Arabic are directly from those languages or from another language (e.g., French). Philosopher, historian and sexologist from France who wrote in French. 1926-1984. Widely regarded as one of the most influential recent French thinkers, his early works such as The Birth of the Clinic, were concerned with the *sado-masochism of western Christian culture but his later thinking in the History of Sexuality (3 volumes, French edition, 1976-84; English trans. volume 1, 1978, volume 2, 1985, volumes 3, 1986) became concerned with pleasure, possibly following study of ancient Greek culture with its emphasis on *Epicureanism. He died of *Aids which may have been contracted in *San Francisco where he is known to have visited leather bars on visits to the United States. He was influenced by *gay liberation and, in turn, influenced it. His influence was at its height from 1970 to 1984 when, as a leading French philosopher, he was a visiting professor at the University of California. He is regarded as the founder of *social constructionism but unlike his *disciples (e.g., *David Halperin, *David F. Greenberg), after reading John Boswell, he became an essentialist: the view that there are essences which always exist and here specifically that homosexuality has always existed. The last two volumes of the History of Sexuality are concerned with the early Christian era, with the *debate on love in Greek and Latin and with why the old pagan culture - which was so homosexual - was replaced with the *homophobic and heterosexist culture of Christianity. He is a characteristic French philosopher in his emphasis on erotic pleasure (homosexuality was legalized in 1791 in France which also never had a tradition of *Puritanism like Great Britain or the United States, so sex in France has never been seen as repulsive). He was strongly influenced by *Nietzsche and has been regarded as a modern disciple of him by some. He lectured in both *Paris, at the University of Paris, and *Los Angeles and has been widely translated. His 1982 interview on homosexuality in the journal Salmagundi no. 58-59 (Fall 1982-Winter 1983) reveals the change from being a constructionist to an essentialist: on p.11 he states: "I would say that the homosexual consciousness goes beyond one's individual experience and includes an awareness of being a member of a particular social group. This is an undeniable fact that dates back to ancient times." He has this to say of the word "gay" on the same page: "I think the concept 'gay' contributes to a positive (rather than a purely negative) appreciation of the type of consciousness in which affection, love, desire, sexual rapport with people have a positive significance." See Edward Said, "Michel Foucault, 1927-84", in Raritan, vol. 4 no. 2 (1984-85), 3-11; A Cameron, Review of volumes 2 and 3 of the French text of The History of Sexuality, in Journal of Roman Studies 76 (1986), 266-71; review of the same in Times Literary Supplement, 28 September 1984, 1071. Text. Foucault's collected papers have been published in 1994, running to 3,500 pages in 4 volumes titled Dits et ecrits: 1954-1988; nevertheless, not all of his essays and papers are included. Translations. German: his History of Sexuality was translated into German from 1984 (vol. 1, Sexualitat und Wahreit) and completed in 1986. Compare *Hubert Fichte. His 4 volume of papers are being progressively translated into English. Volume One, 1997, was entitled Ethics, Volume Two, 1998, Aesthetics, Method and Epistomology. Biography: Didier Eribon, Michel Foucault, Paris, 1989 (in French ; English trans. Cambridge, MA, 1991). James Miller, The Passion of Michel Foucault, New York, 1993 (review: Times Literary Supplement, no. 4695, 26 March 1993, 3-4). David Macey, The Lives of Michel Foucault, 1993 (with important bibliography). A bibliograpy Michel Foucault: A Bibliography was compiled and published in the Social Theory: A Bibliography Series (Santa Cruz, CA, 1986). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 419-20. A-Z Guide to Modern Literary and Cultural Theorists. Encyclopedia of World Literature in the 20th Century: Supplement. Howes, Broadcasting It. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Dictionnaire Gay. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Anthology from the United States in English. Zurich and San Francisco: Pan-Graphic, 1959. Contributors: C. G. & L. A., Scrivenor, O. F. Simpson, James Stephens, Stornoway, Chick Weston, Philip Young. This consists of works which were published in the Swiss gay journal Der Kreis (which contained some entries in English). Not sighted. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1304: 4 from the Circle: Stories and Poems reprinted from *Der Kreis (The Circle), Zurich, San Francisco: Pan-Graphic, 1959. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1964. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Bugger: an anthology, 10 (about a man who watches others having sex though a keyhole); biog., 19 - stated to be "the greatest scholar of bugger lore in the history of western civilization". English historian from Great Britain. Active 1965. His Libertine Literature in England 1660-1745, New York, 1965, is a major examination of erotica in the period. The work deals mainly with heterosexual works and only two authors are relevant: *Rochester and *Thomas Cannon (briefly mentioned pp. 54-55). This work is valuable in giving the background of the period and the French influence. Investigation of court records following John Hayward's earlier work revealed valuable knowledge (see *Edmund Curll). He also compiled English Verse 1701-50: A catalogue of separately printed poems with notes on contemporary collected editions , 2 volumes, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975. Volume 1 is the catalog and volume 2 is indexes (Index of first lines, Chronological index, Index of imprints, Index of bibliographical notabilia, Index of descriptive epithets and Subject index, which latter includes "Homosexuals"). Reference to works in this latter catalog have been incorporated in this encyclopedia as an aid to locating rare copies of poems which sometimes exist in only one or two known copies probably those listed here: see * College Wit Sharpen'd, *The Parson and his Clerk, *Sodom's Catastrophe, * "The Women-hater's Lamentation", *The He Strumpets. He lists holdings of works in libraries in Great Britain, the United States and Canada and *broadsheet poems as well as volumes of poetry. The catalog is the only work in English so far listing poetry books and broadsheets in English. He was a librarian in 1965. Fra mann til mann: Dikt om menns kj&rleik til menn Anthology in Norwegian from Norway. Oslo: Forlaget Oktober, 1986. 126 pages. Compiled by Jan Olav Gatland. The title means "From man to man: poems about men's love for [other] men". It consists of translations from other languages into Norwegian with notes (pp. 111-26) and an afterward (pp. 105-110). Very rare. Not sighted; a photostat of the contents pages was provided by the anthologist. An excellent selection of European and United States poets from Whitman onwards with strong emphasis on United States poets of *gay liberation. The Canadian poet *Ian Young and the Australian poet *Robert Adamson are also included. Many of the poets appear in the Danish anthology *Digte om mends kerlighed til mend. A list of poets and poems appears at the beginning, pp. 7-10. This anthology has not been physically sighted but all poets have been entered from the information at the beginning. Poems and manuscripts in Greek from Turkey and Greece and in Latin from Italy. From 200. Poems from ancient Greek and from Latin survive only in fragments. Actual surviving fragments date from at least 200 (see the Greek poet *Panchrates). Poems which survive in fragments present certain difficulties: for instance, it may not be possible to know to whom the poem is addressed, a man or a woman, or to confirm the authorship. In ancient Greek, the whole of *Archilochus (active 700 B.C.) survives in fragments, as does all of *Sappho (except possibly for one poem). The date of the surviving fragments on papyrus, vellum and, later, paper is much later than the dates for these writers; material dates from ca. 300 A.D. Poems on Greek vases - the so called kalos poems - fall into this category when the vases are in fragments; see *David M. Robinson for discussion. Fragments of ancient Greek poetry have been found in the Middle East, mainly in Egypt, due to the dryness of the climate, adding to our stock of poems. The last major literary discoveries were the finds at Oxyrhynchus in Egypt (1897-1906) and new poets have come to light, including poets with homosexual interest, through such finds: see, for instance, *Pancrates. Greek fragments are much more numerous than Latin due to the spread of Greek civilization into the middle east and the drier climate there. The Latin poet *Lucilius survives in fragments. A homosexual prose *graffiti survives (see Dominic Montserrat, Sex and Society in Graeco-Roman Egypt, London, 1996, pp. 136-38); this is at "P. Oxy. [Oxyrhynchus Papyri, 1898+ - in progress], XLII 3070. Fragments of poems exist in many languages apart from Greek and Latin (for instance, *Islamic languages). Compare *epigraphy. References. Oxford Classical Dictionary: see "Oxyrhynchus", 765; "Papyrology, Greek, Papyrology, Latin," 778-80. Poet from the United States (from Puerto Rico) writing in English; he possibly also wrote in Spanish. 1944-1982. Puerto Rico is an autonomous political entity in the Caribbean in association with the United States. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1314: book Being Islands, New York: El Libro Viaje, 1976. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 364: "Being a Loner" (in the "Iberian" section and stated to be from Puerto Rico); it is not clear whether the poem was originally written in Spanish and is a translation or was composed in English. Francis of Assisi, Saint Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. 1181-1336. The founder of the Franciscan order in the *Catholic church who aimed to lead a simple life in imitation of Jesus Christ and who has been called the "Other Christ". Homoerotic interpretations of his poetry are possible (see "Cantico delle creature" in The Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 1958, pp. 1-2). The order he founded, the Franciscans, has been attractive to homosexuals. Works of art in the order's monasteries (e.g in South America) can be strongly homoerotic. His poems are strongly *mystical. Saint Francis when in secular life reputedly had a love affair with a woman, Saint Clare, who later became a nun. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1976. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1316-17: A Certain Distance, Woods Hole, MA: The Pourboire Press, 1976 and Come Out into the Sun, Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 1965. Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. 1447-1494. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 304-05 - *homophobic poems. Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. 1515-1570. He was the secretary of Aretino, though many of his fulminations against Aretino seem to lack substance. Text: see Priapea and Sonnetti in *Luigi Tansillo, editor, Il vendemmiatore (pseud.), Peking: regnante Kien-Long, nel XIX seccolo (written thus; this appears to be a fake place of publication); see in this work "A priapo, N. Franco al Arcidivino Signor Pietro Aretino Flagello de' Cazzi" and the *sonnets on pp. 75, 76, 78, 80, 83, 85, 88, 89, 92, 93, 94, 102, 104, 105, 107. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 232-33: from La Priapea, numbers 79, 80, 82. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 73: states in his Priapea and Rime Contro Pietro Aretino, 1541, he treats *Aretino "simply as a prostitute". Editor from the United States of works in English. Born 1889. A close friend of *Hart Crane and editor of his Collected Poems, New York, 1933. See Crane's letters to him in 1926 when Crane was writing his epic poem, The Bridge, in The Letters of Hart Crane, edited Brom Weber, 1965, pp. 254-86. He married twice. Bibliographies. Young. Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1318 cites his novel The Dark Mother, New York, 1920. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Contemporary Authors vol. 93-96. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1884-1952. Educated at Eton and then an officer in World War I. A prolific author of poetry. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 118-22 (a war *ballad); biog., 234. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1979. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1320 (with John Finbolen: see his entry). Critic writing in English possibly from Germany. Active 1976. A critic who noted that the Chinese anthology the * Shi ching could be read homosexually. See Hinsch, Passions of the Cut Sleeve, pp. 16-17 and 181 footnote 5 - re The Flowering Plum and the Palace Lady (New Haven, 1976), pp. 52-53, referring to * Shi Jing, *Song 94, where he notes the *gender ambiguity of the sex of the person desired. Critic and historian from Germany who wrote in German; he later lived in the United States. Born 1888. Author of Dichtung und Philosophie des frühen Griechentums, 1962 (in German; English trans: Early Greek Poetry and Philosophy, 1973) a major and brilliant study of Greek epic, lyric and prose of the *archaic period to the middle of the fifth century. Homosexuality is discussed frankly in the works of the poets: see, for example, *Theognis. Born in Berlin in 1888, he was Professor of Classical Literature at Stanford University 1935-53. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1996. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poems of Love and Liberation ,19, 50. Singers from the United States singing in English. Active 1932. A gay singing duo who sang gay songs at private gay parties and gay nightclubs in *Chicago: see The Adovcate, 18 August 1983, 31 for a song, "Father Spanish, Mother Greek and I'm French". "French" here probably means homosexual as in "French love". Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. Active ca. 1550. See Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 131: a writer of *Bernesque poetry with homosexual themes. Translator from Greek to English from New Zealand. Active 1988. Author of Poems from the Greek Anthology, Auckland: Dragonfly Press, 1988, 21 pp.: very fine, largely gay, translations from the Greek * Palatine Anthology, translated into English with homoerotic illustrations by Elizabeth Serjeant. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1989. Book of poems: Sons of New Town, Chicago, 1989. Member of New Town Writers Group which champions the work of *Chicago area homophile writers. Graphics by Paul F. Samuelson. Poet from Great Britain writing in English; translator from Latin to English. Born ca. 1558-died 1593. The second translator of the Latin poet *Virgil's homosexual "Second Eclogue" into English; it appeared in The Lawier's Logike, London, 1588 and was reprinted in The Countess of Pembroke's Yvychurch, 1591. The first translation was by *Abraham Fleming (1575). He was a barrister who was an intimate of *Sir Philip Sidney and was called *Corydon by Spenser in "Colin Clout's Come Home Again". Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography. Ioläus (1902), 90-91. Critics. Norton, Homosexual Literary Tradition, 386. Anthropologist and historian from Great Britain writing in English. 1854-1941. Author of The Golden Bough (London, 1890, 2 volumes; other editions), an account of the evolution of religion, tracing myths and rites to their prehistoric beginnings. It is a work rich in the recording of folklore, which influenced twentieth century writers such as *D. H. Lawrence and *T. S. Eliot. The second edition, revised and enlarged, 1900, consisted of 3 volumes while the third edition 1907-1915, in 12 volumes remains the standard edition. A one volume abridged edition appeared in 1922. This work, produced at the time *Sigmund Freud was producing many seminal works, established the centrality of sexuality in many ancient cultures and thus as an attack on *Puritanism. The two volumes * Adonis, Attis and Osiris of the third edition discuss these three figures from mythology and the myths of death and rebirth associated with them (on the Egyptian cult of Osiris see *Isis). Also discussed are ideas of sexual abandon involved in the cults of Adonis and Attis who were the consorts of the mother goddess *Innana/ Ishtar. Ritual *flagellation was associated with some of these religions. See The Golden Bough, 1907, vol. 1, p. 73 note 1 re sacred *prostitutes (associated with the mother goddess cult). He published Aftermath, a Supplement in 1936 and a huge synthesis of his notes was published as Anthologia Anthropologica in 1938; this contains some material of relevance. The Golden Bough also gave a new perspective on the mythology of Christianity by comparing religious practices in Egypt and the Middle East at the time of Jesus Christ and in this way can be viewed as an attack on Christianity. The Adonis, Attis and Osiris volume may be read as a subtle attack on the uniqueness of *Christian ideas such as that of the resurrection (since Fraser showed this idea was basic to ancient Egyptian beliefs). The work emerged from the serious study of the ancient *Afro-Asiatic languages. In the volume Attis Adonis Osiris, 1907 edition, pp. 428-35, see "Some Customs of the Pelew Islanders, 1 Priests Dressed as Women" regarding gay customs on southeast islands of Asia (this is not in the 1906 edition). See also *Bion, *Dionysus. On Frazer see Robert Ackerman, J. G. Frazer: His Life and Work, 1987. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography. Encyclopedia Britannica. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Born before 1965-died 1991. A *black gay poet and journalist who died of *Aids; widely published in journals. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 44-45: "As You Try Your Best Not to Complain" (a brilliant poem about having *Aids); biog., 175. Brother to Brother, 61, 119-20; biog., 271. Here to Dare, 116-28; biog., 115. Frederick the Great of Prussia, called in German, Friedrich II Poet and collector from Germany who wrote in French. 1712-1786. A gay Prussian king who wrote poems in French. *Von Katte was his friend - or *lover - whom his father beheaded when the two men ran away; *Kaiserlink was another lover. A major biography is by the British writer Thomas Carlyle (1858-65, in 6 volumes). Biography. Giles MacDonogh, Frederick the Great: a life in deed and letters, 1999 (review: Times Literary Supplement, 16 April, 1999, 7). There has been debate as to whether he was homosexually active after he became king. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Neue deutsche Biographie. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 442-48. Encyclopedia Britannica. Lexikon des gesamten Buchwesens, second edition. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 428-29. Howes, Broadcasting It. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 56: poems "An Cesarion", "Den Manen Cesarions", "Widmung" in Oeuvres de Philosophie de San-Souci, Neuchaatel, 1750-60, and Oeuvres posthumes de Frederic le Grand, Roi de Prusse, Tome 4, "Le Palladion" and "La Palinode a Daryet", 1788. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 108-11: trans. of poems from French into German by *Eliasar von Kupffer. Ioläus (1906), 204-08: poems including one to *Kaiserlink, 204-05. Die Bedeutung der Freundesliebe, 19. Andere Lieben, 110-13. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 199-201 (Jesus trope; *Ganymede trope, 201); biog. note, 190-91. Criticism. Gay Saiber (volume 1 number 1, Spring 1977), 46-54: by Susan W. Henderson. Gay Books Bulletin 7 (Spring 1981), 14 and footnote 9: poem "Le Palladin" - see "Chant IV". Translator from Spanish to English from the United States. Active 1977. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Orgasms of Light, 124-25: trans. of the Spanish poet *Garcia Lorca into English. Free verse is poetry which does not employ rhyme. It dates from 1855 in English and later in other languages. It has been a dominant type of poetry in English and other languages in the twentieth century. While it dates from 'Whitman's Leaves of Grass (first edition 1855), it has been seen to stem from the rhythms of the authorized translation of The *Bible. It is called free verse because its meter in poems is not regular and line breaks are consequently important (some lines may be short and some long); a line break occurs where there is a pause. It was used in English by the poets of *Modernism (*Pound, *Eliot and *Crane) and taken a step further by *Charles Olson and his disciples (see *Robert Duncan) who broke the line down the page (called 'stepping, a practice stemming from the French poet *Mallarmé). This practice made the line break a feature of the setting out of the poem. *Allen Ginsberg is a master of its use. Whitmanic free verse has long lines and was used by Whitman's disciples *Edward Carpenter and *Horace Traubel. In the twentieth century shorter lines have been frequently used by poets and discussion has turned on breathing as a determinant of the length (as in *William Carlos Williams and *Charles Olson). *Allen Ginsberg has employed both the Whitmanic long line and shorter lines. In Great Britain, there has been a reaction to free verse with many poets insisting on the primacy of rhyme (e.g. John Betjeman). Australia: see 'Generation of 68, 'Patrick White. Canada: see 'bill bissett. Russian. 'Mikhail Kuzmin. Arabic. 'Khalil Gibran. German. See *Schwule Lurik, schwule Prose. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics (with an excellent bibliography). Anthologist from Great Britain of works in English. Active 1991. Co-editor, with *Pat O'brien, of the Tine anthology * Language of water. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Language of water: biog., 79. Poet from Brazil who wrote in Portuguese. 1832-1855. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poemas do amor maldito, 77-78: a poem to a youth; biog., 76. Freitas, Luiz Carlos Lacerda de Poet from Brazil writing in Portuguese. Born 1945 Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poemas do amor maldito, 95-96; biog., 94. Critic from Germany writing in German. Born 1915. Author of a brilliant article "Freundschaftsbeweis" (Friendship Evidence) from Motive der Weltliteratur (Motifs in World Literature), Stuttgart, ca.1979, pp. 196-219; bibl., 219. This is perhaps the most brilliant concise article ever written on the subject of *friendship, surveying world literature from * Gilgamesh onwards and paying particular attention to the subject in German. Translator from Greek to English from Great Britain; he also lived in Malta. 1769-1846. The first translator of the Greek poet *Theognis into English: Theognis restitutus: The personal history of the poet Theognis, deduced from an analysis of his existing fragments, Malta, 1842 (repr. in The Works of James Hookham Frere, London, 1872, which includes a biography of Frere). The translations are very restrained. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1891-1916. Educated at *Oxford then an officer in World War I. A friend of *Robert Nichols. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 67, 68, 116-17: not specifically homoerotic poems; biog., 234 - two books The Quest for Beauty (1915) and The Quest for Truth (1916). Freud, Sigmund and Freudianism Sexologist from Austria who wrote in German; he spent his last years in Great Britain. 1856-1939. Freud was the founder of psychoanalysis in which a person discussed their problems intimately with a doctor; this process has been called the talking cure. In his The Interpretation of Dreams (1899), he propounded the idea of the 'Oedipus Complex, in which homosexuality was explained as relating to close dependence of a male on his mother. Freud's idea of a subconscious and conscious mind raises the possibility of latent homosexuality in human beings and the idea of the subsconscious is perhaps his major contribution to human thought. The admission of homosexuality into discourse in his writing was a major breakthough in western thought, after centuries of suppression of the topic by 'Christianity or negative connotations. The fact that the Oedipus complex - itself centered on homosexuality - occupies a central place in his thought also means homosexuality has a central place in Freudianism. In Three Essays on Sexuality, 1905, in the revised edition 1915, in a famous footnote he states all human beings are capable of making a homosexual object choice "and have in fact made one in their unconscious" (trans. by James Strachey New York: Basic Books, 1962, p. 11). He also believed every child goes through an Oedipus stage of homosexuality (see Clifford Allen, Sexual Perversions, 1949, pp. 44-45). Freud had close affectional relationships with fellow doctors including Wilhelm Fliess: see Ernest Jones, Sigmund Freud: Life and Work, Volume one: The Young Freud 1856-1900, 1953, Chapter XIII, "The Fliess Period (1887-1902)", pp. 316-350; this relationship is called "a passionate friendship" on p. 316; on p. 330 the author notes they met for two or three days away from their work in various cities in Germany and Austria over a period of years but in 1902 contact ceased. The quarrel between the two men was over bisexuality ("Fliess's favourite theme", ibid., p. 345) and whether a bisexual constitution was universal. The letters of Freud to Fliess survive though Freud destroyed Fliess's letters to him. See Jeffrey Mousssaieff Mason, editor and translator, The Complete Letters of Sigmund Freud to Wilhelm Fliess 1887-1904, 1985, especially the Introduction. In 1910 he published a study of 'Leonardo da Vinci linking him to homosexuality. 'Carl Jung was another major disciple who later broke with him. Freud has been a major influence on twentieth century European poetry, especially 'Surrealism, and his influence through 'psychoanalysis has been very strong in the United States. Freud's daughter Anna Freud continued his work in London after he died (see Elisabeth Young-Breuhl, Anna Freud: A Biography, 1988); she specialized in child psychiatry and did not marry. Freud's influence. English. See Perkins, History of Modern Poetry, vol. 2, pp. 130-33. See entries *W. H. Auden (strongly influenced), 'William Baylebridge (pseud.), 'Wayne Koestenbaum, 'Garry Lyle, 'Ern Malley (pseud.), 'D. H. Lawrence, 'David Marr, 'Herbert Read (re 'Shelley), 'Michael Ruse, 'Edward Ruitenbeck. A British follower Ian D. Suttie wrote Origins of Love and Hate, 1935 (repr. 1960) and sees homosexuality as the basis of social feeling (see p 92 of the Penguin edition 1960) German. *Hans Blüher shows his influence. Japanese. Many twentieth century Japanese poets have written poems about their mothers and it has been frequently remarked that Japanese men are especially close to their mothers. See also *Sir James Frazer, *Christine Downing and *Achilles and Patroclus. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature, 369-70. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 430-32 "Freud"; 432-37 "Freudian Concepts"; 1075-78: *"Psychoanalysis". A-Z Guide to Modern Literary and Cultural Theorists. Ullstein Enzyklopädie der Sexualität. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Other. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 10 (1909-10), no. 4, p. 420: re *Walt Whitman. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active before 1976. Not in Oxford Companion to German Literature and not found in the * British Library General Catalogue. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10643-45: lists three items, Eifersuchtig, Knabe mit Rakett and Ritt an Strand [no other information given]. These probably are poems and not books of poems. Editor from Germany of works in Italian; critic in German. Active 1897. He established the exact text of the Italian *Michelangelo's poems, a text which made clear that some were written to males. This text became the standard text for sixty years and was a work which built on the first modern edition by Cesare Guasti of 1863 but was more complete in the corpus of poems. It was titled Die Dichtungen des Michelangelo, Berlin, 1897 (with German critical apparatus). This was the standard edition until the edition of Enzo Girardi (1960); prior to this the pronouns in the love poems had been altered from male to female. On this edition see James Saslow, The Poetry of Michelangelo: An Annotated Translation, 1991, 54-55. Compare *von Scheffler. Critic from Germany writing in German. Active 1896. Author of Der Eros und die Kunst (*Eros and Art), Leipzig: *Spohr, 1896, 352 pp. This work is a major survey of gay culture in Europe. Chapter 1 is on male beauty, Chapter 3 on the love of friends. There is discussion of literature in Greek (*Theocritus, *Anacreon), Latin (*Catullus, *Virgil, *Tibullus), the Middle Ages and in Italian (*Michelangelo) and German (*Winckelmann, *Hössli, *Grillparzer, *Neitzsche). Rare: a copy is in the *Private Case. See also *Platen (see Herzer, Bibliographie zur Homosexualität, item 0397 and item 0611). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Ioläus (1902), 45: love for a youth common amongst the Greeks; 148-49: re *Winkelmann. Bibliographies. Herzer, Bibliographie zur Homosexualität: several articles and books. Criticism. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 1 (1899), 157-214: the first appreciation of *Platen in gay terms; see also Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 6 (1904) 357-447 (continuation of the preceding article). Translator from Greek to English from Greece. 1911-1993. Translator of *Cavafy into English and author of important articles on and translations of *Dinos Christianopoulos. He reviewed the gay dictionary of *Elias Petropoulos and has translated *Yannis Ritsos into English and written an excellent overview of his work. He lived in *Athens in the last part of his life and was known to be actively gay (Dr. *Vrasidis Karales to the author). He was the first lover of the poet James Merrill: see the latter's A Different Person, San Francisco, 1993, pp. 18-19. He was an American Greek. Obituary: New York Times, 9 June 1993. 102 boxes of his papers are at Princeton University. Criticism. Eglinton, Greek Love, 222. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 502: referring to his importance in making gay Greek poetry available in English. Historian and critic from Germany who wrote in German. 1866-1908. An important gay theorist of the early German gay movement. Friedländer, like *Adolf Brand, was a believer in the Greek *pederastic *eros and believed that gay culture should promote a revival of the Greek ideas, ideas propounded in his book Renaissance des Eros Uranios, 1904 (repr.). His ideas greatly influenced *Hans Blüher. Review: Gay Books Bulletin no. 6 (Fall 1981), 14-15. He led a move to split *Magnus Hirschfeld's Scientific-Humanitarian Committee in 1907. A forerunner of *gay liberation, he also published Die Liebe Platons im Lichte der modernen Biologie, 1909, 283 pp.: on the love of *Plato in relation to modern biology. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies.Herzer, Bibliographie zur Homosexualität: see index. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 452-56. Criticism. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 7 i (1905), 387-470. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 437-38: a brilliant concise discussion of his life signed James W. Jones. Editor and critic from Germany of works in Latin who wrote in Latin and German. 1824-1909. A philologist who published important editions of the Latin poets *Martial (1886) and Juvenal (1895) and the novelist *Petronius (1906). He also wrote Essays on Juvenal (Amsterdam, 1969; trans. from German). He is most famous for his Darstellungen aus der Sittengeschichte Roms..., 1862-64, 2 volumes, a study of Roman social life which influenced *Paul Brandt. His edition of Martial (repr. 1967) is one of the most important ever and has a detailed Latin commentary. Historian and critic from Norway writing in Norwegian. Active 1985. Author of De Forsvanat Bare: Fragmenter av Homofiles Historie, Oslo, 1985 (with bibl.), a general gay history with a bibliography pp. 197-200. Discussion of Norse poems pp. 50-52. Copy used: *Library of Congress. Word in English from Great Britain, the United States and other English speaking countries. Used relevantly from ca. 1593. "Friend" is a very confusing word in English when used in homosexual contexts. That it has homosexual connotations in certain poems and when used by certain poets is undeniable. The word meant homosexual lover in *Shakespeare's sonnets (the youth - called "master mistress" in Sonnet 20 - is called "friend" in Sonnet 30). It was used in the United States by *Whitman in a homosexual sense (see the poem "When I heard at the close of day") and is common in the anthology * Ioläus (also subtitled in some editions An Anthology of Friendship while in some editions it was even called An Anthology of Friendship). "Friend" could be a coded way of referring to a homosexual lover (as well as having the sense of close companion) - i.e. it is a word which both concealed and revealed its ordinary meaning of close companion, a complicating factor in judging the word's possible use homosexually. See also *Friendship - English. Poet and diary writer from Australia who wrote in English. 1915-1989. A homosexual artist and writer who did erotic gay drawings: see the catalog of the retrospective at the Art Gallery NSW, Sydney, 1990, Donald Friend 1915-1989 , edited by Barry Pearce, which names some of his lovers, mostly artist models in the biographical notes at the end. There are scattered poems in published books, but they are not overtly gay: see Gunner's Diary, Sydney, 1943, p. 20, and Blue-Eyed Patty: A New Song, Melbourne, 1979, (last three pages). Bumbooziana, Adelaide: The Griffin Press, 1979, has a few poems; its title, which is very long, starts with the words Sundry Notes... and Bumbooziana is its short title. Bumbooziana, which reproduces an illustrated manuscript with extensive illustrations, is a classic of illustrated homoerotica, containing every conceivable pose done in a light-hearted way (with much other erotica, for example *bestiality). A large part of his life was spent abroad e.g. in Africa, Italy, Sri Lanka and Bali, Indonesia. His diary to 1968, in the National Library, Canberra, which vividly describes his sex life, is being edited for publication, and almost certainly does not include poems from the 1940s on though there may be some in the schoolboy diaries from the 1930s (Valerie Helson, National Library to the author). See also *Geoffrey Dutton. Film: Don Bennetts, Donald Friend: The Prodigal Australian (1990). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Hurley, Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amour bleu, 296: a drawing of *cowboys titled "The Boys in the Backroom" with a few lines of a poem on it; the poem is possibly a spoof poem written by Donld Friend. Poet from Israel writing in English; he was born in the United States. Born 1913. He was born in Brooklyn and has lived in Israel from 1950. He teaches at the Hebrew University, Jerusalem. The author of eight volumes of poems including The Next Room, 1995. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 108-09 (*cowboy poem), 144; biog., 238. Friendship with homoerotic undertones goes back in poetry to the Akkadian and Hittite version of * Gilgamesh, dated from before 1200 B.C. in Hittite, in which there is in the friendship of Gilgamesh and Enkidu strong homoerotic elements. Sex is more implied in the Akkadian version. *David and Jonathan in Hebrew later became celebrated exemplars of friendship. In Latin. *Nisus and Euryalus are similar exemplars (there was a philosophical discussion of them by *Cicero). The question of friends versus lovers becomes an issue in *Homer's Iliad in the relationship of *Achilles and Patroclus. See 'Friendship - Greek for discussion of this issue in Greek. Friendship with homosexual undertones can be very difficult to distinguish from friendship without homoerotic undertones (if indeed such a thing exists) in much poetry. Quite a few homosexual *anthologies revolve round the theme of male friendship. Close male friendships are a major theme in Chinese poetry and poems of almost every poet up to the modern period are relevant. See *Rewi Alley for translation. Dutch. See the separate entry. English. See the separate entry and the anthologies * Ioläus: An Anthology of Friendship, * Eros: An Anthology of Friendship] see also 'Comradeship, *Mateship. German. See 'Friendship - German and the anthologies *Die Bedeutung der Freundesliebe, * Lieblingminne und *Freundesliebe in der Weltliteratur, * Keine Zeit für gute Freunde. Latin. See *Medieval Latin Poems of Male Love and Friendship and the separate entry. French. See *Amis et Amile and Pierre de Villiers, De i'amite, 1692. *Montaigne wrote a celebrated essay on the subject. Italian. Leonardo Salviati, De dialogi d'amicizia, 1564, discusses the subject. See *Plato and *Michelangelo Buonarotti Janet Barkas, Friendship: A Selected, Annotated Bibliography, 1995 lists 635 items mainly to do with the subject in English. Robert Brain, Friends and Lovers, London, 1976 is a study, with bibliography pp. 273-78, by a now openly gay Australian man who was formerly an anthropologist. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 442-47. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage : see "Romantic Friendship". Bibliographies. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, item pp. 454-61. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 257-59. Concept in Chinese from China. From ca. 479 B.C. Strong male friendships are a major feature of Chinese poetry especially during the *T'ang, *Sung and *Ch'ing periods. They date from the *Shi Jing (dating from 479 B.C.); see also *Seven Sages. Famous friendships were a notable feature of Chinese culture especially amongst poets: *Robert Hans van Gulik lists *Hsi K'ang and *Yuan Chi; *Li Po and *Meng Hao-jan; *Po Chu-i and *Yuan Chen. *Li Bai and *Du Fu, two of the greatest *T'ang poets, are probably the most famous pair of friends. There is unquestionably a strong sublimated element of homosexuality in Chinese male poetic friendships; and sometimes it apparently is not sublimated as in Hsi K'ang and Yuan Chi. Friendship was one of the five main relationships of humans in *Confucianism. *Arthur Waley first discussed friendship in poetry with suggestions that it has a homosexual basis. Criticism. Van Gulik, Sexual LIfe in Ancient China, 91-93: states, p.92, that friendships did not include homosexual relations as a rule. Hinsch, Passions of the Cut Sleeve, 79-80. Friendship - Dutch (in Dutch Vriendschap) Concept in Dutch from the Netherlands from ca. 1870. Friendship has been an important theme in Dutch gay poetry from *Guido Gezelle (active 1870). The poet *Albert Verwey wrote a book called in Dutch: Of the love called friendship and two *anthologies, by *Hans Hafkamp and *Ron Mooser, feature the Dutch word for friendship, Vriendscap, in their title. Vriendschap was the title of the *journal of the Dutch gay group the COC, published 1949-64, and published some poems. See the article in Dutch on male friendship in Germany by *Harry Oosterhuis, "Mannenvriendschap en Homoseksualiteit in Duitsland (1750 1940)", in Homologie no. 2 (1990), 8-12 (with bibl.). Concept in English from Great Britain, the United States and Australia. From ca. 1500. Great Britain. The first poem of relevance is *Amis and Amiloun (ca. 1500 in English). *Chaucer's Pardoner (ca. 1380) should also be considered in his relationship with the Summoner (more than friendship may have been involved). Male friendship with strong homosexual connotations first appears extensively in English poetry in the *Renaissance where Latin and Greek ideas circulated. For the background see *Friendship - Latin, - Greek and see L. J. Mills, The Renaissance Development in English of the Classical Ideas about Friendship, Chicago, 1925. *Cicero's Laelius (1691) is an important late offshoot of this tradition. In the *Elizabethen period (1558-1603) see *Sir Phillip Sidney, *Edmund Spenser, *Francis Bacon. *Shakespeare in his Sonnets refers to his male lover as his *friend (e.g. "Sonnet 104"). *Hans Kleim in 1915 discussed friendship in the Shakespearean era, as does *Alan Bloom in a generalized study. *Alan Bray has written a critical study. Friendship may be a coded way of writing about homosexuality and, in a *homophobic society, homosexual feelings may take the form of friendship. This is especially important as male homosexual acts were illegal in Great Britain from the *medieval period on, at first under *Catholic church law, then from 1533, under criminal law until 1967. In the eighteenth century *Thomas Gray's friendship with *Richard West formed the basis of Gray's An Elegy Written in Country Churchyard. In the nineteenth century see R. C. Bald, Literary Friendships in the Age of *Wordsworth, 1932, regarding the strongly affectional relationships of the *Romantic poets. *Tennyson's friendship with *A. H. Hallam was a coded way of referring to feelings that can only be called homosexual; for the *Victorian period see also *Benjamin Jowett, *Matthew Arnold, *Arthur Clough. Twentieth century poets. See *Rupert Brooke, *Bloomsbury Group, John Lehmann. The first English anthology, *Edward Carpenter's * Ioläus (1902), was subtitled and even titled in some editions An Anthology of Friendship. Its title may have been inspired by *Elisar von Kupffer's prior German anthology * Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe in der Weltliteratur (Darling love and friend love in world literature). As late as 1961, another major anthology was entitled * Eros: An Anthology of Friendship. However, with the increasing openness of gay writing from the 1970s following *gay liberation, poems about friendship are less prevalent: the emphasis in this period changed to writing about sex. D. J. Enright and David Rawlinson, in The Oxford Book of Friendship, Oxford, 1991, discuss homosexuality in their introduction. Peter Washington, Friendship Poems London, 1995 is an excellent selection which includes many gay poets and poems. While friendship may have homosexual connotations, it is not necessarily so and only strong bonding relationships should be considered for underlying homoeroticism. Paul Hammond, Love between men in English literature, 1996, is a general study with chapters on the *Renaissance, *Shakespeare, The *Victorian Period (including *Tenyyson, *Whitman, *J. A. Symonds and *Wilde) and the *Modern period (*D. H. Lawrence, *E. M. Forser and *Wilfred Owen). See also *mateship and *male bonding and compare the friendship entries for other languages especially German (where the friendship tradition is as strong as in English or stronger). Janet Barkas, Friendship: A Selected, Annotated Bibliography, 1995, lists 635 items. United States. *William Penn, the founder of *Philadelphia (in 1681), later the home city of *Whitman in his old age, believed in friendship. It was a major theme in nineteenth century poetry writing: see *Fitz-Greene Halleck, *Ralph Waldo Emerson, *Herman Melville (especially his novels), *Henry David Thoreau, *R. H. Stoddard, *Bayard Taylor, *William Bliss Carman, *George Santayana and *Logan Pearsall Smith. *Whitman, perhaps the central nineteenth century poet here, used the word *comrade and even love. Twentieth century: see *Edith Ogutsch, *Daryl Hine, *Vega (pseud.), *Paul Fussell, Jim Chapson, *Thomas Stehling, *A. Puterski, *R. B. Martin, * Brother Songs, *George Whitmore. See also *Quakers, *Shakespeare, *Ioläus, *male bonding. See also the article "Romantic Friendship.. 1800-1900" by E. A. Rotundo in Journal of Social History, vol. 23 no. 1 (Fall 1989), 1-25 for the social background. Allan Bloom, Love and Friendship, 1993 is a major study of the subject from *Plato's * Symposium onwards. Andrew Sullivan, Love Undetectable, 1999, examines in its third essay "If Love Were All" friendship among gay men. Australia. In Australia, friendship in literature, in contrast frequently to Great Britain and the United States - and especially in the *eighteen-nineties - took the form of the espousal of the doctrine of *mateship which has itself been seen as a repressed form of homosexuality. Strong anti-gay laws (see *Law - English) and *censorship inhibited the open expression of physical homosexuality. See *E. J. Brady, *J. Le Gay Brereton, *R. J. Brissenden, *Victor Daley, *Henry Lawson, *Dowell O'Reilly, *Price Warung. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Hurley, Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia. Howes, Broadcasting It. Gay Histories and Cultures. Friendship - German (in German Freundschaft or Freundesliebe) Concept and word in German in Germany and Switzerland. From ca. 1170. Friendship with strong homosexual undertones has been a major theme in German poetry and literature since the *minnesingers and *Amis et Amile. It is especially a strong theme in German poetry since the eighteenth century in the work of *Gleim, *Klopstock and *Herder and was a major theme in the poetry of *Hölderlin. *J. G. Hamann wrote an early work discussing its homosexual nature. *Goethe and *Schiller seemed to embody an ideal friendship. *Wolfdietrich Rasch has studied German friendship in the eighteenth century. The sonnets of *Shakespeare and the idea of *friendship in English as perceived by German readers (see *Hans Kleim) have had a large influence in Germany on the German cult of friendship. *Wagner and *Nietzsche's friendship bordered on love (especially from Nietzsche's point of view). Most recently, *Harry Oosterhuis has concisely discussed the period 1750-1940. Homosexual implications in friendship were extensively discussed in the early twentieth century by German writers e.g. by *Placzek and *Hans Blüher. * Bibliographie Freundschaftseros (Bibliography of Friendship and Eros) was the title of the first German gay bibliography. Recently, *Elisabeth Frenzel has written a world survey in German with special attention to German writers. Freundesliebe is the German word for friendship (literally friend love): see the anthologies * Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe in der Weltliteratur and *Die Bedeutung der Freundesliebe für Fuhrer und Volk (both premised on friendship as intimately connected with homosexuality). Freundschaft is also used. *Hans Dietrirch Hellbach wrote the first detailed study in 1930; his work is really the first study of homosexuality and German poetry. See also Alexander von Gleichen-Russwurm, Uber die Freundschaft, Bern, 1961. Ars et Amicitia: Beiträge zum Thema Freundschaft in Geschichte, Kunst und LIterature, Amsterdam, 1998, is a festschrift for Martin Birchner on the theme of friendship in history, arts and literature. Thomas Karlauf, editor, Deutsche Freunde: Zwölf Doppelporträts, 1997, has essays on 12 pairs of friends. Library catalogs, e.g. at the Austrian State Library, Vienna, have yielded much of interest when checked under Freundschaft including rare dissertations. Compare *Friendship - English. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 91: see under Pyra. Concept in ancient Greek in Greece. From ca. 700 B.C. Friendship and its relation to homosexuality commences in Greek poetry with the question of whether *Achilles and Patroclus were friends or lovers. Homer's text dates from ca. 700 B.C. *Theognis frequently refers to his lover *Cyrnus as a friend. In *philosophy *Plato's dialogues Lysis and Phaedrus are discussions of the meaning of friendship and *Aristotle's Nichomachean Ethics also debates the subject. Accordingly, the strong same-sex bonding of friendship was a philosophical issue with the ancient Greeks. See A. W. Price, Love and Friendship in Plato and Aristotle, Oxford, ca. 1990, which, as Martha Nussbaum points out in reviewing this book, deals with "The topic of erotic love and the closely related topic of affectionate friendship" ( Times Literary Supplement, 16-22 February, 1990, 165). See *Archaic Period, *Aristotle, *Constantine Cavafy, *Cicero, *Eros, *George of Psidia, *J. G. Hamann, *Homer, *B. Jowett, *W. Kroll *Roger Peyrefitte, *Plato, *Socrates, *Bishop Thirwall. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, third edition, 1996; see entries "Friendship" and "Love and friendship". Concept in Latin in Italy and later France and Great Britain from 50 B.C. Unlike ancient Greek, friendship did not loom large as a theme in ancient Latin poetry, sexual feelings being directly expressed in such poets as *Martial and *Catullus (in contrast to ancient Greek poetry where such directness is rare). *Cicero's Laelius de amicitia (ca. 50 B.C.) was the first Latin work of philosophy dealing with friendship, a work which was influenced by *Plato's dialogue * Lysis. It was based on the circle of people centered on Scipio Aemilianus (see Oxford Classical Dictionary, pp. 963-64). In the *middle ages this theme was taken up in a Christian context by *Aelred of Rievaulx. The anthology * Medieval Latin Poems of Male Love and Friendship shows what a high value was placed on friendship in the middle ages: one reason being that homosexual behavior was banned by the *Catholic church, thus finding an outlet in friendship. The circle of "friends" around the English poet *Thomas Gray (who also wrote in Latin) needs close investigation. See also *Aristotle. Poet and autobiographer from the United States writing in English. Born 1960. His volume of gay poems The Healing Notebooks, Berkeley, 1990, 48 pp. (no pagination), is a Tine *sequence of nineteen poems about being anti-body positive and having *Aids when in a relationship. The poems are of 14 lines, unrhymed (compare *sonnet); a biographical note appears on the last page. Originally from Brooklyn, New York, he is also the author of the *chapbook, Night After Night. Review: see James White Review vol. 7 no. 4, p.17, by *George Klawitter. He was guest poetry editor of the James White Review vol. 8 no. 2 (Spring 1991). Body, Memoir by him is an autobiographical work. He has a Master of Fine Arts from Columbia University School of the Arts, New York. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Name of Love, 9; biog., 72. Eros in Boystown, 24; biog., 61. Poet possibly from Germany who wrote in German. Active 1924-46. A noted poem is "Der Wandervogel" (on the German Wandervogel movement - see *Hans Blüher) in Der Eigene 4/1924; it is reprinted in the 1981 reprint of * Der Eigene. He is believed to have used the pseudonym *H. F. Hendrik. The * British Library General Catalogue reveals there are three persons with the name Hans Fritz, one from Germany, one Switzerland and one Austria. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 56: poem "Eros (Was war mein Leben...)". Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10646: the same poem. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active before 1964. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 56: poem "Skat (Jüngst fehlte...)". No other details. Poet from Italy who wrote in Greek. Ca. 100?-ca. 166? Information has been taken from the Oxford Classical Dictionary entry; but the poet in Oxford Classical Dictionary may be a *homonym of this person. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 448-49: states he was a Roman orator. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Palatine Anthology xii 174, 233. Critic from South Africa writing in Afrikaans. Active 19B9. Author of Kodes van die homo-erotiek in die Afrikaanse poësie - 'n dialektiese lesing : a study of codes of the homoerotic in Afrikaans poetry. An unpublished thesis at the University of Pretoria submitted in 19B9. Cited in 'Hennie Aucamp, Wisselstroom: Homoërotiek in die Afrikaanse verhalkuns, Johannesburg, 199Q, 216. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1874-1963. Perhaps the most famous United States poet from 1913 until his death; Thomas and *Longfellow. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American re his *homophobia. he wrote in rhyme in the *Georgian style. See *Edward Literature. Criticism. Katz, Gay American History, 13, 74-76: Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1903-1836. An intimate friend of *J. H. Newman. He was a priest of the Church of England who died of consumption. Newman met him at Oriel College, *Oxford, where both were fellows. See his Remains (1837) and Private Journal and Remains, 2 volumes (1839) regarding sexual struggles suggesting repressed homosexuality. He wrote a few poems. Newman is buried in the same grave as him at Rednal, Birmingham. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionary of National Biography. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1971. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10647: Songs and Sonnets Atlantean, Sauk City, Wisconsin: Arkham, 1971. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1339: same book. Critic, historian and poet from Germany who wrote in German. Active 1903. Author of Richard Wagner und die Homosexualität, Berlin, 1903, 278 pp. This detailed study discusses homosexuality in *Richard Wagner's life and works. Chapter One discusses the literary background in the work of *Goethe and *Winckelmann. In Chapter Two homosexuality is discussed in the early operas: mental homosexuality in Erik in the opera The Flying Dutchman, and the operas Tannhauser, Lohengrin and Tristan und Isolde (the knights Tristan and Kurwenal). He sees Mark in Tristan und Isolde as a homosexual. Chapter Three discusses homosexuality in Wagner's life in relation to *King Ludwig II of Bavaria and *Nietzsche. In Chapter Four he discusses Wagner's last opera Parsifal in detail pp. 243-78. Review: Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 6 (1904), 469-73. Fuchs admitted openly to being gay before 1914 (*Manfred Herzer to the author). Book of poems: Sinnen und Lauschen, 1904, about 8 pp. Note: his first name, Hanns, is spelt correctly. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 56: author of several books including the poem König Gonlands Erlösung. Symbolische Dichtung in drei Handlungen, 1904. Herzer, Bibliographie zur Homosexualität, item 0557. Bibliographies. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, vol. 7, Part 2 (1905), 873-77: review of two books including König Gonlands Erlösung. Critic from Germany writing in German. Active 1969. Bibliographies. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, item 506: cites Die Hylasgeschichte bei Apollonios Rhodios und Theokrit, Wurzburg: Universitat, 1969, 85 pp., apparently a Ph. D. dissertation regarding the Greek myths of *Hercules and *Hylas as depicted in *Apollonius Rhodius and *Theocritus. Not sighted. Fuduli, also spelt Fudili and Fuzuli Poet from Turkey who wrote mainly in Turkish and as well in Persian and Arabic. 1494-1556. Author of a long 'mashnavi, Leyla and Majnun: this is an 'allegorical poem about the attraction of the human spirit for the divine; mystical love and 'Sufism inspire it. The Dictionary of Oriental Literatures entry states he is "the greatest lyric poet of the Turkish language" whose Divan is "the most sublime and the most passionate expression of 'mystical love in the whole of the literature". He also wrote 'Divans in Arabic and Persian. He is considered the founder of Azerbaijani poetry. Many poems are very ambiguous (Dr Chris Murphy, School of Oriental and African Studies, London, to the author). Translation. English: Layla and Majnun was translated by Sofi Huri (London, 1970). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition: see "Fuduli" (notes very little is known about his life). Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, volume 2, 937: "Fudili" (in Turkish Fuzuli). Dictionary of Oriental Literatures. Mitler, Ottoman Turkish Writers. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Anthologie de l'amour turc. Penguin Book of Turkish Verse, 79-86: poem of 'boy love. Criticism. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 7 (1905), 864. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1857-1929. Active as a novelist from 1892 and suspected of being gay. He wrote a free verse autobiography, The Bachelor, 1917, and two collections of verse: The New Flag, 1899, and Lines Long and Short, 1917. A *Chicago writer active in the journal Poetry from 1912 to 1929. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Dictionary of American Biography . Critic and poet from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1937. Author a major commentary on the poems of *Auden, W. H. Auden: A Commentary (1998), a revision of his earlier work A Reader's Guide to W. H. Auden (1970); Index of Titles and First Lines and General Index (see in this latter under *homosexuality). As a poet see in Poems and Epistles (Boston, 1973) "The Art of Love" about a world dominated by *feminism and permissiveness (which presumably includes homosexuality). He is a fellow of Magdalene College, *Oxford, where he teaches English. He has also written novels. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Contemporary Authors New Revision Series, volume 44. Poet from Australia writing in English. Born ca. 1965. An *Adelaide performance poet who has written strongly gay sexual poetry (e.g., the poem "Aiding and Abetting", 1991; a copy is in the possession of the author). In 1995 he lived in Sydney and published a *queer journal QueerZine. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Pink Ink, 198; biog., 296. Translator from Greek to English. Active before 1902. No information has been found on this author. Date taken from Eros: An Anthology of Friendship. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 47: trans. from the *Greek Anthology; 55: trans. of *Meleager. Critic and historian from the United States. Active 1975. See Chapter Eight, "Soldier Boys", in The Great War and Modern Memory, London, 1975: discussion of homoerotic bonding (meaning in this book "close male *friendship which is not sexual") in the poetry of World War I. This is a seminal discussion. He distinguishes between homosexuality and homoereroticism and states, p. 272, he uses the term homoerotic "to imply a subliminated (i.e. 'chaste') form of temporary homosexuality". This work has greatly inspired *Martin Taylor. Poet from Switzerland writing in German; he later lived in Great Britain. 1741-1825. See his Samtliche Gedichte, 1973, 123 pp. Source of information: *Prinz Eisenherz (editors), Lyrik. These are poems written in 1763 involving Johann Casper Lavater and Felix Hass. On Laveter see his entry Oxford Companion to German Literature and the index of Derks, Der Schande der heiligen Päderastie; letters between Füsseli and Lavater survive. He translated *Winckelmann into English, titled Reflections on the Painting and Sculpture of the Greeks. He spent his life from 1765 living as an artist in England and was greatly influenced by *Michelangelo as an artist. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature . Poet from Iran who wrote in Persian. Active ca. 159Q. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A'in i Akbari anthology, 674 - includes a homosexual love poem; biog., 674 - states his name is Mahmud Beg. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Active 1890. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 294: *non-gender specific poem "To W. J. M.", dated 1890. (Note: he is not entered in the index to this work.) Criticism. Smith, Love in Earnest, 236: states the poem was first printed in *The Artist and Journal of Home Culture, 1890, and identified as being possibly by *Gabriel Gillett. Anthologist of works in Latin and translator from Latin to Italian; critic in Italian; from Italy. Born 1952. He compiled and translated into Italian the Latin anthology * Il GIaio verso: poesia latina per l'altro amore; he also wrote the Introduction to this work. Critic and historian from Italy writing in Italian, translator from Arabic to Italian; historian of Persian literature writing in Italian. Born 1904. A prominent Italian Arabist. See his discussion of *Abu Nuwas in Dall mondo dell'Islam, Milan/ Naples, 1954, pp. 17-41 (written in 1953). He translated ibn Hazm and the * Arabian Nights and is also the author of a history of Arabic literature; La letteratura araba, 1967. Persian: see "Letteratura persiana" in Le civilita dell'Oriente, 2 (1957), pp. 345-94. Indigenous languages spoken in the western part of the mainland of Great Britain in Wales, to the north in Scotland and in Ireland, and in western France in Brittany. From ca. 550 with gay poetry relevance. There are two branches. There is firstly, a group consisting of Irish Gaelic sometimes called Irish (and referred to in this encyclopedia as Irish), Scots Gaelic (spoken in Scotland and called Scots Gaelic to differentiate it from the close Irish Gaelic or Irish) and Manx (related to Irish and now a dead language). In this Encyclopedia Scots Gaelic is called Gaelic and Irish Gaelic is called Irish. The second group consists of Breton (spoken in Brittany in western France), Cornish (spoken in Cornwall in southwest England) and Welsh (spoken in Wales). Poet from Indian who wrote in Oriya; translator from Sanskrit to Oriya. Active 1800. An Orissan saint who was a poet and who claimed to menstruate and had women attendants; he translated the * Bhagavad Gita from Sanskrit to Oriya. He was a proponent of *Vaisnavism (Dr Boulton, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, to the author 1987.) Poem from Indonesia in Balinese. Ca. 1880. In the poem Gaguritan Brayut, known from manuscripts dating from the late nineteenth century, a woman lying on the man's back supposedly has sexual intercourse with him by "penetrating" him (this parodies normal heterosexual intercourse and suggests homosexual anal sex). The poem is a sung *ballad of about 150 verses known in manuscript from the late nineteenth century but in oral form earlier in date. The earliest manuscripts are in Leiden University Library, collected by Van der Tuuk. Information from Professor Peter Wolseley, University of Sydney. On male homosexualty in Bali see Michael Covarrubias, Island of Bali (1936; repr. 1973), pp. 144-45: "In general the idea of homosexuality is inconsequential to the Balinese"; bentji are men who dress as women and take women's roles (source: *Human Relations Area Files). Translator from Greek to French and Latin from France. 1755-1829. Editor of an edition of *Anacreon, published in 1801, and translator of him into French. He also translated *Theocritus, whom he translated into both French (Idylles de Theocrite, 1792) and Latin (1792). Gaio verso: poesia latina per l'altro amore, Il Anthology in Latin with translations into Italian compiled and translated by *Miro Gabriele. Ocata: Giano, 1992, 78 pages. Poets: *Catullus, *Tibullus, *Virgil, *Horace, *Martial. Not sighted. Copy: *New York Public Library. The title means: "Gay verse: poetry for the other love." Anthologist from Germany of works in German; also a critic and poet writing in German. Born 1945. He compiled the anthology * Milchsilber and wrote the Introduction to * Schreibende Schwule. He lives in *Berlin and is involved in various political groups. Gay Poetry Anthologies. *Maldoror im blauen Mond. Milchsilber 48; biog., 188, photo 189. Schreibende Schwule. Poet and anthologist from Australia writing in English. Born 1948. The title poem of his chapbook Making Do, 1982, set in Sydney, is a major gay *long poem with a *camp style influenced stylistically by the *New York School, especially *Frank O'Hara, and celebrating gay life in *Sydney in the early 1980s; a shortened version was published in These Tattoos, 1990. The book was the second openly gay male book of poems published in *Sydney (see *David Widdup for the first Sydney book and compare Javant Biarujia who published the first gay book of poems in Melbourne, also in 1982). The man in the poem, "Tony" was the Sydney gay activist Bruce Grant. The imprint of Making Do refers to a famous Sydney backroom *bikie club and *meeting place, Club 80. The poem was partly inspired by James Schuyler's The Morning of the Poem (information from the author) He is also the editor of *Love and Death, 1987, the first gay *Aids anthology; it has a drawing by Jean Cocteau on the cover. He was a journalist for gay papers and was literary editor for the Sydney gay paper The Star Observer, ca.1983, where he published pages of poems called Word Disco. Woof, "by Spit of Sydney", February 1988, 2 pages, is a *satire on gay life in Oxford St, Sydney (it is written in prose paragraphs); it features a black cover with yellow bones. These Tattoos, Sydney: BlackWattle Press, 1990, 33 pages, is a selection of his poems and dramatic pieces. (See the review listed in Hurley, Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia, under the entry These Tattoos.) His poetry is in the style of *modernism. He was at one stage married and has a daughter. He lives in the Blue Mountains to the west of Sydney where he has created a beautiful garden. Books: International Stardom, 1977; Country, Country, Island Press, 1979,46 pp. (biog. note p.46); Making Do, Sydney, Club 80 Press, 1982; These Tattoos, Sydney, BlackWattle Press, 1990. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Hurley, Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Edge City, 98105; biog., 222. Love and Death, 31; biog., 52. Pink Ink, 194-95; biog., 297. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1955. One of three authors of a *chapbook titled Carnal Ignorance, London: *Oscars Press, 1987 (with *David Melville and *Andy Archibald): see his poems on pp. 34-47; biog., p. 34. He was born in *London and in 1981 a collection of poems, Prosaic Poem Redeemed by Rhyme, was published. The poems in Carnal Ignorance are *prose poems. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Take Any Train, 24-25; biog., 62. Language of water, 23-24; biog., 78. Song in Latin from France. Ca. 100. The text of this poems is quoted in Forberg, Manual of Classical Erotology, volume 1, pp. 146-47. It is a bawdy poem said to have been sung by the soldiers of Julius Caesar when he conquered the Gauls (the ancient French) between 58 B.C. and 50 B.C. The poem suggests he was homosexual and the lover of Nicomedes. The full text is: "Gallias Caesar subegit, Nicomedes Caesarem./ Ecce Caesar nunc triumphat, qui subegit Gallias,/ Nicomedes non triumphat, qui subegit Caesarem." (Caesar has subdued the Gauls, and Nicomedes Caesar: this day Caesar is triumphant for having subdued the Gauls and Nicomedes, who subdued Caesar, has no triumph.) The poem can be dated from the writing of *Suetonius's Lives of the Caesars where it appears in Chapter 49. See the *F. K. Forberg entry for translation into other languages. Another poetic source exists on Caesar linking him with homosexuality: see the *Suetonius entry. Historian and editor from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1866-1947. An *eighteen-nineties poet in the *Beardsley circle. As his English Poems (1892) shows, he was apprently heterosexual. Author of The Romantic Nineties (1926) one of the earliest studies of the *eighteen nineties; with index pp. 203-07. He edited the poems of *Arthur Hallam. See The quest of the golden boy the life and letters of Richard Le Gallienn e, edited by Richard Whittington-Egan & Geoffrey Smerdon (London : Unicorn Press, 1960): some entries show he was gay Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Possible lover from Great Britain; he lived for some time in Australia. 1852-1921. Apparently the lover of *Lionel Johnson. He had an intimate homosexual relationship with Lionel Johnson while at Oxford, 1886-90, where he moved in aesthetic circles: see Verna Coleman, The Last Exquisite: A Portrait of Frederic Manning, Melbourne, 1989, pp. 17-23. In Australia he was secretary to the Governor of New South Wales and he took back to England the Anglo-Australian poet and novelist *Frederick Manning, then aged 15, with whom he lived until 1921. Converting to Catholicism from Anglicanism in 1874, he became a priest but then reconverted back to Anglicanism in 1898. He was admitted to the Anglican priesthood on the strength of his Catholic ordination. There is no evidence that his relationship with Manning was a sexual one and the exact nature of the relationship may never be known; however, it was one of intimate friendship and seems likely to have been physically homosexual, even if the final proof is lacking. Compare the relationship of John Gray and *Andre Raffalovich. He is said to have had "repressed homosexual tendencies" by Verna Coleman (op. cit., p. 37) but these were apparently not repressed in his relationship with Lionel Johnson. He contributed to the * Century Guild journal which had significant gay content. See *J. A. Symonds, Letters, 1969, edited by *Robert Peters, vol. 3, pp. 460-62, May 1890 (showing intimate acquaintance) and pp. 50607, October 1890 (re homosexuality). Translator from Italy from Italian to English. Active 1881. The first translator of the English poet *Whitman into Italian (published in1881; repr. 1885). His Foglie di erba (Leaves of Grass), Milan, 1907, is believed to be a complete translation of the poems, one of the first complete translations in a European language. Figure from myth in Greek from Greece from 700 B.C. and later trope in Greek, Latin, Italian, French, German and Dutch. Ganymede was a youth who was abducted for sexual purposes (in other versions *raped, that is, anally penetrated) by the chief Greek god Zeus (in Latin: Jupiter). This incident comes to refer to homosexual *anal sex in later art and literature. Greek. Ganymede is first referred to in Homer's *lliad xx, 230-35 and a fragment of *Lesches and later in *Aeschylus' play The Myrmidons, to which *Phaedrus refers in *Plato's * Symposium, section 180; see also *Euripides. In the * Theognidea, *Evenus cites the love of Ganymede by *Zeus as an exemplar of gay love. *Theocritus's "Idyll 20", lines 41-42, refers. The * Mousa Paidike also has many references (e.g. Palatine Anthology xii 65, 69, 133, 220, 230) and *Eubulus wrote a lost play mentioning Ganymede; see also *Songs - Greek. Graves, Greek Myths, volume 1, 115-18; states on p.117: "The Zeus-Ganymede myth gained immense popularity in Greece and Rome because it afforded religious justification for a grown man's passionate love for a boy." Compare *Chrysippus, another youth who was also abducted. Latin. Classical period. The Oxford Latin Dictionary, 754, "Ganymedes", cites *Virgil's Aeneid v, 250-57, *Ovid's Metamorphoses x, 155-61, *Martial vii 50:4, viii 39:4, ix 16:6, ix 73:6; see also * Priapeia, *Martial (extensive reference). For *medieval Latin see *Anthologia Latina, *"Post aquile raptus", *Hilary the Englishman, * Christianity, Social Tolerance, *Berchorius, *Alciati. *Herelle MS 3405 cites Bonsdorff, Dissertatio de Ganymede.., Avoae, 1815, which is apparently a thesis on Ganymede. For Greek and Latin see also *Christine Downing. Artistic depiction. The rape of Ganymede was a subject frequently depicted in Greek and Roman art; see * Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae, vol. 4, part 4, 154-70 and the plates (the richest published source of ancient depictions of Ganymede). For ancient Greek and Roman art see also Helmut Sichtermann, Ganymed, Berlin, 1953 (listing 422 representations in ancient art) and, from the medieval period on, *Gerda Kempter, Ganymed, Bonn, 1980 (listing 18 medieval manuscripts, pp. 178-81 and 248 illustrations in art from the mediaeval period on, pp. 181-206). For *Renaissance painting and sculpture see James R. Saslow, Ganymede in the Renaissance, New York and London, 1986. Ganymede sometimes appears as the *Cupbearer at *symposiums in art. Literary sources are discussed in Saslow, Ganymede in the Renaissance, 3-7 and 203-04. Further French reference: there was a Ganymede Club de Paris (see index to Pia, Les livres de l'enfer). Dutch: see *Willem de Mérode (pseud.). English. Poets and entries using the Ganymede trope include *Arthur Golding, *Richard Barnfield, *Geoffrey Chaucer, *Abraham Cowley, * Ganymede: A Journal of Poetics, *J. H. Hallard, *Gwen Harwood, *Thomas Heywood, *Brian Hill, *"Lost Lines from the Prologue...", *John Davis, *F. L. Lucas, *A. Newman (pseud.), *Thomas Meyer, *Roden Noel, *Charles Osborne, *Eric Stenbock, *N. P. Willis, *Jill Jones. The word in the Renaissance was widely used in English and could mean "favorite, lover"; check * English Poetry Full Text for further listings. See also Woods, Articulate Flesh: Male Homo-eroticism and Modern Poetry, 23-28. French: see *Ovid Moralisé (see reference above), *Du Bellay, *Berthelot, *La Fontaine, 'Frederick the Great, *Verlaine. Courouve, Vocabulaire de l'homosexualité masculine, 113-17, discusses the word and trope. German: see *Goethe, *Hölderlin, *Karl Wilhelm Geissler. Italian: see *Dante, *Machiavelli, *Ariosto, *Umberto Saba. Regarding the later *medieval period, James Hall, Dictionary of Subjects and Symbols in Art, 1974, comments (p.135): "The medieval Moralized Ovid [the French poem *Ovid Moralisé] made Ganymede a préfiguration of John the Evangelist, the eagle representing *Christ. Renaissance humanists turned the theme into an allegory of the progress of the human soul towards God." For a discussion of the trope of Ganymede in literature and art in the *Renaissance see Leonard Barkan, Transforming Passions Ganymede and the Erotics of *Humanism, Stanford, 1991. See further Annette Kruszynski, Der Ganymed-Mythos in Emblematik und mythographischer Literatur des 16. Jahrhunderts, 1991, a study of Ganymede in 16th century literature and art. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 454-55. Howes, Broadcasting It. Dictionnaire Gay. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, item 1596. Gay Poetry Anthologies. loläus (1902), 83 (*Theocritus "Idyll 12"). Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 23-26. L'amour bleu, 45. Criticism. Symonds, A Problem in Greek Ethics, 4. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 463. Ganymede: A Journal of Gay Poetics Journal in English, German and Spanish from Australia. Published 1980-ca. 1981. The first journal in Australia devoted mainly to gay poetry. Three issues are known: one was orange (32 pp.), one blue (32 pp.), and the third (combining issues 3 and 4) brown (32 pp.). Some material is dated 1980. See the *Ganymede entry for the title's significance. Edited by *George Daniel, it contained poetry as well as criticism and was multicultural, containing poems in English, German and Spanish, and printing poems - with English translations - by *Goethe, *Luis Cernuda, *Federico García Lorca, *Nikos Spanias and criticism on *Cavafy. Australian poets included *George Daniel, Joseph Chetcuti. Other English poets published: *Ivor C. Treby, *Harold Norse. This was one of the most ambitious gay journals conceived to date in Australia. Compare * Cargo. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Hurley, Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia. Historian and bibliographer from the United States writing in English. Born 1954. Author of "Tain't Nobody's Bizness", * The Advocate no. 342, May 13 1982, 39-43 and 53, on the New York Negro and *black ghetto *Harlem (includes discussion of *Richard Bruce). He has compiled a bibliography on Harlem: Homosexuality in Harlem in the 1920s: A Bibliography, 1982, 6 pages. (Copy provided from the *Labadie Library.) He was associated with the San Francisco Lesbian and Gay History Project in 1982. He was the first person to draw attention to the homosexuality of poets like *Langston Hughes and *Countee Cullen. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Duberman, Hidden from History, 318-31: article on gay Harlem. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 141-47: "T'ain't Nobody's Bizness" (article on Harlem revised from its first appearance in The Advocate). Black Men/ White Men, 7-16: same article Editor from Spain of works in Greek. Active 1986. Bibliographies. Cuaderno bibliográfico gay, 14: Antología de la poesía lírica griega (Anthology of Greek Lyric Poetry), Madrid: Alianza Editorial, 1986. Translator from Arabic to Spanish from Spain; critic, historian and anthologist in Spanish and editor of works in Arabic. Born 1905. A scholar of *Muslim Spain whose work has done much to make Arabic homopoetry available in Spanish. He wrote a long criticial essay on the gay anthology * Dar al-Tiraz. Spanish translations from Arabic. He compiled the collection Poemas arabigoandaluces, Madrid, 1930 (enlarged 1940) which included homosexual poems and was used as the basis for the English gay anthology * In Praise of Boys (1975). (The Spanish poems in this book were translated from an Arabic manuscript compiled by *Ibn Sa'id.) Poemas arabigoandaluces was translated partially by H. Morland, as Arabic Andalusian Cacidas, London, 1949. He translated into Spanish *Ibn Sa'id with the work being titled El Libro de los Banderas (1942) and *Ibn Hazm - titled El collar de la paloma (1952) - and edited and translated El Mejor Ben Quzman, Madrid, Alianza Editorial, 1981 (edition and translation of *Ibn Kuzman). Cinco poetas musulmanes (Five Muslim poets), 1944, includes *Ibn Kuzman (Ibn Zamrak may be relevant). In Arabic he is the editor of an edition of *1 bn Kuzman: Todo Ben Quzman, 3 volumes, Madrid, 1972. He also wrote a history of *Iberian Arabic poetry titled Poesía arabigoandaluza (1952) and has written two works on the *kharjas, Las jarchas mozarabes (1957), and Las jarchas romances, (1966). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Spanish Literature. *Norman Roth, " 'Deal Gently with the Young Man': Love of Boys in Medieval Hebrew Poetry of Spain", Speculum 57 (1982), 28. Anthologist, critic and historian from the Philippines of works in Tagalog; poet in English. Active 1992. He compiled the gay anthology * Ladlad and is also a poet who has published gay poems: Closet Quivers, Kalikasan Press, 1992 (reprinted in 1992) and Our Lady of the Carnival, 1996. He wrote a thesis, Philippine Gay Culture: the Last Thirty Years and Early Gay Writers, submitted at the University of the Philippines in Diliman, Quezon City; this was published with the title Philippine Gay Culture: the Last Thirty Years: binabae to bakla, silahis to MSM in 1996 by the University of Philippines Press in Diliman, Quezon City, 418 pages; it includes a bibliography. Closet Queries, 1997, collects his columns in a Philippine evening newspaper. Slip/pages: essays in Philippine gay criticism (19911996) was published in Manilla by De La Salle University Press, 1998 and is a series of essays on gay themes. Poet from Spain who wrote in Spanish and Galician. 1898-1936. Federico García Lorca is the best known Spanish gay poet of the twentieth century. He was murdered by the *Fascists, increasing interest in his work since he immediately became a martyr (see *Ian Gibson regarding the complex events surrounding his murder). Before his death he visited Argentina and had a huge reputation there. The major dramatist of Spain at the time of his death, García Lorca wrote poetry in the *ballad, *sonnet and *elegy genres and identified with Gypsies and Negroes. The sequence "Poet in *New York" (written 1929-30) is a crucial gay work showing the influence of *Whitman, as also is the homoerotic elegy for the Spanish bull-fighter Mejias, "Llanto for Ignacio Sanchez Mejias" (published first in Mexico in 1935). "La cancion del marquita" (The song of the little *queen) is a gay poem. "Sonnets to a Dark Love", a *surrealist sequence of love sonnets, caused a sensation when published surreptitiously in Spain in 1983. Other poems of relevance: "Adam", "Bacol", "Ode to *Dali", "Ode to Walt Whitman" (on this work see also the entry in Howes, Broadcasting It), "Shore of 1919" (see p. 329 of Ian Gibson's biography referred to below), "Soneto Gongorino" (Gibson's biography p. 419), and *"Verlaine". Poems have been set to music e. g., by George Crumb. Lovers and addressees. Little is known directly of his love life. Lovers apparently included *Rafael Rodríguez Rapún and the sculptor Emilio Aladrén, (ca. 1905-1944; Ian Gibson's biography, Federico García Lorca, 1989, p. xxi and pp. 209-12, states *Lorca fell in love with him; his full name is Emilio Aladren Perojo). With *Salvador Dali a relationship was apparently unconsummated, though certainly erotically charged on Lorca's side; a correspondence took place between them and setters have been published. An interesting photograph of the two with Dalí standing behind Lorca in a suggestive manner with his hands on Lorca's hips exists (published in Times Literary Supplement, 7 August, 1998, 10). Text. A complete works has been published: Obras completas, edited by Miguel Garcia-Posada, Barcelona, 1996. His letters have also been published: Epistolario complete, volume 1, 1910-26 edited by Christopher Maurer, and volume 2, edited by Andrew A. Anderson, Madrid, 1997. In Galician, (spoken in north western Spain) he published Seis Poemas Galegos (Six Galician poems), Compostela, 1935. Biography. The biography by *lan Gibson is a major work revealing much that was previously unknown (it contains an important bibliography). García Lorca was outed by inference in the press in 1932, a fact which may have contributed to his death: see Gibson's biography, English translation, p. 333. Lorca: A dream of life, by Leslie Stainton (a woman), 1999 does not add anything to Gibson's life (reviewed in Gay Times, March 1999, 71, by *Neil Powell; Times Literary Supplement, 12 march 1999, 7). Manuscripts are believed still held by his family. Criticism: see *Paul Binding, *David Herkt, *Daniel Eisenberg, *C. M. Bowra. A large volume of criticism exists: see his *British Library General Catalogue entry. Translation. Lorca's poems mostly deal with homosexuality only in a coded way due to the circumstances of the time. Major large selections only of translations are included here. English. *Stephen Spender and J. L. Gili (1939 - selection), Rolf Humphries (1940 - selection), Angel del Rio (1955 - selection), J. L. Gili (Penguin, 1960), *S. Fredman (before 1977), *Greg Simon and *Steven F. White, The Poetical Works of Federico García Lorca, Volume 1, Poet in New York (New York, 1988), Merryn Williams (1992 - excellent selection). French: Albert Henry (1958), Belamich (1981, including poems not included in Spanish editions, and including the Sonnets of Obscure Love)] German: Enrique Beck (1963; 1972 - Die dramatischen Dichtungen - see Bibliographies below), Rudolf Wittkopf and Lothar Klünner (1990, Diwan des Tamarit - see Bibliographies below); Greek: *Odysseus Elytis. Hungarian: *Laszlo Nagy (before 1978). Portuguese. Poems were translated by *Walmir Ayala. Russian: 1958 and 1960 (430 pp.): see * British Library General Catalogue. The Sonnets of Obscure Love. The Sonnets of Obscure Love were first published in French translation in 1981 and in Spanish only in 1983; for discussion of their translation see *Daniel Eisenberg's article on the sonnets in Bulletin of Hispanic Studies, 65 (1988), 268, which lists translation into English by *Charley Shively (in Fag Rag no. 41, 3), Scott Tucker in his review of *Paul Binding, Lorca: The Gay Imagination, in The Advocate no. 447, 27 March 1986, 59-60, and an unpublished translation by Jack Walsh. A translation was made into French in 1981 in Belamich's translation above and into Italian, trans. not known, Sonnetti del'amore oscuro e altre poesie, Garzanti, Milan, 1985. The *British Library General Catalogue was checked; for translations of individual works see the British Library General Catalogue entry. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Spanish Literature. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 743-45. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10822-23: "Fable and rack of the three friends" trans. by Stephen Fredman in Gay Sunshine 23:7, November/December 1974 and "Ode to Walt Whitman" in The Poet in New York, New York: Norton, 1940. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2388: "Ode to Walt Whitman" in The Poet in New York, New York: Norton, 1940 Cuaderno bibliográfico gay, 13: Obras completas, Madrid: Aguilar, 1986 and Poeta en Nueva York, Barcelona: Lumen, 1976. *Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen, items 299 and 301: Die dramatischen Dichtungen(trans. Enrique Beck), Frankfurt: Insel, 1972, and Diwan des Tamarit (trans. Rudolf Wittkopf and Lothar Klünner), Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 1990. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Orgasms of Light, 124-25: trans. Stephen Fredman; biog., 256. L'amour bleu, 249-50. Les Amours masculines, 521: this states permission was refused to print Sonnets of Obscure Love. Digte om m&nds k&rlighed til m&nd. Fra mann til mann, 37-42. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 308-12: "Ode to Walt Whitman". Drobci stekla v ustih, 53-55. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 338-47: trans. of "Ode to Walt Whitman" and Sonnets of Obscure Love; 329-330. "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen", 118-19. Pour tout l'amour des hommes, 226-28. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 482-85: trans. of Sonnets of Dark Love by David William Foster. A Day for a Lay, 29-33. Criticism. Arcadie no. 182 (February 1969), 93-98: article by Antoine d'Arc continued in no. 183, 145-53 and no. 184, 192-99. Gay Books Bulletin no. 12 (Spring 1985). 8: "Suppressed Poetry" by *Daniel Eisenberg. Woods, History of Gay Literature, 267-68. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1968. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1352: book Mr Menu, San Francisco: Kayak, 1968. Poet from Spain writing in Spanish. 1503-1536. Spanish historian who wrote a history of Peru covering the period both before and after the Spanish conquest. He was born in Peru of a Spanish father and Peruvian mother and died in Spain. Influenced by *Petrarchism. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Oxford Companion to Spanish Literature. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 107: cites poem "An Juan Boscan" [no other details]. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 93-95: the same poem trans. into German by *Friedrich Wilhelm Hoffman. Editor of works in Persian and translator from Persian to French; historian in French. 1794-1878. A famous *French orientalist. Persian. He translated *Attar into French (1857) as well as editing the text; he also translated *Sa'di (1859) into French. Hindi and Urdu. He compiled a history of Hindi literature (1839) which also covers Urdu. Biography: see his entry in M. Prevost, editor, Dictionaire de biographie, Paris, 1982, vol 15. Poet from Spain writing in Spanish. Active before 1978. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poemes Gais, 11-14. Spanish poet; also trans. into Catalan in Poemes Gais. Pseudonym of an historian from the United States who wrote in English. Active 1964. Pseudonym of *Edgar Leonie. The pseudonym is an anagram. Garden trope Arabic. Comparison of the male beloved's face to a garden is common in Arabic. See *AI-Taliq (active 1000), *Ben Aisa, *Abu Ali al-Husayn al-Nassar. English. *Marvell's poem "The Garden" is a *non gender specific love poem; see also *Paul Knobel. The *pastoral convention includes garden references in an erotic context. Singer from the United States of songs in English. 1922-1969. A United States popular singer whose songs (such as "Somewhere over the rainbow") were popular with homosexuals. The phrase "friends of Dorothy" meaning homosexuals comes from the film she starred in The Wizard of Oz (1939). She suffered repeated nervous and emotional breakdowns. Her daughter *Liza Minelli married *Peter Allen. Judy Garland apparently committed suicide by an overdose of sleeping pills. Compare *Edith Piaf. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music; includes bibliography. Anthology in Greek possibly from Lebanon. Ca. 80 B.C. The *Palatine Anthology iv: 1 lists forty-seven poets (thirty-three being *Alexandrian poets) in this - now lost - work. The list includes the following twenty-six poets who have entries in this encyclopedia: Alcaeus, Anacreon, Antipater, Aratus, Antiphilus, Archilochus, Asclepiades, Automedon, Bacchylides, Callimachus, Damagetus, Dioscorides, Diotimus, Evenus, Leonidas, Meleager, Mnasalces, Phanias, Plato, Posidippus, Rhianus, Sappho, Simonides, Tullius, Zonas. Meleager, who came from Lebanon, was apparently *bisexual and because of the fact that the above poets wrote homopoems this anthology has claims to be the first homosexual anthology of poets whose names are known (but not the first anthology: see the *Theognis and * Anacreontea entries). In the Proem of Palatine Anthology iv 1, lines 3-4, Meleager says that he compiled it for *Diocles: "to give as a keepsake to glorious Diocles". The place of compilation of the anthology is not known; it could have been Greece or Egypt. A discussion of the anthology is in *A. S. F. Gow and *D. L. Page, The Greek Anthology: Hellenistic Epigrams, Cambridge, 1965, volume 1, pp. xiv-xxiii. As they note, "the belief once held that he [Meleager] was the first anthologist is no longer tenable. Papyrus scraps of anthologies of sufficiently early date make it plain that he had predecessors..." (page xvi). Gow and Page have attempted in this work to reconstruct the anthology. (In the quoted comment they apparently discount Book Two of Theognis and the Anacreontea as anthologies as well as Greek songs books - on which see * Skolia.) In Greek the title was Stephanos [i.e. garland] of Meleager. Anthology in Greek from Greece. Ca. 40. An anthology of poets "like that of *Meleager" (Palatine Anthology iv 2 line 4) and therefore probably with a strong homosexual content: see *Garland of Meleager. It has been commonly accepted that the anthology began where Meleager's left off. It was compiled by *Philip of Thessalonika. The prologue survives in Palatine Anthology iv 2. Although this does not state that Philip compiled the work it lists thirteen poets. The following poets are in this encyclopedia (see entries): Antipater, Antiphilus, Automedon, Evenus, Tullius (if Tullius Laureus is meant), Zonas. *A. S. F. Gow and *D. L. Page in The Greek Anthology: The Garland of Philip, Cambridge, 1968, have tried to reconstruct the anthology; they give the date limits of the poets as 100 B.C.-40 A.D. (pp. xlv-xvix). Poet from Canada writing in English. Active 1978-died ca. 1997. Interview: Body Politic 67 (October 1980), 27-28 (with photos); states he sells his own books on street corners in *Toronto and has a son. He published four books including Dirty Laundry (Toronto: Huron Path Press, 1978). Information on his death from *Ian Young. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 1358-61: Pretend you're Still Alive, 1981, Running Sore, 1980, Running Sore, 1980, Yukon Violation, 1979, all published *Toronto: Huron Path Press. Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (1984), 138: same books; notes, in Yukon Violation, "see 'Freedom Organism' p. 7 and 'Yukon Picture' p. 17". Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1717-1779. See Works, 2 volumes, 1785, volume 1, pp. 21-34 for the text of a relevant poem, The Fribbleriad. This poem is a *satire of which it is perhaps more correct to say that the character Fitzpatrick is *effeminate rather than homosexual. Garrick was libelled as a homosexual by *William Kenrick in the poem *Love in the Suds. He was the most famous British *actor of his time who married (but had no children); he was also a dramatist. Kenrick's *libel it seems was more an attempt to get money than an expression of the truth (see the entry for Love in the Suds). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionary of National Biography. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10648: Fribbleriad in Poetical Works, London: George Kearsley, 1785 - states the poem is a "Satirical takeoff on Thad. Fitzpatrick, an alleged homosexual." Criticism. Karlen, Sexuality and Homosexuality, 143-44: stating The Fribbleriad was provoked by a quarrel with Fribble in 1761. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1661-ca. 1718. It is implied that he was homosexual in The *He-Strumpets (1710). A minor poet, he was a physician and member of the Kit Kat Club with Joseph Addison. For his collected poems and life see *Samuel Johnson, Lives of the Poets, 1779-81, volume 20. He married. He was most famed for his poem "The Dispensary" first published in 1699, a mock heroic poem about a battle between physicians and chemists. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Editor of works in Greek and translator from Greek to Italian; critic in Italian. Active 1958. Editor of the text and translator into Italian of the Greek poet *Theognis: Teognide, Elegie, Libri I-II, Florence, 1958; it also includes a commentary. He is an editor of Greek texts. Poem in English from the United States. Before 1993. This four word rhyming *bawdry *one line poem is a sign frequently seen in United States trucks on stickers pasted on the interior of the truck and is aimed at hitch hikers. The sign implies the hitchhilker must provide one of the three for a free ride; "gas" referring to petrol, "grass" to marijuana and "ass" to *anal sex. The poem may date to at least 1970. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Ca. 1525-1577. See the poems "The constancy of a lover" (*non gender specific) and "Gascoigne's Woodmanship" (inspired by his close friendship with his patron Lord Grey de Wilton) - which have possible sexual puns on "shoot" and "deer" (compare "dear") - and "Gascoigne's De Profundis"; see also "The hare, to the Hunter" from The Noble Art of Venerie, 1575. He married "to retrieve his fortunes" (Dictionary of National Biography entry p. 915). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography. Poet from Great Britain writing in English and diarist in French and English. Born 1916. A *surrealist poet, he wrote A Short Survey of Surrealism, 1935. In Collected Poems, London and New York, 1988, see "Venus *Androgyne" pp. 102-03, "The Plummet Heart: In Memory of *Hart Crane" p. 105 and *"Eros Absconditus" p. 149 (a brilliant poem in defence of gay love). Not all his published poems are included in the Collected Poems. His first book Roman Balcony, 1932, published when he was sixteen, shows the influence of the *aesthetic movement. Interview: see *Gay News no, 155, p. 29 - states he is married (it is believed his wife was a nurse whom he met during an extended period in a hospital). His Paris Journal 1937-39, London, 1978, pp. 41-43, describes a homosexual love affair with a handsome Dane; part is written in French. The review in Gay News, no. 149 (1978), p. 26 by *Timothy d'Arch Smith states it records several affairs with men. He was quite clearly homosexual during the period of the diary. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Howes, Broadcasting It. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1367: Collected Poems, London: Oxford University Press, 1965. Criticism. Perkins, History of Modern Poetry, volume 2, 179-82. Poet from Canada writing in English. Active 1972. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 1370-71: I Was A Poet for the Mafia, Toronto: Missing Link Press, 1974 and The Somniloquist, Fredericton, New Brunswisk: Fiddlehead, 1972. Homosexuality in Canada, first edition (1979), 9-10: with a note "See only the poem 'The Pickup'" in The Somniloquist, Fredericton, New Brunswick: Fiddlehead Poetry Books, 1972; states "The Pickup" appears in several other books by the poet in modified form. Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (1984), 138: same reference. Poet from Great Britain writing in English; translator from Latin to English. Born 1902. In The White Horse, Privately printed, 1931, 50 copies only, see the following works "Narcissus" pp. 2-3, "The Young Men" p. 9, "Valediction Before Parting" p. 23 and "The Lover" p. 10 (*non gender specific) Rare. Copy used: University of Sydney. He translated the Latin poet *Catullus in 1934. He also wrote a reminiscence of his friendship with *Logan Pearsall Smith, Story of a Friendship, 1950. The *British Library General Catalogue reveals he published several small volumes of poems on a *private press, Mill House Press. Anthologist, bibliographer, critic and historian from Norway writing in Norwegian. Born 1949. He compiled the first gay poetry anthology in Norwegian, which consists of translations from several languages into Norwegian: ' Fra mann til mann: Dikt om menns kj&rleik til menn (1986). He has also compiled a literary bibliography of homosexual themes in Norwegian literature: Skeive skrifter: bibliografi over homofile teme i norsk literatur (Oslo: Biblioteksentralen, 1995), 65 pp. (rare: a copy is in the 'New York Public Library). The bibliography is divided into fiction (this includes poetry) and non-fiction sections; there are some poets and an index at the end. The title " Skeive skrifter" means "bent writings". Not seen; information from the author. He is the author of Mellom linjene: homofile tema i norsk litteratur, Olso: aschehoug, 1990, 303 pages (bibliography pp. 286-87). Mellom linjene is a study of homosexual themes in Norwegian literature of the twentieth century (including poets); see pp. 258-60 for discussion of poetry from 1970 to 1990 including songs on LPs (long playing records) - poets cited for this period are 'Sigmund Skard, 'Ole Fredrik Einarsen, 'Nils, Yttris, 'Harvard Rems, 'Edvard Ruud and 'Erik Fosnes Hansen. These two works are the outstanding studies of homosexuality and Norwegian poetry to date. He has published works on theater including Antonin Artaud and lives in Bergen where he is an academic librarian in the University Library. Poet from Germany who wrote in German. Born 1886. Active 1918-1924. Not in Oxford Companion to German Literature. He wrote a novel. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 57: lists the poems "An einem Feuer", "Der Fähnrich", "In meinem Garten", "Knaben", "Wandergefährte"; no source given; also lists other works. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, items 10649-52: cites the preceding poems without any other details. Poet from France writing in French in 1893. 1848-1903. Gauguin was a French post-Impressionist painter who died in Tahiti. Tahiti, a Polynesian island in the central Pacific, is and was a part of French Polynesia and is still part of France. Robert Eiesnman, Gauguin's Skirt, 1999, discusses homosexuality and Gauguin. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amour bleu, 198-99: a prose piece "Noa Noa" writtten in Tahiti in 1893, in which the famous French painter is overwhelmed by the beauty of a man; it includes a short poem. Poet from France who wrote in French. Ca. 1180-1236. See Allen Edwardes, Erotica Judaica, 1967, pp. 179-81: a poem about Jews ascribing homosexuality to them. A poem of his in French appears in a book by Paolo Mantegazza (cited in *Asdrubal de Aguiar's article "Crimes e delitos sexuais em Portugal na Epoca das Ordenagoes (Sexualidade anormal)", Archivo de medicina legal, vol. 3 [1930], 461). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Criticism. *Gerald Herman, "The 'Sin Against Nature' and its Echoes In Medieval French Literature", Annuale Mediaevale 17 (1976), 77. Poet from France who wrote in French. Born 1200. He was a monk. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Criticism. *Monica McAlpine, "The Pardoner's Homosexuality and How it Matters", PMLA: Publications of the Modern Language Association 95 (1980), 12: cites lines from his fabliau "La Veuve" referring to homosex (with English trans. by Robert Harrison from Gallic Salt: Eighteen Fabliaux, 1974, 366-69). Poet from France who wrote in French. 1811-1872. The founder of the movement *Art for art's sake. A writer mainly of novels and famous for his love of the female dancer Carlotta Grisi. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Les Amours masculines, 221-23: the poem "Contralto". Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 416-17; biog., 387-88. Pour tout l'amour des hommes, 133: poem "Contralto". Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1982. *Washington DC gay poet: see The Advocate 13 May, 1982, 22. If any books were published, none have been located. Word in English in the United States and other countries and now many other languages. From ca. 1920. The word, meaning homosexual, dates from ca. 1920 and is first believed to have been used to mean homosexual by Gertrude Stein. It was used by gays in the United States from the 1930s but only has widespread currency from ca. 1970 when it displaced homosexual as the most widespread word to mean homosexuality (*camp was used meaning homosexual in the 1960s in Australia). Gay was promoted by *gay liberationists to promote homosexuality in a positive way, as distinct from guilt-stricken attitudes then common. These attitudes particularly stemmed from the anti-homosexual attitude of *Christian churches of the time. When used in this encyclopedia it is simply a synonym for homosexual. The word is now used all over the world. Jonathan Katz has written a history of the word in The Advocate no. 525, 23 May, 1989, 40. The finest lexicographical study of the word is *Gary Simes "Gay's the Word: A History of Gay in Dictionary Form" in Garry Wotherspoon, Gay and Lesbian Perspectives III, Department of Economic History, University of Sydney, 1996; see also the entry in Gary Simes, A Dictionary of Australian Underworld Slang, 1993, pp. 90-91. See further Daniel Harris, The Rise and Fall of Gay Culture, New York, 1997. Compare *queer. References. Oxford English Dictionary. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 455-56. Howes, Broadcasting It. Murray, Male Homosexuality in Central and South America, 129-38: deals with diffusion of the word in South America. Gay Histories and Cultures. Gay and Lesbian Archives of South Africa, also called GALA Archive with material in English, Afrikaans and other languages of South Africa. From 1997. It was established in 1997 and is housed in the William Cullen Library, East Campus, University of Witwatersrand, Braamfontein, Johannesburg. It has individual records as well as the records of gay organizations and an internet site. Gay and Lesbian Poetry: An anthology from Sappho to Michelangelo Anthology in English from the United States. New York and London: Garland, 1995, 330 pages; index of authors and longer works, pp. 329-30. It is in seven sections. Section 1: "Classical Greek", Section 2, "Classical Latin Literature", Section 3, "Medieval Latin Literature", Section 4, "Arabic Poetry", Section 5, "Hebrew Poetry", Section 6, "Late Medieval Vernacular Literature", Section 7, "Italian Renaissance Literature to Michelangelo". Edited by James J. Wilhelm. It consists of the work of 114 poets, including a complete translation of all poems of *Straton. All poets have entries in this encyclopedia and reference to their appearance in Gay and Lesbian Poetry has been recorded. An excellent selection of poems for the languages covered with good translations. Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time Anthology in English from the United States. New York: St Martin's Press, 1988, 402 pages; introduction pp. xv-xxvi. Biographical notes and photographs of the poets appear with the texts. A combined male and female gay anthology compiled by *Carl Morse and Joan Larkin. The selection is disappointing. Only United States poets are included. Male contributors (see entries): Mark Ameen, Antler, W. H. Auden, Tommi Avicolli, James Baldwin, Frank Bidart, Walta Borawski, James Broughton, Dennis Cooper, Alfred Corn, Robert Duncan, Jim Everhard, Edward Field, Salih Michael Fisher, Allen Ginsberg, Paul Goodman, Freddie Greenfield, Thomas Gunn, Richard Harteis, Essex Hemphill, Daryl Hire, Richard Howard, Langston Hughes, Will Irman, Maurice Kenny, Bill Kushner, Michael Lassell, Don Mager, Paul Mariah, William Meredith, James Merrill, Larry Mitchell, Carl Morse, Harold Norse, Frank O'Hara, Charles Ortleb, Kenneth Pitchford, Ralph Pomeroy, J. M. Regan, Michael Rumaker, Assotto Saint, Ron Schreiber, James Schuyler, Aaron Shurin, James L. White, John Wieners, Tennessee Williams, Shahid (Roosevelt Williamson). A feature of the anthology is the number of established gay poets who came out in it - e.g., Daryl Hine, William Meredith. A notable absence is *Ian Young. Reviews: James White Review vol.5 no. 2 Winter 1989, 6, by David Lindahl; Gay's the Word Review no. 57 (April -May, 1989), 10, by *Gregory Woods; Village Voice, December 13, 1988, vol. 3 no. 50, S6-S7 by Robyn Selman. Gay Bards: An Anthology of Poetry Anthology in English from the United States. New York: X Press, 1979, 40 pages. Compiled by *Jim Kernochan, *Mark Sullivan and Bill Wertz. Contributors, as listed in Young, Male Homosexual in Literature: *Daniel Diamond, *Richard George-Murray, Harold Pickett, Randy Smallwood, Walter Streng, *Ian Young. Not sighted. Marked #1 on the title page so possibly it could be classed as a periodical. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2098. Gay bars have been places where males go to socialize and to find a sexual partner. Poems about gay bars date from 1979 with the publication of James S. Holmes's The Gay Studs Guide to Ameterdam, though bars as meeting places date back at least several centuries. (Compare *Bathhouses.) English. See *Thom Gunn, James Ashbery, *Leather poets. *W. H Auden's early poem "Taller today, we remember similar evenings" may have been inspired by a gay bar. References. Howes, Broadcasting It. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 71. Journal in English from the United States. Published 1979-83. The most important gay journal of its time for serious reviews in English of books on gay literature and art. It was published by the New York Chapter of the Gay Academic Union and edited by James Levin, *Wayne Dynes and others. The journal had many professional articles on gay poetry by such authors as *Stephen Wayne Foster, *Arthur Wormhoudt and *Wayne Dynes. Poets who had articles include *Antonio Botto, *Dinos Christianoloulos, *Sando Penna, *Fernando Pessoa, *Umberto Saba and *Mario Stefani. It was preceded by two issues in 1977 called Gai Saber (see *Maggie Childs). Concept relating to works in English from Great Britain and Latin and Greek and other languages from ca. 1890. This term is used to cover the situation of gay critics, readers, and writers overvaluing works of poets and gay or homosexual literature because of homosexual content (primarily because of gay pride) on the one hand and, on the other hand, the practice of denying the existence of gay poets and literature by homosexuals because of internalized self hatred on the other. It refers, in other words, to any overvaluation or any undervaluation of works of poetry from a gay point of view. For overvaluing see *George Ives and for undervaluing see *A. E. Housman (who wrote his only work of criticism concerning homosexuality in classical authors, his field of expertise, in Latin. a work which was very brief, considering the extent of the subject). For a balanced approach see *Michel Foucault. Work relating to history and biography in English from the United States. Full title: The Encyclopedia of Lesbian and Gay Histories and Cultures Volume II: Gay Histories and Cultures: An Encyclopedia. New York: Garland, 2000, 700 pages. An encyclopedia of homosexuality (compare the 1990 work on which it is modelled: * Encyclopedia of Homosexuality) edited by *George E. Haggerty. It is the most comprehensive general encyclopedia of homosexuality ever and there is a companion lesbian volume. It includes articles on poets: for instance *Abu Nuwas, *Michelangelo Buonarotti, *Cavafy, *Allen Ginsberg, *Arthur Rimbaud and *Walt Whitman. There are general subject indexes at the beginning grouped under such areas as Art, History and Literature. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1685-1732. Famous for his Fables (1727+), his poetry does not have homosexual themes. However, see the song "Damon and Cupid" in his poems. Author of the play The Beggar's Opera. Suspected of being gay. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionary of National Biography. Criticism. Eighteenth Century Life, vol. 9, 134: states he "never married and was... psychologically attached to... Pope". Gay & Lesbian Review Worldwide, formerly Harvard Gay and Lesbian Review Journal in English from the United States. From 1994. Emanating from *Harvard, where it was first published as the Harvard Gay and Lesbian Review, this journal is one of the best journals for contemporary critical comment on poetry and literature: see, e. g., *Hart Crane, *Edward Sagarin. A selection of criticism was published in book form and the journal is available on the internet. Articles have included review of works in foreign languages: see *Goethe, Neitzsche. It has changed its name from Volume 7 number 1 (winter 2000) to The Gay and Lesbian Review Worldwide and under the editorship of Richard Schneider has become outstanding. It has published a selection of forty articles in book form titled The Best of the Gay and Lesbian Review. Movement in English, German, Italian, Spanish and French and other languages from 1968. English. Gay liberation was a movement which started after the 1968 student riots in *Paris and is usually dated in English from 1969 in *London and *New York and from 1970 in *Sydney; it spread all round the world. *Boston and *Los Angeles in the United States and *Toronto and *Quebec in Canada were important centers in the United States and Canada. Gay liberation posited a positive view of homosexuality, of homosexuality as natural and good. The then prevailing concepts of homosexuality largely derived in literature and art from the *eighteen-nineties and the *decadent movement, in science, from medical views of homosexuality as an illness and, in religion, from 'Christianity. One of its main premises of gay liberation was not to feel guilt for homosexuality which Christian religions such as Roman 'Catholicism had promulgated and 'psychiatry through 'Freud had sometmes accepted: this view saw homosexuality as deviance and forces of social control sought the suppression of homosexual feelings. Gay liberation with its slogan "gay is good" opposed this view. David Allyn, Make Love, Not War (Boston. 2000) deals with the social context of gay liberation. The main English literary precursors of gay liberation were 'Walt Whitman, *R. M. Bucke and 'Edward Carpenter; though its literary ancestry ultimately goes back to the 'Romantic poets (such as 'Byron). The work of these writers represented an important opposing view to guilt-stricken homosexuality as portrayed in 'eighteen-nineties poets, for instance 'A. E. Housman. From the point of view of philosophy, the main precursors were 'Heidegger and 'Sartre though ultimately gay liberation goes back to 'Plato. The French philosopher 'Michel Foucault was a major philosophical influence and he himself was influenced by gay liberation after 1970. The movement quickly spread to various parts of the world (e.g., Australia) and inspired an outpouring of gay poetry and the founding of several important 'journals publishing poetry, such as ' Gay Sunshine, *Fag Rag and *Mouth of the Dragon in the United States. In many countries 'Marxism was crucial in its promulgation. However 'Christianity also contributed since one of the basic ideas was of death and resurrection and this emphasis on resurrection correlates with the ideas of gay liberation. The 'New York Public Library has published a microform collection titled The Gay Rights Movement. The British periodical 'Gay News was greatly inspired by gay lib as was 'TheAdvocate in the United States and all journals which commenced in the 'nineteen seventies. The poetry of gay liberation is strongly erotic. For the first time in English a body of poetry existed in which male homosexuality in a sexual sense was written about positively (see, for instance, 'Allen Ginsberg). In the United States, 'Paul Goodman was one of the earliest poets. In Canada 'Ian Young is the most notable poet. ' The Advocate and'Gay News were favorable to writers so, for the first time since the eighteen-nineties gay poets had publishing outlets. Writers such as the 'Beats had prefigured gay liberation. 'Allen Ginsberg. for instance, had already written openly and positively gay poems from the early fifties. His visit to India in 1962 and contact there with Tibetan religious figures was crucial in his development as a writer (liberation of the self was a major doctrine of Tibetan 'Buddhism). Gay liberation as a philosophy may also be traced to 'Indian philosophy (where homosexual possibilitities were always present and never denied). In Chinese there was the 'Wang Yangming school while the various Chinese and Japanese Buddhist schools such as 'Zen insisted on personal enlightenment as a basis of life and were tolerant of homosexuality (though Buddhist monks were supposed to remain celibate). Allen Ginsberg was crucial a crucial figure in bringing Buddhism to the United States in the twentieth century. Gay liberation's relationship with 'black movements and with 'feminism were close as these movements, occurring simultaneously, were inspirational. 'Effeminism was an offshoot movement. There was also a strong 'anarchist streak in gay liberation (notably evinced in the journal 'Fag Rag and the poetry and writing of 'Paul Goodman). The period from 1983 onwards (which year saw the onset of 'Aids) may be called post gay liberation though gay liberation has forever changed gay life and gay poetry. See 'nineteen-seventies, 'nineteen-eighties and 'nineteen-nineties for poets active from 1970. ' Gay Roots is an excellent anthology of the period. Australia: The 'Generation of 68 were a group of poets who show its influence. The emergence of the gay liberation movement in Australia occurred in Sydney in the context of the debate around free love at The University of Sydney by the Andersonians, persons around Professor John Anderson, Professor of Philosophy, and the Free Thought Society. The Sydney "Push" dating from ca. 1946 was part of this but the free love movement went back to the 1890s at least. See also * Songs of the Gay Liberation Choir. Canada: see R. M. Bucke, 'Ian Young. Ed Jackson and 'Stan Persky, Flaunting It: A Decade of Journalism from the Body Politic, Vancouver, 1982, pp. 224-44, has a gay and lesbian chronology 1969-82. The Canadian gay movement influenced the Australian: a copy of the journal Body Politic was purchased by the University of Sydney Library and through this means Australian gays could read about Canadian developments. United States: see Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th edition, 1991, printing for a concise overview. Anthologies range from 'The Male Muse, 1973, to 'Gay Roots. See 'Historical and social background - English for the historical background. Great Britain. Aubrey Walter, Come Together: the years of gay liberation 1970-73, London, 1980, surveys the period. Gay liberation continues to be influential in such countries as Russia and the countries of eastern Europe and in South Africa and China. References. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 727-29: see "Liberation, Gay". Howes, Broadcasting It. Hurley, Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, Chapter 9, 727-817 covers poetry and prose of this period in the United States. Gay Histories and Cultures; see also "Gay Liberation Front". French, Italian, Spanish, German, Dutch and other *European languages. French. The first French group was formed in 1971 in 'Paris. As already noted, 'Michel Foucault was a crucial figure, himself influenced by the French philosopher 'Sartre. Literary precursors include 'Rimbaud, 'Verlaine, 'Gide and 'Genet and further back 'Villon. See 'Historical and social background - French for books discussing this period, 'Guy Hocquenghem, 'Robert Aldrich. German. 'Heidegger was a major philosophical precursor and before him 'Nietzsche. The anthologies 'Schwüle Lyrik, schwüle Prosa and *Milchsilber were products of the movement whose German literary ancestry goes back to 'Platen and 'Goethe. West 'Berlin was a crucial center: situated in east Germany but under the military control of the the conquering powers of Germany in the Second World War, Great Britain, France and the United States, it was the only city in west Germany where military service was not compulsory and attracted a strong anarchist element. See Goodbye to Berlin, pp. 265-342. Dutch. 'Amsterdam was the center and still remains a center of gay activism and scholarship. Italian. Italy had a strong gay liberation movement associated with 'Turin, 'Milan and 'Rome from the early 1970s; see also 'Journals - Italian. Spanish. Movements emerged in Spain only after the death of Franco in 1975 - initially in Catalunya - and South America (see Journals - Spanish) which has seen a gay renaissance with the coming of democracies in the 1980s (e.g. in Argentina). Other European languages. The movement was influential in Danish and Swedish. Only belatedly did it reach Russian poetry (see 'Gennady Trifonov) though there were precursors in the gay poets of the early part of the twentieth century such as 'Esennin. Chinese. A general article appears in the first Chinese translation of Encyclopedia Britannica, Shanghai, 1985. Recent developments in Chinese art and literature are highly favorable for gay poetry. Japanese. 'Takahashi Mutsuo is perhaps the main poet; see 'Overview - Japanese for other poets. Other languages. For India where gay liberation has belatedly made itself felt see 'Overview - English in the Indian subcontinent and for 'African languages, for the Shona language of Zimbabwe, see 'Historical and social background - Shona. For South Africa see 'Overview - English in South Africa and 'Overview - Afrikaans; the Dutch gay movement influenced Afrikaans poets, due to the closeness of the language. The 'Overview entries are relevant for the part of the entry dealing with poetry from 1970: individual poets influenced by gay liberation will be found in these entries. Poets influenced by gay liberation are emerging in such languages as Urdu and Arabic and Bahasa Indonesia. The influence of the 'Internet cannot be overestimated. Ronald J. Hunt, Historical Dictionary of the Gay Liberation Movement, Lanham, Maryland, 1999, has entries on many of the figures and aspects but only deals with the European and United States movement. Anthology from Denmark in Danish. Compiled by Wilhelm von Rosen and Vagn S0ndergard. Copenhagen: Skoleradioen,1979, 62 pages. An English language gay anthology compiled in Denmark, inspired by two radio programs (see the Contents list). The work is in three sections: a selection of poems and prose from *Shakespeare to *Allen Ginsberg, pp. 4-45, followed by two sections headed First "Broadcast", pp. 46-53, and "Second Broadcast", pp. 54-63. Contributors as listed in Young, Male Homosexual in Literature (poets are asterisked): *Patrick Anderson and *Alistair Sutherland, Sherwood Anderson, *Richard Barnfield, *Perry Brass, Adrian Brooks, *Lord Byron, *Edward Carpenter, David Chura, *Louie Crew and Richard Norton, *Lord Alfred Douglas, *Edward Fitzgerald, *E. M. Forster, *Allen Ginsberg, *Paul Goodman, *Thomas Gray, *Robert Hitchens, *A. E. Housman, *Christopher Isherwood, Jonathan Katz, Tom Kennedy, John Knoebel, *D. H. Lawrence, *Christopher Marlowe, John Rechy, *Tom Robinson, *William Shakespeare, *Vagn S0ndergard, *Gore Vidal, Wilhelm von Rosen, George Weinberg, *Walt Whitman, *Oscar Wilde, *Tennessee Williams, Carl Wittman, Allen Young. This is a combined poetry and prose anthology though most material is in poetry; known poets have been marked with an asterisk. Rare. Copy: *New York Public Library. The poems are excellently selected. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 3962. Anthology from Great Britain in English. London: Robinson Publishing, 1997; 254 pages. Compiled by *Neil Powell. Poets include *Homer, *Virgil, *Catullus, *Marlowe,*Michelangelo, *Shakespeare, *Barnfield, *Drayton, *Tennyson, *Whitman, *Verlaine, *Wilde, *Edwin Morgan, *Thom Gunn and *Gregory Woods. Essential European texts from Michelangelo to Verlaine are given in translation. The anthology is uneven and the translations chosen are not always the most apt or the best; contemporary poets are mostly from Great Britain and the poems chosen are not always the poets' best. It is illustrated with reproductions of homoerotic woodcuts which appear to date from ca. 1890. Introduction p. xv-xvi. The work is in six sections, 1 Nature Boys, pp. 1-39, 2 Street Life, pp. 41-83, 3 Lads' Love, pp. 85-132, 4 As It Is, pp. 133-172, 5 Borderlines, pp. 173-194, 6 In Memoriam, pp. 195-236. Each section contains poems from all periods of English poetry. Notes on Poets pp. 237-41 .The birth and death dates of poets are given in the Contents pages (before the Introduction) and not with the notes on the poets. Publisher in Great Britain of works in English from ca. 1980. The press was founded by Aubrey Walter and is the major publisher of gay material in Great Britain. It has mainly published prose and art books but published several volumes of gay poetry under the editorship of *Martin Humphries: books by *Mark Almond, *Mark Ameen, James Kirkup, and John McCrae, John Horder and *Paul Binding and * Three New York Poets. The press published two reprints of *Uranian verse by *E. E. Bradford and *J. G. Nicholson and two anthologies of poetry * Not Love Alone and a selection of black gay poets, * Tongues Untied. From 1993 the press has ceased to publish gay poetry (Martin Humphries to the author in a letter). Journal in English from Great Britain. 1972-1982. The major gay cultural journal in Great Britain of the period 1972-October 1982 when it was published and edited by a brilliant editor, Denis Lemon (1945-1994; see his obituary in Capital Gay [London], 29 July 1994, 11-12 and his entry written by Peter Burton in Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History). It was published biweekly. Michael Mason edited the news section 1973-79 and went on to publish and edit Capital Gay in London from ca. 1982. Gay News published book reviews, interviews and cultural articles. The journal had excellent coverage of books and literary persons, both living and historically. A few poems were published on an irregular basis. Extremely thought provoking articles were written on such subjects as gay fashion. A very thorough index was compiled 1978-79 in issues 151-56, 158 and 160-62 by *Keith Howes and his sister Joy; overall this indexes all issues to no. 160 with issues 1-150 being indexed in issues 151-56, 158 and 160 and issues 151-160 being indexed in issues 161-62. In this index see History, Interviews, Journals, Literature, Poetry for items of relevance to poetry. Under Poems published are listed under Poetry. Writers for Gay News included *Rictor Norton, *Timothy d'Arch Smith, *Ian Young and *Keith Howes. Literary coverage included articles or book reviews on *Harold Acton, *Roger Baker, *A.C. Benson, *Oswell Blakeston, *David Gascoyne, *Brian Hill, *George Ives, Eddie Linden, *Ben Madigan, *Peter Parker, *Siegfried Sassoon, *A. O. Spare, *Tennyson and *Paul Verlaine. The journal fought a famous court case concerning blasphemous *libel over a poem by James Kirkup published in issue 96; this eventually led to the editor being fined and given a suspended prison sentence. It has been succeeded by * Gay Times which initially had less of a cultural approach but now has good coverage of books. There is a history of the first ten years in issue 243, pp. 7-9. Keith Howes has republished his interviews from the paper. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Howes, Broadcasting It; see also the entry 'Everyman' regarding BBC documentary on the blasphemous libel trial. Anthology in English from the United States. Published before 1982, ca. 1970-1982. Milwaukee: Gay Info Data Bank, no date. There is a subtitle: (from oppression to liberation/ from past to present/ from in-the closet to coming out). Contributors (see entries): W. H. Auden, William Barber, Perry Brass, C. P. Cavafy, e. e. cummings, Jim Eggeling, Ronald Endersby, Dick Higgins, A. E. Housman, Christopher Isherwood, Graham Jackson, Arnie Kantorwitz, E. A. Lacey, James Liddy, Paul Mariah, Wayne McNeill, Donald Stanley Meuse, Thomas Meyer, James Mitchell, Narcissti (pseud.), Harold Norse, Michael O'Connor, Felice Picano, Kenneth Pitchford, Burton Weiss, Walt Whitman, Owen Wilson, Ian Young. This is an eight page roneoed work stapled together containing forty-two poems; no cover. There is no editor, publisher or place of publication listed on the work. Very rare. Copy: a photocopy is in the *Paul Knobel collection. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1375. Gay Roots: An Anthology of Gay History, Sex, Politics and Culture: Volume 2 Anthology in English from the United States. San Francisco: Gay Sunshine, 1993, 317 pages. Edited by *Winston Leyland, the work is a continuation of * Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine. Section 5, "Gay Poetry", pp. 214-318, is an anthology of work by *Allen Ginsberg, Jim Eggeling, Jim Everhard and *Edward A. Lacey, which constitutes a Tine introduction to the work of these four outstanding poets of the *gay liberation period. There is also a selection of criticism: see *Charley Shively, *Ricton Norton. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine: An Anthology of Gay History, Sex, Politics and Culture Anthology in English from the United States. San Francisco: Gay Sunshine Press, 1991, 703 pages. Edited by *Winston Leylandm it is in five sections: 1 "Gay History", 2 "Gay Sex and Politics", 3 "Gay Biography and Literary Essays", 4 "Gay Fiction" and Section 5, pp. 593-698, an anthology of fifty poems reprinted from the journal * Gay Sunshine. The choice of poetry is outstanding as are the other articles and most poets are from the *nineteen-seventies period of *gay liberation. Poets (see entries): Abu Nuwas, Antler, W. H. Auden, Jeffery Beam, Antonio Botto, William Barber, Luis Cernuda, Dinos Christianopoulos, Kirby Congdon, Ed Cox, Gavin Dillard, David Eberly, Edward Field, Jim Eggeling, Sergei Esenin, Jim Everhard, Salvatore Farinella, Charles Henri Ford, Jean Genet, Allen Ginsberg, John Giorno, Freddie Greenfield, Jamiel Daud Hasin, Jon Herzstam, Will Inman, Stephen Jonas, Dennis Kelly, James Kirkup, Nikolai Klyuev, Mikhail Kuzmin, E. A. Lacey, Winston Leyland, Taylor Mead, Thomas Meyer, Royal Murdoch, Cassiano Nunes, Peter Orlovsky, Valery Pereleshin, Robert Peters, Arthur Rimbaud, Richard Ronan, Ron Schreiber, John Selby, Charley Shively, David Emerson Smith, Adrian Stanford, Aaron F. Steele, Takahashi Mutsuo, Jack Veasey, Paul Verlaine, John Wieners, Jonathan Williams, Ian Young. It contains fine erotic illustrations. There is a special edition of 26 lettered copies, numbered A to Z, with purple spine and endpapers as well as the hard cover and trade paperback edition. The omission of *Harold Norse is to be regretted. Review: James White Review vol. 9, no. 3 (Spring 1992), 22. There is a second volume, * Gay Roots: An Anthology of Gay History, Sex and Politics, Volume 2, 1993, with a selection of poems pp. 247-303 by *Ginsberg, *E. A. Lacey, *Jim Eggeling and *Jim Everhard. Concept in English in the United States and other countries. From ca. 1969. The idea of a gay sensibility - a specific mode of feeling which is innately gay - is controversial: what it might be and how it could differ from a heterosexual sensibility, if such a thing as a heterosexual sensibility existed, is problematical. It refers in many cases simply to works which make the gay sexuality of the author known. The idea gained currency from *gay liberation (ca. 1969+). *Michael Bronski is its main advocate. The novelist *Edmund White denies there is a gay sensibility. The changing nature of modes of feeling as expressed in poetry give different perspectives: e.g., in the *eighteen-nineties, negative feelings were in many cases the gay feelings portrayed whereas, in the gay liberation period, positive feelings have been the norm. The question of a gay *aesthetic is related: see *Hubert Fichte and *eesthetic of homosexuality; see also *Jacob Stockinger. Journal in Russian from Russia. Published from 1993. A major gay literary journal published in *St Petersburg. The Russian poet *Gennady Trifonov is associated with it. Serious critical articles and poetry are published and there are line drawing illustrations. Each issue is about 120 pages. Two issues, for 1993 and 1994, have been sighted. The title is correct: that is, with a comma after "gay". Works relating to criticism and history in English from the United States and other countries and in French, German, Dutch and other languages from France, Germany and the Netherlands. From ca. 1964. As a subject area gay studies are rapidly spreading and only the most prominent places of study are mentioned here. They date from ca. 1974 in general universities; prior to this gay studies was taught at *One in *Los Angeles and date from 1964, with some seminars being taught from 1959 by 'Dorr Legg (see One 1952-1982: 30 years celebration, 1982, p. 6). English. 1974 was a landmark year when College English published a special issue on gay studies in vol. 30, November, 1974. *Yale University was one of the first United States universities to have courses as was *San Francisco University. See "Gay Studies Comes of Age", The Advocate, no. 490, January 1988, 62-64. Material about courses can be found in * Lesbian and Gay Studies Newsletter. Dutch. 'Amsterdam University has a course; Leiden and Utrecht are believed to have courses. French. The Sorbonne, Paris, has a regular homosexual colloquium. German. 'Berlin, Frankfurt and Siegen are centers - see 'Wolfgang Popp, * Forum. See also 'Universities, 'Conferences. Journal and publisher in English from the United States. The journal was published 1970-1982. Gay Sunshine was a major *gay liberation journal which was edited by *Winston Leyland and emanated from *San Francisco. Forty-seven issues appeared; issue 22 was co-published with * Fag Rag no. 9 and issue 47 was a book collection of stories. All other issues were in tabloid form. Issue 44/45, Summer/Fall 1980, section 2, p. 52, has a list of the 25 best poems of the first ten years; more than 15,000 poems had been submitted of which 1,500 were published: see *Editor's choice. As one of the most important *gay liberation journals, it published much high quality gay poetry, book reviews, interviews and critical articles. A selection of the most important articles was published in 1991 as the anthology * Gay Roots. The Gay Sunshine Interviews volume 1, 1978, and volume 2, 1982, edited by Winston Leyland, are interviews with creative gay males reprinted from Gay Sunshine, including with many poets. A *microform of the journal exists in the *New York Public Library. Poetry published by the publisher Gay Sunshine has included two anthologies * Angels of the Lyre and *Orgasms of Light. Poets and poetry published include *Allen Ginsberg's Straight Heart's Delight, Jean Genet's Collected Poems in English, * Delight of Hearts translated by *E. A. Lacey, *Harold Norse, Jim Everhard, *Dennis Kelly, *Ed Cox, the *Rimbaud/*Verlaine collection A Lover's Cock, 1979, and two critical works on *Whitman by *Charley Shively. Books have been well designed with outstanding erotic illustrations. The Ph. D. thesis of Alan D. Winter, The Gay Press, 1976 discusses Gay Sunshine's birth pp. 42-85. References. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 701-03 lists books published by the publisher and the dates of the journal. Journal from Great Britain in English. Published from 1983. This journal took over from *Gay News as the major British gay journal when Gay News ceased. It publishes interviews with writers and reviews of books. Many writers from Gay News continued to write for Gay Times. Only a few articles are relevant in each issue but it gives the gay cultural context of the times. At first a glitzy paper, it gradually has increased its cultural content and has an annual review of the best gay books of the year. The one time literary editor of Gay News, Peter Burton, was the features editor of Gay Times until 1995. Gay Times grew out of Him magazine. Anthology in English from Great Britain. Ca. 1975. An anthology of poetry reviewed in Gay News no. 64 (1975). Contributors listed in the Gay News index of *Keith Howes no. 158, p.16, are: *Roger Baker, *Peter Bradstock, *Laurence Collinson, *Gavin Dillard, John D. Dolan, Jimmy East, Anthony Fagin, *Dan L. Fee, John Horder and N. McBeath, Max Noiprox and Peter Robins. The editor is not known nor is the place of publication though it seems likely it was *London. Not sighted. Bookseller from Great Britain mainly selling works in English. From 1979. This bookshop at 66 Marchmont Street in London is the main gay bookshop in the United Kingdom. It has a second hand section as well as new books and has been prosecuted for selling gay books (see Michele Field, "Stifling the gay word", Index on Censorship, vol. 13 no. 6 [1984], 40-41, 39). The shop publishes a book review journal Gay's the Word. Genre in Persian and Urdu in India and Iran from ca. 1600. See *C. M. Naim, "The Theme of Homosexual (Pederastic) Love in Pre-Modern Urdu Poetry", in Studies in the Urdu Gazal and Prose Fiction, edited by M. U. Memon, 1979, p. 121: states it is a lyric genre in which a male lover seemingly addressed another male. Originally it was written in Persian and from 1600 it was written in Urdu in South India and later in *Delhi and *Lucknow. See also *ghazal. Poet from Turkey who wrote in Turkish. 1554-1608. Pen name of the Crimean Khan Gazi Giray II who ruled 1588-1607. Not in Dictionary of Oriental Literatures. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Turkish Verse, 90: a love poem about *dancing apparently featuring two males; biog., 10. Trope in Arabic from Spain and in Hebrew, Urdu, Turkish and Dutch from ca. 1050. A major motif associated with homosexual love. Compare *faun. Arabic. See Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition: "Ghazal" (second entry) - a wideranging discussion of this trope in Arabic. See *al-Rusafi re a pun on *ghazal and gazelle, *Abd al-Rahman, *Rene Rhawam, *Ben Muqana, *Ben Jaruf of Cordoba, * Dar al-Tiraz. Hebrew. See Jefrim Schirmann, "The Ephebe in Medieval Hebrew Poetry", Sefarad 15 (1955), 56: states the figure of the beloved was designated as a male roe in *Samuel Hanagid (993-1056) and represented a beloved *boy. (The female is gazelle.) In *Norman Roth, " 'Deal Gently with the Young Man': Love of Boys in Medieval Hebrew Poetry of Spain", Speculum 57 (1982), 25-51, the author states the term gazelle is used for male lovers and comes from usage in the *Song of Songs; Roth also uses the word servi. He also discusses the gazelle trope in another article: see his entry. Turkish: *Sultan Selim. Urdu: see 'Anthologies - Urdu re the English anthology of Ahmed Ali. Dutch. See *Hans Warren. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1965. *American Indian poet who is a Sioux from South Dakota but lives in *New York and is also known as Ben the Dancer. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Name of Love, 39-41: very fine love poem "My Rug Maker Fine: For Vince King, A Navajo"; biog., 72. Translator from French to English from the United States. Active 1999. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A Day for a Lay, 45-53 - translator with *Winston Tong of Jean Genet ("The One Condemned to Death"). Poet from Germany who wrote in German. 1815-1884. One of the *Munich circle of poets. He wrote with *Paul Heyse the poems of Spanisches Liederbuch (Spanish Songbook) which were set to music by Hugo Wolf. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 57: poem "Ein Lied von der Liebe (Wenn die Sonne)"; no source given. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10653: same poem, but presented as a book. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active 1902. Author of the poem Ganymedes, Leipzig: *Max Spohr, 1902, 282 pp., on the *Ganymede theme. Reviewed in the Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, no. 5 Part 2 (1903), 1043-47. Translator from English to German. Active before 1900. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 104-07: trans. of *Shakespeare's sonnets into German ("Sonnets 18, 20, 71, 104, 105, 107, 144"). Poet from Israel writing in Hebrew. Active 1990. Book of poems: 66-83: Poems, 1990, 135 pp. A writer of poems with gay themes from Tel Aviv who is a psychotherapist. The book is a selection of poems from 1966 to 1983. Trope in Chinese from China from ca. 479 B.C. This is the practice whereby the *non gender specificity of a word in Chinese means a love poem could be addressed to a man. This opens up the possibility of a homosexual interpretation of a love poem, if the speaker is not identified in the text as a woman and the writer is male. A huge volume of Chinese love poetry falls into this category. See also *gender switching. The critic *Zhao Yi is the first critic known to comment on the practice which *Hans Frankel has also referred to. Compare *non gender specific. Criticism. Hinsch, Passions of the Cut Sleeve, 16-18, 79. Concept in Arabic and other languages from 1400. This refers to changing the sex of a female person in a love poem written by a male poet to make the sex of the beloved male; this makes a homosexual interpretation of the poem possible, as in traditional Urdu poetry, where the inspiration for love poems by males may have been female. However, there exists the possibility that such poems may be homosexual in inspiration and a so-called male beloved in a poem (for instance in Urdu) is in actuality male. Persian, Urdu, Turkish and Arabic are the main languages in which this is involved from ca. 1400 at least. Compare *non gender specific poems and see also *gender ambiguity (which occurs in Chinese). Compare also the practice of changing a male beloved to a female (which has occurred in the text of *Michelangelo though in this case after the poet's death). Sometimes poets themselves have disguised the sex of a male beloved (see English entries below). See also the entries * Kafi and *Poems written in the persona of a woman (in Chinese and related east Asian languages). Languages which do not have gender (e. g., Persian and Turkish) present special problems. Arabic: see * Delight of Hearts. Chinese: see *gender ambiguity. English. *Byron in the "Thyrza" poems seemed to have written the poems to a woman when they were actually inspired by a male, *John Edleston; *Whitman changed the sex in "Once I Passed through a Populous City" from a man to a woman (see Complete Poems, Penguin edition, 1975, 144 and note 798). Italian: see *Michelangelo - the male pronouns of some gay poems were not correctly published until 1964. Latin: see Medieval Latin Poems of Male Love and Friendship: see Introduction. Turkish. All *Ottoman love poems (almost all of which are known to have been written by males) were addressed to males. It is possible some poems in Turkish were written by women using male pseudonyms (and also in Persian and Urdu). See Penguin Book of Turkish Verse, pp. 39-41. Persian. Love poems by men are in many cases addressed to men. Urdu . See *C. M. Naim, "The Theme of Homosexual (Pederastic) Love in Pre-Modern Urdu Poetry", in Studies in the Urdu Gazal and Prose Fiction, edited by M. U. Memon, 1979, 122-23: states the beloved in the Urdu *Ghazal was always a boy by convention or else ambiguous and the writer was always male. For Urdu, see also *Ralph Russell, *Mohammad Sadiq. Group of poets in Spanish from Spain active in 1927. The generation of 27 was a group of *modernist poets formed to commemorate the 300th anniversary of the death of *Góngora. Male homosexuality in this group has been discussed in Gay Sunshine 42-43 (1980), 18-20 and 14, in "Homosexuality in the Spanish Generation of 1927: A Conversation with Jaime Gil de Biedma". In the article, Biedma states that, of twelve poets of the group in the anthology Parcial Anthologia, "four are homosexuals and one is bisexual" (p. 18). Poets of relevance include *García Lorca, *Cernuda, *Gil-Albert, *Prados, all four being confirmed as gay at one time; see also possibly *Vicente Aleixandre. *Manuel Altolaguirre is stated to be bisexual. *Salvador Dali, the surrealist painter, had a strong intimate relationship with García Lorca. *Angel Sahuquillo has written a major thesis on this group from a gay point of view. *Rafael Alberti, who was in the group, has written a poem of relevance. Generation of 68, also called New Poets Group and movement in English poetry in Australia active from 1968. The name refers to the year 1968 in which there were student riots in Paris and in the United States and other parts of the world (including Australia) and a sense of major upheaval permeated many parts of the world. *Gay liberation emerged from this movement. See entries: *Robert Adamson, *Charles Buckmaster, *Michael Dransfield, *Laurie Duggan, John Forbes, *Kris Hemensley, *Martin Johnston, *Nigel Roberts. The Generation of 68 group is also called the New Poets. *Mark O'Connor, Modern Australian Styles, Townsville, 1982, p. 3, says they were sometimes called "the gay poets, but by no means all of them were" and claims "gay politics was used to set New Poetry up [edited by Robert Adamson] as an equal and opposite alternative to Poetry Australia". With this group *modernism and *free verse became fully accepted in Australia and homosexual themes became a subject of poetry (see Michael Dransfield) as did *drugs. *David Malouf has been included as has *Tom Shapcott. Criticism. Olivio Dobrez, Michael Dransfield and the new Australian poetry, Brisbane, 1990, is the major study to date. See also the Ph. D. thesis ca. 1988, of Martin Duwell at the University of Queensland, on Robert Adamson. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature: "New Australian Poetry" (a brilliant overview). Poem in English from Great Britain. Ca. 1000. An *Old English poem which contains reference to the story of *Sodom and Gomorrah. A German version exists which may also be relevant. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Poet, novelist and filmmaker writing in French from France. 1910-1983. A homosexual novelist, whose work dealt explicitly with homosexuality in *prisons. His life has much in common with that of *Arthur Rimbaud (and further back in French poetry history, *François Villon). He wrote a number of novels in the 1940s (mostly banned until the 1970s in the English speaking world) and was the most open sexually explicit French gay writer from the 1940s. His novels are extremely sexually explicit: see, for example, Miracle of the Rose and Our Lady of the Flowers. The 1947 erotic gay illustrations to his novel Querelle de Brest by the poet *Cocteau are justly famous. Most of his oeuvre is in prose though he did write some poems. His last book, Prisoner of Love, in prose, was on travels with the Palestinians and was written after a thirty year silence. The first assessment of his novels in gay terms is Marion Luckow, Die Homosexualitat in der literarischen Tradition: Studien zu den Romanen von *Jean Genet in Beitrage zur Sexual forschung, Heft 26, Stuttgart; this work is a dissertation. Poems. His first literary work was the explicitly homosexual poem The Man Condemned to Death (1942), which he printed at his own cost. His Poems were collected in 1948; they consist of a number of *long poems and are explicitly erotic, if somewhat obscure; there may be unpublished works. Jean Paul Sartre wrote a notable analysis of him in 1952 hailing him as a great writer and he was subsequently taken up by the French intelligentsia. He made a notable gay film, Un Chant d'Amour (A Song of Love), 1951, from the poem of the same name and which is one of the finest gay films. Genet's poems are not notable gay works and his novels are much finer works of literature. Text of his poems. Poèmes, Lyon, 1948 (over 27 printings to 1981); Complete Poems, San Francisco, Manroot, 1981 with French text and English translation by *David Fisher, Chet Raman, *Paul Mariah (see * Manroot no. 12), Nanos Valaoritis, *Frank O'Hara, Guy Wernham; reviewed in Gay Sunshine no. 46 p. 6 by *Charley Shively. Translation of the poems. Catalan see Cuaderno bibliográfico gay, 13: Para un funábulo, Barcelona: Les Punxes Peninsulares, 1979. English. See preceding paragraph under text and below in Bibliographies. German. Gerhard Edler, titled Ein Liebesgesang (ca. 1995; translation of Un chant d'amour). Spanish, see Cuaderno bibliográfico gay, 13: Poemas, Madrid: Visor, 1981. His novels have been extensively translated in *European languages. Biography. *Edmund White has written a major gay biography (review: James White Review, vol. 11 no. 5, fall 1994, 18-19 by Raymond-Jean Frontain). See also M. Choukri, Jean Genet in *Tangier, 1974. For an interview, see Leyland, Gay Sunshine Interviews, volume 1, pp. 67-94. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Penguin Companion to World Literature. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 464-66. Howes, Broadcasting It. Dictionnaire Gay. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10654-55 "La parade" in Manroot 9: 4-6, Fall 1973, trans. by Tony Montague, Chet Roman and Paul Mariah and Poems: the Love Song; Under Sentence of Death, San Francisco, [no date]. Pia, Les Livres de l'Enfer, vol. 2, columns 1058-59: Poèmes, Lyon: L'Arbalète, 1948, 108 pp. and second edition Lyon: Marc Barbezat,1948, 108 pp. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1382, 1389, 1393: Complete Poems, San Francisco: *Manroot, 1981, Poems; The Love Song; Under Sentence of Death, Pirate edition by Lola Pozo, no date and Treasures of the Night: The Collected Poems of Jean Genet, San Francisco: *Gay Sunshine Press, 1981. Cuaderno bibliográfico gay, 13: see above regarding details of translations into Spanish. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amour bleu, 271-73. Digte om mænds kærlighed til mænd. Frá mann til mann, 52-53. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 322-35. Les Amours masculines, 440-42. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 627-35: trans. English by *Steven Finch. Drobci stekla v ustih, 71-72. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 448-49: trans. from The Man Condemned to Death. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 426-39; from The Man Condemned to Death and the novel Our Lady of the Flowers. Pour tout l'amour des hommes, 263-65. A Day for a Lay, 45-53. Criticism. Woods, History of Gay Literature, 275-78: discussion of novels. Poetic genres with gay relevance date from the *epic Gilgamesh first surviving complete in Hittite from Turkey from 1,200 B.C. (though Sumerian fragments date from before 2,000 B.C.) See *Acrostic, *Alba and alborada, *Ballads, *Baul songs, *Bernesque poetry, *Blank verse, *Bucolics, *Burchiellesque poetry, *Cantigas, *Children's play rhymes, *Collage, *Concrete poetry, *Dramatic monologues, *Eclogues,*Elegy, *Epics, *Epigrams, *Epitaphs, *Eulogies, *Fidentian poetry, * Gazal-e muzakkar, *Ghazals, *Golidardic verse, *Haiku, *Hidja, *Kafi, *Kasidas, *Khamriyya, Kharja, *Kisaeng, *Kyoka, *Limericks, *Long poems, *Lyric poetry, *Macaronic verse, *Mantras, * Mathnavi, *Muwashshah, *Odes, *One line poems, *One word poems, *Open form, * Pantun, *Parody and burlesque, * Pasquínate, *Petrarchism, *Postcard poems, *Prose poems, *Prosimetrum, *Renga, *Riddles, *Ruba'i, *Saqi-nama, *Satires, *Senryu, *Sequence, *Shi, *Sijo, S*kolia and drinking songs, *Sonnets, *Tabisongs, *Tanka, *Tz'u, *Uta, *Waka. Poet in French from France. Active 1737. He wrote the verse libretto for * Castor and Pollux (1737), an opera by Rameau based on the gay trope. See his entry in the * British Library General Catalogue under Bernard, Pierre Joseph; this reveals his L'art d'aimer (The art of love) was a popular book of his poems. Not in Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Translator from Persian to Latin possibly from the Netherlands. Active 1651. Translator of *Sa'di into Latin: Musladini Sadi, Amsterdam, 1651, 531 pp., with Persian and Latin facing (repr. 1658, 1680). The first translation of a Persian poet into a west European language. The translator's name is Latinized; he possibly comes from Ghent, Belgium, and the name may be a pseudonym. See the National Union Catalog for further details. Gents, Bad Boys, and Barbarians Anthology from the United States in English. Boston: Alyson Publications, first edition 1995, 256 pages; Introduction pp. 9-16. Edited by *Rudy Kikel. The anthology represents a new generation of United States gay poets, assured and confident, even though most poets have not appeared in previous anthologies or gad books published; thirty nine poets in all. An anthology giving the mood of the *nineteen-nineties. An alphabetical list of poets appears on pp. 5-8. Reviews: Lambda Book Report 1995 vol. 4 no. 10, May, 28-29; James White Review vol. 13 no. 2 (Spring 1996), 20. Most have appeared in journals like the * James White Review; biographical notes are attached to poets. All poets appear in this encyclopedia. George Kreis The Oxford Companion to German Literature entry lists *E. Bertram, *Max Dauthendey, *Ludwig Derleth, *Freidrich Gundolf, *Karl Wolfskehl, *Friedrich Wolters and *Hugo von Hofmannsthal as briefly members in the George Kreis, a group of men around Stefan George. The exact sexuality of many is not known but all had a strong *disciple relationship to George and were closely bonded to him and, in so far as this constitutes a type of homosexuality, all are relevant. George usually broke with them if they married so there certainly seems to have been a sexual element in his relationship with them. All the members were incredibly handsome men and were published in his journal * Blatter für die Kunst (1892-1919). The group flourished only until 1933 when George went into exile in Switzerland. It waxed and waned with people being close to George at times and then moving away from him. Their poetry is *idealistic and they were intimately involved in German *symbolism. Issue 7 (1904) of Blatter für die Kunst features a photograph of George with twelve disciples all of whom had works published in the issue. See also the photographs in Friedrich Wolters, Stefan George und die Blätter für die Kunst, 1930, and in Männerbande, Männerbunde, edited Gisela Volger and Karin von Welck, 2 volumes, Köln, 1990, vol. 1, p. 96 (the circle in 1919) and vol. 2, p. 388 (also in 1919). The latest book on the circle is Karlhans Kluncker, Das Geheime Deutschland, Bonn, 1985; it contains extensive essays and ones on *Verwey and *Wolfskehl. On one of the members of the group who tried to assassinate Hitler, *Ian Young, "Claus von Stauffenberg and the Stefan George Circle", Gay Sunshine 31 (Winter 1977), 24-25. A book on Von Stauffenberg is Michael Baignebt, Secret Germany: Stauffenberg and the Mystical Crusade Against Hitler, 1996 (see the review by *Ian Young in Torso, April 1996, 70-71 - states George was greatly attracted to von Stauffenberg and was at one time in love with the English composer Cyril Scott whose autobiography documents George's homosexuality). *Albert Verwey was a Dutch poet with whom George was very close. Poet writing in Greek. Active 612. A strongly Christian poet. See R. W. McCail, "The Erotic and Aesthetic Poetry of *Agathias Scholasticus", Byzantion 41, 212-13: citing an *epigram referring to the spiritual friendship between the emperor Heraclius and Bonnus (the poem states that this form of love is to be preferred even to heterosexual love); cited as being printed in In Bonum Patricium, 28 ff., 36 ff., edited by Pertusi, p. 164. See also *debate on love. No entry in Oxford Classical Dictionary. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Poet and letter writer from Germany writing in German and translator from Dutch and English to German. 1868-1933. A major late nineteenth century and early twentieth century gay German poet and the most openly gay person in German literature at the time. He is regarded by some as the finest German poet of the late nineteenth century and was greatly influenced by *Nietzsche. He was influenced by French *symbolism and was the most famous German symbolist poet (see Marie L. Sior, Stefan George und der französische Symbolismus, 1932). His work also has links with the French poet *Verlaine and his poetry has an *idealistic and *mystical streak. Like *Platen he was strongly influenced by the ancient Greeks and was well aware of the tradition of homopoetry in ancient Greek, in which he was fluent; his 1894 volume was called The Book of *Eclogues and Eulogies. George travelled much and lived in *Munich for a period. In 1903 he met *Maximin (*Maximilian Kronenberger), a fifteen-year-old Munich boy who died in 1904 and whom he immortalized in poetry. Die Siebente Ring (The Seventh Ring), 1907 (repr.), contains poems based on their relationship and the cult of youth, especially in the Maximin *sequence. Der Stern des Bundes, 1914, is more apocalyptic. The *George Kreis (George Circle) was the name of a group of disciples whose work he published in his journal * Blätter für die Kunst (1892-1919), the first German gay literary journal; in this group George was attracted to Count Claus von Stauffenberg (who attempted to assassinate Adolf Hitler), whom he knew from the age of sixteeen, and he also fell in love with the English composer, Cyril Scott (see George Kries entry for details). George's work, like Nietzsche's, prefigured Nazism and his 1928 book Das Neue Reich (The New State) was exploited by the Nazis. His 1892 volume Algabal - dedicated to *Ludwig II of Bavaria - was on the homosexual Roman emperor Heliogabalus (who held homosexual *orgies). *Melchior Lechter designed and illustrated many of his books which were finely produced; he also designed the Blätter für die Kunst. Like Nietzsche, he has been blamed for contributing to the rise of Nazism. He fled Germany in 1933 after the Nazi takeover and went into exile in Switzerland where he died in Minusio (where *Elisar von Kupffer also lived). His right wing sympathies have made him suspect to contemporary gay activists in Germany. (Contrast *Adolf Brand the left wing gay activist and poet active at the same time.) George as a translator. The Dutch poet *Albert Verwey was a disciple and George translated him into German (letters also exist between them); he also translated various French poets such as Verlaine in Blatter für die Kunst. English. He translated Shakespeare's *sonnets into German, titled Shakespeare sonnette, Berlin, 1909, 160 pp. Criticism. A huge number of books have been written on George and several explore his relationship with Verwey: see his *British Library General Catalogue entry. *Peter Hamecher wrote the first work of criticism on him in gay terms in 1914; Ludwig Klages also wrote an early piece on him. *Marita Keilson-Lauritz has written a brilliant extended modern gay analysis. The best introduction to him in English is a very fine piece by *Eric Bentley. On his English reputation see *Ralph Farrell. In English see *Ian Young on his relationship with Claus von Stauffenberg. *C. M. Bowra wrote a survey of his work. See also "Criticism in homosexual terms" below. Translation. English: Cyril Scott (1910; London, 63 pp. - the translator was a composer of music), Margaret Münsterberg (1914; selection), *Ernest Morwitz and *Carol Valhope (1943 and repr.; selection), *Ernst Morwitz and *Olga Marx (1949; complete poems - see under the Olga Marx entry). French: Maurice Boucher (1941 and 1943); Italian: No translator given (1948, Milan, 254 pp. - see *National Union Catalog); Russian: M. Oresta (1952; 88 pp.); Spanish: Carlos F. Grieben (1951), Alfonso Pinto and Jaime Balet (1955, Madrid, 55 pp.). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 50 - cites Hermann Drahn, Das Werk Stefan Georges. Seine Religiösität und sein Ethos, Leipzig, 1925, 57 - cites Werke, Berlin: Bondi and Düsseldorf: Küpper (no dates); 97 - cites Willi Scheller, "Graf *Platen und Stefan George" in Die Horen iv 10 859 ff, 1928. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10656: Poems in German and English, New York: Schocken, 1967. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1395: Poems, New York: Pantheon, 1943. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 313-21. L'amour bleu, 21617. Digte om m&nds k&rlighed til m&nd. Fra mann til mann, 24-26. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 260. Les Amours masculines, 291-92. Andere Lieben, 210-14. Drobci stekla v ustih, 8-10. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 223-25; biog. note, 195. Criticism in homosexual terms. Eldorado, 95. Woods, History of Gay Literature, 184-87. English poet from the United States. Born 1927. *Son of the Male Muse (see below) states he was born "early this century" and lives in *New York City, running a book and antique stall on Canal Street. A selection of poems is YES Is Such a Long Word: Selected Poems of Richard George-Murray, edited and with an introduction by* Ian Young, Amsterdam: Entimos Press, 1995, forty-eight unnumbered pages; with bibl. A separately published bibliograpy on him by *Don Mader exists. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 1396-405: Bedlam: Elevations and Perspectives, Jersey City, NY: Ross Paxton, 1966, The Belly Button Chronicles, New York: Primrose Apathy, 1976, Denizens, New York: Primrose Apathy, 1969, Fox Day, New York: Primrose Apathy, no date, Lilac Cure, New York, Primrose Apathy, 1976, Markings. Thirteen Empty Verses, New York: Primrose Apathy, 1975 (revised edition, New York: Primrose Apathy, 1981), Patchwork, New York: Primrose Apathy, 1976, Ralph Rambone. A Poem, Jersey City, New York: privately printed, 1966, Tin Roses, New York: J. Michael Siegelaub, 1973 and Yellow 16, privately printed, no date. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gay Bards. Son of the Male Muse, 88-99: a fine series of short *haiku like poems on gay themes; biog., 188; photo, 88. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 541: fine poems. Poet possibly writing in German; from Germany, Switzerland or Brazil. Active 1992. It is assumed he comes from one of the countries in which the cities which cited as the three places of publication of the work below are situated; otherwise his country of origin is unknown. Bibliographies. Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen, item 169: Gib mir Liebeslied. Chansons Geschichten. Aphorismen, second printing St. Gallen, Berlin, Sao Paolo, 1992 (first published in 1992). Group and movement in English poetry from Great Britain from 1910 to 1922. A group of British poets, strongly influenced by the countryside, by the style of poetry associated with *Eton, and by *A. E. Housman. They took their name from George the Fifth, the king of England whose reign began in 1910. Five Georgian anthologies were edited by *Sir Edward Marsh 1912-22 (when fashion changed they were called somewhat disparagingly "the weekend school"). They were published in the bookshop of *Harold Monro, The Poetry Bookshop, which was a meeting place of the members of the group. Several were homosexual or had homosexual experiences. See *Rupert Brooke, *J. E. Flecker, *Wilfred Gibson, the anthology * Lads (most poets in this anthology were strongly influenced by the Georgians), *Edward Marsh, *Wilfred Owen, *Isaac Rosenberg, *Siegfried Sassoon, *Edward Thomas. *Robert Graves and *Edmund Blunden were linked with the group and *J. C. Squire in his journal supported them. The United States poet *Robert Frost, a close friend of Edward Thomas, is frequently called a Georgian. Many were soldiers who either died in World War One, such as Owen, or suffered from its effects, such as Sassoon. They were vigorously opposed by the supporters of *modernism, such as *Osbert Sitwell, who favoured *free verse (in opposition to the Georgians' use of rhyme). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Criticism. Perkins, History of Modern Poetry, volume one, 203-26: a general survey. Archive and library in the United States mainly relating to works in English. From 1981. The gay library and archives of *Chicago. Over 4,000 books and 700 journal titles are held. "You gotta have Gerber Hart" by Leonard Kniffel in American Libraries vol. 42 (1993), 958-60, describes the library. A Preliminary Periodicals Listings - 1996, was compiled by *Robert B. Marks Ridinger; this lists 422 journals held. The library has an *Internet homopage with excellent links. References. Directory of the International Association of Lesbian and Gay Archives and Libraries, 53-57. Songwriter from Sweden who wrote in Swedish. 1891-1964. A songwriter who composed some 4,000 songs and some 60 revues. He was three times married but lived with another man and an adopted daughter in the last part of his life. Some songs refer to male homosexuality, e.g., "Jazzgassen" (The Jazz Boy) from 1922 in which he satirizes effeminate homosexsual dandies. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Addressee of love poems from Germany. Active 1826. The addressee of twenty-six *sonnets by *Platen: see *R. B. Cooke. The poems were written in 1826 in Erlangen. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Iolaus (1902), 157. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 197-98. The Germanic languages are a subgroup of the *Indo-Europoean language family and were originally spoken in north west and western Europe. Most languages still are spoken mainly in this part of Europe (with the exception of Afrikaans, a Dutch dialect, which is spoken in South Africa and was introduced with the Dutch invasion). Languages include Afrikaans, Danish, Dutch, English, Faroese, Flemish, Frisian, German, Gothic, Icelandic, Norse, Norwegian, Swedish. German has been spoken in German colonies in Africa and elsewhere, such as in northern Papua New Guinea, a German colony until World War One. Dutch was formerly spoken in Indonesia until independence in 1948. Works in Germanic languages date from the *Old English * Beowulf (ca. 725). English is now a world language and is spoken in the former overseas colonies of Great Britain such as the United States, India, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa and many former colonies (such as Hong Kong); it is also an international language of business and scholarship. Since English is now spoken all over the world, this language is the language with the most widely dispersed material relating to homosexual poetry as well as being the language which reaches the greatest number of people. German is the most widely spoken Germanic language on the continent of Europe influencing the others heavily (except English). It is spoken as a second language in Poland and as far as the Balkans. Icelandic is the modern name for Norse though the language has changed little since Norse. Gothic is a now extinct east German language. Compare *Romance languages, *Iberian languages (a subgroup of the Romance languages), *Slavic languages. Sexual attraction of a younger person for an older person; in English, Urdu, Turkis, Persian, Chinese and Greek. From ca. 1700. All consenting *pedophilia relationships have an element of gerontophilia from the point of view of the younger person; these occur in Urdu. Turkish. Persian. In English,'Christopher Isherwood had such a relationship with the younger Don Bachardy. Such relationships occurred in Chinese. Monks and monasteries were sites of such activity - for instance in Greek when poems were involved. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1992. For biographical information see James White Review, vol. 9 no. 2, Summer 1992, p. 20. He is a Detroit based poet who has published a book of poems, November in Detroit, and works in *Aids education. Poet from Belgium who wrote in Flemish. 1830-1899. The most famous Flemish poet of the nineteenth century who was the great moving force behind the Flemish cultural renaissance of that period. (Flemish is almost identical with Dutch but the Flemish speakers in Belgium insist on maintaing their own identity.) He was a *Catholic priest, was at one time a teacher, and wrote poems of friendship to his pupils and *mystical *hymns and nature poems. Criticism: see Urbain van de Voorde, Guido Gezelle, 1926, and A Westerlinck, De innerlijke wereld van Guido Gezelle, 1977. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Naar vriendscaap zulk een mateloos verlangen, 11-14: poems "Antwoorde aan een vriend" (from Dichtoenfeningen, Rousselaere: Jules de Meester, 1892), "Ik misse u" and "Dien avond en die rooze" (from Gedichten Gezangen and Gebeden, Rousselaere: Jules de Meester, 1893) and "Il droome alree" (from Laaste verzen, Amsterdam: L. J. Veen, no date) (books cited p. 117). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 267-69; 262 states he was "a priest who concealed his homosexuality". Poet from Turkey who wrote in Turkish and Azeri. Ca. 1757-1799. Turkish. One of the four great poets of the old school of'Ottoman poets with *Fuzuli, *Nef i and *Nedim. Author of an 'allegorical *Mathnavi Husn u 'Ashk (Beauty and Love) which has had a huge influence on Turkish poetry. He was in charge of a monastery of *Dervishes. Azeri. Aversion of the mathnavi exists: see Great Soviet Encyclopedia vol. 1, p. 575. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition. Criticism. Gibb, History of Ottoman Poetry, volume 4, 175206. Poet from India who wrote in Urdu and Persian. 1797-1869. One of the greatest Urdu poets, who also wrote poetry in Persian; he used the pseudonym Ghalib. He accepted homosexual love as normal (*Ralph Russell to the author, April 1987). See A. Ahmad, Ghazals of Ghalib, London, 1971; some poems are homerotic and his work shows the strong influence of *Sufism. As Ralph Russell, who is his major critic and biographer in English, has pointed out the beloved in Ghalib is ambiguous and frequently mystical. His letters in Urdu are very famous. Biography. See Ralph Russell and K. Islam, Ghalib, Volume 1: Life and Letters, London, 1969. See also his entry in the Dictionary of National Biography (of India), ed. S. P. Sen, Calcutta, 1973. Criticism. Ralph Russell, editor, Ghalib: The Poet and His Age, London, 1972, is a thorough study. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Penguin Companion to World Literature: by Ralph Russell. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Yaraana: Gay Writing from India, vi (trans. *Hoshang Merchant). Criticism. *C. M. Naim, "The Theme of Homosexual (Pederastic) Love in Pre-Modern Urdu Poetry", in Studies in the Urdu Gazal and Prose Fiction, edited by M. U. Memon, 1979, 133-34, footnote 7. Rahman, "Boy love in the Urdu ghazal", Paidika vol. 2 no. 1 (1989), 12: *Andalib Shadani and others have written of his predeliction for boys; 18: poem regarding coming of beard. Editor in Persian from Iran. Active 1942. Editor of the text of *Omar Khayyam with *Mohammad Ali Forughi (see his entry). Ghanimat, Maulana Muhammad Akram Poet who wrote in Persian. Before 1900. Criticism. Rahman, "Boy love in the Urdu ghazal", Paidika vol. 2 no. 1 (1989), 14: author of the famous Masnawi Nairang-e-Ishq about a love affair between his patron's son and a boy Shahid. Poet from Iran who wrote Persian. Active ca. 1590. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A'in i Akbari anthology, 663-64 - two homosexual love poems, including one to a Christian youth; biog., 663. Poet from India who wrote in Persian. Active ca. 1590. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A'in i Akbari anthology, 679 - one almost certainly openly homosexual love poem; biog., 679. Ghazali, Mehmed, also called Deli Birader (pseud.) Poet from Turkey who wrote in Turkish. Died 1535. Deli Birader means "crazy brother" and was his * takhallus. He was a poet from Bursa who wrote a *long poem or * mathnavi in which two armies fight, one for women (defending the uvula), the other for men, defending the anus ("that thing which destroys trouble or relaxes"). Information from Dr Shinasi Tekin of *Harvard University who is working on an edition of his work. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Islam ansiklopedisi: by Fuat Koprulu (founder of the Turkish Historical Society). Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition: see Ghazali, Mehmed; note: this lists several manuscript sources in *Istanbul University Library as well as biographical and critical sources. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage: "Ghazali, Mehemmed"; by Shinasi Tekin. Criticism. Gibb, History of Ottoman Poetry, volume 3, 36-40: called Ghazali of Brusa. Poet from Iran who wrote in Persian. Active ca. 1590. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A'in i Akbari anthology, 638-39; biog., 638. Genre in Arabic from Iraq and later in Hebrew, Persian, Turksih, Urdu, Uzbek and other *Islamic languages and German from ca. 850. Ghazals usually consist of from four to twelve rhyming couplets (bayts). Love in the ghazal is always unrequited and in both Persian and Turkish. Poems are usually *non gender specific. The last couplet usually contains the poet's literary name, in Persian called the *takhallus, in Turkish *maklas. The poems were frequentlty recited in all male settings at drinking parties. See also * Gazal-e muzakkar. They are called zadjals in Spanish. Hebrew: see Norman Roths articles. Arabic: see al-Husayn ibn al-Dahhak (ca. 850), al-Rusafi (re a pun on ghazal and gazelle). See A. K. Kinany, The Development of the Ghazal in Arabic Literature (Pre-Islamic and Early Islamic Periods), Damascus, 1951. Persian. See Levy, Persian Literature, 34 - states "the most normal theme was love, mystical or human, the homosexual being recognized" and the form emerges from "the erotic prelude of the qasida". *Hafiz and Sa'di used them. Julie Scott Meisami, Persian Court Poetry (Princeton, 1987) discusses homosexuality in the * ghazal pp. 245-51. Turkish: see *Mehmed Ghazali, *Baki, ishaq Chelebi. In Penguin Book of Turkish Verse, 39, the author states it is "the favourite form of the *Ottoman poets." Urdu. It was widely used, e.g. by *Mir Taqi Mir, and many poets wrote homosexual poetry. Unrequited love is a major theme in the Urdu ghazal with the lover being *non gender specific or else a boy. See *C. M. Naim, "The Theme of Homosexual (Pederastic) Love in Pre-Modern Urdu Poetry", in Studies in the Urdu Gazal and Prose Fiction, edited by M. U. Memon, 1979, pp. 121-22 and following (the whole article is relevant). *Tariq Rahman, "Boy love in the Urdu ghazal", Paidika vol. 2 no. 1 (1989), 10-27, is the finest discussion in English. See also *Muhhamad Sadiq, *Ralph Russell. There is a general discussion of the genre in Sadiq, History of Urdu Literature, 19-36. Uzbek: see Hamza Hakim. The genre is also used in the literatures of *Islamic peoples of west and central Asia: Pashto, Kurd, Azerbaijan, Tajik etc. German. Ghazals were written by *Platen following translations into German of Turkish and Persian poetry. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition - "song, *elegy of love" and often also "the erotico-elegaic genre". Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, vol. 3. New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, vol. 9: under "India", 141 see "Thumri and ghazal" and 141-43 for erotic ghazals (performed by women but sometimes, in Muslim India, by male singers called Qawwal on p. 143). New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics: states "the principal subject.. is earthly or mystical love." Poet from Afghanistan who wrote in Persian. Active before 1900? See Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, p. 17: stated to be a poet. Apparently a pseudonym. The name refers to the town of Ghazna. Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. Ca 1278-1455. An Italian sculptor, famous for carving the Baptistry Gates in *Florence Cathedral. There is considerable homoeroticism in his work. He is believed to have written some *sonnets. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Enciclopedia italiana. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1947. In 1975 he was involved with the Angels of Light group (see below) under the name *Maya Desnuda; poems have been published in *Gay Sunshine and *Manroot. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10657: "Angels of light" in *Manroot 9: 113-115, Fall 1973. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Angels of the Lyre, 85: poem "Angels of Light" about a San Francisco anarchistic gender fuck theater troup; biog., 240. Bibliographer from the United States writing in English. Born 1949. Author of Walt Whitman, 1838-1939; A Reference Guide, Boston: G. K. Hall, 1981, 465 pages. This is a brilliant survey of criticism on Whitman and his influence with concise introduction pages xi-xivl; biog. note at beginning p. vi. Every entry is annotated and it is one of the greatest bibliographical works on a gay poet. There are about 5000 entries and a detailed index at the end: see, in the index, *"Homosexuality", *"Comradeship", Calamus. Many entries refer to obscure newspaper reviews and comments on Whitman in papers. He is also a poet who wrote a book of poems called Apricot and holds a Ph. D., lecturing at Golden West College, Huntington Beach, California: see the note on page vi. In the *Walt Whitman entry, in the section on Criticism, a later article on recent criticism is listed. See also Jorge Luis Borges. Critic and historian from Great Britain writing in English of Turkish poetry; translator from Turkish to English. 1857-1901. He commenced A History of *Ottoman Poetry, 6 volumes, London, 1900-09. Only volume one was completed in his lifetime, volumes two to six being completed by *E. G. Browne. This work is the longest study in a European language of Turkish *Ottoman poetry. It openly discusses homosexuality - e.g., see the discussion *Fadil Bey (written by *E. G. Browne). There is so much quotation from poets that the work constitutes an anthology (though translations are stilted). It consists basically of biographical material based on Turkish sources (compare *Hammer-Purgstall). He also compiled an anthology, Ottoman Poems, 1882, expanded into Ottoman Literature: The Poets and Poetry of Turkey, 1901, which contains biographical notes and a selection of poems. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography. Penguin Book of Turkish Verse, 37. Gibran, Kahlil, also called Djabran Khalil Djabran Poet from Lebanon who wrote in Arabic and English; he later lived in the United States. 1882-1931. Khalil Gibran (as his name is usually spelt in English) was a handsome youth from Lebanon educated in *Boston, partly by the gay artist Frederick Holland Day. His work springs out of * fin de siècle literature and he is a major modern Arabic poet as well as writing poetry in English. He was strongly influenced by the Arabic * New Testament and his major work is The Prophet, 1923, written in English in flowing *free verse inspired by *Whitman (Gibran illustrated the poem himself with strangely sexless but erotic drawings). It is a *mystical poem showing the influence of *Sufism. The Prophet is strongly homosexual, espousing a religion of love, beauty and redemption and it has been translated into thirteen languages. * Jesus, the Son of Man, 1928 is also a major work. He was also involved in the founding of modern Arabic literature in his Arabic works and has become a cult figure. Biography. The work by his relatives J. and K. Gibran, Kahlil Gibran: His Life and World, 1974 (repr. 1981), is a work which is inadequate for a frank discussion of his life. His exact sexuality is unknown. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition: see "Djabran Khalil Djabran". Dictionary of Oriental Literatures iii: see under "Jibran". Contemporary Authors, vol. 104. Encyclopedia of World Literature in the 20th Century: Supplement. Criticism. Gay Books Bulletin no. 7, p. 9. Cooper, Sexual Perspective, 82. Biographer and historian from Great Britain living in Spain and writing in English and Spanish. Born 1939. Author of The Death of *Lorca, 1973 (revised edition titled The Assassination of Lorca, 1979), the first attempt to elucidate the full facts of the death of the gay poet. His major biography of *Lorca is Federico García Lorca: A Life, 1985, which was first published in Spanish, volume 1 in 1985, volume 2, in 1987; translated into English, 1989 (review: Listener6 July, 1989.) This is a frank biography of Lorca, openly discussing his homosexuality with an important bibliography. For a biographical note on Ian Gibson, see the first page. He lives in Spain where he did the research. His The English Vice: Beating, Sex and Shame in *Victorian England and Afte r, 1978 (repr.) is the most important book on *flagellation in English literature (see also *sado-masochism and *Eton); important bibl. pp. 329-47. The book has little discussion of homosex and S/M but prints the text of *Swinburne's homosexual S/M poems on pp. 320-28; see also the bibliography of Swinburne's S/M poems pp. 345-46. His The Shameful Life of Salvador Dali (1997), has details of *Salvador Dali's sex life, including Federico García Lorca's attraction to him and discussion of homosexuality. He wrote a biography of *Henry Spencer Ashbee. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1878-1962. He was a leading member of the *Georgian poets and, as a legatee of *Rupert Brooke's will, was assured of a regular income. He married. See the poem "Rupert Brooke", in Collected Poems, 1926, pp. 333-34. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature : noting his poetry deals somewhat conventionally with Northern rural themes. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 74, 80-81, 91-92, 101, 218-19; poems showing considerable homoerotic overtones and possibly the influence of *Whitman's Civil War poems; biog., 234 - states he had no formal education but he became a full time poet and published many volumes from 1902 (gives his death date as 1958). Criticism. Perkins, History of Modern Poetry, Volume One, 21. Poet, critic, diarist and novelist from France who wrote in French; translator from English to French. 1869-1951. André Gide is best known as a writer of novels. He came out in 1921 in Si le grain ne meurt and was the first major modern French writer to acknowledge to homosexuality. His prose work * Corydon, 1924, was a defence of homosexuality, notably *pederasty, in the form of four dialogues, originally published anonymously in 1911 under the title C. R. D. N (Bruges, Belgium in an edition of 12 copies comprising two and a half dialogues; reprinted in 1920 in an edition of 21 copies; information from Bibliographie des homosexualités, 1882-1924, 1981, by *Claude Courouve). He wrote a book on *Oscar Wilde, and translated some of *Whitman's poems. He met *Proust just before the latter died in 1922, whom he reported as having stated to him that he was gay (see George Painter, Marcel Proust, 1967, volume 2, p. 313). He wrote some poetry and *prose poems. His diaries, being edited by *Claude Courouve, are important sources of information on gay life in *Paris. He was greatly influenced by Whitman and was editor of the * Mercure de France, a journal sympathetic to homosexuality. In 1908 he was among the founders of the highly influential Nouvelle Revue Francaise. Criticism: see Emily S. Apter, Andre Gide and the Codes of Homotextuality, 1987; John S. Weightman, "Andre Gide and the Homosexual Debate", American Scholar, vol. 59 (Autumn 1990), 591-601. A detailed study of Gide and homosexuality is Eva Ahlstedt, André Gide et le debat sur l'homosexualité: de L'Immoraliste (1902) a Si le grain ne meurt (1926), Goteburg, Sweden, 1994; bibl., pp. 213-86. Biography. See Alan Sheridan, André Gide: A life in the present, 1998, Pierre Lepage, André Gide le messager, 1999 and Claude Martin, André Gide ou la vocation du bonheur, volume 1, 1869-1911, 1999 (the first volume of a two volume life). Gide married but his marriage was never consummated; he had a daughter, Elisabeth, by another woman. His sexual tastes were towards *pederasty and he had homosex with an Algerian on a visit to Algeria with *Oscar Wilde in 1895 (see *Richard Ellmann, Oscar Wilde, 1987, p. 405). He won the *Nobel Prize in 1947 and was the first winner of the prize to have admitted his homosexuality (twenty three years prior - compare *Patrick White who did not come out until after winning the prize). His total oeuvre was put on the Catholic Church's * Index in 1951. Translation of poetry from English. He translated *Tagore's Gitanjali from English to French (1914; titled L'Offrande lyrique, Gitanjali). See also *Oedipus. Criticism. Gide has attracted increasing interest in relation to the homosexual aspects of his work See Patrick Pollard, André Gide: Homosexual Moralist, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1991, Jean-Marie Jadin, André Gide et sa perversion, Paris, 1995, Michael Lucey, Gide's Bent: Sexuality, Politics, Writing, 1995, and Naomi Segal, André Gide; Pederasty and Pedogogy, 1999. A thesis at the *Sorbonne, Paris, in the 1970s by Neil Jennings on the theme of adolescence in Gide deals with homosexuality. See also "Criticism in homosexual terms" below. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Jonathan to Gide, 693-97. Contemporary Authors, vol. 104. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 477-79. Howes, Broadcasting It. Dictionnaire Gay. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 264-75: prose. Hidden Heritage, 299-306. L'amour bleu, 25153. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 431-33: trans. of what are apparently *prose poems from Fruits of the Earth. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 411-22. Criticism in homosexual terms. Ruitenbeck, Homosexuality and Creative Genius, 239-59. Gay Books Bulletin no. 5 (Spring 1981), 23-24: on the text of Corydon. Woods, History of Gay Literature, 313-16. Poet from Australia writing in English. Active ca. 1974. Lesley the Lesbian [Darwin: no date], 25 pp.; reprinted 1974. A rare book. See p. 2 of the first edition (with a note "Printed by Quick Print, Darwin" on the back cover; this also has a note on the title page stating it is limited to 100 copies). On page 2 Lesley states " Scant is my sympathy for *queens" (i.e. male homosexuals). Despite its title the poem is really about the difficulties of being homosexual. Poet writing in English. Active 1986. Book of poems: Ghosts No Horse Can Carry: Collected Poems 1967-87, published in 1989, 303 pp. Source: *Prinz Eisenherz catalog 1989/2 p. 4. Translator from Great Britain from Latin to English. 1756-1826. His translation of Juvenal, 1802 (repr.) was unusual for its time in being complete; however "Satire 2" reveals little of the homosexuality and "Satire 9" is a subdued translation. He also translated *Persius (1821). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 100-101: trans. of Juvenal (originally published 1802; repr.). Critic in Catalan from Spain. Born 1952. See "Rosa i lila a la literatura catalana" (Rose and *lilac in Catalan literature), El Temps (note: this is a journal published in Valencia, Spain; not a newspaper of which there are several with this title in Spanish), 24 October 1988, pp. 104-06: a survey of homosexuality and Catalan literature (source: Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, p. 1242). The article is considers whether there is a gay and lesbian literature in Catalan. It mentions the Catalan poet Jaume Creus. The title refers to *colors not flowers. She appears to have written a book El Reino (the masculine form of the Spanish word reina, "queen", which means homosexual in English), Argentina, 1992. Critic from the United States writing in English of Hebrew poetry. Active 1981. Author of the article in Pan no. 8 (April 1981), 29-31, "And my *fawn beside me", an important article discussing *pedophilia in Hebrew poetry (however poems quoted are ambiguous and could be more likely about pederasty); trans. of *Moses Ibn Ezra. He states, p. 29, phrases from the *Song of Songs were "generalized to apply in homosexual and paedophile contexts". Poet from Spain writing in Spanish. Born 1906. Active as a poet 1929-1955. One of the 'Generation of 27; he lived in Valencia. Gibson, Federico García Lorca, p. 419, states that in 1933 he "was about to publish a group of *sonnets in which he made no effort to disguise his homosexuality". A major Spanish poet with a large oeuvre. Julio Gomes in O homosexualidade no mundo, 1980, volume 1, 36 states he wrote the preface for Los Primeros Movimentos en Favor de los Derechos. See also *fawn. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Literary Biography vol. 134; with bibl.; refers to "homoerotic love" in his 1936 book Misteriosa presencia, p.145. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Bibliographies. Cuaderno bibliográfico gay, 13: Obra poética completea, Valencia: Disputación Provincial de Valencia, 1981 and Mi voz comprometida, Barcelona: Laia, 1980. Criticism. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1241: re his book Heracles written in 1955 but published in 1981 (see *Herakles). (These sonnets may have been influenced by the work of the Portuguese poet *Antonio Botto.) Homosexuales. Poet from Canada writiing in English. Active 1995. Book with many gay poems: Digressions of a Naked Party Girl (Toronto, ECW Press, 1998). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Plush. Gilbert, William Schwenck, Sir Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1836-1911. The librettist of the Gilbert and Sullivan collaboration, writing light opera. Gilbert wrote the words and Sir Arthur Sullivan wrote the music. As a poet he was the author of Bab Ballads (1869). Bunthorne in his opera, which is in poetry, Patience, was said to be founded on *Oscar Wilde and Grosvenor on *Swinburne. His last play was titled Fallen *Fairies; or The Wicked World (1909). The operas he wrote are somewhat *camp with *parody elements and are in poetry; the opera The Mikado is an especially camp work. *Cole Porter was influenced by their style. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature: noting "his true province was *satirical light verse". Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 639: wrote the opera in verse Patience 1881 (set to music by the homosexual Sullivan) which satirized *aesthetes. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1992. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Language of water, 16-21; biog., 78 - studying at Kent University. Editor possibly from the United States of works in Russian; translator from Russian to English. Active 1983. Translator of the Russian poet *Gennady Trifonov into English: see Tbilisi by Candlelight, no place or publisher, 1983, 35 pp. in Russian and English and edited by her. A copy of this book was purchased in Boston at *Glad Day Books and it appears to have been printed in the United States and consists of eight poems. Poem in Sumerian and Akkadian from Iraq and in Hittite from Turkey. The Hittite version dated from before 1,200 B.C. (fragments of the Sumerian version date from 2.150 B.C.). Gilgamesh is the earliest datable surviving literary work of any length with sustained homosexual interest. It survives in versions in Sumerian, Hittite and Akkadian and there are some fragments in Hurrian and Eblaite. An excellent concise introduction is in Stephanie Dalley, Myths from Mesopotamia, 1989, 39-49; also excellent is the introduction to the translation by Andrew George (Penguin Books, 1999). Fragments date from 2,150 B.C. in Sumerian (a language isolate spoken in Sumer in the land between the Tigris and the Euphrates in what is now Iraq); the date of 2,150 B.C. is taken from Stephanie Dalley, Myths from Mesopotamia, 41. There is a text from before 1,200 B. C. in the Hittite version (Hittite is an *Indo-European language and was spoken in Turkey). The Akkadian version, from Iraq, the most complete surviving version, dates from before 612 B.C (Akkadian is a *Afro-Asiatic language). The Akkadian version is the only complete version. The fullest study of the poem is by *Geoffrey Tigay who has found considerable homosexual elements in the Hittite version. Gilgamesh is the earliest datable *epic. On homosexuality and the ancient cultures of the middle east see Gwendolyn Leick, Sex and Eroticism in Mesopotamian Literature (1994), especially Chapter 14, "Liminal Sexuality: Eunuchs, homosexuals and the common prostitute", pp. 157-169. Criticism and bibliography. See John Maier, Gilgamesh: a reader (Wauconda, ILL, 1997), a selection of twenty-five essays that have appeared since 1982 with a Gilgamesh bibliography to 1994 pp. 357-491. See in this book especially Dorothy Hammond and Alta Jablow, "Gilgamesh and the Sundance Kid: the myth of Male Friendship", pp. 283-93. Akkadian version. Gilgamesh is a series of tales based on a legendary king of Sumer thought to have lived 2,800-2,500 B.C. (see Stephanie Dalley, Myths from Mesopotamia, 40-41). The fullest text of Gilgamesh has been found on clay tablets in Akkadian in the library of the palace of Ashurbanipal dating 668-612 B.C., in Ninevah on the east bank of the Tigris River opposite modern Mosul, Iraq (more than 20,000 of these tablets are now in the British Museum). The palace was destroyed ca. 612 B.C. The text is written in cuneiform, a method of writing preceding the alphabet (which was only invented in a usuable form in Syria about 1,100 B.C.) Akkadian is an *Afro-Asiatic language, now extinct, and formerly spoken in Iraq, from ca. 3000 B.C. to 612 B.C. It had two dialects, Assyrian and Babylonian. As note above, the surviving Akkadian version was preceded by a Sumerian version and one in Hittite and there are other earlier fragmentary versions in Akkadian. Though the Akkadian versian may date from before 1200 B.C. the version is no later than 612 B.C., the year of the destruction of the palace library. The Akkadian text. See R. C. Thompson, The Epic of Gilgamesh: text, transliteration and notes, Oxford, 1930 (the editor has also translated the poem). Homosexuality in the poem has been discussed by *Geoffrey Tigay who has an excellent bibliography on the huge literature to 1982. More fragments of the poem have come to light and been cataloged since Thompson's text and a new edition of the Akkadian text is needed. Gilgamesh's lament for his close male companion Enkidu after his death is strongly homoerotic; it is an *elegy and compares with *"David's Lament for Jonathan" in Hebrew. In Gilgamesh's dream, puns with homosexual meanings occur. On homosexuality in the dream see Thorkild Jacobsen, "How did Gilgames oppress Uruk"?, Acta Orientalia 8 (1930), 62-74 (reprinted in his The Treasures of Darkness, 1976, p. 196 ff) and "A Note on an overlooked word-play in the Akkadian Gilgamesh by Anne Draffkorn Kilmer" in Zikir Sumin, edited by G. van Driel and others, Leiden, 1982, 128-32. The relationship of Gilgamesh and Enkidu compares with that of *Achilles and Patroclus in Homer in Greek (on comparison with Homer see Gerald K. Gresseth, "The Gilgamesh Epic and Homer", Classical Journal vol. 70 no. 4, 1974-75, 1-18; this article, however, states comparison is mostly with Homer's The Odyssey). The poem needs to be read in the context of the Sumerian king having absolute power and being supremely sexual with ability - as king - to express his sexuality with males as well as women if he so chose. On the homosexual background see the article "Homosexualität" in Reallexikon für Assyrologie (1972-75), which is a brilliant survey of the subject. Claudio Saporetti, Abolire le nascite: Ilproblema nella Mesopotamia antica (Rome, 1993), 121 pp., deals with homosexuality. See also *Mark Daniel, *Paul D. Hardman. In the twentieth century the ideas in Gilgamesh strongly influenced *Hans Henny Jahnn. The composer Martinu wrote an oratorio Epic of Gilgamesh (1955). Dictionaries. Kindlers neues Literatur Lexikon vol.18; includes text sources. Sumerian version. This version dates from ca. 2,150 B.C. Sumerian is a language isolate and has no linguistic affiliation with any known language (see the entry in Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics; see also "Sumerian Writing"). Sumerian was spoken mainly from 2,600 to 2,000 B.C. in southern Iraq and after 2,000 B.C. was largely replaced with Akkadian but it continued to be used for literary and religious texts, mostly copied until 200 B.C. Only smaller compositions and fragments of the Sumerian version survive but the material is basically the same as in the Akkadian including the strong bonding relationship of Gilgamesh and Enkidu. William Irwin Thompson, in Time Falling Bodies Take to Light (London, 1981), states p. 162 "In the Sumerian language the word for water also means semen, and since Enki is the god of water he is therefore the god of semen". This version has been discussed by *Geoffrey Tigay. Homosexuality in all surviving Sumerian fragments urgently needs examination. Middle Assyrian laws mention homosexuality: see H. W. F. Saggs, The Greatness that Was Babylon, New York, 1962. On the Sumerians see C. Leonard Woolley, The Sumerians, 1965, and Samuel Noah Kramer, The Sumerians, 1963. They lived in the southern part of Iraq between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers and the language is one of the oldest written languages in existence, dating from 3,000 B.C.; only by about 2,600 B.C. was the script beginning to be used for literary documentation (only the Indus script used in the cities of Mohenjo-daro and Harappa in Pakistan and possibly ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics may be older - see *writing). Like Akkadian, it was written in cuneiform and the cuneiform of Sumerian is the earliest form of cuneiform (see entry "Cuneiform" in Encyclopaedia Britannica). Sumerian is an agglutinative language like Turkish and Hungarian. The earliest texts come from Uruk (modern Warka). Surviving Sumerian texts are translated and included in the Penguin Books translation of the Akkadian text by Andrew George (1999). The background to the Sumerian and Akkadian version is also given in Georges Roux, Ancient Iraq, second edition 1980, perhaps the best written introduction to these cultures. On sexuality, see Sex and Eroticism in Mesopotamian Literature, New York, 1994. Dictionaries. Kindlers neues Literatur Lexikon vol.18; includes text sources. Hittite version. Hittite is an *lndo-European language, now extinct, which was spoken in Turkey. The Hittites were overrun in 1200 B. C. so all surviving records (which are also in cuneiform as with the Akkadian and Sumerian versions of the poem *epigraphical inscriptions) are earlier than this date. Records were only discovered in 1915 and the Hittite version of Gilgamesh comes from the palace of the Hittite capital, Hattusas. The version in Hittite is earlier than the surviving Akkadian version but survives only in fragments and Gilgamesh's dream - which is a crucial passage for homosexuality in the Akkadian version - does not exist in the Hittite. However the Enkidu/ Gilgamesh relationship is established in the Hittite version and, although the homosexual aspect is not more explicit than in the Akkadian, enough sections survive to enable readers to see a homoerotic element. Homosexuality in this version has been discussed by *Geoffrey Tigay; there are elaborate homosexual puns. On the Hittite legal situation regarding homosexuality see "Incest, Sodomy and Bestiality in the Ancient Near East" in Harry A Hoffner, Orient and Occidental, 1973, pp. 81-90; homosexuality seems not to have been stigmatized amongst the Hittites. O. R. Gurney, The Hittites, London, 1952 is a scholarly study of the Hittites. See also Arcadie no. 115-16 (July-August 1963), 353-56: article by *Marc Daniel (pseud). Dictionaries. See New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics : "Hittite Poetry". Kindlers neues Literatur Lexikon vol. 18, 644 -47; with bibl. Hurrian and Eblaite. Hurrian is a language isolate spoken in southeast Turkey and Iraq from about 2000 B.C. to about 1200 B. C. Eblaite is an *Afro-asiatic language. Information on the languages will be found in Harvey Weiss, editor, From Ebla to Damascus, Washington, DC, 1985. See also the Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics for information on the languages. The Eblaite language seems to have died out ca. 1000 B.C. Hurrian. Only fragments exist; see Kindlers neues Literatur Lexikon for text and bibl. These Hurrian fragments need investigation by gay scholars. The Hurrian version is discussed by *Geoffrey Tigay. Eblaite. Only fragments exist. Investigation by gay scholars is needed. On Ebla see the entry in Oxford Classical Dictionary, 1996 edition; the language is a dialect of Old Akkadian and was spoken in Syria. On these languages see the entries in Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Translation of Gilgamesh. Translations of the complete Gilgamesh have all been from the Akkadian version, the only surviving complete version (except as noted in the English translation by Andrew George). Translations into modern European languages date from 1900. The question arises as to whether the different ancient versions of Gilgamesh which survive are translations from a common source or different oral versions which have been written down. That they came from a common source is very doubtful, since oral poets generally worked from a common stock of material which they elaborated in their own language. If some of the ancient versions are translations, Gilgamesh may be the earliest surviving poetic work to do with homosexuality in which translations can be dated. The edition of the Akkadian version by R. C. Thompson, The Epic of Gilgamesh, 1930, has been used as the basis of many translations. English: W. Muss-Arnott (1901), Stephen Langdon (1917), R. Campbell Thompson (1928), W. E. Leonard (1934), A. Heidel (1946; repr.), N. K. Sanders (1960; Penguin Books; however, the Akkadian text relied on is not reliable), Herbert Mason (New York: Mentor Books, 1970), M. Gallery Kovacs (1989), Stephanie Dalley (1989 - contains an excellent introduction), David Ferry (1992 - more a version than a translation), Andrew George (*Penguin Books, 1999; in poetry and the best in English; includes translations from the Sumerian fragments as well); Danish: F. L. J. Ostrup (1940); Dutch: Jan H. Eekhout (1938), F. M. Th. Bohl (1941); Finnish: F. Salonen (1943); French: J. Oppert (1885), G. Contenau (1939), Abed Azrie (1979); German: A. Jeremias (1891), P. Jensen (1900 - in his Assyrisch-Babylonische Mythen und Epen), A. Ungnad and H. Gressman (1911), Georg E. Burckhardt (1916; repr. 1952), R. Janthur (1919), H. Ranke (1924), H. Hafker (1924), E. Ebeling (1926 - in H. Gressman's Altorientalische Texte zum Alte Testament), Albert Schott (1934), Wolfram von Soden (1963; repr. 1988), Annemarie H. Schmokel (1989); Hungarian: Zemplini Arpad (ca. 1911); Italian: G. Roggia (1944), Giuseppe Furlani (1958), N. Kanders (ca. 1986 - possible trans.: see *Babilonia no. 42, 46-47), Giovanni Pettinato (Milan, 1992); Russian: N. Gumilev (1919), I. M. Diakonov (1961); Swedish: K. Tallqvist (1945); Turkish: M. Ramazanoglou (1942), Orphan Asena (1955?). The National Union Catalog and*British Library General Catalogue were consulted. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, vol. 3, 60-61. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 479-80; see also 799-802: "Mesopotamia". Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Kindlers neues Literatur Lexikon vol.18, 639-44. Dictionnaire Gay. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10659: lists only the title and "Many translations and editions". Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1169: The Epic of Gilgamesh, Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin, 1960 (English trans.) Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen, item 336: Gilgamesch (trans. into German by Georg Burckhardt), Weisbaden: Insel, 1952. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Les Amours masculines, 31-32. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 431; note 427-28. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 3-9 (trans. N. K. Sanders). Criticism. Gay Sunshine 32 (Spring 1977), 2: by *Marc Daniel. Poet from the United States writing in English and translator from Greek to English. 1924-1995. He published six books of poems on his own press The *Crossing Press (including Young Man's Letter, 1967, Gill's Blues, 1969, Country Pleasures, 1975). From the Diary of *Peter Boyle, Plainfield, Indiana: Alembic Press, 1982, is a major volume (review: James White Review vol. 2 no. 2, Winter 1985, 13). Its title sequence (pp. 62-72) refers to *Whitman's lover (see also the sequence "The Last Romantic" pp. 54-61); a biographical note, on p. 77, states he is married and lives with his wife near Ithaca, New York. Between Worlds: New and Selected Poems (Hanging Loose Press, 1993) is his latest book (review: James White Review vol. 11 no. 2 (Winter 1994), 17 by *George Klawitter). He compiled a translation of the * Palatine Anthology called Erotic Poems from the Greek Anthology (Trumansburg, NY, 1986): this is a version of the *Mousa Paidike putting the poems in a modern setting. The brilliant erotic illustrations by Carlos make this one of the outstanding illustrated books of the *gay liberation period. The text is also very fine. Editor of the literary review New American and Canadian Poetry, Boston, 1971, which contains poems by *Ian Young: see * Ian Young: a bibliography (1962-1980) item C8. See also *Book Design. Obituary: "For John Gill", Poets and Writers, vol. 24 no. 4 (July-Sugust 1996), 14-15 (with photograph) by *Robert Peters; states he died in Santa Cruz, California "of a lingering illness". From 1956 to 1965 he was an assistant professor of English at Ithaca College in Ithaca, New York. His poetry collection of 2,600 titles was donated to Cal Poly Pomona University by his widow Elaine Goldman Gill in 1997 where the rarest items are in Special Collections. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10660-61: Gill's Blues, Trumansburg, NY: New Books, 1969 and, as editor, New American and Canadian Poetry, Boston: Beacon, 1971. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1437-41: the two books listed in Bullough plus From the Diary of Peter Doyle and Other Poems, Ithaca, NY: Alembic Press, 1981 and Young Man's Letter, Trumansburg, NY: New Books, 1967. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Male Muse, 38; biog., 119-20: states he lives in Trumansburg, New York. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 551. Name of Love, 18; biog., 72. Poet from South Africa who wrote in English. Born 1873. He was educated in Great Britain but born in South Africa where he later lived. He was published in * The Spirit Lamp edited by *Alfred Douglas. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10663: "Love Songs" in Oxford Verses, edited by *Francis Rosslyn Bruce, London and Oxford: Simpkin Marshall, 1894, 80 pp. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1442: same book. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reade, Sexual Heretics, 227-28: "To W. J. M." (from *The Artist, 1 April 1890); 247. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 269: a *non-gender specific love poem; the same poem as in Reade, Sexual Heretics; see also the entry *G. G. (possibly this is Gillett). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 100-101. Criticism. Smith, Love in Earnest, 52-53; 245 (bibl.): lists his birthday as 1 December 1873; 51-53 re publication in The Spirit Lamp and four poems in Oxford Verses; biog. note, p. 52: he was born in Transvaal, South Africa where he later returned after entering the church. Smith, Love in Earnest, 52 quotes a love poem, "In Memoriam EBF", by GGSG from the The *SpiritLamp ("Friend and more than friend,/ Brother and *comrade true"). Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Active 1924. Almost certainly a pseudonym. See *kissing. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 81: a poem *"Boy Lovers" in English with the Latin title De Puerorum Osculis (About the kisses of boys) - "Red mouths of lads for love God made". Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 511: same poem. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 677-78. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1947. Raised Jewish, discovering himself to be gay, he is now a *Quaker and is Outreach Secretary for the Society of Friends; he explored these themes in his 1988 Swathmore lecture, A Minority of One. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Take Any Train, 26-27; biog., 62 - born in *Manchester, he was educated at *Oxford. Poet from the Netherlands writing in Dutch. Born 1941. Gay Poetry Anthologies. David heeft ook een achterkant, 11-13; biog 59-lives in Groningen. Poet, diarist and lettter writer from the United States writing in English. 1926-1997. The most famous United States poet of the *gay liberation period (whose poetry helped to bring it into existence). Such brilliant gay erotic poems as "Please Master" (Collected Poems, 1984, pp. 494-95) have reached a wide audience. Though homoeroticism pervades all of Whitman's poetry, overall as a gay poet Allen Ginsberg equals and indeed surpasses *Walt Whitman in the depth and range of his poetry. Ginsberg's reputation can only be expected to grow. He was a much loved figure, not consumed by self hate, who did not shrink from espousing difficult issues. Influenced by *Walt Whitman, *Rimbaud, *Nietzsche, *D. H. Lawrence and *Dada and one of the *Beats, Ginsberg's early poetry prefigured the poets of *gay liberation but he has, in turn, been greatly influenced by them. Ultimately as a gay poet his achievement, in his best poems, descends from Whitman, especially in his concern with consciousness raising: that is, towards gay experience being seen as positive and credible (in contrast to the prevailing negative approach to things gay in the forties when he started writing). His long poem "Witchita Vortex Sutra" (Collected Poems, pp. 394-412) takes up the issues of *T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. He was also strongly influenced by *William Carlos Williams. His poem Howl (1955), with its famous line about men who "let themselves be fucked in the arse by saintly motorcyclists, and screamed with joy" (Collected Poems, p. 128) was the first published English language poem of the period after World War Two to mention homosexual *anal sex openly, marking a major turning point in gay poetry in English: anal sex was seen here as something positive and joyful. The publisher of the work, *Lawrence Ferlinghetti, was charged with obscenity but acquitted at the subsequent trial. However, some works of Ginsberg can still not be read on radio in daytime in the United States. Lovers include the poet *Peter Orlovsky (with whom he shared his life until Ginsberg's death) and *Neal Cassady. With the Beat writer Jack Kerouac and Neal Cassady he co-wrote a mutual *masturbation and *orgy poem "Pull My Daisy" in 1949 ( Collected Poems, pp. 23-25); a film with this title was later made featuring him. (The character of Dean Moriarty in Kerouac's On the Road is based on him: see Perkins, History of Modern Poetry, volume 2, p. 550). The concept of *open form was crucial to his poetry; he is also a master of the Whitmanic *free verse line. Brought up as a Jew, he later became a *Buddhist and has been credited with being instrumental in bringing Buddhism to the United States. His influence though the poetry of the gay liberation period extends as far as Australia (see, e.g., *Michael Dargaville). In 1965 he was placed on the FBI Internal Security list despite being deported from Cuba and Czechoslovakia where he opposed the Communist regimes; he had a large FBI file. Aural recordings exist (e.g., of him reading from Howl); the largest collection of these is in his own archive, now at Stanford University, which has not yet been properly assessed. He was banned from giving a reading for NAMBLA (the North American Man Boy Love Association) at the New York Gay Center in 1989. A fine poem is "Woke Me Up Naked" written for the Tenth Anniversary of Gay Sunshine in *Sapphic stanzas (see Gay Sunshine 44/45, Autumn/Winter 1980, first section 24). "Wichita Vortex Sutra", another major poem, about the possibility of nuclear war, to which GInsberg was vehemently opposed, has been set to music by Philip Glass (published in 1993 on CD: Elektra Nonesuch 7559 -79286-2). Text of the poems. An excellent selection of gay poems to 1980 is Straight Hearts' Delight: Love Poems and Selected Letters 1947 80, edited by *Winston Leyland, San Francisco: Gay Sunshine, 1980 (reviewed in Gay Sunshine 44/45, 22-23 by *Charley Shively). The Selected Poems 1947-1995, is a good overall introduction (see review in Lambda Book Report, May 1997, 18-19, by Jeffrey Beam with a list of what he considers Ginsberg's finest poems). Other gay poems of note are listed in Bibliographies below. Ginsberg wrote about all sorts of gay sex and gay experiences. His last volume, published after his death, Death and Fame: Poems 19931997, 1999, concludes with the fine poem "Things I'll Not Do (Nostalgias)", pp. 98-99, about places he will never visit and concludes with the words "Not myself in an urn of ashes." The Collected Poems 1917-80, New York, 1984, revealed some brilliant gay poems previously unpublished (e.g., "Many Loves", dating from 1956, pp. 156-58); see the author's list of "strong breath'd poems" pp. xx and his notes pp. 749-799. Index of Proper Names, pp. 819-27 and Index of Titles, First Lines and Original Book Sources, pp. 829-37. There were changes to previously published texts so earlier printings are still of relevance. *Bill Morgan in The Works of Allen Ginsberg 1941-1994: A Descriptive Bibliography, 1995, states page xv, "Poems are often published which are in progress between initial inspiration and finished draft. Ginsberg tends to tinker wth his poetry much more that his dictum 'First Thoughts Best Thoughts' would suggest..." (For reviews of the Collected Poems see American Poetry Review vol. 14 no. 2, March 1985, 35-45, by Marjorie Perloff; Advocate no. 433, 12 November, 1985 46-47 by *W. I. Scobie). White Shroud: Poems 1980-85 (New York, 1986), including an *SM poem, was subsequently published followed by the posthumous Death and Fame (1999). Illuminated Poems (1997) is a selection of poems illustrated by Eric Drooker. Allen Ginsberg died of liver cancer. There are several *Internet sites devoted to him. Criticism. Lewis Hyde, editor, On the Poetry of Allen Ginsberg, 1984, is a selection of articles; bibl. pp. 455-62. Criticism in Japanese: see *Yu Suwa. See also "Criticism in homosexual terms" below. Letters. In addition to the preceding see As Ever: The Collected Correspondence of Allen Ginsberg and Neal Cassady, 1977. Diary. His diary has only been published to the early 1960s. Journals: Early Fifties Early Sixties, edited Gordon Ball, 1977. Journals 1954 1958, was published in 1995 (see the review in Guardian Weekly, 23 July 1995, 29: states the journals show *William Burroughs was in love with him and that they detail Ginsberg's seduction of *Neal Cassady and the early years of his love affair with *Peter Orlovsky). Indian Journals 1962-63, 1970, is about his visit to India. See also Allen Ginsberg Verbatim: Lectures of Poetry, Politics, Consciousness, 1974. Biographies. The best is by *Barry Miles (it is readable and well written); *Michael Schumacher's is very thorough on details but loses sight of the main developments in the details. Aural recordings. A huge tape archive exists in the poet's archive of his papers at Stanford University and these recordings are the largest volume of aural recordings of a poet known; see also Barry Miles. The papers were reputedly sold for several million dollars to provide a fund to enable Peter Orlovsky to live comfortably after the poet's death (he and Ginsberg had swapped vows that they would mutually care for each other in their lifetimes). The Lion for Real, a CD ROM and Cassette, is a recent recording 1999. Holy soul jelly roll (Los Angeles, 1994) consists of four compact discs and is also published in cassette form; this has a wide selection of his poems. There are several other published recordings of him reading. Film. The Life and Times of Allen Ginsberg (directed by Jerry Aronson in 1992), features rare archival footage from the poet's own collection of one hundred hours of film. Ginsberg is the most filmed of US gay writers. Manuscripts. Some of his manuscripts (at least to 1978) were deposited in a huge archive at Columbia University, New York but the archive was later sold to Stanford University in 1995; also included is his correspondence, interviews, photographs and tapes. He kept every letter sent to him - some 60,000. The contents of his New York apartment, including manuscripts, photographs, art works on the walls, books (including a copy of Oscar Wilde's Lady Windermere's Fan, London, 1893, signed by both Wilde and Ginsberg) was sold by Sotheby's, New York on 7 October 1999 in a sale entitled "Allen Ginsberg and Friends". The sale included the poet's desk. Notes to the sale state Ginsberg was not a rich man and gave much of his income away. Bibliography: see *Michelle P Kraus (an exhaustive survey to 1977), *George Dowden (to 1967). *Bill Morgan has compiled the best bibliography to 1994 listing over 10,000 items; this work is possibly the finest bibliography of a gay poet ever. After 1977 Ginsberg's papers at Stanford University, may contain the best bibliographical sources. Leyland, Gay Sunshine Interviews, volume 1, pp. 95-128, is a very important interview, which was reprinted as a booklet and was first published in * Gay News no. 27. An interview appeared in James White Review vol. 13 no. 3, summer 1996, 17-18. See also *Gavin Arthur. Translation. Translation of Ginsberg's poems was first into German in 1959, then Finnish in 1963, Swedish and Italian in 1965 and Dutch in 1966. Howl has been the most translated work, translated into twenty-three languages including Chinese. Japanese. Czech. Hebrew. Macedonian. Norwegian and Polish. It seems that many of his gay erotic poems have not been widely translated. For translation 1967-77, see Michelle P. Krauss, Allen Ginsberg (1980), pp. 1-36 (this includes translations of single poems); to 1967 see *George Dowden's bibliography. See Collected Poems 1947-80 (1984), p. 749 for a list of the main translators into French. German and Italian. *Barry Miles, Allen Ginsberg, 1989, p. 533 states he has been translated into virtually every language from Chinese to Serbo-Croatian. The question of whether homosexual poems have been translated needs to be addressed. 'Censorship has occurred and whether this was due to translators or publishers ignoring homosexual material to be examined. The National Union Catalog was checked manually to 1981 (this is the most complete published source); the *British Library General Catalogue was also checked. Not all foreign language translations appear to have entered libraries. Only book translations are included below (except in the case of Czech'). The most complete source of translations is probably Ginsberg's own archives. Chinese: see Barry Miles above (no translator listed); Czech: Jan Zabrana - Howl in Sesity pro literaturu a diskusi, Duben 30 (1969), 9-13; Dutch: Simon Vinkenoog (1966 ; selection), Gerard Belart (1973, 32 pp.; selection); Finnish: Anselm Hollo and Matti Rossi (1963; Howl and other poems); French: see Collected Poems, p. 749 which lists translators as Jean-Jacques Lebel, Mary Beach and Claude Pelieu, Gerard-Georges Lemaire and Philippe Mikriammos; Mary Beach and Claude Pelieu (1971; Planet News), Mary Beach (1972; Kaddish and Reality Sandwiches, 314 pp.); German: see Collected Poems, p. 749 which lists Carl Weissner, Heiner Bastien, Bernd Samland, Jürgen Schmidt and Michael Kellner; trans. not known - see National Union Catalog 1968-72 (1959; Howl and selection), Carl Weissner (1972; Indian Journals [1962-63]; ca. 1975; Fall of America), Heiner Bastian (1971; Planet News - see details in Bibliographies below). Ginsberg wrote a sequence "Reading Bai Juyi in China" in 1984 (see White Shroud, 63-68; homosexuality of Bai Juyi is implied in section iii, p. 65) and this has been translated into German as Beim lesen der gedichte von Bai Juyi, 1991 (trans. not known). "Many Loves" has been translated (published 1992 with illustrations); Greek: Trans, not known (1974; selection, 168 pp.), Trans, not known (1982); Italian: Fernanda Pivano (Milan, 1965; Howl, Kaddish and other poems, 477 pp.; repr. 1973); Japanese: Yu Suwa (1970; Howl); Portuguese: Jose Palla e Carmo (Lisbon, 1973; selection, 73 pp.); Serbo-Croat: see above; Spanish: Trans, not known (Montevideo, 1969; Howl), Antonio Resines (Madrid, 1977; The Fall of America; Madrid, 1978; Reality Sandwiches), Madrid 1980 and 1981 - see Cuaderno Bibliográfico Gay, 13; Swedish: Gunnar Harding (1965; 1971 - selection). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Dictionary of Literary Biography, vol. 16. Howes, Broadcasting It. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10664-80: the following books which are included in Young, Male Homosexual in Literature as well as in Bullough, and where full publishing details are given - Empty Mirror, 1961, The Fall of America, 1973, The Gates of Wrath, 1972 "1948-1952 rhymed poems", Howl and Other Poems, 1956, Iron Horse, 1974 "A single poem, dated July, 22-23, 1966", Kaddish and Other Poems, 1961, Planet News, 1968 "Especially 'This form of life needs sex' and 'Kral Majales'", Reality Sandwiches, 1963 "Especially 'The Green Automobile'", Sad Dust Glories, 1975, T.V. Baby Poems, 1968, Wichita Vortex Sutra, San Francisco, 1966; in addition, Airplane Dreams, San Francisco: City Lights, 1969, Ankor Wat, London: Fulcrum Press, 1968, Indian Journal, San Francisco: Dave Haselwood Books/ City Lights, 1970 "Much original verse included", The Visions of the Great Rememberer, Amherst, MA: Mulch Press, 1974, (with others) Hearse, A Vehicle Used to Convey the Dead, Eureka, CA: [no publisher, no date], "Please Master" in Gay Sunshine 16:9, February, 1973; and in *Manroot 9:7-8, Fall 1973. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 1448-64: Empty Mirror, New York: Totem/Corinth, 1961, The Fall of America: Poems of these States 1965-1971, San Francisco: City Lights, 1973, First Blues, Rags, Ballads and Harmonium Songs 1971-1974, New York: Full Court Press, 1975, The Gates of Wrath: Rhymed Poems: 1948-1952, Bolinas, CA: Grey Fox Press, 1974, Howl and Other Poems, San Francisco: City Lights, 1956, Iron Horse, Toronto: Coach House, 1972, Kaddish and Other Poems 1958-1960, San Francisco: City Lights, 1961, Planet News 19611967, San Francisco: City Lights, 1968, Poems All Over the Place, Mostly Seventies, Cherry Valley, NY: Cherry Valley Editions, 1978, Reality Sandwiches 1953-1960, San Francisco: City Lights, 1963, Sad Dust Glories. Poems During Work Summer In Woods, Berkeley, CA: The Workingman's Press, 1975 T.V. Baby Poems, London: Cape Goliard, 1967, Wichita Vortex Sutra, San Francisco: A Coyote Book, 1966. Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen, item 337: Planet News (trans. into German by Heiner Bastian), München: Hanser, 1971. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Bugger: an anthology, 2-3; biog. 19. Male Muse, 39-41; biog 120. Angels of the Lyre, 86-94; biog 240. Digte om m&nds k&rlighed til m&nd. In Homage to Priapus. Orgasms of Light, 85-90; biog., 253. Amerikanike homophylophile poiese, 31-32; biog. 70. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 335-40. Frä mann til mann, 75-77. Les Amours masculines, 483-84. Drobci stekla v ustih, 92-94: 2 poems including trans. of "Please Master"; biog., 180. Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, 119-30; biog., 119. Poets for Life, 79. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 595-600. Gay Roots: An Anthology of Gay History, 241-46; biog., 240. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 523-24. "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen", 151-55. Name of Love, 20; biog., 72-73. Badboy Book, 121-28; biog., 386. Eros in Boystown, 31; biog., 61. Pour tout l'amour des hommes, 297-98: from Howl (trans. into French). Leyland, Queer Dharma: voices of Gay Buddhists, 395-402 (in the section "Queer Dharma Poetry"); 403: "Allen Ginsberg on Buddhism and Gayness". Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 706-10. A Day for a Lay, 103-110. Word of Mouth, 79-88. Criticism in homosexual terms. Martin, Homosexual Tradition in American Poetry, 165-70. Sodoma no. 1 (1984), 113-15. Woods, Articulate Flesh: Male Homo-eroticism and Modern Poetry, 195-211. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1991. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Unending Dialogue, 24-25, 32, 37, 39, 43, 48-49, 56, 58-59, 71, 74, 83 - fine poems by a gay man about having *Aids. The author of some of the finest gay sexual poetry of the *gay liberation period: see, for example, "Pornographic Poem" (Angels of the Lyre, pp. 95-97). He is a *New York writer of highly experimental *postmodernist poetry influenced by *tantric Buddhism who is also a *performance poet. See poems in Gay Sunshine no. 23, 14-15 (from "Hamburger Meditation"). The poem "I sat/I sat on his face" is about *fisting. He published a record called Dial-a-Poem with the poet holding a telephone between his legs; there are other records. Selected poems: You Got to Burn to Shine: New and Selected Writings, 1994. Interviews: see Leyland, Gay Sunshine Interviews, volume 1, 129-62, and Leyland, Queer Dharma, pp. 269-98 (interview about *Buddhism). Translation into German: trans. not known, but titled C------, MarzVerlag, 1969; Du musst brennen um zu strahken, 1992, translated by Thomas Marquardt. Dictionaries. Contemporary Authors, vol. 33-36. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10681-82: Balling *Buddha, New York: Kulchur Foundation, 1970 and Cancer in My Left Ball, Vermont: Something Else Press, 1973. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 1465-70: same books as Bullough plus Cum, New York: Adventures in Poetry, 1971, Johnny Guitar, New York: The Poetry Project, 1969, Poems by John Giorno, New York: Mother Press, 1967, Shit Piss Blood Pus and Brains, Philadelphia: The Painted Bride, no date; the details of Cancer in My Left Ball are given as W. Glover, Vermont: Something Else Press, 1973. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Angels of the Lyre, 95-99; biog., 240. Orgasms of Light, 92-93; biog., 253. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 619-21. Eros in Boystown, 33-34; biog., 61. Leyland, Queer Dharma: voices of Gay Buddhists, 392-94 (in the section "Queer Dharma Poetry"). Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 721-25. Word of Mouth, 204-212. Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. 14Q4-1449. The real name of 'Il Burchiello (pseud.); he founded 'Burchiellesque poetry. See the essay by Alan E. Smith, "Fraudomy: Reading Sexuality and Politics in Burchiello", in 'Jonathan Goldberg, Queering the Renaissance, 1994, pp. B4-1Q6. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amicizia amorosa, 63-65: a series of poems written in contention with 'Rosello Roselli; biog., 61. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 2B2. Editor and critic from Italy of works in Italian. Active 1960. The editor of the poems of Michelangelo in the standard Italian edition, 1960 (published in the Scritti d'Italia edition). This succeeded the *Carl Frey edition of 1897 as a reliable edition. He has also written a critical work on Michelangelo's poems, Studi su Michelangelo scrittore, 1974. Poet from Belgium writing in French. 1860-1929. A member of the Jeune Belgique group and author of Pierrot Lunaire, 1884, and Pierrot Narcisse, 1891 (see *Narcissus). His real name was Albert Kayenbergh. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Duroc, Homosexuels et lesbiennes illustrés, 166: stated to be gay. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature: calls him "embittered and perverted" and a follower of *art for art's sake. Probable lover from Greece relating to works in English. Born ca. 1795. A youth from *Athens with whom Byron was infatuated when he visited Greece in 1810 when Giraud was about fifteen or sixteen and Byron was twenty-two. He and Byron "disappeared" for six weeks at one time (Phyllis Grosskurth, Byron, 1997, p. 120). For information on him see Phyllis Grosskurth, Byron, 1997, pp. 103-04, 118-20; consult also *Leslie Marchand's life of Byron. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Ioläus (1902), 164-64. Men and Boys, 41. Poem in Norse from Iceland. Ca. 1450. The work is a *prosimetrum and the relationship of Gisli and Thorgrim in it shows close male bonding. The manuscripts date from ca. 1450 but the work may be earlier. Translations. English: seeThe Saga of Gisli, edited by George Johnston, London, 1963. Criticism. Vanggaard, Phallos, 122: re the blood-brother tragedy of Gisli and Thorgrim. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1007: by *S. L. Forster. Bookseller in the United States relating mainly to books in English. Founded 1979. Situated in *Boston in Back Bay this shop had the most comprehensive stock in the United States with much material in foreign languages. The first Glad Gay Bookshop was started in *Toronto by Jearld Moldenauer, a Canadian gay activist (born 1946); on him see his entry in Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. The Toronto shop was sold in 1990 though it still remains a gay bookshop. Glad Day Bookshop, Boston, was one of the finest gay bookshops in the United States and Canada and closed in 2000 after being open for twenty-one years. The building was sold and the owner stated that rentals in the area were too high. The Boston shop was at one time burnt down. City in Great Britain where the main spoken language is English. One of the largest cities in Scotland in the northern part of Great Britain. Gay poetry emanating from the city dates from ca. 1950. See *Toni Davidson, *Edwin Morgan, *Tom Leonard. Poet from Canada who wrote in English. 1909-1981. A Canadian literary figure from *Montreal in the province of *Québec who is famous as being the mayor of the town of Foster. He lived in France in the 1930s and wrote one of the finest Canadian memoirs about his life there, Memoirs of Montparnasse, published in 1970 but written in 1933 when the author was seriously ill with tuberculosis. He was influenced as a poet by French *decadent writers. An intimate friend of *Robert McAlmon (see Fag Rag, January 1980, p 26). He married in 1963. See *Ian Young, "The Last Aesthete", Little Caesar no. 11,175-81 : states *S/M is an important subject of his work. Under the pseudonym Sylvia Beyer, he published The Temple of *Pederasty, 1970. In Selected Poems, Toronto, 1971 see "Vilanelle I", p.72, and "One Last Word (for McC)", p. 94 both *non gender specific. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Canadian Literature : notes the use of several pseudonyms. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, 740: Squire Hardman, The Pastime Press, 1966, published under the pseudonym *George Colman. Homosexuality in Canada, first edition (1979), 39: see under David Cobb - an article " Elegant Pornographer" in The Canadian, 21 February 1976, 8-11, claiming a story by Morley Callaghan satirizes the relationship between Glassco and Graeme Taylor. Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (1984), 120 (article on pornography by him in Edge 9 [Summer 1969], 101-113). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Poet from France who wrote in France. 1839-1873. He belonged to a group of *actors. Not in Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Les Amours masculines, 237-40: extracts from long poems. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 418: from The Sultana Rozea (*Sodom trope); biog., 388. Pour tout l'amour des hommes, 141. Poet and critic from Italy who wrote in Greek; possible pseudonym. Possibly active ca. 400 B.C. He was a writer who wrote the first study of ancient Greek lyric poetry. Also spelt Glaukos. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 468: see "Glaucus" (5): Glaucus of Rhegium? (This entry discloses that Glaucus has been thought to be a pseudonym of the sophist Antiphon.) Gay Poetry Anthologies. Palatine Anthology xii 44 (as Glaucus). Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 63. Orgasms of Light, 65. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 44. Criticism. Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 9 (1908), 272: translation of Palatine Anthology xii 44. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1991. A lecturer in English at Binghampton University he was awarded a Master of Fine Arts from Brown University in 1998 and writes novels. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 46-53: poem "Landscape in Black" (brilliant *sequence on the beauty of black); biog., 176 - a *black poet, born in *New York, currently a student majoring in English and Latin American studies at Bowdoin College. Milking Black Bull, 123-35; biog., 123. Poet from the United States writing in English; he lived also in Turkey. Active 1971-76. Poems: see Mouth of the Dragon no. 6, September 1975, 19-21 (from Tragic America, 1975). See his article on *F. O. Matthiessen in Fag Rag no. 25, 28-29. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 1474, 1476-77: The *Dervishes and V D Voices of the Dead, both published Istanbul, privately printed, 1971; Two Continents, Vermont Council of the Arts: The Stinehour Press, 1976. 1971-76 fl. Poet from Australia writing in English. Born 1915. A *Surrealist artist and oil painter of the male nude in strongly homosexual terms (see *Geoffrey Dutton); the nude male model for many of his paintings is his longtime secretary and companion, Frank O'keefe. Sandra McGrath in Art and Australia, vol. 5 no. 3 (December 1967), p. 519, stated he wrote poetry 1938-41. Poems: see "the occasional vision", in Art in Australia (June 1, 1942), p. 43: a *surrealist poem. A Selected Poems, 1993, consists of his surrealist works 1938-42; these poems are very obscure but are relevant; e.g. "Canto One" pp. 1-3 is a gay poem (see the last lines on p. 3); the editor, Christopher Chapman, states he produced a series of poem-drawings "in 1938 and a second group in 1976 (all using poetry written between 1938 and 1943)". All poems in the Selected Poems seem to date from 1938 to 1943, however the dates of individual poems are not given so it is impossible to tell when each was written and whether the text was later altered in 1976, though the poet stated to this author in 1997 that the texts had not been altered for book publication; reproduction of drawings made for the poems are on pp. xi and 27. See also *Aleister Kershaw. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Poet from Australia writing in English. Born 1954. A member of the Icebreakers gay poetry group (see also *David Ritchie). He is a Tine poet working in traditional rhymed verse. "Mid morning it rains" in Five Dollar Freedom, edited by Greg McGarity, Sydney, 1993, is an *Aids poem. "To an old lover dying young" in Poets on the Heath, edited by *Kerry Leves, 1993, is a gay poem. Much gay work is unpublished. He has translated *Petrarch and is interested in ancient Latin poetry. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1851-1898. Poems: Ballades and Rondeaus, 1887. He designed the cover for *Wratislaw's book Caprices, 1893; this has a design of yellow tulips (see *lily re flowers in this poet). He was editor of the art journals Parade and Studio, an art critic and a friend of *Frederick Rolfe, *H. S. Tuke and other *Uranian poets. He married. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 63; biog., 116-17. Criticism. Smith, Love in Earnest, 62 (biog. note implying he was homosexual) and see the index of this work. Poet from Germany writing in German. 1719-1803. He wrote *Anacreontic poems with his close friends Uz and Gotz. See also *Goethe. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Moll, Berühmpte Homosexuelle, 12: letters to Johann Georg Jacobi. Criticism. Hirschfeld, Die Homosexualität, 663: on *friendship in his work and letters to Johann Georg Jacobi (citing Moll, Berühmte Homosexuelle. ) Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1972. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1478: Twat Shot, New York, privately printed, 1978. Poet from Germany who wrote in German. Active 1275. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Die Stumme Sünde, 248-73 - a man is ready to sleep with his wife who is disguised as a man; 94-98 (criticism). Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1947. The author of strongly erotic poetry. He was educated at Berkeley. In 1977 he lived in *San Francisco with the artist *Ed Aulerich who illustrated his 1973 volume of poems, Andy, with fine drawings. He has conducted gay poetry workshops. He was the head of the Poetry Center at *San Francisco State University in 1992. Books: Family Poems, 1979, Elements of a Coffee Service, 1983, Reader, 1989 (includes prose pieces). He has written a novel Jack the Modernist, 1987 (review: James White Review vol. 4 no. 2 , Winter 1987, 15). Interview: Advocate no. 372 (21 July 1983), 47-48. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10683: Andy, San Francisco: Panjandrum Press, 1973. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 1481-83: the same book as in Bullough plus Family Poems, San Francisco: Black Star Series, 1979, and Metaphysics, San Francisco: Hoddypoll Press, 1977. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Angels of the Lyre, 101-04; biog,. 240. Orgasms of Light, 95-98; biog., 253. Eros in Boystown, 32: *prose poem; biog., 61. The World in Us: Lesbian and Gay Poetry of the Next Wave, 106-111; biog., 363-64. Gnosticism and Gnostic religion Philosophy and religion from Egypt with written records in Coptic and Greek from ca. 100. A movement within Christianity from the second century. The name comes from the Greek gnosis, knowledge. The Gnostics were deeply influenced by *Plato. They were very mystical, turning away from the real world and at the same time propounding secret teachings, based on the symbolism of light and darkness, recalling the Persian philosophical movement *Manichaeism. Gnostic writings in Coptic were disovered in Egypt in the twentieth century, including *Gospels. English translations exist as well as translations into other languages. In one Gospel, The Gospel of Mark - which survives in a fragment in a letter of Clement of Alexandria - a youth "looking upon Jesus, loved him" and "in the evening the youth came to him, wearing only a loin cloth over his nudity. He remained with Jesus that night, for Jesus taught him the mystery of the Kingdom of God." (Quoted in [no author], The Gospel According to Thomas, London, 1983, 13; see also Morton Smith, The Secret Gospel of Mark, 1973, 16-17; the quotation cited is also quoted in Tom Horner, Jonathan Loved David, 1978, 119.) The Gospel of Thomas, discovered only in 1945, is strongly homoerotic and consists of 114 sayings of Jesus which are strophic and contain elements of poetry. On this gospel see Buch des Thomas in Kindlers neues Literatur Lexikon and see, in English, Marvin Meyer, The Gospel of Thomas, 1992 (with critical comment by *Harold Bloom). If accepted, these Gospel texts mean that homosexuality was not stigmatized in some sects of early *Christianity. For the Gnostic texts see J. M. Robinson, The Nag Hammadi Library, San Francisco, 1978. The Gnostic Gospels are discussed in Elaine Pagels, The Gnostic Gospels, 1979 (does not discuss the Gospel of Mark but does discuss the Gospel of Thomas) ; no bibl. though there are notes to chapters. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 470-71. Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 481-82. "Go forth, plant thyself on him" Poem in Egyptian from Egypt. Ca. 2,175 B.C. or before (though not before 2,350 B.C). A *magic spell or *chant from the 5th or 6th dynasties (2510 B.C.-2200 B.C. - for the date see "Egypt, history of" in Encyclopedia Britannica at pages 466-68). It is recorded in the * Pyramid Texts as Utterance 372 (652a): "Go forth, plant thyself on him ('the enemy') that he may not copulate with thee" (there seems to be a natural break after enemy though the text is usually printed as one line). The Pyramid Texts date from 2,350 B.C. to 2,175 B.C. This is the earliest apparent poem discovered so far referring to homosexual *anal sex or indeed male homosexuality that can be reasonably dated. The text refers to *Horus and Seth and is addressed to Osiris the King. The Pyramid Texts are a collection of *spells or *chants for the dead king; similar spells occur in the * Old Testament and the *Book of the Dead. It should be noted that both active and passive anal sex are referred to in this work. Text. See The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts, trans. R. O. Faulkner, 1969, 123 and Samuel A. B. Mercer, The Pyramid Texts, 1952, volume 1, 129 Criticism. Bailey, Homosexuality and the Western Christian Tradition, 32 where the poem is cited from G. D. Hornblower, "Further Notes on *Phallicism in Ancient Egypt", Man, 27 (1927), 151 (the above English translation is taken from here). International Journal of Greek Love, vol. 1 no.1, 32. Concept in Egyptian, Hebrew, Greek and Latin and other languages of *Christianity, Judaism and other religions from ca. 1362 B.C. God is the idea of a single ultimate cause and ruler of the universe. This idea is sometimes known as monotheism as distinct from polytheism (religions with many gods - such as *Hinduism). Up to recent times God was conceived as a male and hence religions associated with monotheism have homosexual overtones from a *Freudian view when God is worshipped by males (though since both males and females were involved, there were heterosexual aspects as well as homosexual elements). Before the concept of monotheism took hold in ancient Egypt - where it was linked with the rise of a single ruler, most notably in this case, *Akhenaton (active 1362 B.C.) - there was a plurality of gods in Egypt (this continued even after this date). Greek and Latin Christian *hymns were directed towards God as are Hebrew poems: see *Psalms, *Adonis (the Hebrew word for God). The *Song of Songs is especially relevant. Religious poetry or piyyut written in Spain in the *Middle Ages address God in terms of the beloved (see *Norman Roth's article "'My Beloved is like a Gazelle'"). Compare *Siva, *Krishna. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Other. Adler, The Great Ideas, volume 1, 391-425. Goddard, Philip Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1484: book Something Never Shone Before, Guildford, Surrey: privately printed, 1974. Poet from France who wrote in Latin; he later lived in Great Britain. Died 1107. Said to have been born in Cambrai, he was Prior of the Abbey of St Swithin's at *Winchester, Great Britain, ca. 1082. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 117: "To Grosphus"; called *Godfrey the Satirist in the attribution. Medieval Latin Poems of Male Love and Friendship, 24-27: *epigrams expressing a positive attitude to homosexuality, and naming several males in relation to physical homosexuality, e.g., Grosphus (see no. 38), *Adonis and Aulus; biog., 148. Poet from India writing in English; he lives in Great Britain. Born 1965. Fine poems about relationships, some *non gender specific in earlier anthologies. Born in central India and brought up in Bombay, he has completed a thesis on *Chaucer at Oxford. A first book of poetry is in the offing with Praxis, Bombay. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Sugar and Snails , 12, 17; biog. note inside front cover. Take Any Train, 28-30; biog., 62. Twenty-something, 9-31; biog., 8. Language of water, 61-63 (very Tine gay peoms); biog., 79. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 132. Yaraana: Gay Writing from India, 163-70; biog., 208. German poet, letter writer and autobiographer from Germany. 1749-1832. The most famous German *Romantic poet, Goethe was an enquiring spirit. His Italian travels, 1786-88 - of which he wrote an account entitled Italian Journey (published in 1829) - was sexually liberating and he had sex with males, as mentioned in his Venetian Epigrams. Not all editions of Goethe's works have published the full text of the Venetian Epigrams ; for the question of the text see the Penguin edition of Goethe and especially p.123. One of his most relevant works is his East-West Divan (written 1814-16; published in 1819) inspired by *Hafiz; see section nine, *Saki Nameh. The most comprehensive text of this work is Katharina Mommsen, editor, West-östlicher Divan, 2 volumes, Frankfurt, 1996. His Roman Elegies are based on *Tibullus. Faust, his drama in verse is usually regarded as Goeth's greatest achievent. In two parts, it deals with a man who wishes to experience all aspects of life. In Faust see Part 2 Act 5 Scene 6, lines 251 ff., regarding *angels (trans. cited in Reid, Eternal Flame, below); in Act 2 lines 11753-11843 there is a homoerotic scene, discussed by *Karl Hugo Pruys, in which Mephistophles is tempted by homosexuality (part two was suppressed by Goethe in his lifetime). A homosexual reading of his major long poem Faust has not been attempted. Goethe knew Greek and Latin well and was undoubtedly inspired by the * Palatine Anthology and such Latin poets as *Catullus and *Martial, especially after visiting Italy. He was infatuated with ancient Greece: see Humphrey Trevelyan, Goethe and the Greeks, 1972. Other poems of relevance include *"Ganymed", an early poem, very homoerotic, and "An den Mond". ("Ganymed" was set to music by the possibly homosexual Schubert. An English translation of "Ganymede" is by *Charles Osborne [1978].) See also "Brackenburg in Egmont" (reference: Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, vol. 6 [1904]). Other relevant works of Goethe are listed below in Anthologies and Bibliographies. A major issue in dealing with homosexuality in Goethe is his great fame from early in life: he could be sure that every word he wrote would be scrutinized. Criticism. A huge volume of criticism on Goethe exists since he ocupies in German the place *Shakespeare occupies in English. For homosexual criticism overall, the discussion in *Derks, Der Schande der heiligen Päderastie, pp. 247-94, is the best so far. *Karl Hugo Pruys's biography discusses gay poems and is more readable for the general reader. A more general study is Robert Tobin, Warm brothers: *queer theory and the age of Goethe (2000); bibliographical references pp. 211-226 and index. See also "Criticism in homosexual terms" below. Goethe and *friendship. Goethe's intimate friendship with *Schiller has long been seen to have homoerotic overtones (e. g., a famous cartoon of the statue of them embracing in Weimar of 1907, had a text 'Watch out here comes Dr *Hirschfeld" referring to the fact that homosexuality could be read into the statue: illustrated in Goodbye to Berlin?, p. 45). A copy of the statue of *Castor and Pollux in the Prado, Madrid, which Goethe placed at the entrance to his house in Weimar, shows a strong interest in homosexuality. Overall Goethe seems *bisexual; he had many tortuous affairs with women and seems basically heterosexual. Goethe was aware of femininity in himself (compare *Rabindranath Tagore) and in the last lines of Faust it is, in Goethe's words, "the eternal feminine" which "draws us on". However, feminity is a different thing to sexual relations with women (see *feminism). Biography. There are many biographies. A major biography was written by *Friedrich Gundolf, who was in the Stefan Georg circle. Nicholas Boyle, Goethe: The Poet and the Age, is the latest in a long line of works; Volume One, subtitled The Poetry of Desire (1749-1790) has some reference to homosexuality, e.g. p. 129 (attack on George Jacobi and his supposedly effeminate correspondence with *Gleim), pp. 303-04 (Goethe's naked bathing in the Ulm and sleeping in the same bed with Fritz von Stein), p. 340 (composition of "Erlkonig" with von Stein in the saddle of his horse), p. 500 (Mnoritz's idolatry), p. 505 (struck by openness of homosexual friendships in *Rome). A second volume, subtitled Revolution and Renunciation (1790-1803), was published in 2000. This work will be three or four volumes when completed. John R. Williams, The Life of Goethe(2000) is a 318 page work. Kurt Eissler in Goethe; a psychoanalytic study, 2 volumes, 1963, a *Freudian reading of Goethe's character, has a chapter, in volume 1, Part II, Section C, Chapter 5, titled "Charity and Homosexuality", pp. 620-55 (on p. 655 he refers to Goethe's "unconscious homosexual attachment to friends"); this work was published in German 1983-85 in two volumes. *Karl Hugo Pruys, deals with Goethe's sexual life and claims his closest affectional relations were with men and that he had sexual relations with them. Goethe inspired his fellow Romantics *Byron and *Pushkin and in German *Platen. Alice A. Kuzniar, Outing Goethe and His Age, 1996, discusses homosexuality at the time of the Goethezeit (Goethe period) including *Winckelmann, *Schlegel and *Kleist (review Journal of the History of Sexuality, vol. 8. no. 3, January 1998, 516-19). Translation. He has been widely translated: see the * National Union Catalog and *British Library General Catalogue entries for details. A complete English translation of the Venetian Epigrams was published by L. R. Lind in 1974 titled Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's Roman Elegies and Venetian Epigrams. David Lake, Goethe, Penguin Books, 1964 is a good selection of poems; David Lake has also translated Faust. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 483-84. Dictionnaire Gay. Gay Histories and Cultures. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 58-59: Venezianische Epigramme and Westöstlicher Diwan (citing Saki Nameh - Das Schenkenbuch) both cited in the Teubner edition (no date), Wilhelm Meisters Wanderjahre (novel) and Winckelmann und sein Jahrhundert, Tübingen: Cotta, 1805; p. 59 he quotes in full the epigram from Venetian Epigrams: "Knaben lieb ich wohl auch,/doch lieber sind mir die Mädchen,/hab ich als Mädchen sie satt,/dient sie als Knabe mir noch."). Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10684-85: Elegie sur un jeune romain [no other details] and Westöstlicher Diwan [no other details]. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1485: Goethe, introduced and edited by David Lake, Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin, 1964. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 34,116-22 (including the poem "Der Schenke *Saki", p.119), 206 (poem "Der Erlkonig" [The Erl King]). Ioläus (1902), 149-51 (essay on the homosexual art critic Winckelmann and East-West *Divan). Die Bedeutung der Freundesliebe, 20. Men and Boys, 39-40; one poem trans. by *Edward Carpenter. L'amour bleu, 146-47. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 181-2: from WestEast Divan, Book 9. Les Amours masculines, 191-93. Andere Lieben, 139-48. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 202-07: brilliant selection of works; important biog. note 191-92. "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen", 76-78: from Westöstlicher Divan. Poems of Love and Liberation, 32. Pour tout l'amour des hommes, 119-20: from East-West Divan and Faust trans. A. Poupart (published 1867). Criticism in homosexual terms. Raffalovich, Uranisme et unisexualité, 310-12. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, vol. 5 Part 1, (1903), 425: a letter of Goethe of 29 December 1787 to Herzog von Weimar on male love in Rome. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 2 (1900), 67: re poem "An den Mond". Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, vol. 7 Part 1 (1905): letter re Johannes Muller about gay love by *Paul Brandt. Mayne, The Intersexes, 296. Weindel, L'Homosexualité en Allemagne, 271-72. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 478-81. Lexikon homosexuelle belletristik : the entry seen is a discussion of West-ostlicher Divan [East West Divan] only. Arcadie no. 105 (September 1962), 468: a poem about a beautiful boy trans. into French. titled "Beauté de l'éphebe" with first line "Dans l'éclat de l'aurore lisse" with *Ganymede trope; see also the poem beginning "Cher Ganymède, dans les cieux" on p. 495 (trans. by Guillot de Saix). Derks, Der Schande der heiligen Päderastie, 247-94. Critic from the United States writing in English. Active from 1993. Author of Sodometries, London, 1993, a study of British 'Renaissanc authors including 'Shakespeare, 'Marlowe, 'Spenser and also early United States prose from 162Q. Review: Times Literary Supplement, 23 April 1993, 19-2Q (with review of 'Bruce R. Smith, Homosexual Desire in Shakespeare's England). He has also edited Reclaiming Sodom, London, 1994, and Queering the Renaissance, 1994 (including essays on 'friendship and 'Richard Crashaw). He has been the editor of the ' Lesbian and Gay Studies Newsletter. Anthology from Great Britain in English. Ca. 1930. See *Men and Boys, pp. xii-xiii: this mentions an anthology of poetry compiled by *S. E. Cottam and known to have been in existence ca. 1930; the anthology was submitted to the *Fortune Press and appears to have been *lost. Compare, as regards titles, the anthology The *Eternal Flame of *Anthony Reid. Translator from Latin to English from Great Britain. Ca. 1536-ca. 1605. He is famous for his translation of Ovid's The Metamorphoses, which was the first translation into English and went through four editions between its first full publication in 1567 and 1593. This translation introduced homosexuality among the ancient Greek gods into English poetry. It is the work known as "Shakespeare's Ovid". See especially Book 10, lines 93-233 (*Apollo and *Cyparissus, *Ganymede, Apollo and *Hyacinth); in book 10, lines 153-167, *Orpheus sings of the love of males. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 88-93: from the Latin poet *Ovid's Metamorphoses (published 1565-67). Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1895-1958. The *British Library General Catalogue reveals he is mainly a novelist. Also of relevance is his Terrace in Capri: An imaginary Conversation with *Norman Douglas, London, 1934, 15 pp.; edition of 75 copies. Bibliographies. Murray, Catalogue of Selected Books, item 23: Sorrow of War, 1919. Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 71-72, 165-66, 193-94; biog., 235. Editor from Great Britain of works in Hebrew and translator from Hebrew to English. Born 1933. Editor and translator into English of The Jewish Poets of Spain 900-1250, Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin Books, revised edition 1971; bibliography pp. 23-26. On p. 18, in this introduction, he states "they [Hebrew poets] wrote love-songs to individuals of both sexes." The book includes some poems of relevance (see pp. 43, 48) but homopoetry is not emphasized. Genre in Latin from Germany, France and Great Britain. From ca. 1200. Goliardic verse is the verse of wandering scholars and was named after a certain Golias; the authorship is in many cases unknown. Most is in Latin but vernacular languages such as French, German and Italian may contain material. Subject matter was *satiric (directed against the church), largely devoted to sexual adventures and the pleasures of both the bed and the tavern, in a pervading spirit of reckless hedonism. The best known manuscript is the Latin * Carmina Burana; see also *Walter Mapes, *Drinking Songs - Latin, *Satires, *Karl Breul. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics, 324-25. English poet from the United States. Active before 1988. Published in *The Advocate (information from *Jim Kepner in October 1988). Poems not found. Editor from Turkey of works in Turkish and translator from Persian to Turkish. Active from 1951. A major editor of the text of Turkish *Ottoman poets e.g. *Nedim, *Yunus Emre. He has also translated Persian poets - e.g. *Rumi and *Hafiz - into Turkish. Polish poet, novelist and diarist from Poland; he later lived in Argentina and France. 1904-1969. Although he wrote some poetry he is best known as the author of the erotic novel Pornografía, 1960: in this novel two men in Poland go to live in the country where they are sexually obsessed by two adolescents, a boy and a girl. Ferdydurke (1937; English trans. 1961) deals with the adolescent in humans. He wrote a noted Diary (1953-68; trans. into English) and lived abroad in Argentina after 1939 (he had gone there for a holiday and became stranded with no money when war broke out). He later moved to France when his writing bought him fame. He also wrote an autobiography A Kind of Testament, (English trans. 1973), with notes on his life pp. 17-27 (originally published in French as Entretiens de Dominique de Roux avec Gombrowicz, 1968); on p.129 he refers to his "homosexual proclivities". His works are highly experimental with a philosophical dimension, especially in relation to *Existentialism, and he seems to have written only a very little poetry. His diary has been hailed as a twentieth century masterpiece. He had homosexual experiences in Argentina. Biography: by Joanna Siedlecka, Jasnie panicz, 1992 (first published in 1987). His life and works in relation to homosexuality are discussed in the anthology *Pour tour l'amour des hommes, pp. 248-49. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Penguin Companion to World Literature. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Contemporary Authors. Everyman Companion to East European Literature. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Criticism. Milosz, History of Polish Poetry, 432-37: fine overview by one who corresponded with him. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1013. Poet from Portugal writing in Portuguese. 1848-1924. Author of a long poem O Anticristo, 1884, opposing the *Catholic church. He led a stormy life, obsessed with sin, but eventually became a Catholic before his death. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Companion to World Literature. Criticism. Arcadie no. 72 (December 1959), 711: about a poem directly concerning homosexuality. Historian and critic from Portugal writing in Portuguese. Active 1985. Author of O homosexualidade no mundo (Homosexuality in the world), 2 volumes, Lisbon: the author, no date [ca. 1985]. This work relies strongly on the work of his precedessors in Portuguese, *Monteiro and *D'Aguiar. Book One deals with European countries from Russia and Finland to Portugal together with Argentina, Mexico and Brazil. Book Two is in two parts. Part One deals with the United States, USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) and eastern Europe, the Arab world, Japan and China. Part Two deals with Portugal under the headings: legislation, celebrated Portuguese homosexuals, homosexual prostitution. There is a brief discussion of each chapter in the front of each volume. The volume is most important for its social and historical background to Portuguese gay history. See entries *Pero Bergalez, *Manual Bocage, *Eugenio de Castro, *Antonio Ribeiro Chiardo, *Paes de Ribela, *Pero de Ambroa, *Pero de Armea. *Mario de Sa Carneiro. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1028-30: author of "Portugal". Poet from Spain who wrote in Spanish. 1933-1998. Homosexuality is not a central concern in his work though it is present. It deals with the *Oedipus complex and repressiveness. He is also a playwright and has written a novel. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionnaire Gay. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Poet from Japan writing in Japanese. Active before 1713. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Partings at Dawn, 106 (from the anthology *Iwatsutsuji). Goncalves de Magalhâes, Domingo Poet from Brazil writing in Portuguese. 1811-1882. Mayne, The Intersexes, p. 185 states he "was professedly Uranian", a diplomat and literateur and "author of the sometime 'Urania' poem (Vienna, 1862)". See P. Hartnoll, Oxford Companion to the Theatre, third edition, 1967, p. 898 where his name is given as Goncalves de Malaghâes and he is stated to have written Brazil's national play Antonio José, 1838, and to be a *romantic poet. Poet from Spain who wrote in Spanish. 1516-1627. The major seventeenth century Spanish poet; in his Solitudes there is a reference to *Ganymede (see Encyclopedia of Homosexuality reference). This work, his major work, is about a tortured alienated individual. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Oxford Companion to Spanish Literature. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1239: states *Quevedo called him a sodomite though there is no evidence of this. Criticism. Gay Sunshine no. 42/43 (1980), 19: "I suspect... Gongora was gay... and of course there's the fact that Quevedo always said Gongora was queer" (statement by *Jaime Gil de Biedma). Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1991; died 1993. An *Afro-American poet who is also a visual artist and performance artist. His book Perversion, consisting of poems and three stories, was nominated for a 1991 Gregory Kolovakos award for *Aids writing ; it was reviewed in the James White Review vol. 10 no. 3 (Spring 1993), 17 by Jim Cory - highly rated as "a Tine first book". His death is noted on the dedication page of the anthology * Name of Love. He died of *Aids. He edited Pyramid Poetry Periodical. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 54-55: poem "Black Summer"; biog., 176. Patron from Italy of works in Latin. 1466-1519. Ruler of Mantua and patron of 'Domizio Calderini who dedicated a commentary on 'Martial to both him and 'Lorenzo de' Medici (published 1474). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopædia Britannica. Translator from Spanish to English. Active 1978. See *"Song for Meeting a Friend" which he translated. Biography: see Brother Songs, p. 114. He is the author of a collection of poems: El Hacedor de Juegos/ The Maker of Games, 1978. Poet, biographer and novelist from the United States writing in English. Born 1952. He has lived in Venice, Paris and New York and in a semi-monastic community, Trees, associated with the Church of St John the Divine, New York. There is a review of his book of poem The Daily News in Boston Gay Review no. 4-5, 1978, 20. The author of a novel, Scary Kisses, 1988 (leviewed James v While I Review vol.5 no. 2, vvintei 1989, 6). His biography oi I lank O'Hara, City Poet: The Life and Times of Frank O'Hara, New York, 1993, is the first biography of this major gay poet, dealing candidly with his homosexuality in great detail (see the brilliant review in The New Yorker, 19 July 1993, 71-78, by Joan Acocella; also reviewed in New York Review of Books, 2 December 1993, 22-24). The dust jacket states he is Associate Professor of English, William Paterson College of New Jersey. See also *Tim Dlugos. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1504:The Daily News, Calais, VT: Z Press, 1977. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Son of the Male Muse, 92-96 (photo 92): wild poetry about sexual abandonment; biog., 188. Poets for Life, 80 81. Word of Mouth, 301-06. Publisher from the United States of works in English from ca. 1971. The Good Gay Poets is a *Boston publishing collective of gay poetry which has included books by *Jim Eggeling, *Charley Shively, *Stephen Jonas (pseud.), *Freddie Greenfield, *David Emerson Smith and *John Wieners. The poets *David Eberly and *Aaron Shurin (1971 broadside) were members. The first book was published in 1975, a combined collection by Charley Shively and *Salvatore Farinella. *Adrian Stanford was the first United States *black poet to publish a gay volume. The collective were also involved with the major journals * Boston Gay Review and *Fag Rag and were the main gay poetry publishing outlet for gay poetry books in Boston at the time. Poet from Australia writing in English. Born 1949. See "Poem: Governor's Pleasure" in Bow Tie and Tails, Adelaide: Wakefield Press, 1989, 63 (cited in *Austlit Record 112991). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Historian from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1979. Author of The Unmentionable Vice: Homosexuality in the Later Medieval Period, Santa Barbara and Oxford, 1979, 164 pp. A study of homosexuality in the *Middle Ages and of Christian *law; it has some discussion of Latin poets (see *Alan of Lille, *Baudri of Bourgueil, *Arnaut Daniel, *Guillaume IX of Aquitane, *Guillot, *Guido Guinizelli, *Jean, Bishop of Orleans, *Walter Map). See also "Sodomy in Medieval Secular Law", Journal of Homosexuality, 1 (1976), 295-302. Bibliographer and sexologist from Great Britain. Active 1931. Author of A Bibliography of Sex Rites and Customs: an annotated record of books, articles and illustrations in all languages , London, 1931, 752 pages. 9,000 works were examined and all are annotated; page references are given and there is an index. The author's preface states that he worked on the project for twenty years and used *Harvard Library, *Boston Public Library and other libraries in Boston and the *British Library. He gives his address in the preface as Taunton, Devon. See as examples, entries for *"Pederasty" and *"Phallicism". This is one of the greatest works of sexological bibliography and little used. Works in French, Italian, German and Latin are listed. Much material concerns *tribal cultures. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1967. Author of a brilliant book of gay *limericks with erotic homosexual photographic collage illustrations: The Gay Psychedelic Sexbook, Guild Press, 1967. This is the finest known complete book of gay limericks. Very rare. Copy used: *Kinsey Institute library. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1911-1972. Paul Goodman was a psychotherapist, social critic and activist involved in the 1960s counter culture. An outstanding poet of the *gay liberation period who was *bisexual throughout his life, his poetry shows the strong influence of *Whitman. Growing Up Absurd, 1960, a study of youth and delinquency, made him famous. He married twice and had a son. He described himself as a conservative anarchist. In Hawkweed: Poems, New York, 1967, see the title poem, p. 29, which, though *non gender specific points to his later gay poetry. This is his first gay volume (*Harold Norse to the author, 1995). In Collected Poems, for gay poems see, for example, pp. 6, 18, 2021; in the section "Making Love", pp. 268-309, many poems are *non gender specific and some are to women, but many are openly gay (e g., p. 277). "Youth and Age" in this book is an example of a fine gay poem. The book is in several sections including *ballads, *sonnets, *haiku (pp. 53-62). He wrote forty books. Five Years, 1967, is a diary. He wrote "Memoirs of an Ancient Activist", in The Gay Liberation Book, edited by Len Richmond and Gary Noguera, San Francisco, 1973, pp. 22-29 ("homosexual needs have made me a nigger"). For a bibliography see Tom Nicely, Adam and His Work: A Bibliography of Sources by and About Paul Goodman, 1979. Articles on him include Jack Nichols, "Paul Goodman", The Advocate no. 369, 9 June 1983, 35-37, and Harold Rosenberg, "Autonomy (Paul Goodman: 1911-1972)", Christopher Street, July 1976. For an interview see Leyland, Gay Sunshine Interviews, volume 2, pp. 201-02. Criticism: see Peter Parisi, Artist of the Actual: Essays on Paul Goodman, 1986; see especially "Poet of Indecorum" by Alice Ostriker, pp. 80-89. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors New Revision Series, volume 34. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 484-85. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10686: Collected Poems, New York: Random House, 1973. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1518: Collected Poems, New York: Random House, 1973; items 1525-26: Hawkweed, New York: Random House, 1967 and The Lordly Hudson, New York: Macmillan, 1962; item 1532: The Well of Bethlehem, New York: privately printed, no date. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Male Muse, 42-44; biog., 120. Rosen, Gay Life and Gay Writers, 56. Angels of the Lyre, 105-09; biog., 241. Fra mann til mann, 54. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 325-26. Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, 138-40; biog,. 138. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 516. Name of Love, 63; biog., 73. Poems of Love and Liberation, 57. Historian and critic from Australia writing in English. Born ca. 1940. His A History of Australian Literature, 1986, pp. 231-33, detects a *decadent strain in the poetry of *Michael Dransfield and *Robert Adamson. He is the author of a survey of English Departments in Australia dealing with the conceptualization of the teaching of English in Australia's 37 universities and written for the Australian Vice Chancellor's Committee, Academic Standards in Higher Education: Report of the Australian Vice-Chancellors' Committee: Report of the Academic Standards Panel, English, Canberra, 1994, 70 pp. (with bibl. pp. 44-47). In this work he discusses, amongst other issues, gay studies in English Departments (see pp. 7, 15); this appears to be one of the first appraisals of gay studies in English within universities. A former Professor of English at the University of Queensland, Brisbane, later deputy Vice-Chancellor at the University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba. He is heterosexual and married with three children. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1540-1594. The Oxford Companion to English Literature states his Eglogs, Epitaphs and Sonnets (1563) are, along with those of Barclay, the earliest examples of *pastoral in English: the eclogues are imitations of *Mantuan (pseud.). He attended both *Oxford and *Cambridge. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionary of National Biography. Handbook of Elizabethan and Stuart Literature. Criticism. Norton, Homosexual Literary Tradition, 147-48: states he "condemned the frenzies of both homosexual and heterosexual love" in his * Eclogues; cites also a *Ganymede reference. Pseudonym of a poet from India who wrote in Urdu. 1896-1982. He lectured in *Romantic poetry at Allahabad University in Uttar Pradesh state in northwest India. His real name was Raghupati Sahay. He is discussed in Sadiq, History of Urdu Literature, 516-19. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literature, South volume, 51. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Yaraana: Gay Writing from India, 1 (trans. by *Hoshang Merchant and the only gay poem the translator and anthologist could find); biog., 208 - known to be homosexual in his lifetime but "never wrote a gay line". Criticism. Rahman, "Boy love in the Urdu ghazal", Paidika vol. 2 no. 1 (1989), 12: "said to have been a pederast" and wrote a book on amorous poetry in which he referred to *Edward Carpenter's Love's Coming of Age (1896). Poet from Australia who wrote in English. 1833-1870. Adam Lindsay Gordon became famous in the late 19th and early 20th century as a major Australian English language poet. *Martin Smith, in Campaign 27 (December 1977), 17-19, "Our Australia Gay Heritage: Adam Lindsay Gordon", claims he was gay. However, the evidence presented here, regarding Gordon's alleged homosexuality, is not conclusive. The article includes a comment by the Australian historian Manning Clark to Martin Smith: "I suppose you'll be writing on the overt homosexuality of that priest [Father Julian Tenison-Woods] and Lindsay Gordon" (p. 18). Manning Clark, in A History of Australia, volume 4, Melbourne, 1978, pp. 306-11, discusses his life and poetry; on p. 306 Clark states: "He had loved a man, Charley Walker. He had loved a woman, Jane Bridges" and on p. 308 refers to his "ineffectual encounters with women". Gordon, who began a vogue for literary *ballads, married and produced a daughter who died in infancy. However, Tenison-Woods maintained that when he heard Gordon had married "Nothing ever surprised me so much. Of all my acquaintance he was least like a marrying man" ("Personal Reminiscences of Adam Lindsay Gordon", Melbourne Review, April 1884, 137). He adds, regarding Gordon's proposal of marriage to his wife to be: "A few days before he married, he said one morning as he was leaving [to the fifteen year old girl whom he later married] - 'Well, girl, I like your ways. You seem industrious and sensible. If you like, I will take a cottage at Robe, and we will get married next week, and you shall keep house for me'" adding: "A companion to him she would hardly be as the differences in their position and education were so great" (ibid., pp. 137-38). As these remarks make clear Gordon's marriage was an arranged affair. Gordon shot himself on the day after the publication of his second book of poems; among other things, he was suffering financial difficulties after losing an inherited fortune. His poetry was influenced by *Swinburne (see "From Lightning to Tempest") and *Byron, who influenced him in his personal style of living. He was widely read in the ancient Latin and Greek classics (e. g., *Virgil and *Horace: see Tenison-Woods, op. cit., pp. 132-33). Gordon became something of a cult figure after his death and a plaque was erected to him in Westminster Abbey as Australia's greatest poet. His literary reputation has since declined. Gordon's exact relationship with Julian Tenison-Woods may never be known, though Tenison-Woods claimed "I think I may say that for five years I was the only intimate friend he had in the bush" (op. cit., p. 134); according to Tenison-Woods, too, Gordon was "remarkably shy and retiring" (ibid., p. 133). Tenison-Woods himself could have had tendencies to *sado-masochism: see the photograph of Woods in riding gear holding a horse crop, opposite the title page, in The Life of Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods by G. O'Neil, 1929 - in the context of him being a Catholic priest this is more than just a photograph of a man with a riding crop and that he allowed such a photograph to be taken alone is interesting (of course it does not prove any actual behaviour). Gordon's poems have not all been edited in a collected edition. Bibliography: Ian F. McClaren, Adam Lindsay Gordon: A Comprehensive Bibliography (Melbourne, University of Melbourne Library, 1986, 462 pp.); this bibliography omits the Martin Smith article cited above. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Critic from Great Britain who wrote in English. Born ca. 1917-died ca. 1979. An academic homosexual lecturer at Liverpool University from 1946 (the University's vice-chancellor at the time was John Wolfenden who compiled the Wolfenden Report which preceded legalization of homosexual acts in Great Britain for those over 21). He was the author of a book of essays, The Renaissance Imagination, 1975. Apart from the *Renaissance see essays on *Ben Jonson's masque Hymenaei and essays on *George Chapman's Hero and Leander and on *Michelangelo. See Frank Kermode, Not Entitled, London, 1996, Chapter 4, "Incomplete", pp. 170-194, in which the influence of Gordon on Kermode (later Professor of English at *Cambridge) is discussed; see pp. 179-80 and 193 on D. J. Gordon's homosexuality; the chapter is important in discussing a homosexual lecturer in a university at a time when it was difficult to be openly gay. D. J Gordon was something of a dandy and a friend of *Ian Fletcher; he later became alcoholic and lived a seedy existence in London, as Kermode makes clear. Collector of English language bawdry from the United States. Active before 1992. Folksongs collected by him have been deposited in the Library of Congress, *Washington. Material was collected before 1992. The Inferno section of the Library of Congress has erotic material and the material may be in this section: see *Ed Cray, The Erotic Muse, 1992, pp. xiv-xv and pp. 308-15 re the balllad *"Christopher Columbo". Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Active 1924. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 75: poem "Lad's Love"; a poem on a *pedophile theme. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 511. Poet and addressee of poems from Russia. 1884-1967. He was one of the founders of Acmeism, a poetic movement in Russian, with which *Akhmatova and *Gumilev were involved. Apparently he had sexual relations with *Kuzmin: see Times Literary Supplement, 10 December 1999, 29, column 4 (review by Donald Rayfield of Kuzmin biography by John E. Malmstad) but may only have had a platonic relationship with *Vyacheslav Ivanov (see *Out of the Blue, 140). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Terras, Handbook of Russian Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Les Amours masculines, 290: states he inspired poems written by *Ivanov. Criticism. *Simon Karlinsky, Gay Sunshine, 29-30 (Summer/ Fall 1976), "Russia's Gay Literature and History", 4: states he "was primarily straight". Works of philosophy, history and religion containing poems in Greek from Israel from ca. 60. Some words are in Aramaic. The four Gospels (Greek: "good news"), accepted by the broad body of Christian churches since ca. 400 as embodying the teachings of Jesus Christ, are those of Matthew, Mark, Luke and John (however other Gospels exist - e.g. *Gnostic gospels). A few words spoken by Jesus and included in the Gospels are in Aramaic (see the entry Jesus Christ for these); since the words of Jesus are regarded as literally true by many Christians these Aramaic words assume great significance. The Gospels are works of philosophy which embody history and myth - depending on a reader's point of view - of the *Christian religion. Some Christians believe that every word is to be believed literally. The Gospels form part of the *New Testament, the earliest writings of Christianity, which itself is part of the * Bible, the total teachings of the Christianity (which includes the Hebew *Old Testament, the sacred scriptures of the Jews). Poetry and the Gospels. Though written in prose, the Gospels are strophic in the sense of being divided into verses so they can be seen as being wholly in poetry; they were probably recited initially before written records commenced from about ca. 70 to 100. They were also chanted and sometimes sung in churches from about the early Christian centuries (and still are in many churches) and thus became oral poems. The text of these works which we have is in Greek, the language of literacy of Israel of the time. There may have been prior texts in Aramaic, an *Afro-Asiatic langauge which was the language spoken by Christ, but this is very uncertain. For possible oral origins of the Gospels see Werne H. Kelber, The Oral and Written Gospels (1983; new edition Bloomington, 1997). Parts of The Gospels, e. g. the Beatitudes (major teachings of Jesus; see Gospel of Matthew Chapter 5, verses 3-11), are directly in conventional poetry; and there are some *hymns in the text. The rhythmic structure in the English King James Version (the accepted translation from 1611 to about 1970) is poetic and strongly influenced *Walt Whitman and *free verse. See also the Bible entry for general discussion of poetry and the Bible. The canon of the Gospels, the teachings of Jesus and homosexuality. The standard Greek text is contained in the New Testament for which see Barbara and Kurt Aland, Novum Testamentum Graece, twenty-seventh edition, Stuttgart, 1993. On the problems of the text see D. L. Dungan, The History of the Synoptic Problem: The Canon, The Text, The Composition and the Interpretation of the Gospels (New York, 1999); see also works discussed in the New Testament entry. The first three Gospels are called the synpotic gospels since they basically agree on the story of the life of Jesus. The fourth gospel, the Gospel of John, has always been a particularly attractive work and the writer has been taken to be the disciple "whom Jesus especially loved" (Chapter 13, verse 23). There is an ancient tradition in commentaries on this gospel linking it with the teachings of the Greek philosopher *Plato especially the discussion on love in the * Symposium. Other gospels are known from the early Christian period and there was a struggle within the early Church as to which gospels were to be accepted as canonical; this forms part of the *debate on love, of the time, out of which the teachings of Jesus Christ arose. His teachings overall relate also to Indian religions such as *Hinduism and especially its branches based on *Siva and *Krishna as well as the *debate on love in Greek and teachings in Persian such as *Zoroasterianism. The gospels associated with *Gnosticism were rejected by the early Christian churches. One Gnostic gospel, The Gospel of Mark, has a homosexual incident (see *Gnosticism); another, the Gospel of Thomas, is strongly homoerotic (on this work see "Buch des Thomas" in Kindlers neues Literatur Lexikon, volume 18). For extracts from these works see Marvin Meyer, editor, The Unknown Sayings of Jesus, San Francisco, 1998. The Gospels were only translated into European vernacular languages in the *Renaissance; before that they were read in churches in western Europe in Latin (which few people understood) and in eastern Europe in Greek, though in eastern Europe they were early translated into Slavic languages (where many Apocryphal works existed, especially in the Balkans; Gnostic Gospels were included in some Apocryphal collections). Robert Miller, The Complete Gospels (1992) includes the text of 16 non canonical gospels (some 26 such gospels are known). The effect of mechanical printing on circulation of the Gospels. The coming of mechanical printing to Europe with the German printer Johannes Gutenberg of Mainz resulted in the increased circulation of the Bible - and hence the Gospels - initially in the Latin translation of *Saint Jerome. Mechanical printing allowed many more copies of a work to be made and circulated than hand copying. Gutenberg's 42 line Bible, printed ca. 1453-56, in the Latin text of *Saint Jerome, was the first complete mechanically printed Bible. This was followed by translation into vernacular languages such as German and English. Up to this period most people in western Europe only heard extracts from the Bible in church services in Latin (which they usually did not understand); in the Greek speaking world Greek was used of course and the situation varied with other languages such as *Slavic languages. However literarcy rates were low until the late nineteenth century. The Gospels and Christian poetrv. The Gospels form the background against which Christian poetry was written: see, for instance, John of the Cross. Christian *hymns based on them were and are sung in Christian churches. Their form is *open form. The poet *Nonnus put the gospel of John into actual Greek poetry. Translation. Since the *New Testament has been translated into this 769 of languages, The Gospels have been translated into this number of languages: see Liana Lupas, Scriptures of the World, NY, 1992, p. 7 (a detailed listing of languages translated is included and portions only of the Bible have been translated into a further 916 languages - see p. 7 - including parts of the Gospels). See the *British Library General Catalogue under "Bible" for translated works held by the *British Library; see also the National Union Catalog. Finding translations is discussed in more detail in the Bible entry. Early translations. Early languages in which the Bible was printed mechanically from 1474 (for the New Testament in French) are listed from p. 43 of Liana Lupus, Scriptures of the World. Manuscript translation preceded these versions. There were early translations into Svriac. Ethiopic. Nubian. Armenian and Georgian. Soodian. In this language, which was only rediscovered in the twentieth century, in Turfan, central Asia (see *Dunhuang), there is a translation of the New Testament from the Syrian translation. Interpretation. The Gospels of Jesus Christ have a message of love: Jesus' command to his disciples to "love one another as I have loved you" (Gospel of John xiii,34) is usually taken to be the central doctrine of his teaching. Love here has have been interpreted for most of the Christian era as referring to love in a non-sexual sense. However, the Greek verb used in the above reference, "agapao", has distinct sexual overtones - or rather, sexual overtones cannot be ruled out: see Liddell and Scott, Greek-English Lexicon, p. 7; this states that the noun "agape" means simply love (not spiritual love). Only certain interpretations of the Gospels were judged correct (for instance as embodied in the "Apostles' Creed") and interpretation has differed from church to church. See also the Latin writer *Ficino and *Marxism (which some have claimed is a form of Christianity). Detailed criticism of the Gospels began in the modern period on literary critical grounds from ca. 1870 beginning with the German Tischendorf; from this time on they were seen by many as literary texts rather than received truth. Commentaries on the Gospels exist in many languages. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Poet, editor, biographer, autobiographer and collector from Great Britain writing in English. 1849-1928. An extremely prolific late Victorian man oi letters, Edmund Gosse married in 18/5 and had three children but seems to have been temperamentally homosexual and to have fallen in love with the sculptor of major homoerotic works, Hamo Thornycroft (see A. Thwaite, Edmund Gosse, 1984, pp. 184-87). He corresponded with *J. A. Symonds: see Symonds, Letters, edited by *R. Peters, vol. 3, p. 451 where the editors state "On February 24, 1890, Gosse had written to Symonds of his homosexual tendencies". Symonds sent him some photographs of naked boys which Gosse looked at at the funeral of Robert Browning (see the index of Symonds's Letters, 3 volumes, 1967-69). From 1870 he published several volumes of poetry. Madrigals, Songs and Sonnets, 1870, the first, was published with John Blaikie as joint author. In New Poems, 1879, see "In Praise of *Dionysus" pp. 84-87 (strong homo suggestions), *"Hans Christian Andersen" pp. 188-91, *"Eros" pp. 192-93 (strong gay suggestions; first published in On Flute and Viol, 1873, p. 111). His Collected Poems, 1911, and Poems, 1926, are his last two volumes of poetry. In Collected Poems, 1911, see *"Aubrey de Vere, pp. 342-43". He edited the works of *T. L. Beddoes and the works of *Swinburne with T. J. Wise (published in 1925), but the edition is very unreliable. He wrote lives of *Thomas Gray and *Swinburne and the Dictionary of National Biography entry on Swinburne. He also wrote other entries for the Dictionary of National Biography. His 1907 autobiography, Father and Son is a milestone in the art of English language autobiography. Biography: see Ann Thwaite, Edmund Gosse, 1984; bibl. of Gosse's works pp. 513-15. On his library see E. H. M. Cox, The Library of Edmund Gosse, London, 1924. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionary of National Biography. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Poet from France writing in French. Active 1902. Criticism. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, vol. 5 part 2 (1903), 1055-56: review of his book of poems Six attitudes d'adolescent, Lille: Verlag "Le Beffroi", 1902. Bibliographer from Germany who wrote in German. Died 1923. He was, with 'Hugo Hayn, the compiler of the most detailed German erotic bibliography 'Hayn Gotendorf, Bibliotheca germanorum erotica, in eight volumes, published 1912-25, with a ninth, addenda, volume by 'Paul Englisch. Not in Oxford Companion to German Literature . Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Lexikon des gesamten Buchwesens, second edition: under "Hayn-Gotendorf"; this discloses he was a Dresden collector of books who died in 1923. Deakin, Catalogi librorum eroticum, 12-14. Poet from Germany who wrote in German. Ca. 1170-ca.1210. Author of the long unfinished poem * Tristan of 19,000 lines (see Oxford Companion to German Literature: "Tristan") about the life of the knight T ristan and his unhappy love for Isolde. The poem is based on the Roman de T ristan of the Anglo-Norman poet Thomas von Britanje and was the source of *Richard Wagner's opera Tristan und Isolde. Tristan's world is divided into those who experience the world sensually and those who appreciate love as a *mystical union. Strong *male bonding figures centrally in his life. A famous passage praises *Heinrich von Veldeke and *Walther von der Vogelweide but puts down *Wolfram von Eschenbach (whom Gottfried doesn't mention by name). The poem is believed to have been written for one Dietrich; its inspiration thus seems to have had something of a homosexual element. The gay German poet *Platen wrote a work called Tristan. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. City in German where the main language is German. A famous university town comparable to *Oxford and *Heidelberg. The university was founded in 1737 and was famous in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries for the teaching of Greek and Latin: see *C. A. Klotz. Compare *Oxford, *Cambridge. *Wilamowitz-Möllendorf taught there; see also the group of poets *Göttinger Hainbund. The town houses a Film Institute which has much rare film material on *tribal cultures and has published catalogs e.g. Ethnologie, Afrika, 1986 on *African films. Compare *Heidelberg. Movement in Germany in German. Active 1772-ca.1775 in *Göttingen. They wrote poems on *friendship, nature and love. It was created when a group of men joined hands and danced around an oak tree in 1772 vowing eternal *friendship. The group was given the name by *J. H. Voss. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature: a group of students and friends passionately interested in poetry, especially that of *F. G. Klopstock. Poet possibly from Germany who wrote in Latin. Ca. 805-ca. 870. Gattschalk was a heretical priest who went into exile. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 145-47. Criticism. Bullough, Sexual Variance, 370-71 and f. 91 p. 377: English trans. of the Latin poem, *"Eclogue of Theodolus"; the poem can be read as a plaint to a lover and the text is in Schuyler Allen and Howard Mumford Jones, The Romanesque Lyric, 1928, 150-51. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Born 1882. Not in Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 498. Criticism. Foster, "Beauty's Purple Flame: Some Minor American Gay Poets", Gay Books Bulletin no. 7 (1982), 16: states he wrote poems on Greek homoerotic themes (quote from "Discobolus", about a Greek athlete); book of poems cited p.18: Aphrodite and other poems, New York, 1918. Editor and critic from Great Britain of Greek poets and translator from Greek into English from Great Britain. 1886-1978. A scholar who did much work on the text of *Hellenistic poets and Greek *anthologies. He edited and translated Theocritus (2 volumes, Cambridge, 1950; repr. 1952), Greek Bucolic Poets (1953; translation and brief notes), The Greek Anthology: Sources and Inscriptions (1958) - this latter being a concise introduction to The * Palatine Anthology, The Greek Anthology: Hellenistic Epigrams (1965), The Greek Anthology: The Garland of Philip (1968) (these last two works with Sir Denis [D. L.] Page). The Greek Bucolic Poets, Hamden, Connecticut, 1972, 156 pp. is apparently a translation only. In 1936, he compiled a bibliography of *Housman's classical writings and is referred to in The Letters of A. E. Housman, edited by Henry Maas (London: *Rupert Hart-Davis, 1971), p. xii, as his (Housman's) "close friend". There are extensive references to him in *R. P. Graves' biography of Housman and he appears to have been something of a protege of Housman whose lectureship he inherited (oral sources indicate this was arranged by Housman). He was a Cambridge don at Trinity College, the same college as Housman, and was a somewhat Housmanic figure (very withdrawn), according to oral tradition (Alan James, University of Sydney to the author). He never married. Compare *Benjamin Jowett. He appears in Who's Who 1974, p.1292. Obituary: by F. H. Sandbach in Proceedings of the British Academy, LXIV (1978), 426-441; photograph, 426. This reveals that Gow was a founder member of the Cambridge *Marlowe Society (428), taught at *Eton for eleven years, where he was nicknamed Granny Gow (429), became a Fellow of Trinity in the same year as Housman who secured him election "in 1928 to the Family, a select dining club of twelve members" (432) in appreciation of his friendship, and that he was something of an *aesthete in his youth. He later collected paintings and was close friends with *J. D. Beazley and *E. P. Warren (437-38). The homosexual art historian Anthony Blunt told the F. H. Sandbach it was "to Gow that he owes knowledge of how to study art-history" (438). He left his art collection to the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge together with 250,000 pounds. An unpublished autobiography exists at Trinity College. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10688: The Greek Bucolic Poets, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1953. Gozan (also spelt Gosan) literature, also called Five Zen Temples Literature Movement in Japanese and Chinese from Japan. From ca. 1192-1573. Gozan literature is large in volume and was so named because it was inspired by the Gozan or "Five Mountains", five large *Zen monasteries. It was written in the Kamakura and Muromachi periods (1192-1573) in the monasteries around *Kyoto and Kamakura. Some works were written in Chinese (it was influenced by the Chinese *T'ang poets) and especially flourished 1350-1400. Suichi Kato, A History of Japanese Literature, vol. 2, p. 104 cites homosexuality in the following Gozan poetic works: Shinden shiko (early fifteenth century); Ryusuishu by Tosho Shugen (late fifteenth century); San'eki enshi (early sixteenth century). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan : see "Gozan" and "Gozan Literature". Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion: see "Gozan Zen". Criticism. *Maggie Childs, "Japan's Homosexual Heritage", Gai Saber, volume 1 number 1 (Spring 1977), 41: re love poems to men by men inspired by beautiful boys (source: Heinrich Dumoulin, A History of Zen Buddhism, 1965, p. 309 note). Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. 1883-1911. See Babilonia no. 10, 43-44. He appears to have been gay. Translator from Persian to German from Germany. Active 1850. He translated *Sa'di's Bustan, 1850 Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 78-80: trans. of *Sa'di into German. His name is given as K. H. Graf, Lic. theol. Graffiti are works scratched or written on walls or buildings and in later times written in manuscripts and books, called marginalia. Some surviving graffiti are in the form of poetry. Graffiti are remarks usually made on the spur of the moment and not meant to last; sometimes they are sexual, especially in toilets. *Bawdry poetry featuring sexually explicit material is frequently a feature of graffiti. Poetry is known so far in Greek from Greece, Latin, Japanese and English from 79. Works appear in Egyptian on the Temple of Karnak in Thebes but there are no poems. Poetry with a homosexual slant possibly appears first in Latin from before 79. Greek. The earliest Greek homo graffiti are from the island of Thira (or Santorini); possibly a homopoem was inscribed (see *David M. Robinson). See Edward Brongersma, "The Thera Inscriptions", Journal of Homosexuality vol. 20 no.1-2 (1990), 31-40; no homopoems cited however. Homosexual graffiti have also been found in the Athenian Agora (market place): see Mabel Lang, Graffiti in the Athenian Agora, Princeton, American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 1974, 64 pp: see p. 30 re homosexual graffiti. Neither in Thira or Athens have definite poems engraved on walls come to light in this genre to date. References. Brandt, Sittengeschichte griechenlands, volume 2, pp. 215 and 248 footnote 215 citing Kalinka in Wien. Stud. XXIV, 292 ff (referring to Palatine Anthology x 87). In Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, p. 516, the author notes "As Kalinka informs us, a non-obscene epigram has been found on the wall of a latrine at Ephesus" (same reference as to the preceding reference). (The epigram cited here, x 87, is not gay). Latin. A homosexual poem in the form of graffiti inscribed on a wall survives from *Pompeii (destroyed 79 A. D.): see Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, 5092 ("Amoris ignes si sentires, mulio"). In the *Middle Ages similar works were written on the margins and in the pages of Latin manuscripts (called sometimes marginalia) as Stehling in Medieval Latin Poems of Male Love and Friendship discusses and lists below; such manuscripts would, of course, be seen by only a few persons in monasteries. Almost all the poems in the entry *Anonymous Poets - Latin fall into the graffiti class. Latin graffiti - on walls and in manuscripts - reveal preoccupation with homosexuality over 1400 years in Latin. See Antonio Varone, Erotica pompeiana, Rome, 1994 - graffiti from Pompeii translated into Italian; some poems may be relevant. See also *Sara Lilja. References. Medieval Latin Poems of Male Love and Friendship, pp. 94-101; notes pp. 157-58: graffiti from a 12th/13th century manuscript. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 1pp. 72-74: repetition of Stehling. Lilja, Homosexuality in Republican and Augustan Rome, pp. 97-102. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, pp. 487-89. English. United States. *Allen Walker Read (1935) compiled the first work. Robert Reisner, Graffiti, New York, 1967, 45 cites the following rhyme from a United States toilet: "*Faggots are maggots." *W. H. Auden's Academic Graffiti, 1971, are in the form of clerihews and important only for being by an openly gay poet; see No. 58 re *Oscar Wilde. They show a literary slant to the tradition. See *Maledicta 5 (1981) for a poem beginning: "I'm so happy I'm so gay". Rhyming homosexual graffiti on toilet walls, which are extensive, have not been collected in any great quantity perhaps because they are ephemeral; for an example from Australia see *"Love me tender, love me sweet". Compare *limericks. Japanese. Recording of graffiti dates from the *Edo period (from ca. 1600) when they were recorded by the scholar Morori Norinaga, including satires in *waka. Graffiti mentioning sex were uncovered in the Horyuji temple dating from ca. 750; these graffiti need investigation for homosexual poems which are a strong possibility (they are also called rakugaki). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan: see "Graffiti". Vern L. Bullough, editor, Human Sexuality: An Encyclopedia, New York, 1994: "Graffiti" (with bibl.) Ullstein Enzyklopädie der Sexualität. Bibliographies. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 67. Poet from Germany writing in German. Born 1922. Not in Oxford Companion to German Literature. No entry in the *British Library General Catalogue. The National Union Catalog lists a book of poems Die Gralsucher, [Westheim bei Augsburg:] Rost, 1947, 16 pp. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 59: the poems "An einen Jungen" and "Uber die Tapferkeit". Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10690-91: the same poems listed as books, apparently incorrectly. Translator from Italian to Latin from Italy. Active 1782-91. The introduction to the *H. G. Bohn edition of Martial states he was an Italian teacher living in London. His Latin translations of the so-called obscene epigrams were used instead of English in the *H. G. Bohn edition. He was the first translator of the complete poems of *Martial into Italian (published in London, 1782-91). See the note in Notes and Queries, 5th series, III, 1875. p. 418 by Fraxinus (i.e. *H. S. Ashbee). Bibliographies. Ashbee, Bibliography of Prohibited Books, volume One, 376-78: "the most complete translation that exists of Martial's epigrams". Songwriter from the United States who wrote in English. Active ca. 1920. Composer of the famous *Harlem blues classic "Tain't nobody's business", ca. 1920. Source: Advocate no. 342, p. 41(which article does not give the text). The song is the title of the article on gay Harlem by *Eric Garber. The song can be interpreted in a coded way as being a defence of homosexuality. City in southern Spain under Arab control for several centuries and famous for the Arabic citadel and palace, The Alhambra, which still survives. Poems of relevance survive from ca. 1020. Spanish. *Saint John of the Cross wrote many poems in Granada; *Garcia Lorca lived there. Arabic: see *Abu'l-Barakat al Bakafiqi, *Ben Mutarri, *Yusuf III (ruler of Granada 1408-1417). Hebrew: *Samuel Hanagid, *Judah ha-Levi. Spanish: *Rosales. Bibliographies. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition: see "Gharnata". Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 489-90. Translator from Latin to French. Active 1543. The author of La seconde eglogue de Virgile, 1543. Apparently the first translation into French of *Virgil's "Second *Eclogue". Translator from French to English possibly from Great Britain. Active before 1983. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 223: translation, with *Paul Archer, of the poem "Spring", about *lesbianisn, by the French poet *Verlaine into English. Poet novelist, critic, dramatist and autobiographer from Great Britain who wrote in English; translator from Persian to English. He also lived in Spain. 1895-1985. A poet famous for his work The White Goddess, 1948, a study of the role of the female principle in poetry, from which true poets (according to Graves) derive their power. As a poet he was first linked to the *Georgians. Educated at Charterhouse and Oxford, he married in 1918, after serving in the war, and later lived with Laura Riding on the island of Majorca, in Spain, after 1929. Autobiography. His autobiography, Goodbye to All That, 1929, mainly dealing with his experiences in World War I, includes references to homosexuality; two passages of the first edition were suppressed in later editions - a short passage on p. 209 and a poem by *Siegfried Sassoon on pp. 341-43 (see Fred H. Higginson, A Bibliography of the Works of Robert Graves, 1966, p. 48). In the first edition, second printing, London, 1929, see pp. 76-80 on a strong homoaffectional relationship with Dick at Charterhouse school (though he states "I was unconscious of sexual feeling for him") and pp. 282-95 and 315 ff. on his friendship with Siegfried Sassoon. Graves states in this 1929 edition "In English preparatory and public schools romance is necessarily homosexual... I only recovered.. at the age of twenty-one" (quoted in *Martin Seymour-Smith, Robert Graves, 1982, p. 20.) There was a revised edition, 1957 (reprinted in Penguin Books, 1960: see p. 45 of this edition on his school boy affair with Dick: "I fell in love with a boy three years younger than myself... I was unconscious of any sexual desire for him" and Chapter 28, pp. 242-54, on his friendship with *T. E. Lawrence (a passage considerably enlarged from the earlier edition), and pp. 146-51 ff. on friendship with *Siegfried Sassoon. In The White Goddess: an historical grammar of poetic myth (1948), Graves makes attacks on homosexuality and there is an implication that "Apollonian" or "classical" poetry is in some way homosexual (see also *classicism). Graves wrote a play But It Still Goes On (1930; repr. in 1951 in Occupation Writer) in which one of the main characters is homosexual. The Story of Mary Powell, Wife to Mr Milton, 1943, is a novel based on the English poet John Milton and refers to homosexuality in Milton's life pp. 116-17, 131, 153, 188 (source: Garde, Jonathan to Gide, p. 369). As can be seen Graves's attitude to homosexuality shows considerable ambivalence: from *homophobia to acceptance. He also wrote to *Edward Carpenter about the subject (see *C. Tsuzuki, Edward Carpenter, 1980, p. 148). Text of Graves's poems. Graves continually re-edited his poems from his first published volume, 1916, and the text presents great complexity. Love in his Collected Poems is heterosexual though "Lost Love" (Collected Poems 1914-1947, London, 1948, p. 23) is general. In Poems 1914-1926, London, 1927, see "Familiar Letter to Siegfried Sassoon" pp. 54-57, "Not Dead" p. 53 (considerable homoeroticism), "Two Fusiliers" p. 62 ("To bind our lovely friendship fast"), and "To R. N." pp. 62-63 (re *fauns) See also Fred W. Higginson, A Bibliography of Robert Graves, London, 1966. Biography. In Martin Seymour-Smith, Robert Graves: His Life and Work, London, 1982, see pp. 20-22, 73-74 and 406 for discussion of homosexuality and Graves; the author believes Graves was heterosexual and states Graves attacks homosexuality in The White Goddess. Reginald Percival Graves, a relative of the poet, has written a biography. Homosexuality in his works relating to other languages. Greek. He is the author of The Greek Myths, Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1955, 2 volumes - a thorough study of these myths which includes references to homosexuality and with detailed bibliographical details: see *Apollo, *Centaurs, *Endymion, *Ganymede, *Hercules, 'Hermaphroditus, *Narcissus, *Orestes and Pylades. Persian. He helped translate *Omar Khayyam with Omar Ali-Shah: The Original Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam (New York, 1968) including a commentary and list of manuscripts, pp. 84-85. Graves worked under the supervision of the Persian *Sufi poet Ali-Shah and this version has been widely attacked; he appears to have put the poems into poetry from a prose version of Omar Ali-Shah. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1564: Goodbye to all That, London: Cape 1929. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 176-77, 219; biog. Criticism. Caesar, Taking it like a man: Suffering, sexuality and the War Poets, 172-224. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1996. Author of the book of poems with gay reference Angel at the Door, Reading, 1996 (with illustrations by G-Man). A copy of this book is in the *British Library where it is catalogued under homosexuality. An *eighteen nineties poet whose 1893 volume of poems Silverpoints (London: *Elkin Mathews and John Lane) was designed by *Charles Ricketts is regarded as one of the most beautifully designed eighteen nineties books (reprints exist e.g., in 1973 by Minerva Press, edition of 250 copies, and in New York by Woodstock Books 1994). It was published originally in an edition of 275 copies with 25 other copies on vellum and an unknown number of copies unnumbered. It was bound in *green cloth. The poems in Silverpoints are, however, conventional *decadent verse of the period with thirteen of the twenty-nine poems being French translations and strongly religious overtones; many are dedicated to men but none is a memorable work. The phrase "A twylipped scarlet pansie" later to be used as the name for a famous gay novel A Scarlet Pansy occurs in "The Barber". There is an excellent discussion of the work in the Introduction to the 1994 printing signed "I. S." and "R. K. R. T." He published Spiritual Poems in 1896 and later wrote *hymns. He converted to the *Catholic religion in 1890 with all the attendent difficulties of this homophobic religion. Apparently, after 1890, he ceased to be active sexually, though this can never be proven. He is believed to be one of Wilde's *lovers and the model for Dorian Gray in Wilde's novel The Portrait of Dorian Gray. The two were close 1891-93 (see *Richard Ellmann's biography of Wilde) before the advent of *Alfred Douglas. He was ordained a priest in 1901 and lived in *Edinburgh in a church paid for by his intimate friend *Raffalovich and who lived in a house close by. He had met him in 1892 and Raffalovich paid for the publication of Silverpoints (see Richard Ellmann, Oscar Wilde, 1987, p. 369; it was formerly believed that Oscar Wilde paid for this but discovery of the original contract showed this was not so). Gray edited *Beardsley's Letters in 1904. Text. See *lan Fletcher, editor, The Poems of John Gray, 1988. This is a brilliant edition with a biography of Gray pp. 1-19. "Rosary of the Holy Cross" pp. 147-48 shows repressed homosexual feelings directed towards Jesus Christ. There is also Some Unpublished Poems, Edinburgh: Tragara Press, 1987, 37 pp. Biography: *Brocard Sewell, In the *Dorian Mould, 1983 (there is a detailed discussion of Silverpoints pp. 38-54 including quotation of some poems in full); Jerusha Hull McCormack, John Gray, 1991. See also Brockard Sewell, Footnote to the Nineties, London: *Cecil Woolf and Amelia Woolf, 1968, 121 pp. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10694-96: "The flying fish" in The Dial, 1896 and Poems, 1931 [no other details of this printing], Silverpoints, London: John Lane, 1893. Criticism. Croft-Cooke, Feasting with Panthers, 208-26. Poet and novelist from South Africa. Born 1941. An openly gay poet: see * Apollo Cafe (1989), a very fine volume of poems with one openly gay poem, "Fade Out", pp. 13-16, about a man dying of *Aids. See also Selected Poems 1960-1992 (Cape Town, 1994), 74 pages. He wrote the first South African gay novel, Time of Our Darkness (1988), and is a noted literary figure who was the editor of The Penguin Book of South African Verse and Short Stories, 1989. He is the author of two other novels, Born of Man, 1989 and War Child, 1991. Interview: see Gay Times, May 1988, pp. 38-40. He has been twice married and is a Professor of English. Autobiography: Accident of Birth (1993). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Benson, Encyclopedia of Post-Colonial Literatures. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Invisible Ghetto, 76-77. Poet, letter writer and diarist from Great Britain who wrote poems in English, Latin, Italian and Greek. 1716-1771. Thomas Gray, wrote one of the most famous poems in English, Elegy written in a Country Churchyard. He went to school at *Eton where his closest friends were *Richard West and *Horace Walpole. Gray studied at *Cambridge, and the three friends, Gray, West and Walpole wrote to each other throughout their lives. Walpole and Gray had a celebrated quarrel while touring France and Italy 1739-1741. Called effeminate by *Samuel Johnson in his life of Gray in his The Lives of the Poets, Gray was loathed by *Elizabeth Barrett Browning because of *misogyny as revealed in his letters. He lived a bachelor existence in Cambridge as a don from 1742 at two colleges: Peterhouse and Pembroke. Though the date of composition is uncertain, Gray's Elegy written in a Country Churchyard (published in 1751), is perhaps the most famous poem in English, certainly on the continent of Europe. It seems to have been inspired by Wests death in 1742. West seems to have been the "Youth to Fortune and to Fame unknown" of the epitaph whose grave the poet haunts and who inspired the "Sonnet on the Death of Mr. Richard West". Most critics place the composition of the Elegy after West's death. Homosexuality as a cause of its inspiration was first put forward by *Peter Watson Smyth in The Spectator 31 July, 1971, 171-74; see also *G. S. Rousseau and below under "Criticism". A focus of the poem is the epitaph to the youth. Gray was devoted to his mother and is buried in the same grave as her in Stoke Poges church (this is the church credited with being the church which inspired the Elegy). He published his Poems in 1757. There can be little doubt that Gray was at least affectionally homosexual: all his close relations were with men. His Journal was first published in 1775 and his letters were published in 3 volumes, 1935, edited by Paget Toynbee and L. Whibley; see especially his letters to the handsome Swiss Charles-Victor de Bonstetten, who did not return his affections. Biography. In *R. W. Ketton-Cremer, Thomas Gray, 1955, see especially Chapter 12 on Bonstetten. Robert F. Gleckner, Gray Agonistes: Thomas Gray and masculine friendship, 1999, discusses homoeroticism in Gray. Gray wrote poems in languages other than English. Italian. One Italian poem was written: "Spesso Amor sotto la forma". Greek. He wrote a Greek *epigram. He also translated poems from the *Anthoiogia Graeca including some on *amor (love). Latin. Gray paid tribute to West in some lines of his Latin poem De Principiis Cogitandi (The Principles of Thinking). Gray's Latin poems are printed in Roger Lonsdale, editor, The Poems of Gray, Collins and Goldsmith, 1969, as numbers 57-68. See also his *British Library General Catalogue entry for Latin *odes. Translation of Gray's poems. French: trans. by D.B. (possibly Dubois), 1797; Italian: David Bertoletti (1813). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 452-55. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1570: The Poems of Thomas Gray, with a Selection of Letters and Essays, London: Dent, 1912. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 37-38. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 197-201; includes letters to Bonstetten. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 17576: "Sonnet on the Death of Mr. Richard West" (1975). Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 204. Criticism. Eighteenth Century Life, vol. 9, 136: "Gray was ... clearly homosexual... probably was exclusively homosexual". Journal of Homosexuality vol. 23, no.1-2, 199-214: George E. Haggerty, "The Voice of Nature in Gray's Elegy": argues the poem shows the poet's awareness of his own homosexuality. Poet from Italy writing in Italian. 1503-1584. *Florentine writer who used the pseudonym Il Lasca. In his "Madrigalessa IX" in his Rime(Poems) he writes about his love for a certain Liliano. Another poem praises football since it allows men to hold handsome youths Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 228: *bathing poem about bathing in the Arno, *Florence (from Capitolo x 64). Criticism. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 131: writer of *Bernesque poetry with homosexual themes; 1359: a writer of *sonnets referring to *Varchi's homosexual tastes. Poet and critic from the United States writing in English. Active from 1957. The title of his book of poems The Other Love (1957) refers to homosexuality. Author of *Fauns, Satyrs and A Few Sages. Songs, Epigrams and Pieces after the Greek, Boston, 1945. As a critic his Bernard Grebanier, The Uninhibited Byron: An Account of His Sexual Confusion, 1970, includes a frank discussion of Byron's homosexual friend William John Bankes, pp. 204-06 and one of the fullest dicussions of Byron's relationship with *Edleston pp. 42-49. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10697: The Other Love, New York: Bookman, 1957. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 1571-72: The Other Love: A Tryptych, New York: Bookman Associates, 1957 and The Angel in the Rock, Georgetown, CA: Dragon's Teeth Press 1971; 1029: The Unhibited Byron: An Account of His Sexual Confusion, 1970: includes the text of *Don Leon. Anthology in Greek from Greece and Turkey. Ca. 980. The title Greek Anthology, though frequently used in English referring to the * Palatine Anthology and the *Planudean Anthology (two very different works) is very misleading. It implies a single work when in fact two are meant. It is like referring to The Oxford Book of English Verse as The English Anthology. For this reason it is not used in this encyclopedia and the term * Palatine Anthology is used. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 67-68. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 504-05. Color and concept associated with homosexuality in Latin from Italy and English from ca. 85. Green is associated with *effeminacy and, by extension, homosexuality in Latin in the poems of *Martial (active ca. 85). In English, the color was used to indicate homosexuality from at least 1894 with the publication of *Robert Hitchens' novel The Man with the Green Carnation, based on the life of *Oscar Wilde, who wore a green carnation in the lapel of his coat. Green was associated with Ireland and things Celtic in the *eighteen-nineties. As *Oscar Wilde came from Ireland, the word can have ambiguous reference at this time. John Gray's book of poems Silverpoints (1893) was bound in green cloth. United States. See *Richard Thoma for use in the 1930s, *The Platonic Blow for use in 1948 and *Antler (pseud). Australia. See *Victor Daley, *Roderic Quinn; green was associated with male homosexuality in poetry of the 1940s - see *A. D. Hope, *Muir Holborn. In the 1950s it was said that homosexuals in Australia used green ink (Louise Bateson to the author, 1991). See also *Kerry Leves. Great Britain: see *The Chameleon (1894). The revival of green with the *green movement, associated with conservation, from the 1990s gives a new connotation to the word. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1991. A graduate of *Yale. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Brother to Brother, 62-63; biog., 271. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 809-811. Critic from Australia who wrote in English. 1916-1991. In her collection of critical essays The Music of Love, 1984, she states, p. 113, with regard to the poem "Aubade" by *Christopher Brennan (from Twenty One Poems, 1897): "There is nothing in the poem to make it certain that one of the partners is a woman..." This is an example of close reading of a text of an Australian poet which does not discount a homosexual reading. She has written criticism on *Harold Stewart and letters from him to her survive in her papers in the Australian National Library, Canberra. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Collection of poems in English from Japan. Published in 1953. While it is cited by Young as a poetry anthology, it is not an anthology of gay poems. It is a selection of poems by seven Japanese poets which have been translated into English; more than 174 pages. The preface states that the poets are friends of Poetry and English and from Green Hill College, Tokyo. One poem is relevant: "The Beautiful Jade-Faced Boy" by *Konosuke Hinatsu (pp. 109116); printed on pp. 111-13, it is about a beautiful boy whose beauty torments the author. Rare; copy examined: *Library of Congress Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1585: Tokyo, The Hokuseido Press, 1953. Historian, critic and biographer from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1976. Author of Children of the Sun: A Narrative of "Decadence" in England after 1918, New York, 1976. A study mainly of *Brain Howard and *Harold Acton who both dominated *Eton and *Oxford in the 1920s. He states, p. 9, that dandyism epitomizes their temperament and "at the root of this cult is that worship of the male adolescent by older men which is expressed in the myths of *Narcissus, *Adonis, and such." He wrote articles on homosexuality in literature: see *George Steiner. See also *Decadents, *Aesthetic movement. Critic writing in English and translator from Russian to English from the United States. A translator of *Kuzmin and *Pushkin who has written a fine essay on homosexuality in Pushkin's poems. He is a Russian the University of California, Irvine. specialist at note, 41S Gay Poetry Anthologies. Out of the Blue, 29-35: translation and essay on Pushkin; 69-126: translation of Kuzmin; biog. Movement associated with nature, a simpler lifestyle and preservation of the countryside. It influenced gay English language poetry in the United States, Great Britain and Australia from ca. 1988 (see especially the gay American Indian anthology * Living the Spirit). Precursors include *Emerson and the gay poets *Whitman, *Thoreau (active 1860) and *Carpenter. The movement in western poetry ultimately dates from *Wordsworth (active 1798). *Pastoral poetry is perhaps its ultimate genesis in poetry. The movement has been much influenced by *tribal cultures such as *American Indian cultures (see *Lawrence William O'Connor) and *Australian Aboriginal cultures. Compare *Men's Movement, *Feminism. Translator from Latin to English and critic in English from Great Britain. Active 1967. He translated the poet Juvenal from Latin into English in the *Penguin edition, Harmondsworth, UK, 1967; an excellent translation with notes. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 106. Dramatist and critic from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1558-1592. Famous for his attack on *Shakespeare as an "upstart Crow, beautified with our feathers" in his 1592 autobiographical work Greene's Groats-Worth of Witte. He led a profligate life and drank heavily. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1606: citing Menophon, London: Clarke, 1589. (Young states incorrectly Menophon is poetry.) Criticism. Norton, Homosexual Literary Tradition, 270-72: re Menophon (not in verse). Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1929-1989. He started writing poetry in *prison and was later involved with * Fag Rag as an editor. He published a book of *prose poems titled Were You Always a Criminal?, Fag Rag Books, 1989 (review: James White Review vol. 7 no. 3, 13, by *Steve Abbott). Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10699: two poems in *Mouth of the Dragon 8: 57-58, March 1976. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1607: The Amusement Business and Then Some, Boston: *Good Gay Poets, 1976. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, 161-62: poem "Oh God Forbid../ Your Son../ Is Married../ To A../ Black Fairy.."; biog., 161 (with photo). Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 646. Poet from Australia who wrote in English. 1930-1986. Stated to be bisexual by those who knew him (various oral sources) or homosexual (Mary Gilmore to *Adrian Rawlins, Adrian Rawlins to the author). He lived with Rosaleen Norton, a famous Sydney witch, for many years. See Nevill Drury, Pan's Daughter, 1988, on his poems (e.g. pp. 25-26), some of which were published; illustrations here by Rosaleen Norton - e.g. opposite p. 66 - are strongly *hermaphroditic. He was strongly influenced by *Surrealism and spent many years in mental hospitals. Illustrations in The Art of Rosaleen Norton (1952; repr. 1982) by Rosaleen Norton are strongly lesbian. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Active 1917. Educated at Oxford, he was an officer in War World One. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 132-33 (poem "Soldiers" re *bathing),139 (homoerotic poem: "...Killed in Action"); biog., 235. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1966-1971. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10700: Selected Poems, New York: Double Day, 1971. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 1611-13: Basic Movements, New York: The Gyre Press, 1966, A Bed by the Sea, Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1970 and Selected Poems, Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1971. Critic from Argentina writing in Spanish. Active 1985. Author of Literatura y homosexualidad y otros ensayos (Literature and homosexuality and other essays), Buenos Aires, 1985. Not seen. Translator from Latin to English from the United States. 1898-1982. Translator of the Latin poet *Catullus into English (1931). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 91: trans. of Catullus poem "To Juventius". Collector from Great Britain of works in English. 1877-1941. Maundy Gregory is most famous as the man who was responsible for setting up a system to sell honours on behalf of the British Prime Minister Lloyd George. He also collected manuscripts of Frederick Rolfe and appears in *A. J. A. Symons' s Quest for Corvo. His life is described in Gerald Macmillan, Honours for Sale (1954); this notes he was homosexual (p. 138) and also discusses his purchase of the Rolfe manuscripts (pp. 138-44), together with his founding of the Corvine Society which was devoted to Rolfe. Poet from Armenia who wrote in Armenian. Active before 1500? Homosexuality was suggested by an Armenian poet in Jerusalem to the author, 1987 (visit to the library in the Armenian Quarter). It has not been possible to locate any information on this poet in reference works. Poet and dramatist from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1981. His play The Dear Love of Comrades is about *Edward Carpenter (the phrase comes from a poem by Walt Whitman whom Carpenter idolized); the title is based on a phrase from Whitman's Calamus poems from the poem "I Hear It Was Charged" ("The institution of the dear love of comrades", line 6). In the Calamus poem, "The Base of All Metaphysics", the phrase "The dear love of man for his comrade, the attraction of friend to friend" occurs in line 13; on other uses of the word comrade see the Whitman entry under Calamus poems. He is also the author of the play Only Connect (from a phrase by *E. M. Forster). Interview: Gay News 184 (1980), Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, item 1613a: states his play As Time Goes By written in collaboration with *Drew Griffiths, London: *Gay Men's Press, 1981 (stated to be in poetry), is bound with Noel Greig, The Dear Love of Comrades. Greville, Fulke, Sir, also called Lord Brooke Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1554-1628. *Elizabethan lyric poet, who was a contemporary and friend of *Sir Philip Sidney who wrote a poem expressing strong homoaffectionalism towards him and *Sir Edward Dyer, "Join mates in mirth with me". Both Sidney and Greville attended Cambridge. Fulke Greville wrote an *elegy on Sidney, "Epitaph Upon the Right Honorable Sir Philip Sidney", and The Life of Sir Philip Sidney, first published in 1652. In later life he became Lord Brooke. He is famous for his poem "O wearisome condition of humanity". A lifetime bachelor, he was stabbed to death in mysterious circumstances by a servant, believing he had been left out of Greville's will; but the will, when read, revealed the servant to have been included. His sonnet sequence Caelica is fairly conventional (it includes poems with the *Cupid trope e.g., "Cupid thou naughty boy"). *Thom Gunn edited a Selected Poems in 1968; he states p. 10 "Sidney's death in 1568 was the most deeply affecting event in Greville's life." The epitaph on his grave reads: "Servant to Queen Elizabeth, Councillor to King James, Friend to Sir Philip Sidney". Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Ioläus (1902), 127: re attachment to Sidney. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 175-76. Trope in Arabic from Egypt. From 1250. Grey hair refers to homosexuality in the *Mamluk period (1250-1517) poetry. (Dr Abdul Jaleel, University of Cairo to the author, 22 February, 1987). See also *colors. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1959. A *black poet who lives in *New York. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 56-57: *prose poem "Joan"; biog., 176. Pseudonym of a poet from Australia writing in English. Active 1991. Pseudonym of *Adrian Rawlins. Poet from Russia who wrote in Russian. 1795-1829. He wrote plays in verse and was in the diplomatic corps in Persia where he was killed in an attack on the Russian embassy. He married in 1829. He is mentioned in the poem The Adventures of a Schoolboy in the erotic anthology * Eros Russe (source: *William Hugh Hopkins thesis on erotica in Russian, p. 343). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Terras, Handbook of Russian Literature. Criticism. Stern, Geschichte der offentlichen Sittlichkeit in Russland, volume 2, 568: stated to be homosexual (though this may not be reliable); name spelt Griboyedov. Translator from Latin to German. Active 19QQ. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 3B-39: translation of 'Catullus. Poet from the Netherlands writing in Dutch. Born 1947. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Naar vriendscaap zulk een mateloos verlangen, 1Q6-Q9: four poems from Restauratie, Amsterdam: Hagelwit, 1976 (books cited p. 117). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 315-16. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1974. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 1625-26: Night Music, New Philadelphia, Ohio: Pale Horse Press, 1974, Port Authority, Nashville, Tennessee: Brevity Press, 1975. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Male Muse, 45-46: two charming poems, "Rough Trade" and "Memphis Boarding House"; biog., 120: lives in Georgia in the United States *south. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 539. Anthologist fom the United States of works in English. Active 1970. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1627: editor of In Homage to Priapus, San Diego: Greenleaf, 1970, which includes some poets, e.g. *Whitman. Poet and dramatist from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1981. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1613a: co-author of the play As Time Goes By with *Noel Greig, London: *Gay Men's Press, 1981 (this work is stated to be in poetry). Poet, diarist and autobiographer from Austria writing in German. 1791-1872. An Austrian dramatist who wrote many celebrated works for the *Vienna stage; he was also a poet whose oeuvre is huge (running to forty-three volumes). He had difficult relationships with women. His mother, to whom he was devoted, committed suicide. His autobiography, written 1853-54, covers his life to 1836. His homosexuality became known with the publication of his diary and letters in 1903. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 578-80. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 60: "Gedicht aus dem Tagebuch auf der Reise nach Frankreich und England 1836" [poem from his diary of his travels in France and Britain, 1836]; also cites his autobiography and diary; no other details given. Herzer, Bibliographie zur Homosexualität, item 0582: critical study by *Hans Rau (pseud.). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 136. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 213: a poem about renunciation; biog., 193. Criticism. Raffalovich, Uranisme et unisexualite, 317-29. Mayne, The Intersexes, 256: re his creation in verse of a bisexual type; 302-07 re relationship with George Altmutter. Hirschfeld, Die Homosexualität, 663: stated to be *bisexual. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1995. A *black poet who is an actor, playwright and human rights activist. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Milking Black Bull, 109-121; biog., 109. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1977. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1628: Talking on Tiptoe, London: Sebrof and Warner, 1977. Translator from Italian to German and biographer in German from Germany. 1B2B-19Q1. Author of a biography of Michelangelo: Das Leben Michelangelos, 2 volumes, 1B6Q-63. He was Professor of Modern Art at the University of Berlin. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, B7: translator of the Italian poet 'Michelangelo. Poet from France writing in French. Born 1925. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 453-54: two poems "Love from a Martian" and "Arab Boy". Poet from the Netherlands writing in Dutch. 1BB7-1955. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Naar vriendscaap zulk een mateloos verlangen, 43-45: two poems from De Narcis ('Narcissus), Amsterdam: Van Munsters uitgeversmaatschappij, 1921, and Schijnwerper, 's-Gravenhage: eigen beheer1952; books cited, 117. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 2B7. Poet and editor from the United States writing in English. Active from 1989. He edited Whitman's Men: The Calamus Poems, 1996, with Tine photograhic illustrations by several contemporary photographers Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poets for Life, 82-83; biog., 235 - states he worked with Michael Klein on * Poets for Life. Bookseller and bibliographer in English from the United States. From before 1990. The bookshop, which is in Cambridge, near Harvard University, is the finest poetry bookshop in the United States. A computer printout was supplied by the proprieter Louisa Solano listing gay and lesbian poets mostly from the *nineteen seventies and *nineteen eighties; out of print items are listed and the printout constitutes the beginnings of a bibliography of gay poets in English for these years, especially for poets from the United States in these years. It did not list gay male and lesbian poets separately. Address: 6 Plympton Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States. Translator from the Netherlands from Greek to Latin. 1583-1645. Under the Latinized name of Grotius he made a complete translation of the *Planudean Anthology into Latin titled Anthologia Graeca, 1795-1822; reprinted 1864-90. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born ca. 1972. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gents, Bad Boys, and Barbarians, 75-79 ; biog., 74. Editor of works in English and biographer from Canada writing in English. Born ca. 1930. A Professor at the University of Toronto in 1964. Editor of The Memoirs of John Addington Symonds (London, 1984). John Addington Symonds was one of the first British gay pioneers to reveal the corpus of Greek gay poetry to English language readers; he was also a poet. His autobiography was left in manuscript and deposited in the London library by his friend and executor *Horatio Brown. The published text is not the complete text (which is in the London Library). She wrote a biography of Symonds entitled, in the United States edition, The Woeful Victorian (New York, 1964). The British edition is called John Addington Symonds (London, 1964); both 370 pp. She has written a fine biography * Byron.The Flawed Angel, New York, 1997 (review: New York Times Book Review, 13 April 1997, 13). This is the outstanding single volume biography of Byron to date and the only biography which adequately deals with his homosexuality. Groups need to be considered as a form of homosexual 'male bonding. They date in English in Great Britain from 1579 and later in other English speaking countries. Great Britain. Groups and circles containing homosexual poets go back at least to the 'Elizabethan period to ca. 1579: the 'Spenser/'Sidney circle, for example. At this time 'Shakespeare had his own group of 'actors. Coffee clubs were common meeting places of poets and literary groups in the eighteenth century, as were men's dining and drinking clubs: for a poem from this environment see 'Charles Morris. See Ned Ward, A History of the London Clubs, various editions from 1709, regarding Molly Houses, houses of assignation for gay sex in London (extracts are reprinted in ' Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, pp. 209-13). The eighteenth century group 'Thomas Gray, 'Richard West, and 'Horace Walpole was known as The Triple Alliance and the 'Romantic poets had alliances between them (e.g. 'Wordsworth and 'Coleridge). The 'Apostles group at Cambridge University started in the nineteenth century and included 'Tennyson, 'Arthur Hallam and 'G. L. Dickinson as well as 'Lytton Strachey. The Rhymers' Club (see Oxford Companion to English Literature entry) was associated with 'Lionel Johnson and other poets in the 'eighteen-nineties and produced two anthologies but does not seem overtly homosexual. The circle around 'Oscar Wilde was the main group in the eighteen-nineties; his lover 'Lord Alfred Douglas produced the first gay journal ' The Spirit Lamp ; see "Cafe Royal" in Oxford Companion to English Literature (the Cafe Royal was a gay meeting place in London frequented by Wilde and his circle). The 'Uranian poets formed a loose group, many being in close contact with others. The New Bohemians Club (ca. 1905), contained 'Richard Middleton (Men and Boys, p. 53). The 'Georgian Poets formed a loose confederation around 'Harold Munro and 'Edward Marsh while the emergence of 'Modernism saw other groups around 'T. S. Eliot and 'Ezra Pound. The 'Imagists were another group at this time. The 'Bloomsbury group produced little poetry though it was the subject of a 'satire by 'Roy Campbell. Compare 'Symposium, 'Männerbunde. 'Bawdy poetry with homosexual undertones was probably recited in some of these all male groups. United States. Literary Clubs in 'New York go back to the 18th century; such clubs were formed also at 'Yale. The 'Hartford Wits from Connecticut where Yale was situated included 'Timothy Wright. The Bread and Cheese Club was a 'New York literary society founded by the homoerotic novelist 'James Fenimore Cooper in 1822. Homosexual 'songs may date from these groups, though evidence is lacking in the form of texts. Bohemian groups dating from the 'eighteen-nineties were responsible for the first surviving homosexual oral poetry e.g. 'Eugene Field wrote homo 'bawdry for recitation for the Papyrus Club of 'Boston, 1888. 'Modernism and 'Surrealism saw the formation of loose literary groups with some gay members. The 'Black Mountain group of poets around 'Charles Olson emerged in 1950 (see 'Martin Duberman, 'Tom Clark) and contained the homosexuals 'Robert Duncan and 'John Cage. The 'Beat poets in 'San Francisco (including 'Allen Ginsberg) prefigured 'gay liberation and had a strong homosexual side. The poets of 'gay liberation have formed groups based around publishers (e.g. 'Ian Young's 'Catalyst Press, 'Paul Mariah's 'Manroot Press with its associated journal and 'Dennis Cooper's Little Caesar); they also produced 'journals (like ' Gay Sunshine) resulting in several 'anthologies. The 'New York School of poets of the 1950s and 1960s contained the gay poets 'Frank O'Hara, 'James Schuyler, 'John Ashbery and Kenward Elmslie. 'W. H. Auden, who lived in New York, even referred to a homintern (a gay clique) in the arts. The 'Good Gay Poets are a Boston poetry group most of whom were involved with such influential journals as ' Fag Rag and The 'Boston Gay Review. Canada. See 'Body Politic, 'Canadian Lesbian and Gay Archives (some men were in both groups). The 'men's movement provides a new locus of interest. Australia. Literary clubs which were bohemian in nature sprang up in 'Melbourne from 1868 and in 'Sydney from the 1890s. Many poets were affiliated with these groups which were a reaction to the straightlaced 'puritanism of the time. Homosexual behavior may have occurred between members; the clubs were certainly strongly homoaffectional as elsewhere in the world. The Yorick Club in Melbourne, founded in 1868, included 'A. L. Gordon and 'Hugh McCrae but was very staid. Some writers broke away from it to form a more bohemian group, The Cave of Abdullam. The Beefsteak Club dated from 1887. In Sydney, The Dawn and Dusk Club, dating from the 1890s, met at dusk and parted at dawn: it included 'Victor Daley, the leader, 'J. le Gay Brereton, 'Christopher Brennan and 'Henry Lawson. The Casuals and The Compliqués (French for "complicated") were other clubs. For midnineteenth century Sydney see Ann-Mari Jordens, The Stenhouse Circle: literary life in mid-nineteenth century Sydney, Melbourne, 1979, for a group with possibly some relevance. The Bread and Cheese Club in Melbourne (from 1938) was more literary. The Push was a loose grouping of bohemians dating from the 1940s in both Sydney and Melbourne, strongly heterosexual in ambience but with close male bonding amongst some members: see 'Robert Cumming, 'Harry Hooton. The Barjai group of poets in Brisbane included the gay poets 'Laurence Collinson, 'Barrett Reid and the poet 'Charles Osborne. From ca. 1975 dates the homosexual Club 80, a backroom meeting place in Sydney, exclusively gay (see 'Denis Gallagher) though not literary, simply sexual. The 'generation of 68 is another literary group some of whose members had homosexual liaisons and whose poetry features homosexuality. See Ken Stewart, "The Colonial Literati in Sydney and Melbourne", in Susan Dermody, editor, Nellie Melba, Ginger Meggs and Friends: Essays in Australian Cultural History (Malmsbury, Victoria, 1982), pp. 176-91, and "Literary Groups" in 'J. Le Gay Brereton, Knocking Around, 1930, pp. 15-31. See also entries in the Oxford Companion to Australian Literature for the groups mentioned above. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Ullstein Enzyklopädie der Sexualität : see "Clubs, sexuelle". Critic from the Netherlands writing in English. Active 1977. Author of the thesis: Gayness in a Literary Context: production and reception, Amsterdam: Insituut voor Algemeene Literatuurwetenschap, 1977, 213 pp. A doctoral dissertation. Not sighted. Source: *Rainer Feucht, Catalogue 58, Erotische Literatur, item 173. A photo of the author appears in Body Politic no. 53, June 1979, 25. See also *Historical and Social - Dutch. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active 1903. Not in Oxford Companion to German Literature or the *British Library General Catalogue. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10701: book Lieder eines Einsamen, Leipzig: *Spohr, 1903, described as "Homoerotic poetry". Criticism. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 6 (1904), 610-11: review. No first name given. Poet possibly from Germany writing in German. Active 1993. Book: "Wir sind wir vornehm"', Germany?, 1993, 95 pp. - collection of poetry and prose. Source of information: 'Prinz Eisenherz (editors), Lyrik. Grundy, Brother Poems of his were cited in the United States' court case about the distribution of One Magazine which, as a homosexual magazine, was regarded as being obscene. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10509-11: poems in One Magazine; items 10702,10702a (repeats items 10509-10). Item 10509 cites two poems in ONE Magazine 7:8, 16-20 ; item 10510 cites the poems "Lord Samuel and Lord Montagu" 2:8, 18-19 October 1954 which were "verses much at issue in ONE Magazine's Supreme Court test case"; 10511 is "Rough Trade", ONE Magazine 6:7, 11 July 1958. Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (1984), 139: poem "Recognition" in One February 1967, 11; he appears to be a Canadian. Poet possibly from Germany who wrote in German. Active 1920. Author of a book of poems in German, Sonnets to a *Boy. Not in Oxford Companion to German Literature . Bibliographies. Hayn, Gotendorf, Bibliotheca Germanorum Erotica, vol. 9, 290: lists Sonette an einen Knaben Vienna: Eduard Strache, 1920, 28 pp. under homosexuality. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 60: two books Dithyrambischer Herbst, Potsdam, 1920, and Sonette an einen Knaben, Berlin, 1920. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10703-04: same books. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 232: two fine homosexual *sonnets. Critic from Germany writing in German. Active 1993. Author of Walt Whitman: Die deutschsprachige Rezeption als interkulturelles Phanomen, Munich, 1991, 301 pp. - on Whitman's reception history and translation into German. See review in Walt Whitman Quarterly vol. 11 no 2, *Fall 1993. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active 1985. Book of poems: Kunzes Freunde, ca. 1985, 33 pp. - 14 poems and 14 illustrations; poems about *transvestism. Source of information: *Prinz Eisenherz (editors), Lyrik. Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. 1538-1612. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Criticism. Mayne, The Intersexes, 596: re his homoerotic *pastoral play Pastor Fido (ca.1583) read by *Platen. Poet from Brazil writing in Portuguese. Born 1944. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poemas do amor maldito, 45-49; biog., 44: states he is preparing his second volume of poems. Poet from Russia writing in Russian. Born 1967. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Out of the Blue, 342-43: "Three Poems" which appeared originally in the Russian gay journal Kristopher (1992); biog, 342 - lives in the Urals where he is a doctor. Poet from Cuba who wrote in Spanish. 1928-1967. A revolutionary *socialist from Cuba who was a close aide of Fidel Castro and who was killed when fighting in Bolivia. In Alan Bold editor, The Penguin Book of Socialist Verse, 1970, see "Song to Fidel [Castro]" pp. 445-46, translated into English by *Ed Dorn and Gordon Brotherston. Guevara and Castro spent some months in the jungle together at one stage. *Allen Ginsberg once confessed to erotic feelings towards Guevara. He was very handsome and became a martyr when killed by the Bolivian army; photographs of his dead body resemble artistic depictions of Jesus Christ and appear on the side of churches in Bolivia (visit to Bolivia by the author in 1996). Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. Died 1486. A famous folksinger who sang in *Florence in 1437. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 303-04: probably an attack on *Antonio Bonciani. Poet from France who wrote in French. Active ca. 1240. Author of part of the * Roman de la Rose which he wrote between 1225 and 1240 (it was completed by Jean de Meung). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Les Amours masculines, 60-62. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 396. Poet from France who wrote in French. 1071-1127. A *troubadour poet. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Les Amours masculines, 59: extract from a poem. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 395. Criticism. Goodich, The Unmentionable Vice, 6-7: about a poem possibly addressed to a boy, Arsene. Poet from Spain who wrote in Catalan. Active 1175. A wealthy Catalan landowner who wrote a poem rudely insulting several people including his enemy Ponc de Mataplana, by calling them homosexuals: see Martin de Riquer, Historia de la literatura catalana, Barcelona, 1964, volume 1, pp. 74-94. *Insult poems such as this occur in other cultures. Poet from Cuba writing in Spanish. 1902-1989. Virtually the poet laureate of Cuba, he has been a leading poet in that country. Translation. English: see "Madrigal" in Negro Verse, edited by Anselm Hollo (1964), p. 20. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Spanish Literature. Criticism. Allen Young, Gays Under the Cuban Revolution (1981), 28, states he is gay (though closeted); contradictory information is provided by *Guillermo Cabrera Infante. Poet from France writing in French. Active 1270. Goodich, The Unmentionable Vice, p. 10, states Guillot, in his poem "Dit des rues de Paris", of ca. 1270, cites the rue Beaubourg as a favourite homosexual trysting place in *Paris. See also *Stephen Murray and Kent Gerhard in Among men, Among Women (1987), p. 184 (same reference). Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Active 1598. Bredbeck, Sodomy and Interpretation, p. 13 refers to a theater goer supping with his "ingles" (gay companions) every night in his Skialethia, 1598. Not sighted. Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. 1240-ca.1276. Tuscan *troubadour of whom only five canzoni and perhaps fifteen sonnets survive. The Dante reference cited below is to Purgatorio, Canto 26. The first poet to write in the dolce stil nuovo (sweet gentle style) which Dante adopted, he is believed to be Dante's teacher. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Criticism. Hirschfeld, Die Homosexualität, 663. Goodich, The Unmentionable Vice, 6: placed by *Dante with the sodomites in the seventh circle of Purgatory. Critic and lexicographer from France writing in French. Active 1968. Author of Le Jargon de *Villon, 1968, which states each poem of Villon contains three levels of meaning, one of which is gay. The book is a major gay reading of a major French poet (and one who has been much read and admired in the twentieth century) which has proved controversial. He is also the author of the dictionary of sex words: Dictionnaire érotique, 1978, 639 pages (review: Gay Books Bulletin vol. 1 no. 1, 20, by *Wayne Dynes). Sexologist from Netherlands writing in English; he later lived in China and Japan. 1910-1967. Author of Sexual Life In Ancient China: A preliminary survey of Chinese sex and society from ca. 1500 B.C . till 1644 A.D. , Leiden, 1961, in English (reprinted 1974 and ca. 1990 in Taiwan but with the date 1974). This is the most comprehensive survey of sexuality in China in a western language. Homosexuality is discussed frankly but briefly and a few poets are mentioned (e.g., pp. 91-93); he is especially good on highlighting the homosexual nature of Chinese male friendships. See also his * Hsi K'ang and his Poetical Essay on the Lute, Sophia University, Tokyo: Monumenta Nipponica Monographs, 1941, a detailed study of the *Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove. Van Gulik was a Dutch diplomat who held posts in East Asia and was Netherlands ambassador in Japan; he had a large Chinese library which was destroyed in World War Two. In Japan, after the war, he later assembled another library which is in Leiden at the University of Leiden and has been reproduced by IDC publishers in microfiche. As publisher he printed four books on Chinese sexuality believed to be from his own library - see Jolan Chang, The Tao of Love, 1977, p. 31. Obituary: see Monumenta Nipponica 28 (1968), i-vii; T'oung P'ao 54 (1968), 116-24. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest westen Sinologists. Orientations volume 12, number 11 (November 1981) is a special issue devoted to him. A bibliography of his works was compiled by Boston University for its Van Gulik Collection; a copy is in the *Library of Congress. Poet from Russia who wrote in Russian. 1886-1921. See Burton Raffel, Selected Works of Nikolai S. Gumilev, Albany, 1972 p. 51: poem "Love" (a most unusual poem with love as a man, though he might be referring to the spirit of love, but, even so, an unusual work). The husband of *Anna Akhmatova and one of the leaders of the poetic movement Acmeism, he was shot after the 1917 Revolution. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Terras, Handbook of Russian Literature. Poet, biographer and critic from Germany who wrote in German; translator from English to German. 1880-1931. The pseudonym of Friedrich Gundelfinger. A *disciple of *Stefan George, he was an intimate member of the *George-Kreis, collaborating in the journal * Blatter für die Kunst, in which his two volumes of poetry appeared: Fortunat, 1903, and Zwiegesprache, 1905. His books were burnt by the *Nazis: see Oxford Companion to German Literature under "Ernst Bertram". He is the author of a major biography of *Goethe, portraying Goethe as a "Titan", the concept of him accepted in the first half of the twentieth century, and wrote Stefan George, Berlin, 1920, and a monumental study of *Goethe in 1916. He was a Professor at *Heidelberg from 1920. He translated from English *Shakespeare (published 1908-14). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 60: works cited above; 101: possibly trans. of Shakespeare's sonnets. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active 1985. Bibliographies. Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen, item 363: Gedichte, Frankfurt: Insel, 1985 (see pp. 33-35). English poet, editor and critic from Great Britain writing in English; he has been resident in the United States from 1955. Born 1929. He was born in Great Britain and went to *Cambridge where he was a contemporary of *Ted Hughes; he has lived in *San Francisco since 1955. He studied there under *Yvor Winters. Known as a *leather poet and a celebrator of male macho men (see My Sad Captains, 1961 about gay *bikies), he has latterly written masterly poems on *Aids: see the moving *sequence of poems on the deaths of friends titled In Time of Plague, published in his bookThe Man with Night Sweats, 1992 (reviews: The Times Literary Supplement, 1 May, 1992, 12-13, in James White Review vol. 9 no. 3, 23 by *Peter Daniels, and Gay's the Word no. 71, 1993, 11-12 by Peter Daniels). These poems alone guarantee him high status amongst the finest contemporary gay poets. Boss *Cupid (2000) deals with aging, sex and loss and includes an *elegy to *Robert Duncan (review: New York Review of Vooks, 15 June 2000, 45-46). Though many of his best poems are not overtly gay they are in fact very tender. His published books - which are uneven - may not contain all his gay poems. A poem by him in The Times Literary Supplement, 17 June, 1992, could be about his cat or lover or both (but certainly can be interpreted as a gay poem especially when he is known to be gay). In 1994 his Collected Poems were published (reviews: Times Literary Supplement, 18 March, 1994, 9-11; James White Review, vol. 11 no 5, fall 1994, 19 by *Kenny Fries). A gay poem "Bally Power Play", about Mafia influence in gay bars, was published in *broadsheet (Toronto: David Brooks, 1979). Unsought Intimacies, 1991, was published in a limited edition with illustrations by Peter Koch. As an editor, he has compiled a selection of the poems of *Fulke Greville. As a critic, see *Robert Duncan. A selection of his criticism is: Shelf Life: Essays Memoirs and an Interview, 1994. Interviews. See The Advocate no. 220, 27 July 1977, 39-40; London Magazine vol. 17 no. 6 (November 1977), 6-15, both with *W. I. Scobie; Gay News no. 134 (1978). Bibliography: see Jack C. Hagstrum and George Bixby, Thom Gunn: A Bibliography, 1940-1978 (London: Bertram Rota, 1979). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10706-09: Moly and My Sad Captains, London, 1971 and New York: Noonday, 1973, My Sad Captains, London: Faber and Faber, 1961 (repr.) and New York: Noonday, 1973, Touch, London: Faber and Faber, 1967 and "The Release" Gay News 74: 12, 1975. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 1635-40: Fight Terms, Swinford: Fantasy Press, 1954, Jack Straw's Castle, New York: Frank Hallman, 1975 (revised with additional material, London: Faber, 1976), My Sad Captains, London: Faber, 1961, The Sense of Movement, London: Faber, 1957 and Touch, London: Faber, 1967. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Male Muse, 47-48; biog., 120. Fra mann til mann, 80. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 34-49. Not Love Alone, 28-31; biog., 140. Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, 169-76; biog., 169. Poets for Life, 84-89. Name of Love, 66; biog., 73. Badboy Book, 129-36; biog., 386. Eros in Boystown, 51-52; biog., 61. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 57-58, 147-48, 224-27. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 795-801. A Day for a Lay, 11-15. Criticism. Martin, Homosexual Tradition in American Poetry, 179-190. Woods, Articulate Flesh: Male Homo-eroticism and Modern Poetry, 212-31: a brilliant reading of the poetry; bibl. of his works p. 255. Peters, Hunting the Snark: A Compendium of New Poetic Terminology, 182-83: re "Bally Power Play", "The Miracle" and "Talbot Road" from The Passages of Joy. Word of Mouth, 136-41. Translator from French to English from the United States. Active 1983. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 227 - translation into English, with *J. Murat (see his entry) of the French poet *Verlaine's "Ode: To My Lovers". Poet from Germany who wrote in German. Active 1920. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 60: book of poems Das Andere Land. Lyrik. Ein Skizzenbuch, Berlin: Wächter, 1920. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1890-1937. The poems in Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches cited below show considerable homoeroticism and also show the influence of *Whitman and *A. E. Housman (see "To His Love", Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, p. 181). He seems sexually repressed (see the *ballad "The Estaminet", Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, pp. 83-84). Shell-shocked in World War One, he was institutionalized in 1922 for schizophrenia until he died. He set to music two *Housman cycles titled: Ludlow and Teme and The Western Playland (both 1919). War poems were published in Severn and Somme, 1917, and War's Embers, 1919. After the publication of his Collected Poems, edited by P. J. Kavanagh, 1982, he was hailed as a major poet. (Review: Gay News no. 251 [1982] by Peter Parker: this states he was never a lover, and refers to "To His Love".) See also War Letters, 1983 and Ivor Gurney: Collected Letters, 1991, edited by R. K. R. Thornton. His sexuality is difficult to determine. Michael Hurd in The Ordeal of Ivor Gurney, 1978, states "Sex... does not appear to have entered his life in any serious way" (p, 196); one friend, the homosexual Arthur Benjamin, "believed that Gurney bore the same inflexion but never recognized the fact. Herbert Howells, an even closer friend, found the notion 'unthinkable'... (p.197)." As a youth at school, Gurney was a favorite of the apparently homosexual Reverend Cheesman (p.10). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionary of National Biography: Missing Persons. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 78-80, 83-84, 105, 113, 132, 175, 181, 190-91; biog., 235-36. Poet from Australia writing in English. Born 1935. Gay poems have appeared in London Magazine (April/ May 1987, 110-11: the poem "Zamboanga, January 1986"), Yellow Silk (California; no. 39, 1992, 24: "Zamboanga" - a different version to the preceding) and * Fag Rag (1993, issue 45/46" "Zamboanga" - an expanded and much more homosexual version from the two preceding versions, about sex in the third world with willing males). Book of poems: The Night, The Song and Tomorrow, Sydney, 1999; see "Zamboanga, January, 1986", p. 25 and " Who is *Karl Wolfskehl?" p. 39. He has written articles for Nation and Broadside in 1969 and wrote scripts for news and other broadcasts for Radio Australia in the 1970s. Pseudonym of a poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1974. Pseudonym of *Hugh Ashton. Guy de Couci Criticism. *Herelle manuscript 3188, f. 357-58; homosexual reference not stated. Sexologist and philosopher from France who wrote in French. 1876-1961. He wrote a six volume Etudes d'ethique sexuelle (1929+; Studies of sexual ethics). A seventh volume on homosexuality is unpublished and the manuscript is believed to be in the *Kinsey Institute. He lived in Thailand for the latter part of his life and edited an anthology on *Buddhism, Anthologie bouddhique, Paris, 1924. His volume of poems Les Paques paiennes (Pagan parks), Paris, 1911, 297 pp. may contain material of relevance. Not in Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 508-10. Gyatso, Tenzin, Fourteenth Dalai Lama Poet and philosopher from China (formerly from Tibet, how part of China) writing in Tibetan and English; he lives in India. Born 1935. As a poet see, in his lecture A Human Approach to World Peace, London, 1988, p. 24 - a poem expressing "affection and respect for all beings". It is assumed he has written poetry along similar lines in Tibetan. The Dali Lama is the *Buddhistic spiritual leader of Tibet; he fled into exile in 1959. China now dominates Tibet after invading it in 1950 and the country is now a province of China. The Dali Lama is chosen after the death of the preceding Dali Lama; he is a reincarnation of Buddha, is regarded as being a Living Buddha, and as having previous lives and thus has great prestige within the religion of Buddhism. The present Dali Lama was chosen as a child of two to be Tibetan spiritual leader and is in a long line of such rulers who formerly lived in the large palace called The Potala in the capital of Tibet, Lhasa; he lives in exile in northern India at Dharamsala. He is included here as a writer of poetry and a religious philosopher whose sentiments can be taken to reflect "affection and respect for all human beings" as his poem above states. Without condemning homosexuality he has stated that Buddhists who are homosexuals should not indulge in homosexual acts: see Leyland, Queer Dharma: voices of Gay Buddhists, pp. 351-58. Biography: see Frank Moraes, The Revolt in Tibet, New York, 1960, pp. 44-63; notes p. 61 that the spirit of Avalokitesvara lives in the Dali Lama as a person. (On the Buddha Avalokiteswara see Margaret Medley, Handbook of Chinese Art, third edition, 1977, p. 47: she states that in Chinese he is known as Kuan-yin, Lord of Compassion and was depicted first as a man and by the Sung [9601279] is usually shown as a woman). The present Dali Lama was awarded the *Nobel Prize for Peace in 1989. He has been a strong supporter of human rights. Poet from Japan who wrote in Japanese poet. Active before 1713. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Partings at Dawn, 123 (from the anthology *Iwatsutsuji). Poet and song writer from the United States who wrote in English. 1916-1986. Born in Great Britain, he was a naturalized citizen of the United States from 1946 and owner of the 1001 Nights of Tangier restaurant in *Tangier, Morocco, from 1953. He met William Burroughs in the restaurant. He invented cut-up technique in literature in Paris in the 1950s, the use of random words to make a literary work (this was employed by *Harold Norse and relates to *Surrealism and *Dada). Some poems are relevant. Poems appeared in Colloque du Tangier (ca. 1975), Town and Country, Evergreen and View. He published over twenty prose works and also wrote songs for rock pioneers in the 1970s. An overview of his artistic career is in his entry in the Dictionary of Art, edited Jane Turner (London, 1996). Brion Gysin: who runs may read (Oakland and Brisbane, 2000) is a collection of articles by and on him edited by Theo Green and Michael Spann (99 copies only printed); on p. 28 Gysin mentions his gayness. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors vols 117 and 120. Dictionary of Art. Pseudonym of a poet from the United States writing in English. 1886-1961. Her real name was *Hilda Doolittle but she wrote using the name H. D. She was married to *Richard Aldington and was a member of the *Imagist group and later lesbian: see Grier, The Lesbian in Literature, p. 38. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1647: Red Roses for Bronze, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1931 - presumably included in the Male Homosexual in Literature because it includes reference to male homosexuality. Poet from the Netherlands writing in Dutch. Born 1947. Gay Poetry Anthologies. David heeft ook een achterkant, 17-19; biog 59. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Active before 1243. Many entries in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, are under this name which means "friend, lover" and may be a pseudonym. From *Seville. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 132: trans. by *A. J. Arberry from * The Pennants. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 312: *saki poem. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1942. A *feminist poet. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Poets for Life, 90-92: about three dead gay friends. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active from 1989. She compiled the *Aids anthology * Unending Dialogue, 1991. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poets for Life, 93; biog., 235: teaches at Rutgers University. Unending Dialogue, 87-150: sixteen poems written while engaged in the workshops from which the book eventuated. Critic from Egypt writing in Arabic. Active before 1987. Author of Aspects of Arabian Poetry in the Second Century (in Arabic and published before 1987), a whole book on homosexuality in Arabic poetry referring to Arabic poetry in the *Abbasid period (Dr. Yousef Khailif, University of Cairo, to me February 1987). Not sighted. He worked at the University of Alexandria in 1987. Songwriter from Greece who wrote in Greek. 1925-1994. A composer as well as song writer; believed to have been gay and the lover of a Greek President. He was one of the first to take *rebetika seriously. He composed songs and musical works around the folk hero Karaghiozis (in Turkish *Karagoz). Obituary: Guardian Weekly, 26 June 1994, 26. Gay Poetry Anthologies. New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians Poet from Spain who wrote in Latin; he later lived in Italy. 76-138. A homosexual or possibly *bisexual emperor of the Roman empire (he was married, though whether the marriage was consummated is not known). He wrote some poems. His lover was a plumpish man of about twenty called *Antinous. Born in Spain, he was emperor 117-38, during which period it is believed *Straton compiled the Greek homoanthology the * Mousa Paidike; the Emperor's tastes may have helped bring this work into existence. Hadrian was much influenced by his admiration of ancient Greek civilization. His villa survives outside Rome, at Tivoli, and during his reign, the Pantheon, one of the most important surviving buildings in Rome, was constructed. He was especially fond of *Athens. There are few sources for his life. For the text of the four poems in Latin attributed to him see J. W. Duff and A. Duff, Minor Latin Poets, London and Cambridge, MA, 1934, pp. 444-447 (with English translation). None of his poems is homoerotic though his retort to the poet Florus may contain a pun on the word "Florus" meaning male *prostitute. His most famous poem "Animula vagula, blandula" ("Dear little fleeting passing soul") may be about Antinous (besides being in Minor Latin Poets, it is printed in The Penguin Book of Latin Verse, edited by F. Britain, 1962, p. 61, with English trans., and in Jan Oberg, Two Millennia of Poetry in Latin, 1987, pp. 20-21 (also trans. into English). He wrote in *Anacreontics. *Royston Lambert has written the most detailed study of him with a fine bibliography (however, items in German listed in this entry are not included in the bibliography). This work also includes photographs of surviving sculptures of Hadrian and Antinous. Criticism: see Henri Bardon, in Les Empereurs et les lettres latines, 1944. In the second century *Pancrates wrote a poem on a lion hunt of the emperor. Antinous became a cult figure with gay writers from the late nineteenth century e.g. the German poets *Oscar Linke, *Paul Heyse and *Ferdinand Pessoa, the gay Portuguese poet who wrote a poem, Antinous, in English. *Marguerite Yourcenar wrote a novel on the gay relationship of Hadrian and Antinous in French. Hadrian is a *trope for a man loved by a man in poems about Antinous. *Otto Kiefer's "Hadrian und Antinous", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 8 (1906), 56-82 (with bibl. p. 582, including literary works) is the most important gay study to date examining the Hadrian/ Antinous relationship in German literature; the bibliography lists four works in German - the poet Paul Heyse's drama Hadrian, 1864, and Oscar Linke's *epic poem Antinous, 1888 - and novels by George Ebers, Der Kaiser, 1880, and Adolf Hausrath (who apparently used the pseudonym George Taylor), Antinous, 1881. Dutch: see *Peter Spaan. A recent novel in English is Hadrian by Joel Schmidt (ca. 1990). Biography. In German: see Otto Theodor Schulz, Leben des Kaisers Hadrian, Leipzig, 1904. In English see also the biography Hadrian: The Restless Emperor, 1998, by Anthony R. Birley. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 484-86; gives sources of his life, 486. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 15761. Encyclopedia Britannica, Macropaedia vol. 8, 538-41: stating "four complete poems survive", p. 540. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 514. Dictionnaire Gay. Howes, Broadcasting It: see under "Adrian". Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 61: cites cross references to G. Ebers, P. Heyse, O. Kiefer, O. T. Schulz (see references given above). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: Die Männerliebe der Griechen, 129. Forberg, Manual of Classical Erotology, volume 1, 152-55: re *Antinous. Criticism. Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics, 33: citing a line from a poem in *anacreontics. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active 1906. The pseudonym comes from the Roman emperor *Hadrian. Compare *Hadrianus (pseud.). Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10710: book Phantasien eines Eigenen (Phantasies of a Uranian), Leipzig: *Spohr, 1906. Criticism. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 9 (1908), 602: review of his book Phantasien eines Eigenen, Leipzig: Max Spohr, 1906. Pseudonym of a poet who wrote in German. Active before 1964. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 61: under Hadrianus poem "Sirmione (In blaue Seeflut...)"; no other information given. (The title of the poem comes from *Catullus.) Poet from Iran who wrote in Persian. 1320-1389. One of the most famous Persian poets, Hafiz lived and died in *Shiraz. His poetry is sensuous and he was a famous free thinker and *libertine whose poems celebrate wine and men (compare *Omar Khayyam). There are also *Sufi elements in his work. He is one of the most famous writers of *ghazals in Persian and compiler of a * Saqi-nama (a work celebrating a *cupbearer). His Wild Deer *Mathnavi about the loss of a beloved companion uses masculine pronouns for the beloved: see Eric Schroeder, 'The Wild Deer Mathnawi", Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, vol. 7 (1952-53), 118-34 (with English trans.); however, this states the poem could refer to Hafiz's wife despite the masculine pronouns. Text. See his entries in the Dictionary of Oriental Literatures and Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, for editions. See also *Hermann Brockhaus, *Rosenzweig-Schannau. Criticism: see *Friedrich Veit, 'Annemarie Schimmel, *'Ali Dashti. See also "Criticism in homosexual terms" below. *Goethe was greatly influenced by him in a major homoerotic work. Translation. Hafiz was first translated into *European languages into Latin in 1771, then German in 1783 (it is possible translation into non-western languages could be earlier). Interest in his poetry formed part of the *Orientalism vogue of the late eighteenth century in Europe. Only the first translations and large collections are entered. He has been very popular, many selections being published. Homosexuality has been downplayed in many translations. See also Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance and Homosexuality, pp. 18-19. English: J. Richardson (1774; from Latin; selection), *S. Robinson (1875), H. Wilberforce Clarke (Calcutta, 1891), J. H. McCarthy (1893), Gertrude Bell (1897; repr.), Walter Leaf (1898; selection), John Payne (1901), Richard le Gallienne (1905), *A. J. Arberry (1947), Henry B. Lister (1950), Peter Avery and John Heath-Stubbs (1952), *Anthony Reid in The *Eternal Flame (1992 - important selection of homopoems, the best in English); French: A. L. M. Nicholas (1898), Arthur Guy (1927), Vincent Monteuil (1964); German: J. Friedel (1783; repr.), Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall (1812-13; this translation inspired *Goethe and *Platen), *Platen (ca. 1820), *Hermann Brockhaus (1854-1860), *Vincenzvon Rosenzweig-Schwannau (1858-64), Rolf-Dietrich Keil (1957); Hungarian: Fabian Gabor (1824), Harrach B. (1872-73); Latin: Count C. E. A. de Rewiczki (1771, see the *British Library General Catalogue entry; selection); Norwegian: Bjarne Aagard (1901); Polish: Ananiasz Zajaczkowski (1957); Portuguese: Aurelio Buarque de Hollandia (1946); Russian: trans. not known - see his entry in Great Soviet Encyclopedia (three translations are listed, though no names are given, 1956, 1963, 1969); Serbo-Croat: Dzevad Sulejmanpasic (1928; selection), Jovan Jovanovic (1933); Turkish: *Abdulbaki Golpinarli (1944). The *British Library General Catalogue and * National Union Catalog were checked. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures. Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 215. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 514-16. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 61: Gedichte, Stuttgart: Cotta, 1812. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10711: Thirty Poems, London: Murray, 1932. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 1650-51: Fifty Poems of Hafiz, Cambridge: University Press, 1947 and Thirty Poems, London: Murray, 1952. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: Die Männerliebe der Griechen, 93-95. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 81-84: trans. *Rosenzweig-Schwannau. Ioläus (1902), 113. Ioläus (1906), 190; additional material to the 1902 edition. Ioläus (1917), 103-05; additional material to the 1902 edition. Die Bedeutung der Freundesliebe, 18-19. Men and Boys, 20. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 126-32. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 54; very fine English trans; biog., 328. "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen", 56-58. Criticism in homosexual terms. Hirschfeld, Die Homosexualität, 664. Browne, Literary History of Persia, volume 3, 271-319. Arcadie no. 105 (September 1962), 469-77: article by Serge Talbot. Arberry, Sufism , 115. Rypka, History of Iranian Literature, 262-74. Levy, Persian Literature, 127-34. *Marc Daniel, "Arab Civilization and Male Love", Gay Sunshine 32 (Spring 1977), 10. Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance and Homosexuality, 18-19. *Ehsan Yarshater, "Persian Poetry in the Timurid and Safavid Periods", in Peter Jackson, editor, Cambridge History of Iran, volume 6, The Timurid and Safavid Periods, 1976, 974 (gay poem trans. English). Yarshater, Persian Literature, 214-225. Anthologist, critic, bibliographer and biographer from the Netherlands who wrote in Dutch. Born 1957. He compiled the anthology 'Naar vriendscaap zulk een mateloos verlangen with a very concise critical introduction. He also complied Pijlen van Naamloze Liefde, 19BB, with 'Maurice van Lieshout: a series of biographies of gay pioneers including 'Xavier Mayne (pseud.) and 'von Kupffer. See also the gay book catalog ' Boeken over Mannen and 'Willem de Mérode. Editor and critic of works in English from the United States. Born ca. 1960. He is a specialist on *eighteenth century English literature who is the author of Men in love: masculinity and sexuality in eighteenth century (1999) including discussion of John Dryden's plays, *Horace Walpole and *Thomas Gray. He edited the male volume * Gay Histories and Cultures (2000) of the two volume work Lesbian and Gay Histories and Cultures (New York: Garland). This is the second major gay encyclopedia in English. Prior to this he edited with Bonnie Zimmerman of Professions of Desire: Lesbian and Gay Studies in Literature, New York, 1995. He works in the English Department of the University of California at Riverside. Information on him is available on the internet. Poet from Japan writing in Japanese 1886-1942. A noted modernist poet whose poems are available in English translation as Howling at the Moon, translated by *Hiroaki Sato (Tokyo, 1978) and Rats' Nests: The Collected Poetry of Hagiwara Sakutaro, Stanwood, WA, 1993. He wrote a poem about imagining himself as a woman: see "Lover of Love" (translated by Hiraoki Sato) in Jerome Rothenberg, Poems for the Millenium, 1995, p. 158; this poem has been translated into English as "To Be A Girl" by *Graeme Wilson with a possible homosexual interpretation (letter to the author 22 January 1989). He had a close friendship with the poet Natsume Soseki. James Kirkup, In I, of all People, 1988, states, pp. 70-71, "As far as I know, he was not homosexual, though he was deeply neurotic and may have been bisexual; at any rate, he was the antithesis of the average Japanese family salaryman." Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan. Critic and translator from Albanian to German. Active 1853. He wrote an article in German which was the pioneer source of homosexual poems in Albanian: see *Oral poems - Albanian, *Necin Bey (possible poems only). The book referred to is Albanesische Studien, Vienna, 1853, 2 volumes; see especially vol. 1, pp. 166-68, vol. 2, pp. 147-50. See also *Paul Näcke. Not in Oxford Companion to German Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Ioläus (1902), 20-21; 113-14. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active 1991. Book of poems: Allegorie gegen die vorschnelle Mehreit, 1991, 71 pp., illustrated by Helge Leiberg. Source: *Prinz Eisenherz (editors), Lyrik. A poet who is also an artist. Book: Exogene Zerinnerung, 1994, 127 pp. - see Die schulen Buchläden, 94/v page 20. Poet from Bangladesh writing in Bengali. Active before 1972. See *"Rabindranath Tagore" in Poems from Bangladesh (in English, translated from Bengali), London, 1960, p. 60: a *mystical poem about Tagore's spirit permeating the poet's and showing mental homoeroticism: "And so now I have realised/ that you are part of my existence: like *god." Haiku Haiku are Japanese short poems of seventeen syllables 5-7-5 (they are the first three lines of * tanka, the poetic genre from which they emerged); they must contain a "cut word" which exists only in Japanese (so strictly speaking they can never be written in English or non-Japanese languages). A history of haiku has been written by *Harold Stewart in A Nest of Fireflies, 1960, and A Chime of Windbells, 1969. See also Harold G. Henderson, An Introduction to Haiku, 1958 (repr.). The form influenced English short poems from *Imagism onwards. A collection exists of Erotic Haiku edited by Rod Willmot (Windsor, Ontario, 1983); it has not been sighted so it is not known whether this work contains gay poetry. * Kyoka ("mad verse") are related to haiku. Japanese. For the form and history see entry in Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan. *Basho is one of the first masters; *Buson, Issa and *Shiki are regarded (with Basho) as the four great masters. *Kitamura Kigin and *Ihara Saikaku (pseud.) wrote haiku. Kenneth Yasuda, The Japanese Haiku (Tokyo, 1957), contains an excellent discussion of the form. In 1997 there were more than 700 haiku periodicals in Japan and over 1000 book titles issued per annum. *Indirect language is used. English: see *John Ashbery, *Paul Goodman, *James Kirkup, *Burton Weiss. Haiku are a widely written and homosexual material in other languages (such as French) probably exists. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics. Poet from Libya writing in English; he lives in the United States. Born 1956. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 59: "Whose Problem" (about the son of Martin Luther King saying gays have a problem); biog., 176: a *black poet who lives in *Los Angeles. Poet who wrote in Urdu. Ca. 1850?; date uncertain. Criticism. Rahman, "Boy love in the Urdu ghazal", Paidika vol. 2 no. 1 (1989), 20: poem about a beardless boy. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. 1821-1900. The pseudonym of *Richard Burton under which he wrote The Kasidah, a work inspired by *Edward Fitzgerald's Rubiayat. The work, purporting to be a translation from a Persian *Sufi, is a *fake: see Byran Farwell, Burton, 1963, pp. 342-345. First published in 1880, it has proved very popular. Translator from Arabic to English possibly from the Netherlands; critic in English. Active 1993. He translated *Abu Nuwas into English: O Tribe That Loves Boys, Amsterdam, 1993. This is a translation of forty-eight poems with a biographical and critical essay (with illustrations the German nineteenth century photographer Wilhelm von Gloeden). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poems of Love and Liberation, 20, 43-46, 51-54. Poet who wrote in Persian. Active ca. 159Q. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A'in i Akbari anthology, 664 - three homosexual loves poems; biog., 664 - states his name is Yadgar. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1995. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Badboy Book, 127: *S/M poem written in collaboration with *Allen Ginsberg; biog., 386 - he lives in *New York where he worked for Allen Ginsberg. Critic from Pakistan writing in Urdu. Active 1893. A moralist and a prude who opposed gay love in the Urdu ghazal being real. Criticism. Rahman, "Boy love in the Urdu ghazal", Paidika vol. 2 no. 1 (1989), 11 and foot note 8 p. 25: re his Muqaddama-e-Shair -o-Shairi (Lahore: Kashmir Kirtab Ghar, 1971), p. 112; originally published in 1893. Archive and library in Great Britain of works mainly in English. Established in 1982. The only British gay archive in a public institution, it is now held at the London School of Economics, University of London, where it may be used. It published the Hall-Carpenter News. 250 journal titles are held, 700 books and the records of eight individuals and 300 gay organizations from 1969. References. Directory of the International Association of Lesbian and Gay Archives and Libraries, 58-61. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1952. Books: Hermit with Landscape (1990), Strange Relation (1996). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Word of Mouth, 307-12. Novelist, short story writer and poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1926-1992. Obituary: James White Review vol. 10 no. 2 (Winter 1993), 2. *A New York based poet who died of *Aids. He wrote a poetry *postcard with *Richard Phelan but there are no published volumes of poetry. A memoir of him is in James White Review, vol. 11, no. 2 (Winter 1994), 16. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1811-1833. A close friend of *Tennyson at *Cambridge and member of the *Apostles group. Tennyson's long *sequence In Memoriam is based on his close relationship with Hallam who died suddenly when young. In his Remains (1834), edited by *Richard Le Gallienne, London, 1893, see "Meditative Fragments I" pp. 3-4 ("My bosom friend may we cleave to each other", p. 4) and the *sonnet, p. 77, "When gentle fingers cease to touch the string" (written to Charles Tennyson, Tennyson's brother: "When most I loved, I most have silent been"). Women in his poems are vague presences (see p. 36). The Remains were first edited by the poet's father, Henry Hallam. Hallam was engaged to Tennyson's sister Emily when he died suddenly. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Anthologist from Great Britain of works in English. Active 1993. Compiler of The *Book of Sodom. He lives in London, has made films and this is his first book; information from the dustjacket. Poet from Great Britain writing in English and translator from Greek to English and English to French. Born 1861. He translated the Persian poet *Omar Khayyam from Fitzgerald's English into French, 1912. He translated from the Greek the * Idylls of *Theocritus, London 1894; repr. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Bibliographies. Murray, Catalogue of Selected Books, item 25 (Carmina, 1889) and 80 (Theocritus, Idylls., 1894). Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10717: Carmina, London: Rivingstone, 1899. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1667: Carmina: A Volume of Verse, London: Rivingstone, 1899. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 97: two poems, one on *Ganymede. Poet from Sweden writing in Swedish; translator fom German and Greek to Swedish and from Swedish to English. Born 1907-1997. The finest Swedish homopoet whose poems vividly describe the sexual side of homosexual love and who was aware of the great Greek gay tradition. He produced a large volume of openly gay poetry, initially using the pseudonym *Jan Hogan (see books listed below). Poems of his translated into English by himself exist: see Isle of Love, Stockholm, 1965, 48 pp. - this states on the title page "Translation into English by the author". Unpublished manuscripts of translations of ten volumes of his work into English by *Anthony Reid also exist (see note in Reid Eternal Flame below). A German translation of his book of poems Oas, 1957, by himself, exists; the title is Oase, 1957, 48 pp. He has translated a selection of the Greek *Mousa Paidike into Swedish titled Nittionio grekiska karleksdikter ur Stratons Musa Puerilis, Stockholm, 1964, 48 pp.; index p. 48 (published under the pseudonym Jan Hogan). A selection of the Greek poet *Cavafy has also been translated into Swedish by him using the pseud Jan Hogan: KarleksdikteravKavafis, Stockholm, 1960, 48 pp. (300 numbered copies). All works of Hallbeck, except Alska och Do, bear the imprint Foibos Forlag: "foibos" possibly is from the Greek "ephebos" meaning young man (see *ephebe); "forlag" means publisher. Information from copies in the library of *Paul Knobel supplied by the author. Books published under Jan Hogan (pseud.): Alska och Do, Stockholm, 1951, 78 pp., Oas, 1954, 48 pp., *Eros, 1955, 48 pp., Rott Liv, 1958, 48 pp., Ogonblick, 1961, 48 pp., Lust och Langtan, 1975, 32 pp. (English poem p. 32, "Handsome, you are such a cute young kid"). Books published under the name Nils Hallbeck: Oas, 1954, 48 pp. (with woodcuts of youths); Oase, 1957, 48 pp.; Sexon, 1965; Liv ar lust/Life is lust, 1967, 48 pp. (English and Swedish) which has excellent English translations with poems dealing with the gamut of gay sex, *prostitution, *S/M etc; Het Hud, 1977, 40 pp.; Bla Eld, 1986, 48 pp. He has written an important defence and brief history of *pederastic love: Mannen och Pojken (Men and Boys),1980, 56 pp. (with illustrations by Wilhelm Von Gloeden); this work, which includes a selection of poems making it a defacto anthology of gay poems in Swedish, deserves to be translated into English. Some volumes are *pederastic in tone. (Compiled with the assistance of information supplied by Anthony Reid who is writing a biography of him.) Overall his achievement makes him one of the greatest gay poets in any language. His manuscripts are believed to be in the hands of relatives. His paintings were given to the Salvation Army when he died. Two articles (an interview and an analysis of his work) written on him by Greger Eman, editer of the Swedish gay journal Kum ut, are believed to have been published in this journal or possibly Lambda Nordica. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10718-19: Isle of Love, Stockholm: Foibos Forlag, 1965, and Life is Lust, Stockholm: Foibos Forlag, 1967. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 667-68: same books. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 400-12; biog. note p. 381. Poet and editor from the United States who wrote in English. 1790-1867. He was a *New York poet who, with a group of friends, formed the Ugly Club which advocated ugliness in all its forms. It is fairly clear from the poems discussed in Martin, The Male Homosexual Tradition in American Poetry (see below) that Halleck was actively homosexual. A study of him is John W. M. Hallock, The American Byron: homosexuality and the fall of Fitz-Greene Halleck (2000); bibl. references, pp. 196-216. Text. See The Poetical Writings, edited by James Grant Wilson, New York, 1869 (repr. 1969); see pp. 34-5 "On the Death of Joseph Rodman Drake", 51-52 "Love" (there is no female presence in the poem). Biography: see The Life and Letters of Fitz-Greene Halleck, New York, 1869, by James Grant Wilson. He edited *Byron's works in 1834, apparently the first United States edition of a significant volume of Byron's poetry. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Dictionary of American Biography: revealing he never married. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 472. Criticism. Martin, Homosexual Tradition in American Poetry, 93-97: "the central emotional fact of Halleck's life was clearly his emotional friendship with the poet Joseph Rodman Drake" to whom he composed the *elegy "On the Death of Rodman Drake". Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1956. Author of a book of poems with *David A. Bolduc, Shared Affections, 1994. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gents, Bad Boys, and Barbarians, 81-85; biog., 80. Critic from the United States writing in English. Born 1952. A leading proponent of *social constructionism. See his book Before Pastoral, 1983, on the Greek poet *Theocritus. A Hundred Years of Homosexuality (New York, 1990) is a series of essays focusing on male homosexuality in *Athens of the fifth and fourth centuries B.C. - e.g., "Heroes and their Pals" deals with *Achilles and Patroclus. Reviews: Times Literary Supplement, 1-7 June 1990, 571-73 and New York Review of Books, Jasper Griffin, "Love and Sex in Ancient Greece", 26 March 1990, 6-11 (there is a reply and rejoinder by Halperin and Griffin, "Greek Love: An Exchange", New York Review of Books, 26 April 1990, 60): Griffin attacks Halperin's view that homosexuality did not exist in ancient Greece as "a surprising claim" (New York Review of Books, 26 March 1990, 6). The editor, with others, of Before Sexuality: The Construction of Erotic Experience in the Ancient Greek World, Princeton, 1990, and a short work on Foucault, Saint = Foucault (1995). See *satyrs. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Criticism. Duberman, Hidden from History, 37-53. Critic from Germany who wrote in German. Active 1759. See Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, p. 521, which cites his book Sokratische Dendwurdigkeiten (1759) as emphasising the sensual element in true *friendship between males. See also *Socrates. Poet and critic from German who wrote in German. 1879-19S8. Author of the first work of criticism of *Stefan George in homosexual terms, for which work alone he is of major interest for gay poetry: "Der männlicher eros im Werke Stefan Georges" in Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 14 (1914), 1Q-2S. He also wrote a work of criticism on novels of friendship by *Lucian, *Montaigne, *Hermann Bang and others: Die Novellen der Freundschaft, Potsdam, 1919. This work seems to be the first study of the homosexual novel, and certainly the first such book length study in German. He was the author of several books of poems 19Q8-ca. 191S: see his entry in the * National Union Catalog. He published poems in *Der Eigene and admitted openly to being gay (*Manfred Herzer to the author, 1989). In Der Eigene he wrote "*Heinrich Kleists Liebesleben" (Heinrich Kleist's love-life) (see Der Eigene no. 154 [192Q], 154 ff). He compiled a list of titles of works by John Henry Mackay (see his entry for details). Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 61 : Bild und Traum, Wilhelmshaven, 191S, Entrechtet, Leipzig: *Spohr, 19Q6 and two articles including the one on Kleist cited above. Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen, items S67-68: Bild und Traum, Wilhelmshagen: Wegwalt-Werkstatt, 191S and Entrechtet! Eine Appologie (poetry portfolio not listed in any other bibliography; no date). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 2SQ. Criticism. Weindel, L'Homosexualité en Allemagne (19Q8), 276: part of a poem in French (apparently a translation). Criticism. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 8 (19Q6), 756-58: review of books. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1952. Books: Call and Response (1994). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Word of Mouth, 352-56. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1958. Bibliography. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10720: "Over on the East Side" in ONE Magazine 6:5, 16-17, May 1958. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1980. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1678: Hotel Chelsea and the Sound, Bay City: Texas, Orange Books, 1980. Historian and critic from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1844-1899. Author of the first sustained discussion of the *aesthetic movement in English: The Aesthetic Movement in England, third edition, London, 1882. In this study the movement was related to the *Pre-Raphaelites. *D. G. Rossetti, *W. M. Rossetti, *William Morris and *Swinburne were seen as major poets of the movement while John Ruskin was seen as a major influence. See in particular pp. 8294, "Punch's Attacks on the Aesthetes, pp. 95-124, "Mr. *Oscar Wilde" pp. 95-124 (poems on Wilde are cited 110, 119; no authors given). Poet from Germany writing in German. Active 1983. Bibliographies. Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen, item 371: Der Balken, Frankfurt: Fischer, 1983 (poems) and Die verschwindende Welt, Frankfurt: Fischer, 1988 (first edition 1984) - poems. Poet from Sweden who wrote in Swedish. 1905-1961. The author of a collection of prose and poetry, Markings. The son of a Swedish Prime Minister, he was a bachelor who was a much revered Secretary General of the United Nations 1953-61. He was mysteriously killed in a plane crash in Africa (there were suggestions that he was assassinated). See Jim Kepner, From the Closet of History, 1984 (no pagination): "Only after his death did his published poetic meditations Markings... reveal his mystic gay feelings." Markings, London and New York, 1964 (in Swedish, Vagmarken [Signposts], 1963) was translated into English by *W. H. Auden and Lief Sjoberg. See pp. 93 and 171 for poems (the condensed and obscure style needs to be taken into account when reading the book). Markings is mostly prose but contains a few poems (a famous one was on his pet monkey). It is a masterpiece of some of the innermost thoughts of its author presented in the form of aphorisms and was found among the author's papers after his death. Pages 16-17 discusses his character. He was a tortured soul whom Auden says was incapable of experiencing "a passionate devotion returned, or a life-long happy marriage" (p. 17). (Auden believed these remarks lost him the *Nobel Prize.) See p. 54 of Markings regarding a homosexual love with another man. Markings is discussed in Dag Hammarskjold's White Book by Gustaf Aulen, 1969. Biography. See Henry P. Van Dusen, Dag Hammarskjold, New York, 1964 (p. 78 notes his "lack of interest in women"). In Brian Urquhart, Hammarskjold, 1972, see p. 27 - rumours of homosexuality denied by Hammarskjold; but the book is very guarded on this subject. Karl Birnbaum, Den unge Dag Hammarskjolds inre varld, 1998, is a study of his early letter and diaries (in Swedish). He was awarded the *Nobel Prize for Peace in 1961. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopædia Britannica. Duroc, Homosexuels et lesbiennes illustrés, 17B-79: stated to be gay by 'Roger Peyrefitte. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 16B4: Markings, New York: Knopf, 1964. Poet from Germany who wrote in German. Born 1893. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 247: poem "One Night Stand". Hammer-Purgstall, Joseph, Freiherr von Translator from Persian to German from Germany; historian writing in German. 1774-1856. The most famous German language *Orientalist of his time, he married and lived in *Vienna after being an Austrian diplomat. He is especially important for making available Persian homopoets in German though The Oxford Companion to German Literature calls his works hasty compilations. It is suspected that he may have been homosexual. Persian. He published a German translation of *Hafiz in 1812-13, 2 volumes, which inspired *Goethe to write his East-West Diwarr, this translation preserved the homosexuality (see Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, p. 515). He published a selection of Persian poetry in 1818 with a history: Geschichte der schonen Redekünste Persiens. Turkish. In 1836-1838 he published a four volume Geschichte der Osmanischen Dichtkunst (History of Turkish Poetry), in Pest, Hungary, which is a collection of biographies based on Turkish sources. (Compare *E. J. Gibb who may have drawn on this work.) He also wrote Geschichte des Osmanisches Reiches (History of the Turkish state), 10 volumes, Pest, 1827-32 (cited as Herzer, Bibliographie zur Homosexualität, item 0088 as noted below). A work of his has been trans. into Turkish titled: Osmanii Tarihi, Istanbul, 1985. Arabic. Author of Literarisch Geschichte der Araber (Literary History of the Arabs), 7 volumes, Vienna, 1850-56. See also *Graf von Harrach. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Neue deutsche Biographie. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: Die Männerliebe der Griechen, 66-71, 93-95, 105-09, 143-48: trans. of Turkish poets, although the language 143-48 is not identified. (Hössli spells his name Hammer and on one occasion, 143, Hamer.) Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 84: trans. of *Rumi. Penguin Book of Turkish Verse, 35 (mention of his influence). Bibliographies. Herzer, Bibliographie zur Homosexualität, item 0088. Critic from the United States writing in English. Active 1974. *Norman Roth, " 'Deal Gently with the Young Man': Love of Boys in Medieval Hebrew Poetry of Spain", Speculum 57 (1982), 26 re his On the Art of *Medieval Arabic Literature, Princeton, 1974 (see pp. 74-75, 102, 107) which discusses the use of convention in Arabic poetry. Editor (from Iraq?) of works in Arabic. Active 850. The second editor in manuscript of *Abu Nuwas and *Abu Tammam: see their entries. Poet from Uzbekistan who wrote in Uzbek. Active before 1600. See "Gazel" in (no editior given), Uzbek Poetry, Moscow, 1958, pp. 61-62, a Tine poem on *friendship translated into English. See *ghazal. Poet from Malaysia who wrote in Bahasa Indonesia; translator from Dutch and Sanskrit to Bahasa Indonesia. 1911-1946. A Malay poet whose total oeuvre amounts to only seventy poems. "Padamu Jua", his most famous poem is *non gender-specific and is in the *Sufi mystical tradition. On him see A. H. Johns, Cultural Options and the Role of Tradition, pp. 124-40. Active as a poet 1930-36, he died at the hands of revolutionaries in Sumatra in 1946. He also translated from Dutch Persian and Sanskrit poetry and the Sanskrit * Bhagavad Gita. Poet from Malaysia who wrote in Malay. Died ca. 1600. A *Sufi poet. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Penguin Companion to World Literature; see the Classical volume, 249-50. Poet who wrote in Arabic. Active ca. 850. His work shows the influence of *Neoplatonism. Not found in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Orgasms of Light, 131; biog., 257. *Marc Daniel, "Arab Civilization and Male Love", Gay Sunshine 32 (Spring 1977), 7 - very good poem. Period in Chinese literature from China from 206 B.C.-220. The period is noted for its extreme refinement in art and *aesthetic feeling. Several *Emperors - e.g. Emperor Ai - were homosexual (all Emperors wrote poetry). The poets Juan Chi and *Xi Kang came at the end of the period and *The Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove soon after. The *Confucian classics were first *censored ca. 200 B.C. in this period. The greatest early Chinese historian *Ssu-ma Ch'ien lived in the period and records the homosexual favorites of emperors in his history the Shih-chi (Classic of History). See also *Actors, *Dictionaries, influence - Chinese (as Chinese began to be influential in Vietnam and Korea in this time), *Yin and Yang. References. Shasha, History of Homosexuality in China, xx. Hinsch, Passions of the Cut Sleeve, 34-54. Poet from Korea who wrote in Korean. 1879-1944. A Buddhist monk and poet who published one volume of eighty-eight poems, The Silence of Love, 1926. Nim (love) in Korean is a complex word meaning both the beloved (in allegorical poetry, the king, and in religious verse, the *god). In Han Yong-un's poetry it is both the subject and object of love, the nation, life, Buddha, enlightenment. For a selection of poems translated into English see Peter H. Lee, The Silence of Love: Twentieth-Century Korean Poetry, 1980, pp. 5-28. His poems, which are *mystical, can be read homosexually: "all living things are the beloved for Sakyamuni [i.e. Buddha]" (Lee, Silence of Love, p. 7); see also the poem titled "?" p. 19. He seems to have been influenced by *Christianity. Compare poets of *Sufism. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, vol. 1, 46. Poet from China who wrote in Chinese. Active ca. 780? A *T'ang poet or more probably, a number of poets. The name means "cold mountain" and is a pseudonym. The corpus of poems by "Cold Mountain" was probably begun by a poet using this name, poems being added later by other poets; the poems come from the Tang period - possibly ca. 780 - and are inspired by *Zen *Buddhism. They are the poems of a recluse. There is some homoeroticism in the sequence. See Burton Watson, Cold Mountain, New York, 1962, p. 26: poem about *cut sleeves; see also p. 8 re friends. Translation. See his entry in Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature. English: Arthur Waley (1954; see Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature entry on Han Shan), Gary Snyder (1958; repr. in Riprap and Cold Mountain Poems, 1975), Burton Watson (1962), Robert G Henricks (1999) - stated to be the only complete translation of all 311 poems into English, that one poet wrote the poems and, p. 9, that Han-shan "was married"; French: Jacques Pimpaneau (1975); German: Stephan Schuhmacher (1974). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature. Poet from the Netherlands who wrote in Dutch. 1912-1969. He was a *Dada orientated poet. There is an article on him in * Paidika vol. 3 no. 3 (issue 11) by *Hans Hafkamp with translation of the work "Karel and the Father of Ruins". Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Naar vriendscaap zulk een mateloos verlangen, 70-72: four poems from Verzamelde Gedichten, second edition, Amsterdam: G. A. van Oorschot, 1974 (books cited p. 118). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 300; 262: states he is the author of an evocative novel about a Moroccan boy. Poems of Love and Liberation, 38. Bibliographer from Denmark who wrote in Danish. Active 1975. Author of the Danish, Norwegian and Swedish bibliography, * Nordisk Bibliografi: Homoseksualitet, Copenhagen: Forlaget Pan, 1984, 25 pages (but unpaginated); in Danish. The sections were compiled separately and coordinated in Copenhagen. Male and female writers are combined and some poets are listed. Danish. This section consists of several categories including Fiction and Prose, Poetry, Biography and Sociology. Swedish. There are sections on Fiction and Prose, Drama, Poetry and Biography. The major Swedish homosexual poet *Nils Hallbeck is omitted as a poet. Norwegian. There are sections on Fiction and Prose and Biography. Finnish. There are sections on Literature and Biography. Norse (sometimes called Icelandic'). There are sections on modern Fiction and it lists a journal, on p. 25. There is a Note on the Norse Sagas. Bibliographies. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, item 17. Poet from Norway who wrote in Norwegian. Active 1985. Author of a poem on Handrian and Antinous. Criticism. Gatland, Mellom linjene: homofile tema i norsk litteratur, 260: poem "Hadrians sang" in the journal Arken no. 2-3, 1985 on the them of Hadrian and Antinous; includes lines from the poem. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active from 1969. He lives in *Los Angeles and a novel Early Graves, ca. 1989, deals with *Aids. He has also written short stories and novels (see Young, Male Homosexual in LIterature, items 1697-1705), some under the pseudonym James Colton, for Greenleaf Classics and Brandon House 1969-71 (see Young, items 742-79) and others using the pseudonym James Coulton (see Young, item 820). In an article in The Advocate 13 May, 1982, 25 he is noted amongst *West coast gay poets. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10721: five poems in Venice Thirteen, Venice, CA: Bayrock Press, 1971. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1701: One Foot in the Boat, Santa Monica, CA: Momentum, 1977. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poets for Life, 94-95; biog., 94-95. Poet from the Netherlands writing in Dutch. Born 1954. Gay Poetry Anthologies. David heeft ook een achterkant, 14; biog 59 - *Amsterdam based. Poet from France writing in French. Active 1922. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10724: Choix de poésies, "le bel éphebe", Paris: G. Charpentier, 1922. Poem in Norse from Iceland. Before 1200. The poem concerns an altercation between Odin and Thor and is one of the poetic * Edda. Stanzas 27, 42-43 and 51 have accusations of homosexual behavior. Criticism. Vanggaard, Phallos, 76-78: re Thor and Loki in first song stanza 38. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1956. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10722-23: two poems from ONE Magazine, "Commandent" 4:4, 13, April-May 1956 and "A Ride to Nowhere" 5:8, 13, October-November, 1957. Hardenberg, George Friedrich Philip von Poet from Germany who wrote in German. 1772-1801. He used the pseudonym Novalis. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 84: under Novalis he lists Heimweh nach der offenen Flamme [no other details]. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, item 10886: under Novalis (his pseudonym) lists Hymns to the Night and Other Selected Writings, New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1960, trans. Charles Passage. Critic and historian from the United States. Born 1923. Author of Homoaffectionalism: *male bonding from *Gilgamesh to the present, San Francisco, 1993, a thesis presented at *One Inc and awarded a Ph D. Published as a book San Francisco, 1993. He lives in *San Francisco. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1840-1928. Hardy, when aged 16, formed a strong emotional attachment to another teenager, Horace pillow: see Robert Gittings, The Young Thomas Hardy, 1975, pp. 36-37, and F. B. Pinion, relationship of both men to Tryphena Sparks, a girl of 16, remains speculative; it is unsure exactly what her relationship to Horace Moule was. Moule, who slept with a razor under his Thomas Hardy, 1992, pp. 49-58. The whether Hardy fell in love with her and Hardy was most famous as a novelist but was accused of pessimism and "immorality" by reviewers especially in Tess of the D"Urbervilles (1891), about a village girl seduced and made pregnant by a rich man whom she later kills, and in Jude the Obscure (1895), featuring a couple who live together unmarried. Hardy's first marriage was unhappy and was possibly not sexually consumated: on his sexuality and relations with women in early life see Denys Kay-Robinson, The First Mrs Thomas Hardy, London, 1979, pp. 37-41. The death of his first wife Emma Gifford in 1912 provoked a series of poems which make clear the sense of intense loss he felt. In 1914 he married Florence Dugdale who proteced him from adulation. Hardy lived a secluded life in the country mainly. There were no children of this second marriage. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 160; biog., 236. Translator from Latin to English. Ca. 1516-1612. Translator of *Martial's epigrams (1613; repr.). He was a courtier at the court of Queen Elizabeth and graduate of *Cambridge who married and had nine children. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Movement in English in the United States from 1920. Harlem is an area on the island of Manhattan in *New York, on the west side of the city above 110th Street. It extends some forty-five blocks and inhabited by *Negro Americans. The Harlem Renaissance was a great revival in United States black culture which took place in the 1920s following an influx of blacks into what was previously a white neighborhood from 1900. Major gay poets of the time are *Countee Cullen, *Langston Hughes and *Claude McKay (the most famous black writer of the time). *Bessie Smith and *Ma Rainey were jazz singers associated with the renaissance; Gladys Bentley was a black lesbian pianist who composed bawdy *parody versions of popular songs which appear to be *lost: see B. Kellner, The Harlem Renaissance (New York, 1987), 30-31 (with bibl.). *Carl van Vechten wrote novels. Oral poems and *bawdry may exist from this time. *Eric Garber has compiled a gay bibliography and *Porter Grainger wrote a famous song. The novelist James Baldwin wrote about Harlem in Go Tell It On the Mountain, 1953. For the contemporary period see *Sidney Smith and *Salih Michael Fisher. See also *Blacks. The movement called *Negritude emerged from the Harlem Renaissance. On the movement overall see Bruce Kellner, The Harlem Renaissance, 1987. For a gay critique, see *Gregory Woods, "Gay Readings of the Harlem Renaissance Poets" in Emmanuel S. Nelson, Critical Essays: Gay and Lesbian Writers of Color, New York, 1993, pp. 127-142. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 518. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Criticism. Woods, History of Gay Literature, 209-16. Dramatic work in poetry in English from Great Britain. Ca. 1879. It is ascribed by *Gershon Legman and others to *George Augustus Sala (Legman, Horn Book, London, 1970, p. 96) and Sala seems the likely author. The work is a play in verse, set in the Cave of Masturbation which delightfully describes the homosexual goings on of the chief protagonist and his friends. It is modelled on *Rochester's Sodom. It is discussed in Peter Mendes, Clandestine and Erotic Fiction in English 1800-1930, 1993, items 169A (the 1905 Private Case edition) and B (an undated edition) where it is dated 1879. The title page reads Theatre Royal, Olymprick/New and Gorgeous Pantomine/entitled/ Harlequin Prince Cherrytop,/and the/ Good Fairy Fairfuck/or/ The Frig - The Fuck - And the Fairy, Oxford: Printed at the University Press, 1879. 30 pp. in length. This appears to be the first printing and is listed in the * National Union Catalog; the *Private Case copy (below) appears to be a reprint. The New York Public Library has a copy of this work. A new edition of this work is believed to be being prepared. Bibliographies. Kearney, Private Case, item 878: Theatre Royal Olymprick. Private Reprint, 1905, 52 pp. (ascribed by Kearney probably to *Leonard Smithers as publisher, with London as the place of publication); the Private Case copy has manuscript notes by *Alfred Rose. Criticism. Kearney, History of Erotic Literature, 152-53: ascribed to G. A. Sala and others. Editor, biographer, collector and anthologist from the United States of works in English. Active 1893. One of the three executors of Whitmans estate, he was one of the three compilers of In Re Walt Whitman and was one of the editors of Whitman's complete works, for which he wrote biographical pieces (see essays in vol. 8, pp. 275-300 on Whitman and his *Boston publishers and on Whitman's ideas of health and physique pp. 261-74). See the Walt Whitman entry for details of his biography of Whitman which is in volume 1 of the complete works: this became in effect the authorized biography. Autobiography: Memoirs, edited by Peter van Egmond, Hartford, 1972, 58 pp.: see his entry in *British Library General Catalogue. The Library of Congress has a collection of Whitman manuscripts owned by him. Poet from Spain writing in Spanish. Active 1981. Bibliographies. Cuaderno bibliográfico gay, 13: book Sex Fiction, Madrid: Hiperión, 1981. Anthologist from Great Britain of works in English; the name is a pseudonym. Born 1966. Editor of the anthology * How Can You Write a Poem... His real name is John Yates: see the anthology p. 78. He is also the composer of the musical piece Undying Heart: A Requiem for *Aids. Addressee of poetry in German from Germany. Active ca. 1800. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: Die Männerliebe der Griechen, 105-06: regarding *Hammer-Purgstall's dedication; a suspected lover of *Hammer-Purgstall. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born ca. 1960. *Black poet who is a native New Yorker. He lives in *Washington, has worked in various editorial capacities and is published in various gay journals and anthologies. Excellent poems well crafted about gay relationships. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Tongues Untied, 23-40; biog. opposite title page. Road Before Us, 60-61; biog., 176. Brother to Brother, 148-54; biog., 271. Biographer and critic from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1856-1931. An English man of letters famous for his sexual memoirs, My Life and Loves, Paris: privately printed, 1922-27 (it includes some slight references to homosexual encounters at school in the early chapters); pp. 169-73 of the London 1964 printing describes a meeting with *Whitman and there is a description of a meeting with *Oscar Wilde. A fifth volume of this work is actually by Alexander Trocchi. (The work has been banned on several occasions in various places.) He wrote a life of *Shakespeare, The Man Shakespeare, 1909, which discusses candidly the homosexuality of the sonnets, pp. 23253, and a life of *Oscar Wilde (1916), which was never published in Great Britain in Harris's lifetime since Lord *Alfred Douglas threatened to sue Harris for *libel if it was. In Contemporary Portraits, Second Series, New York, 1919 see *Lionel Johnson and Hubert Crackanthorpe pp.179-191, *Walter Pater pp. 203-226 (Pater is called "the apologist of strange sins" p. 203). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1965. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 62: "Come See the Mapplethorpe Show" (a *satire on white voyeurism of blacks); biog., 176 - *black poet who lives in California. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born ca. 1967. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 63: "Last night i had a dream" (about being fucked by a *black man); biog., 176-77: a *black poet with a Masters in Fine arts who is a photographer. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1991. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 64: "Sunday Morning" (about having sex on Sunday morning); biog., 176-77 - a *black poet who is an associate librarian in Baltimore. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1958. Born in Sussex, he studied at Portsmouth Polyclinic and graduated in 1983, since then working in mental health. *Chapbook: Not Another Threesome, London: *Oscars Press, 1990 (with *Adam Johnson and *Gerry Pinkney); see pp. 5-18. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Sugar and Snails, 17, 33; biog. inside back cover. Take Any Train, 31-33; biog., 62. Poet and autobiographer from the United States writing in English. Born 1917. An openly gay composer of classical music, he published his first book of verse at the age of seventy-five (with his own drawings): Joys and Perplexities, The Jargon Society, 1993, 123 pp. (reviewed in Lambda Book Report vol. 3 no. 8 January/ February 1993, 3031). (The Jargon Society who published his autobiography is a press operated by the gay poet Jonathan Williams.) His poem "On Bill's Return from the Mountains" is about his life partner William Colvig. He has been openly gay from the 1970s and wrote the gay opera Young Caesar. Interviews. See Leyland, Gay Sunshine Interviews, volume 1, pp. 163-88. Other interviews are in Body Politic no. 55, August 1979, 28 and The Advocate no. 507, 13 September 1988, 54-56. Translator from Greek to English. Active before 1983. Possibly the major British poet of this name: in which case see his entry in Contemporary Poets, fourth edition (states he was born in 1937). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 58: trans. of the Greek poet *Alcaeus to English; 68-9: trans. of *Straton from *Mousa Paidike poem 185. Songwriter from the United States who wrote in English. 1895-1943. A writer of musicals, e.g. Pal Joey, 1940. He worked with Richard Rodgers. See *Roger Baker, "Haunting Refrains", Gay News no. 169 (1979), 24-25: states his songs (e.g. "The Lady is a Tramp" from the musical Babes in Arms) have *camp and homosexual subtexts and that he was gay - see the songs "My Heart Belongs to Daddy" and "Love for Sale". New York born and raised, he became an alcoholic and virtually committed suicide by heavy drinking; he was of Jewish background. Compare *Cole Porter, *Noel Coward. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of American Biography, Supplement 3: stated to be "A bachelor living with his widowed mother". Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Gay Histories and Cultures. Editor, publisher and letter writer from Great Britain writing in English. 1907-1999. Editor of Wilde's Letters, 1962, and More Letters of Oscar Wilde, 1985. The Letters contains the first complete text of *Oscar Wilde's long letter to *Alfred Douglas, written when Wilde was in prison and titled De Profundis. He was also the editor and publisher of *A. E. Housman's Letters (1971), and the Diaries of *Siegfried Sassoon 1915-1918 (1983) and Diaries of *Siegfried Sassoon 1920-22 (1981) and has edited War Poems of Siegfried Sassoon, 1983. As a publisher, his firm published several works of relevance: apart from Housman's letters, see *Mr. W. H., *Baring-Gould, *Frederick Rolfe. He was the literary executor of *William Plomer. His firm Rupert Hart-Davis was active 1946-1983. His letters to George Lyttleton, The Lyttleton Hart-Davis Letters covering the period 1955-56, reveal much about gay poets and figures (see review Gay News no. 145, 1978, p. 26). He published three volumes of literary memoirs. Obituary: Guardian Weekly, 15 December 1999, 18. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Literary Biography vol. 112 (1991): see the entry Rupert Hart-Davis Limited. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1946. He has lived and worked in *Washington, been a Peace Corps volunteer, cared for a stroke patient and travelled extensively. Since 1971 he has shared his life with *William Meredith. Books: Fourteen Women, 1979, Morocco Journal, 1981, Internal Geography, 1987 (poems are not specifically gay). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, 182-85: poems about aging; biog., 182. Poets for Life, 96-97; biog., 236. Poet from the Netherlands writing in Dutch. Born 1930. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Naar vriendscaap zulk een mateloos verlangen, 80-84: poems from Totemtaal, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 1966, Een lokomotief achter prikkeldraad, Amsterdam: De Bezige, 1970, Wat ken een manser betalen? Amsterdam: Em. Querido's uitgeversmij, 1977 and from the journal Maatstaf vol. 25, 1977 (books and journal cited p. 118). Het huis dat vriendschap heet, 180-85: five poems dated 1966-77. Drobci stekla v ustih, 103; biog., 181. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 305: poem based on *Catullus. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born ca. 1955 Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 65: poem "Drifting"; biog., 177: a *black poet born in Texas who lives in Seattle and has some twelve unpublished manuscripts including his current work Lovejoy: A Manuscript of Visionary Love. Movement in the United States in English from 1780 to 1810. A group of writers active 1780-1810, including John Trumbull, *Timothy Dwight, David Humphreys and Joel Barlow. They produced a body of political *satire, including The Anarchiad: A Poem on the Restoration of Chaos and Substantial Night (1786-87; first fully printed 1861) by the group members Lemuel Hopkins, David Humphreys, John Trumbull and Joel Barlow. They took their name from the town of Hartford, Connecticut and are sometimes called the Connectictut Wits. An example of strong *male-bonding in literary groups. The Wits were staunchly Federalist and strongly conservative, being opposed to republicanism. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Poet from Germany who wrote in German; he later lived in Italy. 1864-1905. A writer of plays and stories; tensions developed in his married life in his last years when he was contemplating divorce. He collected his poems in Meine Verse, 1902. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Bibliographies. Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen, item 377: Ausgewählte Werke. Erste Band: Gedichte (Collected Works: First Volume: Poems), Berlin: Fischer, 1919 (first edition in three volumes, 1909 noted). Criticism. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 14 (1914), 71: prints a poem reprinted from Pan no. 10 (January 1913), beginning "In Hellas und im alten Rom war einst die Liebe frei"; states that he was *bisexual. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1877-1943. A depressive and a deeply closeted homosexual known mainly as an artist while he was alive. See Howard Junker, "Marsden Hartley", Advocate no. 315, 16 April 1981, 14-15. He fell in love with a German army officer killed in 1914, Karl Von Freyburg: see the review of his art exhibition in James White Review vol. 12 no. 2 (Spring/ Summer 1995), 20. Biography: Townsend Luddington, Marsden Hartley, 1992 (reviews: James White Review vol. 9 no. 4, 17 - not highly regarded by the reviewer Jim van Buskirk; Times Literary Supplement, 18 June 1993, 21). See Emmanuel Cooper, The Sexual Perspective, 1986, pp. 120-26, for discussion of his art. He published three books of poetry in his life and travelled widely. Over 500 poems were found in manuscript after his death. Manuscripts are at *Yale. With *Robert McAlmon who published his Twenty-Five poems, 1923, he published the journal Contact. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Dictionary of American Biography. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 519 (biog. note); 1009: stated to be also a noted modernist painter as well as homosexual poet. Howes, Broadcasting It. Gay Histories and Cultures. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1721: Twenty-Five Poems, Paris: Contact, 1923. Collected Poems edited by Gail R. Scott, Santa Rosa, 1987; very little is immediately relevant but see pp. 311-13. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active before 1992. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 239: poem "Ruined Temple of *Eros" (possibly dates ca.1920). Poet from Germany writing in German. Active 1908. Criticism. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 11 (1910-11), 90: quotes his poem *"Michelangelo" from his collection Spate Lieder, Stuttgart, 1908. University in the United States where English is the spoken language. In existence from 1636. The oldest University in the United States, Harvard University, founded as Harvard College in 1636 in Cambridge, Massachusetts (now a suburb of *Boston) has the largest library in the United States, apart from the *Library of Congress. The university is noted for its *liberalism. Until the mid-nineteenth century, the Divinity School was the most important faculty and the main purpose of the university was to train ministers of religion. The library holds rare manuscripts (see *"Altercatio Ganimedis", *Rochester) and very rare gay books or books of gay relevance and sometimes unique copies (e.g., see *Georg Tanner, *Stanley Richardson). As could be expected with such an old institution, many gay poets were associated with it. There were a large number of *eighteen nineties poets associated with the University: see *George Santayana, *Edward Perry Warren, *Logan Pearsall Smith and *Trumbell Stickney (this entry gives further references). Other poets of relevance are *Michael Wigglesworth, *Edward Taylor, *Ralph Waldo Emerson, *Henry David Thoreau, *Witter Bynner, *T. S. Eliot, *Robert Frost, *George Woodberry, *Alan Seeger, *Cole Porter, *Robert Lowell, John Ashbery, *Frank O'Hara, *Kenward Elmslie, *David Watts, Stanley Ward, *David Melville. *Roger Horwitz, the lover of *Paul Monette whose death inspired a splendid *Aids sequence, went to Harvard. The critic *F. O. Matthiessen taught there; see also *Charles Eliot Norton and *David H. Perkins. From 1994 the * Harvard Gay and Lesbian Review has been published (now The Gay & Lesbian Review Worldwide), a serious journal publishing articles and reviews. The Harvard Monthly (1885+), a student journal, is relevant: see Journals - English. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica . Poet from Great Britain writing in Latin; letter writer in English and Latin; collector of books. Ca. 1550-1631. A close friend of *Edmund Spenser and possibly his tutor at Cambridge. He appears to be the Hobbinol who is unrequitedly in love with Colin who loves Rosalind in Spenser's Shepherd's Calendar - see the *Spenser entry. He is said to be "my very singular good friend" by *E. K. (pseud.) in his gloss to line 10 of January of The Shepherd's Calendar. E. K. (who appears to be Spenser) writes an introductory letter to Gabriel Harvey in The Shepherd's Calendar (1579). He wrote a series of letters to Spenser in 1580 and published Latin poems on his patron Sir Thomas Smith titled Smithus (1578); Latin letters also exist. Many of his books have survived; also a *humanist. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Poet from Australia writing in English. 1920-1995. See *"Ganymede", in Selected Poems, Sydney, 1975, pp. 36-7 (in the Professor Eisenhart sequence, which was first published in book form in Poems, 1963). The subject is the male homosexual favorite of the Greek god *Zeus - "the cause of his unrest: a boy". The poem was first published in Meanjin 17 (1958), pp. 388-89. She has used pseudonyms such as Walter Lehmann, Francis Geyer and Miriam Stone and some of her poems are *non-gender specific. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Dessaix, Australian Gay and Lesbian Writing, 24. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1939. Since 1967 he has lived in Brighton, Sussex and worked in various jobs. He has had twenty books of poetry published from 1965, including Penguin Modern Poets 19, 1971 (see "For John in the Mountains" with the line: "Your *kiss holds such towns") and several volumes of translations (including on the founder of *Dada, Tristan Tzara). He has edited several magazines and appeared in a number of anthologies. A selection is Crossing the Frozen River: Selected Poems 1965-80, Bolinas, California, 1984. Crossing the Frozen River: Selected Poems, London, 1988, contains a masterly collection of gay poems. Influenced by *surrealism, his work also shows the stylistic influence of *Charles Olson and the United States poets around Olson. He has given extensive readings and made a long playing record, reading from his work, Landscapes. He was married until at least 1981, though he is openly gay in his poetry from 1971. See also *Publishers - English. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition: reveals he is divorced with two sons and one daughter. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 1724-26: Landscapes, London: Fulcrum, 1969, The Man with Blue Eyes, New York: Angel Hair Books, 1966, The White Room, London: Fulcrum, 1968. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 357-58. Not Love Alone, 32-36; biog., 141. Take Any Train, 34-35; biog., 62. Of Eros and Dust, 66: *non gender speciific love poem, 80; biog., 66. Hasan, Umar Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1961-1994. *Black poet. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Milking Black Bull, 95-107; biog., 95. Trope in Arabic, English, French and Greek from ca. 800. Hashish is a *drug common in Morocco, Egypt and Turkey. Arabic. *Norman Roth, " 'Deal Gently with the Young Man': Love of Boys in Medieval Hebrew Poetry of Spain", Speculum 57 (1982), p. 26, cites the poem of *Abu Nuwas (active 800 in Iraq) "A handful of hashish, a pound of meat,/ A kilo of bread, and the company of a willing boy." Roth also cites Franz Rosenthal, The Herb: Hashish versus Medieval Muslim Society, Leiden, 1971, pp. 66, 67, 82, 83 and a poem on p.157. French: see *François Pirou re *Rimbaud. Greek: see *Rembetika. English: *Harold Norse refers. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1955. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 66: "Gossip"; biog., 177: a *black poet who is Afrocentric, lives in New York and is *HIV positive. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active 1979. This seems to be two poets, Jens Hass and Jutta Hertie who collaborated. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Milchsilber, 132-33: the poems are signed exactly as above; biog. information 189-90 (with photo). *Maldoror im blauen Mond (the author is given just as the name is given above, that is "Jens Hass/ Jutta Hertie"). Biographer from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1912-1963. Biographer of * Rupert Brooke (1964) and * Edward Marsh (1959). The Brooke biography has been called "overtactful and omits a great deal" (*Peter Parker in Gay News no. 198 [1980], 21); compare John Lehmann's biography of Rupert Brooke. He also published poetry though nothing relevant has been found. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1926. A published poet from 1973. Book of poems: Main Street (before 1983). A *New York poet who started writing in *prison. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Black Men/White Men, 54; biog., 235. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 67-77: "Freddi", a fine poem about sex in jail (see *prison). Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1994. Book: Stumbling Into Light, St John, Kansas, 1993. Reviewed in James White Review vol. 11 no. 2 (Winter 1994), 17. He edits Chiron Review. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1961. Book: Stumbling Into Light, 1993 (review: James White Review, vol. 11 no. 2, winter 1994, 18 by John Gilgun). Gay Poetry Anthologies. A Day for a Lay, 271-75; biog., 271 - lives in *St. John, Kansas with his best friend Rusty and twelve cats and edits and publishes Chiron Review, a journal he founded in 1982 with his mother Jane. Poet possibly from Spain who wrote in Spanish. Active before 1211. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Dar al-Tiraz: fine gay love poem. Poet from India who wrote in Urdu. 1699-1781. For his life see Sadiq, History of Urdu Literature, pp. 100-105. Not in Dictionary of Oriental Literatures or Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Criticism. *C. M. Naim, "The Theme of Homosexual (Pederastic) Love in Pre-Modern Urdu Poetry", in Studies in the Urdu Gazal and Prose Fiction, edited by M. U. Memon, 1979, 124: states he has very few verses with pederastic references. Poet from Japan who wrote in Japanese. 1653-1708. A *pupil of *Basho who carried on his traditions devoutly. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan. Criticism. Henderson, Introduction to Haiku, 53: "Play about do,/from grass-leaf to grass-leaf/jewels of dew"; this *haiku could be read as about two men masturbating together; page 54: possible erotic suggestion in poem. Poet from Germany who wrote in German. 1898-1986. A prolific author of novels, poetry and other works; see his entry in volume 5 of Walther Killy, editor, Literatur Lexikon, 1990. He published poetry from 1924. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Bibliographies. Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen, item 387: Hinter dem Perlenvorhang. Gedichte nach dem Chinesischen, Frankfurt: Foscher, 1956 (second enlarged edition; first printing 1954) - poems modelled on Chinese poems. Poem in Norse from Iceland. Ca 1275. Havamal (the sayings of Har) is 165 poems in the form of gnomic sayings. See number 47: "men are men's joy" which is quoted in a homosexual context in *Thorkil Vanggard, Phallos, 1972, p. 186, and in footnote 3 on p. 204. Some stanzas existed in the tenth century but the main surviving manuscript, the Codex Regius dates from ca. 1275. The same phrase is used in the *Runic poem in Norse. See also Jonathan Williams. Translation. English: see *W. H. Auden and Paul B. Taylor, translators, The Elder Eddda: a selection, (1969): see "The Words of the high One", pp. 37-60 (however the section with the words "Men are men's joy" was not translated). Lee M. Hollander, The Poetic Edda, Austin, Texas, 1962, p. 21. German: translated in Bedeutung der Freundesliebe für Führer und Volker. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Bedeutung der Freundesliebe fur Fuhrer und Volker, 18: trans. of the relevant four lines from Havamal above - "Als ich noch jung, da war einsam mein Gang/ Und ich irrte mich oft in der Strasse,/ Nun acht ich mich reich, da den Andern ich fand:/ Der Freund ist der Freude des Mannes" (the last line reads: "The *friend is the joy of men"). Editor from Canada of works in English. Active 1970. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1732: editor of Printed Matter: An Anthology of Black Moss, Windsor, Ontario: Sun Parlor Advertising Co., 1970. This work contains a selection of poems by *Ian Young: see * Ian Young: a bibliography (1962-1980), item C5. Hay, Henry (also called Harry Hay) Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1914. The founder of the homosexual organization The Mattachine Society which was active in *Los Angeles and *New York. He was a member of the *Communist Party for eighteen years from the 1930s to the 1950s. Biography: Stuart Timmons, The Trouble with Harry Hay: Founder of the Modern Gay Movement, 1991. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Bibliographies Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10725: the poem "Pursuit" in Pursuit and Symposium 1:20, 20, March/ April 1966. Criticism. Katz, Gay American History, 105-09 and 406-20. Poet from Turkey who wrote in Turkish. Died 1557. *Ottoman *Divan poet. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Turkish Verse, 87: *non gender specific; biog., 9. Poet from Iran who wrote in Persian. Active ca. 159Q. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A'in i Akbari anthology, 644 - 46 - a homosexual love poem is on p. 646; biog., 644. Poet from Iran who wrote in Persian. Active ca. 159Q. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A'in i Akbari anthology, 672-7S; biog., 672 - a merchant. Bibliographer from the Czech Republic writing in German. 1843-1923. Erotic bibliographer. His first publication was Biblioteca germanorum erotica (German erotic bibliography), 1875 under the name H. Nay (pseud.), an anagram of Hayn. This work is the first work of German erotic bibliography, predating in English the work of *H. S. Ashbee, and the first serious work of erotic bibliography in a European language; however it contains little homosexual material. He gives his address (in Latin) as Bratislava the capital of Slovakia. In collaboration with *Alfred N. Gotendorf he produced the detailed erotic German bibliography known as *Hayn Gotendorf (published 1912-29). He also produced a bibliography on marriage where he lists his address as Breslau. His three works were reprinted as Drei erotische Bibliographien, Zentral Antiquariat der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik, 1972. Not in Oxford Companion to German Literature . Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Lexikon des gesamten Buchwesens, second edition. Hayn, Gotendorf, Bibliotheca Germanorum Erotica, vol. 3, 110-111: lists published books. Deakin, Catalogi librorum eroticum, 12-14. Lover and songwriter from Venezuela writing in French. Born 1875. A Jewish pianist and composer who wrote the musical settings for the poems in *Proust's first book Les Plaisirs et les jours ; he and Proust were lovers and the affair of the hero in Proust's novel Jean Santeuil with Françoise is based on their relationship. He wrote a song cycle Les Chansons gris based on poems by *Verlaine. See Ronald Hayman, Proust, 1990, pp. 88-89. Editor from Great Britain of works in English. Born ca. 1906. Editor of the first modern edition of *Rochester, Nonesuch Press, 1926. For nine years he shared his flat with *T. S. Eliot and once described himself as "the most un-homosexual man in London" in response to Eliot putting his arm around him and kissing him when Eliot left to marry his second wife (see p. 160 of T. S. Matthew, Great Tom, 1964 - this book makes clear the relationship between the two men was deeply affectional; the author states that John Hayward found Eliot's gesture "most offensive"). He was confined to a wheel chair because of muscular dystrophy (creeping paralysis) and was editor of the journal The Book Collector. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography. Poet from Iraq who wrote in Hebrew. 939-1038. Criticism. Jefrim Schirmann, "The Ephebe in Medieval Hebrew Poetry", Sefarad I5 (1955), 64: states he was a Babylonian theologian who wrote the poem - "If you show your teeth to a boy in sensual lust, he will laughingly cover his genitals." *Norman Roth, "'Deal Gently with the Young Man': Love of Boys in Medieval Hebrew Poetry of Spain", Speculum 57 (1982), 23: makes clear the work is a poem. He-Strumpets: a Satyr on the Sodomite Club, The Poem from Great Britain in English. Published in 1710. Printed in John Dunton's Athenianism (1710) vol. ii, pp. 93-99: this, the revised and enlarged fourth edition, is the first surviving text of the poem, as the first printing of the poem, 1707, is *lost. The poem is a satire on the *London molly clubs of the time (clubs where men met to have sex). Line 9 cites the poets *Prior, *Garth and *Addison as suitable poets to describe the club and the mention of them in this context hints that they were thought gay by the writer. See Foxon, English Verse 1701-50: item D536 (no holdings of a separate copy listed though a copy of 1707 "Printed for B. Bragge" in London is noted). Criticism. Bray, Homosexuality in Renaissance England, 142. Poet from Canada writing in English. Active 1975. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1738: After a Time, Montreal: Spare Change Press, 1975. Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (1984), 139: same book. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1939. See "A Ship of Death" in The Haw Lantern (1987), p. 20, translated from the Old English *epic * Beowulf, showing homoerotic *male bonding - note the phrase "the great ring-giver" and compare the ring symbolism in *Wagner's The Ring of the Nibelung (Heaney's material comes out of a similar mythic stock). Winner of the *Nobel Prize for Literature in 1995. His complete translation of Beowulf appeared in 1999. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors. Contemporary Poets, fifth edition. Poet in English and translator from Persian, Greek, Latin and Italian to English from Great Britain. Born 1918. In his own books of poetry see in The Triumph of the Muse (London, 1958), "To the *Dioscuri" (trans. from the Greek of *Alcaeus) p. 40, "To *Dionysus" (trans. from *Anacreon) p. 42. In Selected Poems (London, 1975) see *"Hart Crane" p. 41, '"Alexandria" pp. 4349, "Tiberius on *Capri" p. 127 (on the sexually omnivorous Roman emperor), "To Constantine P. *Cavafy" pp. 139-40. In Collected Poems 1943-1987, Manchester, 1988, see, in addition to the preceding poems, *"A. E. Housman in Talbot Road, Bayswater" p. 120, "For *David Gascoyne" p. 171, "Memories of *Paul Verlaine" pp. 319-20, *"Gray's Ode to *Richard West" (trans. from Latin') pp. 42728. He translated the Italian poet *Leopardi into English: Selected Poetry and Prose (London, 1966; New York, 1967). Artorius (London, 1973) is a long *epic poem based on *King Arthur and relates to the work of *David Jones. A special issue of the journal Aquarius is devoted to him (no. 10, 1978) published by his friend *Eddie Linden. John Heath-Stubbs is a scholarly poet who has published a large oeuvre, including many critical works on poetry, and who is blind. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Contemporary Poets, fifth edition. Contemporary Authors vol. 13-16. Dictionary of Literary Biography vol. 27. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 127-32: trans. of the Persian poet *Hafiz with *Peter Avery; also trans. of *Omar Khayyam (see Peter Avery entry). Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 223. Book collector and poet writing in English from Great Britain. 1733-1833. A *collector of books on a vast scale he owned at least some 150,000 books and had houses in London and Paris filled with them. John Ferriar wrote the satiric poem "Bibliomania" published as Epistle to Richard Heber, Esq., in London in 1809, about him. Arnold Hunt, "A Study in Bibliomania: Charles Henry Hartshorne and Richard Heber", Book Collector, Spring 1993, 25-43 and Summer 1993, 185-212, discusses a homosexual scandal with a young protégé, Charles Henry Hartshorne, in the 1820s, which caused Heber to live abroad; on page 38 is printed Heber's only known poem Carmina Cornucerinia, which is about books, and on p. 207 part of *Don Leon referring to the homosexual scandal (see p. 34 of the London, 1866, printing of the poem). The relationship with Hartshorne is also discussed in Nicholas Basbanes, A Gentle Madness: Bibliophiles, Bibliomanes and the Eternal Passion for Books, New York, 1995, pp. 110-14. Heber's book collection has been estimated at 150,000-300,000 volumes here (see footnote to p. 110 on p. 545 of Basbanes, A Gentle Madness). The library was auctioned in sixteen sales in London, Paris and Ghent. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography : notes he had 8 houses of books and estimates his library at 146,000 volumes plus an immense number of pamphlets. Poet and critic from the United States writing in English. Born 1923. In Collected Earlier Poems, New York, 1990, pp. 150-151 see "The Feast of Stephen": "Boys for the first time frankly eye each other,/ Inspect each others' bodies at close range..." (p. 150). He is the author of the critical study: The Hidden Law: The Poetry of W. H. Auden, Cambridge, MA, 1993, a major reading of *Auden one of the major twentieth century gay poets in English. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition; states he is twice married with three sons. Editor of works in Persian from Iran and critic writing in Persian. Born 1903. Editor of the text of *Omar Khayyam (Tehran, 1934); it contains 143 quatrains. The foremost novelist and short story writer of Iran of the early twentieth century. He wrote a celebrated essay on Omar Khayyam in 1923: Roba'yat-e hakim Omar-e Khayyam, Tehran, 1923. This was published in an expanded form in 1934 in Tehran as Taraneha-e Khayyam. Heian period The first great period of Japanese literature. *Kyoto came into prominence in this period as the major city and *anonymous Japanese homopoems date from this period. A number of imperial poetry anthologies were compiled. See *Maggie Childs (re her article "Japan's Homosexual Heritage"), *Kokinshu, *Zen Buddhism, *Murasaki, *Saigyo. See also *Emperors (two Japanese emperors of the period were gay). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan : Philosopher from Germany who wrote in German. 1BB9-1976. His Sein und Zeit (1922; various editions; English translation, 1961, Being and Time), had a major influence on 'Sartre and 'Foucault and thus, through them, on 'gay liberation. See his entry in Paul Edwards, editor, Encyclopedia of Philosophy (1967). His works are in course of publication in a complete edition. He was accused of being a collaborator with the 'Nazis as rector of Freiburg University when he gave a public lecture in 1933, entitled, "The Role of the University in the New Reich". Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Encyclopædia Britannica . City in Germany where German is spoken; material in Latin, Greek and German is relevant from 1386. Heidelberg is a famous university town and one of the most beautiful towns in Germany. It was the seat of the Elector of Palatine from the twelfth century to 1720. The university, founded in 1386, was a centre of *humanism in the *Renaissance and famous as a centre of the classics where *pederastic texts were much studied. The library houses the manuscript of the * Palatine Anthology, the most important anthology of homosexual lyric poems in ancient Greek. For Greek and Latin: see *C. A. Klotz. In the *Romantic period it was the center for such writers as *L. J. Von Arnim and *J. von Eichendorff. *Hölderlin later wrote an *ode on the town. *Friedrich Gundolf (pseud.) was a Professor at the University and *Demetrios Capetanakis studied there. *Student songs from the university, first in Latin, later in German, exist and may be relevant. Poet from Sweden who wrote in Swedish. 1859-1940. Active as a poet from 1889, he travelled in Italy, Greece and the Middle East. See his * Endymion, 1889. Suspected of homosexual behavior. He won the *Nobel Prize for Literature in 1916. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Poet from Germany writing in German. 1797-1B56. A poet of 'Jewish background. He launched a 'homophobic attack on Platen in Die Bader von Lucca, 1B29, analysed by 'Max Kaufmann. His poem "Auf Flügein des Gesanges" ("On Wings of Song") set to music by Felix Mendelssohn can be read as a gay poem. See also 'Karl Immermann. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 63: Italien [no other details cited]; cross referenced to 'Max Kaufmann. Cuaderno bibliográfico gay, 13: Poemas, Madrid: Hiperión, 19B1 (Spanish translation). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Andere Lieben, 17B-BQ. Babilonia 24 (19B5), 23: a poem trans. into Italian. Criticism. Lexikon homosexuelle belletristik : discussion of Die Bader von Lucca (The Baths of Lucca). Derks, Der Schande der heiligen Päderastie, 479-613. . Poet from Germany writing in German. Active 1980. Bibliographies. Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen, item 390: Dialogik fürs Ohr (edited by Berndt Mosblech), Duisburg: Edition Ilex-Konzept, 1980. Historian and anthologist from the Netherlands writing in Dutch. Born 1951. He compiled the short anthology 'Mannenmaat. He has written a short overview of Dutch gay history, "Homoseksualiteit: van zonde tot geaardheid" in Spiegel Historiael, 19BQ, no. 6, 4B4-91, and a longer medical book Homoseksualiteit, een medische reputatie, 19B7, on homosexuality and medicine. With 'Maurice van Lieshout and others he is one of the authors of Goed Verkeerd, 19B9, a history of gay men and women in the Netherlands which consists of a series of articles by various authors; bibl. pp. 249-63. Interview: Paidika no. 1Q. See also 'Bookplates, 'Jacob Israel de Haan, 'Couperus. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active 1979. Bibliographies. Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen, item 396: An einen Freund, Cologne: Nachtschatten, 1979. Poem in Norse from Iceland. Before 1200. The work is a saga. Criticism. S0rensen, The Unmanly Man, p. 53: an *insult is hurled at another man in which he states he used the man as a woman to produce offspring. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1900? The date is uncertain. Book of poems: Sea Visitors, Monmouth, 1995, in the *Uranian tradition. Four full page illustrations and 1 vignette, edition of 75; pagination not known. Images by J. M. P. Not seen; information from *Timothy d'Arch Smith. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active 1960. Not in Oxford Companion to German Literature. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 63: poem "Knabe auf dem Brunnenrand" in Bertold Daut, Ultra I, Weisbaden: Wülffenpresse, 1960. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, second edition, item 10726: same reference. Critic from Germany writing in German. Born 1906. The author of the first extended critical study of homosexuality in German poetry (which also discusses novelists). This was his 1930 thesis presented at Leipzig. It was published under the name Hans Dietrich as Die Freundesliebe in der deutsche Literatur (The love of friends in German literature), 1931 (reprinted 1996). Real homoerotic poetry began with *Platen and *Albert H. Rausch was the most important modern writer, even more important than *Stefan George. The work also dealt with *Goethe, *Schiller and *Hölderlin as well as others. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Poet from Germany who wrote in German. Active 1922. His real name is unknown. The pseudonym refers to Greece, "Hellenos" being an adjective in Greek meaning Greek. Bibliographies. Hayn, Gotendorf, Bibliotheca Germanorum Erotica, vol. 9, 290: book Dichtungen des Eros paidikos, privately published, Leipzig, 1922, 67 pp; 150 copies. Concept and word from Greek used in French and English; the concept dates from from ca. 200 B.C. in relation to Hebrew. Hellenism meaning "homosexuality" came into prominence in English mid nineteenth century and was especially used in the late nineteenth century in the work of *J. A. Symonds. It is a coded way of referring to the subject and, as such, it presents problems and is not unequivocal in reference. In French its homosexual reference was more subtle. Hebrew. Ancient Hebrew culture was pervaded by Hellenism, in the sense of the influence of ancient Greek mores and culture.The Hebrew*Old Testament survives first in a Greek version, the Septuagint from ca. 200 B.C. See Martin Hengel, Judaism and Hellenism (1974; second edition 1981), Lee I. Levine, Judaism and Hellenism in Antiquity (1998), and Arnold J. Toynbee, The Crucible of Christianity: Judaism, Hellenism and the Historical Background to the Christian Faith (1969). The *Gospels, the main teachings of Jesus Christ which emerge out of Judaic culture also show the influence of *Plato and Greek culture. See the entry in The Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible, supplement. English. See *Matthew Arnold (not specificially referring to homosexuality however). See the footnote in John Addington Symonds, Male Love, New York, 1983, p. 144 regarding use in 1875 in the second volume of Studies in the Greek Poets. Richard Jenkyns, The Victorians and Ancient Greece, 1980, pp. 1-20 discusses the origin of the concept in relation to the *Victorian period. *Oscar Wilde wrote an essay, "Hellenism", in 1877 after visiting Greece (first published by *Tragara Press, 1979). See David J. de Laura, Hebrew and Hellene in Victorian England: *Newman, Arnold and *Pater, 1969. A recent book on Victorian England is Linda Dowling, Hellenism in Victorian *Oxford, 1994. French. H. Egger wrote L'Hellénisme en France: sur l'influence des études grecques dans la langue et de la littérature françaises , 1869; (repr. New York, Burt Franklin, 1980) - a major study of the influence of ancient Greek poetry on the French language and French literature, including discussion of important scholars and editors. In France Hellenism was linked with the first publication of ancient Greek homopoetry by, for example, *Henri Estienne and *Aldus Manutius. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 520-22. Period in Greek in Greece, Turkey, Egypt and Italy from 323 B.C. to 100 B.C. The Hellenistic period begins with the death of *Alexander the Great in 323 B.C. and is taken to finish with the Roman conquest of Greece in 146 B.C. (though it has been dated later to 100 B.C.). During this time the dominant Greek-speaking city in the eastern Mediterranean was *Alexandria (see *Alexandrian poets). Most of the *epigrams in the * Palatine Anthology were written in this period and the great volume of the surviving corpus of complete poems of ancient Greek *lyric poetry comes from this time (though much has been *lost). Poets were writing in Greek in mainland Greece, in Asia (Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Israel) and in Africa in Egypt and probably in Italy at this time. This occurred due to the growth of overseas Greek colonies. See entries * Garland of Meleager (compiled soon after the end of the period), * Anacreontea, *Antipater, *Asclepiades, *Dinos Christianopoulos (pseud.), *Endymion, *A. S. F. Gow, *Hermaphroditus, *D. L. Page, * Planudean Anthology, *Song. A study of homosexuality in the hellenistic poets of the Palatine Anthology is Otto Knapp, "Die Homosexuellen nach hellenischen Quellenschiften", Anthropophyteia 3 (1906), 255-60. T. B. L. Webster, Hellenistic Poetry and Art, 1964, is a major study of the period to date and has a chronology at the end. G. O. Hutchinson, Hellenistic Poetry, Oxford, 1988. discusses the poetry; bibl. 355-61. Anthology: see B. H. Fowler, Hellenistic Poetry: An Anthology, 1990. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active 1924-34. Died ca. 1935. See *René Crevel, Puttting My Foot in It, 1992 (with introduction by *Edouard Roditi); in the Introduction, p. xxv, Roditi states he was a homosexual poet from Berlin who was a close friend of René Crevel and that he died of an overdose ca. 1935. Not in Oxford Companion to German Literature nor is there any reference to any published works in the * National Union Catalog or the * British Library General Catalogue to 1975. The first publication of his work in book form seems as below. Bibliographies. Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen, Item 339: Lyrik und Prosa 1924-1934 (with afterward by Klaus Täubert), Gerbrunn bei Würzburg: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag A. Lehmann, 1980. Poet from Great Britain writing in English; he lives in Australia. Born 1946. A member of the *Generation of 68 who has experimented ceaselessly with poetic forms and was a key figure in the *Melbourne poetry scene in the 1970s. A poem on *Oscar Wilde exists in rhyme in manuscript; it was written in Great Britain before his first visit to Australia as a sailor in 1965 (information from the author). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Pseudonym of a poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Active 1B96. Pseudonym of 'Percy Addleshaw. Poet, anthologist and historian from the United States writing in English. 1957-1995. A *black literary activist, he features in the film * Tongues Untied by *Marlon Riggs and lived in Washington. He has published three books of poems: Earth Life, 1985, and Conditions, 1986, both by Be Bop Books, Washington, and a Selected Poems, 1991 (review: Out-Look, vol. 2 no. 4, Fall 1991, 77). The books are especially well designed (both with photographs of the poet). Ceremonies (1992) is a collection of poetry and prose. He was *editor of the black gay anthology of poetry and prose * Brother to Brother and co-founder and former editor of the Nethula Contemporary Journal of Contemporary Literature. See "Essex Hemphill" by Jim Marks, The Advocate no. 473, 71-72. Interviews: Village Voice vol. 33 no. 26, June 28, 1988, 24-27. Profile: Advocate no. 604, June 2 1992, 38. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Gay Poetry Anthologies. In the Life, 108-13,120-21, 222-23; biog., 251. Tongues Untied, 41-56; biog., 2. Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, 186-91; biog., 186. Road Before Us, 67-68; biog., 177. Brother to Brother, 57-58, 75-83, 110 12, 174-83 (prose). Name of Love, 21-22; biog., 73. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 804-06. Pseudonym of a poet from Germany who wrote in German. Active 1924. Pseudonym of *Hans Fritz. Poet from Australia who wrote in English. 1862-1928. In his Fortunate Days, Sydney, 1886, see "Salut a L'Homme - *Walt Whitman", pp. 29-29,*"Sappho" pp. 37-38. One of a group of poets in Australia (including Francis Adams in Melbourne and *J. Le Gay Brereton in Sydney) who worshipped Whitman as a disciple of democracy. Editor of the Sydney Morning Herald, 1902-1912+, the oldest continuous newspaper in *Sydney. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1849-1903. Minor poet who collaborated with *R. L. Stevenson on plays (their relationship has homosexual undertones: see *Wayne Koestenbaum). His poetry relates to the *decadent poetry of the eighteen nineties: see his Poems, 1898 (repr.). As editor of the National Observer, he formed a group of anti-Decadent writers: see J. H. Buckley, William Ernest Henley: A Study in the 'Counter-Decadence' of the Nineties, 1943. See also the entry "Counter-Decadence" in G. A. Cevasco, The 1890s: An Encyclopedia of British Art and Culture, New York, 1993. See *Dictionaries regarding his collaboration with *J. S. Farmer on the first dictionary containing English homosexual slang. Biography: John Connell, W. E. Henley, London, 1949 (however this work omits much). John Connell is believed to be a pseudonym. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Trope in French from France. 1551-1589. A gay king of France 1574-89. See the article in German in Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 4 (1902), 573-663, "Heinrich der Dritte" by *L. S. A. M. von Romer; several French poems referring to homosexuality and the king are cited and sources are listed pp. 656-663. His male lovers were called "mignons" (a word used in French for homosexual favorites): see Arcadie no. 117 (September 1963), 395-404, "Les Mignons de Henri III" by Gilbert Robin which discusses poems (continued in no. 118, 437-446). Gilbert Robin wrote on his sexuality L'enigma sexuelle d"Henri III, Paris, 1964, 209 pp. (reviewed in Arcadie no. 135. March 1965, 151-52). A discussion of him in relation to poetry is in Guy Poirier, L'homosexualité dans l'imaginaire de la Renaissance, Paris, 1996, pp. 10946. Several poets wrote poems on the mignons and anonymous poems were also written: see *Anonymous poems and poets - French, *Du Bellay, *Ronsard, *L'Estoile (who transcribed poems in his diary), *Aubigné. See also the article the "Sexual Outlaw in France, 1605" by Donald Stone, Journal of the History of Sexuality, vol. 2 no. 4 (1992), 597-608, on the book Les Hermaphrodites (1605). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Duroc, Homosexuels et lesbiennes illustrés, 182-84. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity ; name spelt "Henry". Gay Poetry Anthologies. Pour tout l'amour des hommes, 56-57: sonnets by *Ronsard; 83, an epigram apparently by the maréchal de Saint-Luc. Translator possibly from the Netherlands from Russian to Dutch; critic in Dutch. Active from 1983. The translator of the Russian poet *Pereleshin into Dutch titled Gedichten (Leiden, 1983), 30 pages, and Drie vanderlandanden, 1986 (rare: 40 copies only printed). As a critic see Verbannen muze, fifteen essays on Russian emigre writers (Leiden, 1990) which includes essays on *Ivanov, *Steiger and Pereleshin. He was responsible for getting Pereleshin's manuscripts into the University of Leiden. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1890-1971. Educated at *Oxford and an oficer in World War One. Herbert, George One of the *metaphysical poets, Herbert's poetry is strongly religious with sexual undertones in his poems addressed to *Christ; see also the poems "Affliction", "The Collar", "Love" (cited below). A graduate of *Cambridge, he was a priest from 1630 to 1633. He married in 1629 after the death of his mother to whom he was close. See also John Donne. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 195-96: the poem "Love". City in Italy where Latin and Greek were spoken. Material of relevance dates from ca. 90 B.C. The city is near *Naples. Latin was the spoken language but educated Romans in the ancient world were bilingual and spoke Greek. *Philodemus (110 B.C.-ca. 40), who wrote in Greek and part of whose library survives lived there; see also *Lucius Calpurnius Piso, possibly his lover. (On books and Herculaneum see "Herculaneum" in Lexikon des gesamten Buchwesens, second edition.) The city, which, in 79 A.D. was by the sea (it is now slightly inland), was buried in the eruption of Mt Vesuvius in 79 A.D. Because of the eruption, its houses were sealed and it was only excavated in the eighteenth century. The town was possbly a Greek colony and certainly had a Greek character with many luxurious villas. A large amount of homoerotic statuary and frescos were discovered in these villas and are now in the National Museum at Naples: they show the context in which the poetry was composed. The philosopher *Epicurus is associated with the city. Hercules, also spelt Heracles and Herakles Myth in Greek from Greece; trope in Greek and English. From 270 B. C. Greek. In Theocritus's "Idyll 13" *Hercules is in love with a youth *Hylas whose name, spelt *loläus, was used for the title of the first English gay anthology (see also Idyll 22). *Rictor Norton in The Homosexual Literary Tradition discusses gay literature in terms of the Hercules-Hylas story; he outlines his thesis, pp. 1-5; on p. 5 he refers to the story occurring in Apollonius Rhodius' Argonautica iii, 114 ff. (In traditional mythology, a nymph seizes the young companion of Hercules, Hylas, and drags him away.) For the artistic depiction see * Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae vol. 4, part i, pp. 728-83 (Herakles) and the plates. In *Renaissance European art, especially sculpture, depiction of Hercules is often an excuse to portray the naked male body, and frequently, as in the theme of Hercules and Antaeus, two naked bodies wrestling. See F. Brommer, Herakles, 2 volumes, Köln, 197984. Hercules thus came to represent the beautiful male. Herakles is the transliteration of the Greek spelling of *Hercules. The word "Herakles" appears in the modern Greek gay dictionary of *Elias Petropoulos meaning "woman". English: see 'Christopher Marlowe; Woods, Articulate Flesh: Male Homo-eroticism and Modern Poetry, 48-50. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionnaire Gay. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amour bleu, 46-48. Graves, Greek Myths, volume 2, 227-32. Buffiere, Eros adolescent, 375-84. Sergent, Homosexuality in Greek Myth, 137-79, 155-56: citing sources as *Theocritus "Idyll 13" and the Argonautica of *Apollonius Rhodius, i, 1177-1357. Kindlers neues Literatur Lexikon vol.18: "Herakleis" (re a Greek *epic poem on him of the fifth century). Translator from Greek to German from Germany. 1744-1803. The * National Union Catalog entry *Anthologia Graeca under the German entries lists a translation, first published in 1801, of the Greek poems of this work in 196 pages by him. He was mainly a prose writer. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: Die Männerliebe der Griechen, 69: comments on Greek *friendship; 82-88: trans. of *Anacreon; 132: trans. of *Anonymous poet from Greek. loläus (1906), 208-09. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 114-15. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 189: biog. note which states that in his prose he immortalized Greek culture and friendship cults. Criticism. Weindel, L'Homosexualité en Allemagne, 271-72; stated to be a German critic who was a close friend of *Goethe. Anthropologist and bibliographer from the United States writing in English. Born 1949. Gilbert Herdt did research from 1974 on Sambian culture in Papua New Guinea where boys are initiated for ten years with rituals involving ritualized homosexuality. He is the author of Guardians of the Flute, 1981, which has detailed discussion of Sambian ritualized homosexuality (see review by Jadran Mimica in Mankind vol.13 no. 3, April 1982, 287-88); see pp. 5-6 for a list of references in relation to *ritualized homosexuality in Australian Aboriginal languages. He was the editor also of Rituals of Manhood, 1982 (see review in Oceania vol. 54 no. 2, 1983, 165-66 by Jadran Mimica), and Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia, 1984 (see review Gay Books Bulletin no. 12 [Spring-Summer 1985], 31-330): both are collections of essays discussing male *initiation ceremonies in Papua New Guinea. These works have explored male homosexual ceremonies involving *chants and *songs in Eastern highlands tribes. As Jadran Mimica points out in his review, ritualized homosexuality is only one form of homosexuality in the tribes discussed and other forms exist. See Barry Adam's remarks in "Age, Structure and Sexuality" in Journal of Homosexuality vol.11 no. 3-4, Summer 1985, 25-29 for a concise summary of Herdt's achievement. Sambia sexual culture: essays from the field was published by him in 1999. Formerly assistant Professor of Anthrolology at Stanford University, he works at the University of Chicago and in 1992 was doing work on *Aids. See also "Representations of *Homosexuality", Journal of the History of Sexuality vol.1 no. 3 (January 1991), 481-504 (discussion of George Devereux article: see *Songs - Mohave) and Journal of the History of Sexuality vol. 1 no. 4 (1991), 603-32 (on *typology of homosexuality). Editor of Gay Culture in America: Essays from the Field, 1992, a collection of anthropological articles on contemporary United States gay culture. He is a leading contributor to the *social constructionist controversy. Third Sex, Third Gender, 1996, edited by him is a collection of essays by *Gert Hekma, *Will Roscoe and others on the idea of a third sex. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Tyrkus, Gay and Lesbian Biography. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. References. Herdt, Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia, 1-81: discussion of ritualized homosexuality in Melanesia 1862-1983. Murray, Oceanic Homosexualities, 33-68. Geraci, Dares to Speak, 11-33: interview. Here to Dare: 10 Gay Black poets Anthology in English from the United States. New York: Galiens Press, 1991, 160 pp. Compiled by *Assotto Saint (pseud.) this is an anthology of emerging *black gay poets of variable quality; biographical information is given before each poet's poems. See "An Open Letter to Black Men" pp. 138-39 by *Don Charles for the conflicts faced by black gays. Poets (see entries): Djola Bernard Branner, Don Charles, David *Warren Frechette, Cary Alan Johnson, Steve Langley, Craig A Reynolds, Harold McNeil Robinson, Robert Westley, John D. Williams, Arthur T. Wilson. Reviews: James White Review vol. 10 no. 3 (Spring 1993), 16-17; Lambda Book Report vol. 3 no. 9 March 1993, 26-27 by Craig Allen Seymour. French critic, historian and anthologist from France writing in French; translator from Italian to French. 1848-1934. A major Greek scholar, he was the translator into French of the Italian writer *D'Annunzio and other writers. Using the pseudonym *L. R. de Pogey-Castries he wrote the most important book in French on ancient Greek homosexuality before *Félix Buffière: Histoire de l'amour grec (History of Greek Love) (1930; repr. 1952, 1980). This work translates the 1847 German article by *M. H. E. Meier on ancient Greek *pederasty (see *paiderastia) incorporating the footnotes into the text and adding additional material, including a section on Rome (pp. 185-200), which has a discussion of the Latin poets *Virgil, *Horace, *Catullus and *Tibullus (see pp. 187-94) and a section on Christian law (pp. 199-200). He also translated from Greek into French a selection of ancient Greek poetry in Appendix II, pp. 234-74. Poets included in this appendix are put into three sections; biographical and critical notes are included. In Section One, Elegaic, *Lyric and *Bucolic Poets, the poets are: *Solon, *Theognis, *Ibycus, *Anacreon, *Pindar, *Phanocles, *Theocritus ("Idyll 23"). In Section Two, Epigrammatists, the poets are: *Artemon, *Adaios, *Asclepiades, *Callimachus, *Rhianus, *Posidippus, *Alcaeus of Messina, *Dioscorides, *Meleager, Diodorus (Palatine Anthology vi 122). In Section Three, Christian Era, the poets are: *Marcus Argentarius, *Automedon, Lucilius (Palatine Anthology xi 139), *Straton, *Rufinus, *Agathias Scholasticus, *Anonymous. This is in effect a French homosexual anthology. Appendix 4, pp. 282-91, is on ancient Greek *Law; Appendix 6, pp. 303-12 is a vocabulary of ancient Greek homowords. *Georges Hérelle was a teacher of philosophy who became a translator of Italian writers, including *D'Annunzio, after a visit to Italy in 1891 (a photo of him and D'Annunzio in 1895 appears in Annamaria Andreolli, Gabriele D'Annunzio, Florence, 1987, p. 126). His manuscripts at the Bibliothèque de Troyes, France, are of the greatest importance, containing much unpublished material on homosexuality; they have been assessed by *Claude Courouve who has made an annotated catalogue which he has on computer (a copy was supplied to this author). The manuscripts are listed in the Catalogue General des Manuscrits des Bibliotheques publiques de France, volume LXIII (1984), 2nd Supplement, pp. 936-291. The author of this encyclopedia visited the Bibliothèque de Troyes twice in 1989 to assess the manuscripts. Important manuscripts are: numbers 3170: literary memoirs; 3171: literary correspondence (some with *Gide); 3173: travel notes to Europe and Algeria, 1865-1921 ; 3175: a geography of homosexuality; 3176 (or 3177): Lexikon, 1924 - a very important dictionary of Greek words for homosexuality with French translations (being edited for publication by Marc Thibault); 3177 (or 3176?): list of gods and men who gave themselves to Greek love in ancient Greek and Latin writings; 3178: catalogue of 758 books given to the library of Troyes by Hérelle 1921-28; 3188: Nouvelles Etudes sur l'amour grec (New studies on Greek love) - 2,000 pages discussing homosexuality from ancient Greece to modern times with many references to European history and to poetry (incorporated in this encyclopedia as Hérelle manuscript 3188), and revealing knowledge of *Heinrich Hossli (f. 417) as well as stating Hitler was homosexual (f. 455) and references to poetry (incorporated in this encyclopedia as Hérelle manuscript 3405). Although Hérelle gave many books to the Troyes Library, it seems - from the list of works presented - that none of them were on homosexuality, though his extensive research and records suggest that he was a collector of gay books and had a large library which may have been dispersed on his death. In addition to the manuscripts, R196 is a collection of photographs, mainly of youths photographed by the gay photographer Von Gloeden. This collection of material is the largest collection of the manuscripts of a gay researcher to survive in a public library. Biography. Lucien Morel-Payen, Geroges Herelle: traducteur de Gabriele d'Annunzio, Troyes, 1929, 18 pp. (the author Lucien Morel-Payen was the librarian of the Bibliothèque de Troyes). See also Lucien Morel-Payen, "Georges Hérelle: traducteur de Gabriele D'Annunzio et des romanciers italiens", in Atti del primo congresso mondiale delle Biblioteche e di Bibliografia , volume 3 (Rome, 1931), pp. 239-42 (with bibl. of Herelle's translation). These works reveal Hérelle was initially a teacher of philosophy at Vitry-le-Francois (1876-80), Eveux (1885-87) and Bayonne in France and then a translator of Italian and Spanish writers from 1893 when he visited Italy (which seems to have had a liberating effect on him and marks a turning point in his life). A book on the Palatine Anthologie, with the author's name given as Charles des Guerrois, Etude sur l'anthologie grècque, Troyes, 1896, is believed to be authored by him. Poet from Germany writing in German. Born 1957. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Milchsilber, 54; biog., 199 with photo. Poet and critic from New Zealand writing in English; he lived in Australia for many years. Born 1955. He was born in Papakura, New Zealand. * Satires, Event-Horizon: 85 Johnston Street, Fitzroy, 1988, 52 pages, is a brilliant poetry sequence featuring homosexual *anal sex amongst other themes. His first book, Richard Lancaster Jones, 1981,12 pages, is based on an incident narrated by *Salvador Novo (in his prose memoir in the anthology * Now the Volcano); it has a cover featuring a man holding a gun to his mouth, based on a famous sequence in Jean Genet's film Un Chant d'Amour. Satires is one of the finest gay sequences published in Australia, and indeed in English, in the 1980s. Criticism by the author includes "The Body of Federico *Garcia Lorca" in Campaign no. 39 (August 1986), 22-23, a major discussion of Lorca's poetry in gay terms and "Reflections: on Male Homosexuality", a fine essay in Antithesis vol. 5 no. 1-2 (1992), 92-110. Broadsheet poems: "Filling Our mouths", Event-Horizen, 1989, and "Exile-Track", Event-Horizen, 1989. He has also written The Body of Man, 1992, a selection of poetry and prose and is the author of filmscript of Squeeze (1981), a New Zealand gay film. Poems appeared in the New Zealand gay anthology, Best Mates, edited by *Peter Wells; see the biographical note p. 285. In 1999 he lived in Auckland. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Hurley, Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia. Oxford Companion to New Zealand Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Dessaix, Australian Gay and Lesbian Writing, 61-64 (selection from Satires); biog., 376. When Two Men Embrace, 33: "The Rain in Spain", a poem set in Toldeo; biog., 47. Pseudonym relating to a poet in French from France. 1844-1896. Pseudonym used by *Verlaine to publish Les Amies, a sonnet sequence about *lesbianism, published in 1868 in Brussels: see the Verlaine entry under bibliographies for details. The name was printed on the book and was assumed to be the name of the publisher since the words "par le licencié" (by the publisher) were printed under the title (see Pia, Les Livres de l'Enfer, column 25); however, this information was designed to deceive. The book was seized by the French police. Bibliographies. Pia, Les Livres de l'Enfer, in the index at the end of volume 2; see also the four references here - to columns 25, 948, 967 (the name Pablo de Herlangez used on a copy of Verlaine's Œuvres libres, dated 1868, but really published in 1930), 970. Critic from the United States writing in English. Active 1976. Author of "The 'Sin against Nature' and its Echoes In *Medieval French Literature", Annuale Mediaevale, 17 (1976), 70-87, a seminal article on homosexuality in medieval French literature: see * Eneas, *Du Sot chevalier, *Roman de Renart, *De Prestre et du chevalier, *Marie de France. Attitudes to *sodomy expressed in there works were of horror and condemnation. Myth, trope and word in Greek from ancient Greece and later in Latin, Sanskrit, French, Italian, Portuguese and English. From 200 B. C. The condition of having both male and female sexual organs. The word comes from *Hermaphroditus; it is a combination of *Hermes and Aphrodite (the Greek goddess of love). Several animal species are hermaphroditic, but the condition is rare in humans. A famous classical sculpture in the Louvre called "The Sleeping Hermaphrodite" is an example of such a figure in art. Hermaphroditic sculptures appear also in Hindu art. For the ancient artistic depiction see the entry in * Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae in volume 5, part 1 and the plates. By extension the word refers to the concept of a person capable of male and female sexuality, hence bisexual or capable of being both active and passive sexually and therefore both homosexual and heterosexual. *Androgyne is another word for hermaphrodite and, in this sense, became a trope in gay poetry. Reference book: see Marie Delcourt, Hermaphrodite (in French), 1958; (English trans. 1961). English. See *Thomas Randolph re *Francis beaumont; see Eighteenth Century Life, vol. 9 no. 3 (May 1985), 135 and 163, footnote 12 where *Pope is cited calling *Addison and Steele "a couple of H------s" (the word unspelled probably being hermaphrodite, with implications of homosexuality; the word could not be "homosexuals" since this word was not invented at the time). See also *George Moore, *David Jones. French. See Dynes, Homosexuality: A Reserach Guide, item 763: re the book L'lsle des Hermaphrodites (1605), a prose *satire on the court of the gay French king *Henri III (copy sighted: *Enfer collection, Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris), *Béranger; see *Anonymous poets - French. Greek: see 'Bathhouses. Italian: see Donatella di Meglis, L'Invisible confine, Rome, 1990, Chapter 5, "Poesia e filosofia", 73-96; bibl. 151-56. Latin: see *Peter Riga, *Antonio Beccadelli, *F. K. Forberg. Portuguese: *Eugenio de Castro. Sanskrit: *Shiva is frequently depicted in art as an hermaphrodite. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Sexual Behaviour, volume 1, 472: "Hermaphroditism" by John Money. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 530-32. Ullstein Enzyklopädie der Sexualität. Gay Histories and Cultures : see "Hermaphroditism". Bibliographies. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, 621-23. Myth and trope in Greek from ancient Greece and later in English and Latin. From 200 B.C. In the *Hellenistic period, Hermaphroditus was a double-sexed creature, the son of the Greek goddess of love, Aphrodite, and *Hermes; his name combines those of both parents. As a double-sexed creature, both male and female, Hermaphroditus is capable of taking the female role in love making, explaining the homosexual aspects of his character. *Ovid, in the Metamorphoses, tells the story of the union in one body of Hermaphroditus and the nymph Salamacis. Compare *Androgyne and see also *Overview - Southeast Asia. English: see *Beaumont, *Shelley, *Swinburne. Latin: *Ovid, Metamorphoses iv, 285-388; *Martial; it is the title of a book by *Antonio Beccadelli. Bibliography: see Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, vol.7, part 1, 471-670; this is an annotated bibliography of over 2000 items mostly in German with some items in French, some in Latin, some in Italian arranged alphabetically by the medical doctor Franz von Neugebauer. It is continued in volumes 14 (pp. 278-96) and 16. See also *Hermaphrodite. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 502. Encyclopaedia of Sexual Behaviour, vol. 1, 472-84. Graves, Greek Myths, 68. Ullstein Enzyklopädie der Sexualität. Myth and trope in Greek from Greece and later in Latin and English from 300 B.C. The messenger of the gods, Hermes has traditionally been depicted in European art as a naked youth, sometimes with winged heels and a helmet. The most famous depiction in art is a bronze by Giovanni da Bologna in the Bargello Museum, *Florence (ca. 1565) which has been endlessly replicated in smaller bronzes. He is thus an icon of the beautiful male. As a peserver of health, he has become the emblem for the European medical profession. Greek. He appears in a homosexual context in poetry in the *Anacreontea (323 B.C.-900) and in *Nonnus's Dionysiaca (e. g. x 334-37). See also *Hermes Trismegistus (Hermes thrice great). Latin. He is called Mercury; see *Martial. English: see J. C.Squire. Compare *Cupbearer. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary. Figure in myth and trope in Egyptian from Egypt (and later English) from 1000 B.C.; also, traditionally, a scribe. The name given by the Greeks to the Egyptian god Thoth, the god of wisdom, learning and literature; the first word comes from the Greek *Hermes, "messenger". To him, as scribe of the gods, was attributed the authorship of all sacred books. Most Hermetic literature has perished. For the ancient artistic depiction see the entry in * Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae in volume 5, part 1 and the plates. In English *Aleister Crowley used him in his magical rituals involving homosexuality; see *Francis King, Magical World of Aleister Crowley, 1977, 83. See also *Magic and *Hermetic (that is, secret) readings. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary. Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Hermetic and secret readings of poems and secret languages Hermetic readings are secret readings not obvious to the reader. There is no rational way of detecting the meaning unless some secret knowledge is imparted to the reader. They exist from ca. 544 B.C. with the first gay *riddle in poetry in Greek. Poems with hermetic readings exist later in English, French, Italian, Hebrew, Arabic, Persian, Turkish, Arabic, Chinese, Japanese, and Tibetan. (Compare *allegory.) Hermetic comes from *Hermes Trismegistus and the word relates also to *magic. Such readings have flourished in times of persecution of homosexuals. *Color words are a form of hermetics. English: see *Riddles (from ca. 544 B.C.), *Aleister Crowley, *William Plomer. The entry *Words - English lists words known only to gays which might be used in a poem (see also Words - Arabic etc. for hermetic words in other languages). French: see *Villon. Hebrew: see *Kabbala; poems are strongly suspected in Hebrew. Arabic. Persian and Turkish: see *Sufism. Arabic. See Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, pp. 194 and 196. See also *Coded/ Indirect language for Chinese. Japanese and Italian. Tibetan: see *Overview - Tibetan. See also *Scribes. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. See "Hermeneutics and Hermeticism" in New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics. Meter in English from Great Britain and the United States from ca. 1700. An heroic couplet is a pair of rhymed lines of iambic pentameter (with five strong stresses to each line and five weak stresses alternating weak, strong). It is a standard meter for much eighteenth century English poetry and was especially used by *Dryden and Pope; see also *George Crabbe, * The Parson and His Clerk, *Sodom and Onan, *Sodom, or the Quintessence of Debauchery, *Kenneth Hopkins. Heroic poems are poems with a male as hero or the main person in the poem. They date from ca. 1200 B.C. in written foem in the Hittite version of*Gilgamesh with direct homosexual reference (though the Sumerian fragments of*Gilgamesh from Iraq date from before 2000 B.C). Heroic poems are usually called *epics. They are a major surviving poetic genre in the world; their importance lies in the fact that the qualities of the hero or heroes in the poem exemplified values which enabled the nation which produced them to survive. Many - such as the *Mahabharata and the *Manas epic - are also encyclopedia works which contain direct reference to physical homosexuality. The earliest were composed orally and only later written and many - such as the * Manas epic the world's longest literary work - are still recited orally as are the * Mahabharata and the *Ramayana in India. Primarily composed by males, they were addressed mainly to males in many cultures (this is not to say that women did not form part of their audience - or indeed were not major characters in them and *feminism in literature dates from these works). They show very considerable feelings of *homosexuality in the close *male bonding invariably depicted in them. Considerable interaction between heroic poems in different languages has occurred at the meeting points of adjoining cultures e.g. Greek and Serbo-Croatian in the Balkans, Persian and surrounding Turkish speaking areas in west Asia and, in the * Mahabharata and the *Ramayana both of which exist in many Indian languages. There are connections between central Asian material (e.g., in Turkish) and Balkans material, e.g. in Serbo-Croat (see Alfred Bates Lord, Epic Singers and Oral Tradition, 1991, Chapter 13, pp. 211-244) showing that the material of these poems can be widely dispersed and the first known heroic poem, * Gilgamesh, survives in three disparate languages. Heroic poems were widely dispersed over Europe from Russia to Ireland in the *Middle Ages. Outstanding heroic poems are * Gilgamesh, *Homer's Iliad, the * Mahabharata and *Ramayana, Firdausi's * Shahnama and * Beowulf and the * Manas epic but the principle of heroic action exemplifying ideal human behavior goes through these works in all cultures in which they exist. Poems based on heroes are also of major importance in *African languages: see *Epics, *Praise poems, *Oral epics - African languages (see also Oinas, Heroic Epic and Saga, pp. -336-68: "African Heroic Epic"). Only a selection of heroic poems are listed here; for other languages consult the references under Dictionaries at the end. Hittite. Akkadian. Sumerian: see *Gilgamesh which survives nearly complete in Akkadian and where the Hittite version has elaborate homoexual puns, while Sumerian fragments which date from before 2000 B.C. show close male bonding; Arabic: see the entry The Saga of the Banu Hilal in the article "Hilal" in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition (see also "Hilal" in Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition). This work is being recorded and translated by UNESCO. Greek: see *Achilles and Patroclus, *Homer. Sanskrit: see * Mahabharata, *Ramayana; translations exist in many *Indian languages, the languages of southeast Asia and Indonesia and latterly 'European languages. Bulgarian: material exists - see Oinas, Heroic Epic and Saga, 236 and Alfred Bates Lord, Epic Singers and Oral Tradition, p. 199, pp. 195-210; see also *Laszlo Nagy. English: see * Beowulf; German: see *Nibelungenlied. Kirghiz: see *Manas epic; Macedonian: material exists - see Oinas, Heroic Epic and Saga, p. 236; Persian: see *Firdausi. Russian: see *byliny. Serbo-Croat: see *Oral epics - Albanian, Macedonian, Montenegrin, Serbo-Croat, Ukrainian. Turkish: a long tradition of *Oral epics exists (see Oinas, Heroic Epic and Saga, pp. 310-35); see also *Book of Dede Korut. Oral poems on the Turkish hero Koroghlu exist (see "Koroghlu" in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition). German: see *Nibelungenlied. Felix J. Oinas, Heroic Epic and Saga, 1978, surveys fifteen epic traditions (with important and comprehensive bibliographies). On the concept of the hero see Joseph Campbell, The Hero with a Thousand Faces (second edition, 1968) and Robert A. Segal and others, In Quest of the Hero, 1990. See also *long poems and *Christine Downing for theoretical discussion. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion: "Hero"; includes bibl. Oinas, Heroic Epic and Saga: the whole work is relevant. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1591-1674. A noted lyric poet, Herrick's poems are in the *epigram form, modelled on *Martial. His Hesperides (1648) contains translations of *Martial and the * Planudean Anthology, and some offensive poems. See various poems written to *Cupid (e.g., "Upon Love" in Poetical Works, Oxford, 1915, p. 203), employing the *Eros motif; also see "To a *friend", "True Friendship". A graduate of Cambridge, he lived as a priest in the country. Much poetry is heterosexual in ambience, e.g., many poems are written to Julia. See *Gershon Legman, The Limerick, 1974, pp. xxv-vii, on sexual and *scatological *insult in his *limericks. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionaries. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 100 "To Music, to becalm a sweet-sick-youth". Poet from Germany writing in German. Active 1992. Book: Herzflekken, 92 pp., 1992. Source of information: 'Prinz Eisenherz (editors), Lyrik . Poet from Germany writing in German. Active 1979. See Jens Hass. Critic of Norse poetry writing in German; he was from Norway. Active ca. 1902. See the article in the Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, vol. 4 (1902), 244-63, titled "Spuren von Kontrasexualitat bei den alten Skandinaviern" (published anonymously titled in German "by a Norwegian scholar"). This is the first study of male homosexuality in relation to old Norse. It discusses poetry in *Locasenna and Sigurdharkvidha (as spelt in the article pp. 250-51). His real name was found by Raimund Wolfert who discusses him in two articles, one in Norwegian, the other in German. See "Ebbe Hertzberg om homofili hos vikingene" in L0vetann no. 4 of 1999, 20-22 (in Norwegian) and "Ebbe Hertzberg und die 'Spuren von Kontrösexualität bei den alten Skandinaviern'" in Capri no. 27 (December 1999), 18-23 (in German). Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Active 1873. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1776: The Taking of Alba and Other Poems and Translations, London, 1873. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reade, Sexual Heretics, 141-42: "Song" from The Taking of Alba. Hidden Heritage, 188-89: same poem - a daring homosexual love poem. Lover and autobiographer in English from Great Britain. 1696-1743. "This world consists of men, women and Herveys" said Lady Mary Wortley Montague (a remark also credited to *Horace Walpole). Lord Hervey was Vice-Chamberlain to King George II and, though the father of eight children, was also the lover on an Englishman, Stephen Fox (later Lord Ilchester), and a beautiful Italian man, *Francesco Algarotti, who wrote poetry. On his life see Robert Halsbrand, Lord Hervey: Eighteenth Century Courtier, Oxford, 1974, which quotes the above remark in the Introduction. Lord Hervey was the model for the homosexual *Sporus in *Alexander Pope's Epistle to Dr. Arbuthnot (lines 305 ff): see Chapter 10 of Halsbrand's biography. Autobiography: Some Materials Towards the Reign of George II, edited R. Sedgwick, 1931. See the article Lord John Hervey, Supplement to Body Politic no. 23, April 1976, 1-2. Poet from Germany writing in German. Born 1947. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Milchsilber, 43-45; biog. 191 (with a photo of the poet). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 249; note: his surname is given as "Frank-Birger") Bibliographer, historian, critic and biographer from Germany writing in German. Born 1949. He compiled the German language bibliography Bibliographie zur Homosexualität, covering non literary works from 1466 to 1975, Berlin: *Verlag rosa Winkel, 1982, 256 pages. This is the most comprehensive non literary German bibliography to date; it includes critical works but literature, including poetry, is excluded. (On page 256 the author states a proposed second volume on literature is envisaged.) Some Latin items are included, e.g. 0019. Bibliographie zur Homosexualität lists works by year from 1466 to 1975. Items 0001 to 0015 cover the years 1466-1700; 0016-0058 cover the years 1700-1800; 0059-0427 cover the years 1800-1900 and 0428-3300 cover the years 1900-1975 so that by far the majority of items are from 1900 onward. Some items are annotated but mostly it lists books (though without page references to the homosexual content that justified the book's inclusion or any comment on the book as a whole). The work is based on the great German bibliographical tradition starting with Hayn, Gotendorf, * Bibliotheca Germanorum Erotica (see *Bibliography - German). Appendix I contains a List of German homosexual *journals and Appendix II is a List of homosexual bibliographies (pp. 221-22). There is a subject index; see under Dichtung (poetry) in this for poetry entries. A name index is also included (but does not include pseudonyms). A preliminary list of the bibliography, with authors listed alphabetically, is in Joachim S. Hohmann, Der unterdruckte Sexus, 1977, pp. 171-95. In Berlin von Hinten, edited by Bruno Gmünder and Christian von Maltzahn, 1981, Manfred Herzer has written a survery of gay *Berlin from 1800: "Liebe und Vernunft der Urninge", pp. 7-37. Similarly in Berlin von Hintern 83/84, edited by Bruno Gmünder and C. von Maltzahn he has written a survey of Berlin 1945-70: "Auferstanden aus Ruinen", pp. 24-36. He has two articles in *Eldorado surveying German gay writers in Berlin in the nineteenth century; the article, pp. 93-96, is on Berlin and gay literature in the nineteenth century and that on pp. 97-101 is on gay literature in the first third of the twentieth century. His critical and historical writings are uniformly well written with concise information well researched. He is one of the leading German gay researchers and lives in *Berlin with his partner. In 1992 he published a biography of *Magnus Hirschfeld: Magnus Hirschfeld; Leben und Werk eines jüdischen, schwulen und sozialistischen Sexologen. Criticism. Eldorado, 93-101: see below. Goodbye to Berlin?: he wrote many articles in this work; see the contents page and index. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1975. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 672: poem *"Cruising", dated 1975 and first published in * Gay Sunshine. Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. Born 700 B.C. His poem The Shield of Hercules is relevant. (Some ancient authors have denied that The Shield is by Hesiod.) Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 510-11. Bibliographies. Courouve, Ces petits grecs, 21: citing Works and Days 327-28 and 733-36. Criticism. Brandt, Sittengeschichte griechenlands, volume 2, 178-80. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 463: re his long poem The Shield of Heracles referring to *Hercules and *Hylas, and stating that, according to *Suidas, Hesiod loved a youth named Batrachus, on whose death he had written an *elegy. Buffiere, Eros adolescent, 659. Poet from the Netherlands writing in Dutch. Born 1946. Gay Poetry Anthologies. David heeft ook een achterkant, 15-16; biog 59: a freelance journalist. Het huis dat vriendschap heet: mannerlijke Homoseksualiteit in de twintigste-eeuswe Nederlandse literatur Anthology in Dutch from the Netherlands. Amsterdam: B. V. Uitgeversmaatschappij, 1985, 399 pages. A mixed anthology of twentieth century Dutch gay poetry and prose arranged chronologically starting with *P. C. Boutens and compiled by *Ron Mooser with a critical introduction pp. 13-37. It is an excellent selection of poetry for the poets included. Poets (see entries): P. C. Boutens, Jacob Israel de Haan, Jaap Harten, Gerrit Komrij, Hans Lodeizen, Willem de Mérode, Gerard Reve, Hans Warren. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1996. Book of poems: To Collect the Flesh, St. Paul, MN: New Rivers Press, 1996 (see the advertisement in James White Review vol. 13 no. 4, Fall 1996, 20 and review in the same issue p. 23). Poems include a meditation on Mantegna's painting of *St. Sebastian, an *ode on a penis and a poem on the "love affair" between George Washington and Alexander Hamilton. Lover from Great Britain relating to English. Born 1917. A documented *lover of *W. H. Auden: see interview in The Sydney Morning Herald, Good Weekend, 1 June, 1991, pp. 34 ff.; this includes a poem Auden wrote to him 31 December 1938, "Oh beautiful city of Brussels". He was also the boyfriend of James Kirkup: see the latter's A Poet Could Not But Be Gay, London, 1991, p. 154, where he is stated to be "my Gateshead chorus-boy friend". Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1982. See the article on him in The Advocate no. 336, 18 February 1982, by Greg Day where he is said to be a *San Francisco gay disabled poet-playwright. Book of poems: The Careless Days, 1989, 12 pp. (favorably reviewed James White Review vol. 7 no. 4, p. 19). T ranslator from English to German from Germany. 1878-1914. He translated the English poet *Marlowe's EdwardII, Leipzig: Insel-Verlag, 1912. Author of several volumes of poetry, 1898-1907, he was a connoisseur of art and a founder of the periodical for bibliophiles, Die Insel (1899-1902). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature . Poet from Germany who wrote in German. 1930-1914. One of the *Munich school of poets, he was the older personal friend of *E. Giebel. He wrote the drama * Hadrian, Berlin, 1864 (noted in Weindel, L'Homosexualité en Allemagne, p. 272). He won the *Nobel Prize for Literature in 1910. Anthology. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Criticism. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, vol. 21, no. 1-2 (January and April 1921), 86-87: quotes his poem beginning "Suss ist das Haben". Criticism. Eldorado, 95: states he is an important poet who wrote many works with gay persons and with gay themes. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Active 1918. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1789: The Greater Love. Poems of Remembrance, London: Elkin Mathews, 1919. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 77, 95, 174-75 ("A Man's Man" - "My *comrade still in death - I loved him so."); biog,. 237. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Ca. 1574-1641. A dramatist who wrote many plays; about twenty survive including The Escapes of Jupiter. Little is known of his life. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Handbook of Elizabethan and Stuart Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 158-61: "Jupiter and *Ganymede" - a dialogue between the two. Anthropologist from Australia writing in English. Born ca.1935. See his "Secret Pseudo-Procreation Rites Among the Australian Aborigines" in Les Hiatt, editor, Anthropology in Oceania, Sydney, 1971, pp. 77-88. This is a major article on Australian Aboriginal ceremonies, showing the influence of *Geza Roheim, and arguing that pseudoprocreation is a key feature of aboriginal *initiation ceremonies in such tribes as the Aranda and the Walpiri in which, in the mica ceremony, the penis of the male is incised to resemble a vagina and that there are homosexual aspects to many tribal initiations. (Since the male becomes a female symbolically in these ceremonies he may be thought of as *bisexual at this time). He lectured at the University of Sydney in the Anthropology Department until retirement ca. 1994. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1994. His Rituals: Poetry and Prose, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1994, contains gay poems and the poet seems to be in drag on the cover. An *Afro-american poet. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gents, Bad Boys, and Barbarians, 87-92; biog., 86. Poet from the United States writing in English. 1934-1991. See The Advocate 13 May, 1982, 25. A *West coast gay poet. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1792: * Tiresias I:9:B Great Slave Lake Suite, Santa Monica, CA: Momentum, 1980. 112 pp. (Copy held: John Willis collection.) Gay Poetry Anthlogies. Word of Mouth, 167-73. Hidden Heritage: History and the Gay Imagination: An Anthology Anthology in English from the United States. New York: Avocation Publishers, 1979, 323 pages. Some copies have the date of publication 1980 pasted over the 1979 date. A combined poetry and prose anthology compiled by *Bryne Fone. It is mostly prose; Introduction pp. vii-xviii and personal afterword pp. 318-23. A *gay liberation anthology, historically centered, and attempting to put the events of gay liberation in perspective, it is an excellent and scholarly introduction to gay poetry in *European languages. In five sections: 1, "Arcadia: The Greek Experience" pp. 386; 2, "The Great God *Pan is Dead" pp. 89-123; 3, *"Middle Ages and *Renaissance" pp. 127-160; 4, 'The *Eighteenth and *Nineteenth Centuries" pp. 163-3; 5, *"Twentieth Century", pp. 164 to 323. Poets and persons associated with poetry (see entries): Peter Abelard, D. S. Bailey, Richard Barnfield, Eric Bentley, E. F. M. Benecke, Francis William Bourdillon, Horatio F. Brown, Lord Byron, Edward Carpenter, K. J. Dover, David and Jonathan, Lord Alfred Douglas, Havelock Ellis, Byrne Fone, André Gide, Lord Francis Hervey, Hilary, Homer, Charles Kains-Jackson, Hans Licht (pseud.), Christopher Marlowe, Xavier Mayne (pseud.), Michelangelo, George Moore, John Gambril Nicholson, Walter Pater, Plato, Marc-André Raffalovich, Rennell Rodd, Frederick Rolfe, William Shakespeare, Sodom and Gomorrah, Symposium, John Addington Symonds, Theocritus, Uranian Poets, Valerius Maximus, Richard Wagner, Johann Gottfried von Herder, Walt Whitman, Oscar Wilde. Prose writers have not been included in the preceding list except when they wrote poetry. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1288: New York: Avocation Publishers, 1979. Genre in Arabic Persian, Turkish and Urdu from ca. 700. Often translated as *satire, this term means in Arabic "curse, invective, diatribe". Frequently poets in the languages mentioned accused each other of homosexuality e.g., Jarir and *al-Farazdaq. The Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition article, is the place to start on detailed research on this genre in relation to homosexuality. *Oral poems in the languages are relevant. See also the entries for *Satire - Arabic, *Satire - Persian. Hiegentlich, Jacob Gay Poetry Anthologies. Naar vriendscaap zulk een mateloos verlangen, 68-70: poem "Sonnet" from the journal Helikon vol. 2 no. 2. (1932) and two poems from Helikon vol. 6 no. 1 (1936) (journals cited on p. 118). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 299. Hierodoulia and Kadesh (also called Qedishim) Concept in religion related to sexual behavior in Akkadian in Israel and Egyptian in Egypt from 716 B.C. and in Canaanite languages and Syriac. The practice probably did not last beyond the first centuries of the 'Christian era. Akkadian. Egyptian. Hierodouleia were male temple prostitutes who served the mother goddess innana; poems and *hymns relate to her cult need. For Akkadian see *"My hire goes to the promoter" (dated 716 B.C.). The Encyclopædia Britannica entry "Syrian and Palestinian religions" also discusses them; see p. 966. If having sex with a man, kadesh had to have either 'anal sex or 'fellatio. Sex with women was also involved. See also 'Prostitution - sacred. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Hastings, Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics : "Hierodouloi" (discussion relating to Babylonian - i.e. Akkadian - Sumerian [possible male prostitutes], Syrian, Phoenician and Punic, Arabian, Hebrew and Egyptian). Encyclopedia of Religion: "Hierodouleia". Canaanite languages (including Phoenician'). Kadeshim served in the Canaanite temples. Canaanite languages (see Encyclopedia of Homosexuality) include Hebrew, Moabite (which survives only in one inscription) and Phoenician; they are a Northern Central or Northwestern group of the 'Afro-Asiatic languages. Phoenician and Hebrew were dialects in the ancient world; on Phoenician see Queneau, Histoire des littératures, volume one, 277-91. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 191-2: "Canaanites" - this notes texts "are in a poetic language that is still being deciphered" (p.191) and Caananites were "those aspects of Syro-Palestinian culture" against which Hebraism defined itself. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion : see "Canaanite religions"; refers to prayers and liturgies, incantations and divinatory texts, p. 37; see poems especially to Baal trans. into English p. 41, 46, 53 (there are other poems included). Hebrew. Male prostitutes are referred to in 2 Kings, chapter 23 verse 7. They were abolished after the fall of the temple in Jerusalem 586 B. C. 'Hymns and 'prayers sung by them may be relevant. Edward Westermarck, A History of Human Marriage, London, 1921, 224, has detailed references. See also 'Allen Edwardes. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality : see "Kadesh". See the article "Cultic Prostitution" in Anchor Bible Dictionary, edited by David Freedman, New York, 1992, and "The male prostitute" under "Prostitution" in G. A. Buttrick, editor, The Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible, 1962, vol. 3, 933. Overall, compare 'Hijras (who show many similarities) and 'Eunuchs. It is possible the Indian custom of castration of males who became prostitutes goes back and connects with Hierodouleia. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Ullstein Enzyklopädie der Sexualität : see "Tempelprostitution". Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1972. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 1794-97: Amigo: A Sexual Odyssey, Barton, Vermont: Unpublished Editions, 1972, For Eugene in Germany, same place and publisher, 1973 (states it is bound with Cream Dreams by *Eugene Williams), Modular Poems, same place and publisher, 1974, Some Recent Snowflakes (and Other Things), New York: Printed Editions, 1979. Highly rated by *Ian Young. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gay Poetry, 6. Poet from Canada writing in English; he lives in Great Britain. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, first edition, item 1213: Owlscript: Scarborough, Ontario: *Catalyst, 1971. Homosexuality in Canada, first edition (1979), 10: see especially "The Boy Botticelli Painted" in Owlscript, Scarborough, Ontario, Catalyst,1971, 15 pp. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1798: same book Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (1984), 139: same book. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Male Muse, 49: poem "The Boy Botticelli Painted"; biog., 120 - states he lived in Canada many years where he published one book Owlscript but now lives in Lancashire, Great Britain. Historian and critic from the United States writing in English. Born 1906. Author of The Classical Tradition: Greek and Roman Influences on Western Literature, London and New York, 1949. This work is extremely important in tracing the influence of Greek and Latin poets and poetic modes (e. g., *ode and *pastoral) on later *European languages. It has very detailed contents pages. See Chapter 6 "The *Renaissance: Translation", Chapter 9 re *Pastoral, Chapter 11 *Shakespeare's classics, Chapter 12 "The Renaissance and afterwards: *Lyric Poetry". Check the index for individual authors e.g., *Leopardi, *Whitman. The author worked at Columbia University, New York. Homosexual poetry is not discussed directly. He wrote Juvenal The Satirist, Oxford, 1954 (with important annotated bibliography pp. 339-46, revealing, p. 339, that since 1800 well over one thousand books and articles have appeared; index of passages discussed pp. 364-73). This is a brilliant critical work on the Latin poet Juvenal, frankly discussing the homosexuality of his "Satire 2" (his discussion is titled "The Faerie Queenes") and "Satire 9". He also wrote the articles on Juvenal and *Persius in the Oxford Classical Dictionary. The National Union Catalog entry states he and Helen Highet translated *Otto Kiefer's Sexual Life in Ancient Rome, 1934, from German. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born ca. 1965. *New York poet. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gents, Bad Boys, and Barbarians, 95-99; biog., 94. Badboy Book, 141-44; biog., 386. Hijras, Transvestites and Singing and Dancing Boys - Indian languages Hijras are male *transvestites who sing and dance; they are normally *eunuchs, having had an operation in which their penis and testicles are removed. Many are homosexual *prostitutes and they exist in India, Pakistan and Afghanistan, singing songs in Hindi and other *Indian languages which are known from at least ca.1900. They sing songs for money (e.g., at weddings and the birth of babies). Bawdy songs are also sung; a song is quoted p. 2 of Serena Nanda, Neither Man nor Woman: The Hijras of India, 1989 (this work also has a bibliography). Languages in which they perform from Nanda's work are Hindi, Tamil, Bengali, Urdu, Kannada, Oriya, Gujarati (they also sing in other *Indic and *Dravidian languages). More is known about them in Gujarat and Rajasthan, two states south of *Delhi, than in other parts of India. They are documented from ca. 1900 but the custom undoubtedly goes back many centuries and possibly to a period before *Christ. Many hijras relate themselves to an incident in the * Mahabharata where, in the thirteenth year of exile of the Pandava brothers, Arjuna is advised to dress as a woman for a year to remain undetected (see the Nanda article in Medicine and Law, cited below, p.14). They conceptualize themselves as *Siva or his consort Radha (see the Journal of Homosexuality article below, p. 50). Compare *Mukhannath. Hijras are frequently called eunuchs in Indian English: see "Indian Eunuchs", Appendix 2 volume 3 of The Ocean of Story, being C. H. Tawney's translation of Somadeva's Katha Sarit Sagara, edited by N. M. Penzer, London, 1925, pp. 319-29: this states dancers were castrated in the Mahabharata (citing iii, xlvi, 50); the article also relates Indian eunuchs (that is, hijras) to the cult of the Syrian mother goddess (see *Innana entry for the mother goddess in Iraq). Hijras also are related to the *dancing boy traditions in the Middle East, India and Asia. See Zia Jaffrey, The Invisibles: A Tale of the Eunuchs of India, London, 1997. Guiarati. They worship the goddess Behechra. See further Morris E. Opler, "A Note on the Hijras of Gujarat", American Anthropologist vol. 63 (1961), 1325-1332. Raiasthani. See G. M. Carstairs, "Hinjra and Jiryan", British Journal of Medical Psychology 29 (1956), 128-38: on p.131 he states they performed in the epic Ram-Lila (i.e. the *Ramayana) and, p.130, that they perform lewd imitations of women's songs; there is discussion of the latent homosexuality in Indian culture associated with them on p. 131. Sindhi. A photo of a hijra is in Christopher Ondaatje, Sindh Revisited, London, 1996, 281. A film on hijras made in India features hijras in Gujarat, Rajasthan and Bombay; titled Eunuchs: India's Third Gender, it was made by Michael Yorke in 1991. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion: see *"Hierodouleia" p. 311 (states they are "found all over North and South India"); see also "Castration". Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Dancing Boys". Journal of Homosexuality, vol. 11 no. 3-4 (1985), 35-54: Serena Nanda, "The Hijras of India" (with bibl., p. 54). Serena Nanda, "The Hijras of India: A Preliminary Report", Medicine and Law 3 (1984), 58-75, is also relevant. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in Latin. Active 1150. Hilary's most famous poem, "To an English Boy" (Medieval Poems of Male Love and Friendship, p. 71), is an outstanding gay poem which concludes with word play on the Latin words for English and *angel (which are similar). He was a pupil of *Abelard. For letters in the form of poems see My Dear Boy: Gay Love Letters through the Centuries, pp. 42-43. Translation. English: see entries in Medieval Latin Poems of Male Love and Friendship and Boswell below. German: see Andere Liebe below. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1808: Hilarii Versus et Ludii, New York: Holt, 1929. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 124 (English trans.; text of Latin p. 123); *Ganymede trope. Hidden Heritage, 131. Medieval Latin Poems of Male Love and Friendship, 68-75: four outstanding poems of homosexual love; biog., 153-54. Andere Lieben, 61-62. Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance and Homosexuality, 372-74. "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen", 51-52. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 163-66. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 106-07. Criticism. Journal of Homosexuality, vol. 8 no. 3-4 (Spring 1983), 161-65. Poet from France who wrote in Latin. 10565-1133. His poems show a mixed attitude to homosexuality: on the one hand containing a satirical element, on the other finding it attractive. See the *British Library General Catalogue for several editions of his work. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Medieval Latin Poems of Male Love and Friendship, 54-62; biog., 151-52: stating, 151, he was the most famous poet of his day and was Archbishop of Tours from 1125. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 157-59. Poet and songwriter from Germany writing in Latin. 1098-ca. 1170. See the poem "O Euchari": a *mystical poem about Saint Eucharius and his devotion to *God; the text is in the Notes to A feather on the breath of God (Hyperion record A66039, London, 1982). The author was a famous abbess who wrote and composed songs in Germany. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English; translator from Latin to English. 1896-died before 1986. His death is recorded in *Ian Young, Sex Magick, 1986 (opposite the contents page; no date specified). See Collected Poems and Translations, 1974, 122 pp.; in this work only a few poems are directly relevant: see pp. 13, 14, 17, 20-21 (female persona), 33, 44, 52-53, 56, 57 ("No 8 College Street" - the house where *Rimbaud and *Verlaine lived in London), 75, 79 ("Consenting Adult"). His gay poems represent a modest but solid achievement. From Latin he translated *Martial (see below) and from French he translated *Rimbaud: The Drunken Boat, 1952 (36 poems). Review of Collected Poems: see Gay News 56 (1974), 19. The poem "Send for a fig-leaf!" in Gay News 102 (1976), 16 is about the statue of *Achilles by Sir R. Westmacott in London, probably in the south-east of Hyde Park. The *British Library General Catalogue entry lists him using the pseudonym Marcus Magill (with Joanna Giles). Bibliographies. Murray, Catalogue of Selected Books, items 27-28: Wild Geese, 1923 and Youth's Heritage, no date. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10728: The Sheltering Tree, London: Favil, 1945. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 1809-15: Collected Poems and Translations, Southrepps, Norfolk: Warren House,1974 (limited signed edition with extra poem; this edition was limited to 50 copies), Eight Poems, privately printed, no date, A Little Nonsense, London: Palatine Press, 1974, More Nonsense, London: Palatine Press, 1976, The Sheltering Tree, London: Favil, 1945, Wild Geese, London: privately printed, 1923; 2534-35 (translations of the Latin poet *Martial's epigrams): An Eye for *Ganymede: Forty Epigrams Translated by Brian Hill, London: Palatine, 1971, and * Ganymede in Rome: Twenty-Eight Epigrams Translated by Brian Hill, London: Palatine, 1971. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 262-63: "No 8 Great College Street" (on *Rimbaud and *Verlaine). Male Muse, 50-51 - trope of *Apollo; biog., 121. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 97, 99, 101-02,104 (*Martial translations). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 160. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1932. He has been hailed as a major British poet. Offa, the protagonist of his major *prose poem sequence Mercian Hymns, 1971, may be seen to have an *Oedipus complex (see Section x) and thus to be in *Freudian terms a repressed homosexual. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Contemporary Authors New Revision Series, volume 21. Anthologist from Great Britain of works in English. 1887-1968. An architect who published two books on British architecture. He was the compiler of The Garden of *Adonis, London: Philip Allan and Co, 1923, 50 pages; list of authors p. ix and index of first lines pp. x-xi. It is a collection of poems, many *non gender specific, with photographs of children, both male and female, taken by Oliver Hill illustrating the poems. There is a foreword by S. C. Kaines Smith, M. A. MBE, Lecturer in Art at Magdalene College, Cambridge, who was the author of Greek Art and National Life and other works. The book exhibits *pedophile themes, both homosexual and heterosexual; though as an anthology it is is not, as such, a homosexual work. It is a late example of *Uranian verse not listed in any bibliography. The authors listed on p. ix of The Garden of Adonis are: Anonymous, Francis Beaumont, Nicholas Brereton, E. B. Browning, Nora Chesson, Hartley Coleridge, W. de la Mare, Norman Gale, Edmund Gosse, Robert Herrick, Leigh Hunt, James Mackereth, John Milton, Lewis Morris, James Rhoades, George Russell, Sir Walter Scott, William Shakespeare, William Sharp, P. B. Shelley, James Stephens, R. L. Stevenson, Rabindranath Tagore, Thomas Traherne, J. G Whittier, William Wordsworth, Sir Henry Wotton. Rare. Copy sighted: *John Willis collection, Melbourne. These poems are non sexual. He compiled two other similar collections, Pan's Garden, London; P. Allan and Co, 1928 (based on the trope of *Pan), and Jonquil, London: P. Allan and Co, 1930: see his entry in the *British Library General Catalogue. Both these works consist of extracts in verse with photographs of children. Biography. See Alan Powers, Oliver Hill, architect & lover of life: 1887-1968, London, 1989; bibliographical references p. 83. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1968. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 640: see Jim Chapson. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1974. Author of the book of poems We Criminals, New York: Adsit Graphics, 1974, 64 pp. Cited in *William Parker, Homosexuality A Bibliography: Supplement 1970-75, Metuchen, New Jersey, 1977, item 3127, p. 269. Poet from Germany who wrote in German. 1885-1972. A German gay activist who was the author of the famous statement: "The liberation of homosexuals can only be the work of homosexuals themselves". James D. Steakley, The Homosexual Emancipation Movement in Germany, 1975, p. 73, lists twenty books written by him including a volume of erotic poetry. His 1908 volume Das Recht über sich Selbst (The right over one's self) is a crucial work. See James White Review vol. 9 no. 1, pp.13-15, for a translation of his "Ethical Tasks of Homosexuals" by David Thorstad. He was briefly imprisoned under the *Nazi regime and took refuge in Great Britain; he returned to Germany after the war. His *British Library General Catalogue entry reveals he edited the journal Das Ziel, Munich, 1916. In 1912 he edited the collection of poems which appears to have some gay poetry content, Der Kondor (repr. 1989), 192 pp., including poems by *Brod, Heym, Lasker-Schuler, *Werfel and Zech; source: cited in *Prinz Eisenherz (editors), Lyrik. See Lewis D. Wurgaft, The Activists: Kurt Hiller and the Politics of Action on the German Life, 1914-1933 (1977). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Hafkamp, Pijlen van naamloze liefde, 180-84. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 535. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10729-30: Unnenbares Brudertum, Wolgast, 1918 and " Verse aus fünf Jahrzenten", 5 poems in ... undliess eine Taube fliegen. Ein Almanach für Kunst und Dichtung, 1948: 143-46. Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen, item 416: photocopy of Der Unnennbare Verse 1918-1937 stated to be from an edition published in Peking privately in 120 copies. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 233: a poem "The Paragon" from his collection Arahangelos composed 1935-47 to celebrate his love for Walter Schultz; trans. English. Historian from Australia writing in English. Active 1982. Author of the most thorough study of homosexuality and the *Catholic and high Anglican Churches in English to date: "Unenglish and Unmanly: Anglo-Catholicism and Homosexuality", Victorian Studies 25 (1982), 181-210. He discusses: J. H. Newman, *Walter Pater, *G. M. Hopkins, *D. M. Dolben, *Frederick Rolfe, *R. H. Benson, *Raffalovich, *Montague Summers. He states that in the mid-nineteenth century "people were prepared to accept romantic friendships between men simply as friendships without sexual significance" (ibid., 186) and "Anglo-Catholicism provided a visible support nework of supportive and protective institutions" (ibid., 208). Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1895-died after 1960. He taught at *Harvard and his Collected Verse, 1933, 190 pp. won the Pulitzer Prize (reprinted in expanded edition 1961, 235 pp.). See his entry in the *British Library General Catalogue and *National Union Catalog. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1823: Five Books of Youth, New York: Brentanos, 1920. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 505: fine gay love poem "Sonnet xviii". Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Active before 1924. This poet may be *Robert Hillyer and his name misspelled. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 80: "The Boy in the Nightmare" - *boy-love poem. Religion and source of myth from India with records in Sanskrit, Hindi, Tamil, Nepalese and other *Indian languages from 200 B.C. Hinduism is the main religion of India and there are many branches. It is actually a number or corpus of religions (for example, *Saivism, *Tantrism, *Yoga). Difficult to define, Hinduism is characterized by tolerance and no core beliefs since religious truth does not depend on dogmatism; revererence for the divine in every manifestation is perhaps a core characteristic. It does not depend on the existence or non existence of God or whether there is one god or many gods. In some parts of India worship of female local deities co-exists with worship of major male deities such as *Shiva. The Sanskrit * Bhagavad Gita is a central text but the religion goes back at least to the * Upanishads and ultimately the ancient Sanskrit hymns, the* Vedas. Louis Renou, Hinduism, 1961, is a good introduction as is K. M. Sen, Hinduism, 1961; see also Nirad C. Chaudhuri, Hinduism, 1979. A. L. Basham, The Origins and Development of Classical Hinduism is an excellent introduction by a major scholar, written at the end of his career. The introduction to R. C. Zaehner, Hindu Scriptures, 1966, contains one of the best discussions of the religion. Sexuality has a strong place in Hinduism and homosexuality is not excluded, as it is in *Christianity and *Islam, though the emphasis is on heterosexuality. Lingam worship (worship of the phallus) occupies a strong place in some forms of the religion. Homoerotic hymns to *Krishna and *Shiva are the major works of relevance; poems have also been written in the persona of Siva's consort Radha by male poets. Hindi in the north and Tamil in the south are the two most widely spoken languages of Hinduism in India. *Ramakrishna is a modern philosopher. Marcel Eck, Sodome, 1966, pp. 28-29, has a discussion of homosexuality and Hinduism; he also refers to the work of *Alain Danielou and to secret sects called Scanda and Ganapati. Margaret and James Stutley, A Dictionary of Hinduism, London, 1985, is a fine reference work with a long bibliography, pp. 353-68, and an important dictionary of English and Sanskrit equivalents pp. 269-72. Hinduism and Christianity. Links with Christianity may be very ancient since there is a Christian belief that the Apostle Thomas took Christianity to India early in the history of Christianity. It is possible Christianity influenced Hinduism rather than the other way around, but the influence of ancient Hindu beliefs on the teachings of Jesus cannot be ruled out. See N. K. Devareya, Hinduism and Christianity, Bombay, 1969. On modern links see M. M. Thomas, The Acknowledged Christ of the Indian Renaissance, London, 1969. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Cassell's Encyclopedia of Queer Myth, Symbol, and Spirit. Gay Histories and Cultures. Other. Homosexuality and world religions, 47-80; by Arvind Sharma. Poet from Canada writing in English. Born 1936. Born and educated in Canada, he trained as a classical scholar, and did his Ph. D. on the Scottist *humanist *George Buchanan. He was editor of the prestigious Poetry magazine of Chicago from 1968 to 1978; the journal was not notable for openly supporting gay poetry during these early years of gay liberation. His poem in the Gay and Lesbian Poetry anthology (see below) is a selection called "March", from his *long poem Academic Festival Overtures, 1985, dealing with "the first time I confronted sexual fascism" at school, aged 13. His long poem In and Out, privately published, 1975, was hailed by *Robert Martin as "an epic of gay liberation" on p. 69 of his article "Coming Full Circle", in Modern Poetry Studies vol. 7 no. 1 (1977), 60-73. Despite what is said in Contemporary Poets, fifth edition (see below), Daryl Hine's poetry is elegant and crafted. He translated the Greek poet *Theocritus titled: Idylls and Epigrams, New York, 1982, and his translation is one of the best translations into English ever. A Selected Poems was published in 1981. Postscripts, 1992, is a selection of lyrics not openly gay. Compare *J. R. Ackerley and *Howard Moss who were also poetry editors of prestigious journals. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Canadian Literature. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition: states "His work resembles nothing more than an excellent, clear, but very dry wine." Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, first edition, item 1243: The Prince of Darkness and Co, New York, 1961. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10731: The Devil's Picture Book, [no place of publication listed]: Abelard Schuman, 1961. Homosexuality in Canada, first edition (1979), 10: citing the poems "Lines on a Platonic *Friendship" in Five Poems, Toronto, 1954, "The Destruction of Sodom" from The *Devil's Picture Book, Toronto, ca. 1960, "The Letter" (stated to be "possibly" relevant), "Patroclus Putting on the Armour of *Achilles" from The Wooden Horse, New York, 1965, "What's His Face" from Resident Alien, New York, 1975. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 1834-38: The Devil's Picture Book, Toronto: Abelard Schuman, 1960, Five Poems, Toronto: privately printed, 1954, The Prince of Darkness and Co, New York: Abelard-Schuman, 1961, Resident Alien, New York: Atheneum, 1975 and The Wooden Horse, New York: Atheneum, 1965. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, 192-201; biog., 192: states he "lives with a companion of twenty-one years, a philosopher." Poets for Life, 100. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 804. Critic, historian and bibliographer from the United States writing in English. Born ca. 1963. The author of the finest discussion of male homosexuality in relation to Chinese literature and culture to date in a European language: Passions of the *Cut Sleeve: The Male Homosexual Tradition in China, Berkeley and LA, 1990; bibl. pp. 205-15. This work treats poetry equally with prose. It does not deal with the *Republican period (1908+) except sketchily. The work is probably as fine as any in Chinese, as it shows close acquaintanceship with recent trends in literary criticism and shows close reading of the poems discussed. The author published the book before completing his Ph. D. at *Harvard. The index is defective and writers listed in the bibliography are not listed in the index in several cases. The work appears to rely on preceding works in Chinese. A bibliography of works on homosexuality in China appears at the end. Hinsch, Passions of the Cut Sleeve, pp. 205-207 lists works in Japanese and Chinese and on pp. 208-15 he lists works in European languages, mainly in English (the list omits *Karsh-Haack). It contains the finest overall bibliography to date on Chinese homosexuality. He lists Chinese *words for homosexuality p. 203. Compare *Sam Sha Sha (pseud.). Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1955. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10581: Alleh lulleh cockatoo and other poems, New York: Brigant Press, 1955, 47 pages. Sexologist, historian, critic, editor and book collector from Germany writing in German. 1868-1935. The most famous German gay activist and cultural figure of the period 1896-1933, Magnus Hirschfeld was also the most famous sexologist of his time. He established an Institute of Sexual Science in *Berlin in 1918, the Institut für Sexualwissenschaft, which had a library which grew to 20,000 volumes. His first book, published in 1896 by *Max Spohr in *Leipzig, under the pseudonym "Th. Ramien" was called * Sappho und *Socrates; it was the first serious gay study of the famous Greek literary figures. * Berlins dritte geschlecht (Berlin's third sex), Berlin, 1904 (repr.; trans. into French as Les Homosexuels de Berlin, Paris, 1908, and repr. Lyon, 1993) was a study of Berlin and homosexuality. He was the founder of the Scientific-Humanitarian Committee from 1897, formed to repeal laws decriminalizing male homosexual acts in Germany, and was the editor of the * Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen (1899-1923), the first serious combined scientific and cultural gay journal. It published annual bibliographies of new gay works. He was also the author of Die Homosexualität des Mannes und Weibes (Male and female homosexuality) (1914; second edition 1920), the finest study of homosexuality in a *European language to its time and still a great and seminal work. An English translation is being made by Michael A. Lombardi-Nash of the second, 1920, edition. Die Homosexualiät was the first comprehensive study of homosexuality in German and includes a list of homosexuals (relying on *Albert Moll), and a history of homosexuals, relying on *Xavier Mayne (pseud.). He was a founder of *sexology though his theory of homosexuals as intersexuals or a third sex was opposed by many gay activists (see *debate on homosexuality). Hirschfeld became the most famous European sexologist of his time following the success of the Institute for Sexual Science (in German, Institut für sexuelle Wissenschaft) which he founded in Berlin (it had a large sexological library). The Institute was destroyed by the *Nazis in 1933 when the library and collections were pillaged. The books were burnt in the street in the famous burning of the books, an incident which reverberated around the world as an instance of Nazi barbarity and an omen of things to come. A *bookplate for the Institute existed. In the Institute was a mural by *Austin Spare said to depict every known sexual act. Hirschfeld had left Germany at the time of the destruction of the Institute, having been warned of possibilty of trouble with the new Nazi regime. He died in 1935 probably by his own hand in exile in France. His last work Geschlectskunde, 5 volumes, 1926-30, is a summary of his knowledge of sexuality and includes many photographs from the Institute (these photgraphs are otherwise lost except for reproduction here). He had written 187 works in the space of forty years. Biography. See Charlotte Wolff, Magnus Hirschfeld, 1986; bibl. 455-75. A life was written by himself in Victor Robinson, Encyclopaedia Sexualis (New York, 1936), pp. 317-21. A biography in German was published by *Manfred Herzer in 1992 titled Magnus Hirschfeld; Leben und Werk eines jüdischen, schwulen und sozialistischen Sexologen; this has a chronicle of his life pp. 151 53 and a bibliography pp. 155-61. Bibliography. James D. Steakley has compiled a full list of his works: The Writings of *Magnus Hirschfeld, Canadian Gay Archives, Toronto, 1985, 53 pp. - this is the most comprehensive bibliography of Herschfeld's writings; there is also a bibliography of his works at the end of Charlotte Wolff's biography. An exhibition of his life was held in Berlin in 1985: see the catalog edited by Manfred Baumgardt, Rakf Dose, *Manfred Herzer and Hans-Gunter Klein, Magnus Hirschfeld: Leben und Werk, Berlin, *Verlag rosa Winkel, 1985, 79 pp. See also *homosexuality. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 18 (April-July 1918) was a special isssue devoted to him with a poem by *Sophie Hoechstetter. See also Goodbye to Berlin?, pp. 37-48. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 674-77. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 536-39; 1176-70: "Scientific-Humanitarian Committee". Dictionnaire Gay. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Hayn, Gotendorf, Bibliotheca Germanorum Erotica, vol. 9, 279-81; note: this is not a complete listing to its date 1929 and omits many items. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 65: list of works. Historical and social background - Arabic Arabic has been the main spoken language in Iraq, Syria, Spain, Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia and Saudi Arabia, from the seventh century when the countries were invaded by Arabic speaking Islamic peoples from Saudi Arabia. Works of relevance date from 1922 (there may be earlier works in Arabic). *Islam is the dominant religion in these countries. Homosexuality has been much reported amongst males in Arabic-speaking countries, notably males before they marry: social conditions such as the wearing of the veil by women and rigid separation of the sexes and the need for a dowry to enable men to marry have encouraged it. Males who are poor, as is mostly the case, may have to wait many years before marrying while the rigid separation of the sexes means that sex with women is not possible outside of marriage. Hence sex with men becomes the only outlet. Men in Arabic speaking countries frequently walk around hand in hand. Unemployment (as high as 30% in Morocco) may force some men into prostitution. This is rife in *Tangier in Morocco, a city frequented by European visitors to take advantage of this fact (the low cost of living in Morocco, a very poor country, means than men are more likely to turn to prostitution). *Marc Daniel (pseud.; active 1956) and *Arno Schmitt have written surveys of homosexuality and Arabic cultures; *Stephen O. Murray has edited a survey which includes articles on Arabic cultures. For an historical general survey on Arab customs and life see Bernard Lewis, The Arabs in History, third revised edition, 1964 (with bibl.) and Adam Mez, The Renaissance of Islam (in German 1922); in the English translation of the latter work, Patna, 1927, the section "Manners and Morals" pp. 257-63 discusses homosexuality (this section was a pioneering work in candour originally in German and in translation in English). See also *Sexologists, *Allen Edwardes, *Richard Burton. There have been extensive studies on Muslim Spain in Spanish. In English see especially Salma Jayyusi, editor, The Legacy of Muslim Spain, 1992 which highlights the acceptance of homosexuality in Spain and the prevalence of bisexuality. For Morocco, see Babilonia no. 8 (1983), 20-21, for an article by Gianni de Martino. In northern Africa, tribal and indigenous cultures have interacted with Islamic - for instance, the Berbers in Morocco (see *Singing and dancing boys and males - Berber). The * Spartacus Gay Guide contains contemporary information on countries. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 19-22 "Africa, north"; 615-20: "Islam". Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Morocco" Bibliographies. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 199-205. Daniel, "Arab Civilization and Male Love", Gay Sunshine 32 (Spring 1977), 2: concise discussion of homosexuality in middle eastern countries. Other. Murray, Islamic Homosexualities, 204-08 (re Iraq), 217-20 (re Morocco). Historical and social background - Bahasa Indonesia History relating to Indonesia in Bahasa Indonesia. From 1987. Bahasa Indonesia is spoken in Indonesia. A leading gay activist, Dede Oetomo, Airlangga University, Surabaya, has edited the journal Gaya Nusantara for over ten years (see Gay Times, July 1998, 74). He is well known on Indonesian television as the country's best known gay. See his "Gender and Sexual Orientation in Indonesia" in Laurie J. Spears, Fantasing the Feminine in Indonesia, Durham, 1996, 259-69. There are twenty-one gay male organizations and before the economic crisis of the late 1990s there were four newsletters. See R. M. Art, Gay: dunia ganjil kaum homofil, Jakarta, 1987, 105 pp.; copy: *Library of Congress. The first gay pride manifestation took place in Surabaya on 25 June 1999. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Indonesia"; deals with the very recent history only. Historical and social background - Chinese Chinese languages are spoken in China and Taiwan and, in south-east Asia, in countries such as Singapore (where it is the main language) and in Thailand, the Philippines and Indonesia. All literate Chinese can read the written characters but there are different spoken languages; Chinese here refers to the written language. Homosexuality first appears in China in the Zhou period (see *peach sharing); it is possible some Zhou *Emperors wrote poems. Material dates from 206 B.C. Male homosexuality was first referred to in a history of the *Han by Pan Ku (this period begins 206 B.C.). *Ssu-ma Ch'ien, called the Grand Historian (lived 145 B.C.-86 B.C.) referred to male homosexuality in discussing the favorites of the emperors, including a dozen lovers. See the various periods named after the dynasties ruling China at the time: *Han (206 B.C.-220), *T'ang (618-907), *Sung (907-1297, *Ming (1388-1644), *Ch'ing (1644-1911) and *Republican (1911+). The *Catholic order of priests, the Jesuits, recorded homosexuality in China in their works and were shocked at its extent, especially recorded in the works of Jean Baptiste Duhalde, Father Joachim Bouvet and Lecomte (see Jonathan Spence's essays, Chinese Roundabout, 1992). Jesuits missionaries were in Asia, including their founder Saint Francis Xavier who was sent to convert the Asians, and expanded from the time of the death of their founder Saint Ignatius Loyola in 1556. J.-J. Matignon, "Deux Mots sur la pédérastie en Chine", Archives d'anthropologie criminelle 14 (1899), 38-53, in French is possibly the first article in a European language (illustrated). Marriages in China were traditionally arranged by the couple's parents; polygamy was common. See also *Weixingshi (pseud.), *Louis Crompton, *Allen Edwardes, *Fang-tu Ruan, *G. D. Pan, *Chinese Novels. . Contemporary period. Dr Woo Chan Cheng, Erotologie de la Chine, Paris, 1963, is a work in French. Yin-he li (born *Beijing 1952), T'a Men De Shi, Taiwan, 1992 (also published in Hong Kong, 1992) is a survey of homosexuality in contemporary China with illustrations of meeting places, including toilets and beaches; catalogued in the Australian National Library as T'a men ti shih chieh by Yin-ho Li, Hsiang-kang, 1992, 316 pp. Chung-kuo jen ti T'ung hsin lien by Hui-ch'iu Chuang and Te-hui Yu, Taipei, 1991, is a recent general discussion of homosexuality. See also Fang-fu Ruan, "Male Homosexuality in Contemporary China", Archives of Sexual Behavior, vol. 17 no. 2 (1988), 189-99, and Fang Fu Ruan and *Vern L. Bullough, "Same-Sex Love in Contemporary China", in Aart Hendriks, editor, Third Pink Book, New York, 1993, pp. 46-53. There are articles in Gay Times no. 110 (November 1987), 46-48, and, in Christopher Street no. 62 (March 1982), 27-34: "There's Gay Life in China" by John Cabral. An article on Homosexuality and one on Gay Liberation has appeared in the Chinese edition of Encyclopedia Britannica, Beijing and Shanghai, 1985. A Chinese gay group, the Tongzhi Culture Society, exists in Hong Kong; a conference of 200 people was held in Hong Kong in 1996 (information from the International Gay and Lesbian Association on the *Internet) and again in 1999 (see Sydney Star Observer, 9 September 1999, 6). The word "tongzhi" means *comrade and is now used to refer to same sex love. A Tongzhi group is also believed to exist in Beijing and the city is believed to have several gay bars. The * Spartacus Gay Guide contains contemporary information on gay life in China and Taiwan. In Michelle Dutton, Streetlife in China, Cambridge, UK, 1998, see the article by Jin Ren, pp. 70-74, "Homosexuals in Beijing". Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Sexual Behaviour : see "Orient, Sex Life". Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 21520: China (by *Brett Hinsch). Gay Histories and Cultures: see "China", "Singapore", "Taiwan". Bibliographies. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, pp. 166-73. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 217-221. Other works. Van Gulik, Sexual Life in Ancient China: the whole book is relevant though homosexuality is only discussed briefly throughout. Shasha, History of Homosexuality in China : the whole book is relevant. Hinsch, Passions of the Cut Sleeve: the whole book is relevant. Leupp, Male Colors: The Construction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan, 11-17: brief overview of Chinese homosexual history. Historical and social background - Dutch Dutch is spoken in the Netherlands and has been spoken since ca. 1200. It was the language of administration in Indonesia and Netherlands colonies from 1602 (when the Dutch East India Company received its charter) to 1949. There have been many books in Dutch on Netherlands gay social history: see the bibliography in *Rob Tielman's Homoseksualiteit in Nederland, 1982, which is also a good basic introduction on the subject and is especially detailed from 1911. For the *middle ages see *Harry J. Kuster. *Gert Hekma has written a good overview. Peter Koenders, Homoseksualiteit in bezet Nederland (Homosexuality in the Occupied Netherlands) (1984), and Theo van der Meer, De Wesentlijke sonde van sodomie en andere vuylighhedeon in Amsterdam 1730-1811 (Homosexuality in Amsterdam 1730-1811), Amsterdam, 1984, are also good. A. X. van Naerssen, editor, Interdisciplinary Research on Homosexuality in the Netherlands, 1987, examines recent developments (reprint of the Journal of Homosexuality issue cited below). A concise discussion of twentieth century history is "Gayness in a Small Country" in Body Politic, June 1979, 23-25, by *Page Grubb and Theo van der Meer. In Dutch, Goed Verkeerd, Geschiedenis van homoseksuele mannen en lesbische vrouwen in Nederland, 1989, 16 pp. (with bibl. p.16), is a catalog of an exhibition at the historical museum *Amsterdam. *Adrian Venema has written a detailed literary history of gay writing. See also *Harry Oosterhuis. The * Spartacus Gay Guide contains contemporary information. Bibliographies. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, 127-31. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 892 (with bibl.). Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 192-93. Other references. Journal of Homosexuality vol.13 no. 2-3 (Winter 1986/ Spring 1987): special issue on the Netherlands (with an article on "Dutch Gay Emancipation History 1811-1986" by Rob Tielman). Historical and social background - English English is spoken in Great Britain, the United States, Canada, Australia, South Africa and India. It is also spoken in other former British colonies and widely spoken as a second language in many parts of the world. Probably more works have been written on male homosexuality in English than in any other language, including many books dealing with various periods; historical reference dates from at least 1550. See also 'Anthologies - English as these contain much historical material. Great Britain. An overall survey of British gay history was written by 'Montgomery Hyde; it concentrates on legal cases however. 'Medieval period. The 'Catholic Church was the dominant institution. See *D. S. Bailey, 'John Boswell. * Renaissance period. See 'Alan Bray, 'Gregory Bredbeck. 'Iwan Bloch has an overview from the Renaissance to 1900. * Eighteenth centurv: see Alan Bray, *G. S. Rousseau. Randolph Trumbach's Sex and the Gender Revolution: On Heterosexuality and the Third Gender in Enlightenment London, Chicago, 1998, is a major survey of sexuality. Romantic period: see 'Louis Crompton. For the 'nineteenth and 'twentieth century, including the 'gay liberation period, see 'Jeffrey Weeks. See also James Graham, The Homosexual Kings of England, 1968 - on William Rufus, Richard I, Edward II, Richard II, 'James I, William III. See also entries for each century and see 'London and other city entries e.g. 'Dublin, 'Glasgow, 'Oxford, 'Cambridge. For the period prior to World War 1 see 'Leo I. Pavia (in German). 'H. S. Ashbee and 'Havelock Ellis wrote the first surveys of male homosexuality in Great Britain and are relied on by subsequent authors. From the 'eighteen nineties important works surveying gay culture were written - e.g. by 'John Addington Symonds on ancient Greece and 'Edward Carpenter on homosexuality in different cultures; these works begin comparative studies. In German, Leo I. Pavia (pseud), active 1909-12) wrote a series of six articles on male homosexuality in Great Britain before World War 1 in Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, numbers 10, 11 and 12 (see Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, item 683). The articles rely on 'Ashbee but include contemporary material. The article in Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 11 (1910-11), 40-41 contains the first known list of English gay words. His name is believed to be a pseudonym, though he gives his address as London. See also the letter from him in Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 15 (1915) 94-95. A survey from 1895 is Hugh David, On queer street: a social history of British homosexuality, 1895-1995, London, 1997. 'Tarnowsky's survey of 'pederasty in Europe was published in English in 1898 by the publisher of erotica, 'Carrington, who worked in Paris. The Wolfenden Report of 1957 was a major report into male homosexuality and the main spur for decriminalization; Patrick Higgins in Heterosexual Dictatorship: Male Homosexuality in Postwar Britain, 1996, discusses the creation of the Report and the climate around it. Alkarim Jivani, It's Not Unusual - A History of Lesbian and Gay Britain in the Twentieth Century, 1997, accompanied a BBC television series. The microfiche set Sexual Politics in Great Britain (ca. 1990) should also be consulted. The ' Spartacus Gay Guide contains contemporary information. J. D. Davidson, Gay Britain, 1989, gives contemporary information. The journal ' Gay Times has excellent contemporary coverage. See 'Journals - English for other journals. References. Hyde, The Other Love, provides a basic overview with emphasis on legal cases. Rowse, Homosexual in History is a lightweight survey. See also Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, pp. 105-12. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 181-86. Gay Histories and Cultures: see "England". United States. 'Jonathan Katz has compiled two overviews which, together cover the period from 1620 when the English colonized the Indian lands. For the period from 1940, see John D'Emilio, Sexual Politics:The Making of a Homosexual Minority in the United States, 1940-70, Chicago, 1970, Barry D. Adam, The Rise of a Gay and Lesbian Movement, 1987, Daniel Harris, The Rise and Fall of Gay Culture, New York, 1997 and Dynes, Homosexuality; A Research Guide, pp. 185-97. See also 'Edward Sagarin. For the period from 1969 see 'gay liberation, 'Edmund White and Rosa von Praunhiem, Army of Lovers, 1980 (a work which covers important United States gay movement figures; trans. from German). Fred Wasserman and Molly McGarry's Becoming Visible: An Illustrated History of Lesbian and Gay Life in Twentieth-Century America, 1999, is based on the 1994 exhibition at the 'New York Public Library; despite its title it only deals with the period from 1969. 'Stephen O. Murray, American Gay, 1996, mostly concentrates on the period from 1969. Simon LeVay and Elisabeth Nonas, City of Friends: a portrait of the gay and lesbian community in America, 1995 surveys social conditions. "The Queering of America" by Randy Shilts, Advocate no. 567, 1 January 1991, 32-27 discusses outing and 'queer politics. GayellowPages (ca. 1971+) lists gay organizations, groups etc; there are also regional editions, e.g., for the north east, California etc. 'Spartacus Gay Guide has information city by city. Gay and Lesbian Almanac is a yearly publication listing major events and developments published from 1990. John D'Emilio and Estelle B. Freedman Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America, 1988 (bibl. pp. 401-13) has only marginal homosexual interest. John D'Emilio, "Not a Simple Matter: Gay History and Gay Historians", Journal of American History vol. 76, 43542, discusses theoretical issues. See 'Journals - English for journals. See also entries for cities e.g., 'New York, 'Boston, 'San Francisco and for the areas 'East Coast, 'West Coast, 'New England, 'Southern entries, 'Midwest. References. Katz, Gay American History, and Katz, Gay/Lesbian Almanac, are the basic books. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, pp. 146-51. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1341-52: "United States". See also Robert B. Marks Ridinger, The Gay and Lesbian Movement: References and Resources, 1997 (see review *Lambda Book Report, April 1997). Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 206-12. Australia. Two books exist of 'Sydney's gay history: Denise Thompson, Flaws in the Social Fabric, Sydney, 1985 (from 1970 onwards) and Garry Wotherspoon, City of the Plain, Sydney, 1990 (from 1920 onwards). Robert French, Camping by a Billabong, 1993, is a series of articles on Australian gays, giving much social background. Manning Clark in his History of Australia, 6 volumes, 1962-87, touches on homosexuality (e.g., in the outlaw and bushranger Ned Kelly and the poet 'Adam Lindasy Gordon). References to homosexuality occur in the series Australians: An Historical Library (Sydney, 1987). See also the series Gay Perspectives: Essays in Australian Gay Culture, edited by 'Robert Aldrich and Garry Wotherspoon, 1992, and Gay Perspectives II, edited by Robert Aldrich, 1993; four volumes were published to 1999. 'Spartacus Gay Guide contains contemporary information. References. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 93-97: "Australia" by 'Gary Simes. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 224-26. Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Australia" and "Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras". Canada. 'Toronto, which houses the 'Canadian Gay Archives, is the largest English speaking city. See 'Overview - English in Canada for books of relevance. See Peter Dickinson, Here is queer: nationalisms, sexualities and the literatures of Canada, Toronto, 1999. References Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Canada". Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 212. New Zealand. There is a good 'Internet site People with a History with a chronology of New Zealand gay and lesbian history. References. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 224-26. Gay Histories and Cultures: "New Zealand". South Africa. See Gordon Isaacs, Male Homosexuality in South Africa, Cape Town, 1992; this contains much sociological material but deals only with the white cultures; it has a chapter on Cape Town. References. Simes. Bibliography of Homosexuality, 205. Gay Histories and Cultures: see "South Africa". Refererences. Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Kenya", "Zimbabwe" India. The history of English speaking homosexuals in India, including indigenous Indians, remains to be written. See the anthology 'A Lotus of Another Color for basic sources of information. The Englishman who lived in India 'H. S. Jarrett compiled the first poetry anthology in English. Bibliographies. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 154-226: under 'History" see under the various countries, e.g., South Africa, Canada. Historical and social background - French French is spoken in France and Canada and some overseas French colonies (for instance, in Tahiti and New Caledonia, in Polynesia); French colonies (e.g., Senegal, Algeria, Tunisia) formerly existed in Africa. Material dates from 1150. Overall see *Raffalovich, *Pierre Duroc and *Anthologies - French as these have much historical material. Jean-Louis Chardans has compiled Histoire et anthologie de l'homosexualité, Paris: Centre d'Etudes et de documentation pédagogique, 1970, which is a general collection of writings on homosexuals covering mostly well-known people and aimed at a popular audience. The bibliographies of *Claude Courouve contain many references. To 1790, *Maurice Lever has written the most comprehensive history of gay male France. In 1790 there appeared a famous pamphlet with a list of homosexuals: Les enfans de la Sodome. The period immediately after the revolution of 1789 was a time of freedom when gay works were openly published. Seventeenth century : see Claude Courouve, "L'homosexualité a la fin du xviie siecle", Masques, 7 (Hiver 1980-81), 81 ff. Eighteenth centurv: see D. A. Coward, "Attitudes to Homosexuality in Eighteenth Century France", Journal of European Studies, 10 (1980), 213255. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, item 747 cites Pierre Nouveau's articles in Arcadie, numbers 254-260, and includes poems; this journal should also be consulted in general. For the nineteenth centurv Pierre Hahn (1936-1981) wrote Nos ancêtres les pervers: La Vie des homosexuels sous le second empire, Paris, 1979: a study of homosexuals in France in the middle of the century. (The author, who was gay and a heavy drinker committed suicide after completing the book; Pastor Joseph Doucé [died ca. 1991], Paris to the author, 1989. On Pierre Hahn see the entry on him in Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History.) *Guy Hocquenghem, *Michel Foucault and Anthony Copley, Sexual Moralities in France 1780-1980, London, 1989, is a survey of the period it its title. Twentieth centurv. Jeffrey Merrick Bryant and T. Raghan, Homosexuality in Modern France, 1996, is a survey. Journal of Homosexuality volume 42 numbers 3/4 (2001) is a special issue on Homosexuality in French History and Culture edited by Jeffrey Merrick and Michael Sibalis.. A thorough study to 1970 is Françoise d'Eaubonne, Eros minoritaire (Paris, 1970), though the book does not focus specifically on France. 1945-80. Jacques Girard wrote Le Mouvement homosexuel en France 1945-80, Paris, 1981, a survey of the French gay movement including discussion of the * Arcadie group; list of important dates pp. 189-90. *Gav Liberation period. For the period since 1968, see Frédéric Martel, Le rose et le noir: les Homosexuels en France depuis 1968, Paris, 1996. Forum 7 (1989), 102-114, has a discussion of contemporary gay writing in France in relation to French culture. See also *Robert Aldrich. See also Trois milliards de pervers: Grande Encyclopédie des homosexualités recherches, Paris: Félix Gauttari, 1974, 174 pp. Marcel Eck, Sodome (1966) is a general survey of homosexuality. Rare. Copy: *Library of Congress. A collection of articles dealing with France from 1700 is Jeffrey Merrick and Bryant T. Ragan, Jr., Homosexuality in Modern France, 1996. *Edouard Roditi wrote a general book with historical information. The *Spartacus Gay Guide has contemporary information. For Canada see *Historical and Social Background - English and in, French Jean-Guy Le Blanc, La différence dans la différence: essai sur l'univers des amours masculines, Montreal, 1992. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 421-27: "France". Gay Histories and Cultures : see "France". Bibliographies. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, pp. 112-22. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 186-88. Historical and social background - German German is spoken in Germany, Austria and Switzerland; it is a second language in eastern Europe, in Poland and Russia. Material dates from 1150. Germany. Overall see the historical anthology * Andere Lieben and *E. I. P. Stevenson for a brief literary overview. *Manfred Herzer's bibliography of non-literary works relating to homosexuality in German is the most thorough coverage of its subject and lists books from 1466. German has had major gay Journals. The catalog of the outstanding historical exhibition Goodbye to Berlin? of 1998 set new standards in such exhibitions and is of major importance (the title comes from a book by *Christopher Isherwood); it was preceded by a similar catalog titled * Eldorado. *Middle ages: see *Brigitte Spreitzer. See also Rüdiger Lautmann and Angela Taeger, Männerliebe im alten Deutschland, Berlin, 1992. From 1750 onwards coverage has been outstanding. 1750-1850: see *Paul Derks, author of an outstanding literary survey, Die Schande der heiligen Päderastie: Homosexualität and Öffentlichkeit in der deutschen Literatur 1750-1850 . Homosexual rights movement (1864-1933'): see John Lauritsen. James Steakley's The Homosexual Emancipation Movement in Germany, New York, 1975, is a major survey of homosexuality in Germany in the period 1862-1945 which is the most concise introduction in English. 1890-1933. This period witnessed a flowering of German gay culture; see especially 'Eighteen nineties, *Magnus Hirschfeld, Journals - German, *Erwin Haeberle. In Hidden from History , pp. 233-63, James D. Steakley, "Iconography of a Scandal", discusses the Eulenburg scandal around Kaiser Wilhelm II in the early part of the twentieth century. The German youth movement had a strong homosexual side: see Ulfried Geuter, Homosexualität in der deutschen Jugendbewung (Homosexuality in the German Youth Movement), Frankfurt, 1994. *Hans Blüher wrote on the youth movement. 1933-45: see *Nazis who instituted a dictatorship. For this period James Steakley, has a concise article in English, "Homosexuality and the Third Reich", in Ed Jackson and *Stan Persky, Flaunting It: A Decade of Journalism from the Body Politic, Vancouver, 1982, pp. 84-91. From 1945: see J. S. Hohmann, *Hans-Georg Stumke. From 1945 to 1990 Germany was split into east and west, the east being under the domination of the Soviet Union (controlled by Russia) until the reunification of Germany in 1989. Berlin, the former capital, was in the Soviet area but remained a free city in the west under the joint control of the United States, Britain and France. The eastern sector was divided from the western by a famous three metre wall built in 1961 which encircled the western part of the city together with an electric contact fence in parts; the wall was removed in 1989. *Hans-Georg Stümke is the author of Rosa Winkel, rosa Listen: Homosexuelle und "Gesundes Volksempfinden" von Auschwitz bis heute, 1981, 512 pp. (on homosexuality from the concentration camps to the present); his Homosexuelle in Deutschland: ein politische Geschichte, 1989, 183 pp., is a series of essays on homosexuality in Germany from 1860 to1989. Helmut Puff, editor, Lust, Angst und Provokation: Homosexualität in der Gesellschaft, Göttingen, 1993, deals with social aspects. An exhibition 100 Years of the Gay Rights Movement in Germany was held at the Goethe-Institut, *New York, *San Francisco, *Los Angeles, *Sydney and *Londo. An excellent English language catalog of 60 pages, 100 Years of the Gay Rights Movement in Germany, was compiled by Rainer Herrn and published in 1997 (with a bibliography on p. 60); this consists of a chronology by decade from 1890 to 1996, includes many photographs, and is a consise history of homosexuality in Germany for the years covered. A German edition of this work was published in Hamburg in 1999 compiled by Rainer Herrn and titled Anders Bewegt: 100 Jahre Schwulenbewegung in Deutschland; there is an excellent bibliography pp. 75-76. For East Germany, see Jürgen Lemke, Gay Voices form East Germany, 1991, 197 pp. (in English) which consists of interviews with gay men; see also Gay Times, no. 106 (July 1987), 40-43. 1970s: see Gay Books Bulletin no. 3, 24-26. A series of gay guides to German cities exists with the words "von Hinten" ("from behind") after the city e.g. Berlin von hinten, 1988-89 (there are guides for such cities as Frankfurt, Hamburg and Munich). *Spartacus Gay Guide has contemporary information. The activist Rosa von Praunheim (born 1942; see his entry in Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History) made a significant film on postwar Germany, It is not the homosexual who is perverse but the society in which he lives (1970), and compiled the book and film Army of Lovers (1978) on gay activists. See also *Berlin, *Munich, *Law - German, *Censorship - German, *Anthologies - German, *Rosa von Praunheim. References for German. Eldorado: the entire volume is important. Goodbye to Berlin? has a detailed overview. Austria and Switzerland: see 'Overview - German . Dictionaries. Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Germany". Bibliographies. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, pp.122-27. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 188-92. Historical and social background - Greek Greek is spoken in Greece and formerly, in ancient times, in Turkey, Egypt and southern Italy; there is a large Greek diaspora in countries such as Australia and the United States. Documentary material dates from the ancient world from ca. 450 B.C. from ancient *Athens. The entry *Bibliography - Greek and *Commentaries on Greek homosexual poetry provide the basic sources for the historical background to Greek gay poetry. The best general introduction to ancient Greek is John Addington Symonds' A Problem in Greek Ethics (1883), still an excellent account of ancient Greek homosexuality as it was written by a scholar who read and assimilated his sources. *M. H. E. Meier wrote the first general survey (published in 1847 and written in German). *Heinrich Hössli gives some background. Ancient Greek. Richard J. Hoffman, "Some Cultural Aspects of Greek Homosexuality", Journal of Homosexuality 5 (1980), 217-26 is a good concise introduction. See *Hans Licht (pseud. of Paul Brandt), *Georges Hérelle, *Félix Buffière, *J. Z. Eglinton (also the author of a fine concise introduction). *Kenneth Dover is good on fifth century *Athens and *William A Percy has written an important book on *pederasty. Entries for cities (e.g. *Alexandria, *Athens, *Cairo, *Istanbul, *Izmir) and periods (e. g. *Archaic, *Byzantine, *Hellenistic, imperial Roman) give references relevant to these areas. Virtually all discussion is marred by sweeping statements - e.g. data from fifth century Athens is frequently extrapolated to serve for ancient Greece overall or even the ancient Greek speaking world (which stretched from *Istanbul to Egypt to southern Italy and Sicily to Provence in France). On the gymnasium traditions see in German, "Gymnasium", in Reallexikon für Antike und Christendum, 1984, and, in Danish, Steffen Kiselberg, De gamle graeke og den nye mand, 1982. In Robert Flachère, Love in Ancient Greece, New York, 1960 (trans. from French), see Chapter 3, "Homosexuality", pp. 62-100. Paul Frischauer, La sexualité dans l'antiquité, Paris, 1974, and Tom Horner, Eros in Greece, New York, 1978 are relevant. Byzantine Greek. See the entry "Homosexuality" in Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Homosexuality in the period has been little investigated. Modern Greek. No work is known; see Journals - Greek for contemporary information (there has been some persecution of gay journals). See also *Law - Greek. Repression has occurred e.g. in the period under the Colonels in the 1980s when Greece was not a democracy. The *Spartacus Gay Guide has contemporary information. K. Siamakes wrote a work attacking homosexuals: Oi Ekfuloi, Thessaloniki, 1991. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Greece". Bibliographies. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, pp.79-95. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 194-95. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 11-15 (ancient Greek homosexuality). Historical and social background - Hebrew The historical and social background of Hebew from Israel dates from 200 B.C. Hebrew, the language of Judaism, is currently spoken in Israel and was formerly spoken in Spain in the *middles ages; it has also been spoken in many countries in the world where Judaism is practiced (there are several million Jews in the United States at present). The language nearly died in the late nineteenth century. Written documents in Hebrew begin from 200 B.C. with the *Old Testament (or *Tanach) which is the basis of Judaic belief. See also *Law - Hebrew, *Sexuality - Jewish culture. For the mores of the contemporary period see the article "Hear, O Israel" in The Advocate, no. 465, 38, 39, 40, 41, 44-49, 108-11: this discusses attitudes to homosexuality amongst the various United States Jewish factions, Orthodox, Reform, Conservative and Reconstructionist. Such attitudes also exist in Israel. *T. Carmi and *Dan Pagis relate the historical and social background to the poetry in their work. The *Historical and social entries for languages in which Jewish poets wrote are also relevant. The * Spartacus Gay Guide has contemporary information for Israel and countries in which Jews live. Historical and social background - Hindi Hindi is spoken in India. Material dates from ca. 1500 Hindi is the language of *Hinduism, the main religion of India. Native Hindu traditions were not strongly opposed to homosexuality except that, with the exception of *hijras, all men and women had to marry. Stanley H. Kurtz, All the Mothers are One, 1993 (reviewed New York Review of Books 16 December 1993, 66-68) claims there is a latent homosexual side to Indian men. This has been claimed before (e.g., by the sister of Prime Minister Nehru) and shows the influence of *Freudianism. Under the Persian speaking Mughals homosexuality was tolerated. For the British occupation from the eighteenth century to 1947, see K. Ball Hatchett, Race, Sex and Class under the Raj: imperial policies and their critics 1793-1905, London, 1980, p. 199. Under the British, *Puritanism and *Catholicism gave rise to laws based on *Christian beliefs of the time; upper class Hindus adopted British mores which were anti-sexual. See also *Krishna and *Historical and social background - Sanskrit as Hindi is descended from Sanskrit. The * Spartacus Gay Guide has contemporary information on India. There is also a large Hindi speaking Indian diaspora, especially in the United States and Great Britain. Historical and social background - Hungarian Historical and social documents in Hungarian from Hungary date from 1994. Hungarian is spoken in Hungary. See Toth Laszlo, A Homoszexualitasrol, Hungary, 1994, which has discussion of many homosexual issues and translation into Hungarian of some articles in the * Encylopedia of Homosexuality. Historical and social background - Indian subcontinent languages The Indian subcontinent, sometimes called south Asia, is the area occupied by India. *Indian languages include Sanskrit, Hindi, Urdu, Tamil and English; some 849 languages were listed as being spoken in the 1951 census. Material dates from ca. 400. India has been a sex positive society from ancient times and there is a huge literature on the sexual customs of India (see the bibliography in Allen Edwardes, The Jewel in the Lotus, cited below). Same-Sex Love in India: Readings from Literature and History edited by Ruth Vanita and Saleem Kidwai (New York, 2000) collects relevant documents. The majority religion is *Hinduism. Since marriages amongst Hindus were historically arranged by the couple's parents, the concept of marrying for love formed no part of traditional Indian life. Indian sex life has attracted much interest in European languages since *Richard Burton. References to homosexuality go back at least to *Vatsyayana (active ca. 400). See also *Sex Manuals, *Tantrism, *Hijras, *Eunuchs and *Indian philosophies and religions. Other *Indic languages apart from Sanskrit, Hindi, Bengali and Urdu and also the *Dravidian languages - notably Tamil - are relevant. Homosexuals have been invisible in recent centuries due to *Puritanism which was imported with the British from the eighteenth century (independence from Great Britain was achieved in 1947). A gay conference was held in December 1994 in Bombay (see Bombay Dost vol. 4 no. 1, 1995, 5; it was organized by Ashok Row Kavi the editor of the journal) - see the report in Bangkok Post 28 December 1994, 8. Material in English. The anthology Same-Sex Love in India: Readings from Literature and History edited by Ruth Vanita and Saleem Kidwai (New York, 2000), 368 pp., gives the background. See *Allen Edwardes, The Jewel in the Lotus, 1959 (discussion of homosexuality with extensive bibl. - see his entry). Johann Jacob Mayer, Sexual Life in Ancient India, 2 volumes, 1930, has some reference in volume 2. Sushil Kumar De, Ancient Indian Erotics and Erotic Literature, Calcutta, 1959 (repr.) discusses the tradition of erotic literature in Sanskrit. AIDS Bhedbhav VirVirodhi Andolan (author), Less than gay: a citizen's report on the status of homosexuality in India (New Delhi, 1991), 91 pp., surveys the situation of contemporary homosexuals (rare - a copy is in the *Library of Congress); p.17 lists gay journals. Mrinalini Sinha, Colonial Masculinity: The "manly Englishman" and the "effeminate Bengali" in the late nineteenth century, 1995, deals with perceived male role in Bengal. Jeremy Seabrook, Love in a Different Climate: Men who have sex with men in India, London, 1999, examines the sex life of Indian men from the point of view of homosexual behavior. Stanley N. Kurtz, All the Mothers are One, 1993, takes a *Freudian view of Indian sexuality and sees sublimated homosexual aspects in Indian men. German: see K. Schmidt, Liebe und Ehe in Indien (Life and Woman in India), Berlin, 1904. Dr B. Werner, Indisches Liebesleben (Indian Love Life), Berlin, no date but ca. 1930 should be consulted. The * Spartacus Gay Guide has contemporary information. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 586-93: "India". Bibliographies. Goodland, Bibliography of Sex Rites: see the index under India (a huge number of articles are listed). Encyclopaedia of Sexual Behaviour volume 1, 128-131. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 221-22. Historical and social background - Italian Italian is spoken in Italy (it is modern Latin) from 12QQ. Very little exists in print directly bearing on the historical background to Italian homopoetry. Raffaele Corso, Das Geschlechtsleben in Sitte, Brauch, Glauben und Gewohnheitsrecht des italienischen Volkes (The sexual life of the Italians), 1914, 254 pp., is the first study of Italian sexuality; it was one of the Beiwerke of the journal 'Anthropophyteia. There is an Arci-gay organization covering the country which has helped in setting up gay archives and centers. Consult the yearly publication Italia Gay (from ca.19BB) for contemporary information. The *Spartacus Gay Guide has contemporary information. See also 'Giovanni Dall'Orto (the major bibliographer to date), 'Archives, 'Sexology - European and the various cities e.g., 'Florence, 'Venice, 'Rome, 'Bologna. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 62Q-26: "Italy". Bibliographies. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, items 134-4Q. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 195-96. Historical and social background - Japanese Japanese is spoken in Japan. Material of relevance dates from at least 1676. Many books have been written on the history of homosexuality in Japan especially in Japanese. For the historical background to Japanese homosexual poetry see, in Japanese, 'homosexual Jun'ichi, *Noguchi Takenori (co-author of the article with *Paul Schalow "Homosexuality" in Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan; the encyclopedia is also published in English). *Hiratsuka Ryosen has written a popular history of homosexuality; see also Tawara Kofu, Nihon danshoku-ko (Tokyo, 1947). The anthology *Iwatsutsuji (1676) contains historical material. Chigo were young male pages who waited on male samurai and were used sexually. See also *Heian period and *Edo (a three volume history exists on this period). See also *Theater - Japanese. Marriages in Japan were traditionally arranged by the couple's parents. The Japanese folklorist Minakata Kumakusa (1867-1941) who travelled widely in Europe and the United States is believed to have written papers mentioning homosexuality (he has an entry in the Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan). In German see *Friedrich Krauss, *Tamio Satow. The first article in German seems to have been by Suyewo Jwaya in Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 4 (1902), 265-71, "Nan sho k' (die Pederastie in Japan"), which is a brief discussion of Japanese homosexuality with illustrations (e.g., with copies of an engraving of a gay tea house in *Saikaku's Great Mirror of Male Love). (This article cites the Japanese sexual *journal "Fuzok'-Gaho" numbers 58-60 and 62 written by Sasanoya; no date is given). His address is given as *Tokyo. He was a lecturer in Japanese at Berlin University (this is mentioned by *Hirschfeld in his memoirs; see also Hirschfeld's Men and Women: The World Journey of a Sexologist, New York, 1935). A. C. Tytheridge in Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 22 (1922), 23-36, "Beobachtungen über Homosexualität in Japan", is mostly social comment on homosex in Japan with little literary reference. See further *Taruho Inagaki, re his Asthetik des knabenleben. In English see *Maggie Childs, *Stephen Murray, *Paul Schalow (a very good concise introduction exists in his Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan article); Ian Buruma, Behind the Mask, London, 1984, pp. 115-31. *Havelock Ellis was also translated into Japanese (possibly with some material on the history of homosexuality). Nicholas Bornoff, Pink Samurai: The Pursuit of Politics and Sex in Japan, London, 1991, pp. 422-33 is a good introduction. *Gary Leupp has written a study of homosexuality in the *Tokugawa period (1600-1868), though, in the opening chapters, this has discussion on the periods before; on this period see also *Shoguns. Gregory M. Pflugfelder, Cartographies of desire: male-male sexuality in Japanese discourse, 1600-1950 (Berkeley, 1999) discusses homosexuality in the *Edo, Meiji and twentieth century periods; bibliographical references pp. 337-69 and index. Howard Levy, Sex, Love and the Japanese, Washington, DC, 1970 is a study with some material (see the copy in the *Library of Congress; the book only had limited circulation and was published in a small edition). The * Spartacus Gay Guide has contemporary information. An exhaustive study of Japanese sex life is Ikeda Yasaburo, Seifuzoko, Tokyo, 3 volumes (1989-90; reprinted from the 1959 edition); a copy is in the *Library of Congress. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Sexual Behaviour volume 1, 421; with bibl. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, pp. 173-77. Bibliographies. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 217-221. Other references. Murray, Oceanic Homosexualities, 111-51 and 363-73. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 445-53. Historical and social background - Latin Latin was spoken primarily in Italy; however, the *Roman empire, based in *Rome spread over western Europe, east to the Balkans and in north Africa along the coast from Morocco to Egypt. Ancient Latin was spoken over this area. Latin changed with time to become Italian in Italy, French in France, Spanish in Spain, Portuguese in Portugal and Romanian in Romania. Historical material on homosexuality dates from 1928; however the subject was discussed in old commentaries on the classical authors, which date from the *Renaissance and ultimately from the poetry of *Martial (ca. 40-104). Ancient Latin. For ancient Roman civilization and homosexuality *Otto Kiefer (active 1933) has written the most concise introduction. Craig A. Williams, Roman Homosexuality: Ideologies of Masculinity in Classical Antiquity, 1999, is a well rounded study and refers, among other sources, to poetry. A major study of the gay erotic literature, by *C. R. Dawes, remains unpublished as does much of the work of *Georges Hérelle. For ancient Roman society see L. P. Wilkinon, "Classical Approaches", Encounter vol. li no. 3 (September 1978), 20-31. *Michel Foucault discusses the rise of *Christianity and *Eva Cantarella has discussed bisexuality. F. Gonfroy is the author of a thesis Un fait de civilisation méconnu: l'homosexualité masculine a Rome (Poitiers, 1972), Lex Hermans wrote the pamphlet Pederasten en passieven, Leiden, 1990, 22 pages (reviewed in Homologie 1990 no. 4, pp. 28-29: a study of homosexual identity and male love in the Roman state from the late *republic to the triumph of *Christianity). Theodor Hopfner, Das Sexualleben der Griechen und Romer, Prague: J G Calve, 1928, 294+ pages, a discussion of the sexual life of the Greeks and Romans, is a work which contains only brief mention of homosexuality (rare, as it was printed in Prague; it is usually not referred to in the literature). Craig A. Williams, Roman Homosexuality, Oxford, 1999, deals mainly with sex roles and social conditions. See also Rabun Taylor, "Two Pathic Subcultures in Ancient Rome", Journal of the History of Sexuality, 1997, vol. 7 no. 3, 260-371 See also entries for *Rome, *Naples, *Roman Poets, *Republican Roman Poets (this period has been brilliantly surveyed as regards homosexuality in the poetry by *Sara Lilja), imperial Roman Poets. The Greek historical and social entry is also relevant since, after 146 B.C., when the Romans subjected Greece, Greek culture and customs permeated Roman. Middle ages onwards. For the *Middle Ages see *D. S. Bailey, John Boswell, *Michael Goodich, *Harry Kuster, *Thomas Stehling. Latin continued to be the language of the *Catholic church until the twentieth century and the language of learning in eastern Europe. See also *Bibliography - Greek, Latin. References. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, pp. 79-95. Historical and social background - North American Indian languages North American Indians live in the United States and Canada. Very little work has been done on homosexuality among them. Records exist from at least 1620 in English, French and Spanish by missionaries and explorers; this is a huge literature not yet assessed for homosexuality. W. C. Sturtevant, Handbook of North American Indians (Washington, Smithsonian Institute, 1978+; 20 volumes in progress) is the place to start in looking at individual cultures (see under "Sexual behavior" in the Index; references are slight, however). A recent popular survey is Alvin M. Josephy, 500 Nations: An Illustrated History of North American Indians (1994). See also George P. Murdock, Ethnographic Bibliography of North America, 1975, 5 volumes. The *Berdache homosexual role has received the most attention to date; however, it is only one type of homosexuality (male bonding, for instance, which characterizes male singing and dancing has not been examined). Mark Thompson, Gay Spirit: Myth and Meanings, 1987 deals with North American *Indian cultures pp. 69-78 (reviewed in James White Review, vol. 5 no. 2, Winter 1989, 5). The * Spartacus Gay Guide has contemporary information. See also *Indians. References. Gay Sunshine numbers 26-27, 16-17 and 15: concise overview of homosexuality and north American Indians. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 593-95; with bibl. Historical and social background - Persian Persian is spoken in Iran. Material dates from ca. 1980 in English; there may be other material in Persian. The ancient background to male homosexuality in Iran (or Persia), which has a long gay history, has been little investigated; conditions in the 1990s were strongly anti-gay with homosexuals being killed. In 2000, signs of liberalisation were apparent. The town of Ghazvin in Zanjan Province (also spelt Qazvin) has had a reputation for homosexuality. * Spartacus Gay Guide has contemporary information. See Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 330, an extract from the writer from Kai Ka'us (1019-1085), re the Qabus Nama (Precepts for Princes); see also p. 327. The Encyclopeda Iranica (1982+; in progress) edited by *Ehsan Yarshater is an excellent reference for all aspects of Iranian life. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Iran". Historical and social background - Polish Polish is spoken in Poland. Material of relevance dates from at least 1950. The country is strongly *Catholic in religion. See Body Politic no. 109 (December 1984), 27-29: discussion of gay life under *Communism. In Polish, see Krzystof Boczkowski, Homoseksualizm, Warsaw, 1992 (rare: *British Library holds). The * Spartacus Gay Guide has contemporary information. Historical and social background - Portuguese Portuguese is spoken in Portugal and Brazil; it is also spoken in former Portuguese colonies (e.g., Angola in Africa, Macao in southern China and East Timor in Indonesia). Portugal. The authors *Asdrubal Antonio de Aguiar and *Julio Gomes Viana, both from Portugal, and *Luiz Mott, from Brazil, have all written extensively of the historical and social background. Julio Gomes Viana has written a history of homosexuality which also gives the social background. *Lisbon is the capital of Portugal. Brazil. The situation in Brazil, formerly a Portuguese colony in South America and now one of the largest nations in the world with a population many times that of Portugal's, has varied from repression to toleration. *Aids has had a terrrible impact from 1983. There is a large gay culture at present and a number of books on homosexuality were published from the 1980s. *Joao T revisan has written an outstanding book on gay culture, one of the finest recent surveys of any gay culture. *Luiz Mott is an academic authority. Sao Paolo and *Rio de Janeiro (formerly the capital; it is now Brasilia) are the two largest cities. See Delicio Monteiro de Lima, Os homoeroticos, Rio de Janeiro, 1983, and Edward McCrae, A construcao da igualade: identidade sexual e politica no Brasil da abertura, Campinas, 1990 (bibl. pp. 313-21); rare - copy: *Library of Congress. Richard G. Parker, Bodies, Pleasures and Passions: Sexual Culture in Contemporary Brazil, Boston, 1991, has a small section on gay life and has an important bibliography; his later work Beneath the Equator: Cultures of Desire, Male Homosexuality and Emerging Gay Culture in Brazil, 1998, is more comprehensive. There have been a large number of books on Carnival (a period of abandonment before the Christian season of Lent, when Christians are supposed to practice abstinence) which occurs all over Brazil and is especially important in Rio de Janeiro - e.g. see Robert Da Matta, Universo do Carnaval, Rio de Janeiro, 1981. See also *Anonynous poets - Portuguese. The articles in David William Foster, Bodies andNiases: Sexualities in Hispanic Cultures, 1966, by Dario Borim, "Intricacies of Brazilian Gayness: A Cross Cultural and Cross-Temporal Approach", pp. 333-58 (with bibl.) attempts an overall perspective, including Indian cultures. The *Spartacus Gay Guide has contemporary information. References. Portugal. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, pp.131-34 for references. Brazil. Arcadie no. 83 (November 1960), 654-665: article by Max Jurth. See the special issue of Gay Sunshine, no. 38-39 (Winter 1979). Journal of Homosexuality, vol. 11 no. 3-4 (Summer 1985), 155-63: article by Richard Parker on the social meaning of homosexuality in Brazil. Murray, Male Homosexuality in Central and South America, 24-39, deals with "Gay life in Sao Paolo". Gay Histories and Cultures: see 'Brazil" and "Portugal". Historical and social background - Russian Russian is spoken in Russia; it was formerly a second language in the Soviet Union (which extended after 1945 from East Germany to central Asia to Uzbekistan and Tajikstan). Material of relevance dates from 1500. The French translation of *Havelock Ellis's Studies in the Psychology of Sex (published in French from 1921) included an essay on Russian sexuality including homosexuality not printed in the English edition. *Simon Karlinsky has written a series of articles incorporating the social and historical background. Russian attitudes to sexuality have varied from extreme *Puritanism (e.g., under the Soviet regime when persecutions occurred from 1934) to extreme sexual abandon. See Eve Levin, Sex and Society in the World of the Orthodox Slavs, London, 1989, pp. 197-204 and 290-92 for the religious background. *St Petersburg and *Moscow are the two largest cites. See also *Stern-Szana. Contemporary period. See Mikhail Stern, Sex in the USSR, New York, 1979, Chapter 16, "Homosexuality", pp. 214-63, and George Schuvaloff, "Gay LIfe in Russia", Christopher Street, September 1976, 14-22. The article by Laura Engelstein, "There Is Sex in Russia", in Slavic Review vol. 51 no. 4 (Winter 1992), 786-790, deals with sexuality in general in 1992. Igor Semenovich Kon, Lunnyi svet na zare: Liki i maski odnopoloi liubvi (Moscow, 1998) is a contemporary study of gay life in Russia. Attitudes have changed dramatically since 1989 - e.g. the anthology * Eros Russe has been republished and male homosexual acts were decriminalized in 1993. "Singing the blues: the Russian gay movement in the 1990s" by Christopher Williams in Perversions no. 4 (spring 1995) gives the latest background. In Igor Kon and James Rorpdan, Sex and Russian Society, London, 1993, see pp. 93115; this is an excellent summary of the situation in the early 1990s. A social history of Russian homosexuality written in English by Dr. Dan Healey is available on the *Internet; this is a scholarly work with footnotes. There are several Russian gay *journals from 1990. A special issue of the journal Index on Censorship, no. 1 of 1995, called Gay's the Word in Moscow is devoted to gay life in Russia. *Stan Persky, Boyopolis, 1996 deals with Russia and the former countries of east Europe. David Tuller, Cracks in the Closet: Travels in Gay and Lesbian Russia (1998) is a contemporary travel book. The *Spartacus Gay Guide has contemporary information. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Elllis, Encyclopaedia of Sexual Behaviour: see "Soviet Union". Bibliographies. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, pp.140-43. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1133-38: by Simon Karlinsky. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 197-99. Historical and social background - Shona Shona is the main spoken language in Zimbabwe. Material of relevance dates from 1990. See Mike Coutinho, "Lesbian and Gay Life in Zimbabwe" in Aart Hendriks, editor Third Pink Book, Buffalo, New York, 1993, pp. 62 65. A gay organization GALZ (Gays and Lesbians of Zimbabwe) emerged in1990. In 1995 there was controversy when a book stall at a fair devoted to the theme of Human Rights and Justice was refused permission to show gay material. The President Robert Mugabe was criticized by civil rights groups in the country and abroad. In 1998 GALZ protested at the meeting of the World Council of Churches assembly in Zimbabwe. Shona is spoken by 80% of people of Zimbabwe. Historical and social background - Spanish Spanish is spoken in Spain and in Central and South America in Cuba, Mexico, Nicaragua, Puerto Rica (an autonomous politcial entity in the Caribbean in association with the United States), Venezuela, Argentina, Uruguay, Chile, Peru, Bolivia and Columbia, all former colonies of Spain. Material of relevance dates from ca. 1478. Spain. The Catholic Church's Inquisition (from 1478) was the major fact of life for homosexuals in Spain from this time and much information on gay life survives in its records: see Rafael Carrasco, Inquisicion y repression sexual en Valencia...1565-1785, Barcelona, 1985; see also "Unnatural Crime" in H. C. Lea, A History of the Inquisition, vol. 6, 1966, pp. 361-71. *Arlindo Camillo Monteiro wrote the first comprehensive history of homosexuality. *Alberto Nin Frias, *Gregorio Marañon and *Antonio Velilla have also written relevant works. The article "Sodomia" in the Enciclopedia Espasa Calpe (1927 edition) should be consulted. Xosé M. Buxán Bran, Conciencia de un singular deseo, Barcelona, 1997 is a general work with bibliography pp. 319-337 as is Juan Vicente Aliaga and others, Identidad y diferencia sobre la cultura gay en España (Barcelona, 1997). Ian Gibson's biography of *García Lorca gives some material for the twentieth century to 1937. Many books have been published both in Spain and South America on homosexuality but not all have entered libraries. A series starting with the words Mala Vida... (bad life. i. e. vice) and referring to various cities details sexual life (including homosexual) in Spanish cities; e.g. Prof. Max-Bembo, La Mala vida en Barcelona, Barcelona, published before 1917; Jose Deleito y Puinuela, La Mala Vida en la España de Felipe IV, Masdrid, 1948. On Valencia see Begoña Enguix Grau, Poder y deseo: la homosexualidad masculina en Valencia, Valencia, 1996. See also the Spanish cities *Madrid and *Barcelona (though Catalan is the main spoken language in Barcelona). Central and South America. Generally the situation for human rights in South America, including gay rights, has vastly improved from the 1980s onwards. Recent work is being done by United States gay scholars in English; for instance, *Stephen O. Murray has edited a series of scholarly essays. Earlier material is scanty and mainly from the medical stance. Mexico and Argentina have the strongest gay movements; Peru suffered extreme repression in 1975 (see Gay Sunshine no. 42-43, 1980, 30: "Gay Life in Lima"). *Spartacus Gay Guide has contemporary information. Argentina. See Carlos A Da Gris, El homosexual en la Argentina, Buenos Aires, 1965, 298 pp., and Carlos Luis Jauregui, La Homosexualidad en la Argentina, Buenos Aires, 1987. There has been a flowering of gay culture in Argentina since the overthrow of the generals. Columbia. See Ebel Botero, Homofilia y homofobia, Medellin: the author, 1980, 233 pp.; bibl. pp. 231-33, a study of repression against homosexuals. Cuba. See Allen Young, Gays Under the Cuban Revolution, 1981, which shows the poor treatment under the Castro *Marxist regime. *Reinaldo Arenas in his autobiography Before Night Falls, 1993, has much information on Cuban gay life and on repression under Castro. See also Ian Lumsden, Machos, Maricones and Gays, Cuba and homosexuality, Philadelphia, 1996. Mexico. Overall see "Homosexuality in Michael S. Werner, editor, Encyclopoedia of Mexico, Chicago, 1997, 651 54 by Anthony G. Rominske. For articles, see Christopher Street, July 1977, 7-9 and August 1977, 34-42, "Gay Life in Mexico" by David Lennox and Murray, Male Homosexuality in Central and South America, pp. 4-21. See also José Antonio Ramos Frias, Estudio criminologico y medico legal de la homosexualidad, Mexico, 1966. Journal of Homosexuality vol.11 no. 3-4 (Summer 1985), 117-36: "Mexican Male Homosexual Interaction in Public Contexts" by Clark L. Taylor is excellent ; see also his article in Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 190-202, "Mexican Gaylife in Historical Perspective", an overview of gay life in Mexico (reprinted from *Gay Sunshine no. 26/27, Winter 1975-76). See also Ian Lumsden, Homosexuality, Sex and the State in Mexico, Toronto: Canadian Gay Archives, 1991 (Spanish edition, Mexico City: Solediciones, trans. by Luis Zapata, 1991). Edouardo David, Gay Mexico, San Francisco, 1993, is a guide. Peru. See Murray, Male Homosexuality in Central and South America, 101-117: re the capital Lima. India Bonita, Lima: Movimiento Homosexual de Lima, 1997, 127 pp. is a series of essays on Peruvian gay culture (rare: a copy is in the University of California, Berkeley, Library). Puerta Rica. See José Ramon del Puente, Homosexualismo en Puerto Rico, vol. 1, Rio Piedras, 1986 (rare: copy seen *Library of Congress). References. Spain. Dynes, Homosexuality : A Research Guide, pp.131 -34. Cuaderno bibliográfico gay, 22-29: the best bibl. so far of the historical background to Spanish homosex. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 194-5; see also 212-17. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1236-43: "Spain" by *Daniel Eisenberg (the best introduction; with bibl.). Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Spain". Central and South America. Encyclopaedia of Sexual Behaviour: "Latin America". Gay Sunshine no. 40-41 (Fall 1979), 22-26: "Latin America: Myths and Realities" by *E. A. Lacey. See Gay Hotsa (published in Bilbao, Spain), no.41 (April-May 1988): a special issue with articles on Argentina, Nicaragua, Puerto Rica. Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Argentina", "Mexico", "Spain". Historical and social background - Swedish Swedish is spoken in Sweden. Material of relevance dates from 1900. There is a special issue of the Journal of Homosexuality, vol. 35 no. 3-4 (1997) on "Scandinavian Homosexualities". See [no editor], Sant som historielararen glomde (?) [sic], Aseda, Sweden, 1981. Historical and social background - Turkish Turkish is spoken in Turkey. Material dates from at least 1986. The country has a long history of homosexuality (e.g. see *Sultans). The only detailed historical study is in Turkish by *Arslan Yüzgün, published in 1986. See also Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall, *Bernhard Stern, Jonathan Drake, *Ingeborg Baldauf. *Istanbul, the capital, has a long tradition of homosexuality, going back to the Greeks (see *Byzantine entries). Turkish encyclopedias, which are numerous, should be checked for articles on homosexuality, for instance Islam Ansiklopedisi. The Turks came to Turkey from east Asia only in the twelfth century. In Turkish, Resat Ekrem Koçu has written much on Ottoman customs and is cited in Yuzgun's bibliography in his 1986 book. Murat Bardakçi, Osmanli'da seks: sarayda gece dersleri, Istanbul, 1992, deals with sexual customs in Turkey, including homosexuality; bibl., pp. 227-28. See also the book Nashawati al sakran min sahba-i tidhkar il ghizlan (1896) by Mohammed Cadiq Hassan Khan cited in A. Bouhdiba, Sexualité en Islam p. 178 (note: transliteration of this book is the French system of transliteration): the book is said to be based on Hindi material like the Kama Sutra of *Vatsyayana and to contain material on homosexuality in Turkey of its time. See also Sema Nilgün Erdogan, Sexual Life in *Ottoman Society, Istanbul, 1996. The * Spartacus Gay Guide has contemporary information. References. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1229-30: "Turkey". Schmitt, Sexuality and Eroticism Among Males in Moslem Societies, 71-92: discussion of contemporary situation. Murray, Islamic Homosexualities, 172-86. Yüzgün, Türkiye'de Escinsellik, 159-61: concise overview. Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Turkey". Historical and social background - Urdu Urdu is spoken in Pakistan where it is the main language and in India, mainly in the north. Material dates from 1738. Homosexuality unquestionably has a long history but there has been lttle attempt at an historical overview, at least in English. See *C. M. Naim, "The Theme of Homosexual (Pederastic) Love in Pre-Modern Urdu Poetry", in Studies in the Urdu Gazal and Prose Fiction, edited by M. U. Memon, 1979, p. 126, re Dargah Quli Khan writing about homosexuality being common in *Delhi 1738-41 when he stayed there. Schmitt, Sexuality and Eroticism Among Males in Moslem Societies, pp. 93-104 discusses Karachi, the capital of contemporary Pakistan. *C. M. Naim has written the best introductory article on the poetry containing historical information. The *Spartacus Gay Guide has contemporary information. References. Murray, Islamic Homosexualities, 267-96: re the contemporary situation. Poet from Czech republic who wrote in Czech. 1874-1898. A decadent poet who wrote also much verse about the nationalist gymnastic movement Sokol. See "The Vampire" from his 1896 volume Pozde k ranu(The Small Hours) in Alfred French, Anthology of Czech Verse, Ann Arbor, 1987, 350-53. I am grateful to Professor Alfred Thomas of Harvard for drawing my attention to this poet. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Everyman Companion to East European Literature. Poem in English from Australia. 1999. "Ho hum/ stick a finger/ up your bum". Written on a toilet wall in Burgmann College, Australian National University, Canberra, and copied from the wall on 8 August 1999 by *Paul Knobel. The poem could be just as much applicable to heterosexuals as to homosexuals. Poet from Vietnam who wrote in Vietnames. Died ca. 1840. A remarkable woman poet, twice married, about whom little is known, including her birth and death. She refers to male homosexuality in her poetry and many references occur (source: a Vietnamese scholar, Hanoi, 1995). She lived in Hanoi and may have died under the reign of Minh Mang (ruled 1820-40). Text: see Huynh Sanh Thong, Heritage of Vietnamese Poetry, 1979, p. 302; biog., pp. 277-78. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1969. Book of poems: Rumour of Rebellion: Poems, London, 1982; reviewed in Gay News no. 248 (1982), 48 by *Martin Humphries (with a photograph of author and extensive quotation). This is a collection of poems 1969-82 of which the reviewer states some are *non gender specific and could have gay reference. Biographer from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1951. Author of Serious Pleasures: The Life of Stephen Tennant, London, 1990. *Stephen Tennant was the lover of *Siegfried Sassoon for a period of five years; he also wrote some poetry. The book is one of the most important biographies of the lover of a gay poet. His biography of *Noel Coward is the most candid on his homosexuality. Autobiographer from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1786-1869. A close friend of *Byron who insisted on Byron's Memoirs being burnt (this was done in the offices of Byron's publisher John Murray who had purchsed the manuscript); Hobhouse protested at the burning (see *Louis Crompton, Byron and Greek Love, 1985, 338-39). His Journey through Albania (1813) describes the same journey that Byron describes in Childe Harold. Hobhouse made Byron destroy Byron's *Cambridge journal when they were travelling in Albania (Louis Crompton, Byron and Greek Love, 1985, 339). His Recollections of a Long Life (1865) contains reminiscences of Byron. He later became Lord Broughton. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Philosopher from France who wrote in French. 1946-1988. A French *gay liberation philosopher and writer; he wrote for the left-wing journal Libération. His works include Le désir homosexuel, 1972 (trans. into English and Italian) and Race d'ep, 1980 (a century of homosexual pictorial images, later made into a film and a major visual survey of European homosexuality). He died of *Aids. Interview: Babilonia no. 4, 34-35. Biography: see brief note on the back cover of Race d'ep and Bill Marshall, Guy Hocquenghem: Beyond Gay Identity, 1999. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 543-44. Dictionnaire Gay. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Active 1917. Bibliographies. Murray, Catalogue of Selected Books, item 29: citing Poems, 1917. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1893-1916. Educated at *Oxford, he was an officer in the First World War, in which he was killed. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 63,129: two very homoerotic poems, "Glimpse" and "To a *Boy"; biog., 237. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 155: the fine poem "To a Boy". Hoe kan ik in woorden vangen: een bloembzing van homopoezie Anthology in Dutch from the Netherlands. Utrecht: Athmer, 1986, 34 pp. It was compiled by Martin de Zoete ("mit tek. van Paul Lemmens"). Not sighted. A copy is in the *Homodok library. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active 1918. See Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 18 (April-July 1918), 11-12: poem about *Magnus Hirschfeld, "Dem grossen Menschenfreund" (The greatest male friend). Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1923. Author of the long poem * Brotherly Love, 1980, which, though not about homosexuality in any physical sense, is philosophically based on *male bonding and love and is a major historical survey of *Philadelphia (Philadelphia in Greek means "brotherly love"). The city was founded by *William Penn as an expression of his ideas and Daniel Hoffman lives there. Technically Brotherly Love owes much to *Charles Olson's Maximus Poems and *T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. The work also relates to the *men's movement and *Walt Whitman, who lived and died in Philadelphia. Compare * Brother Songs. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Contemporary Literary Criticism, volume 23. Poet from Germany writing in German. Born 1887. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 252: poem "Backroom" - he used the pseudonym Ernst Mann. Translator from Spanish to German. Active 1B41. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 66: Blüten spanischer Poesie (Flowers of Spanish Poetry), Magdeburg: Baensch, 1B41. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 93-9: trans. of the Spanish poet 'Garcilaso de la Vega. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active before 1979. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Milchsilber, 66, 99-103; photo p. 192. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active 1994. Book: Hurenherz, 1994, 68 pp. - see Die schulen Buchläden, 94/v page 20. Poet and dramatist from Austria. 1B74-1929. A noted Austrian poet and dramatist. For a short time he was in touch with 'Stefan George and was one of the 'George Kreis and published some works in 'Blätter für die Kunst up to 19Q4; he later quit the group, refusing to be dominated by George. His poems are linked with the 'aesthetic movement and were published anonymously. Most poems were written before 19Q7. Letters with George were published in 193B. He used pseudonyms and married. He is famous for writing the libretto of the Strauss opera Der Rosenkavalier, 1911, in which the central character, a woman dresses as a man. There is possible lesbianism in the play Elektra, 19Q4, according to some readings. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 66: the poem "Ein Knabe", Briefe von der Freundschaft (Letters on 'friendship) and the play Elektra, Berlin: Fischer, 19Q4. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 1Q732: Der Prophet [no other details] with a note "About 'Stefan George". Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen, items 429 and 431 : Die Gedichte und kleinen Dramen, Leipzig: Insel, [1955] and Gedichte (Poems), Frankfurt: Insel, 1964. Criticism. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, vol. 7 part 2, (19Q5), BB3-B5: review of Elektra, 19Q4. Pseudonym of a poet from Sweden writing in Swedish. His real name is *Nils Hallbeck, 1907-1997. Under this name he translated the Greek poet *Cavafy. Books published under this name are: Alska och do, 1951; Eros, 1955; Rott liv, 1958; Ogonblick, 1961; Lust och langtan, 1975. Translation of *Cavafy: Karlsdikter av Kavafis, 1960. Publisher from Great Britain of works in English. From 1917. The press was established by Leonard and Virginia Woolf (the novelist who had an affair with Vita Sackville West). Writers of relevance published included *T. S. Eliot (Poems, 1917), *George Rylands (1931), John Lehmann (who was gay and worked for the press 1931-32 and became a part owner 1938-46) and *Cavafy. Translator from Greek to English. Active before 1983. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 69, 70: translator of the Greek poet *Straton (Palatine Anthology xii 192 and 213) into English. Poet from Germany who wrote in German. Active 1924. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 66: poem "Du! (for Karl)" and "Nachtsturm"; also cites the book Sommertage in Schweden, Berlin: Erz, 1924 (it is uncertain whether this is poetry). Poet and critic from Germany writing in German; anthologist of works in German; translator from English to German. Active from 1964. A major German gay anthologist and editor who is also a poet and has published at least four books of poems; listed in Bibliographies below. He compiled the anthology * Keine Zeit für gute Freunde. He is the translator of *Ian Young into German: titled Schwule Poesie, 1978, this is a selection of Ian Young's poetry with a critical essay. He edited selections from the journals * Der Kreis (published 1980) and *Der Eigene (published 1981), and has edited selections of important documents on homosexuality: Homosexualitat und Subkultur, 1976, Der unterdruckte Sexus, 1977, and Der Heimliche Sexus: Homosexuelle Belletristik in Deutschland von 1900 bis heute, 1979. He wrote Männerfreundschaften (Frankfurt, 1979) on male friendship. Der unterdruckte Sexus, 1977, is a collection of historical texts on homosexuality. Bibliographies. Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen, items 432-35: Gedichte, Frankfurt: Insel, 1964, Ladung zum Verhör, Gedichte 1971-76, Lollar: Aschenbach, 1976, Die Lumpensammler. Poetische Texte, Lollar: Aschenbach, 1977, Im Pfauengarten. Gedichte, Frankfurt and Berlin, 1980 and Schwierige Heimkehr. Ausgewählte Gedichte, Band2, Darmstadt: Foerster, 1992. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Milchsilber, 71-72; biog., 193. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 247: poem trans. English. Poet from Japan who wrote in Japanese. Active before 1713. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Partings at Dawn, 107 (from the anthology *Iwatsutsuji). Poet from Japan who wrote in Japanese. Active before 1713. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Partings at Dawn, 108 (from the anthology *Iwatsutsuji). Poet from the Netherlands writing in Dutch. Active 1993. His Raamwerk, Utrecht, 1993, is an unpaginated pamphlet of about 30 pp. of gay poems with illustrations of naked men. Poet from Finland writing in Finnish. Born 1927. Active as a poet from the 1950s he lived in France and has also written a novel. Bibliographies. Hansen, Nordisk Bibliografi, 21: book of poems Pitkiä sanoja, WSOY, 1980, 92 pp. Rossel, History of Scandinavian Literature, 359. Poet from Australia who wrote in English. 1921-1960. Described in Donald Horne, The Education of Young Donald, Penguin, 1982, p. 259, as wearing "a *green suit, green shirt, green tie" at a literary gathering. His previous remark, p. 209, "green was a homosexual's colour" indicates the significance of this: deliberately dressing, like a *dandy of the *aesthetic movement, so as to indicate homosexuality. The implication is that he was thought homosexual by Donald Horne at the time. A journalist, none of his poems have been published in book form. Some were possibly published in the Sydney University magazine Arna. He edited, with Marjorie Pizer, Creeve Roe (1947), a selection of the satirical verse of *Victor Daley. See also *A. D. Hope. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Translator from Greek to English from Great Britain. Active 1974. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition item 1851: Greek Pastoral Poetry: *Theocritus, *Bion, *Moschus, the Pattern Poems, Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin, 1974. This is the standard contemporary English language translation of these poets with a very good introduction discussing *pastoral poetry and its nachleben (existence after publication). Poet from Germany who wrote in German; translator from Greek to German. 1770-1843. A contemporary of Hegel and Schiller, in 1798 he left his wife and spent the next two years with a devoted friend Isaak von Sinclair (1775-1813); he later became mentally disturbed and lived in the care of a carpenter Zimmer 1807-43. Greek art and longing for Greece was influential in his work: for instance, he wrote a famous gay poem "Socrates and Alibiades" (see John Lauritsen) and a poem on *Ganymede. He was greatly attracted to a woman he called Diotima (compare a similar woman in the work of *Plato). *Friendship was a strong theme in his poetry. He translated *Pindar from Greek: see * Blätter für die Kunst 9 (1910). See also *Charles Causley. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 507-08. Duroc, Homosexuels et lesbiennes illustrés, 189. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 66: Hyperion oder der Eremit von Griehcenland. (Hyperion an Diotima), Leipzig: Reclam, [nodate] and the poems "Griechenland - An St." and "Sokrates und Alkibiades". Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen, items 421-26: Sämtliche Werke (Complete Works), Stuttgart: J. G. Cottasche, 1994+. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 128-31 (poems "Griechenland" and "Sokrates und Alkibiades" and the novel Hyperion ). Die Bedeutung der Freundesliebe, 21-22. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 21011: one poem on *Socrates; biog., 193 - states "Hyperion... is obviously Hölderlin himself, who meets his fascinating soul-mate, Alabanda". "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen ", 79: "Sokrates und Alkibiades". Criticism. Mayne, The Intersexes, 297-301 : stated to have been gay and Sinclair was his lover and re his novel Hyperion. John Lauritsen, The Early Homosexual Rights Movement in Germany, 1974, 8. Derks, Der Schande der heiligen Päderastie, 393-409. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1939. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1854: Song of Boy, London: privately printed, 1939. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1948. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10733: *Sappho: a drama in verse, New York: Scribner, 1948. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1953. The author of A Journal of the Plague Years: Poems 1979-1992, 1992, 122 pages: poems of a well travelled dancer from *New York which deal with losses and grief inspired by *Aids. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 774-75, 801. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active before 1964. No entry found in the *British Library General Catalogue or *National Union Catalog. Bibliography. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 66: poem "Am Strande (Er streifte...)". No other information given. Editor and critic from the United States who wrote in English. Born 1885. Author of a biography Whitman (1926). He was the editor of an edition of Leaves of Grass (1924), which was much reprinted and included the variorum edition of Leaves of Grass from the collected edition of *Horace Traubel and others; Holloway's edition was long the standard text of Leaves of Grass but is now superceded by the New York University edition edited by *Gay Wilson Allen and others. He also compiled an edition of Whitman (1938), which included his prose. Katz, Gay/Lesbian Almanac, pp. 388-91, cites an article by Emory Holloway in The Dial, 1918, in which the author debunks the theory that *Whitman had a romance with a woman; Holloway states the poem "Once I Passed Through a Populous City" came from the Calamus section of Whitman's Leaves of Grass revealed by examination of the manuscript. The article caused a great deal of interest and is an example of very scholarly work in relation to a gay poet. (Whitman was in 1918 thought by many to be heterosexual.) Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Biographer from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1917. Biographer of *Norman Douglas. His Norman Douglas (1976), is the fullest account of Douglas's life though it has been criticized as not being sufficiently frank. See pp. 112-18 for what the author states is the first homosexual encounter of Douglas (in 1897), pp. 183-87 re the boy Eric, pp. 229-32 for a court case involving a youth in London 1916 and pp. 363-85 regarding intimate relations. This biography was a landmark in discussing *pederastic gay relationships in English. Reviews: Spectator 11 December 1976, 18, by *Paul Fussell (where it is highly rated); Times Literary Supplement, 17 December 1976, 1576, by Anthony Burgess; Books and Bookmen vol. 22 (February 1977), 42-43 by *Harold Acton: not rated highly. He also edited Some Letters of *Giuseppe Orioli to Mrs. Gordon Crotch, Edinburgh: Tragara Press, 1974, 23 pp. He is the author of Heavens on earth: utopian communities in America, 1680-1880 (1951). Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1883-died after 1923. Not in Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 499: "My Boy Beyond". Foster, "Beauty's Purple Flame: Some Minor American Gay Poets", Gay Books Bulletin no. 7 (1982), 17 - states he wrote a dead-boy *elegy "My Boy Beyond: to a friend" (with a quotation from the poem); 18: notes his book Songs of the Silence and other poems, New York, 1923. Poet from the United States who wrote in English and who later lived in the Netherlands; he was also a translator from Latin and Dutch to English. 1924-1986. A United States poet who moved to *Amsterdam in The Netherlands. He is one of the finest gay liberation poets in English. His most famous poem was the "Asshole Poem" (* Son of the Male Muse, pp. 97-98); this work was almost certainly inspired by the poem on the same theme by *Verlaine and *Rimbaud. He was born in the United States, imprisoned as a conscientious objector in World War II, and moved to the Netherlands in 1949; from 1974 he was Senior Lecturer in Translation Studies at the University of Amsterdam where he translated such poets as the Latin poets *Catullus and *Martial (see Martial Music, 1983, published under the name of Jacob Lowland; rare: a copy is in *New York Public Library). See his essay "Translating Martial and Vergil" in Daniel Weissbort, editor, Translating Poetry, Iowa City, 1989, pp. 5772 (includes a translation of Vergil's homosexual "Second Eclogue"). The Gay Studs Guide to Ameterdam, Amsterdam: C. J. Aarts, 1979, was his most famous and openly gay book of poems and is a series of *sonnets whose theme is gay sex in the gay bars of Amsterdam (reviewed: Boston Gay Review, Fall 1979, by *Rudy Kikel). There was a revised edition 1980 with two extra sonnets written in 1979 (repr. Amsterdam 1981). This book, celebrating *leather sexuality, is a major work of poetry of the gay liberation period. He was called "the *Tom of Finland of verse" by Dennis Forbes (*Tom of Finland was a gay artist famous for drawings of *leather sex.) Billy and the Banquet (1979), 13 pp. is part of a gay *epic which is a *parody of gay life (rare: copy sighted *New York Public Library). He was active as a gay poet from 1978 and died of *Aids; his death was announced in the * James White Review vol. 4 no. 2 (Winter 1987), 2. Other books: Early Verse 1947-57, Amsterdam, 1985 (poems from 1950 are relevant e.g. "Put *Ginsberg Down" p. 43); Nine Hundred Rimes, 1979; View of Kent, 1980 and Piet Paaltjens Everlastings (1850-1852), Amsterdam, 1982, published under the pseudonym Jacob Lowland which contains one poem made gay in translation. Audio cassette: Jim and Jake at Jacques, 1983 (the title refers to himself and Jacob Lowland, his pseudonym); rare: a copy is in the gay collection in the *New York Public Library. For a biographical note see the last pages of Early Verse (which also contains a list of his verse). Poems were published in Maatstaf (Amsterdam), April 1987, 84-88, and James White Review vol. 1 no. 3 (Spring 1984), 9: Tine poem "Polaroid". Poems appear to exist in manuscript. Obituary: Forum 1 (1987), 89-92 by *Marita Keilson-Lauritz (written in German). Obituaries and articles in Dutch exist in the *Homodok archives. Translation. Translations into Dutch of his poems exist (J. van Marle, Holmes's partner, to the author, Amsterdam, 1995). He was interviewed in The * Advocate (including printing of "Asshole Poem"); exact issue number not located, but after 1982. Criticism: See *Marita Keilson-Lauritz. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1869a-71: "Asshole Poem" in The Rob Gallery (catalogue), Amsterdam: The Rob Gallery, 1980, Nine Hidebound Rimes. Poems 1977, Amsterdam: *Pink Triangle poets, 1978, View of Kent. A Cycle of Four Poems, Amsterdam: The Rob Gallery, 1980; 2395-96 (using the pseudonym Jacob Lowland which is here disclosed): The Gay Stud's Guide to Amsterdam and Other Sonnets, Amsterdam: C. J. Aarts, 1978 and The Gay Stud's Guide to Amsterdam and Other Sonnets, 1981 Edition, Amsterdam: C. J. Aarts, 1981; highly rated by *Ian Young. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Mannenmaat, 13-15. Son of the Male Muse, 97-100; biog., 188 (photo p. 97). Editor possibly from Canada of a work in English. Active 1995. He edited the collection of the work of five poets, *Plush, with *Lynn Crosbie. Holroyd, Michael He is best known as the biographer of *Lytton Strachey: Lytton Strachey: A Critical Biography, two volumes (London, 1967-68); there were revised editions of this work published in 1971 and 1973. Though Strachey only wrote a few poems, the biography was a landmark in its frank discussion of the homosexual love life of Lytton Strachey and those around him, including his lovers Maynard Keynes and Duncan Grant (see *Paul Roche). Its publication was propitious: just one year before the beginning of *gay liberation. The latest edition, the fourth edition, Lytton Strachey: The New Biography (New York, 1994), is a rewriting of the material. It omits some material but includes 100,000 new words (but still coming out at 100,000 words shorter than the1971 edition). Some people mentioned under pseudonyms in prior editions are correctly named and new material is added; see the introduction pages xi-xxxv for discussion of the problems in writing the first edition, its literary reception and the history of the text since then. The introduction is a major document concernig the open discussion of male homosexuality in *biography. He is married to the British novelist Margaret Drabble. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Contemporary Authors New Revision Series volume 35. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Active before 1924. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 68: "Lament" - "He is gone with his blue eyes/ Whom I love most." Poet from writing Czech Republic writing in Czech. 1923-1998. A poet who was also a scientist and a dissident under the Communist regime and whose works could only be published abroard where he achieved popularity as a great poet. In Poems Before and After, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1990, see "Homer", p. 181 (the poet asks whether Homer liked "young boys"). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors, New Revision Series, vol. 10. Encyclopedia of World Literature in the 20th Century: Supplement (1994). Poet from Greece or Turkey writing in Greek. Believed active ca. 700 B.C.; the date is uncertain and is taken from the Oxford Classical Dictionary. Homer is accepted as the poet who put the Homeric epics The Iliad and The Odyssey into their surviving form. Achilles is the hero of The Iliad and a focus of the poem is his close friendship with his fellow warrior Patroclus; Achilles makes a strong speech on Patroclus's death in Book 18. Homer may have come from Chios in Greece or *Smyrna now in Turkey. The entry *Achilles and Patroclus discusses this relationship from a gay perspective. Their relationship has been seen from *Aeschylus (active in the fifth century B.C.) as a homosexual relationship but there has been much later debate, which still continues, as to whether Homer meant us to present them as a gay couple. Homer barely touches on sexual desire, homosexual or heterosexual in The Iliad. His world, however, is one of intensely strong *male bonding with homoerotic undertones; see *Aeschylus, *Aristophanes, *Phaedrus. For relevant passages in The Iliad see Anthologies and Criticism below. See also the entry for *Pobratim in the various south Slav languages (e. g. Montenegrin, Serbo-Croat) and in Albanian since this custom may relate to ancient Greek customs. A reference to the abduction of *Ganymede occurs in The Iliad at Book 20, lines 230-35 but there is no sexual sense in the passage. (For further relevant passages in The Iliad and The Odyssey see those cited below under Criticism by J. A. Symonds.) Parodies of The Iliad. Burlesques and *parodies of The Iliad in Greek are known from ancient Greek (see Trypanis, Greek Poetry, 7677). *Satyr plays featured such burlesques. A modern burlesque poem * The Trojan War (ca. 1955), with homosexual references, has been recorded by *Mary Koukoules. The English language poet Thomas *Bridges who wrote Homer Burlesque; Poem 68 of the Latin *Priapea is a (heterosexual) burlesque of Homer. See also *Homer and Assoc. The text of Homer. The text of The Iliad we have it is that established by *Aristarchus in the 'Hellenistic period; references in *Plato may be to a different version of The Iliad. On texts see the articles "Homer-Ausgaben" in Lexikon des gesamten Buchwesens, second edtion. Early editions are described in Brunet, Manuel du libraire. In some legends his teacher was the homosexual *Thamyris. Biography. Little is known of Homer; for information see Dictionaries below. Although twentieth century authors have contended Homer could not write, Martin Bernal in Black Athena (1987 and 1991, two volumes) makes out a case that it was possible Homer could write, since the alphabet had reached Greece by the time he is believed to have lived (see the Indexes of this work for references). Translation. Translations are included mainly in relation to *Achilles and Patroclus; however the intensely strong *male bonding of The Iliad is also relevant. The * National Union Catalog reveals The Iliad was translated first into Latin in 1516, into Modern Greek in 1526, then into Dutch in 1658. Only the first translator and major translations (those which have been reprinted and thus had widespread readership) are listed. For a more extensive listing consult the National Union Catalog and the British Library General Catalogue both of which were used in compiling this list of translators. Arabic: Sulayman Khattar Al-Bustani (1904). Armenian: Hamazasp Asatowri (1955). Czech: A Skoda (1911-12) O. Vanorny (1926; repr.). Danish: C. F. E. Wilster (1836; repr.). Dutch: J. H. Glazemaker (1658); other translations exist. English. The main English translators are the first, Chapman (1611), followed by *Pope, *Cowper and then *Lang, *Leaf and *Myers. E. V. Rieu's Penguin translation has been widely available and Richmond Lattimore is currently a favored translator. *George Chapman - in poetry - (1611; repr.), Thomas Hobbes - in poetry (1674-75; repr.), *Alexander Pope - in poetry (1715-20; repr.), *William Cowper (1791; repr.), *W. C. Bryant (1870), *Andrew Lang, *Walter Leaf, *Ernest Myers - in prose (1883; repr), *Samuel Butler (1898), A. T. Murray (Loeb edition, 1925; repr.), *T. E. Lawrence (1938), *E. V. Rieu - in prose (1950; Penguin edition, repr.), I. A. Richards (1950), *Richmond Lattimore - in poetry (1951; repr.), Robert Fagles (New York,1991), Stanley Lombardo (New York, 1997). Esperanto: A. Kofman - incomplete (1895). Finnish: O. Manninen (1919, repr.) French: H. Salel (1577), Madame Dacier (1711; repr.), many translations, J. P. Bitaube (1817; repr.), P. Giguet (1844; repr.). Gaelic: J. Macdonald - Books 1-8 (1937). German: J. Spring (1601), *J. H. Voss (1751; repr.'). Modern Greek: K. Hermoniakos (1526; reort. Hungarian: KempfJozsef (1854), Jancso Lajos (1856). Icelandic (that is. Norse'): S. Egilsson (1855). Irish: J. H. MacHall (1844). Italian: A. M. Salvini (1760), F. Boaretti (1788). Latin: in the * editio princeps (1474), (1516) translator not known (1551), various translations; see the * British Library General Catalogue for copies. Latvian: Translator not known (1936). Lithuanian: Homero llijada verte J Ralys ir S Ciurlioniene-Kymantaite, P. Zadeikis ir J Talmantas. Redagaoo ir ivada parse prof. V Silkarskis (1930). Polish: F. Dmochowski (1800-01; repr.), P. Popil (1880), Partial trans., translator not known (1903). Portuguese: J. M. da Costa e Silva (1811). Russian: N. I. Gnedich (1839). Serbo-Croat: P. A. Kazali (1858). Slovenian: Anton Sovre (1950). Spanish: J. Gomez Hermosilla (1831; repr), I. G. Malo (1888). Swedish: B. Risberg (1928). Welsh: R. Morris Lewis (1928). Wendic (that is, Sorbian): M. Urban (1922). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary: dating him before 700 B.C.; consult also the third edition for the latest views. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 550-52. Gay Histories and Cultures. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 66: Ilias (Achilleus und Patroklos); cites various editions from Germany. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10734: a trans. of *Andrew Lang, London: MacMillan and Co., 1897, is noted; see also Achilles. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 1876-77: The Iliad, Edinburgh: Nelson, 1938 and The Odyssey, trans. by "T. E. Shaw" (*T. E Lawrence), New York: Oxford, 1932. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 183-84. Ioläus (1902), 68-73. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 16-20. Hidden Heritage, 79-82; see also *E. F. M. Benecke. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 51-52: trans. of *Alexander Pope. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 119-120: fine trans. by *Anthony Reid; biog., 114. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 197-98; from The Iliad (Book 18, lines 1-40 and 99-122, trans. *Alexander Pope). Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 16-22. Criticism. Symonds, A Problem in Greek Ethics, 3. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 44951: citing, p. 449, the most important passages as Iliad ix, 186, 663, xviii, 22 ff., 65, 315, 334, xix, 209, 315, xxiii, 84 (referring to the friendship of *Achilles and Patroclus) and, p. 451, The Odyssey xxiv, 78 (stating that after the death of Patroclus, Antilochus took his place). Buffiere, Eros adolescent: scattered references, see index. Courouve, Ces petits grecs, 21. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1967. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10735: A Bedside Odyssey, San Diego: Greenleaf, 1967, 160 pp. Song in Greek from Greece datable from 770 to 550 B.C. See *"Hymn to Aphrodite", one of the group called Homeric Hymns. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary: "Hymns". Homodok, also called Documentatiecentrum Homostudies Archive in the Netherlands whose main material is in Dutch; material in English and German and other *European languages is held. It was founded in 1978. It is one of the most important gay libraries and archives in Europe with extensive journal holdings (a computer printout of journal holdings is available; compare * Our Own Voices). A list of journals held was published in 1986 (14 pp.). It also has a library of gay books and is open daily. It is easy to use but in recent years has been operating under budgetary constraints. It is situated in *Amsterdam where it was affiliated with Amsterdam University (which teaches gay studies) until 1998; it has now moved to new premises affiliated with the Amsterdam lesbian archive. The center publishes the bibliographical column "Relevant" in the Dutch gay journal * Homologie. It had some 2,000 journal titles in 1991, making it the library with the largest holding of gay journals in Europe; in 1999 it had some 3,800 journal titles. It took over the library of the old Van Leeuwen Bibliothek of the Dutch gay club COC in existence from 1946 to 1970. There is a computer based author/title catalogue and a subject catalogue and the archive has an *Internet site. References. Directory of the International Association of Lesbian and Gay Archives and Libraries, 29-33. Verzeichnis der Schwulen und Schwul-lesbischen Bibliotheken, 6-7. Homoerotische Lyrik: 6. Kolloquium der Forschungsstelle fur europaische Lyrik des Mittelalters. Critical work from German relating to Latin, Greek, German, English, Persian, Turkish and Arabic. Tübingen: Narr, 1992, 254 pages. It contains critical articles on homoerotic lyric poetry of the 'Middle Ages and is part of a series on poetry of the Middle Ages published by the University of Mannheim, of which it is number 6. The material surveyed ranges from ancient Greek 'bucolic, 'boy love in classic poets of Rome, to 'Shakespeare, 'Stefan George and Persian, Turkish and Islamic poetry. Edited by Theo Stammler. Journal in Dutch from the Netherlands. Published from 1978. It was founded in connection with the Dutch *Homodok archive. Some poems by gay poets have been published (e.g. *Detlev Meyer, *Sybe Krol) and there have been book reviews on major new historical books and critical articles (e.g., on *Hubert Fichte). Each issue has an up to date bibliography in Dutch of items in European languages compiled from sources in Homodok; the bibliography is very comprehensive and after 1987 supplements that of *Wayne Dynes (see under "Non-fictie Mannen" for gay male poetry). It should be consulted by anyone wanting to be familiar with the latest gay research in *European languages. Poets with the same name. With two or more poets being confused, it is frequently difficult to identify who is meant. Homonyms survive from ancient Greek from Greece from ca. 544 B.C. Homonyms are a problem in the * Palatine Anthology where some poets are identified by a name and in other places by a name and place e.g. Alcaeus, *Alcaeus of Mytilene, *Alcaeus of Messina. See entries for *Diocles, *Flaccus, *Glaucus and also *ethnic. *Forgery is another aspect of the problem of homonyms: see *Anacreontea and *Theognidea (dating from 544 B.C.) where a deliberate attempt has been made to enhance the status of certain poems by ascribing them to a famous poet. With the Palatine Anthology, where little information is available, the problem of correctly identifying poets is especially difficult. Since for ancient Greek poetry, what is available has been passed down by manuscript for hundreds of years, mistakes by scribes in copying manuscripts must be taken into account in this matter. Homophobia and homophobic behavior Dislike and at times hatred of homosexuals. It dates from ca. 400 B.C. in ancient Greek in Greece and later in other languages. Homophobia is particularly manifested in anti-gay *laws, which, amongst other things, inhibit the writing and publishing of homosexual poetry (such laws have also contributed to the writing of *satires against homosexuality where homophobia may be exhibited) Greek. Homophobia may have played a part in the persecution of *Socrates (ca. 400 B.C.) and *Jesus Christ. The apostle *Saint Paul who exhibits it and who wrote the first surviving commentaries on the * Gospels in his letters In the early Christian church is the main person in establishing it as a key element in Christian theology. *Clement of Alexandria, an early church father, exhibited it in the second Christian century, as did Augustine of Hippo (both wrote in Latin') and later John Chrysostom in Greek (see Oxford Classical Dictionary for information on these writers). These writers were aiming to prove the superiority of Christian philosophy to that of the ancient Greeks with its strong homosexual element. *Michel Foucault has dealt with the overthrow of the Greek mores and the rise Christianity. See *Hymns - Greek, * Anacreontea, * Circle of Agathias Scholasticus, *Félix Buffière, *Law - Greek, *Law - Christian. Latin. It was promoted by Augustine of Hippo in his writings; see *also Middle ages. *Martial and *Catullus show it. Elements of homophobia appear in the writings of later poets. English. Australia: see *Hugh McCrae, *Douglas Stewart. Nigeria: see *Wole Soyinka. Great Britain: *Robert Graves, *F. R. Leavis, *Tommy Barclay. United States: *Amiri Baraka, *Robert Frost, *Justin Kaplan, *Michael Moon, *Ezra Pound, *Allen Tate, *Whitman, *Yvor Winters, *Kenneth Rexroth. French: *André Breton. German: *Henrich Heine, *Max Kaufmann. Italian: see Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, pp. 279-82, *Domenico del Prato, *Stefano Finiguerri, *Matteo Franco. Arthur Frederick Ide, Gomorrah and the Rise of Homophobia (Las Colinas, TX, 1985) is an excellent historical introuction to homophobia in the Christian tradition; no bibliography but an Index pp. 111-13. On dealing with homopobia in everyday life see Ronald R. Butters and *Michael Moon, Displacing Homophobia: gay male perspectives in literature and culture, 1989. *Byrne S. Fone Homophobia: A History, 2000, deals with the subject in relation to western civilization. John P. De Cecco, Homophobia: An Overview was a special issue of the * Journal of Homosexuality, vol. 10 nos. 1-2, published also as a monograph. A *Library of Congress *subject heading "homophobia" exists. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 552-55. Dictionnaire Gay. Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Hate Crimes", "Antigay Initiatives and Propositions (U.S. Law)". Bibliographies. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 363-65. Homosexual emancipation movement in Germany and the Netherlands Movement in German from Germany and Dutch from the Netherlands from 1838. A movement to assert the rights of homosexuals which started basically with 'K. H. Ulrichs. Prior to this 'Heinrich Hössli's 1838 anthology had emerged out of an argument about the validity of gay love and demonstrates consciousness of gay emancipation by Hössli. Compare 'gay liberation; however, the German and Dutch gay emancipation movements preceded it. Ideas of homosexual emancipation may ultimately go back to 'Plato and 'Jesus Christ. Geman. *Magnus Hirschfeld was a major figure from 1896. James Steakley has written a book on the movement: see 'Historical and social background - German. See also 'debate on homosexuality. The movement in German was brought to a halt by the 'Nazis in 1933. The attempt to abolish Paragraph 175 - which prohibited male anal sex - was not successful and the law remained in force until 1969. See 'Adolf Brand, 'Benedict Friedländer, 'Hans Blüher, 'Gustav Wyneken. Dutch. A movement in the Netherlands existed from 1911 founded by *J. A. Schorer with links to Hirschfeld; *Rob Tielman has written a detailed history. See also Homojaarboek 1, edited by Michael Dallas and others, Amsterdam, 1981 (with bibl., pp. 287-99) which has articles on the Netherlands from 1911; there may be later issues of this work. See John Lauritsen, The Early Homosexual Rights Movement, New York, 1974. References. Goodbye to Berlin?, 37-130. Archive in the United States with material in English. From 1968. Formed when One split with Don Slater and others (see *One Incorporated, now called One/IGLA), it had the original archives of One. It was moved to Louisiana or another *southern state. Don Slater died in 1997, aged 77, and his collection was found to be stored in a basement and mildewed (information from *Wayne Dynes, 16 March 1997). An obituary of Don Slater by *Jim Kepner appears on the *Internet on the *One/IGLA site. After leaving One, Don Slater published a magazine called Tangents. References. Directory of the International Association of Lesbian and Gay Archives and Libraries, 66-69; from the description here the archive seems somewhat disorganized. Bibliography in English from Canada dealing with works in English and French. 1979 and second edition, 1984. The first edition was published in Toronto: Canadian Gay Archives, Publication No. 1, 1979, 85 pages, edited by *Alex Spence. Most items are annotated and the work is divided into an Introduction and thirteen sections. A few items in the Literature section are not annotated so it is not known whether they are novels, poetry etc. The second edition, Toronto, Canadian Gay Archives, Publication No. 9, 1984, 378 pages, was edited by *William Crawford. It has the most extensive listing of Canadian gay poets in English and French prior to this encyclopedia and poetry is listed in a separate section with forty poets being listed (some seventy-four Canadian poets are include in this encyclopedia). The first edition relies heavily on *Ian Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, first edition (1975) for English poetry entries. Note: French poets were not included in the first edition and both editions include lesbian and gay male material, without differentiation. The second edition, which is based on the holdings of the Canadian Gay Archives, is the most thorough survey of a country's gay culture ever compiled in a single work. While the poetry entries in the first edition are annotated and cite poems in the books referred to (and sometimes journal publication), there are no annotations in the second edition (which simply lists books). In the first edition items are given stars (either one, two or three), which helps evaluate writers; these are absent in the second edition. Both editions have sections referring to Literary Criticism and Journals. Homosexuality in Canada (1979) pp. 5-18 lists literature (including lesbian material); anthologies are listed separately pp. 17-18. Not listed in both editions is *Henry S. Saunders. Homosexuality, in German Homosexualität Word in English which came from the German word "homosexualität" (first used in 1869 by *Kertbeny). Defining homosexuality is very difficult; perhaps experience which is "not 100% heterosexual" (definition by *Keith Howes to the author) is as good a definition as we can get. *Christopher Isherwood maintained that the mark of a true male homosexual is the ability to fall in love with another man. A *homosexual, though able to achieve an erection with men, may not be able to achieve one with a woman. Some of the best recent discussion has been in French by *Didier Eribon, focusing on the issue of a gay culture. English. The word was first used in English by *J. A. Symonds in 1891 in A Problem in Greek Ethics and is a common word from 1923 onwards but has been displaced by *gay from ca. 1965 and by *queer from 1990 especially in academic discourse (though *queer meaning homosexual dates from earlier in the twentieth century in general usage). When used here in this encyclopedia it refers to "sexual and/ or strong affectional relations between persons of the same sex" (a slight modification of the definition in the Encyclopedia of Homosexuality - see Dictionaries and Encyclopedias below - which itself relates to the Kinsey definition). *Michael Ruse has written a philosophical enquiry. *Sodomy, a word used in English earlier, centered on sexual activity and participation. Meaning "anal sex", it could refer to heterosexual anal sex as well as homosexual. See *Dictionaries and Words - English for other words. *Alfred Kinsey in Sexual Behavior in the Human Male, 1948, p. 612, defined homosexuality as "sexual relations, either overt or psychic, between individuals of the same sex" (see also p. 617). It will be noted that Kinsey's definition includes "psychic" sexual relations and therefore includes relationships which are not physical. For psychic homosexuality - what I refer to as strong affectional relationships - see entries such as *Sufism and *Christianity. The article "Homosexuality" by *Magnus Hirschfeld in Victor Robinson, editor, Encyclopaedia Sexualis, 1936 opposed the idea that heterosexual persons could become homosexual. The novelist Merle Miller's What it Means to be a Homosexual was published in the New York Times Magazine 17 January, 1971, pp. 9-10, 48-49, 57, 60 ff and later as a book. This is an excellent personal account. *Montgomery Hyde has written a history of British homosexuality and *A. L. Rowse a slightly more general history. Colin Spencer, Homosexuality: A History, London, 1995, is a generalized history mainly concentrating on Europe. There is no world history of homosexuality. Judd Marmor, Homosexual Behavior (1980) discusses homosexuality from many points of view. A comprehensive survey of the concept of homosexuality historically in the European tradition is Francis Mark Mondimore, A Natural History of Homosexuality, 1996 (includes a bibliography, pp. 273-75). Salvatore J. Licata and Robert P. Peterson, Historical Perspectives on Homosexuality, 1981 (reprinted from the Journal of Homosexuality, fall/ winter 1980/1981) is a series of historical essays including on Germany and Switzerland. William Masters (1915-2001) and Virginia Johnson in Homosexuality in Perspective (1979) claimed they could reverse homosexual orientation. Homosexuality in animals is dealt with in Bruce Bagemihl, Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity, London, 1999. German. In German the word homosexualität was coined by *Kertbeny in 1869, as noted above; it passed from German to English (see *Max Marcuse and *Gisela Bleibtreu-Ehrenberg for German use). There is a long article on homosexualität in Max Marcuse, editor, Handwörterbuch der Sexualwissenschaft (1923). *Magnus Hirschfeld wrote the first scientific book on homosexuality in German by a gay man, Die Homosexualität des Mannes und Weibes (1914). A huge *debate on the nature of homosexuality in German took place from 1890 to 1933. A general history is Gotthard Feustel, Die Andere Liebe: eine illustrierte Geschichte der Homosexualität (Leipzig, 1996). Rüdiger Lautmann, editor, Homosexualität: Handbuch de Theorie- und Forschungsgeschichte, Frankfurt, 1993, is a detailed introduction to theory and research. See *Dictionaries and Words - German for other words. Conceptualization of homosexuality. Various types of homosexuality exist. *Androphile homosexuality is homosexuality between adults in contrast to *pederasty (sex between an adult and a younger person or adolescent teenager) and *pedophilia (sex between and adult and a child) which are age differentiated. *Ritualized homosexuality, whereby homosexuality is incorporated into initiation and other ceremonies, occurs in *tribal cultures. Martin Dannecker, Theories of Homosexuality, 1981 (trans. from the German edition of 1978) discusses theoretical issues. See *Anthropology and *Sociology for other slants on the subject. Vern L. Bulllough, Human Sexuality: An Encyclopedia, New York, 1994, "Homosexuality and Lesbianism: Cross-cultural Perspectives" is a comparative analysis. For discussions in encyclopedias, see in the Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, the articles on "Homosexuality" pp. 556-60, "Typology of Homosexuality" pp. 1332-37, "Magnus Hirschfeld" (the most famous gay researcher to date) pp. 536-39, "Medical Theories of Homosexuality", pp. 820-22, "Homosexuals as a Minority". In Encyclopedia Britannica, fifteenth edition, 1991 printing homosexuality is stated to be "sexual interest in and attraction to members of one's own sex". In Gay Histories and Culures (2000) in "Homosexuality" *David Halperin, after an extensive discussion of the word in English, French and German from 1860, states, p. 454, that "homosexuality is more than same-sex sexual object choice". See also the entry in International Encyclopedia of the Social Martin S. Weinberg and Alan P. Bell, Homosexuality: an annotated bibliography, 1972, is based on work in the 'Kinsey Institute. C. A. Tripp, The Homosexual Matrix, New York, 1975 (second edition with new preface, 1987) also has an excellent discussion. French. See Courouve, Vocabulaire de l'homosexualité masculine, p. 54: a very important discussion of the word in French; see also the entry in Dictionnaire Gay. On homosexuality in general see Marcel Eck, Sodome; Essai sur l'homosexualité, Paris, 1966; 'Edouard Roditi has also written a major work. The finest and most extensive discussion is by 'Didier Eribon whose works contain extensive bibliographies. Danish. Jens Jersild, De Paedofile, 1964, is a notable book with important bibliography. Other languages. See entries beginning *Words and 'Dictionaries and the language concerned. Arabic. Mohamad Omar Nahas, Towards an interpretational model of homosexuality, was published in the Netherlands in 1997. In Chinese the characters for homosexuality mean "same sex love" as distinct from "opposite sex love" (written in different characters) and are very ancient. A *debate on homosexuality also took place in Japanese in the first part of the twentieth century. The word did not exist in ancient Greek and Latin: see the entry "Homosexuality" in Oxford Classical Dictionary, third edition (1996). However *words for homosexual acts or types of behavior did exist in these languages. The argument that homosexuality did not exist before the mid nineteenth century, put forward by some 'social constructionists, because the word did not exist, is irrational: people do many things without having a word for them. In addition other words (such as sodomy) existed referring to homosex before 1869. The Chinese conceptualization also refutes the idea that homosexuality only existed from 1869. Incidence of overt homosexuality. See Paul H. Gebhard, "Incidence of Overt Homosexuality in the United States and Western Europe" in John M. Lingood, editor, National Institute of Mental Health Task Force on Homosexuality: Final Report, Washington, 1972, a memo prepared for the National Gay Taskforce (these statistics, stating that 10% of persons were homosexual in the sense of sexual relations leading to orgasm for significant periods, only relate to the United States). This figure was also confirmed in a letter of 18 March 1977 by Paul B. Gebhard, the then Director of the Kinsey Institute, to the National Gay Task Force cited in Bob Hay and Terry Goulden, Gays and their Families (Sydney, 1981), p. 31 ; the statistics were based on continuing sexual surveys at the Kinsey Institute. The Kinsey survey Sexual Beavior in the Human Male (1948), which has been updated in later work of the the Kinsey Indtitute, is the largest survey of male sexuality to date involving many thousands of cases. Kinsey, Sexual Behavior in the Human Male, pp. 650-51, is a major statement giving incidence of homosexualiy from his research showing 37% of men had overt homosexual experience to the point of orgasm between 16 and 65 while 10% were more or less exclusively homosexual between 16 and 55 for at least three years and 4% were homosexual throughout their lives. In 'Papua New Guinea, in some tribes all males had to undergo homosexual experience so in some societies 100% of males have homosexual experiences. It has also been claimed that in ancient Athens sexual relations occurred between teachers and pupils: see 'William Percy, 'Pederasty. See also entries for 'debate on love. Compare 'Bisexuality, sexual relations with persons of both sexes. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Sexual Behaviour volume 1, 485-93: by 'Donald Cory (pseud); fine bibl. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 556-60. Dictionnaire Gay. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion: by 'Gilbert Herdt: defined as "sexual activity between persons of the same sex". Encyclopædia Britannica, fifteenth edition, 1991 printing: "sexual interest in and attraction to members of one's own sex". Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Ullstein Enzyklopädie der Sexualität; a very wide ranging article with many cross references; no bibliography. Gay Histories and Cultures; by 'David Halperin. Bibliographies. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 34-36: incidence of homosexuality; see also Chapter 3, 48-58; and Chapter 20, "Biology", 310-16. Word in English from the United States. A term which came into prominence from ca. 1985 promulgated by *Eve K. Sedgwick. See Sedgwick, Between Men, pp. 1-20; the whole book is also relevant - the subtitle of the book is English Literature and Male Homosocial Desire. On p. 1 she defines homosocial as involving "social bonds between persons of the same sex". City in China where Chinese is spoken. Material of relevance dates from 1964. Hong Kong was formerly a British colony before being returned to China in 1997. It was originally an island ceded by force to the British by the Chinese government in 1842. To it were added the new territories inland on the adjacent Chinese mainland which were leased for 100 years from 1997. Hong Kong is close to Canton, the largest city in southern China, and the spoken form of Chinese is Cantonese. English *law prevailed until 1997 when the colony reverted to China (but see also *Law - Chinese). Male homosexual acts were illegal under British rule until 1991 when they were decriminalized for males over 21 in line with the *age of consent in Britain. Before the Chinese takeover in 1997, two major works on homosexuality were published and Hong Kong was thus a major focus for gay scholarship: these works were by "a committee of scholars", Wei hsing shih kuan ch'i chu (pseud.) and by *Sam Shasha (pseud.). The United States poet *Louie Crew worked in Hong Kong a number of years in the 1980s. Hong Kong as a trading and business entity now has a special status in China. There is a gay group called the Tongzhi Culture Society in the city; they held a conference in 1996. Poet frm the Netherlands writing in Dutch. Born 1934. Gay Poetry Anthologies. David heeft ook een achterkant, 20; biog., 59: he works in a bank in Weert. Poet from Australia who wrote in English. 1908-1961. An *anarchist poet and writer, involved in the 1940s and 1950s with Sydney and Melbourne bohemian *groups (not excluding homosexual men) which were strongly heterosexist. These groups were loosely referred to as The Push. Although Hooton had relationships with women, there was a strong *male bonding relationship with his *disciple, *Robert Cumming. He was greatly influenced by *Whitman, *Wilde and *Nietzsche and his poems are strongly homoaffectional - see, for instance, "The Glories of Brass" in These Poets, 1941, pp. 8-10. His other volumes of poetry were Things you see when you haven't got a gun (1943) and It is great to be alive (Sydney, 1961); both rare: copies sighted, Mitchell Library, Sydney. His Collected Poems were edited by *Sasha Soldatow (Ringwood, Victoria, 1990) who is working on a biography of the poet. See also *mateship. Hooton made a series of tapes just before his death, now in the National Library, Canberra at Call Number TRC 95. On tape 5 he says: "Bob [Cumming] and I are both capable of falling in love not only with each other." Amongst his manuscripts is the following (referring to his experience in *prison and referring to a prison warder): "I said two [prison warders] were homo. This was understatement. Those who were not by nature, by circumstance, traded with them; we all I think accepted and condoned the fact in some degree" (p. 6 of the manuscript "Day That Gavest"; original in Margaret Fink collection, Sydney). His Collected Poems includes prose pieces discussing his philosophy (which also is displayed in his poems); they were reviewed by *Adrian Rawlins in Overland 122 (1991), 81-83. He had a heterosexual relationship with Margaret Fink. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Hurley, Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia: see entry "Harry Hooton: Poet". Poet from Australia writing in English. 1907-2000. A poet notable for writing works in rhyme at a time when *free verse is the dominant metre. Veiled references to homosexuality occur in Dunciad Minor (1970; initially published in 1950), a *satire in the vein of *Alister Kershaw's Denunciad (e.g., see p. 2). The reference to a "green aesthete", in the second stanza of "Standardization", may be to *Muir Holborn (see this entry) since both were at *Sydney University at this time; this poem was first published in the journal No 1 [the exact title], July 1943 (unpaginated), and later in his first book The Wandering Islands, 1955, pp. 63-64. See A Comination, Collected Poems 1930-70, Sydney, repr. 1972, pp. 148 51, re *Sodom ("this great Sodom of a world" - p.149). References to homosexuality in his poetry are largely anti-gay. He was part of a group at Sydney University in the 1940s which included *Harold Stewart and James McAuley. His hostility to the gay novelist *Patrick White in his review of the latter's The Tree of Man (1956) - which novel he called "pretentious and illiterate verbal sludge" - may have had an element of *homophobia. A. D. Hope's attitude to gays largely echoed the conventional attitudes of his time. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active ca. 1940. Jim Kepner, in Gay Los Angeles: The Early Days, Los Angeles, the author, 1988, p. 6, suggests he was a notable poet. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1844-1889. A *Victorian period poet who experimented with poetic form, writing complex poetry which was a precursor of *modernism. His poems were not published until after his death in 1918 in an edition edited by *Robert Bridges (to whom Hopkins had sent copies of the poems). At *Oxford where he was a pupil of *Benjamin Jowett he was strongly attached to *Digby Dolben (see the Dictionary of National Biography entry p. 325), he entered the *Catholic church under the influence of John Henry Newman and became a Jesuit (which committed him to a lifetime vow of celibacy). At Oxford he was much influenced by *Hellenism and the *aesthetic theory of *Walter Pater. Robert Bernard Martin has called his attachment to Dolben "the most momentous emotional event of Hopkins undergraduate years, probably of his entire life" (Gerard Manley Hopkins, New York, 1991, p. 80) and states: "the thought of Dolben.. underlay all of that sexually turbulent spring of 1865" (p. 103). From 1884 he was Professor of Greek and Latin at University College, *Dublin, where he experienced a religious crisis. In a letter to Bridges in 1882, Hopkins said about *Walt Whitman: "I always knew in my heart Walt Whitman's mind to be more like my own than any other man's living" (quoted in Paddy Kitchen, Gerard Manley Hopkins, 1978, pp. 206-07); in this letter Hopkins insisted that the "brotherhood of men" not homosexual love was Whitman's central message. Diaries and letters have been published. Diary. Hopkins's journal has been regarded as being in the form of prose poems: see Journals and Papers, 2 volumes, 1959, edited by Humphrey House and G. Storey (however this omits the journals for 1865 detailing the attraction of Hopkins for Dolben with its strong sexual basis). See also The Early Poetic Manuscripts and Notebooks edited by Norman H. MacKenzie, 1989. Letters. See The Letters... to Robert Bridges, 1935; Correspondence...[with] Richard Watson Dixon, 1935; Further Letters, second edition, 1956. Biography: see *Robert Bernard Martin. A critical study in homosexual terms is Julia F. Saville, A queer chivalry: the homoerotic asceticism of Gerard Manley Hopkins (Charlottesville, 2000). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography: Missing Persons; by *Robert Bernard Martin. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Howes, Broadcasting It. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10736: Selected Poems and Prose, edited W. H. Gardner, London: Penguin, 1953. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1879: Poems and Prose, Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin, 1953. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reade, Sexual Heretics, 72-73, 153-54, 223-25: poems "The Beginning of the End", "The Bugler's First Communion", "Epithalamion" (boys *bathing). Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 221-22: "The Bugler's First Communion". Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 60. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 103-04. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 288-90. Criticism. Woods, History of Gay Literature, 171-73. Translation from Latin to English from Canada. Active 1974. The Dead Slave, Catalyst, 1977, 16 pp. [no pagination] is a translation of the Latin poet *Martial's homosexual *epigrams in *heroic couplets from what is stated to be the unpublished Book 15, from a Latin *manuscript in the Royal Library, Brussels, said to be discovered in *Pompeii in 1776 (see Introduction to The Dead Slave). Epigrams 1-7, 9-11, 17, 23, 40 of this manuscript only are translated; subjects include *sado-masochism. 330 copies were printed. There was a limited edition of 26 copies published as The Dead Slave, 1974. These poems may be imitations of Martial; or even possibly *fakes. To the Uranian Mus: A Cycle of Sonnets (Toronto: A-Z Chapbooks, 2000) was published under the pseudonym of Vincent Holmes; the publisher was *Ian Young. He attended the funeral of *Aleister Crowley: see John Symonds, King of the Shadow Realm, 1989, p. 579. If this is the same Kenneth Hopkins who was a British poet who settled in the United States, see Betty Richardson, "Kenneth Hopkins: Writer, Critic, Publisher, Papers on Language and Literature" vol. 26 (1990), pp. 424-38 with bibl. pp. 436-38. The papers of the Kenneth Hopkins of Betty Richardson's article are in the *Humanities Research Center, Austin, Texas. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, first edition, item 1272-73: The Dead *Slave, privately printed, 1974 (published anonymously). Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 1882-83: same book and The Dead Slave and Other Poems of Martial, Scarborough, Ontario: *Catalyst, 1977. Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (1984), 139: The Dead Slave, Scarborough, Ontario, Catalyst, 1974 (note: this appears to be a wrong entry). Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 58. Critic from the United States writing in English. Active 1977. See the abstract of his Ph. D. thesis, University of Indiana, 1977, The Development of "Pornographic" Literature in Eighteenth- and Early Nineteenth-Century Russia, * Dissertation Abstracts International vol. 38A (1977) p. 2166A: this deals with *Lermontov and *Eros Russe amongst others; see pp. 338-50 for his discussion of Eros Russe (the only detailed account in English). The thesis is a major study of Russian *pornography. Poet from Italy who wrote in Latin. 65 B.C.-8 B.C. Horace is a Latin *lyric poet who has been continuously popular. There has been much contention about his sexuality. *Lilja, Homosexuality in Republican and Augustan Rome, notes male lovers are Ligurinus and Lycus (see "Criticism in homosexual terms" below). However, the persona of Horace in his odes is strongly heterosexual and male lovers - or companions - are only briefly mentioned. His poetry is somewhat artificial as regards sexuality, which, in any case, is not strongly present as in *Catullus or *Martial, and, if his male lovers are not convincing, his women, such as Pyrrha and Lydia, are not convincing either. Some male relationships are very nebulous indeed (e.g. Odes I xxxviii). So the question of Horace's sexuality as presented in his poetry is very tricky. *Otto Kiefer stated "Horace was certainly bisexual, with a strong tendency towards homosexuality" (see "Criticism in homosexual terms" below). Overall his poetry is only somewhat homoerotic (one reason his poems may have been acceptable reading and not subject to censorship as with Martial and Juvenal). He wrote * Odes, Epodes, Satires and Epistles. For homosexuality, see Odes Book I iii (to *Virgil) iv (re *Lycidas), xiii?, xxiv (Virgil and Quintilius), xxxii (Lycus), xxxviii? Book III xix (Lycus) Book IV i (Ligurinus), x (Ligurinus), xii (Virgil). Books I-III of the Odes were published in 23 B.C. and Book IV in 13 B.C. On homosexuality see also Epodes xi (re Lyiscus). Several poems (e.g. Odes I i) are dedicated to his bisexual patron *Maecenas and others flatter the Emperor Augustus (e.g., Odes IV 15), showing how Horace was prepared to adapt his thought to his audience. See Anthologies, below, for further references. His poetry in the Odes expresses the pleasure-loving philosophy of *Epicurus (compare such Persian poets as *Omar Khayyam) and he is justly regarded as one of the great poets in ancient Latin. *Wine drinking is a strong motif though this is not strongly homosexual in context in his work (as in the ancient Greek poets). Horace was strongly influenced by Greek poets such as *Alcaeus (see Odes I 32 re Lycus and II 13) and *Anacreon (Odes IV 9). Their work was known to him in greater detail than survives today and sets the tone of his poems (see Odes III 30). The names of his lovers both female and male frequently come from Greek (e.g., Lysicus). They seem pseudonyms or even imaginary names for non existent persons, in which case how to separate fact from fiction in Horace becomes a crucial issue in reading his poetry. Horace was also a literary critic: his Ars Poetica is an important early theoretical text of criticism. Influence. Horace was the most popular Latin poet from the Renaissance on and more editions of his work survive than for any other poet. The Odes - called Carmina (songs) in Latin - are his main work for homosexuality and have been greatly influential on the writing of odes in the west European languages. On Horace's English influence see Mary Thayer, The Influence of Horace on English Poets, 1916, and D. K. Money, The English Horace: Anthony Alsop and the Traditions of British Latin Verse, 1999. Text and criticism. After circulating for nearly 1,500 years in manuscript, the * editio princeps of Horace's works was 1470. Since then his odes have been continuously reprinted. For early editions see Brunet, Manuel du libraire and the Horace entry in Lexikon des gesamten Buchwesens, second edition. For the publishing history of the text of Horace, see E. Fraenkel, Horace, Oxford, 1957, and *Kenneth Quinn; consult also commentaries in earlier editions as listed in the Horace entry in the Oxford Classical Dictionary and see the *British Library General Catalogue for editions and criticism to 1975. V. Grassmans, Die erotischen Epoden des Horaz (The erotic odes of Horace), 1967, has a bibliograpjy to 1967 pp. xi-xv and a list of commentaries 1608-1959 pp. xi--xv. *Parodies of the Odes are separately listed in the*British Library General Catalogue (see pp. 369-70 for Latin and 383-85 for parodies in Latin, English and German). The Odes are entered in the British Library General Catalogue under their Latin name Carmina (songs). There has been a huge volume of commentary on Horace usually incorporated in the textual editions, due to his great popularity. The bibliography at the end of the Oxford Classical Dictionary entry under "Horatius Flaccus" is the best place to start for all scholarly information on Horace. See also "Criticism in homosexual terms" below. Translation. Horace has been enormously popular in translation. Only major translations are included here. He was very popular in French. For translations into English, German and French to 1906 see E. Stemplinger Das Fortleben der Horazischen Lyrik seit der Renaissance, 1906. Consult also the bibliography at the end of the entry in Oxford Classical Dictionary Horatius Flaccus. The entries for Horace in the *National Union Catalog and*British Library General Catalogue (under Horatius Flaccus) which have been consulted are complex. Only the first and major translations of the Odes in each language in the British Library General Catalogue - or of the Works (which include the Odes) - are included since homosexuality is underplayed in Horace. Other translations exist, especially for English, French, German and Italian and in many cases for other languages included here. In the British Library General Catalogue translations follow the entries for editions of Horace in Latin. "Translations of Works" begins at p. 359; note also that the Odes are here called Carmina (Latin for songs). Translation is on pp. 359-88. The National Union Catalog entry is more complex and the British Library General Catalogue entry is the best place for translations. Dutch: J. van Vondel (1703; repr.); English: The Works trans. by several persons (1666; repr.; a popular translation), Philip Francis (1743-46; repr.; very popular), *Christopher Smart (1756; repr.; used in *Bohn's Classical Library), C. Bennett (1914; repr.; Loeb edition; excellent trans.), *Dr John Marshall and C. Smart (1906; Everyman edition), James Michie (Penguin Classics, 1967); Finnish: Trans, not known - see British Library General Catalogue p. 363 (1891); French: L. de la Porte (1584, repr.); M. Dacier (1691; repr.; very popular), P. Daru (1797-18801; repr.), L. Hermann (Brussels, 1953), *Leconte de Lisle (1873; repr.), F. Villeneuve (1922; repr.; Budé edition); German: J. F. Schmidt (1780-83; repr.), K. W. Rambler (1800); Greek: Trans, not known, see British Library General Catalogue p. 378 (1912); Italian: Paolo Abriani (1680), other translations; Lettish (that is Latvian): K. Straubergs (1924-36); Polish: J. Libickiego (1647; partial trans.), J. U. Niemcewicza (1867; complete); Portuguese: Translator not given - see British Library General Catalogue p.362 (Lisbon, 1657; repr.); Romanian: D. C. Ollaneseu (1891), Lascar Sebastian (1961); Russian: *A. Fet (1856; repr.), M. Tasparova (1970); Spanish: F. de Sobrado (1813), D. M. Mendendez Pelayo (1882), Ismael Enrique Arciniegas (Bogota, 1950), Roberto Jaramillo (Bogota, 1954), Trans, not known, Madrid, 1980: see Cuaderno bibliográfico gay, 13; Swedish: A. Frigell (1870). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary: see "Horatius Flaccus". *Forberg, Manual of Classical Erotology. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 115-16. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 53 (listed under Flaccus): poems "An Pettius", "An Sestius" and "An Ligurinus". Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10737: Odes, with the note "Many translations and editions". Cuaderno bibliofráficao gay, 13: Odas y epodas, Madrid: Hiperión, 1980 (Spanish translation). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: Die Männerliebe der Griechen, 58. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 40-46: Epode 11, Odes I 4 & IV 1. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 85-87. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 86-87: Odes IV 1 and IV 10. Les Amours masculines, 45. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 172-73; biog., 164 (states he "revels in double-entendre"). "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen", 33-34. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 98-100: Odes iv 1 and iv 10. Gaio verso: poesia latina per l'altro amore. Criticism in homosexual terms Mayne, The Intersexes, 288. Kiefer, Sexual Life in Ancient Rome, 198-202; on p.198 he states: "Horace was certainly bisexual, with a strong tendency towards homosexuality." Courouve, Ces petits grecs, 21-22. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1936. Gay book of poems: Dreams and Speculations, London: *Gay Men's Press, 1986 (shared with *Paul Binding and with an introduction by *Martin Humphries pp. 38-39); biog. opp title. See pp. 37-62 for the very Tine sequence "Death of a Perfectionist", dealing with his life up to being a HIV positive gay man (see *Aids). He has been influenced by the philosopher Meher Baba (1894-1969); see his book Meher Baba and the Kingdom of Nothingness, 1981. Active as a writer since 1966. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gay Verse. Not Love Alone, 37-39: excellent poems about hugging; biog., 141. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English and possibly in Latin; he later lived in Italy. 1864-1916. In the *Lionel Johnson set, he was an *aesthete and editor of a journal produced by them, The *Century Guild Hobby Horse (ca. 1885-1894), and author of some verses, Diversi Colori, 1891 (the title is in Latin and means "different colors") with his own typography and design. He was an acquaintance of *Oscar Wilde. In *Verna Coleman, The Last Exquisite, Ryde, NSW, 1990, p. 20, he is stated to be "one of the most ladylike gentlemen in the world" (*Martin Boyd, A Single Flame, London, 1939, p. 35). An intimate friend of *Selwyn Image and a leading figure in the Rhymers Club, an 1890s literary group in London. There seems to have been a strong element of homosexuality in his character. Ian Fletcher states he was "indifferently heterosexual and homosexual" (p. 126): see "Herbert Horne: The Earlier Phrase" in English Miscellany 21 (1970), 126-29. From 1905 he lived in *Florence where he bought and restored an old Palazzo which became the Museo Horne after his death and is owned by the city of Florence; this may house his papers. The *British Library General Catalogue lists Amata loquitur, 1961 (the title is in Latin and the work may be in Latin) held in the *Private Case. Biography: see the Introduction to H. P. Horne, Botticelli, 1980 (repr. of 1908 edition) pp. ix-xi by John Pope-Hennessy; see also Ian Fletcher, Rediscovering Herbert Horne, 1990 (this only deals with his early life which is, however, very relevant). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography: Missing Persons. Reade, Sexual Heretics, 246. Pseudonym of a poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1993. Book: To Elizabeth and Eleanor: Great *Queens Who Loved Poetry, New York: Giorno Poetry Systems, 1993, 74 pp.: a *camp volume possibly composed by John Giorno. A photograph of a man aged about 60 in drag is on the back with the caption "Clothes are my weakness. Poetry is my strength." On the title page the author is stated to be Lita Hornick and her poet friends (various friends cooperate - e.g. on p. 16 *Allen Ginsberg and *Peter Orlovsky). Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10738: Collected Poems, London: Jameson Press, 1973, with the note "Experience of a British homosexual from *prison to Parliament". Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1891: same book. Bibliographer from the United States writing in English. Active 1954. Author of *Oscar Wilde's *Ballad of Reading Gaol: A Bibliographic Study, New York, 1954, 126 pages. The most detailed bibliography to date on Wilde's poem. Chapter 1: "The translations", pp. 11-32; Chapter 2: "The illustrated editions", pp. 33-68; Chapter 3: "The American editions", pp. 69-108. Chapter 1 is the most comprehensive study of the translations ever (the author questioned libraries all over the world and records their replies). A rare book; 326 copies were printed and 1-300 were for sale with the other 26, numbered A-Z, being for the author. Copy used: *New York Public Library. The author also wrote a book on the illustrated books of Pablo Picasso. Biographer and critic from the United States writing in English. Active 1937. The first biographer of *Hart Crane. His biography disclosed Crane's homosexuality and quoted from Crane's letter to Gorham Munson on the subject: see Hart Crane, New York, 1937, pp. 78-79. This is the first known explicit biographical reference to a poet's homosexuality in United States English. However, in his discussion, pp. 174-76, of the famous poem "Voyages II", widely read as a homoxexual poem, he refers guardedly to Crane's "relationship with his sea-going friend" . Myth in Egyptian from Egypt from ca. 2,200 B.C. The story of the god Horus violating Seth sexually by *anal rape appears in several Egyptian sources notably in the * Pyramid Texts (which are *chants) in a manuscript called "The Contendings of Horus and Seth". A manuscript referring to this anal rape in bawdy terms was published from the papyrus in the Chester Beatty Library, Dublin, in 1930 (reference: Gershon Legman, "Erotic Folksongs and Ballads" in Journal of American Folklore, volume 103 [October-December, 1990], 418-19, where he dates the papyrus he is referring to as 1160 B. C.). See J. Gwynn Griffiths, The Conflict of Horus and Seth(1960), 41-46. This myth seems to be related to a religious ritual involved with the sexual power of the Pharaoh. The episode is the basis of the *chant *"Go forth, plant thyself" (2,200 B.C.). Its occurrence in this encyclopedia is dated from this work. See also T. G. Allen, Horus in the Pyramid Texts (the date and place of this work could not be found; before 1990). Translation. English: see R. O. Faulkner, The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts (1969), 123. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Lexikon der Agyptologie ii 1977, 1272-72: see "Homosexualität". Encyclopedia of Religion. Kindlers neues Literatur Lexikon, vol.18. Lover from the United States relating to words in English. 1942-1986. The lover of the English language poet *Paul Monette, he was called Rog. He died of *Aids and Paul Monette has written movingly of their relationship. A graduate of *Harvard who was a lawyer: see the interview with Paul Monette, The Advocate, no. 507, 13 September 1988, 65. Anthologist from Switzerland of works in German; probable translator from Greek to German. 1784-1864. He was the compiler of the first German gay anthology which was contained within his two volume discussion of male homosexuality commonly known as *Eros: Die Männerliebe der Griechen (1836-38) in the second volume. This work was written in reply to a novel by his friend *Heinrich Zschokke called Eros (1821): Hossli disagreed with his friend about the nature of love - *eros - and compiled the anthology which he worked on for seventeen years. Hössli's Eros is a defence of homosexual love and includes much poetry within the anthology section (volume 2, pp. 53-150); the contents are summarized in Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, vol. 5, 482-84 (note: as Eros is in German Gothic script the contents are more easily read here). This is the first German gay anthology (excluding German translation of ancient anthologies such as the *Theognidea as anthologies). It is certainly the first separately compiled German gay anthology. Hössli seems to have translated the Greek poets. There are many poems from Persian and Turkish translated by *Von Hammer-Purgstall and it is possible Hössli may have had contact with him. Biography. A biography of Hössli was written by *Ferdinand Karsch and published in Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, vol. 5 part 1 (1903), 449-557. It was printed as a book, Die Putzmacher von Glarus (The Milliner of Glarus), by *Max Spohr, Leipzig, 1903. Hössli was a milliner from Glarus in Switzerland who lived apart from his wife (who lived in Zurich) and seems likely to have been gay or bisexual; he had two sons and did the interior decoration of the church in Glarus. One son was homosexual (he discussed this in correspondence with his father) and both migrated to the United States. For a brief dicussion of his life see Hubert Kennedy, Ulrichs, Boston, 1988, p. 104. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 544-45. Hafkamp, Pijlen van naamloze liefde, 29-33: biog. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 51: Eros: Die Männerliebe der Griechen, ihre Beziehung zur Geschichte, Erziehung, Literatur, Gesetzgebung aller Zeiten, 2 volumes, 1936-38 (repr. Berlin: Barsdorf, 1924); note: this title is not correct. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: Die Männerliebe der Griechen, 61-64, 67. Criticism. Derks, Der Schande der heiligen Päderastie, 454-78; not included in the bibliography. Publisher from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1832-1873. A *Victorian publisher of erotica. He published Payne Knight A Discourse on the Worship of *Priapus (1865) and was famous for publishing *Swinburne's Poems and Ballads (1866) after the original publisher refused to circulate it. He also published an expurgated edition of Whitman's poems (omitting the Calamus poems) which was edited by *W. M. Rossetti in 1868, an illustrated edition of *Thomas Moore's translation of *Anacreon, 1871, and the poems of *Sir John Mennes and James Smith. A possibly publisher of *The Rodiad. See also *H. S. Ashbee. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography. Criticism. Hyde, History of Pornography, 168-69. Stephen Marcus, The Other Victorians, 1966, 67-73. Poet from China who wrote in Chinese. Active 585? See Gay Sunshine no. 35 (Winter 1978), 10: translation by *S. W. Foster into English (the date is taken from here). In Babilonia 21 (1985), 14, is a gay poem trans. into Italian and dated 1400. Not in Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1924-1992. A gay Benedictine monk and *Catholic priest who wrote concrete poetry: see poems in Dom Sylvester Houedard (1972). Obituary: Gay Scotland no. 62, 18. T rope in Arabic from ca. 1500. Houris are *angels. See *Charles Wendell. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English; critic writing in Latin. 1859-1936. The most famous and popular British homosexual poet of the first half of the twentieth century. He only published two volumes of poems in his lifetime. The first volume was A Shropshire Lad (1896), a book of *ballads which, in its despair and negative feeling, caught the mood of homosexuals after Wilde's trial: see "The laws of God, the laws of man" which spoke for all homosexuals of the time about the capriciousness and injustice of British law. Notable poems are "When I was one and twenty", "Look not in my eyes", "Oh, when I was in love with you", "With rue my heart is broken". These poems are *non gender specific but become homosexual when the full facts of Housman's life is known and the use of such words as *friend are taken into account; the book itself has a masculine context and leaves little doubt as to whom the love poems are addressed. In A Shropshire Lad - which is set in the countryside - he set the tone for the *Georgians of whom he is the main precursor. Illustrated editions of A Shropshire Lad have been particularly numerous; they have not been systematically examined overall for homoeroticism. As an example see the illustrations of Agnes Miller Parker in the edition, London, 1940: e.g., pp. 40, 43, 47 (two men in bed?), 52, 54, 69 (especially homosexual in feeling), 90, 93, 97 (the figure seems to have an erection) and 98 (the *cup bearer, who recalls *Omar Khayyam). A Shropshire Lad was published at the poets' own expense, initially, but quickly became a classic volume of English poetry after publication of the second edition by *Grant Richards in 1898; it was especially popular in World War I. (An amusing heterosexual parody of the poems. "When I went with the pickers" is on p. 210 of Maledicta vol. 6 no. 1-2, summer and winter 1982.) Housman's second and last book was Last Poems (1936); The Manuscript Poems of A. E. Housman were published in London in 1955. His Letters, were published in London by Hart-Davis in 1971, edited by Jeremy Maas. They include letters to his disciple *A. S. F. Gow but not *Moses Jackson, with whom Housman apparently fell unhappily in love while an undergraduate at Oxford. Manuscripts of poems are in the Library of Congress. For their fate after Housman's death see Letters, pp. 392-93. Text of the poems: see the edition edited by Archie Burnett, The Poems of A. E. Housman (Oxford, 1998) - this includes surviving juvenilia and light verse. Christopher Ricks edited A. E. Housman: Collected Poems and Selected Prose (1988). In a biographic statement by the poet in a letter to Maurice Pollet (Letters pp. 328-29) he states "*Oxford had not much effect on me, except that I there met my greatest friend" (p. 328) and "'Reader of the Greek Anthology is not a good name for me" (p. 328) (see * Palatine Anthology for the full significance of this remark which could be an attempt to link him with homosexuality). The friend whom he met at Oxford was *Moses Jackson who did not, it seems, return Housman's love for him (though only when Housman's letters in the *Library of Congress to him are released will the full story be known). Housman later became a don at Trinity College, *Cambridge, specializing in Greek and Latin, where he was close friends with *A. S. F. Gow who compiled the first bibliography of his work and who in turn became a don at the same college, Trinity. Greek and Latin. He wrote in Latin a study of erotic poetry titled Praefanda (a work still not translated into English): see The Classical Papers of A. E. Housman, edited by J. Diggle and F. R. D. Goodyear, 1972, vol. 3, pp. 1175-84. Praefanda was reprinted from Hermes 66 (1931), 402-12. This work discusses passages from the Latin poets *Catullus, *Martial (several short articles on epigrams) and the *Priapeia and other works. The Classical Papers have an index of passages of Greek and Latin authors discussed in vol. 3, pp. 1287-1307 and of Greek and Latin words pp. 1308-1315. The whole emphasis of Housman's scholarship was to avoid discussion of homosexuality (compare his German contemporary *Paul Brandt). He is a good example of *gay critical paranoia in its negative form. He edited the Latin poet Juvenal though his edition lacks a *commentary. Translation. A Shropshire Lad was translated into Latin by Cyril Asquith (1929; Versions from 'A Shropshire Lad', Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1929, 31 pages - English originals with Latin verse translation). Bibliography: by *A. S. F. Gow and John Carter and John Sparrow - this last is very scholarly and the most comprehensive to date. Biography. That by *R. P. Graves is the most reliable. A collection of his works was formed by John Carter and there is a Housman Society Journal. Housman was one of the most important gay poets of his time in English - and published poems sufficiently open for readers to detect the homosexuality; but his poems were only open to the extent of being able to express negative feelings. His poetry is full of self pity. Nevertheless, his poetry provided literary expression for many homosexuals living in countries - such as Great Britain, the United States, Canada and Australia - where British *law prevailed, making all homosexual acts illegal (even holding hands). Contrast the poets of *gay liberation who were reacting to his type of poetry and compare his contemporary *Cavafy who similarly expressed negative feelings. A collection of erotica owned by him was left to Cambridge University Library (see the article on the poet in the Daily Telegraph (London), 25 March, 1996. Housman's brother *Laurence Housman, was also a poet. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 663-67. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 563-64. Briggs and Calder, Classical Scholarship. Howes, Broadcasting It: see "A. E. Housman" and "A Shropshire Lad". Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Murray, Catalogue of Selected Books, item 30: A Shropshire Lad, 1896. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10739-41: The Collected Poems of A. E. Housman, London: Cape, 1939, A Shropshire Lad, London: Kegan Paul, 1896, and the poem "The laws of God, the laws of man" in People's Gay Sunshine, 1:2. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 1896-1900: The Collected Poems of A. E. Housman, London: Cape, 1939, The Manuscript Poems of A. E. Housman, London: Oxford, 1955, Last Poems, London: Grant Richards, 1922, More poems, London: Cape, 1936, A Shropshire Lad, London: Kegan Paul, 1896. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 335-40. Reade, Sexual Heretics, 425-27. Gay Poetry, 1, 3. Rosen, Gay Life and Gay Writers, 46-47. Digte om mends kerlighed til mend. Fra mann til mann, 21-22. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 237-40. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 77; biog., 119-20. Name of Love, 15; biog., 73. Art of Gay Love, 54. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 346-50. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. 1865-1959. The brother of *A. E. Housman, who was also an artist and illustrator and wrote and lectured much on *feminism and *socialism. In the Heart of Peace, London, 1918 see "The True Lover" pp. 20-22, "The New *Narcissus" pp. 48-49, "Blind Love" pp. 50-51, "Beautiful Heart" pp. 71-82, "Concerning Kisses" pp. 100-03. In Love Concealed, London, 1928, an interesting title in view of the necessary concealment of feelings that homosexuals were subject to, see the title poem p. xi, "Love at Dawn" p. 7, "The Dream" p. 9, and intermittently to the end. Many poems in these volumes are addressed to Love, are *mystical in feel and are *non gender specific and show a strong homoerotic consciousness. His manuscripts are in the Library of Congress, *Washington. Autobiography: The Unexpected Years, 1937. Jeffery Weeks, Coming Out, London, 1977, 124, states he was homosexual (see also p. 122). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Men and Boys, 19 (spelt Lawrence: same person?): translation of Rumi. Poet from the United States writing in English. 1864-1900. He converted to Anglicanism, was an Art student, imitated *Oscar Wilde in clothing, was attracted to *symbolism and went to northeast Canada with *Bliss Carman in 1891 where he and Carman wrote Songs from Vagabondia (1894) together (see the Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature entry Vagabondia). Hovey's contributions to the book are the more homosexual: see the Bliss Carman entry for references. He married, aged 30, and had a son. Biography: see Allan Houston Macdonald, Richard Hovey, 1957. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Dictionary of American Biography. How Can You Write a Poem When You're Dying of Aids Anthology in English from Great Britain. London: Cassell, 1993, 78 pages; biographical notes on contributors pp. 77-78. Edited by John Harold, this anthology is not stated to consist only of poems by specifically gay poets, therefore it cannot be called a gay anthology, though it states opposite the title page that proceeds go to the Lesbian and Gay Bereavement Project. See p. 10 for a fine poem by *PeterTatchell, "Death is Not the End". The first anthology from Great Britain on the theme of *Aids. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1977. Book of poems: My Skin Inside, Los Angeles, 1977, 72 pp. Autobiographical work. Copy sighted: John Willis collection. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1903-1958. A famous *dandy and *aesthete, whose parents were United States citizens. He was educated and lived in Great Britain and dominated *Eton and *Oxford in the 1920s, with *Harold Acton, where they continued the *eighteen-nineties traditions. At Eton, he published a *journal The Eton Candle (only one issue) in 1922. It included much poetry and links *eighteen-nineties poetry styles with *modernism. One volume of his poems, First Poems, 1931, with elegant covers by the artist John Banting, was published in an edition of 150 copies. He later became an alcoholic, took to *drugs, and committed *suicide after his lover Sam died. He is more interesting as a personality than a poet and his poems do not feature openly gay themes as such. Biography: see *Marie-Jaqueline Lancaster, Brian Howard: Portrait of a Failure, London, 1968. This work openly and frankly discusses his life as a homosexual and includes a selection of his diaries and prose. Text of poems: a selection chosen by Philip Toynbee is contained in Lancaster's biography, pp. 571-601; they include all the poems in First Poems. See also *Martin Green, *Nevill Coghill. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Howes, Broadcasting It. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Criticism. Bronski, Culture Clash, 69: quotes a gay poem written at seventeen. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born ca. 1970. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gents, Bad Boys, and Barbarians, 101-05 ; biog., 100. Poet and critic from the United States writing in English; translator from French to English. Born 1929. A very prolific poet, openly gay in his poetry from his 1976 book Fellow Feelings (reviewed in Boston Gay Review no. 4-5, 1978, 21). His book Untitled Subjects won the Pulitzer Prize for poetry in 1969. His poetry is somewhat mannered (compare *Daryl Hine) and mostly not openly gay - but see "On Hearing Your Lover is Going to the Baths Tonight" in Lining Up, 1984, pp. 8-9. He has translated extensively from French, e.g. *Gide's The Immoralist and Corydon, Maurice Nadeau's History of *Surrealism, *Baudelaire's Les Fleurs du mal (1982); over 150 books have been translated by him including, from French, the diaries of Jean Cocteau. See the article in The Advocate, "The Long Distance to Selfhood: Richard Howard" no. 342 (13 May, 1982), 28, 33-35 by *Rudy Kikel. In 1995 he divided his time between New York and Houston. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 1907-09: Fellow Feelings, New York: Atheneum, 1976, Misgivings, New York: Atheneum, 1979 and Quantities, Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1962. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Fra mann til mann, 81-82. Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, 202-04: poem about *Cocteau's death; biog., 202 (with photo). Badboy Book, 145-56; biog., 387: states he is poet laureate of New York State. Word of Mouth, 142-46. Criticism. Crew, Gay Academic, 178-89: first gay reading of his poems by *Michael Lynch. Martin, Homosexual Tradition in American Poetry, 196-202. Peters, Hunting the Snark: A Compendium of New Poetic Terminology, 182: re his poem "On Hearing Your Lover is Going to the Baths" in Lining Up. Historian and critic from Great Britain writing in English; he lives in Australia. Born ca. 1950. He is the author of Broadcasting It (London, 1994), an encyclopedia of homosexuality on radio and television, in Britain, the United States and Australia, from 1922 to 1992. He has material in the book which includes reference to many poets in this encyclopedia (for example, *Allen Ginsberg, *Christopher Marlowe, James Kirkup, *Michelangelo, *William Shakespeare and *Oscar Wilde). *Songs and poems broadcast - especially on British BBC radio and television - are included. This is the first detailed survey of gay culture on radio and television and the only detailed survey: a scholarly work at the highest level. It reveals, in the case of poetry, that homosexual poets and poetry now reach a wider audience than ever before in the cinema and on radio and television. He was Features Editor and a reporter for * Gay News in the 1970s and compiled an index of the journal in 1977 (see Gay News entry). He emigrated to *Sydney to live with his then Australian partner and has remained in Australia. Outspoken (London, 1995), consists of his interviews in *GayNews from 1976 to 1983 (e.g., with *André de Shields). Poet from Germany writing in German. Active 1949. The * National Union Catalog lists him as the editor of the book of poems Dreikonigsbuch, Dusseldorf, 1949. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 67: poem "Knabenherbst (Wunderschöner Herbst)" [no other information given]. Hrabanus Maurus He was Abbot of Fuld and Archpriest of Mainz. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 117-18: trans. of poem of *friendship into English, "To Grimold, Abbot of St Gall" by *Helen Waddell. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 103-04: same poem and translation. Poet from Germany who wrote in Latin. Ca. 935-ca. 1022. See Hinsch, Passions of the Cut Sleeve, pp. 179, f. 6: a nun who condemned the Arabs for homosexuality in her poem "Passio S. Pelagii". Text: see Sister M, Gonsalva Wiegand, editor, The Non-Dramatic Works of Hrosvitha, 1936, pp. 129-58. Poet from China who wrote in Chinese. 223-262. Xi Kang was the central figure of the *Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove and the figure around whom the group revolved according to *R. H. Van Gulik, in Sexual Life in Ancient China, Leden, 1974, pp. 91-93 (he states the evidence points to him being homosexual). He wrote poetry and his relationship with Juan Chi was regarded as a famous homosexual relationship in Chinese. See R. H. Van Gulik, Hsi K'ang and his Poetical Essay on the Lute, Tokyo, 1941. Hsi K'ang apparently married. His name is Hsi K'ang in *Wade Giles, Xi Kang in *Pinyin. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature. Duroc, Homosexuels et lesbiennes illustrés, 192. Shasha, History of Homosexuality in China, xxi and 68. Criticism. Van Gulik, Sexual Life in Ancient China, 92-93: cites a source for his probable homosexuality (the source is however 150 years after his death). Hinsch, Passions of the Cut Sleeve, 68: states his lover was Ruan Ji (i.e. Juan Chi). Hsieh Hui-Lien, also spelt Xie Hui Lian Poet from China who wrote in Chinese. 379-433. Poet of the Southern and Northern dynasties. See J D Frodsham, The Murmuring Stream, 1967, vol. 1, p. 36: re the poet's inspiring poems in his cousin *Hsieh Ling-yun by his mere presence; see also pp. 61-65 re his intimate relationship with an official Tu Te-ling and poems to him which caused a scandal. He seems homosexual and is a minor literary figure. His name is spelt Hsieh Hui-Lien in *Wade Giles and Xie Hui Lian in *Pinyin. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature, 427-28: "Hsieh Hui-Lien". Shasha, History of Homosexuality in China, xxi, 91: name given as Xie Hui Lian. Poet from China who wrote in Chinese. 385-443. The foremost lyric poetry of the Six Dynasties and regarded as the father of landscape poetry. See J. Frodsham, The Murmuring Stream, 1967, vol. 1, p. 36: "There would seem to have been some psychic rapport between Ling-yun" and his cousin *Hsieh Hui-lien as "Hui-lien's mere presence was enough to inspire Ling-yun to the finest verse"; see also pp. 61-65. He seems a likely homosexual. Only 100 poems survive of a large body of work. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature, 428-30. Addressee and trope from China relating to Chinese. Active 1650. A homosexual boy actor with whom the scholar *Ch'en Wei-sung fell in love and about whom the anthology * Yun-lang Hsiao-shih was compiled. The date is only approximate. Poet from China writing in Chinese; he later lived in the United States and Taiwan. 1891-1962. A major force in the pai-hua movement in the early part of the twentieth century (a movement in China to bring the literary language closer to the vernacular). He studied at Columbia University in New York where he took a Ph. D. in 1917. He wrote Pai-hua wen-hsueh shih (History of Vernacular Literature, 1928): however, this is unfinished and only treats its subject to the *T'ang period. From 1937 he lived in the United State and later in Taiwan where he occupied himself with education reform. See *Achilles Fang for a homosexual interpretation of a poem. He only published one volume of poems: Ch'ang-shih chi (1919) - in vernacular style. His name Hu Shih is in *Wade Giles. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Boorman, Dictionary of Republican China. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, vol. 1, 57-58. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1973. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10743: four translations in *Manroot 9: 14-18, Fall 1973. Poet from Germany writing in German; translator from French to German. Active 1979. He was involved in the student protest movement from 1968 and with *anarchism. Härten der Schreibweise, Aachen, 1981, is a gay critical work about French gay writing with some French poems translated into German pp. 16-20 (including one by *George Bernes who also has a graffiti poem on the cover). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Schwüle Lyrik, schwüle Prosa, 75-85: two poems about demonstrations; biog., 76. Milchsilber, 23-25; biog., 194. Schreibende Schwule. Poet from Australia writing in English. Born 1913. In Ashes and Sparks (Adelaide, 1937) see "To a boy", p. 24, "Sonnet to a Friend", p. 43. Some love poems in As iron hills (Melbourne, 1944) are *non gender specific: see pp. 5, 148-49 and 151. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Poet from the Netherlands writing in Dutch. Born 1934. Gay Poetry Anthologies. David heeft ook een achterkant, 21; biog 59. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1902-1962. A *black poet who was a major figure of the *Harlem Renaissance from publication of his first volume The Weary Blues, 1926. He was very closeted and very few poems are relevant but see "Old Walt" (on *Walt Whitman), "Cafe 3AM". His poem "The Negro Speaks of Rivers" was one of the most famous poems of the Harlem Renaissance; he also influenced the *Negritude movement. On his homosexuality see Tish Dace, "Langston Hughes", The Advocate no. 377, 29 September 1983, 53-55. His family refused to let the film Looking for Langston, 1988, made by Isaac Julien, be shown at a gay film festival in San Francisco (on Isaac Julien see Outlook, Fall 1988, 68-69; on the film see the entry in Howes, Broadcasting If). Translation. He was translated into Spanish by *Rafael Alberti. Biography: see *Arnold Rampersand (author of a biography which is unsatisfactory from a gay point of view). Faith Berry's Langston Hughes: Before and Beyond Harlem, 1982, first noted in print Hughes's homosexuality. See also Bruce Kellner, The Harlem Renaissance, New York, 1987, pp. 176-77. His manuscripts are at *Yale and are restricted. Bibliography: Donald C. Dickinson, A Bio-Bibliography of Langston Hughes 1902-1967 (1972) and Thomas A. Mikolyzk, Langston Hughes: A Bio-Bibliography, Greenwood Press (1990). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Black Men/ White Men, 30. Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, 204-06; biog., 204. Poet from Australia writing in English; he lives in the United States. Born 1938. Author of The *Ballad of Alan Bond (Melbourne, 2000), 28 pp.; see p. 22 - "He truly loved the arts./ While men from Sotheby's knelt down to lick his nether parts,/ One year, he bid more for Van Gogh/ Than.......spent on tarts." The poem is about the Australian entrepreneur Alan Bond whose yacht won the Americas Cup for Australia (after it had been held by the New York Yacht Club for over a hundred years ) and who later went bankrupt. Since 1970 Robert Hughes has lived in the United States as art critic for Time. His study of the convict system in Australia The Fatal Shore(1987) discusses homosexuality amongst the convicts. Poet and critic from Great Britain writing in English. 1930-1999. In the sequence Crow, 1970, see "Song for A Phallus", pp. 75-77: the poem implies the protagonist Crow has an *Oedipus complex (and thus is possibly a repressed homosexual in *Freudian terms). He wrote an adaptation of Seneca's Oedipus in 1968. Hughes was married to the poet Sylvia Plath and later twice remarried. He was British *Poet Laureate at the time of his death. As a critic, see * Shakespeare and the Goddess of Complete Being, 1992: in his reading of Shakespeare's Sonnets he sees them as a conflict between Venus and *Adonis and *Henry Wriothesley as the young man (see *Mr W. H.); see especially pp. 50-53. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Hugo of Orleans, known as Primas Poet from France writing in Latin. Active ca. 1125. A bitter satirist and forerunner of *Villon. See "Dives eram et dilectus" in G. F. Whicher, The GolliardPoets, 1949 (repr. 1976), 90-101 (with English trans.); see especially pp. 97 and 99 (trope of *Ganymede). His pseudonym Primas means "of the highest rank, noble" (Oxford Latin Dictionary). Poet from Canada writing in English. Active 1968. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, first edition, item 1295: Three Ring Circus, Vancouver: Talonbooks, 1968. Homosexuality in Canada, first edition (1979), 11. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1920: same book. Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (1984), 139. All entries are the same book. An information database in anthropology in English from the United States from 1958. Human Relations Area Files is a major survey of over 300 representative cultures of the world based initially in New York but now in New Haven, Connecticut, centered at *Yale University. Each culture surveyed has a detailed bibliography. The literature on the cultures has been indexed in various categories, including homosexuality, and the bibliographies contain many valuable and little known references to homosexuality (including to literature) within them. When a subject is located in relation to a culture, an extract from the book or article is included so the book or article does not have to be found but the actual text can be consulted in the Human Relations Area Files. It is now published on *microform and new cultures are being added. An invaluable tool, especially for research on *tribal cultures. It was searched for this encyclopedia mainly for *Australian Aboriginal cultures: see *Songs - Murngin, *Songs - Aranda (references to male homosexuality and poetry were found only in these languages). For material found in other languages see *Singing - Korean, *Chentini (re Javanese) and * Gaguritan Brayut (re Balinese). There are over 317 Tiles with information on 325 cultural units, including over 620,000 text pages from 5,200 sources. Robert O. Legace, Sixty Cultures, New Haven: Human Relations Area Files, 1977, analyses sixty cultures in detail (rare: this work is a photocopied work). References. Greenberg, Social Construction of Homosexuality, 77. Movement in Italy, France and the Netherlands in Italian, French and Dutch from ca. 1480 to ca 1600. The idea that human beings are the center of the universe in contrast to the *Christian idea of *God being the center. This anthropocentric view of existence became influential in the *Renaissance and was a direct tilt at the authority of the *Catholic Church. Humanism led directly to the creation of the various Protestant Churches in the Reformation. A *Catholic counter movement, the Counter Reformation developed in opposition. Humanism dates from the printing of the ancient Greek and Latin classics from ca. 1480 - including the printing of homosexual poetry (see *Aldus Manutius) and such works as the Latin Theologica Platonica (Platonic Theology), 1482, of *Marsilio Ficino. As a movement it contrasts with the God centred theology of the Catholic Saint *Thomas Aquinas. The printing of the classical texts is the beginning of the tradition of *pornography, leading eventually to the Catholic Church setting up an index of prohibited books (from 1559). The rediscovery of ancient Greek homoerotic sculptures in Rome, such as the "Belvedere Torso" now in the Vatican (found in 1503), showed homoeroticism in ancient Greek art and influenced artists and poets such as *Michelangelo. Ficino's translation of the Greek philosopher *Plato into Latin (see Marsilio Ficino entry) and his commentary on Plato's *Symposium, 1469, revealed ancient Athenian homosexuality to the learned audience of the day - see *Athens. They showed that the much admired ancient Greeks had accepted male homosexuality. The Christian Church had suppressed the ancient Greek and Latin authors (and the extent of homosexuality in the ancient Greek and Latin literature) in the early Christian period (see *Michel Foucault) so this was an old battle resurrected. This time the ancients won - they were allowed to be read (but only initially in Greek and Latin, the languages of the learned; translation into vernacular languages followed only some centuries later). Overall the movement led to a freeing up of personal feelings in poetry and a flowering of personal poetry, including homopoetry (as in the Italian *Michelangelo and the English poet *Shakespeare's sonnets). Libraries need to be checked for unpublished manuscripts in vernacular languages and even in Latin and Greek (see, for instance, *Douglas Young). The publication of ancient Greek and Latin poets started with the * editio princeps of *Virgil in 1469 (see *Aldus Manutius, *editors, *scholars, *Henri Estienne). Many of these editions had commentaries and translations in Latin which were available to the learned audience: see, for instance, *Theognis (editio princeps 1495/96) and *Anacreontea (editio princeps 1554). In Italian, *epigrams were written on Greek and Latin models accusing other humanists of pederasty, a famous one by *Ludovico Ariosto stating "almost all humanists are pederasts". Italian humanism had its effect on English homopoetry in the *Elizabethan period. It was also influential in French, in France, through *Hellenism (see *Egger, *Scaliger). For Austria see *Georg Tanner. Latin. Giovanni *Pico della Mirandola's Oratio de humane dignitate (1486; published in 1496 - "Speech about the the dignity of man") - is accepted as a key document; see also *Beccadelli whose work dates from ca. 1425 and *Domizio Calderini. English. See *Gabriel Harvey. Humanism is also the name for a major intellectual movement in the United States in the twentieth century: see entry in Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature (however, this movement is more concerned with human values). German: see *Erasmus. Humanist poets. See for the respective countries - France: *Muret; Italy: *Andrea Dazzi, *Angelo Poliziano, *Niccolo Cosmico; Netherlands: *Erasmus. Library and archive in the United States with material primarily in English. It was founded in 1957. Situated at the University of Texas, Austin, it is a library which has concentrated on twentieth century literature, including huge manuscript holdings. On gay material see the article in The Advocate 378 (13 October 1983), 32-33, 35, 65. It has the archive of the British Sexological Society (1914+) including rare gay English language *journals. Papers of many gay writers of the twentieth century are held: e.g. *Oswell Blakeston, *Aleister Crowley, *Charles Henri Ford, *Walter Willard Johnson, *Kenneth Hopkins, *Tennessee Williams, *Charles Ives. Books by *Ralph Chubb are believed held. On the genesis of the HRC, as it is commonly called, see Nicholas Basbanes, Bibliophiles, Bibliomanes and the Eternal Passion for Books, New York, 1995, pp. 312-23; it was founded with money from Texas oil to establish a lasting cultural monument. Poet and editor from Australia writing in English. Born 1934. See The Barry Humphries Book of Innocent Austral Verse (1968), a *camp collection of poems which was also made into a vinyl record (Phillips 6357011). His threnody for *Patrick White - Sydney Morning Herald, 20 July 1991, 40 (included in Neglected Poems, Sydney, 1991) - is a savage attack on Patrick White in a *satirical vein which is somewhat *homophobic. He is a noted female impersonator and in his persona as the drag queen Dame Edna Everage has published several collections of camp prose which have had much appeal to gays. He is best known for his stage shows which have had a strong homosexual following, especially in the 1970s. An interview as Dame Edna Everage is in Gay News no. 91. With Australia moving towards becoming a republic, he has abandoned the use of the word Dame and Edna Everage is now Mrs. Edna Everage. The name "Everage" is a corruption of "average". Biography. See Peter Coleman, The Real Barry Humphries, Sydney, 1993. He has been four times married. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Howes, Broadcasting It: see "Dame Edna Everage" and "Barry Humphries". Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Poet, anthologist, editor and critic from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1955. Book of poems: Salt and Honey, London: Gay Men's Press, 1989, shared with *Steve Cranfield. He is the poetry editor with *Gay Men's Press and compiled the first post *gay liberation poetry anthology in Great Britain, * Not love alone, 1985. Also he is probably the compiler of *Tongues Untied. Other books: Mirror (1980) and Searching for a Destination (1982) (review: Gay News no. 260, 1982, 46). Openly gay as a poet from 1979, he has written introductions to books by John Horder, *Pat O'brien and edited * Twenty-something. A poetry anthology to be edited by him in 1993 for Gay Men's Press was cancelled; he lives in *London. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Not Love Alone, 7-9 (introduction), 40-43 (poems); biog., 141. Language of water, 54-55 (fine poem "Brother Talk"); biog., 79. Eros in Boystown, 35-36; biog,. 61. Autobiographer who was also a poet from Great Britain writing in English; translator from Greek to English. 1784-1859. As a poet, he was active 1810-44. His Autobiography, 1850, Chapter Four, mentions three close friendships at school ("I thought of him as an *angel" he states of one) and in one case his affections were turned to the boy's sister. The relationships seem best described as schoolboy crushes. Best known as an essayist, he was a close friend of *Byron and *Thomas Moore. Translation from Greek: see *"Cupid Swallowed", Poetical Works, pp. 184, 197: a translation from the *Palatine Anthology about *fellatio, on a somewhat *pedophile theme. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Ioläus (1902), 166-68: extract from his Autobiography. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 417: same extract. Reade, Sexual Heretics, 61-62: same. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1979. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1927: Substance Liquid Vapor Light, Chicago: Paper Stork Press, 1979. Hunter, B. Michael Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 69-74: "When Mommy Breaks Down"; biog., 177 - a *black poet. Lover relating to works in English from Great Britain. Active 1970. Lover of John McCrae: see *Not Love Alone, p. 142. Critic, historian, poet and prose writer from Australia writing in English. Born 1949. The introduction to *Pink Ink, which he wrote, is an important survey of Australian gay writing 1970-1991, including discussion of poetry; however, discussion of poetry is not as thorough as prose. This Introduction has been republished in Meanjin, vol. 51 no.1, Autumn 1992, 199-218. A Guide to Lesbian and Gay Writing in Australia, Sydney, 1996, is a dictionary survey of gay writers and includes entries on individual books, concepts such as *camp and such aspects of gay life as *beats. It includes reference to many book reviews and lists those in the gay press, otherwise inaccessible. It is the major survey of Australian gay writing to 1996. He wrote "Australian Literature" in * Gay Histories and Cultures. Formerly a lecturer at the University of Technology, Sydney, he has written short stories. In My Look's Caress, edited by Beth Yahp and others, Sydney, 1990, see "A Nicotine Romance" pp. 20-27: a *postmodernist *prosimetrum. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Pink Ink, 12-42: writer of the Introduction to the anthology * Pink Ink. Husain Baiqara of Herat, also spelt Husayn Bayqara Poet from Afghanistan who wrote in Persian. 1468-1506. He was Sultan of Herat. However, see *Husain Gazurgahi, since works attributed to him are now given to Husain Gazurgahi. Criticism. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 17: name spelt Husain Baiqara of Hera; *Stephen Wayne Foster here states he wrote poems about beautiful boys. Rypka, History of Iranian Literature, 280: "Sultan Husayn Bayqara"; see also the index. Biographer in Persian from Iran. Active 1502. See *Ehsan Yarshater, "Persian Poetry in the Timurid and Safavid Periods", in Peter Jackson, editor, Cambridge History of Iran, volume 6, The Timurid and Safavid Periods, 1976, p. 974: a *Sufi who wrote Majalis al-'ushshaq in 1502, stories about the love affairs of poets, mystics and saints whose only subject is homosexual love, leading ultimately to the love of the divine (the work was formerly attributed to *Husain Baiqara). Not in Rypka, History of Iranian Literature. Critic who wrote in Arabic from Egypt. 1899-1973. An Egyptian man of letters who was blind. He was Professor of Arabic Literature at the University of Cairo, where he was awarded the first doctorate for the first systemic study of an Arabic writer, al-Ma'arri. He wrote an essay "The songs where the *wine is drunk" which discusses homosexuality in Arabic poetry; this has been published in his essays, The Writings of Wednesday. The reference is probably Hadith al-Arabi'a, 1923, ii 71 (see Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, entry *"Khamriyya" at p. 91). (Information from Dr Yousef Khailif, University of Cairo, February 1987.) His name is also spelt Taha Hussein. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature: spelt Taha Husain. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, vol. 3. Poet probably from the United States writing in English. Active before 1996. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poems of Love and Liberation, 26. Historian and critic from the United States writing in English. Ca. 1902-died before 1988. James Hutton spent his entire life studying the influence of the * Greek Anthology, beginning with his Master of Arts thesis at Cornell University: The Greek Anthology in England, 1925. He was the greatest authority on the influence of the * Palatine Anthology and the *Planudean Anthology in English, French, Italian and Latin. His Cornell PhD, 1927, was called The Influence of the Greek Anthology (abstract sighted at *Harvard University Library). He wrote two books: The Greek Anthology in Italy to the Year 1800 (Ithaca, 1935) and The Greek Anthology in France and in the Latin writers of the Netherlands to the year 1800 (Ithaca, 1946; repr. ). For Italy, see the Register section of the 1935 book, pp. 618-19, for epigrams of the *Mousa Paidike translated or imitated into Italian and Latin (from 1606, when the manuscript was rediscovered); for France, see the Register pp. 774-78 of the 1946 book regarding French and Latin translations, imitations and allusions (this is a a more comprehensive listing than for Italy). Translations of homopoems from other books (e.g. Book Five) are also listed. The Registers of these books (that is, their indexes) are important sources for listings of translations of homosexual epigrams (see the Palatine Anthology and Mousa Paidike entries for lists of homosexual works). His papers may be at Cornell University where he lived with his mother (information from Eugene Rice, Columbia University). He used the *Dubner and *W. R. Paton editions (Hutton, The Greek Anthology in Italy, p. 1). Suspected of being gay. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1964. A brilliant *Buddhist poet, a student in the Tibetan Nyungma lineage of Sogyal Rinpoche. He lives in *New York. He uses the Buddhist name Jigme Thutop. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Leyland, Queer Dharma: voices of Gay Buddhists, 414: very fine Buddhist poem "Yabyum" about sexual intercourse (in the section "Queer Dharma Poetry") with another short work; see also 348-50 for his prose piece "A Brief Practice of the Bodhisattva Malibubarbi; biog., 348. Novelist from France who wrote in French. 1848-1907. His novel A Rebours (1884; translated English title: Against Nature) was a major work for the *aesthetic and *decadent movements. Its hero Des Esseintes is a *dandy who is determined to overcome his boredom by different and refined taste sensations. The novel became something of a sensation and greatly influenced *Oscar Wilde. The novel was extensively translated: see the *British Library General Catalogue and * National Union Catalog. Other novels featured the *Catholic church to whom many decadent writers turned. There was a Societé J.-K Huysmans in 1920, to which *Montague Summers belonged. On Huysmans' influence, see G. A. Cevasco, J.-K. Huysmans: A Reference Guide, 1980, 155 pp., and the same author's J. K. Huysmans in England and America: a bibliographical study, 1960, 30 pp. - a very fine detailed study of the influence of Huysmans (mostly he was read in French until the first English translation of A Rebours in 1922). See *J. Meyers, "Huysmans and Moreau", Apollo 99 (January 1974), 39-44, on covert homosexual interpretation of the Salomé theme (Salomé was the name of a verse play by Oscar Wilde). Biography. See James Laver, The First Decadent, 1954 (no discussion of any homosexual side to his character); James Baldick, The Life of J.-K. Huysmans, 1955. Huysmans had unhappy relationships with women and frequented female brothels. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 263-64: extract from A Rebours (trans. English as Against Nature ). Poet from Iran who wrote in Persian. Active ca. 159Q. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A'in i Akbari anthology, 6S5 - S6 - 'Ayaz trope; biog., 6S5. Myth, trope and word in Greek from Greece from ca. 10; later a trope in Latin, English and French. Hyacinthus was a beautiful youth who was loved by *Apollo and who was accidentally killed by a discus. Apollo mourned for him and he turned into a flower, the hyacinth (a type of iris). The word hyacinthus comes from the Greek words "ai, ai" meaning "alas" though there are no known surviving Greek usages in poetry in a homosexual sense. He is first known in Latin from *Ovid's Metamorphoses x, 201 ff, a work (composed 2-17 A.D. hence the date of ca. 10). See also *Martial, *Anthologia Latina, *Milton. For the ancient artistic depiction see the entry in * Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae in volume 5, part 1 and the plates under "Hyakinthos". English. The English word Hyacinth (referred to in Latin by the English poet *Milton) was used by *Byron and Skinner Matthews in their letters to refer to a beautiful youth (see the Index to Byron's Letters, edited by *Leslie Marchand). It was first used by *Arthur Golding (ca. 1565). Later it was used by *Oscar Wilde in letters in the same sense as Byron. The entry "hyacinth" in the Oxford English Dictionary omits the homosexual usage. See also *W. F. Allen, J. L. McClane, *P. Steffens, J. D. McClatchy. French. See *Louis Perceau. Persian. See *Abu 'l-Fayz-i Fayzi (not directly gay however). Jane Davidson Reid, Oxford Guide to Classical Mythology in the Arts 1300-1900s (1993) has an entry on him. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 533: stating he is pre-Hellenic. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 51 52. loläus (1902), 86-88. Criticism. Buffiére, Eros adolescent, 359-61. Sergent, Homosexuality in Greek Myth, 81-101. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. 1940-1972. He claimed gypsy origin and identified with *Rimbaud. Active as a poet after 1960 and his poetry derives from the alternative society of the 1960s. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Not Love Alone, 44-46; biog., 141. Poet possibly from the United States writing in English. Active 1970. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10744: Undertones [no place of publication given:] W. C. Hyatt, 1970, 15 pp. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1976. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1942: In Journeyings Often: A Collection of Impromptu Verse, Anderson, South Carolina: Ortho, 1976. Historian and biographer from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1908-1989. Author of The Other Love (London, 1970; titled in the United States The Love That Dared Not Speak Its Name, 1971). This, the pioneering extended history of male homosexuality in Great Britain, is based mainly on the homosexual court cases and omits much literary and cultural material. The author was a barrister. He also wrote A History of Pornography (London, 1964), again based on British cases: very few books discussed in this work are relevant, most being heterosexual. This work was translated into German in 1965. His large published oeuvre (see his *British Library General Catalogue entry) reveals an interest in homosexually-related subjects and he has written several biographies of gay poets: * Oscar Wilde (1976) - a standard life with excellent bibliography of manuscript and book sources pp. 441-49; Solitary in the Ranks: Lawrence of Arabia as Airman and Private Soldier, London, 1977, on *T. E. Lawrence; Lord *Alfred Douglas: A Biography, London, 1984, also excellent; and * Christopher Sclater Millard, Amsterdam, 1991, on the gay book dealer. He also wrote The Trials of Oscar Wilde (1948; revised editions 1962 and 1973) giving the text of the three trials of Wilde. Interview. *Gay News 94 (176), 11: states "I'm an unrepentent heterosexual. I've had three wives and lots of girlfriends" but he supports CHE (the Campaign for Homosexual Equality) and is a Vice President. Obituary: International Guardian 14 August, 1989, 23: states he was a member of MI 6, the British spy service, in World War Two and became a Barrister at the Middle Temple. Hyde, Mary, Dr., Viscountess Eccles Book collector and editor from Great Britain. Active 1982. The most important living collector of *Oscar Wilde manuscripts. The collection has been described by *Montgomery Hyde in Four Oaks Library, edited Gabriel Austin (Somerville, New Jersey, 1967). Her husband Donald Hyde (1909-66) is believed to have begun the collection. She edited the letters of *G. B. Shaw and *Alfred Douglas: Bernard Shaw and Alfred Douglas: A Correspondence, London, 1972, with a brilliant introduction. See *Richard Ellmann, Oscar Wilde, 1987, p. xi. Poet from India writing in English. Active 1993. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lotus of Another Color, 194-95; fine poem: "Love?" Myth and trope in Greek from Greece from ca. 270 B.C.; later a trope in Latin, French and English. A character in the Greek poet *Theocritus's "Idyll 13" where he is presented as the homosexual lover of *Hercules. In the form *Ioläus his name was used for the title of the first English gay anthology of *Edward Carpenter. *Rictor Norton analyses the Hylas myth in his book The Homosexual Tradition in Literature (1974), claiming, unconvincingly, that it is the underlying archetype of gay literature. Hylas also appears in Greek in the Argonautica of *Apollonius Rhodius (Book 1, lines 1208 to the end), where he is a close companion of Hercules (who is seized by a water nymph). For the ancient artistic depiction see the entry in * Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae in volume 5, part 1 and the plates. English. Great Britain: see 'Christopher Marlowe, *Charles Churchill, *Love in the Suds, *Love in Idleness (1883), James Elroy Flecker. United States: see *Bayard Taylor, *Robert Rogers; the trope occurs in United States poetry of the early twentieth century, e. g., *Hervey Allen, John Erskine, J. B. Kenyon. French: see *André Chénier. Latin: *Propertius, *Martial, * Anthologia Latina, *Sannazaro. Anthologies. Oxford Classical Dictionary. Bibliographies. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, item 506: see *Hermann Fuchs. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 11. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 21-23: re Theocritus "Idyll 13". Criticism. Norton, Homosexual Literary Tradition: the whole book. Sergent, Homosexuality in Greek Myth, 143-52. Poem in Greek from Greece. Before 500 B.C. This work contains the earliest reference to *Ganymede after Homer, if indeed it comes after Homer (the date is uncertain 700-ca. 500 B.C.) Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 534: see "Hymns". Bibliographies. Courouve, Ces petits grecs, 21: citing v: 202 ff. (re *Ganymede). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 23-24: trans. *F. L. Lucas. Criticism. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 463: same reference. Oral poems sung to or about a mythical figure (e.g. *Shiva) or *God (i.e., Jesus Christ); compare *chants. They survive from ca. 2160 B.C. in Egyptian and later in Hebrew, Greek, Sanskrit and other languages. ("God" here means anything or person worshipped.) Sexual sublimation is relevant to hymns many of which have strong homoerotic undercurrents, especially so as the god figure is male and the worshipper is male in at least half of all cases. Erotic feelings directed to gods are difficult to assess from a gay point of view: that sublimated homosexual feeling is involved cannot however be denied if a *Freudian view is adopted. Egyptian. Two hymns from the Old Kingdom, 2686-2160 B.C. listed in International Journal of Greek Love vol. 1 no.1 (1965) with English translation by *Terence Deakin, p. 32, are the earliest works: "Re' has no power over me,/ since I am he who takes away his breath. Atum has no power over me,/ since I copulate between his buttocks" and "It is an abomination to them/ if the god's arm falls upon them/ and the god's shadow abuses them sexually./ His semen shall not enter you." Hymns from the Middle Kingdom in Miriam Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature, vol. 1, 1973, 193-210 are strongly homoerotic when sung by males, including the Pharaoh. The Pharaoh *Akhenaton (active 1362 B.C.) wrote a hymn to the sun. See also *Spells. Greek hymns e. g., to *Apollo date from 700 B.C. Hymns to *Eros were written by *Pamphus; see also *"Homeric Hymn", *"Hymn to Aphrodite" (ca. 500 B.C.). Sublimated homosexual sentiment directed towards Jesus Christ and God in Greek hymns (especially granted the *homophobic character of the Greek Orthodox church from the time of Constantine on and the consequent redirection of homosexual feelings into quasi-mystical outlets). An anthology of early Greek hymns is Christ in Early Greek Poetry, edited by J. J. Thierry, Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1972; this brief work deals with material from the second to fifth centuries. Latin hymns directed to cult figures such as *Castor and Pollux are relevant. Christian hymns date from the early centuries of the Christian era; all male contexts such as *Christian monasteries have strong homosexual undercurrents (see also *male bonding). The earliest poet included in this encyclopedia who wrote hymns is *Prudentius (348-405); *Fortunatus was another early hymn writer. In the Penguin Book of Latin Verse, 220-22, one of the most famous hymns is "Jesu dulcis memoria" (The sweet thought of Jesus) of the twelfth century. Medieval Latin Christian hymns were collected in fifty-five volumes in Analecta Hymnica edited by Clemens Blume and Guido M. Dreves, 1886-1922 (reprinted also in microfiche). See also *songs - Latin. Hymns in Old Church Slavonic and other Christian languages may be relevant and 'Christian Hymns in other languages. 'European languages are relevant because of Christianity being the dominant religion in the last 2000 years in Europe; mainly from the *Renaissance Christianity spread to north and south America, Africa, Asia and Africa all European overseas colonies. English. Several men who were homosexual or had repressed feelings wrote hymns: see *William Cowper, *Charles Wesley, *F. W. Faber, *Fabian Loschiavo, Cardinal *Newman, John Gray, *Bishop Leadbeater, *J. G. Small. Hymns were sung in all the countries in which English was spoken e. g. Australia, Canada, India. Hebrew: see *Psalms. *lndian languages from India. *Mystical hymns occur in many of these languages. Puniabi: see *Sikhism, *Guru Nanak. Sanskrit: see *Upanishads, *Krishna, *Bhakti. Bengali: see *Vaisnavism. Hindi: hymns to *Siva contain homoerotic elements. Poem in Buginese from Indonesia. It existed from about 1400 in oral form and has existed in written form from 1814. An epic cycle of which some 6,000 folio pages exist; it is one of the longest epic poems in the world. The Bugis people live on the island of south Sulawesi (formerly called the Celebes). The cycle is performed on special occasions (for instance, at weddings) by traditional male *transvestite priests or bissu who were linked with its authorship. The epic tells the story of beings descended from heaven, including Bataru Guru and his wife; La Galigo is a grandson on whose exploits the epic mainly focuses. It has been called a sort of tribal encyclopedia. Photographs of bissu appear on pages 223-24 of Archipel 10 (1975); this issue also has an article on transvestism of the bissu: "Travestissement et bisexualité chez les 'bissu' du pays Bugis", 121-31. (Bugis Street, a gay area of Singapore, where transvestites are seen, is named after them.) For the most detailed recent discussion of the I La Galigo cycle see C. C. Macknight, Early History of South Sulawesi, Clayton: Monash University Centre of Southeast Asian Studies, 1993. See also "The I La Galigo Epic cycle of South Celebes and its Diffusion", Indonesia 17 (1977). The text has been published edited by R. A. Kern, I La Galigo, Yogyakarta, 1989, 1043 pages; see also Ian Caldwell, Bugis Texts: South Sulawesi AD 1300-1600: Ten Bugis Texts, unpublished dissertation, Australian National University, 1988. A text is in course of publication in Jakarta by Djambatan publishers of which volume 1 was published in 1995. Early manuscripts are in Leiden University library. The cycle also exists in Malaysia, taken there by trading; there may be a version in Makassarese, another of the languages of south Sulawesi. The Buginese were originally *Buddhists and were only converted to *Islam from 1600. They were only incorporated into the Dutch East Indies in 1906 following a series of wars. On the Bugis, see Christian Pelras, The Bugis, 1986 (see pp. 32-35 for La Galigo cycle and pp. 82-85 for the bissu; a photo of some appears on p. 83). For the Bugis see also the entries in Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life, volume 3, 1998, and Paul Hockings, editor, Encyclopedia of World Cultures, volume 3, 1993. I Promise You This: A Collection of Poems for Harvey Milk The anthology was provoked by the killing of Harvey Milk, the *San Francisco openly gay politician who was assassinated by Dan White (a film was made on his life, The Times of Harvey Milk, 1984). It serves as a tribute to his memory. Contributors, as cited in Young, Male Homosexual in Literature: *Steve Abbott, Steve Benson, Tim Blanchard, John S. Connolly III, Dennis Dunn, The Fag Nun Assunta Femia, Shirley Garzotto, Artful Goodtimes, *Freddie Greenfield, Jack Hirchman, Frank Hoffman, Noni Howard, Michael Koch, Todd S. J. Lawson, Mede, David Moe, Dennis Ryan, *Aaron Shurin, *David Emerson Smith. Not sighted. Highly rated by *Ian Young. The book is rare; only five copies were in United States libraries in 1995. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1943: San Francisco, Privately printed, 1979. Meter in Greek from Greece from ca. 700 B.C.; later used in Latin and English. Greek. A type of poetry whose name is taken from the meter in which it is written and refers to one short syllable followed by one long syllable; it was frequently associated with *satire. It was first used by *Archilochus (active 700 B.C.) (in fragment 20) and seems to refer to his satirical verse in this meter; later it was used by *Anacreon. In the 'Alexandrian period it was widely used by *Callimachus and *Sotades. It was sparingly used by the Roman Latin poets, notably *Horace. Later still it became a dominant meter in English where changed from a meter based on short and long syllables to one light syllable followed by one heavy syllable. Iambic pentameter, with five heavy stresses, became the main metre in *blank verse; it was used by *Shakespeare in his plays. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 537-38. Ian Young: a bibliography (1962-1980) Bibliography in English from Canada. Published by the *Canadian Lesbian and Gay Archives Collective (who appear as the authors on the title page), Toronto: Pink Triangle press, 1981, 58 pages; autobiographical note by Ian Young, pp. 5-6. There is no author as such. Over 500 items make this one of the most comprehensive bibliographies of an openly gay poet. Section A, "Books and Chapbooks" lists all poems; Section B, "Broadsides, Posters, Poemcards" (on poemcards see *postcard poems); Section C, "Contributions to Anthologies"; Section D, "Contributions to Periodicals, Miscellaneous"; Section E, "Commentary on Ian Young and his work". The "Addendum" pp. 57-58 is a checklist of *Catalyst Press titles 1969-80: 29 titles are listed. Ian Young was the founder and owner of Catalyst Press. Poet from Georgia who wrote in Georgian. 1894-1937. He possibly had a homosexual relationship with *Tatsian Tabidze (though this has not been proven and was possibly concocted for political purposes). After the Russian Revolution of 1917, he became an ardent *Communist but became a victim of the Stalinist persecution of the 1930s and shot himself when about to be purged. See Donald Rayfield, "The Death of Paolo Iashvili", Slavonic and East European Review, vol. 68 no. 4, 631-664; he states "Paolo Iashvili combined flamboyant masculinity... with a delicate feminity" (p. 632). Georgians are agressively heterosexual so effeminacy is despised (Professor David M. Lang, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 1987, to the author). Text: Stiki, 1968, 137 pp. (place of publication not known). See his entry in A. A. Surkov, editor, Kratkaia Literaturnaia Entsiklopedia, Moscow, 1975 (with portrait). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Everyman Companion to East European Literature: notes use of feminine persona. Languages spoken in the Iberian peninsula in Spain and Portugal: they are Spanish, Portuguese, Catalan, Galician and Basque. Material of relevance dates from ca. 1200. Basque, spoken in north west Spain, is a language isolate. The others are closely related and form a sub branch of the *Romance languages. The Romance languages emerged from Latin (since the Romans occupied the Iberian peninsula). Latin was used by the *Catholic church until the 1960s and formerly by *Universities. Spanish and Portuguese are now spoken in South America and formerly in colonies in Africa. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. 860-940. From *Cordova. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, volume 1, 676.Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 136: an amorous poem about the *coming fo the beard. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 309. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Died 1041/42. From Seville; only a few poems survive. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition (second entry). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 115-16: trans. by *A. R. Nykl of a gay love poem. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. 911-997. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 309: *bathing poem. Poet from Egypt who wrote in Arabic. 1181-1235. A celebrated *Sufi poet from *Cairo whose Divan includes poems which may be read as love poems or mystical *hymns. He has been extensively translated: see the list at the end of the article on him in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, and Lang, Guide to Eastern Literatures, p. 47. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, 763-64. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Criticism. Bullough, Sexual Variance, 236: "His Diwan deals with the Divine Reality, the Beloved whom the poet addressed and celebrated under many names both male and female." Ibn al-Hadjdjadj, also spelt al-Hajjaj and Ibn Hajjaj Poet from Iraq who wrote in Arabic. Ca. 941-ca. 1001. Born in Baghdad, he became wealthy and amassed estates by writing *satires. *Al-Tha'alabi gives a considerable selection of his verses. A complete manuscript of his Diwan which runs to ten volumes is in *Baghdad in the library of the Wakfs. He is the author of many "obscene" poems. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition: notes he wrote many obscene poems. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, volume 3, 780-81: see "Ibn al-Hadjdjadj"; states his divan has not yet been published. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 317: love poem to a man (his name is given as Ibn al-Hajj). Criticism. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, volume 5, 778 (in *"Liwat" article): states he made mudjun and sukhf his speciality and cited in connection as a homosexual poet. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 848-49: states his work "consisted of obscenity and *scatology in its purest form". Poet possibly from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Active before 1211. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Dar al-Tiraz: fine gay love poems. Poet from Iraq who wrote in Arabic. 861-908. English trans: see Abdullah al-Udhari and G. B. H. Wightman, Birds Through a Ceiling: Three *Abbasid Poets, 1975, pp. 67-96 - many poems are *non gender specific, some are to women; see *Saki poem p. 79. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, volume 3, 892-93. The Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, Index says see Ibn al-Mu'tazz. Criticism. *Marc Daniel, "Arab Civilization and Male Love", Gay Sunshine 32 (Spring 1977), 5: was caliph for a day. Poet from Egypt who wrote in Arabic. Died 1222. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, volume 3, 894: "Ibn al-Nabih" (mentions thirty-five poems to his patron with erotic prologues which make him a great love poet). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Orgasms of Light, 129: Tine love poem. Poet from Iraq who wrote in Arabic. 836-896. *Baghdad poet. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, volume 3, 907-09. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Delight of Hearts, 29, 129, 222, 225: gay poems. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Active ca. 1250. Not in the index of Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Gay Poetry Anthologies. In Praise of Boys, 11 : called Ben al-Sabuni. Orgasms of Light, 12 - fine gay love poems. Ibn al-Zaqqaq, also spelt al-Zakkak Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Ca. 1100-1134. The nephew of *Ibn Khafadja who is regarded as one of the great poets of Muslim Spain. Text. His works were edited and translated into Spanish by *Emilio Garcia Gomez titled Ibn al-Zaqqaq, Poesías, Madrid, 1956 (with an important introduction); Diwan, edited by 'Afifa Dairani, Beirut, 1954. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, volume 3, 971: Ibn al-Zakkak. Gay Poetry Anthologies. In Praise of Boys, 8: Ben Zaqqaq; very fine poem about a beautiful young *cupbearer. Orgasms of Light, 14. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 316: *saki poem. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 211-213. Criticism. Jefrim Schirmann, "The Ephebe in Medieval Hebrew Poetry", Sefarad I5 (1955), 66: re a poem stating he loves the Sabbath and by implication a Jewish man (spelt Ibn Alzaqqaq); f. 32 refers to *Brockelmann, Geschichte, Supplement, 1937, p. 481. Poet who wrote in Arabic. Active ca. 1350. See Chapter 39 of his Diwan as-Sababa (which includes verses and stories about men afflicted with love for women and boys); this appears to be in manuscript. Source: Lois Anita Griffen, Theory of Profane Love Among the Arabs, New York, 1971, pp. 135-36. Criticism. *Norman Roth, "'Deal Gently with the Young Man': Love of Boys in Medieval Hebrew Poetry of Spain", Speculum 57 (1982), 27. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Ca. 1031-1084. Ibn Ammar was the favorite of al-Mutamid, king of *Seville, who died in 1095 and who had amours with women. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Gay Poetry Anthologies. In Praise of Boys, 31: *non gender specific love poem (he is called Ben Ammar). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 307 (with biog.). Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 200-201. Criticism. *Marc Daniel, "Arab Civilization and Male Love", Gay Sunshine 32 (Spring 1977), 5, 10. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Active before 1025?. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Monroe, Hispano-Arabic Poetry, 224: *wine poem; biog. xv - his life is not known except that he was at the court of Ma'um in Toledo. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 210-11 Poet from Italy who wrote in Arabic. Active 1016-62. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 106: Verschiedene Gedichte (arabisch) (Selected poems [Arabic]); no other details. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 74 (translated from Italian of *Michele Amari by von Kupffer); biog. note - von Kupffer states he is a Sicilian poet who wrote in the reign of Mu-izz-ibn Badis who reigned 1016-1062; two poems are given, one trans. by von Kupffer from the Italian of Michele Amari and another translated from Arabic by *Graf von Schack. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic; some poems had Spanish couplets. Died ca. 1145. From *Cordova. He wrote *muwashshah in Arabic and with couplets in Spanish. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Dar al-Tiraz: several Tine gay love poems and several ascribed to him. Bellamy, Banners of the Champions, 203-04: a very fine gay love poem trans. into English. Poet from Spain who wrote in Hebrew. Active before 1300. Criticism. Jefrim Schirmann, "The Ephebe in Medieval Hebrew Poetry", Sefarad I5 (1955),, 60: stated to be a minor poet in whom the figure of the beautiful boy appears. Poet from Iraq who wrote in Arabic. Died 909. He lived in 'Baghdad. The codifier of semi-chaste love, he was the first codifier of Arabic 'courtly love, also called 'Udrite (or chaste) love. Text: see the edition of Kitab az-Zarah, edited by *A. R. Nykl, Chicago, 1932. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, volume 3, 744: Ibn Dawud. Duroc, Homosexuels et lesbiennes illustrés, 225. Criticism. 'Marc Daniel, "Arab Civilization and Male Love", Gay Sunshine 32 (Spring 1977), 5: name given as Ibn Daoud; re Kitab az-Zohrah or Kitab az-Zahrah (Book of the Planet Venus or Book of the Flower) which contains homosexual poems. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, item 1051 : states Kitab az-Zorah includes love poetry to boys by several authors. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. 958-1030. Born in Spain, his ancestry was north African Berber. A *court poet who died in Saragossa. Text: several editions exist: see Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 194 (not specifically a gay poem). Poet from Spain who wrote in Hebrew. Active ca. 1175. The son of *Abraham ibn Ezra, he was born in Spain and lived in Egypt and *Baghdad in Iraq where he may have converted to Islam. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Judaica. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 259. Criticism. Schirmann,"Ephebe in Medieval Poetry", 61: poems about the beloved boy - see his Sirim, edited by N. Ben-Menahem, Jerusalem, 1950, numbers 7 and 8. *Norman Roth, "'Deal Gently with the Young Man': Love of Boys in Medieval Hebrew Poetry of Spain", Speculum 57 (1982), 49-50. Poet and philosopher from Spain who wrote in Hebrew and Arabic. Ca. 1021-ca. 1055. A noted Hebrew poet from Spain influenced by *Neoplatonism. See *T. Carmi, The Penguin Book of Hebrew Verse, 1981, p. 313, "The testament of beauty" (trans. into English). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition states he wrote in Arabic a short treatise on morals. This work, Well of Life, which was an important Neoplatonic treatise, was translated into Latin as Fons Vitae. Text. Poems, edited by Bialik-Rawnitzki, 3 volumes, Berlin and Tel Aviv, 1924-32. Forty secular poems were published, edited by H. Brody and Jefim Schirmann, 1978. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Judaica: notes the influence of *Sufism on him. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 248-50. Criticism. Jefrim Schirmann, "The Ephebe in Medieval Hebrew Poetry", Sefarad I5 (1955), 59 footnote 15: cites volume 3A of poems above pp. 26, 27, 30 and volume 3B, p. 14. *Norman Roth, " 'Deal Gently with the Young Man': Love of Boys in Medieval Hebrew Poetry of Spain", Speculum 57 (1982), 37-42: Engish trans. Roth, " 'Deal Gently with the Young Man'", 150-53: re allegorical meanings and use of *gazelle trope. Poet from Spain who wrote in Hebrew. Active before 1300. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Judaica. Criticism. Jefrim Schirmann, "The Ephebe in Medieval Hebrew Poetry", Sefarad I5 (1955), 60: stated to be a minor poet in whom the figure of the beautiful boy appears. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. 1058-1132. Text: Diwan, edited by Ihasn 'Abba, Beirut, 1960. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 316: love poem. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 209-10: *cupbearer trope. Poet from Spain who wrote in Hebrew. Active before 1400. Rav Pnotn/ Anthnlnnioc Wilhelm Gay and I eshian Poetry 239-40 - Tine poem Educated in *Cordoba, he wrote a treatise devoted to the analysis of love, including homosexual love, and containing extensive poetic quotations: the Tawk al-Hamama (The Ring of the Dove; also called The Collar of the Dove and The Dove's Necklace). The metaphor of the title is of love as a collar around the neck (compare the English poet *George Herbert). There is a unique manuscript of the work in Leiden. This is the most important book on the theory of profane (that is, non religious) love in Arabic including discussion of whether loving men or boys is best. Text. It was first edited and published by D. K. Petrof (Leiden, 1914); see Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition, entries for other editions. Translations. Dutch: trans. by R. Kruk?, titled De ring van de duif, 1977. English: *A. R. Nykl (1931), *A. R. Arberry, The Ring and the Dove (London, 1953; repr. New York, 1981). French: Trans. Leon Bercher, Le collier du Pigeon (Algiers, 1949), N. Tomiche (1961); German: Max Weisweiler (1941; repr.); Italian: *F. Gabrieli (Bari, 1949); Russian: A. Salie (1933); Spanish: Miguel Asin Palacios (1927-32), *Emilio Garcia Gomez, El Collar de la paloma, Madrid, 1952, with important introduction (repr.). For lists of translations see Lang, Guide to Eastern Literatures, p. 47, and De Bary, Guide to Oriental Classics, pp. 24-25. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, volume 3, 790-99. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 198-200. Criticism. *Marc Daniel, "Arab Civilization and Male Love", Gay Sunshine 32 (Spring 1977), 5. Nykl, Hispano-Arabic Poetry, 73-103: analysis of Tawk al-Hamama. De Bary, Guide to Oriental Classics, 24-26. Poet from Spain writing in Arabic. Active before 1243. Not found in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Compare *Allah Muhammad Ibn Iyad (possibly the same poet). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 135-36: from *The Pennants; from *Cordova. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 321 (stated to have lived in the twelfth century). Ibn Khafaja, also spelt Khafadja and spelt Ben Jafacha Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. 1058-1139. Fine Andalusian poet from Alcira, near Valencia, whose divan is one of the few complete Arabic diwans of Spain. See *Arie Schippers on a fine homosexual poem. Text: edited by Mustafa Ghazi, Alexandria, 1960. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, volume 3: see "Ibn Khafadja". Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 134: trans. *A. J. Arberry into English from * The Pennants (name spelt Ibn Khafaja). In Praise of Boys, 15: love poem. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 201-209: the best translation into English. Other anthologies. Monroe, Hispano-Arabic Poetry, 242. Nykl, Hispano-Arabic Poetry, 227-31. Ibn Khaldun, also spelt Ibn Chaldun Poet from Tunisia who wrote in Arabic; he later lived in Egypt. 1332-1406. Famous as an Arabic historian. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 85: trans. into German by *Graf von Schack and name spelt Ibn Chaldun. Poet from Spain who wrote in Hebrew. Acive ca. 975. Most of his poetry is lost. From North Africa, he lived in *Cordoba where he was a friend of *Samuel Hanagid. Poems were discovered in the *Cairo Genizah (on which see *Manuscripts - Hebrew). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Judaica. Criticism. Jefrim Schirmann, "The Ephebe in Medieval Hebrew Poetry", Sefarad I5 (1955), 59: re the figure of the beloved boy in his poetry. Ibn Khallikan Biographer from Syria who wrote in Arabic; he later lived in Egypt. 1211-1282. Author of a famous Biographical Dictionary which quotes a gay poem in the entry *Yahya ibn Aktham and has a biography of *Abu Nuwas as well as *Ibn Sana. There may be other poems and references to homosexuality. He travelled extensively and lived in *Cairo and *Damascus. Translation of the Biographical Dictionary: it was translated into English by Baron Mac Guckin de Slane, 1842 (repr.); Persian and Turkish translations are stated to exist in the Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, entry. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Ibn Kharuf Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Died 1205. From *Cordova. Compare *Ben Jaruf: this may be the same poet. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Bellamy, Banners of the Champions, 200-201: fine homosexual poem about a *dancing boy and one with *gazelle trope. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 320: same poem. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Ca. 1080-1160. One of the finest Arabic poets from Spain he has been called dissolute and a libertine and frequently compared to *Abu Nuwas. *Wine drinking is a frequent theme in his poetry. *A. R. Nykl first revealed the extent of his achievement in his * editio princeps of 1933. He died at *Cordoba. *Bisexual interest. His name is transliterated in Spanish as Ben Quzman and also spelt Ibn Kouzman. Text. His Diwan was first edited by *A. R. Nykl, 1933, from a unique *St Petersburg manuscript, with partial Spanish translation; 149 poems were found. An edition was edited by *Emilio Garcia Gomez, Todo Ben Quzman, 3 volumes, Madrid, 1972. Translation. See Lang, Guide to Eastern Literatures, p. 47. English: see A. R. Nykl (1946); Spanish: A. R. Nykl (1933); Emilio Garcia Gomez (1981); see also Cuaderno bibliográfico gay, p. 14: El cancionero hispanoárabe, Madrid: Editora Nacional, 1984 (apparently a translation). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition, Supplement, 91-92: Ibn Kuzman - states that "only a third [of his love poems] are addressed to women and the others to males". Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, volume 3, 849-52: "Ibn Kuzman" (fifth entry). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 305; called Ibn Guzman. Nykl, Hispano-Arabic Poetry, 266-301: with English trans. of poems. Criticism. *Marc Daniel, "Arab Civilization and Male Love", Gay Sunshine 32 (Spring 1977), 10: "among the rank of great poets". Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, volume 5, 778 (in the *"Liwat" article): states his zadjals (*ghazals) deal with homosexual love. Wright, Homoeroticism in Classical Arabic Literature, 94-139 - discussion of ghazal 133 by James T. Monroe. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition: lists two poets. Nykl, Hispano-Arabic Poetry, 62: "wrote admiring verses about *al-Taliq when the latter was in jail". Poet from Portugal who wrote in Arabic. Active before 1243. From *Lisbon. Compare *Ben Muqana (possibly the same poet). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 135: love poem from *The Pennants. Possible editor possibly from Spain of works in Arabic. Born 1453? Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10745: states he is the editor of * Moorish Poetry. However this is not correct; nor is he mentioned as a poet in the work. Ibn Qutayba, also spelt Qutaiba Critic and historian from Iraq who wrote in Arabic; he later lived in Iran. 828-889. Compiler of the first Arabic encyclopedia, Kitab 'Uyun al-Akhbar, which has a chapter on *Friendship, Chapter 7, which contains quotations from old Arabic poets; this chapter has claims to be a gay anthology. He was a famous scholar and orthodox Muslim who wrote on the Koran and lived in *Basra and *Baghdad, as well as northern Persia where he held a post. He is the author of Kitab al-Shi'r (The Book of Poetry and Poets). See Robert L. Collison, Encyclopedias: Their History Throughout the Ages, New York and London, 1966, pp. 37-38, on the encyclopedia. Compare *Ben Muqana (possibly the same). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures. Ibn Rashik, also spelt Ben Rasig Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Active ca. 1050. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition: see both Ibn Rashik entries (which one applies cannot be identified). Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10468: re poems in Gay Sunshine 20: 13 (January 1974), translated into English by *Erskine Lane from French (name given as Ben Rasig). Gay Poetry Anthologies. In Praise of Boys, 13: name given as Ben Rasiq, dated eleventh century; a love poem about the *coming of the beard. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 311; states he died 1064. Ibn Sa'id al-Maghribi, also spelt al-Andelusi Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. 1213-1286. Born near *Granada, Ibn Sa'id left Spain in 1241 and lived in Egypt. His anthology Rayat al-Mubarrizin (1243) (The Banners of the Champions), called by A. J. Arberry * Moorish Poetry: A Translation of The Pennants includes homosexual poets. A manuscript of the work became the basis of *Emilio García Gomez's Poemas Arabigoandaluces, 1930, from which Spanish text the English gay anthology *ln Praise of Boys was translated (In Praise of Boys only translates homosexual poems from this work). This anthology was a famous Andalusian Arabic anthology with heterosexual and homosexual love poems interspersed (sometimes it is hard to distinguish whether the beloved addressed is male or female); it was started by Ibn Sa'id's grandfather, 'Abd al-Malik, who commissioned Abu Muhammad al-Hijari (1106-55) to begin the project and it was added to by his father. It has survived in a single manuscript. Text: see the new edition published in 1973 by al-Nu'man 'Abd al-Muta'al al-Qadi. Translation. English: *A. J. Arberry as * Moorish Poetry: A Translation of The Pennants (1953 - but censored, as Roth notes below); James Bellamy and Patricia Steiner, The Banners of the Champions, Madison, 1988 (partial selection): see pp. 177-193 for the section entitled "Homosexual Poems" (which are only a partial selection from the totality of homosexual poems); includes bibl. pp. 219-21; see Reid below for a selection. Spanish: *Emilio Garcia Gomez (1930; partial selection; repr.) which was used for translation into English as noted above. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, volume 3, 926: called Ibn Sa'id al-Maghribi. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 132-37: poems from his anthology. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 305-22; see note p. 308 stating all poems in this section come from Ibn Sa'id's anthology (they appear to be trans. from the Spanish - see below); p. 322 poems by Ibn Sa'id. Roth, "Deal Gently with the Young Man", 28 footnote 34. Criticism. Nykl, Hispano-Arabic Poetry, 361. *Norman Roth, "'Deal Gently with the Young Man': Love of Boys in Medieval Hebrew Poetry of Spain", Speculum 57 (1982), 28 footnote 28: important anthology with many homopoems. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1237: name given as Ibn Said al-Maghribi Poet from Spain who wrote in Hebrew. Active 1300. Criticism. Jefrim Schirmann, "The Ephebe in Medieval Hebrew Poetry", Sefarad I5 (1955), 60: stated to be a minor poet in whom the figure of the beautiful boy appears. Not to be confused with *Ibn Sahl. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic and possibly Hebrew; some poems had couplets in Spanish. Ca. 1212-1252. A Jewish convert to Islam. A number of poems are dedicated to a youth called *Musa and others to one called Mohammad: in a famous poem he stated Mohammed replaced Musa which could refer to his religious conversion, Musa being the Hebrew Moses and Mohammad the name of the Islamic prophet. The word musa is Latin for muse, and is feminine and means "a woman who inspires a poem" and this word play may be intended. He is fundamentally a love poet and his divan is one of the finest of Andalusian poetry from Spain. Born in *Seville. He wrote *muwashshah in Arabic and with couplets in Spanish. Text: see *Arthur Wormhoudt, Arab Translation Series no. 57, (1981). It is unclear whether any poems in Hebrew survive. The bibliography in the Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, entry above states his diwan has been reprinted several times e.g., in Cairo and Beirut (1885). Criticism and biography. M. Soualah, Ibrahim b. Sahl, 1914. Translation. Spanish. Ben Sahl de Sevilla, Poemas, introduction and translation by Teresa Garulo, Madrid, Hyperion, 1983 (repr.). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Duroc, Homosexuels et lesbiennes illustrés, 226-27. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, volume 3, 925. Bibliographies. Cuaderno bibliográfico gay, 13: Poemas, Madrid: Hiperión, 1983. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Orgasms of Light, 13: called Abu Ishaq Ibrahim Sahl (thirteenth century); 127: Ibrahim Ibn Sahl trans. into English by *Winston Leyland from French. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 213-221: the most complete selection of his poems in English. Criticism. Jefrim Schirmann, "The Ephebe in Medieval Hebrew Poetry", Sefarad I5 (1955), 66. *Marc Daniel, "Arab Civilization and Male Love" Gay Sunshine 32 (Spring 1977), 8 "openly blasphemous poems... converted from Judaism to Islam because of the beautiful eyes of a boy called Mohammed"; 10 "among the rank of great poets". Nykl, Hispano-Arabic Poetry, 344-45. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1237. Ibn Sana al-Mulk Poet and anthologist from Egypt who wrote in Arabic; he later lived in Syria. 1155-1211. He was the first person in the east to compose *muwashshah, a genre originated in Spain, and was born and died in *Cairo. He appears in *Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary, vol 3, trans. by Baron Mac Guckin de Slane, Paris, 1868, pp. 589-593, with translation of poems into English and *gazelle and Joseph tropes; some poems are heterosexual in translation; this states he lived in Syria for a time. He compiled the Arabic homosexual anthology *Dar al-Tiraz.. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, vol. 3, 929. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1237: note on Dar at-tiraz stating it is of *muwashshah. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Dar al-Tiraz. *Norman Roth, "'Deal Gently with the Young Man': Love of Boys in Medieval Hebrew Poetry of Spain", Speculum 57 (1982), 27: compiled an anthology "devoted exclusively to the love of boys" (* Dar al-tiraz). E Ibn Sara, also spelt Abd Allah ibn Sara Poet from Portugal writing in Arabic; he later lived in Spain. Died 1123. Born in Santarem, Portugal, he later lived in *Seville. In the Index of Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, see p.1338: Ibn Sarah? Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 136. Orgasms of Light, 11: fine love poem about the *coming of the beard. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 314. Criticism. Nykl, Hispano-Arabic Poetry, 233-34 (with biog. note). *Norman Roth, "'Deal Gently with the Young Man': Love of Boys in Medieval Hebrew Poetry of Spain", Speculum 57 (1982), 32. Poet from Spain who wrote in Hebrew. Active before 1300. Criticism. Jefrim Schirmann, "The Ephebe in Medieval Hebrew Poetry", Sefarad I5 (1955), 60: stated to be a minor poet in whom the figure of the beautiful boy appears. Ibn Shuhayd, also spelt Shuhaid Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. 992-1034. From *Cordova. See Monroe, Hispano-Arabic Poetry, xiii (spelt Ibn Shuhaid). See also the entry for the genre * Alba (citing a very fine homopoem). Text: see *Arthur Wormhoudt Arab Translation Series no. 133, (1991). His Diwan was edited by*Charles Pellat, Beirut, 1963. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 198: trans. English. Bellamy, Banners of the Champions, 188: fine homosexual love poem. Criticism. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, vol. 5, 778 (in * Liwat article): re dabib - i.e. crawling at night (stalking a man for sex while sleeping near him); states he also "uses the masculine form to designate the person in question [in his love poems], whose sex thus remains undefined"; 779 - wrote a homosexual poem in imitation of *Abu Nuwas. Philosopher from Iran who wrote in Arabic. 980-1037. From Central Asia he was educated in Bukhara and later lived in Iran eventually at Isfahan where his patron was the prince of Isfahan. His work was the basis of the whole system of Islamic scholarship was based on *Neoplatonism. His works covered medicine, mathematics, astronomy, physics, chemistry and music. In Europe he was known for his medical work under the name Avicenna which was translated into Latin; other works have been translated into French and Russian. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Gay Histories and Cultures. Poet who wrote in Arabic. Active before 945. An *Abbasid poet who wrote on homosexual themes (Dr Nassrat Abdel-Rahman, University of Jordan, Aman, to the author, 22 February 1987). No entry found in Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition or second edition; but see the Index of Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, p. 139. Ibn 'Ubada al-Qazzaz Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Active 1025. He wrote *muwashshah poems. A poet at the *court of al-Mu'tasim of Almeria. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Dar al-Tiraz: fine gay love poems. Monroe, Hispano-Arabic Poetry, 218-227 (biog. page xv): two gay love poems from *Dar at-Tiraz. Nykl, Hispano-Arabic Poetry, 194. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Born 1003. Regarded as one of the greatest of the Spanish Arabic poets, he is famous for his affair with the poetess Wallada. Born at *Cordoba. Translation. Spanish: Poesías, Madrid, 1979. Lang, Guide to Eastern Literatures, p. 47, gives translations of the poet: in French by A. Cour (1920) and German by *Helmut Ritter (1959). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, volume 3, 973-74: Ibn Zaydun. In Praise of Boys, 9: called Ben Zaydun - *non gender specific love poem. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 314: two poems including *fawn trope. Poet possibly from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Active before 1211. Ibrahim Ben Utman Not in the index of Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Gay Poetry Anthologies. In Praise of Boys, 23: *non gender specific poem about a *singer. Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. Active ca. 564 B.C. Known as a gay poet but very little poetry survives. Text: see *D. L. Page. See also *Schiller. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 539: states he was active ca. 564-61 B.C. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 11-12. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 64: poems "An Euryalos' and "Eros" (no other details). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 22. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 44 (mentioned). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 121. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 12-13. Criticism. Symonds, A Problem in Greek Ethics, 25: though "celebrated amongst the ancients as the lyrist of paiderastia, very little is preserved..." Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 8 (1906), 638-41. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 470. Bowra, Greek Lyric Poetry, 264: citing *Cicero Tusc. Disp. iv, 33.71. Dover, Greek Homosexuality, 196: noting fragment 288. Buffière, Eros adolescent, 257-61. Courouve, Ces petits grecs, 22: citing fragments 288, 289 (*Ganymede) and 309. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 497. Pseudonym of a poet from France who wrote in French. Active 1910. Kearney, Private Case, p. 25, states he wrote openly homosexual poems in imitation of *Pierre Louys. (These "homosexual poems" could be lesbian poems.) There is no entry under this name in the * British Library General Catalogue or the * National Union Catalog. Concept and philosophy In Greek, Sanskrit, German and English from 1100 B.C. Idealism, a philosophic approach that stresses the central role of the ideal or spiritual in human existence, dates from the * Vedas in India (from at least 1,100 B.C.) and from *Plato (active 390 B.C.) in the west. English. See the entry in Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. This deals with United States manifestations in philosophy and notes its influence on *Walt Whitman and the *Transcentalists. German. There is a strong idealistic streak in German philosophers such as Kant, Fichte, Hegel, Schelling, Schopenhauer and *Nietzsche which correspondingly manifested itself in the work of *Goethe, *Stefan George and the *George Kreis. English and Greek: see *Platonism. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Poet from Germany who wrote in German. 1759-1814. A noted actor, he wrote sixty-five plays and was in charge of the Royal Theatre, *Berlin. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Criticism. Mayne, The Intersexes, 295: stated to be gay. Derks, Der Schande der heiligen Päderastie, 432-45. Hirschfeld, Die Homosexualität, 665. Hirschfeld, Geschlectskunde, volume 4, Stuttgart, 1930, 579-81 (also an artist). Poet from Spain who wrote in Spanish. 1748-1791. A poet of the Salamancan school, he wrote *Anacreontics inspired by the example of *Villegas. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Spanish Literature. Pseudonym of a poet from Japan who wrote in Japanese; he was also a fiction writer. 1642-1693. A popular writer of *pornography who is now regarded as an early master of Japanese fiction; he was famous for writing a great deal of *haiku poetry. A major work was *Nanshoku Okagami (The Great Mirror of Male Love), 1687, a series of tales written by him and based on samurai and the theater. The book is a series of examples of gay love meant for the gay market. It includes poems and the second story quotes the *Kokinshu poem used for the title of the gay anthology * Iwatsutsuji. His real name was Hirayama Togo. He was born and died in Osaka and used other pseudonyms. Criticism: see *Paul Schalow; for works in Japanese see Richard Lane, "Postwar Studies of the Novelist Saikaku", Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 18 (June 1955), 189-99. *Edward Carpenter first discussed Saikaku in English in Intermediate Types Among Primitive Folk, 1911. Translation. English: *E. Powys Mathers (partial trans. from the French of Ken Sato), Paul Schalow (complete translation - includes reproduction of the original illustrations). French: Ken Sato (1928). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan. Princeton Companion to Classical Japanese Literature, 77-80. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1147-48. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Partings at Dawn, 66-95. Poet from New Zealand writing in English. Born 1944. A Maori writer who kept faith with his sexuality by publishing a gay novel Nights in the Gardens of Spain, 1996. WIth the publication of his novel Tangi in 1973 he became New Zealand's first Maori novelist. His libretto to the song cycle "Waiata Aroha" is in poetry and is dedicated to gay men and women living with *Aids; the works in the opera are highly romantic poems and are printed in the New Zealand gay anthology Best Mates: Gay Writing in Aotearoa New Zealand, Auckland, 1997, edited by *Peter Wells, "Waiata Aroha", pp. 176-83 (libretto for an opera by Rod Biss); there is a biographical note on him on p. 285. He works in the English Department at the University of Auckland. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to New Zealand Literature. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Criticism. Best Mates: Gay Writing in Aotearoa New Zealand, 30. Poet from Japan writing in Japanese; editor of works in Chinese. 1394-1481. *Zen monk and eccentric. His poem "Pleasing Oneself" trans. into English by "Graeme Wilson (Graeme Wilson to the author; the translation of the poem remains in manuscript) openly celebrates the fact that "boys are best". His chief work is the 1,000 poem Chinese collection, Kyounshu. Influence of *Gozan school. English translation: see Ikkyu and the Crazy Cloud, Anthology, trans. Sonja Arntzen,1990. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan: Pseudonym of 'Domenico di Giovanni. Ilankovatikal, also spelt Ilanko Adigal (also spelt Atikal) Poet from India who wrote in Tamil. Active ca. 500. In his *epic poem Shillappadikaram (also called Cilappatikaram) the hero, Kovalan, who has been in love with a woman, Matavi, turns to men: see Canto 7; Matavi laments this and eventually becomes the Goddess of Chastity. The title means "The ankle bracelet". The work gives a rich overview of Tamil society. Translations. English: trans. by *Alain Danielou as The Shillappadikaram: The Ankle Bracelet (New York, 1965; London, 1976). Translations in French. Russian and Czech exist (see entry in Dictionary of Oriental Literatures; authors of the translations and titles are not given). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures: under "Ilankovatikal" by *K. Zvelebil (this makes out that the action in the poem is entirely heterosexual). Zvelebil, Lexicon of Tamil Literature: see "Cilappatikaram". Poem in Greek from Greece. Ca. 700 B.C. The name of the first surviving Greek *epic which is attributed to *Homer who came from Turkey or Greece. It is normally dated from ca. 700 B.C. It was originally sung; see *singers. See *Achilles and Patroclus for detailed discussion of the homosexual aspect. Poet from Canada writing in English. Active 1977. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Larkspur and Lad's Love. Illustration of gay poetry dates from the work of the Chinese poet from China *Wang Wei (active 730). Manuscripts. Especially rich traditions exist in Chinese, Japanese and Persian, though these have been little examined. See the separate entries for *Illustration for Chinese and Japanese, Persian, Islamic manuscripts and Indian languages (also little examined to date). The manuscripts of such major gay poets as *Virgil (especially his Eclogues) need to be examined. Books. Of outstanding importance for illustration are the eclogues of *Virgil, the Sonnets of *William Shakespeare and the poetry of *Walt Whitman and *A. E. Housman all of whom have been published in editions with fine homoerotic illustrations. *Oscar Wilde and other *eighteen nineties writers were very aware of fine bindings and illustrations. *Ralph Chubb produced hand printed and illustrated works in small editions in Great Britain in the early part of the twentieth century. The poetry of the gay liberation period from 1969 has been especially rich in illustrations. One of the finest illustrated gay books by a writer who wrote poetry (but not in poetry) is *Jean Genet's Querelle de Brest (1947) by *Jean Cocteau. Jonathan Williams poetry books are some of the finest of the period from 1969. See the special entries for Illustration for English and German books of gay poetry (both of which languages have outstanding traditions). An outstanding *collector of fine illustrated books is *Anthony Reid. Illustration and design of books and poems - English Illustration and design of books dealing with homosexual poetry in English dates from 1707 with material of relevance from Great Britain, the United States, Canada and Australia. Great Britain. The early gay *broadsheet, The *Woman-Hater's Lament (1707), features a woodcut of two men kissing and is the first known depiction of homosexuality in relation to a printed poem. However, illustrated editions of *Elizabethan *pastoral poetry may contain relevant material. The edition of *Anacreon translated by *Thomas Moore illustrated by Girodet de Rougy Trioson (a French illustrator), 1871, is a Tine *Victorian example of homoerotic illustration. consisting of Tine line drawings. In the *eighteen-nineties careful attention was paid to the design of gay books. The greatest gay illustrator and designer of books of this period was *Charles Ricketts who designed *Oscar Wilde's books, notably The House of Pomegranates, 1891. He also designed the book of poems of the poet and protegee of Wilde, John Gray, titled Silverpoints (1893). Journals such as *The Artist and Journal of Home Culture, edited by *Charles Kains Jackson, encouraged Tine design, especially from 1888 to 1894. The work of *Aubrey Beardsley gives the *decadent tenor of the period 1894-97. The *Uranian poets continued the tradition with many of their works being published on *private presses, sometimes with tipped in photographs (see *A. Newman [pseud.]). Private presses have continued the tradition of Tine design (see, for example, *Tragara Press, active from 1954). *Timothy d'Arch Smith has written on the period 1890-1920 and is perhaps the greatest living expert of gay Tine printing of the period; *Anthony Reid has assembled a notable collection. *Bookplates, frequently featuring homoerotic motifs, are important indicators of the gay content of collections or the gayness of collectors (for example, *T. H. Fokker). Even illustrations on title pages can be important (see *Douglas Young). The *color used to bind books can be especially important: *green and *mauve date from the eighteen-nineties and can signifiy homosexuality. As an example, the British edition of Rupert Croft-Cooke's Bosie: The Story of Lord *Alfred Douglas, 1963, had a mauve dust jacket signalling its gay content. Recent British gay books have tended for the most part to be bland, unlike books of the *gay liberation period in the United States. However, *Nicholas Wilde's illustrations to the reprint of *Edmund John's poetry are outstanding. Finely illustrated editions of gay classics, such as *Shakespeare's Sonnets, *Housman's A Shropshire Lad and *Wilde's Ballad of Reading Goal are relevant and need thorough investigation since each is a crucial work. *Abraham Horodisch has listed all illustrated editions of Wilde's Ballad in a brilliant bibliography. For bindings, though Tine bindings occur at all periods the art nouveau period is especially important; on this period John Russell Taylor has written The Art Nouveau Book in Britain. See also *The Platonic Blow, *Frederick Rolfe, *J. R. Leslie, *Publishers - English. United States. Developments in Great Britain form the background to United States design where fine design of gay poetry books dates from the *eighteen-nineties. In the *gay liberation period outstanding books have been produced by Joe Brainard, *Ed Cox, *Guy Davenport, *Gavin Dillard and John Gill (who is the owner of *Crossing Press) and for this period design in United States printing is far superior to anything in the English speaking world. Erotic photographs and drawings are a special feature of these books, in keeping with the contents, as in the various editions of * The Platonic Blow. The artist Larry Rivers did a suppressed cover for the poems of *Frank O'Hara (showing the poet naked), later reinstated and used on the Vintage Books paperback Selected Poems, 1974. David Hockney and Duane Michaels have both illustrated *Cavafy in English translation. The relaxing of *censorship from 1970 has greatly helped the emergence of erotic design. Small *chapbooks from 1969 are often outstandingly designed (see *Nuki) as are poets *postcards and *broadsheets. As with Great Britain, there exists a tradition of binding homosexual books in *mauve binding (e.g. the US edition of Bosie: The Story of Lord Alfred Douglas by Rupert Croft-Cooke, Bobbs Merrill, 1963, is bound in mauve). Booksellers catalogs are a source of such works: see *Elysium Books. See also *Publishers - English. Canada. See *Catalyst Press. Australia. See Javant Biarujia, *Victor Daley (re At Dawn and Dusk, 1898), *Donald Friend, *Paul Knobel, * Love and Death, ian MacNeill, *David Malouf, *Roderic Quinn. Illustration and design of books - German Design and illustration of gay books in German in Germany, Switzerland and Austria has been high and dates from 1896. *Melchior Lechter designed and illustrated the work of the major homopoet *Stefan George in the eighteen nineties. *Anthologies, especially in the *gay liberation period, have been especially outstanding, as have journals such as * Der Eigene and *Der Kreis. For design see also *purple, *Elisar von Kupffer, *chapbooks, *Paul Brandt. For illustration see * Blätter für die Kunst, *Platonic Love (under Swedish and regarding Rolf Lagerborg), *Peter Baschung, Jürgen Baldiga, * L'amour bleu. Illustration of manuscripts - Indian languages Manuscripts of relevance from India in Sanskrit and other languages date from at least 1200. The *androgyny of the *Buddha, a creature embodying all aspects of male and female, is relevant: see Pratapaditya Pal, Buddhist Book Illuminations, Hong Kong, 1988; surviving Buddhist works in manuscripts in Sanskrit date from ca. 1200. Ilustrations of relevance in such indian languages as Hindi. Bengali. Urdu and Tamil date from at least 1600 from after the Persian invasions when Persian illustration influenced Indian illustrated manuscripts (see *Illustration of Manuscripts - Persian for Persian works). The Poona edition of the Sanskrit * Mahabharata has a *camp and *decadent element in the illustrations. The British Library Oriental reading room is a good place to start for illustration of *Indian language manuscripts (which have not yet been examined for homosexual illustrations to poetry); see their separate catalogs for the various languages. So called folk art manuscripts also contain camp elements especially of *Siva; camp elements also occur in Jain manuscipts. See Jeremiah P. Losty, The Art of the Book in India, 1981, for discussion of Indian manuscripts. Illustration of manuscripts - Islamic Illustration in Persian and Turkish manuscripts in Iran, Turkey and India dates from ca. 1500. The depiction of beautiful males and youths in a drinking environment is a major locus of gay illustration allied to the * saki convention in Persian and Turkish; Arabic manuscripts were usually "illustrated" only in the foliation of the writing. The works of all poets of relevance are relevant especially Persian poets (e.g., *Hafiz); only recently has such material been illustrated in books and the whole tradition is little known outside experts in Persian and Turkish poetry. *Libraries holding rare Islamic manuscripts such as the *British Library need to be examined for relevant illustrated manuscripts. Persian manuscripts were richly illuminated and show all male scenes with a strong homoerotic element; see the separate entry for Persian works. This Persian tradition spread over central Asia. The Persian tradition influenced the Turks and all * divan poets in Turkish wrote relevant works. Foliation and shaping of Arabic initials in an erotic way occurs in Arabic, Turkish, Persian and Urdu. For Turkish, see *Mehmed the conquerer. Persian. The Mughal emperor Akbar in India (1556-1605) commissioned such works. For a notable private collection with homoerotic material see Stuart Cary Welch and Anthony Welch, Arts of the Islamic Book: The Collection of Prince Sadrudin Aga Khan (Ithaca, 1982). Illustration of manuscripts - Persian Illustration of manuscripts in Persian with homosexual undertones dates from ca. 1500. All-male groups are a major feature of Persian illustrated manuscripts which are especially rich in the sixteenth century. The * saqi or *cupbearer is a notable feature in these manuscripts and a crucial nexus for homoeroticism. The works of *court poets, *Firdawsi. *Hafiz, Nizami and *Omar Khayyam in manuscript warrant perusal; manuscripts have been produced in facsimile. The volume of these manuscripts is huge and a large literature on them exists. The oriental reading rooms of major libraries have collections, e.g. the Oriental Reading Room of the *British Library: see Norah M. Titley, Persian Miniature Painting...: The British Library Collections, 1983. The oriental reading rooms of the *Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, and the Staatsbibliothek in Berlin contain much fine material as well as major University libraries (e.g., *Harvard, *Oxford). Collections in Russia. Much material exists in *St Petersburg. The former countries of the USSR in Asia, especially such republics as Kirghizstan in central Asia, have manuscripts in libraries and private collections. Iran. Though much material has been dispersed, much remains, especially in the libraries of mosques. India. See * Mahabharata for illustrations for the Persian translation made for the Emperor Akbar. Illustrations of Persian manuscripts in India under the Emperor Akbar (1556-1605) overall show much homoeroticism. Persian manuscripts exist in many Indian libraries. There are also many private collections of illustrated manuscripts in India, notably in the libraries of Maharajahs and former rulers of Indian states. A homosexual scribe was *Mir 'Ali. For a notable private collection which contains homoerotic material see Stuart Cary Welch and Anthony Welch, Arts of the Islamic Book: The Collection of Prince Sadrudin Aga Khan, Ithaca, 1982. Turkey. Libraries in mosques contain manuscripts as well as public and university libraries in *Istanbul; the national library in Ankara may have manuscripts. Illustration of scrolls and books - Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese Material survives from ca. 730 in Chinese in China and later in other languages. In Chinese and Japanese, both of which languages have ancient traditions of *aesthetes, *scholars were obsessed with beauty in writing and painting (both of which went together): e.g. paintings were usually illustrated with poems composed by the painter. Literary works, when published as books, were frequently illustrated with woodblock prints (see *Saikaku). All relevant works should be considered - e.g. *Murasaki's Tale of Genji. Chinese. Many Chinese poets were illustrators of their own work or wrote poems to illustrate the work of a painter; however, very little is openly erotic. Illustrations may have sexual suggestions but only in what is left out as *indirect language pervaded the poetry. Poems were very frequently written on scroll paintings: see *scribes, *calligraphy. Many paintings feature all male settings; all male drinking parties and strong male *friendships with homosexual undercurrents are common (e.g., in the *T'ang period). Erotic scrolls and paintings are known from the *Ming period (see Van Gulik, Sexual LIfe in Ancient China, pp. 317-20) but so far homosexual erotica relating to poetry are not known. See *Wang Wei (active 730), *T'ang Yin, *Zheng Bao, *scholars, *court poets, *aesthetes. *Ming and *Ch'ing period novels, some of which contained poems, were illustrated; erotic poems with illustrations are very likely from this period but so far none are known. On erotica in Chinese scrolls and paintings see Philip Rawson, Erotic Art of the East, 1970, pp. 227-78. Japanese. Traditions are based on Chinese artistic traditions, e.g., poets frequently illustrated their own or others' paintings with a poem. *Kiyomitsu did a print of an actor with a *bawdry poem; see also *Anonymous Poems - Japanese and *Yakko (pseud.) regarding a gay poem illustrated by the Ukiyo-e artist Hokusai. *Satow Tamio reproduced some erotic homopoems with illustrations in his seminal German article. *Saikaku's work is relevant since it was illustrated. *Court poets need to be considered and scenes in groups showing close male bonding. Suggestive postures and expressions on faces (especially brought about by *censorship) need also to be considered. Sexual scenes of a homosexual nature are known from the Catamite's Scroll (1321) which shows anal sex and has stories relating to *Buddhist monks written on it: see Philip Rawson, Erotic Art of the East, 1970, p. 294; it is held at the Sambo-in temple, Daigo, at *Kyoto and is a National Treasure. The illustrations appear to be accompanied by poems. This is the earliest example of a Japanese homosexual scroll. On the erotic tradition in Japanese scrolls and art see Rawson, op. cit., pp. 279-377; see also Theodore Bowie, "Erotic Aspects of Japanese Art" in Studies in Erotic Art, edited by Theodore Bowie and others, 1970, pp. 171-230. More poems written on shunga (erotic woodcuts of the pleasure quarters) are likely than the Kiyomitsu and Hokusai works cited. *Censorship operated from 1723, forcing erotic works underground. A major reference for Japanese illustrated books overall is Jack Hillier, The Art of the Japanese Book, 2 volumes (London, 1987); with bibl. See also *Onnagata. Korean and Vietnamese: traditions were based on Chinese traditions. 'Confucianism was strong in both these cultures. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Active ca. 1890. See *Verna Coleman, The Last Exquisite, Ryde, New South Wales, 1990, p. 20: stated to be a poet in the homosexual circle of *Lionel Johnson at *Oxford and the intimate friend of *Herbert Horne. For a gay poem see the journal * Century Guild. Movement in Great Britain in English. Active ca. 1910. A poetry movement in which the poets insisted on the primacy of the image. The poets involved are closely related to the poets of *modernism. See *F. S. Flint, *H. D., *Ezra Pound, *Glenway Westcott. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics. Criticism. Perkins, History of Modern Poetry, volume one, 329-47. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1991. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Unending Dialogue, 41: poem "Flying to Ireland". Poet from Germany who wrote in German. 1746-1840. He wrote a series of poems spoofing the fashion of writing oriental poems and clearly aimed at *Platen and others. These were contributed to the second volume of *Heinrich Heine's Reisebilder, 1826-31 (trans. into English as Pictures of Travel, 1855). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature . Collection in English from the United States. First published in 1927; this edition has not been examined. Immortalia is the earliest collection of English - and specifically United States - bawdy ballads. It was edited by "A Gentleman about Town". It consists, in fact, of material collated from previous works (though how and where they were published is unknown). It is the first known published collection of United States *bawdry to reach a general audience and which contains some homosexual material. Reprints exist. A Book of Vulgar Verse, Toronto, 1981, is a facsimile. The edition used in compiling this entry was the Venice, California: Parthena Press, 1969 (the typeface in this edition has been reset; Parthena is Greek for "virgin"); index of authors and titles pp. 179-83. Most references to homosexuality are slight and occur in an overall context of heterosexuality (as is usual with this material). See poems "Socratic Love" pp. 11-13 by *Eugene Field (an important work based on *Socrates), "Man the Human" p. 23 by Anonymous, poem from *Priapeia LXXXIV pp. 24-26, "The Bastard King of England" by *Rudyard Kipling pp. 46-47, "Poor White Trash" p. 49 (possible gay reference), "Berkeley" p. 64, "Madame du Barry" by *Don Blanding p. 77 (possible hidden meaning - see *fairy), *"Christopher Columbo" pp. 87-88, "The Engineer's Song" pp. 94-95, "Why Dogs Leave a Nice Fat Bone" p. 98, "Battle Hymn of the 58th" p. 109, "Kissing" p. 111, "The Bugle Hall" p. 113, "There Was an Old Man" p. 119, "The Young Man of Calcutta" p. 130, "Amour" p. 131, "The Night of the King's Castration" pp. 141-43, "Yankee Doodle" p. 149-51. Collections of poems in Japanese from Japan from 905. These were anthologies compiled for Japanese *emperors; some contained an occasional gay poem or one that can be read as a gay poem: see Partings at Dawn, p. 103 - the poem here, by *Shinga Sozu, is from the first gay Japanese anthology, * Iwatsutsuji, and several poets in this anthology appear to have been in Imperial anthologies. The * Kokinshu is the earliest imperial anthology. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan: Period in Latin poetry from Italy and Greece from 31 B.C. to 324. The Roman Empire, centered in *Rome, extended from 31 B.C. to approximately 324 when Constantine moved the capital to *Istanbul. Major poets with entries for the period 31B.C.-324 are *Horace (65 B.C.-8), *Virgil (70 B.C.-19), *Martial (ca. 40-ca. 104) and Juvenal (ca. 60-ca. 140). *Ovid (43-17) tells the stories of homomyths. More problematical is *Persius (34-62). Later poets of some interest are *Nemesianus (active 283) and *Claudian (ca. 350-405). The Greek gay anthology the *Mousa Paidike was compiled in this period in the reign of the Emperor *Hadrian (ruled 117-30). After 235 the state was in turmoil except for intermittent periods of calm. The later empire saw the rise of *Christianity and *Neoplatonism. Latin poets in general who wrote in the Roman period are discussed in the general entry *Roman poets including poets who wrote during the republic (that is prior to 31 B.C.). (The empire continued in existence after 324 and in 395 it was divided into an eastern and western part; in 410 Rome was sacked.) Poet who wrote in Arabic. Active before 1200?, possibly active 550. The date is very uncertain. Consult *Brockelmann for sources. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition; this is the name of several Arabic poets and a pre-Islamic poet who died ca. 550 and who wrote erotic poetry; the name means "slave of god". Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition: see *"Liwat" article, 778: re dabib, i.e. crawling, in his poetry; possibly the early poet who died ca. 550. Anthology in English from the United States. San Diego: Greenleaf Classics, 1970. Not sighted. Mostly prose, it contains some poetry. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, lists all contributors. Known poets: *Allen Ginsberg, *Thomas Meyer, *Orlando Paris, *Walt Whitman, Jonathan Williams. This is the first anthology of the *gay liberation period though it takes its title from the ancient trope of *Priapus. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1627: edited by E. V. Griffith, San Diego: Greenleaf Classics, 1970. Anthology in English from the United States. *San Francisco: *Gay Sunshine, 1975, 32 pages. The full title is In Praise of Boys. Moorish Poems from Al-Andalus, Translated by Erskine Lane. This is the only complete Arabic anthology of homosexual poems in translation; some poems are *non gender specific but most are openly homosexual. The work was translated from the Spanish Poemas arabigoandalucas of *Emilio García Gomez by *Erskine Lane; Poemas arabigoandalucas in turn was translated from an Arabic manuscript of *Ibn Sa'id al-Maghribi which contained homosexual and heterosexual poems. Only the homosexual poems in the work are included in In Praise of Boys. The poets are seemingly all from Spain (some may be from north African states). Poets (using Spanish transliteration - see entries for further details): Ben Jaruf of *Cordoba (thirteenth century) pp. 7, 14, Ben al-Zaqqaq (twelfth century) p. 8, Ben Zaydun (eleventh century) p. 9, Ben Saraf (eleventh century) p. 10, Ben al-Sabuni of *Seville (thirteenth century) p. 11, Muhammad ben Galib al-Rusafi (twelfth century) pp. 12, 18, Ben Rasiq (eleventh cemtury) p. 13, Ben Jafacha of Alcira (1058-1138) pp. 15, 20, 28, Ben Muqana (eleventh century) pp.16-17, Abd al-Aziz ben Habra (eleventh century) p.18, Abul Hasan al-Husri (eleventh century) p. 19, Ben Mutarrif of Granada (eleventh century) p. 21, Abd al-Aziz ben al-Qabturnuh (eleventh century) p. 22, Ibrahim ben Utman (twelfth century) p. 23, Ben Abi Ruh of Algeciras (twelfth century) p. 24, Abd al-Rahman (twelfth century) p. 25, Abul Walid ben Muhammad (eleventh century) p. 26, Al-Radi Billah Yazid (twelfth century) p. 27, Ben Aisa of Valencia (twelfth century) p. 28, Yusuf ben Harun al-Ramadi (eleventh century) p. 29, Abu Bakr al-Turfusi (1059-1126) p. 30, Ben Ammar (eleventh century) p.31. Overall a fine gay anthology. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10746: same as Young. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1946. Anthology in English from the United States. A collection of prose and poems about *Walt Whitman. Philadelphia: Published by the Editors, 1893, 436 pp. It was edited by Whitman's executors: *Horace L. Traubel, *Richard Maurice Bucke and *Thomas B. Harned. The book consists of tributes to Whitman in poetry and prose (but mostly prose) by those who knew him or were influenced by him; some material is translated from the French of Gabriel Sarazin, the German of *Karl Knortz, and the Danish of Rudolf Schmidt. The title is legal terminology and means "in the matter of Walt Whitman". The poems constitute an anthology of works on the poet and, since Whitman was homosexual, a gay anthology. Poems: "Love and Death" by *John Addington Symonds pp. 1-12; "An old man once I saw" by George Horton (not directly about Whitman, however) p. 22; "Walt Whitman" by an *anonymous poet from British journal Punch p. 56; "To Walt Whitman" by Albert Edward Lancaster p. 212; "Walt Whitman" by Hamlin Garland p. 321; "Walt Whitman: March 26, 1892" by Francis Howard Williams p. 436. This is a notable work in that it gives the flavour of Whitman's achievement by many close to him. In The Life: A Black Gay Anthology Anthology in English from the United States. Boston, Alyson, 1986, 255 pages. The first *black gay anthology. The anthology is a mixture of prose (both fiction and non fiction) and poetry; there are some critical articles and an interview. (The same model was used for the anthology * Brother to Brother.) It was compiled by Jim Beam. Overall it is of high quality. The editor later died of *Aids. Poets who have poems in it: *Oye Apeji Ajanaku, *Blackberri (pseud.) - with an interview pp. 170-84, *Melvin Dixon, *Essex Hemphill, *Brad Johnson, *Craig A. Reynolds, *Philip Robinson, *Assotto Saint (pseud.), Jerry Thompson, *Donald A. Woods. There is an article on *Bruce Nugent pp. 209-20. Review: James White Review vol. 5 no. 2 pp. 14-15 by *Ernest Clay; Gay Times no. 103 (April 1987), 36-38. In the Manner of Friends: an anthology of lesbian and gay Quaker poetry Anthology in English from the United States. Published in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. ca.1990. It was compiled by *Steven Kirkman. Information from Gay Poetry Anthology Index on the *Internet. Not seen. Poet and critic from Japan who wrote in Japanese. 1900-1977. A famous Japanese writer who became interested in homosexuality after 1930. In 1960, his Shonen'ai no bigaku (*Aesthetics of Pederasty) won him the Japan Literary Prize; this has apparently been translated into German. He was a poet early in his career and later turned to prose. He has argued that "anal sensibility" is superior to "vaginal sensibility". He married in 1950. He wrote a book on *Tantric Buddhism; another book Kinshoku no anus of 1972, translates as The *Violet Anus (or Forbidden Colors of the Anus; "kinshoku" means forbidden colors and only loosely violet). Information came from his works held in the *Library of Congress. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan. Sexual relations with a member of the immediate family. Gay material of relevance in poetry dates from *Firdausi (ca. 1000) from Iran and who wrote in Persian. In English see *Matthew Arnold, *Byron (but his incestuous relations were heterosexual, with his sister), *Gavin Dillard, *Paul Durcan, John Ewbank, *Ben Madigan, *Dorothy Porter, *Graham Pyper, *Lloyd van Brunt, *Wayne Koestenbaum. Arabic: see *Epic poems. Igwave: see *Cosmogenic song. Persian: see *Firdausi. In Papua New Guinea and Australian aboriginal languages homosexuality may be involved in initiation ceremonies involving a close male relative. Work of censorship in Latin from Italy from ca. 1559. It is also the title of translations by *Martial into English, which title parodies the Latin work. Latin. The Index Expurgatorius was a list of books which might be freely read after certain passages had been deleted from them. It emerged from the * Index librorum prohibitorum (1559+) of the Catholic Church. References. In Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, third edition, 1997, edited by F. L, Cross, see "Index"; no date is given for the first publication of the Index Expurgatorius but it must have been after 1559 when the Index librorum prohibitorum started. English. Index Expurgatorius is the title of a translation of *Martial, London: Printed for Private Circulation, 1868, which achieved notoriety as the only translation into English in the nineteenth century; the translation is very stilted. It is now believed to be by *Edward Sellon, *G. A. Sala and *F. P Pike (see note in the entry in Kearney, Private Case, item 1124). The authors were probably aware of the reference to the Catholic work involved in the title. Very rare; two copies are in the *Private Case of the British Library (see Kearney, Private Case, items 1123-24). The work includes all passages normally not translated: in short all those which, at the time of publication, were expurgated in translation. A British paperback reprint was issued in the 1990s by Wordsworth. Work dealing with censorship written in English; works in Latin, French, German, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese and English are included. London: privately printed, 1877. Volume one of *H. S. Ashbee's bibliography of erotica (1877) was called by Ashbee - with tongue in cheek - * Index Librorum Prohibitorum: list of forbidden books. The title parodies the Catholic compilation of the same name, except that Ashbee described the books listed - and supposed not to be read since they were then censored in Great Britain - in vivid detail. The other two volumes of his bibliography of erotic books had different titles. See the *H. S. Ashbee entry for detailed discussion. Compare * Index Expurgatorius, an English translation of Martial which also parodies a Catholic work. For a detailed description see the entry under Ashbee in Kearney, Private Case, pp. 100-102. A work of censorship in Latin from Italy. From 1559. The Index librorum prohibitorum is a list of authors and books which Catholics are forbidden to read; it was frequently called The Index. It was published in Rome from 1559 in Latin, though previously an index was set up in *Venice (see *H. F. Brown); there were also local indexes in various parts of Europe (e.g., Paris). The Index was mainly concerned with orthodox religious belief with most titles on it concerning works relating to Catholic religious doctrine (especially Protestant works arguing against the dogmas of the Catholic church). It arose in the period of the Counter Reformation in response to the emerging Protestant religions and set the pattern for later state sponsored secular indexes. It was also a product of the printing revolution which had made books freely available. (Ancient Greek and Latin poets - such as those who wrote about homosex - were not included although it was stipulated they must not be put in the hands of young people.) Inclusion of a work meant excommunication of the author from the church. The Index was cumulative, being basically the same from 1571 to 1897 except for the addition of a few new works. It was reformed by Pope Leo the Thirteenth in 1897 when many authors and works were deleted. However by 1930, when it was titled Indice dei libri proibiti di Pio Papa XI, it still ran to 563 pages. The Index fell into disuse after 1966. Very few works of poetry were included, although the possibility of going onto the Index acted as a deterrent against the writing of erotic poetry by Catholics. By prohibiting works against Catholic doctrine, the index also stopped discussion of ideas and thus dramatically inhibited change. (Significantly, after the French Revolution in 1789, there was an outpouring of erotic book printing in France: see *Publishers - French.) Works by *Beccadelli, *Beze, *D'Annunzio, *Edward Gibbon, *Milton (his epic poem Paradise Lost), *Henry More, *Piron and the *Priapeia (banned in Italy from 1471 on) were included. Bibliography: see R. A. Burke, What is the Index?, Milwaukee, 1952; this includes a lists of writers in various categories who have been in the Index pp. 87-105. In German, F. H. Reusch, Der Index der verboten Bucher, 2 volumes (1883-85; repr.), is the most thorough study to 1883. *Index librorum prohibitorum was the name for a celebrated listing of erotica: see the separate entry. See also *Index Expurgatorius. References. C. G. Herbermann, Catholic Encyclopedia, New York, 1908: see "Censorship of Books". Hastings, Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics. New Catholic Encyclopedia, New York, 1967: see "Index of forbidden books". Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church: "Index"; important bibl. Kindlers neues Literatur Lexikon, vol.18: see *Index Librorum Prohibitorum; important bibl. Hyde, History of Pornography, 153-54: noting the edition of 1948 had 4,000 books. Lexikon des gesamten Buchwesens, second edition. Languages spoken in India. Records exist from ca. 200. These languages divide into two main families: the *Indic group in the north (which languages are part of the *Indo-European language family) and the *Dravidian language family in the south. Two other major language families are present in India: the *Sino-Tibetan in the north east and the Austro-Asiatic family, whose main languages are the Munda group spoken in central and north east India. The Nahali dialect spoken in Bihar may be a language isolate. There are also tribal languages spoken in India. There are fifteen official languages in India: English, Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Malayalam, Marathi, Oriya, Punjabi, Sanskrit (spoken by only 3,000 people in the 1970s and probably less today, though used by *Hindu priests), Tamil, Telugu and Urdu. English is a lingua franca and, though an official language until 1967, has not been officially dropped from the constitution due to agitation by Dravidian speakers who fear that Hindi would become the dominant language. States are organized around languages and India has been called "a nation of nations". These languages are written in nineteen major scripts all descended from the ancient Brahmi script. The Indic language, Sanskrit, in which the sacred texts of *Hinduism are written, is the oldest Indian language known (though the earliest *writing from south Asia is in a Dravidian language). The various spoken dialects of Sanskrit were known as Prakrits and became the modern spoken languages of northern India. (The Prakrit language Pali was the language of *Buddhism.) Urdu and Hindi are close; Urdu is written in Arabic script and Hindi in the script of Sanskrit, called Devanagari. Persian, written in the Arabic script, was introduced with the Persian invasions from ca. 1250 and became a lingua franca for many centuries. A comparative dictionary by Ralph Lilley Turner exists: A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London, 1969. There are very strong traditions of erotic poetry in Indian languages; these traditions have not been investigated homosexually. For the *Islamic languages spoken in India see Annemarie Schimmel, Islamic Literatures of India, 1973. A script called the Indus script (which is not alphabetic) has been found at the ancient cities of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa and other cities of the Indus valley in Pakistan (but formerly, under the British occupation, in India). It has not been fully deciphered; see James G. Février, Histoire de l'écriture, Paris, 1984, pp. 144-46. The script dates from before the Indo-Europeans moved into India and is in a *Dravidian language; it is one of the earliest scripts, contemporary with Sumerian cuneiform and has been reliably dated to 3,200 B. C. (information from the internet). See Jan Gonda, History of Indian Literature, Weisbaden, 1970+ (a huge undertaking, published in fascicles, covering the major languages individually and currently incomplete). R. C. Majumdar, History and Culture of the Indian Peoples, 1951+, 11 vols, (second edition 1964-77) has discussion of various Indian languages in each volume (see the index of each volume); this work was compiled in India with articles by Indian experts. Tribal languages. There are several hundred tribal languages in India with strong oral cultures. George Morrison, Linguistic Survey of India, 1903-28, lists 225 main languages and dialects. Over 800 languages were listed in the 1951 census. Anvita Abbi, Languages of tribal and indigenous peoples of India, Delhi, 1997 presents the latest research (with bibl.). An entry exists for Andamanese (spoken in the Andananese Islands in the Indian Ocean): see *Oral poems - Andaman island. New tribal languages in India have recently been discovered. In south India, there is a center for the study of tribal peoples. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Encyclopedia Britannica, Macropaedia, vol. 9, 285-86: see Linguistic groups (of India) . New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics: see under Indian Poetry (there is no separate entry for each language). Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature, vol. 1 : see "Indian literatures" (there are sections on the major languages, e.g., Hindi, Tamil). Other references. Winternitz, History of Indian Literature, volume 1, 34-43. Basham, The Wonder That Was India, 386-478. Dimock, Literatures of India: whole book (excellent introduction). Great Soviet Encyclopedia : see "Indology" (this is the name for the study of all things Indian); the article gives sources. Queneau, Histoire des littératures, volume one, 1748-52: lists the contents of chapters of the various Indian languages discussed. Movement of religion and philosophy in India in Sanskrit, Hindi, Urdu, Bengali and Punjabi and other languages from ca. 200 B.C. There is a huge mystical movement in India with an enormous volume of religious poetry which has strong homosexual undertones; in Sanskrit and Hindi the movement relates to *Hinduism and in Urdu, to *Sufism, while in Punjabi it relates to *Sikhism. This movement dates from the *Upanishads and includes the * Bhagavad Gita, the major religious poem of India. All recorded poetry before the twentieth century is religious and mystical in inspiration. See also the general entry *mysticism and *Indian philosophies and religions. Sanskrit: an erotic mystic poetry existed in the tenth and eleventh centuries which is explicitly sexual (God is male and the devotee is female but 'allegorical interpretations may be applicable). Hindi: see Hinduism, *Kabir. Urdu: see Sufism. Puniabi: see Sikhism. Bengali: see *Vaisnava poets. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lotus of Another Color, 28: re the poets *Kabir, *Chandidas, *Tulsidas and other mystics. Indian philosophies and religions Indian philosophies and religions can be dated from the rise of *Buddhism (from ca. 500 B.C.; texts are in Pali), though the *Vedas are alleged by Hindus to be earlier. Other religions are *Hinduism (Sanskrit and Hindi but also most other *Indian languages), Jainism, *Saivism, *Sikhism (Punjabi), *Tantrism, *Bhakti (in *Indic languages), *Islam (Urdu). There have been many modern philosophers or gurus e.g. Swami Vivekananda and *Ramakrishna (1836-86) whose bonding with his *disciples, including his main disciple Vivekananda, was highly homoerotic (see Ramakrishna and his Disciples by *Christopher Isherwood, 1964 on his life); see entries in Encyclopedia of Religion on these philosophers and religious teachers. *Rajneesh and *Heart-Master Da Love-Ananda are contemporary Indian philosophers who have preached religions of love, including physical love. Compare Jesus Christ. See also *Chants. Influence of Indian religions. *Buddhism spread to east and south-east Asia notably China, Japan and formerly Indonesia; it is the main religion in Burma, Thailand and Cambodia. Indian religions have been influential in eastern Europe, the United States and Australia. There is a world-wide revival of Buddhism. English. The United States movement "Transcendentalism has been the area of most influence: see The Orient in American Transcendentalism, New York, 1932 (influence of Puranas, * Upanishads and * Bhagavad Gita on Emerson, *Thoreau and Alcott); list of books read by them 278-323. *Walt Whitman was deeply influenced (following *Emerson). The rise of the counter culture in the 1960s especially in the United States saw the influence of Indian gurus who supported free love - which included homosexual expression (see *Rajneesh). *Allen Ginsberg has been greatly influenced by Buddhism and Indian religions and philosophies. German. These philosophies have had a strong influence in Germany especially from 1890 following the Germanic idealism of philosophers such as Hegel. *Theosophy (influential from the late nineteenth century) was strongly influenced by Indian religions and, since Theosophists saw sexuality as something wholesome, Theosophy attracted homosexuals (as well as bisexuals). Compare influence - Persian and see also *Orientalism. See also *Plotinus. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica: see "Indian Philosophy". Encyclopedia of Religion: see "Indian religions". New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, vol. 9: under "India" see "Popular Religious Music" pp. 144-45 for discussion of *songs *Hindu and *Moslim. Group in Mohave and other *North American Indian languages. Indians are the original inhabitants of the United States and Canada. They have existed in the United States from before 1620 when written records begin. See *Overview - North American Indian Languages for poetry in their languages. A literature in English by gay American Indians is coming into being: see the anthology * Living the Spirit for poets writing in English as at 1988. *Maurice Kenny is the best known poet; see also *William Cody and James L. White. In Mohave, as an example of a United States Indian language, see *Songs - Mohave. Contrast *Cowboys. An Indian poet who lives with a cowboy lover is *M. Owlfeather. See also *Lawrence William O'Connor. References. Katz, Gay American History: Section Four pp. 281-334 (historical documents). Languages spoken in India and Pakistan. These languages are the languages spoken in northern India where the dominant religion is *Hinduism; major languages are Sanskrit, Hindi, Urdu and Bengali. Material dates from ca. 200. The languages contrast with the languages of south India, the *Dravidian languages. The languages are part of the *Indo-Iranian group of the *Indo-European language family. The *Iranian languages are adjacent to the west. Indic languages include classical Sanskrit, Pali (the language of *Buddhism, a language close to classical Sanskrit) the medieval Prakrits or vernacular languages and the modern Prakrit vernaculars: Hindi and Urdu (also spoken in Afghanistan) which are close, Bengali, spoken in the state of Bengal in eastern India (also spoken in the neighboring state of Bangladesh), Oriya, Pashto (also spoken in Afghanistan and Pakistan), Punjabi, Marathi, Gujarati, Maithili (sometimes called Bihari), Rajasthani, Assamese, Kashmiri, Nepali, Sindhi and Sinhalese (spoken in Sri Lanka). Apart from Urdu, which is mainly spoken by *Moslems, the main religion of these languages is *Hinduism. Romany, the language of the gypsies, is spoken in India and seems to have originated there. Hindi has the largest number of speakers; Bengali is next in number. In India, states of the Republic are usually organized around the main language spoken and India has been called "a nation of nations". In comparison with Urdu and Persian, little material has emerged in the Indic languages of Hinduism so far directly relating to physical homosexuality (but see *Hijras). However, homosexuality is sublimated into the cosmology of *Indian philosophy and religions and *mysticism and *allegorical interpretations of poems are highly important (see * Upanishads, *Siva, Jayadeva). Urdu has the most directly homosexual material. The languages have been strongly influenced by Persian which is close to Urdu. Strong *oral traditions exist in all these languages. See Ganga Man Garg, An Encyclopedia of Indian Literature, Delhi, 1982 for information on ancient authors; Dictionary of Oriental Literatures and Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. References. Katzner, Languages of the World, 2. Basham, The Wonder That Was India, 386-478. Dimock, Literatures of India: whole book Indirect language and coded language Words in Chinese, Japanese and Italian from China, Japan and Italy. From ca. 618. Chinese. Chinese has many euphemisms referring indirectly to sexuality - e.g., "stalk of jade" means penis. References to the peony flower are invariably references to sexuality. In the erotic anthology Stalks of Jade, trans. by Martin Booth, 1977, see poem p.17 on two lovers watching hares (possibly the poem is about homosexual lovers since t'zu-tzi, a hare, also meant a homosexual). Wang-pa, a tortoise, also meant a homosexual. Indirect language was much used from the time of the *T'ang period (which began in 618), but the custom may start with the * Shih Ching. See *Na-lan hsing-te on the phrase "orchid dress". "Clouds and rain" was a Chinese phrase referring to the period just after reaching orgasm (usually in heterosexual sex); "upside down clouds" was homosexuality. Chinese indirect expressions seem to have influenced Thai sexual expressions (see *Overview - Thai). Reid Eternal Flame, volume 2, p. p. 443, gives a list of euphemisms for sexual terms. Japanese. Japanese poetry was strongly influenced by Chinese and such language appears in *Haiku: see Henderson, Introduction to Haiku, p. 19. See *Kakinomoto Hitomaro, *Buson, *Kiyomitsu. Italian. See *Bernesque poetry. The genre Canzona de' fruttaouli in which various fruits are mentioned is relevant; grapes in these poems refer to sodomy, apples heterosexuality, peaches have homosexual reference aand chestnuts refer to the male member. See for instance Filippo Cambi, Canzona de' fruttaouoli, in Riccardo Bruscagli, editor, Trionfi e canti carnascialeschi toscani del rinascimiento, Rome, 1986 (an English translation exists by Professor Nerida Newbiggin, University of Sydney; collection: *Paul Knobel). See also *Hermetic readings. Language family which spreads from India to Ireland, from Europe to Asia and from the Atlantic Ocean to the Arctic Ocean to the Indian Ocean; it is now thought that the original Indo-Europeans came from the Steppes of Russia, north of the Caspian and Ural Seas. Records exist from before 1,200 B.C. with the Hittite version of * Gilgamesh. These languages are some of the most widely-spoken in the world. Ancient Indo-European languages with extensive homosexual poetry surviving in written records include Greek and Latin. The Indo-European languages consist of several groups: *Germanic languages (which includes English, German, Dutch, Norwegian and Swedish), *Romance languages (Latin, French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese and Catalan - these languages all being descended from Latin), *Iberian languages (Spanish, Portuguese and Catalan; a sub group of the Romance languages), *Slavic languages (Russian, Polish, Czech, Serbo-Croat - languages all spoken in eastern Europe and the Balkans), *Iranian languages (the languages of Iran and nearby countries all of which are close to Persian: they include Persian, Pashto - sometimes called Afghan or Afghan Dari, spoken in Afghanistan - , Kurdish, Ossetic, Tajik - spoken in eastern Iran - and Baluchi) and *Indic languages (the Indo-European languages of India: Hindi, Urdu, Bengali, Oriya, Pashto, Punjabi, Marathi, Gujarati, Bihari - usually called Maithili - Rajasthani, Assamese, Kashmiri, Nepali, Sindhi and Sinhalese - spoken in Sri Lanka). Note: the terms Indo-Germanic and Aryan were formerly used for Indo-European. The term *Indo-Aryan refers to the Indo-European languages of India as in Ralph Lilley Turner's dictionary. *European languages, the languages spoke in Europe, are discussed separately. English, the most widely-spoken language of the family is now a world language spoken in every country of the world and extensively used on the internet; Spanish and Portugese are also widely spoken. In Asia, Persian is closely related to Pashto and Urdu, Hindi is the most widely spoken language in India, while Bengali - spoken in the state of Bengal in India and the adjacent country of Bangladesh - is the most easterly spoken. The languages are documented from the Hittite version of *Gilgamesh (from before 1200 B.C.) from Turkey; literary remains in Luwian exists. Indo-Iranian languages, also called Indo-Aryan languages Language group from Iran and India. This subgroup of the Indo-European language family includes two branches: the *Iranian and the *Indic. Sanskrit has the oldest relevant material. Material survives from 200. The languages are sometimes called Indo-Aryan. Iranian languages include Persian, Pashto, Kurdish, Baluchi, Tajik, Ossetian, Afghan (see the separate entry). Indic languages include Sanskrit, Hindi, Urdu, Bengali and Punjabi (see separate entry). Romany is part of the Indic group. Colin P. Masica in The Indo-Aryan Languages, Cambridge, 1991, limits the use of Indo-Aryan to Indo-Europeanlanguages of India, Pakistan, Nepal, Sri Lankaand the Maldive Islands. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica: see "Indian Philosophy". Encyclopedia of Religion: see "Indian religions". New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, vol. 9: under "India" see "Popular Religious Music" pp. 144-45 for discussion of *songs *Hindu and *Moslim. Encyclopedia Britannica, Macropedia vol. 9; there is a map p.442. Katzner, Languages of the World, 2. Infibulation is the fastening up of the sexual organs with a clasp or brooch. References in poetry survive in Latin from Italy from *Martial from ca. 85. See Eric John Dingwall, Male Infibulation, London, 1925. Chapter 1, "The Roman Form" pp. 1-66, discusses Latin sources including *Martial, active ca. 85 (poems xiv 215, vii 82, xi 75, ix 27), and Juvenal ("Satire 6", lines 73 and 379; homosexual reference is slight and in connection with *actors. Chapter 2 is called "The Greek Form" pp. 67-123 (see pp. 70-71: two poetic fragments, not homosexual; material cannot be ruled out however). See also Chapter 3 "Phallus Curvatus" pp. 124-37. See also * Private Case. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Ullstein Enzyklopädie der Sexualität. Arabic, is the language of the *Islamic holy book, the * Koran, which in strict Islamic belief is only supposed to be read in Arabic. It therfore is a widely known language in all Islamic countries. Influence dates from ca. 650. All islamic languages were influenced by Arabic as the large number of adopted words in them from Arabic show (e.g. even Malay and Bahasa Indonesia and even in poetic genres - see *pantun); see also the tropes *wine, *saki and *coming of the beard. The European *Courtly Love tradition was widely influenced by Arabic poetry: see "The Arabic Contribution to *Troubadour Poetry" in Gustave E. Grunebaum, Themes in Medieval Arabic Literature, 1946, pp. 138-51 - this article is one of the most important studies of the influence of Arabic love poetry on the courtly love movement. Greek. See, in the Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium "Arabic Literature"; this article has a very important bibliography. Hebrew. Arabic exerted a major influence on the *Medieval Hebrew poets of Spain; see Roth, "Deal Gently with the Young Man", 24-28. Persian. In Encyclopedia Iranica, see the article "Arabic Influences in Persian Literature" (vol. 2, pp. 233-37); see also "Arabic Literature in Iran" following this article. After the Arabs invaded Persia in the seventh century, the Arabic alphabet being used for writing (e.g., in Persian, Turkish and Urdu) and Arabic poetic forms were introduced. The *qasida form was borrowed from Arabic. See also influence - Persian as Persian then in turn influenced other languages. The Arabic poet *Abu Nuwas was a Persian. Turkish. After Turkish conquests of Arabic-speaking countries influence was continuous; see influence - Turkish. Turkish influenced other Islamic languages in turn. *Turkic languages took Arabic across central Asia (called *Turkestan by some) as far as Mongolia. Spanish. See *Muwashsha and see Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality, p. 258. A large number of poets has been translated into Spanish, thus making homopoetry available in a *Romance language (this goes back to the time of *Garcia Lorca at least - see *Garcia Gomez). For the years 1982-1991, see Journal of Arabic Literature vol. xxii, 182-85. Catalan and Provencal: see *Courtly love. Hausa. This language of Africa shows strong Arabic influence and has a large corpus of islamic mystical poetry. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion: see "Islamic Poetry". Chinese gay poetry influence was strong on all languages which were written in Chinese characters: Korean, Japanese and Vietnamese. Influence dates from at least the *T'ang period, from ca. 900 at least. Other languages influenced by Chinese include languages of the Buddhist countries Tibet, Mongolia, Burma and Thailand. The *friendship tradition was especially strong in Chinese and its associated languages; *Li Bai and Tu Fu, classic poet friends in the Chinese *T'ang period, provided prototypes of perfect friendship. *Confucianism permeated Korean, Japanese and Vietnamese cultures. Chinese poetic genres influenced poetic genres in these languages. *Dancing boys, theater and gay tea houses all occurred in these languages on the Chinese model. Chinese influence on individual languages. Korean. See the Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature article "Chinese Literature in Korean Translation" (which dates from the invention of the Korean alphabet ca. 1443). Influence dates from the year 100. Japanese. See the Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature article "Chinese Literature in Japanese Translation". Influence dates from 712. There is a huge volume of literature written in Chinese in Japan. Chinese classics were also printed in Japan. In the Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan, see the article "Chinese literature and Japanese Literature". Vietnamese: see, in the Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature, the article "Chinese as a Literary Language". In Vietnam a Chinese administration was established in the year 42. The T'ang poets were translated into Vietnamese. Vietnamese was written in Chinese characters (called Chu'nom) from ca. 1200 and probably from the *Tang period. Chinese had a major influence on Vietnamese poetry themes and styles. Mongolian. See the article "Chinese Literature in Mongol Translation" in Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature. Thai. Northern Thai is written in a script based on Chinese characters. Manchu: see "Chinese Literature in Manchu Translation" in Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature. Manchu was the language spoken by the last Chinese dynasty, the *Ch'ing. The erotic novel Chin P'ing Mei (The Golden Lotus) which features homosexuality and includes some poems was translated into both Mongolian and Manchu (see *Chinese novels); Confucian classics were translated into Mongolian, including the * Shih Ching, the classic of poetry, but little poetry was translated into Manchu. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. See articles in Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature listed above. Belonging to the most widely spoken world language in numbers of speakers, English gay poetry has had an enormous influence on the work of other poets in non-English languages. Influence dates from ca. 1100 since the world of close *male bonding in *Old English relates to a similar world in old high German and old Norse. The founding of the United States colonies from 1620 saw the beginnings of the spread of English overseas; this was followed by colonies in Canada, India, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand where English literary models became the basis of local English language literatures. Contemporary gay poetry *anthologies are perhaps the major influence at work today as they are large in number and can even be bought on the internet. *Shakespeare's Sonnets, *Whitman (in French, Italian and German, and Japanese and other languages from 1880), *Edward Fitzgerald's * Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, *Wilde's Ballad of Reading Goal and *Allen Ginsberg are major gay poets and works which have circulated widely in translation. English influence was especially strong in the *eighteen-nineties period - e.g. *Alfred Douglas and *Oscar Wilde - and in the *gay liberation periods. French gay literature from France has been very influential on other *Romance languages especially Spanish, Italian and Portuguese. Influence has extended as far as South America and dates from ca. 1600. In the seventeenth century, homosexual amorous poetry written in French was probably known to the court of Charles II when it was in exile in France (it appears to have influenced the poetry of *Rochester). The fact that such poetry could be written must have come as a shock to the *Puritanical English. *Rimbaud, *Verlaine and the *decadent poets have had a huge influence and are the most influential French gay poets, influencing *Oscar Wilde, *Alfred Douglas and English *eighteen nineties poets and others across Europe as far as Russia and Greece. Rimbaud exercise most influence both in France and abroad, while Verlaine particularly influenced Russian poets of the late nineteenth century and his influence extended even to China. As an outlaw, *Villon has provided a model for twentieth century gay poets. *Symbolism and *surrealism, both movements which began in France, became major movements in poetry as well as art: for example symbolism influenced the German poet *Stefan George and surrealism was influential on the English poet *Hart Crane. The French translation of the poems of Lord Alfred Dougas, 1896, was widely read, as far as Greece. In the twentieth century, *André Gide, though not a poet, has been influential. Jean Cocteau, who was known to be gay, has had a huge influence outside France especially in Spain. Jean Genet has had the widest influence on other writers in the twentieth century - as far away as the United States and in Japanese in the work of *Takahashi Mutsuo; Genet's novels were some of the earliest works dealing with explicit homosexual sex to reach a general audience. German gay poetry has greatly influenced the Germanic languages closest to it: Dutch, Danish, Norwegian and Swedish where German is readily understood. There has also been corresponding influence from these languages on German, especially from Dutch. Influence has been especially strong in the *gay liberation period. Relevant German influence dates from ca. 1200. *August von Platen and *Stefan George have been the most influential earlier poets and *Goethe is the German poet who has been most widely read. The *pederast John Henry Mackay has been taken up in the United States. The contemporary poet *Detlev von Meyer has been translated into Dutch. In the Old German period German, Norse and Old English poetry all show close male bonding; these languages were then closer and influence was greater. German is widely spoken as a second language in Poland and Russia and in the south Slavic countries and was in 1997 the sixth or seventh largest spoken language in the world. Greek gay poetry has been very influential on the languages of western Europe from at least 146 B.C. and on Persian and islamic languages from at least this time. Influence on Latin and *European languages. Influence of Greek poetry on Latin poetry was huge after the Romans captured Greece in 146 B.C., since the Romans were enamoured of Greek culture and many were bilingual. The homosexual character of much ensuing poetry in Latin needs to be seen against the background of similar works in Greek. See *Alcaic, *Sapphic, *Epigram (especially for *Martial), *Catullus, *Pastoral. Through Latin models, Greek homopoetry had a strong influence on *European languages (e. g., *Virgil's "Second Eclogue" influenced *Pastoral poetry). Arabic. See Beeston, Arabic Literature to the End of the Umayyad Period, Cambridge, UK, pp. 460 - 82, "The Greek Impact on Arabic Literature" by L. E. Goodman (however, this mainly discusses the impact of philosophy and science). *Oral poems and *singing boy traditions are almost certainly major points of contact for homosexual poetry. Turkish. *Dancing boy customs and *drinking songs show influence. Influence between Greek and Turkish has been two way: see *Rebetika. Persian. Though the Greeks and the Persians were historically enemies and the Persians nearly captured *Athens, influence cannot be ruled out, especially through *oral songs and poems involving dancing boys, customs which also existed in other middle eastern cutlures. Persian gay poetry - and Persian poetry in general - has influenced Arabic, Turkish, Tajik and Urdu poetry as well as the poetry of other *Iranian languages (of which Persian is the dominant language). Influence dates from at least ca. 1100 with *Firdausi. The rise of *Orientalism in the late eighteenth century saw Persian poetry increasingly translated into European languages. The most widely read Persian poet in *European and other languages is *Omar Khayyam especially through *Edward Fitzgerald (whose translation has in turn been extensively translated). The poetry of *Hafiz inspired *Goethe and *Platen. Persian *Sufi poetry, strongly homosexual in basis - see *Rumi - has influenced the Sufi poetry of other *Islamic languages especially Turkish poetry (e.g., *Yunus Emre). *Sa'di was very influential in all Islamic languages, especially Turkish. The Persian *epic poem the Shahnamah of *Firdausi has greatly influenced epics of surrounding central Asia (see * Manas epic, *Epics) and in turn was probably influenced by them. There has been much movement by poets around the Islamic world; for instance, the Arabic poet *Abu Nuwas was Persian but lived in *Baghdad. See also the poetic forms * ghazal, *mathnavi, *khamriyya. Arabic. See Beeston, Arabic Literature to the End of the Umayyad Period, pp. 483-96: "The Persian Impact on Arabic Literature" by C. E. Bosworth (this is the place to start in research). Urdu. Influence was very strong - see *Muhammad Sadiq and see also Umar Muhammad Daupota, The Influence of Arabic Poetry on the Development of Persian Poetry, Bombay, 1934. India. See Rypka, History of Iranian Literature, pp. 711-34 - the article by Jan Marek, "Persian Literature in India" - and Annemarie Schimmel, Islamic Literatures of India, 1973. Influence on Hindi poets - e.g. *Kabir - was strong (Persian dynasties occupied India from ca. 1200 to 1700). English. United Kingdom and United States. See J. D. Yohannan, Persian Poetry in England and America, 1977 - a very detailed study of the publication and reception history of Persian poetry in English; with bibliography of translations pp. 303-51. Georgian and Armenian. See also 'Overview - Georgian and 'Overview - Armenian. Greek. Oral influence especially though 'dancing boy *songs cannot be ruled out; this may be very ancient and date back to ancient Greece when Persian and Greek were contiguous languages and *Alexander the Great invaded iran. References. See Arberry, Legacy of Persia, "Persian Literature" article: this discusses the influence of Persian. Encyclopedia of Religion: see "Islamic Poetry". Following the Turkish invasions of the Arabic speaking *Islamic lands from ca. 1400, Turkish poetry was highly influenced by Arabic and Persian poetry. The Turks were the dominant power in Syria, Egypt and Iraq (which they reached in 1483) until the early twentieth century and there was interconnections between Turkish, Arabic and Persian and other *Islamic languages (such as Urdu) from this point on - see *ghazal, *mathnavi. Poems were written in Turkish by *Babar as far away as India (which shows the extent of the spread of Turkish). Arabic, the language of the * Koran, was a mediating language in the spread of Turkish influence. See especially *gender switching regarding the convention of addressing love poems to a male beloved which may or may not be a man. This convention is very complex and appears in all *Islamic languages. *Turkic languages are all very close and influence between them was strong: see *Epics regarding Turkish languages of Central Asia. Turkish domination of the Balkans undoubtedly influenced Serbo-Croat and Greek oral poetry especially 'epics (see also * rebetika) - and vice versa. (Greece was occupied by the Turks for several centuries until the early nineteenth century.) Serbo-Croat: see Alfred Bates Lord, "The effect of the Turkish conquest on Balkan Epic", in Henrik Birnbaum, editor, Aspects of the Balkans, 1972, pp. 298318. See also influence - Arabic, - Persian. References. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion: "Islamic Poetry". Poet from Australia writing in English. 1913-1955. A poet who founded the Jindyworobak movement which espoused the Aboriginal cause. In At the Boundary (Adelaide, 1941), p. 6 see "To John": "How my eyes, misting/ at the outrageous cloud hearth/ follow you" (this poem may however be written to his son). He married a woman and had three sons. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Australian Dictionary of Biography. Initiation ceremonies are rites of passage from childhood to manhood. They are usually accompanied in oral cultures in Papua New Guinea, Africa and Australia by songs, oral poems and chants. Records exist from ca. 1900. The ceremonies frequently involve pain and have elements of *sado-masochism (e.g. in the Aranda - see *T. G. H. Strehlow); in this respect they are ceremonies to test males for the ability to stand pain. *Anal sex and *fellatio occur in Papua New Guinea rites, usually in relation to fertility rites (these practices are associated with homosexuality in some initiation rites in Africa, for instance in Nigeria - see 'Initiation songs and chants - Jjaw). In many cultures these ceremonies are no longer carried out. *Songs, *chants and rituals connected with initiations are relevant. Male bonding, involving long periods secluded from women, and ritual dances are a feature of these ceremonies and frequently feature elaborate masquerades with the wearing of masks, especially in Africa. 'Papua New Guinea languages: see 'Overview - Papua New Guinea Languages. Southeast Asian languages: see 'Overview - Southeast Asia. Australian Aboriginal languages. See 'Overview - Australian Aboriginal languages, 'Songs - Aranda. On homosexual aspects see 'Les Hiatt. 'African cultures. See *J. B. Laubscher (re 'Bantu languages'). 'Oral poems - Balonda, initiation songs and chants - Ijaw, *Songs - Kaguru. *Rachewiltz, Black Eros, p. 283, states "Sodomy is also known to occur among various tribes, and is often practiced as a fertility rite"; see also Chapter 5, pp.151-228, of this book regarding initiation ceremonies (with many illustrations, including masks). See also *African religions and initiation songs. References. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion: "Initiation"; notes, p.152, that one theory "emphasizes the sexual element" suggesting such societies are based on "homoerotic attraction"; see also "Secret Societies". Brongersma, Loving Boys, volume1, 158-71. Journal of Homosexuality 20 (1990), 19-20: in the article by *Bleibtreu-Ehrenberg. Initiation songs and chants - Asmat Songs and oral poems from Indonesia in Asmat. From 1964. Herdt, Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia, pp. 29-30, notes institutionalized homosexuality exists dating from 1964 but the situation is cloudy. *Chants and oral songs are relevant. The Asmat who live in south west Papua, the province of Indonesia formerly called Irian Jaya, along the coast have now had extensive modern contact since incorporation into Indonesia. Tobias Schneebaum in Where the Spirits Dwell, New York, 1988, records initiation ceremonies involving homosexual sex (p. 86) and homosexual contact on a personal level in 1975 (*songs are sung in everyday situations by the men he had sex with); he has an Asmat-English homoerotic lexis pp. 207-09. On Schneebaum see the interview with Joseph Beam, "Taking us to Where the Spirits Dwell", Advocate no. 503, 19 July 1988, 48-50. Initiation songs and chants - Baruya Songs and oral poems from Papua New Guinea in Baruya. From 1976. The Baruya live along the Kikori River in southern Papua New Guinea; the river runs into the Gulf of Papua. The Etoro are neighbors - see initiation songs and chants - Etoro. *Oral *chants and songs in connection with ritualized homosexuality have been reported (Jadran Mimica, University of Sydney Anthroppology Department to me). See Maurice Godelier, The Making of Great Men, 1986, pp. 51-52: notes the use of sperm in initiation ceremonies with *fellatio apparently involved; states the knowledge of this is *secret. Initiation songs and chants - Bedamini Songs and oral poems from Papua New Guinea in Bedamini. From 1976. The Bedamini live along the Kikori River in southern Papua New Guinea; the river runs into the Gulf of Papua. The Etoro are neighbors - see initiation songs and chants - Etoro. See Herdt, Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia, pp. 318-336: Arve S0rum, "Growth and Decay: Bedamini Notions of Sexualty" - *chants and oral poems in connection with ritualized homosexuality in initiation ceremonies. Analysis dates from 1976. Initiation songs and chants - Etoro Oral poems and songs from Papua New Guinea in Etoro. From 1977. See Herdt, Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia, pp. 277-78: *ritualized homosexuality and *fellatio in initiation ceremonies. The Etoro live along the Kikori River in southern Papua New Guinea; the river runs into the Gulf of Papua. Homosexuality exists in relation to ritual ceremonies. The Kaluli and Gebusi are neighbors (see initiation songs and chants - Kaluli, - Gebusi). *Oral chants and songs in connection with ritualized homosexuality are likely. On the Etoro see Raymond Kelly, Etoro Social Structure, 1977, and Peter Dwyer, The Pigs that ate the Garden, Ann Arbor, 1990. Initiation songs and chants - Foi Songs and oral poems from Papua New Guinea in Foi. From 1978. The Foi people live in the southern highlands of Papua New Guinea. *Chants and oral poems in connection with ritualized homosexuality in initiation ceremonies are relevant. Analysis dates from ca. 1988. See "Foi" in Terence E. Hays, Encyclopedia of World Cultures (Boston, 1991), vol. 2, "Oceania", pp. 59-62 by James F. Weiner, who has written anthropological studies of this southern highlands people; on p. 60 he refers to "the boys' homosexual initiation cult"; bibl. p. 62. Initiation songs and chants - Gebusi Songs and oral poems from Papua New Guinea in Gebusi from 1983. The Gebusi live along the Kikori River in southern Papua New Guinea; the river runs into the Gulf of Papua. The Kaluli are neighbors (see initiation songs and chants - Kaluli). *Oral poems and *chants in connection with ritualized homosexuality are relevant. See *Bruce Knauft and E. Cantrell, "Ritual form and permutation in the Strickland-Bosavi Area" (paper presented to the American Anthropological Association); cited in Journal of Homosexuality vol. 11 no. 3-4 (Summer 1985), 68. (This is an unpublished manuscript.) Initiation songs and chants - Ijaw Oral poems and songs from Nigeria in Ijaw. From before 1964. See Rachewiltz, Black Eros, 283: "ritual coitus may occur during the initiation of boys" in the Ijaw. Songs, chants and oral poems of these rituals are therefore relevant. They are an African tribe. Initiation songs and chants - Iqwaye Songs and oral poems in Papua New Guinea in Iqwaye a language in the *Papua New Guinea family. Known from ca. 1940. See Jadran Mimica, "The incest Passion: an outline of the Logic of Iqawye Social Organization", Oceania vol. 62 no. 1 (September 1991) 34 ff. and especially part two, Oceania vol. 62 no. 2 (December 1991), 81-112. *Chants and oral songs are relevant in regard to ceremonies involving *fellatio. The ceremonies were abandoned recently. The Iqwaye are a Yagwoia group (see also the entry for this language). Initiation songs and chants - Kaluli Songs and oral poems from Papua New Guinea in Kaluli. From 1976. The Kaluli live along the Kikori River in southern Papua New Guinea; the river runs into the Gulf of Papua. The Gebusi are neighbors - see initiation songs and chants - Gebusi. *Oral poems and *chants in connnection with ritualized homosexuality in initiation ceremonies are relevant. For discussion of initiation songs, see Edward Schiefflin, The Sorrow of the Lonely and the Burning of the Dancers, 1976, pp. 21-25 (re Gisaro ceremony), 12628 (re homosexual intercourse in initiation ceremonies), 170-71. Steven Feld, Sound and Sentiment: Birds, Weeping, Poetics, and Song in Kaluli Expression, 1982, is a work on these people. References. Herdt, Rituals of Manhood, 115-200 (discussion by Michael Allen). Initiation songs and chants - Keraki Songs and oral poems from Papua New Guinea in Keraki recorded from 1936. The Keraki live in southern Papua New Guinea below the Fly River along the coast adjoining the Gulf of Papua. See Herdt, Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia, pp. 20-22. F. E. Williams, in Papuans of the Trans-Fly, 1936, pp. 158-59, first recorded *ritualized *anal sex associated with initiation ceremonies; initiation is discussed in Chapter 11, "Initiation and the Bull-roarer" pp. 181-206. *Chants and songs associated with initiation ceremonies are relevant. Initiation songs and chants - Kimam Songs and oral poems from Indonesia in Kimam from 1965. See Herdt, Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia, pp. 292-317: "The Ritual Meaning of Homosexuality and *Pedophilia among the Kimam-Papuans of South Irian Jaya" by Laurent Serpenti. *Chants and oral poems in connection with ritualized homosexuality in initiation ceremonies occur. The Kimam people live on Kolepom Island, a large island, off the south coast of Papua, the province of Indonesia formerly called Irian Jaya, to the west of Papua New Guinea. Material dates from 1965. See also Journal of Homosexuality, vol.11 no. 3- 4 (Summer 1985), 55-68, "Growing Yams and Men: An Interpretation of Male Ritualized Homosexual Behavior" by J. Patrick Gray; bibl., 68. This article argues that ritualized homosexuality is linked with the fertility rites associated with yam growing and *magic. Sperm rubbing on the body and *anal sex occur in initiation ceremonies (p. 61); the suppression of the bachelors' huts (where all single male lived) following the advent of *Christianity has made collection of data difficult. Yams are part of religious rituals in many tribes in Papua New Guinea and even in Australia, where they are grown as far as central Australia. Initiation songs and chants - Kiwai Songs and oral poems from Papua New Guinea in Kiwai, a *Papua New Guinea language. From 1927. The Kiwai people live near the Fly River in southern Papua New Guinaea (the river runs into the Gulf of Papua). Ritual songs associated with the initiation ceremonies are relevant. See Herdt, Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia, pp. 282-84 in the article "Male Couples in New Guinea" by Eric Schimmer: states that ceremonies, involving sperm, related to increase in the number of dugong fish are the major focal point; males are fed male sperm mixed with female vulva secretion. See also *Bruce M. Knauft, "The Question of Ritualised Homosexuality among the Kiwai of South New Guinea", Journal of Pacific History, vol. 25 no. 2 (1990), 188-210 (maps of the area are on pp. 189 and 190). Ritualized rectal intercourse in initiation possibly exists. Ethnologic records date from 1927 - see Herdt, Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia, p. 282 - though anthropological reports date from 1885 (see Knauft article p. 193). Songs exist for everything. The culture is based on secrecy. Initiation songs and chants - Marind-anim Songs and oral poems from Papua New Guinea and Indonesia in Marind-anim, a *Papua New Guinea language. From 1935. The Marind-anim live in south western Papua New Guinea along the coast but mainly in the eastern part of Papua, formerly called Irian Jaya, the province of Indonesia adjoining Papua New Guinea. Ritualized rectal intercourse occurred in initiation (this practice has now ceased). *Chants and songs in initiation ceremonies are relevant. Material dates from 1935: see F. E. Williams, Papuans of the Trans-Fly, 1969, pp. xxv-xxvii, and J. van Baal, Dema: Description and Analysis of Marind-Anim Culture, The Hague, 1966, which has gay material; see Chapter xi, Part 7, pp. 645-56, 'Initiation Rites" and p. 975. See also *Bruce Knauft, *Overview - Oral languages of Southeast Asia and *snake and serpent motifs. References. Herdt, Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia, 128-66: article by J. Van Baal. Initiation songs and chants - Onabasulu Songs and oral poems from Papua New Guinea and Indonesia in Onabasulu from before 1964. The tribe live in southwest Papua and in southeast Papua, the province of Indonesia formerly called Irian Jaya. See Thomas M. Ernest, "Onabasulu Male Homosexuality", Oceania vol. 62 no. 1 (September 1991), 1 - insemination of males by males takes place in initiation ceremonies. *Chants and songs are relevant. The practice seemed to cease in 1964 when initiation rites were abandoned. Initiation songs and chants - Sambian Songs and oral poems from Papua New Guinea in Sambian. From ca. 1974. The Sambia are an eastern highlands tribe: see Herdt, Rituals of Manhood, pp. 44-98, "Fetish and Fantasy in Sambia Initiation" by Gilbert Herdt: examines the symbolic behavior surrounding the ritual flutes involving secret homosexual *fellatio in the first stage of the Sambia initiation ceremonies. See also Herdt, Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia, pp. 167-210, "Semen Transactions in Sambia Culture". *Chants and songs are sung in ritualized homosexual initiation ceremonies. The homosexual passing on of semen in these rituals is germane to the tribal cosmology of the world. *Gilbert Herdt's whole book, Guardians of the Flute, 1981, deals with ritualized homosexuality among the Sambia and was a landmark study of *ritualized homosexuality. Initiation songs and chants - Yaroinga Songs and oral poems from Australia in Yaroinga, an *Australian Aboriginal language. From before 1900. The tribe was at Port Headingly (it has not been possible to find out where Port Headingly is; it is possibly in Western Australia or maybe in central Queensland). This could be a mistake for Port Headland. See W. E. Roth, "Ethnopornographia" in Venus Oceanica, New York, 1935, p. 380 - singing and dancing in connection with ritual initiation (see remarks on pages pp. 379-80 and the illustration p. 380). Songs and oral poems are relevant. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1923. A poet who believes in *androgynous awareness. The author of several books. Poems appeared in * Gay Sunshine. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Orgasms of Light, 101-04; biog., 254 - a *Communist 1947-56 and married 1969-1975. Amerikanike homophylophile poiese, 33-34; biog., 70: trans. into Greek. Black Men/ White Men, 135-38; biog., 235. Voices Against the Wilderness, 53-56; from "Tucson". Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, 206-07; biog., 206. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 686-88. Library and archive from Spain with material mainly in Catalan and Spanish. In existence before 1988. Situated in *Barcelona, the library is well organized, part of the city's gay organization called Institut Lambda and publishes a journal titled Lambda. Institute for Advanced Study of Human Sexuality Archive and library in the United States relating to works in English. Active 1990. The institute is at 1523 Franklin Street, *San Francisco, California 94109. For a description of its library see the article by Gwendolyn L. Pershing, "Erotica Research Collections", in Libraries Erotica, Pornography, edited by Martha *Cornog, 1991, pp. 194-95. The literature collection contains over 250,000 items and there is a large art collection, including 300,000 slides and photographs. Poems in Latin, Mayan, Norse, Persian, Catalan, English, Maori and Tikopia from Mexico, Iceland, Iran, Spain, Great Britain and New Zealand date from 54 B.C. in Latin. Insult poems in which a man is accused of homosexuality are very widespread. On this subject see aslo *Effeminacy. Latin: see 'Catullus (active 54 B.C.), 'Martial (homosexual vilification frequently occurs in his poems). For Mavan see 'Songs - Mayan and * Books ofChilam Balam (ca. 1200). Norse. From 1200: see *Edda, Skaldic poetry, Helgakvitha Hundingsbana I. Poems involving homosexual insults are common in old Norse. Persian. See 'Paul Sprachman for discussion. Catalan. 'Conon de Bethune, 'Guillem de Bergueda. English. See 'Robert Herrick. Turkish. See 'Oral poems - Turkish. Maori. Such poems have not come to light in relation to homosexuality so far but as insult poems are very common, they are likely to exist. See 'Overview - Maori for details. Tikopia. Poems directly referring to homosexuality have not come to light so far but are likely. See *Overview - Polynesian for details. Library and archive in the United States mainly in English. Incorporated in 1979 in *Los Angeles. It was founded by Jim Kepner as a private institution in 1942. It publishes a newsletter, IGLA Bulletin, irregularly from 1984 and is open to the public. IGLA Bulletin contains important descriptions of material in the collection. The newsletter was called ONE/IGLA Bulletin in 1995 (when the number of journal titles had reached 3,000). It has an internet site and the library and archives are being moved to the University of Southern California, *Los Angeles, after being amalgamated with the library of *One, the two organizations being merged under the leadership of *Walter Williams. The new organization is called One/IGLA. There are now over 2 million items in the collection, making this the largest known gay collection. References. Directory of the International Association of Lesbian and Gay Archives and Libraries, 70-74: states 22,800 books and 1,200 journal titles held make this one of the largest gay archives in the world. International Gay Information Center Library and archive from the United States mainly in English. From 1954. A *New York based library of 8,000 books and 2,000 journal titles which includes the former Mattachine Homophile Research Library founded in 1954. This collection is now housed in the *New York Public Library where it has been since 1988. The library has fully cataloged the holdings. It is the most valuable collection in a United States public library. The collection is described in the New York Public Library Catalog; parts are restricted until 2043. There is a detailed finding aid. The collection consisted of 135 cartons and 103 boxes. References. Directory of the International Association of Lesbian and Gay Archives and Libraries, 75-78. International Journal of Greek Love Journal in English from the United States. 1965-66. The journal, published by Oliver Layton Press, New York, has a close connection with *Walter Breen. Two issues only were published. Its main focus was mainly *pederasty and *pedophilia and it was the most serious gay literary journal of its time in English. Volume 1 featured *Ralph Nicholas Chubb by Oliver Drummond (pseud?) "from London", two articles on *Shakespeare (one by *C. van Emde Boas), one on ancient Egypt by *Terence J. Deakin and one by *Paul Nacke on Albania (trans. by *Warren Johansson). Book reviews included a brilliant one of *E. G .Welter's *Bibliographie Freundschaftseros. Volume 2 featured Howard Stonefield on *Richard Burton's "Terminal Essay", Jonathan Drake on "'Le Vice' in Turkey", Toby Hammond "from London" on "Paidikion: A Paiderastic Manuscript" (with poems and identifying the author as *Arthur Kenneth Searight), *J. Z. Eglinton on *J. F. Bloxam. Book reviews and notes are exceptionally important and it was the most serious gay literary journal in English of its time. There were only two issues. An international system of information and bibliography from the United States and other countries in English and other *languages. Criticism, history and biography are other possible ways in which the Internet can be used to find information. From 1987. The Internet is an international system for searching for information via linked computers. Poets and critics included in this encyclopedia, both living and dead may have homepages where information on themselves is given (e.g. Jonathan Williams, *George Klawitter). These homepages are now major sources of information on writers. As *manuscript holdings of major libraries are frequently listed in full on the Internet (e.g. by the National Library of Australia) the Internet is a major source for locating the manuscripts of gay poets. Gay *journals frequently have sites, sometimes including indexing of the journals (e.g. * Paidika). *Publisers also have homepages which list their books published as do gay *bookshops. There are also many sites devoted to matters gay. A major site for gay history and culture is People with a History. Gay *archives (e.g., the *Canadian Gay and Lesbian Archives) also have homepages and list holdings - for example the Canadian Gay Archives lists its journal holdings. Major research libraries (such as *New York Public Library, the *British Library, *Library of Congress and *Harvard University) have their catalogs on the Internet and it is possible to find information on authors through them. In effect these library catalogs will preserve for future generations bibliographies of the writings of gay poets. *Subject searches are especially good at these libraries or any major library which has an Internet catalog. However since the works of many gay poets have been self published and have not got into libraries records rarely exist of the books of many (records of the publications of such poets may be found in gay archives). Sites like Amazon Books (at Amazon.com) are excellent for obtaining new books and Bookfinder.com for secondhand books. Discussion lists consist of persons in different parts of the world who exchange information in particular subject areas; these have proliferated with the growth of the Internet. Chat groups put people in touch with each other. The search engine google.com is an excellent search engine. Keyword searches may be used in searching but bound phrases (e.g., "People with a History") are more specific and find sites quicker. There were over 3.6 million Internet sites in 2000 and this number is growing daily. The Internet is now such a serious research tool that it should be searched for information on any person or topic. Word in French in France and in Italian and English. 1878-ca. 1925. See Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, pp. 610-11: noted as a common word for homosexuality 1878-ca. 1925 in French, though less common in English; in Italian, it is spelt "inversione". It was used by *Proust and was the title of a French gay *journal of 1924. Invisible Ghetto: Lesbian and Gay Writing from South Africa Anthology in English from South Africa. London: Gay Men's Press, 1993, 216 pages. A mixed anthology of lesbian and gay poetry and prose (including Accounts, Biographies, Episodes, Interviews, Poetry and Short Stories). Compiled by *Matthew Krouse and *Kim Berman. The Accounts etc and Interviews give considerable background to gay life in South Africa both from the black and white point of view. It was first published in South Africa by COSAW Publishing (Congress of South African Writers), PO Box 421007, Fordsburg, 2033, Johannesburg; date not known. Overall, a brilliant anthology dealing with the darker sides of gay life and the tensions of South Africa as they impinge on gay life. Poets are listed on page viii. Male poets (see entries): Johann de Lange, Stephen Gray, David Lan, Lucas Malan, Marcellus J. Muthien, Graeme Reid, Ernst van Heerden. Poet in Greek from Greece; translator from ancient Greek into modern Greek. Born 1932. He published in Greek a book of poems which are openly gay, titled in Greek, One Thousand Trees, ca. 1971, and was a teacher in a high school who transferred to Libya. See Stratonos mousa paidike, with thirteen illustrations by Vasile Vasileiade, Athens, Kedros, 1979, 249 pp.; a translation of the * Mousa Paidike into modern Greek. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Myth and trope in ancient Greek from Greece from 270 B.C.; later a trope in English. Another name for *Hylas, a companion and, in some sources, lover of *Hercules: his gay literary significance is discussed in more detail in the Hylas entry. The name Iolaus is came into prominence as the title of the English anthology * Iolaus compiled by *Edward Carpenter. Iolaus: An Anthology of Friendship Anthology in English from Great Britain. In print intermittently from 1902. The title page of the first, 1902 edition, gives three publishers and three places of publication: London: Swan Sonnenschein; Manchester: The Author; and *Boston: Charles E. Goodspeed, 1902; 191 pp.; text pp. 1-177; index pp. 184-91. The title is spelt here Iolaus. This is the first commercial edition and copies are rare; there was also a limited signed edition of 150 copies: see (no author), A Bibliography of Edward Carpenter, Sheffield: Sheffield City Library, 1949, for details. Many reprints exist in which there are variants in title, pagination, bindings and layout (*Anthony Reid to the author; his library contains many variants.) These later editions and reprints have name changes to the title and changes (and sometimes additions) to the text which was frequently reset; the textual history is very complicated. A second edition with additional material was published as follows: London: Swan Sonnenschein and S. Clarke: Manchester, 1906, 234 pp. The 1915 printing London: Allen and Unwin, of viii pages and 235 pages is called the third edition in the 1949 Bibliography of Edward Carpenter, p. 32. Important United States editions are: Boston, 1902 (as above); New York, Mitchell Kennerly, 1917, 190 pp. (with two extra pages of text of translations of *Hafiz and *Sa'di); New York: A. and C. Boni, 1935, 295 pp., published under the title An Anthology of Friendship and with two additional sections by another hand whose identity is not known (see below); Ann Arbor, Grypon Books, 1971, 234 pp. (reprints the 1920 London, Allen and Unwin edition); New York: Pagan Press, 1982, 192 pp. (reprint of the 1917 United States edition). Other printings than those cited exist: consult the National Union Catalog and *British Library General Catalogue. Iolaus is a mixed anthology of poetry and prose, compiled by *Edward Carpenter. Its title comes from *Iolaus, the male favorite of *Hercules (see the separate entry); the title was a coded way of referring to homosexuality at a time when homosexual relations between men were illegal in both Great Britain and United States. Special emphasis is placed on *friendship and *oral and non-European cultures are featured (excluding Chinese and Japanese cultures). Carpenter was familiar with the work of *Raffalovich when he compiled the 1902 edition. He also knew *von Kupffer's 1899 German anthology, Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe in der Weltliteratur, which may have inspired him, since he refers to it in the first edition of 1902, p. 153, and in the 1906 second edition, pp. 207 and 210-12. This was the standard British gay anthology until * Eros (1961) and the most influential before the * Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse. Poets, poems, translators of poetry, authors who relate to poetry and tropes in the 1902 editon are (see entries): Achilles and Patroclus, Agathon, Amis et Amile, Anacreon, Saint Anselm, Aristophanes, Athenaeus, Sir Francis Bacon, Richard Barnfield, Bathyllus, J. W. Baylis, E. F. M. Benecke, Bion, Sir Thomas Browne, Robert Browning, Giordano Bruno, Lord Byron, Edward Carpenter (as translator), Catullus, M. J. Chapman, Damon and Pithias, Dante, King David (Hebrew poet), G. Lowes Dickinson, Dorian, Sir Edward Dyer, Eberhard, Edleston, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Epitaph - Greek, Abraham Fraunce, Frederick the Great, Ludwig Frey, Ganymede, K. T. German, Nicolo Giraud, Fulke Greville, Goethe, Hafiz, Johann Georg von Hahn, Homer, Leigh Hunt, Hyacinthus, Hylas, Jami (pseud.), Benjamin Jowett, H. King, Andrew Lang, Hubert Languet, Martial, Meleager, Herman Melville, Michelangelo, Montaigne, Thomas Moore, William Morris, Moschus, Negin (or Nesim) Bey, R. A. Nicholson, Nisus and Euryalus, Oral poems - Balonda, Orestes and Pylades, Ovid, Parmenides, William Penn, Plato, Pindar, August von Platen, Plutarch, Raffalovich, S. Robinson, Rumi, Sa'di, Sappho, William Shakespeare, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Sir Philip Sidney, Socrates, John Addington Symonds, The Symposium, Tennyson, Thebes, Theocritus, Theognis, Henry David Thoreau, Tommaso de Cavalieri, K. H. Ulrichs, Virgil, Ludwig von Scheffler, Richard Wagner, E. H. Whinfield, Whirling Dervishes, Walt Whitman, Johann von Winckelmann, Xenophon. Significantly, Carpenter includes the *lovers and *addresses of gay poets. Of the additional material included in the section called Additions in the second British edition (1906) published by Swan Sonnenschein, the following authors are additional or extra material is provided (the German ones show further acqaintance with *von Kupffer's anthology): Aristotle, Francis Beaumont, Byron, Edward Fitzgerald, John Fletcher, Herder, Kaiserlink, von Katte, Joseph Kitir, Joseph Kopp, von Kupffer, Ludwig of Bavaria, Plato, Ruckert, Schiller. (These authors have been listed from the London, Allen and Unwin printing of 1920.) British editions following 1906 are identical in content to the 1906 edition and the same length, 234 pages. Some material from the 1906 edition was incorporated in the 1917 New York Mitchell Kennerley edition (repr. New York: Pagan Press, 1982). The title of the anthology was changed to Anthology of Friendship in 1915. Additional entries in the New York 1935 edition are : "Essays on *Friendship" by Montaigne, Francis Bacon, Sir Thomas Browne, Emerson; Poems by Ben Jonson, John Milton, Henry Vaughan, James Thomson, Hartley Coleridge, Tennyson, William Cory and A. C. Swinburne. The manuscript exists in Carpenter's papers at Sheffield Public Library. Iolaus was called in the booktrade, in Great Britain, "the bugger's bible" (Smith, Love in Earnest, p. 21). Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 598: list of contributors based on the text after 1906 (not 1902 as stated). Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. 490 B.C.-452 B.C. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 549: "Ion", entry (2). Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 67 "Aus der Heimat (Uber den Erastes Sophokles)"; no other information. Criticism. Courouve, Ces petits grecs, 22: citing fr. 6. Pseudonym of a translator from Greek to English. 1885-1971. Pseudonym of *Sir John Randolph Leslie. See *Ion of Chios for the possible significance. See also *William Cory (pseud.). Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1972. A brilliant but little known poet whose poems were some of the first to celebrate gay life in the fast lane of the *New York disco scene. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10747: poem "Some thoughts on Christopher Street" in *Gay Sunshine 13: 9, June 1972. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A True Likeness, 300-07 - see especially "Fag Art", "Last Night at the Flamingo"; biog./ critical note 300: cites his "private edition" of his book of poems Everything Reminds Me of Everything Else, 1974. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 748-50. Poet from Pakistan who wrote in Urdu. 1877-1938. See V. G. Kurnan, Poems from Iqbal, London, 1955: heavily influenced by *Rumi, *Sufism and *Islamic *mysticism. He is regarded as one of the great poets of modern Pakistan; also a statesman. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion: "a *Platonic idealist" in early life who wrote about "universal love" Poet from Iran who wrote in Persian. 1874-1925. Called by *A. J. Arberry (see reference below) the last of the classical poets and the first of the moderns. He wrote a famous couplet on *anal sex: 'What if the youth fucks me,/ I am so much a man it doesn't matter": the implication is that the man speaking has done everything sexually so that it doesn't matter if he is anally penetrated. Approximate transcription of the Persian text is: "Gar khoshgellaki mara begayad/ As kardaneh o mara khosh ayad". This poem is much quoted in Iran. Source: an Iranian living in Australia. His most famous book was Ghoti Cigare Zar (The golden cigarette box) which may contain this poem. Criticism. Rypka, History of Iranian Literature, 384-85. Arberry, The Legacy of Persia, 1953, 229: trans. of poem with homoerotic content into English. Languages spoken mainly in Iran and Afghanistan. Relevant gay poems date from 800. These languages include *Persian (from 800), Pashto (sometimes called Afghan or Afghan Dari, spoken in Afghanistan), Kurdish, Ossetic, Tajik (spoken in eastern Iran) and Baluchi and probably the extinct Khotanese and Old Sakian. They are a branch of the *Indo-Iranian group and are spoken in Iran, the Iranian plateau, the Caucasus, central Asia and formerly in India. At times Persian has been a lingua franca (for example in India from 1200). *Islam is the religion of these peoples. Bawdy songs with homosexual content sung by *dancing boys are likely in all these languages and have been confirmed in most. References. Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition: under "Persia" see "Language and Dialects". Katzner, Languages of the World, 2. 'Iraqi, also spelt 'Iraki and Fakhr al-Din al-'Iraki Poet from Iran who wrote in Persian. 1211-1289. Poet and *Sufi mystic who is one of the great love poets of Persian; many commentaries on his *prosimetrum Lama'at (Flashes) have been written, e. g., by Jami. See the Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition, article on Awhad al-din *Kirmani, p.166, re his work showing "the contemplation of the divine beauty in earthly forms, preferably in beautiful boys". He spent most of his life travelling in the Islamic world and died in *Damascus. Translation. English: *R. A. Nicholson (1911; repr. 1968), *A. Arberry, The Song of the Lovers, 1939; William C. Chittick and Peter Lamborn Wilson, Divine Flashes, New York, 1982. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, volume 3, 1269-70: denies the story of his attachment to a young boy as being true p.1269. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures: see "'Eraqi". Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 339-42. Criticism. Browne, Literary History of Persia, volume 3, 124-39. Arberry, Sufism, 115. Poet from Spain writing in Spanish. Active 1980. Bibliographies. Cuaderno bibliográfico gay, 13: Cielos e inviernos, Madrid: Hiperión, 1980. Irrumation, also called face fucking Sexual practice in Latin poetry from Italy from ca. 150 BC. Irrumation means face fucking, refering to the practice whereby a penis is inserted into the face and the face used like the anus (in contrast to *fellatio which is actively sucking on the penis - in irrumation it is the penis which moves and the face which stays still). Latin. See *F. K. Forberg re Chapter Three of his De figuris Veneris for Latin usage re *Ausonius, *Catullus, *Martial, *Priapeia (150 B. C.). Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1966. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 75: "Black Culture in the Park"; biog., 177 - *black poet. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1982. See The Advocate 13 May 1982, 26; *West Coast gay poet. Poet from Spain who wrote in Hebrew. Active ca. 1150. Son of *Abraham Ibn Ezra. He converted to Islam and later reconverted to Judaism. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Judaica: possibly the first entry Isaac Ben Abraham. Criticism. *Norman Roth, "'Deal Gently with the Young Man': Love of Boys in Medieval Hebrew Poetry of Spain", Speculum 57 (1982), 49-50: fine *muwashshah trans. English. Isaac ibn Ghiyath, also spelt ibn Gayyat Poet from Spain who wrote in Spanish. 1038-1089. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Criticism. *Norman Roth, "'My Beloved is like a Gazelle': Imagery of the Beloved Boy in Medieval Hebrew Poetry", Hebrew Annual Review, 8 (1984), 155-59: strongly homosexual religious poetry in piyyut form. Isaac Ibn Mar Shaul, also spelt Yishaq ben Mar-Saul Poet from Spain who wrote in Hebrew. Active ca. 1Q5Q. From Lucena, Spain. Text. His works were edited by 'Jeefim Schirmann, in the Assaf Jubilee Volume, Jesusalem, 195S; the poem cited below in the Roth article is on p. 51S. Most of his poetry is lost. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Judaica: see "Ibn Mar Saul, Isaac ben Levi". Gay Poetry Anthologies. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 2S7 - S8. Criticism. 'Jefrim Schirmann, "The Ephebe in Medieval Hebrew Poetry", Sefarad I5 (1955), 58: a poem which compares the male beloved to David, Joseph and Absalom but no female models of beauty are mentioned (spelt Isaac Ibn Mar Shaul); 59. *Norman Roth, "'Deal Gently with the Young Man': Love of Boys in Medieval Hebrew Poetry of Spain", Speculum 57 (1982), 30-31: trans. of same poem with *gazelle trope. Pagis, Hebrew Poetry, 64: same reference. Place and city in Italy relevant for English from ca. 1950. An island in the Bay of *Naples which dates back to before the *Romans. *W. H. Auden annually spent time on the island from the late 1940s: he also wrote a poem, "Ischia" (for *Brian Howard), published in Nones, 1952, 21-23. *Norman Douglas wrote an essay on it: Summer Islands: Ischia and Ponza, 1931. Compare *Capri which is on the other side of the Bay of Naples. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Pauly, Wissowa, Paulys Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft: see the entry "Aenaria". Enciclopedia italiana. Ise Monogatori, also called Tales of Ise Poet in Japanese from Japan. Ca. 870. The first entry in *Iwata Jun'ichi's Japanese gay bibliography. His work The Tales of Ise is a *prosimetrum (collection of prose and poems) centering on the poet *Ariwara no Narihira who wrote some of the poems. The date of composition is uncertain; it is here dated from *Ariwara (825-880). Leupp, Male Colors: The Construction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan, 24, translates a poem. *Parodies of the work exist. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Princeton Companion to Classical Japanese Literature, 169-70. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan: Poet from Turkey who wrote in Turkish. 1540-1542. Not found in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. *Ottoman poet. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: Die Männerliebe der Griechen, 121-22: trans. into German; called Ishak Tschelebi. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 371: fine gay love poem in the * ghazal form. Poet, lover, autobiographer and novelist from Great Britain who wrote in English; translator from Sanskrit to English who lived in the United States. 1904-1986. Best known for his short stories and novels about *Berlin where he lived in the 1930s, he later moved to Hollywood in *Los Angeles where he lived with his lover the artist Don Bachardy, as one of the most famous openly gay males and something of a celebrity (which was aided by his good looks and power of self promotion). "On his Queerness" is perhaps his most famous gay poem. His manuscripts are in the Huntington Library, California (see the article by John Sutherland discussing their sale "At Home in the Huntington", London Review of Books, 10 June 1999, 8-9). His autobiography, Christopher and His Kind (1976), is a frank account of his homosexual love affairs including one with *W. H. Auden with whom he collaborated on the play The Ascent of F6 (1936). On his and Auden's love relationship see *Charles Osborne, W. H. Auden, 1979, pp. 46-47. Auden and Isherwood had been school friends and were to remain lifelong friends. Auden is supposed to have given him a handwritten manuscript of the erotic poem *The Platonic Blow. His Diaries: Volume 1: 1939-1960, were published in 1996. *Peter Parker is writing a biography. See The Advocate no. 447 (27 May 1986), 50-52: *Claude Summers, "The Importance of Christopher Isherwood". Interview: Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 421-30 (reprinted from Leyland, Gay Sunshine Interviews, volume 1, 189-206). Isherwood wrote a book of children's rhymes, People One Ought to Know, 1982. He was a follower of *Hinduism, living in Los Angeles since 1939 where the guru Swami Prabhavananda has been his guide and he wrote a book on *Ramakrishna; see also *Indian Philosophy. Translation. He helped translate from Sanskrit the * Bhagavad Gita (1944) with Swami Prabhavananda. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Contemporary Authors New Revision Series, volume 35. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 614-15. Dictionnaire Gay. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Howes, Broadcasting It. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Male Muse, 52; biog., 121. Gay Poetry, 5. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 319: poem "On his Queerness". Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 38689. Poet from Japan who wrote in Japanese. Born 1952. Born in Yokohama in 1952 he works as a journalist for the Asahi Shimbun paper in Tokyo. The poems in Partings at Dawn are from his book *Bathhouse, Tokyo, a Tine *tanka sequence with notes at the end. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Partings at Dawn, 296-308: sequence "Tanka" from Bathhouse; biog., note and photo of the author 196. Figure in myth and religion in Akkadian and Syrian from Iraq and Israel from ca. 716 B.C. in relevant written records. Ishtar and Innana are the main names of the mother goddess of the ancient middle east; the cult dates back to the second millennium B.C. at least. Homosexual male prostitution - see * hierodouleia - was associated with her worship and her temples (in Syria she was worshipped under the names Attar and Astarte and in Egyptian, isis). The Akkadian prayer *My hire goes to the promoter (dated 716 B.C.) is the first work of possible relevance. Syriac. Dawes, A Phase of Roman Life, 160, states the Syrian priests "pedicated each other" therefore as homosexuals their *hymns and *prayers may be significant. Syria was a center of the goddess culture. See *Lucian, De Syra Dea (The Syrian Goddess), section 16 (also cited as De dea Syria sections 50, 51) which states they "sing divine and sacred songs" and tried to make themselves like the goddess (this seems to imply that they castrate themselves or allow themselves to be fucked). Indian *hijras (who are also called eunuchs in the literature and castrate themselves) may be related to these devotees of the mother goddess since hijras go back in antiquity to the * Mahabharata (see the source given in the *hijras entry from Ocean of Story, trans. C. H. Tawney, 1925). See James Frazer. Compare * Kadesh. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Hastings, Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion: see "Inanna". Figure in religion and myth in Egyptian in Egypt from ca. 1000 B.C.; her cult later spread to Greece and Italy. The cult of Isis relates to the cult of the mother goddess *Ishtar - see *"My hire goes to the promoter" (in Akkadian). *Richard Burton highlighted homosexuality in relation to the cult of Isis (see Dictionaries below). *Hymns sung in these temples need to be examined. The consort of Isis was Osiris (for the ancient artistic depiction of Osiris see the entry in * Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae in volume 5, part 1 and the plates). Seth and Horus, the sons of Isis, are recorded as having homosexual *anal sex with Seth fucking Horus; Isis later punished them and succeeded in making Seth pregnant with his own semen (see *Terence Deakin in International Journal of Greek Love vol.1 no.1, p. 34). The cult spread from Egypt to Greece and Rome. Reade, Sexual Heretics, 173, states "Isis was also a *hermaphrodite"; on 174 *Richard Burton states "in Rome as in Egypt the temples of Isis.. were centres of sodomy' (from Richard Burton's "Terminal Essay"). There was a Temple of Isis in London associated with *magic in the early part of the twentieth century which *Aleister Crowley attended. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica. Hastings, Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics. Encyclopedia of Religion. Islam and Islamic religion, also called Muslim (and Moslem) religion The religion of the prophet Mohammad, recorded in the * Koran and founded in Saudia Arabia in 622, the traditional date of the founding of the religion which is dated from the Prophet *Muhammad's flight to Medina. 622 is taken as the first year of the Muslim calendar. Islam means "submission to the will of Allah". The * Koran is the basis of the religion. Believers traditionally read it in Arabic; however, it has been extensively translated (see A. F. L. Beeston, Arabic Literature to the end of the Umayyad Period, 1983, pp. 502-520). There is a common saying amongst Islamic peoples that there are five meanings to every verse of the Koran and there exists in Islam a plurality of religious traditions. In Islamic *mysticism, expressed in Sufism, poets addressed God in erotic terms. Sufism is a sect regarded as heretical by some Islamic sects. Islam is a sex positive religion which, however, outlaws homosexuality between adult males who are Muslims: see *Law - Islamic. There has been strict separation of the sexes with women in purdah (that is, wearing a veil) in the stricter Islamic societies such as Iran. A book, entitled in Arabic, Homosexuality in Islam was published in Syria in the1980s (*Khalid Elasmar to the author; not seen); this work points out that sometimes homosexuality has been treated as equal to heterosexuality and sometimes stigmatized. In the fine German reference work, Islam-Lexikon edited by Adel Theodor Khoury and others (Freiburg, 1991, in 3 volumes), see the entry "Sexualität". Purdah undoubtedly has resulted in an increased frequency of homosexuality in both men and women and women in Islamic cultures. The need to raise money for a dowry in order to permit men to marry has encouraged homosexual behavior since, in poor countries (e.g. Morocco, Egypt and all Arab countries of the middle east), men can frequently not marry until late in their twenties unable to afford the dowry. From Saudi Arabia Islam spread in the west to Spain and north Africa and to the Balkans. In the east as far as from Afghanistan in the two centuries from 622. It is today the main religion in Iraq, Iran, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Bosnia, Albania, Turkey, Afghanistan, Kirghizstan, Kazakhstan and Tajikstan in central Asia. Islam later spread to India where it is the second largest religion after Hinduism. It is the dominant religion in Indonesia and Malaysia as well as being a major religion in the western provinces of China. Mecca, in Saudia Arabia, is the holy city to which all Moslems seek to make a pilgrimage. For India, in which Islam is now the second largest religion after Hinduism, see *Annemarie Schimmel, Islam in the Indian Subcontinent, 1980; bibl. pp. 248-60. In the Islamic heaven beautiful boys - houris - exist with women (see *Minoo S. Southgate). The * Encyclopedia of Islam (first and second editions) is a major reference work devoted to all aspects of Islam with editions in French and English; in Turkish Islam Ansiklopedisi (Istanbul, 1988) is the major reference work. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 615-20: by *Marten Schild. Cassell's Encyclopedia of Queer Myth, Symbol, and Spirit. Gay Histories and Cultures. See also Encyclopedia of Religion: "Islamic Poetry". Bibliographies. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, items 1013-1091. Other. Schmitt, Sexuality and Eroticism Among Males in Moslem Societies, 179-90. Murray, Islamic Homosexualities, 14-96; however the whole book is relevant. Homosexuality and world religions, 181-98; article by Khalid Duran. Poet from Bangladesh who wrote in Bengali; translator from Persian to Bengali. 1899-1976. The national poet of Bengal; he died of *syphilis (which rendered him insane from 1942), after reputedly having many affairs with women. His poem in *free verse "The Rebel" (trans. into English in Kazi Nzarul Islam by Basadha Chakravarty, New Delhi, 1968, pp. 63-70) espouses the position of being all things to all people: "I am the dancing *Shiva.../ I trample down all restraints, all bonds of do's and dont's" (ibid., 63-64) and shows the formal influence of *Whitman. He translated the Persian poets *Hafiz (1930) and *Omar Khayyam (1960) into Bengali. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, vol. 2. Contemporary Authors. The languages spoken by islamic peoples in which the customs of Islam are followed. Material of relevance dates from 622, the traditional date of the founding of the religion. These cultures are strongly male dominated; or rather, the world of men and women is sharply divided. Though Islam has spread throughout the world, the languages are spoken mostly in north Africa, the Balkans, in west and central Asia (in the former southern republics of the Soviet Union) and in Malaysia and Indonesia. Arabic, the language of the holy book, the * Koran, is widely read (the Koran is supposed to be read in Arabic). Several language families are involved. In west Asia languages include Turkish (from the *Turkic languge family) in Turkey, Arabic (from the *Afro-Asiatic familiy) in Iraq, Syria and Israel and Persian (which is *Indo-European and within this group part of the *Iranian group) in Iran. Iranian languages include Persian, Tajik and Pashto (sometimes called Afghan) and are spoken in Iran and countries surrounding; all are close to Persian. Turkic languages spoken in central Asia include Turkish, Uzbek, Kazakh, and Kirghiz; they are spoken also in the western provinces of China (for instance Sinjiang). Urdu and Afghan, which are Indo-European languages, are spoken in Pakistan, India and Afghanistan. Malay and Bahasa Indonesia (which are part of the *Austronesian group) are spoken in the predominantly Islamic countries Malaysia and Indonesia respectively. Istanbul, formerly Constantinople (also called Byzantium) City in Turkey where Turkish is the main spoken language. Greek was formerly the main spoken language until the Turkish conquest of the city in 1453. Latin was spoken from the early *Christian centuries until after 324 when the Emperor Constantine moved the capital of the Roman empire to the city from Rome. The city took the name Constantinople from him from 324 and the name Istanbul dates from the Turkish conquest; Greeks still call the city Constantinople. Minority languages spoken in Turkey (e.g. Kurdish, Armenian, Greek) are spoken in the city. As the former capital of Turkey, which administered a large empire of many nationalities, it was a meeting place of many cultures and many languages were spoken there by the minorities of these cultures (who came to the city for trade) and by traders from further afield in Europe, Africa and Asia. This role of the city as a melting pot of cultures goes back to ancient times. The city dates from at least ca. 600 B.C. and was founded in myth by Byzas in 667 B.C. who reputedly came from *Megara. Homosexuality is definitely known from 390 when the Emperor Theodosius (reigned 379-395) introduced burning at the stake for homosexuality; ancient Greek poetry was undoubtedly written in the city. The city was called in Latin Byzantium, a word derived from the ancient Greek name, Buzdantio, from Byzas the legendary founder. Under Constantine it became the capital of the *Byzantine empire. Istanbul was strategically significant being at the interface of Europe and Asia and was easy to defend as it was on a peninsula bounded by water on three sides. The crossing from Asia to Europe was easy here due to the narrowness of the straits. Caravans from central Asia could reach Europe quicker via Istanbul than by going around the Black Sea and this enhanced the city. For the ancient city see the entry in Pauly Wissowa cited below and "Byzantion" in Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. The city was under the control of *Athens for much of the fifth and fourth centuries B.C., but then went into a decline. At various times Persians, Gauls and Greeks fought over the city and it was under Persian rule 515-478 B.C. When Constantine defeated Licinius in 323 and became sole governor of the Roman world he chose Byzantium for his capital, solemnly inaugurating it as the seat of his government, under the name of Constantinople (City of Constantine in Greek) in 324. Latin was the language of the court until the sixth century. The church of Hagia Sophia (Holy Wisdom), the largest in the Christian world - a museum from 1935, but formerly a mosque after the Turks captured the city from the Christians in 1453 - was built by the Emperor Justinian in the sixth century, dating from 537. The ancient Greek *Orthodox Patriachiate of Constantinople based in the city is still one of the most prestigious in the Orthodox world. After a long decline, including capture by *Venice in 1204, the city was finally captured by the Turks in 1453 when the dominant language became Turkish and the city became the capital of the *Ottoman empire and changed names to Istanbul which means, in Greek, "eis ton polis", that is, " to the city". Greek *manuscripts from the city formed the beginnings of the humanistic *Renaissance in western Europe when they reached western Europe (though many were destroyed by the Islamic conquerors); on the saving of the manuscripts, see Janus Lascaris. The *Palatine Anthology, containing a major surviving corpus of ancient Greek homopoems, was probably compiled in the city ca. 980 and survives in only one manuscript, in which poems date from the *Hellenistic period. The libraries of the city's mosques are rich in Turkish poetry *manuscripts; Arabic and Persian manuscripts also abound. It has been estimated by *Helmut Ritter that the city contains 200,000 manuscripts. Because the Turkish empire extended all over the Middle East, there may be manuscripts of other languages of the Ottoman empire within its libraries (e. g. Syriac, Armenian and languages spoken in the Balkans - such as Serbo-Croat, Albanian, Bulgarian); until an accurate census of manuscripts is made it is impossible to form a complete picture. There is a rich heritage of *Ottoman gay poetry associated with the city and the modern Greek homopoet *Cavafy, lived in Istanbul for three years, 1882-85. See Greek entries: *Agathias Scholasticus, *Byzantine poets and editors, *Constantine Cephalas, 'Manuscripts, * Palatine Anthology. See Turkish entries: *Divan poets, *manuscripts, *Sultans. Many *Ottoman poets lived in Istanbul (e. g. *Nef i). *Fadil Bey wrote a poem on *dancing boys of the city. In the eighteenth century *Enderunlu Fazil wrote a poem describing dancing boys and other works dealing with gay life in the city. *Yayha Bey (active 1550) describes a famous meeting place of beautiful boys, the At Maydani or Horse Square (formerly, under the Byzantines, the Hippodrome or horse racing circuit near St Sophia Cathedral). On the homosexual background see Ludwig Adler Bey, "Die 'Prostitution in Konstantinopel", Zeitschrift für Sexualwissenschaft, vol. 1 (April 1914-March 1915), 72-74; Paul Näcke, "Die Homosexualituät im Oriente", Archiv für Kriminal-Anthropologie , 16 (1904), 35355; "Die Homosexualität in Konstantinopel", same journal, 26 (1906), 106-08. In the contemporary city the Beyoglu district, especially the Qihangir quarter, is a center of gay life. Istanbul University Library is rich in manuscripts and the Turkish Historical Society has done much to preserve the literary past. For information on the city (in Turkish) see Resat Ekrem Kogu, editor, Istanbul Ansiklopedisi, Istanbul, 11 volumes, 1946 to 1987; this is an entire encyclopedia devoted to the city. See also Strolling Through Istanbul: A Guide to the City, by Hilary Summer-Boyd and John Freely, London, 1972, John Freely, Istanbul: the Imperial City, 1996 and Philip Mansell, Constantinople: City of the World's Desire 1453-1924, 1995. Bernard Lewis, Istanbul and the Civilization of the Ottoman Empire, 1963, is a concise history of the city under Turkish control. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Pauly, Wissowa, Paulys Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft: see "Byzantion" (the ancient city before 300). Encyclopedia Britannica, eleventh edition: see "Constantinople" (fine introduction with bibl.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition: see "Constantinople". Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition: see "Istanbul" (this article only deals with the city from 1453). Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium: see "Byzantion" and "Constantinople" (from 300 to 1453). Consult also encyclopedias in Turkish such as Islam Ansiklopedisi. There is a Turkish encyclopedia devoted to the city; this is rare and a copy is at 'Harvard University library. Criticism. Mayne, The Intersexes, 292. Poet who wrote in Persian. Active ca. 159Q. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A'in i Akbari anthology, 65B-59; biog., 65B. Critic and editor from the Netherlands writing in Dutch. Active 1951. He wrote critical works about German poets (see below) and edited the work of the poet Frank Thieß. Arabic: see "De Pan-erotische aard der Arabieren", * Vriendschap 5 (September 1951), 8-11; a discussion of homosexuality and Arabs, quoting two poems (trans. from German by F. v. M.). He compiled a work on dance in Africa: Tanz in Afrika, Berlin, 1960, 63 pp. (see *Singing and Dancing in Tribal Cultures). Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 68: editor of Frank Thieß Werk und Dichter, Hamburg: Krüger, 1950 (on the German novelist: see his entry in Oxford Companion to German Literature ), *Hans Henny Jahnn, Hamburg, 954, * Henry Benrath in Memoriam, Stuttgart, 1954. Poet (from the United States?) writing in English. Active 1972. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10748: Unicorn: Portfolio Number One. Graphics and Poems, Los Angeles: Quest Institute, 1972. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition: same book. Poet and letter writer from Russia who wrote in Russia. 1866-1949. His book of poems *Eros, 1906 is notable. He was bisexual, married and a *symbolist. Criticism. See Russian Literature Triquarterly no. 4 (Fall 1972). Translation. German: Werner von Matthey (1956); his letters were trans. into German as Beifwechselzwischen..., 1948; Italian: Letters were trans. as Corrispondenza.., Lanciano, 1932. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Terras, Handbook of Russian Literature. L'amour bleu, 225: called Vsevolod V. Ivanov. Les Amours masculines, 290. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 428: fine sonnet "Friends" (trans. into English from the French of Claude Frioux: see 418); 418 biog. note - married to a lesbian. Out of the Blue, 140-41. Criticism. Gay Sunshine no. 229-30 (Summer /Fall 1976), 7: trans. of two poems from the *sequence Eros, 1906. *Simon Karlinsky, "Russia's Gay Literature and History", Gay Sunshine, 29-30 (Summer/ Fall 1976): 3 and 26 (trans. of poem into English). Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1007. Poet, diarist and critic from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1867-1950. Born in Germany, George Ives was passionately devoted to the cause of homosexual liberation and from the mid 1890s the chief luminary of a secret homosexual society, the Order of Chaeronaea (*Laurence Housman was another member). He was the author of two books of poems: The Book of Chains, 1897, and Eros' Throne, 1900. Both books of poems were published by Swan Sonnenschein and The Book of Chains was published anonymously; both have been reprinted (Garland, New York and London, 1984). Ives's poetry is passionate in its defence of the right of all to love and and shows the influence of *Edward Carpenter and *Whitman; most poems are *non gender specific (in Book of Chains, see "To Many Who Have Asked" p. 3, "We Two" pp. 17-19; "Young God of Love", p. 25, is more open). He wrote a poem, *"Sydney" (Eros' Throne, p. 53) dated 1899, about the Australian city, which he appears to have visited. His book The Graeco-Roman View of Youth, London: *Cayme Press, 1926, is a defence of gay love, originally a talk for the British Society for Sex Psychology. It contains a critical discussion of ancient Greek poetry amongst its argument, pp. 27-54, and ancient Latin poets pp. 54-62. Ives kept a voluminous private diary of three million words and 20,000 pages which came into the possession of *Anthony Reid (see Weeks, Coming Out, p. 258 f. 6) and is believed now to be in the library of The *Humanities Research Center, Austin, Texas, having been sold to them by Anthony Reid. See "George Ives" by *Timothy d'Arch Smith, Gay News no. 204 (1980), Literary Supplement, pp. 2-3. George Ives also wrote several books on prisons. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Murray, Catalogue of Selected Books, item 31: Eros' Throne, 1900. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10748-49: Book of Chains, London: *Swan Sonnenschein, 1897, and Eros' Throne, London: Swan Sonnenschein, 1900. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 1984-85: the same books. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, item 663: re Man Bites Man, London, 1980, which is a selection from his scrapbook. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reade, Sexual Heretics, 427: poem from A Book of Chains (written 1896, published 1897). Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 258-59. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 90. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 297-98. Criticism. Smith, Love in Earnest, 110-13; bibl., 245. Poet from Russia who wrote in Russian. 1891-1981. The pseudonym of Mikhail Alexandrovich Kovalyov. A *decadent poet associated with Futurism. Homosexuality with *sado-masochistic overtones is a motif in his poetry. After 1917 he became an enthusiastic supporter of the *Communist regime. Criticism. See the article by Gordon McVay in Oxford Slavonic Papers New Series 4 (1971), 83-104: strong implications of homosexuality are given and the author states that the sex of the beloved is never specified (the author, Gordon McVay, wrote a biography of *Esenin). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Terras, Handbook of Russian Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Out of the Blue, 159-69. Criticism. *Simon Karlinsky, "Russia's Gay Literature and History", Gay Sunshine, 29-30 (Summer/ Fall 1976), 3. Duberman, Hidden from History, 356: his "obsessive theme was a dream of being burned or singed by a male lover". Poet from Poland who wrote in Polish; translator from French to Polish. 1894-1980. * Dionysus, his 1922 expressionist volume of poems, is a crucial work. After the second world war, he was a leading literary personality in Poland and president of the Writers Union. He wrote the libretto to the opera King Roger (with music by the homosexual Karol Szymanowski). He translated the French poet *Rimbaud into Polish. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Penguin Companion to World Literature. Everyman Companion to East European Literature. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Criticism. Milosz, History of Polish Poetry, 389-93; notes a touch of *Wilde's *aestheticism in his early poems on p. 390, the influence of *Ivanov and fascination with *Stefan George and Jean Cocteau; two mystical centers, *Sicily and *Venice, and interest in the middle east are a focus of his poetry. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1013: stated to be homosexual and his marriage was a facade. Bibliographer and critic from Japan who wrote in Japanese. 1900-1945. Compiler of the first Japanese bibliography of homosexual literature: *Nanshoku Bunken Shoshi (published Ise: privately printed, 1973). He also wrote a series of articles on gay history (which were published by his son, Sadao Iwata). He was a painter born in Toba city, Mie prefecture (near Nagoya in the central part of Honshu) who published a volume of paintings. His other work, Honcho Nanshoku Ko, Ise: privately printed, 1974, is his general discussion of homosexuality, written 1930-40, and articles here were first published in *journals; the first four essays were published 1930-31 in the criminology journal Hanzai kagaku (between Showa 5 and 6 [this refers to the year of the reign of the Emperor Hirahito]) with a prologue by Hirai Taro using the pseudonym Edogawa Ranfo (i.e. "Edgar Allan Poe"). Discussion of homosexuality only covers to the end of the seventeenth century. Letters. His correspondence with his teacher Minakata Kumagusu (1867-1941), an ethnographer and botanist, which was written from 1931 to 1941, is a mine of information on Japanese homosexuality; Minakata lived in London for a time and in San Francisco, 1887-1893, writing in English in the journal Nature. The correspondence has been published as Minakata Kumagusu danshoku dangi: Iwata Jun'ichi ofuku shokan, Tokyo, 1991; five letters are translated into English in Partings at Dawn, pp. 134-71 with Minakata's replies. These letters constitute a *debate on homosexuality in Japanese. The letters were first published in Japanese in (title in Japanese here translated into English) The Collected Works of Kumagusu Minakata, vol. 9, Heibon-sha, 1973. Biography. See note p. 9 of Tsuneo Watanabe and Jun'ichi Iwata, The Love of the Samurai, trans. by D. R. Roberts, London, 1989. Translation. English: four essays from Honcho Nanshoku Ko have been translated (from the French translation of the work by Tsuneo Watanabe titled La Voie des ephebes, Paris, 1987) by D. R. Roberts as The Love of the Samurai, London, 1989. Criticism. Schalow, The Great Mirror of Male Love, 313. Iwatsutsuji, called in English, Cliff Azaleas Anthology and work of criticism from Japan in Japanese. Published in 1713. The first Japanese homosexual poetry anthology; it consists of poetry and prose. The title refers to a *non gender specific love poem in the *Kokinshu (see Schalow, The Great Mirror of Male Love, pp. 10-11 and footnote 21, p. 314, attributed to Shinga Sozu [801879]). The 1713 edition contains woodcut *illustrations. While the work was first published in 1713, the text was apparently compiled in 1676. There are thirty-four stories and poems most of which are not dated but some come from old imperial anthologies possibly. Some poets are from the *Heian period (e.g., *Ariwara Shigeharu), the earliest period of recorded Japanese literature. About thirty-three poets have poems in it with almost all poets being little known poets. It is a * prosimetrum with some poems forming part of the text of stories. The poems usually have a simple comment attached to them giving the homosexual background (which is usually not obvious from the poem). Text. See Ota Nampo, editor, Misonoya, vol. 1. The book was reprinted in Japan in 1980. For early printings see the discussion on p. 97 of * Partings at Dawn ; it was reprinted up to 1849 in several printings, which shows it was popular. A complete translation of the work is included in * Partings at Dawn, pp. 97-124, with illustrations from an early edition. A critical introduction with more critical apparatus by *Paul Gordon Schalow is in Monumenta Nipponica vol. 48 no 1, Spring 1993, 1-31 (this is a longer version than his discussion in Partings at Dawn cited below). See also Paul Gordon Schalow, "Kukai and the Japanese Tradition of Male Love" in José Ignazio Calezon, Buddhism, Sexuality and Gender, Albany, 1992, pp. 221-222. Poets (see entries): Ariwara Shigeharu, Daisojo Gyoson, Gon no Sozu yoen, Gyonin, Hoin Josei, Hokkyo Uzen, Jien Sojo, Jiju, Jishin Shonin, Jitsuei Hoshi, Jogon Hoshi, Kakucho Sozu, Kan'yu Hoshi, Mikawa, Ninsho Hoshi, Rencho Hoshi, Risshi Enshin, Risshi Keii, Risshi Nin'yu, Saigon Hoshi, Saisho, Saki no Risshi Kyosen, Sangi Takasue, Sensai shonin, "Shinga Sozu", Soin, Sozu Hangen, Sozu Henku, Sozu Kakuga, Sozu Kakuki, Sozu Koen, Taisho Koen, Captain Taisho, Zasu. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Partings at Dawn, 97-124 (English trans. and critical notes by *Paul Gordon Schalow, 97-102). Critic, historian and editor from Turkey writing in English; editor of works in Turkish. Born 1911. A Turkish scholar who is an expert in *Ottoman Turkish and co-editor of the * The Penguin Book of Turkish Verse (with Nermin Menemencioglu, who chose the modern poets). He has lectured in Ottoman Turkish at universities in Europe and the United States and is compiler of two volumes of Classical Turkish Verse and The Oxford Turkish Dictionary. In his critical essay on Ottoman poetry in the Penguin Book of Turkish Verse see pp. 40-41 regarding the problem of the sex of the beloved. On p. 40 he states the beloved may be male or female and states, p. 41, that "divan poets are not necessarily homosexual when they give human beauty the masculine attributes considered more decorous in a society in which women veil all but their eyes". What is significant about these statements is that they admit of significant homosexual lovers in Turkish *classical poetry. Biography: see the first page of Penguin Book of Turkish Verse . Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Turkish Verse, 35-47: a critical essay on *Ottoman poetry. Criticism. Woods, History of Gay Literature, 59: comments of Fahrir Iz on p. 40 wrongly attributed to Nermin Menemencioglu. City in Turkey in which Turkish is spoken; Greek and Turkish were spoken prior to 1922. Izmir is the Turkish name for *Smyrna, and the name which has been used since 1922; before this the city had a large Greek population since ancient times. It is a large trading center in the south west of Turkey on the coast. in 1922, following the invasion of Turkey by the Greeks, and the subsequent defeat of the Greek army, the army retreated to the coast to Izmir and when the Turks reached the town there was a slaughter of the Greek population (this forms the background to a book of short stories in English by *Patrick White: The Burnt Ones, 1964). After 1922, the Greek and Turkish populations in each country were exchanged. *Rebetika came from Izmir and other cities around the turn of the twentieth century and Turkish songs which are relevant may still be in existence. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1888. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 293-94: poem "Brotherhood" from *The Artist and Journal of Home Culture - a very fine poem, it is actually a love poem and the title, giving it an all male context, makes it homosexual. Poet from Iran who wrote Persian. Active ca. 159Q. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A'in i Akbari anthology, 64S - 44 - openly homosexual love poems including one to "the lovely boy", 64S; biog., 644. Poet from Canada writing in English. Born 1949. A *Toronto writer of plays, his first book of poems The Apothecary Jar was published by *Catalyst, 1973. See also * Body Politic for which he wrote articles. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Male Muse, 53-54: two fine poems, one on *anal sex; biog., 121. Larkspur and Lad's Love. Gay Poetry, 4. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 539. Name of Love, 16; biog., 73-74 (states he is the author of a book of Japanese inspired poems and he practises as a *Jungian analyst). Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1955. *Black poet who was the editor of the black journal *Blackheart (ca.1982-86). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Not Love Alone, 47-55: poems of powerful expression of *black gay rage; biog., 141. Tongues Untied, 5780: includes poems about life in *New York; biog., 2. Road Before Us, 76-77; biog., 178. Possible lover from Great Britain and letter writer in English 1858-1923. *A. E. Housman fell in love with him, though the exact nature of their relationship is unknown: see R. P. Graves, A. E. Housman: The Scholar Poet, Oxford, 1981, pp. 49-50. Housman wrote in a letter "*Oxford had no great effect on me, except that there I met my greatest *friend" (op. cit., p. 49). Jackson married and later lived in Canada and wrote to Housman until his death (which was ten years before Housman's). A letter survives in a private collection in France (there are typescript copies which cannot be reproduced in the Lilly Library, University of Indiana, Bloomington, US and St John's College, Oxford); according to one person who has seen it, this letter reveals nothing about any possible sexual relationship with Housman. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Active 1887. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reade, Sexual Heretics, 225: poem "Joy Standeth on the Threshold", subtitled "A Reverie of *Walter Pater", written 1887-ca. 89 (from Thomas Wright, The Life of Walter Pater, 1907, Appendix X); the poem is a love poem attributing to Pater love for Richard Jackson; it employs the trope of *lilies. Poet from France writing in French. 1876-1944. A homosexual poet born Jewish who converted to Catholicism. He was a friend of Picasso, and his poetry is extremely complex. He died in a concentration camp during the German occupation of France. John Richardson in A Life of Picasso: 1907-1917, volume 2, states, p. 204, he "fell in love" with Picasso (see also pp. 203-07 and the index). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Duroc, Homosexuels et lesbiennes illustrés, 231-32. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 627: article by Ward Hauser. Dictionnaire Gay. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Frà mann til mann, 29. Les Amours masculines, 326-28. Drobci stekla v ustih, 20-21. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 436. "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen", 109. Pour tout l'amour des hommes, 182-84. Criticism. Arcadie no. 97 (January 1962), 42-45: article by Rene Soral; no. 192 (December 1969), 573-77: article by Sinclair; no. 206 86-90: article by André Calas. Cooper, The Sexual Perspective, 139. Poet from Germany who wrote in German. 1740-1814. A professor at Halle, he wrote poetry; his poems may not be relevant. He does not appear to have married. See *Gleim. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature . Editor from Germany of works in Greek; critic writing in Latin; translator from Greek to German 1764-1847. He twice edited the poems of the * Palatine Anthology. His first edition, Anthologia Graeca, Leipzig, 1798-1814, was based on *Brunck's edition and the poems are in the same order as Brunck. In his second edition, Anthologia Graeca ad fidem codicis olim Palatina, 1813-17, Leipzig, 3 volumes, the poems were first published in the order of the manuscript and with this edition the Palatine arrangement was finally adopted: this arrangement revealed that the poems were put together in groups, such as the * Mousa Paidike anthology. The numbering in all subsequent editions remains that of the Palatine Anthology manuscripts. On these points see H. Beckby, Anthologia Graeca, second edition, 1964, p. 100. He also published in Latin in 1819 a commentary on the Palatine Anthology (repr. 1829, 1866) and translated the Palatine Anthology into German as Die griechischen Blumenlese, Leipzig, 2 volumes, 1824 (repr. 1884). A translation into German of the Palatine Anthology by F. J., printed in 1803, may be by him (see the * National Union Catalog entry * Anthologia Graeca). Poet from Norway who wrote in Norwegian. 1847-1885. Novelist and poet whose novel Niels Lynne (1880) deals with bisexuality; *Hans Blüher wrote an article on this aspect of the work. During his lifetime he published only six poems. His cycle of poems Gurresänge, 1869, was set to music by the modernist composer Arnold Schoenberg in 1913 as Gurrelieder. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Criticism. Rossel, History of Scandinavian Literature, 8-13: biography, including a poem on *Pan, pp. 10-11. Pseudonym of José Augusto do Amaral, a poet from Brazil, active ca. 1945. Bibliographer from the United States writing in English. Active 1989. The bibliographer of the major gay poet Jonathan Williams: Jonathan Williams: A Bibliographical Checklist of his writings 1950-1988 (Haverford, 1989). This bibliography lists 179 books. The author is a book seller in Haverford, Pennsylvania. Song writer from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1943 Famous British pop musician whose sexual appeal made him very popular to gays. "Cocksucker Blues" sung by him is a famous underground poem in the *pop music genre, but a song which was never officially released. It circulated in Europe unofficially. "Well. I'm a lonesome schoolboy and I just came into town/ ...where can I get my cock sucked, where can I get my ass fucked?" The text was printed in a German Rolling Stones songbook, ca. 1980. (From a copy in the author's possession; details were not supplied.) Twice married. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music; includes bibliography. Poet from Germany who wrote in German; he later lived in Norway. 1894-1959. A famous counter-culture figure who was an *anarchist and pacifist who lived in Norway in World War I with his friend, Gottlieb Harms. His oeuvre is huge and mostly novels, but some plays are in verse and two plays, Die Freunde (The Friends) and David und Jonathan (*David and Jonathan) are strongly homoerotic. The Dictionary of Literary Biography entry on him is a major article by Gerda Jordan showing the influence of * Gilgamesh on him and noting, p.139, "The motif of the twin brothers is the dominant one in Jahnn's work". He married in 1922. *Wolfgang Popp has written books on him and articles have appeared in * Forum: e.g., issue 3 has the article "Männerliebe bei Hans Henny Jahnn" (Male love in Hans Henny Jahnn), 79-90 by Wolfgang Popp; issue 8 was devoted to him. Around 1986 a colloquium on homosexuality and literature was held on him; proceedings have been published titled Siegener Hans Henny Jahnn Kolloquium, edited by Dietrich Molitor and *Wolfgang Popp, Essen, 1986. On whether Jahnn was gay see Wolfgang Popp, in Schwulenreferat im Allgemeinen Studenternausscchuß der FU (editor), Homosexualität und Wissenschaft, Berlin, 1985, 103-114. He was very influential on *Hubert Fichte. Biography: Thomas Freeman, Hans Henny Jahnn, 1986, 792 pp. See also the biographical note in * Andere Lieben, pp. 241-43 and 278-79. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Dictionary of Literary Biography. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen Journal in German compiled in Germany. 1899-1923. The first scholarly journal in German containing serious literary analysis of gay material which was published from an openly gay perspective; there were annual reviews of new literary material. It did not publish poems. Its main orientation was scientific but there was a considerable cultural content in each issue. It was edited in *Berlin by *Magnus Hirschfeld who established it to help the Scientific-Humanitarian Committee in its quest for the legalization of male homosexuality. A selection of articles exists, titled Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, edited by Wolfgang Schmidt, 2 volumes, Frankfurt, 1983-84; this selection omits some footnotes and bibliographies. Volume 2 contains a reprint of the contents list of each volume of the whole journal pp. 286-309. See also * Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen - Bibliography. The journal is rare e.g. only some fifteen, mostly incomplete, sets are in the United States (a complete set is in the *Harvard University medical library); the British Library hold a few issues. Private holdings include *Egmont Fassbinder (complete set), *Paul Knobel (Vols 4-9 and 1910). German *archives hold issues: see Verzeichnis der Schwulen for a list of archives. Bibliographies. Herzer, Bibliographie zur Homosexualität: entries from 1899 provide a list of all non-literary articles in the journal (with authors listed). Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 628-30. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, bibliographies in Bibliography from Germany written in German. 1899-1923. There was a bibliography in each issue of the Germany gay journal * Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen. Overall, literary material is indexed for the years 1899-1918. The bibliography in volume 1 (1899), 215-238, was compiled by *Richard Meienreis and, while mostly scientific material, contains a fair proportion of literary references. Most references are in German but French is well represented, especially scientifically, though there are some poets mentioned (e.g. *Verlaine); there are also references to poets in Latin (e.g. Juvenal), Greek and Italian (e.g., *Baffo). This bibliography thus constitutes the first scientific and literary bibliography for homosexuality for these languages. The 1899 bibliography was translated into English and printed in the New York edition of *Tarnowsky's Pederasty in Europe, 1933, pp. 201-33 augmented with a few items. From volume 2 onwards, the annual bibliography is by *Numa Praetorius (pseud. of *Eugen Wilhelm). The bibliographies usually list gay works published in the previous year. They are in two sections in the earlier volumes - scientific works and literary works - and are annotated in detail. (The scientific section also includes literary criticism in some issues.) Volume 2 (1900) occupies a hundred pages 345-445. Volume 3 (1901) pp. 326-519 has a section Belletristik (i. e. literature) 431-68 but with only one poetry reference; pp. 490-519 has a list of literary works works omitted from previous years. In volume 4 (1902) see pp. 840-97 (a few items are relevant). In Volume 5, Part 2 (1903) 1019-98, some items are relevant for poetry. Volume 6 (1904), 595-641, has a few relevant items; Volume 7 Part 2 (1905), 857-906 (some items relevant); pages 907-40 is a Dutch bibliography by *J. A. Schorer (the first Netherlands gay bibliography pertaining to items in Dutch'). Volume 8 (1906), 685-868 (some items relevant). Volume 9 (1908) 425-618 covers the years 1905-06. In Volume 11 (1910-11) each of the four issues has a bibliographical review section; see also 319-340. Similarly in Volumes 12 (1911-12) and 13 (1912-13) each section has a bibliography with a detailed list of books discussed at the beginning. Volume 14 (1914) has discussion of the bibliography for 1912 in each issue. Volumes 15 (1915), 16 (1916), 17 (1917), 18 (1918) have no bibliographies. Volume 19 numbers 1 and 2 (1919), 69-81, contain a bibliography for the years 1913-18. Volume 20 numbers 3 and 4 (1920), 160-70 contains a bibliography for 1913-17. Volume 21 numbers 3 and 4 (1921) contains a bibliography for 1917-18. Volume 22 (1922) contains a bibliography for the years 1917-18. Issue 1 is examined in the Tarnowsky entry. The bibliography was incorporated into *Welter's * Bibliographie Freundschaftseros and *Vern L. Bullough and others' * Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, though these are not reliable. Non literary articles have been listed in the bibliography of *Manfred Herzer. Bibliographies. Herzer, Bibliographie zur Homosexualität: entries from 1899 provide a list of all non-literary articles in the journal (with authors listed). Religion in India from ca. 5QQ B.C. relating to works in Sanskrit, Hindi, Tamil and other 'Indian languages. Jainism is an aescetic religion based on monasticism. There are 24 major saints and the saints have an element of 'androgyny about them in artistic depiction (e.g., sculptures). Oral poems and songs may be relevant. One of the three major religions of India, Jainism has as its philosophy the doctrine of ahimsa (non-violence or non-injury to all living creatures); as such it is favourable to homosexuals. It arose in opposition to 'Vedic Brahmanism. Compare 'Buddhism. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopædia Britannica. Winternitz, History of Indian Literature, volume 2, 4QB-571. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures : see "Jain literature". Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Critic and editor from Russia writing in Russian and English; he later lived in the United States 1896-1982. A linguist originally from Russia he later lived in Prague before moving to the United States. In the Tine article on him, in the International Encyclopedia of Social Sciences, edited by David L. Sills, Biographical Supplement, volume 18, London, 1979, pp. 335 -41, see the statement on linguistics on p. 340 regarding communication being on one level "exchange of mates" (this implies a *homosexual element when both parties are the same sex). His article "What is Poetry?" in Selected Writings, volume 3, The Hague, 1971, pp. 740-50 is a major statement on the topic of *poetry. He regarded all language as innately poetical and this theory extends the boundaries of poetry to all language, spoken and written. Jakobson married and appears heterosexual; he was one of the great linguists of the twentieth century and in early life was in close contact with Mandelstam and other Russian poet from whom his theories evolved. He was a major figure in the Prague School of Linguistics and a major figure in *Semiotics and compiled a great edition of the *Lay of Igor. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Terras, Handbook of Russian Literature. Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Poet from Australia writing in English. Born 1952. Some poems, rather *Surrealistic in mode, were published in the journal LiNQ, ca. 1972-73 after he became editor: see vol. 3 no. 3 - poem on "Love" - and vol. 3 no. 4 (1974), 10-11, and vol. 4 no. 1 and 2 (1975), 28. Openly gay and also an artist who held a homoerotic exhibition at Exile's Gallery, Sydney, ca. 1982. In 1999 he is the art critic for the Sydney Morning Herald. He married and had a son whom he is raising alone. Critic and poet from Australia writing in English; he lives in Great Britain. Born ca. 1945. His "Auden's Achievement", in Commentary vol. 56 no. 6 (1973,) 53-58, is one of the first critical discussions of *Auden openly referring to his homosexuality - see 52 and 55. An Australian critic who went to Great Britain where he has become a media personality. As poet, see "To *Gore Vidal at Fifty" in Other Passports: Poems 1958-85, London, 1986, pp. 119-21. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1907-1984. The *British Library General Catalogue lists several books of poetry but not Carmino amico cited below; it states he used the pseudonym Edward Selsey. A copy of the book is in the *Private Case: there are twenty-eight sonnets and a preface poem to a man called Lakon. Reading into The Picture, London, 1954 is illustrated. Edward James was an eccentric British gay rumored to be the illegitimate son of King Edward the Seventh. During the 1930s, he published John Betjeman's first book of poems and was involved in *Surrealism (he was a patron of *Salvador Dali) and was married. He left Great Britain in 1939 to settle in *Los Angeles. He was an eccentric who built beautiful houses and was involved with the interior decoration of them. Biography. See Philip Purser, The Extraordinary Worlds of Edward James, 1978 and John Lowe, Edward James: A Surrealist Life, 1991. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10753 (title in Latin): Carmina amico: opus quintum (Songs to a friend: opus five), privately printed in Verona: Bodoni, 1932. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1997: same book. The place of publication of this book may be fictitious. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 320-21. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 162: two sonnets. Criticism. Smith, Love in Earnest, 246: same books as those listed in Bullough. Poet from the United States writing in English; he was born in Jamaica. Born 1967. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 78: "To Be Brave" (about facing death); biog., 178 - *black poet, born in Kingston, Jamaica, who lives in *New York. Milking Black Bull, 81-93; biog., 81. Critic from the United States who wrote in English. 1843-1916. James was a famous United States novelist, the brother of *William James. He has been thought homosexual by some, asexual by others. He wrote a review of Calamus: A Series of Letters to ... *Peter Doyle, 1897 (the review is reprinted in the critical collection, Walt Whitman: A Critical Anthology, edited Francis Murphy, *Penguin Books, 1969, p.151). The one volume biography of him by Leon Edel, Henry James (1985), discusses homosexuality in a more candid way than in the author's previous multi-volume biography (see the index, pp. 73-34), of which the relevant volume The Treacherous Years 18951900 was published in 1969 (this volume does not mention the Calamus Letters review). James seems sexually diffident (if he had sex it seems cursory and little); but he certainly knew about homosexuality in European culture from the Greek and Latin poets onwards and knew many homosexuals (e.g. John Addington Symonds). Sheldon Novick in the most recent biography Henry James: Young Master (1996), claims James had his first sexual experience in *Boston with Oliver Wendell Holmes in 1865 (see Sunday Times, 8 December 1996, 11: James refers in his diary to "l'initiation permiere [the first initiation] (the divine, the unique)". Oliver Wendell Holmes, 1841-1935, son of the writer Oliver Wendell Holmes, was later a judge on the United States Supreme Court where he became famous as a dissenting judge (see his entry in Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Poet and letter writer from Great Britain who wrote in English and Latin. 1566-1625. James the Sixth of Scotland (ruled 1567-1625) became King James I of England in 1603, ruling until 1625; there were strong rumours about homosexuality at his court (e.g., about him kissing men) and he is famous for saying about George Villiers, first Duke of Buckingham (1592-1628), "*Christ had his John and I have my George" (quoted in *Rictor Norton, editor, My Dear Boy: Gay Love Letters through the Centuries, 1998, p. 65); another saying relating to him is also quoted in this work, p. 64: "Elizabeth was King [the preceding monarchm Elizabeth I, did not marry]; now James is Queen." In 1591 he published Poetical Exercises at Vacant Hours wrote poems in Latin as well as versions of the *Psalms. Buckingham was assassinated after James's death. On Buckingham see the article in Arcadie no. 298 (October 1978), 497-504; Buckingham promoted the homosexual *Francis Bacon to office. Other reputed lovers of the king were Esme Stuart, Duke of Lennoz and Robert Carr, Earl of Somerset. James married a woman. David M. Bergeron, King James and Letters of Homoerotic Desire, 1999, includes selected letters between James and Buckingham. For the text of some see letters Rictor Norton, editor, My Dear Boy; Gay Love Letters through the Centuries, 1998, pp. 64-68. Michael B. Young, King James and the History of Homosexuality, 1999, relates King James to his times. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 322-28. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 630-31. Dictionnaire Gay. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Howes, Broadcasting It: see "James I" and "Villiers, George". Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Criticism. Mayne, The Intersexes, 233. Hirschfeld, Die Homosexualität, 665. Bray, Homosexuality in Renaissance England, 37 and 121 f. 4. Journal in English from the United States. From 1983. The most important United States journal for the printing of new gay poetry and poetry reviews of work in English from 1983; published quarterly in Minneapolis, Minnesota, in the United States mid-west from 1983 to 1997 and after this in *Washington, DC, by the Lambda Literary Foundation. It was funded by a bequest of the poet James L. White and the main editors from 1983 to its sale in 1997 were *Greg Baysans and *Phil Wilkie. Each quarterly issue contains high quality poetry (about ten poems) and prose (mainly short stories but also important reviews of new gay literature). Each issue also has an editorial which discusses the latest literary developments. The first critical articles appeared from vol. 3 no. 4 (Summer 1986) and book reviews appeared from Winter 1987, vol. 4 no. 2. Very Tine gay photographs and drawings are reproduced to illustrate the poems. There are very important biographical notes (usually on the last page) and books published by poets are listed so it acts as a bibliography for United States poetry for the years from 1983. From the Winter 1988 issue a list of books received is sometimes included, divided into poetry and prose. The standard has been consistently high. The journal has many writers from the mid-west. Circulation reached 600 in 1985 and there were 500 United States subscribers in forty-four states in 1986; by Summer 1990 there were 1000 subscribers in forty-seven states and eight countries. Apart from the founding editors, there were a number of other editors including Tom Young (died 1989): see James White Review vol. 6 no. 3, p.16. From Spring 1992 there have been separate Art, Poetry and Prose editors: Terry Carlson, Clif Mayhood and Phil Wilkie (also the publisher). *Kenny Fries, *Peter Daniels and *Robert Peters have all been guest poetry editors. A printed 30 page index to Volume 11, 1994, exists (also available on disk for DOS or MAC as either Filemaker Pro or d-Base formatted Tiles); it is updated yearly. There is an internet site. Philosopher from the United States writing in English. 1842-1910. The first well-known United States psychologist. He was the brother to the homosexual novelist *Henry James and a very influential thinker in his time who was one of the founders of *psychology. He married in 1878 and had five children. He is regarded as an exponent of pragmatism, the idea that experience should be taken into account to test any scientific speculation. The Will to Believe, 1896, is a major work. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of American Biography. Encyclopedia Britannica. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amour bleu, 206: stating he obseved in The Principles of Psychology, 1890, that most men probably contain the seeds of homosexuality. Pseudonym of a poet from Iran who wrote in Persian. 1414-1492. Generally regarded as the last of the eminent Persian classical poets. He was a *Sufi mystic. Jami, his penname, means *cup. His Baharistan (Orchard of Spring) is modelled on *Sa'di's Gulistan; it is a *prosimetrum, consisting of tales and verse, several stories concerning *boy love. He had a large oeuvre and worked in *allegory. Translation. The Beharestan. English: *S. Robinson (1873), *Richard Burton and *E. Rehatsek, The Beharistan (Abode of Spring), Benares: Kama Shastra Society, 1887; French: Henri Masse (1925); German: Rosenzweig (1840), M. Wickerhauser (1855). Various other works have been translated; see his entry in the *British Library General Catalogue. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2005: The Beharistan (Abode of Spring), Benares: Kama Shastra Society, 1887. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Ioläus (1902), 109. Men and Boys, 19: listed as a poet but no poem appears in the text. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 137-38. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 342: *non gender specific poem; biog., 328. Criticism. Browne, Literary History of Persia, volume 3, 50747. Arberry, Sufism, 115. Surieu, Sarv e Naz: An Essay on Love and the Reception of Erotic Themes in Ancient Iran, 172, 174-75: re Baharistan and homosexual love. Pseudonym of a poet from India who wrote in Urdu. 1818-1897. He used to dress as a woman and recite verses peculiar to them called Rekhti; compare *hijras. The poetic name of Mir Yar 'Ali Khan. Criticism. Sadiq, History of Urdu Literature, 197-98. Poet from Austria who wrote in German and English 1926-2000. A poem on promiscuity in his last book was written in English: "if its up to me/ there's gonna be/ total promiscuity". He was named one of the ten most important German-language poets of the 20th century by a jury extablished by Das Gedicht(The Poem). An obituary appeared in the New York Times in July 2000. He was strongly anti *Nazi. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Kindlers neues Literatur Lexikon. Poet and songwriter from Australia who composed in Anmatjarra, a central Australian language. Active 1971. See the song cycle, "Honey-Ant Men's Love Song," in The honey-ant men's love song and other Aboriginal song poems, edited by R. M. W. Dixon and Martin Duwell, 1990, pp. 48-69: a song cycle sung in corroborees to make men attractive to women; the role of the woman is acted by a man in the cycle (trans. into English here is by Stephen Wilde). See also *Songs - Walpiri as Walpiri is an adjacent language. The cycle shows the extreme allusiveness of Aboriginal material as "These songs are rarely explicitly sexual or erotic" (p. 49). As with much Australian Aboriginal material relating to myth and religion *hermetic meanings must be considered. This language is spoken in Central Australia near the Macdonnell Ranges. Poet from the Czech Republic writing in Czech. Active 1994. See Hledej Lasku, Prague, 1994, 79 pp.; with fine photographic illustrations of naked men. The first book of gay poems from the Czech Republic after the fall of Communism. Poet from Germany writing in German. Born 1957. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Milchsilber, 50-52; biog., 195 (with photo). Poet from Germany who wrote in German. 1879-1945. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 68: book of poems Vom Kern des Lebens, Leipzig: Amelang, [no date] and the drama * Antinous [no further information given]. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 231. Critic from Germany who wrote in German. 1904-1962. Author of Die Lyrische Dichtung der Jugendbewegung, 1929, 144 pp. A study of the lyric poetry of the German youth movement. There is a biographical note on the author at the back of the 1974 reprint of the work (published by dipa-Verlag, Frankfurt). Publisher from the United States of works in English. From ca. 1971. A small press controlled by Jonathan Williams in existence from at least 1971 and publishing works in 1993. The standard of publication has been consistently high, both in quality of publishing and content. Poets featured have usually published gay erotic works. Poets published include *Richard Emil Braun, James Broughton, *Lou Harrison, *Tom Meyer, Jonathan Williams. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active before 1992. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 554: *incest poem "My Brother and I". Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1972. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2007: Greek Feet, Trumansburg, NY: New Books, 1972 - posssibly there is some connection with John Gill who lived in Trumansburg; the title suggests ancient Greek poetry. Translator from Persian to English from India and critic writing in English. 1839-died after 1906. He translated the second and third volumes of the * A'in i Akbar (see the entry *Heinrich Blochmann in Encyclopedia Iranica on page 314); this included the gay anthology in the third volume. (The A'in i Akbar is itself the third volume of the history of the reign of the Emperor Akbar, the Akbar Nama. The whole work, including the anthology, was compiled by *Abu 'l-Fazl 'Allami.) In the third volume, in the gay anthology at the end, he points out that, in many cases, the featured beloved is a beautiful youth, thus making the homosexuality clear; these remarks were a critical comment on the work and were quite daring for the time (though the work was published in India not in London where the remarks might have resulted in the work being banned). Biographical information is in C. E. Buckland, Dictionary of Indian Biography (London, 1906; repr. New York, 1969); he was alive in 1906 when this work was published. He was in the British Army in India from 1856 and was assistant secretary to the legislative department of the Government of India 1870-1894. The author of History of the Caliphs. He used the pseudonym Stratheir (disclosed in his entry in the * British Library General Catalogue to 1975) under which name he published a translation from German of *Heinrich Heine, titled The Book of Songs. A precursor of *Surrealism. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Les Amours masculines, 314-15: a poem from his play Ubi Roi (1896) - "Si j'expire d'etre misée". Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 435: fine poems. Critic from France who wrote in Latin. Active 1868. Author of De pueris apud antiquos poetas, a thesis in Latin published in Lille and Paris, 1868, 105 pp. The work discusses the depiction of beautiful boys in ancient poets. Chapter 1 discusses boys in the Greek poet *Homer, Chapter 2 in Greek Theater, Chapter 3 in Latin tragedy, Chapter 4 in Latin rhetoricians after Seneca, Chapter 5 Ascanius in *Virgil's Aeneid, Chapter 6 in Philosophical and *lyric poets (*Lucretius, *Horace etc.). Translator from Great Britain from Greek to English; editor of works in Greek. Active 1973. Editor of The Greek Anthology (London, 1983), a selection of 850 poems in English from the * Palatine Anthology. This is the largest selection in verse translation in English, with translation by various translators, and the most readable contemporary edition. It does not omit homosexual poems (which many prior English translations did). The poets are arranged chronologically, there is a good introduction, an excellent bibliography pp. 423-24, Notes on Contributors (listing the poems each has translated) pp. 425-30, an Index of Greek Poets pp. 431-33 and Index to Poems from the Palatine Anthology (by book) pp. 434-39. A brief introduction precedes each poet and some sixty poems translated from Book 12, the * Mousa Paidike are listed on p. 439. Altogether an excellent collection which does not distort the gay poems. He has also translated *Meleager into prose in The Poems of Meleager (1975), with simultaneous translation into verse by *Peter Whigam. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2012: The Greek Anthology, New York: Oxford, 1974. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 56-57, 63. Poet from India who wrote in Sanskrit. Active 1150. From Orissa, south of Bengal, his erotic poem Gitagovinda (Song of the Cowherd), one of the most popular works in India, expresses the intense eroticism between *Krishna and his female devotee Radha. It influenced *bhakti and the *Vaisnava movement and has been interpreted *mystically and *allegorically so that a homosexual interpretation is possible (with the physical relationship being seen as only one dimension - as always in the *Siva/Krishna relationship with Radha). See Arthur M. Macdonnell, History of Sanskrit Literature, Delhi, 1971, pp. 290-91, on allegorical interpretations. Love poems within this work written from the point of view of Radha by this male poet may be relevant: in George Keyt's translation (Delhi, no date [ca. 1985?]) see Section 5, Poem 2, pp. 57-60. See also * Bhagavad Gita, *Upanishads, and compare *Sikhism. There have been numerous commentaries. Translation. English: Sir Edwin Arnold, trans. as Light of Asia and the Indian Song of Songs (1875), G. Keyt (Bombay, 1940; fine trans.), M. Varma (Calcutta, 1968) Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, vol. 2, 69. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics, 590. Other. De Bary, Guide to Oriental Classics, 140 42. Poet who wrote in Persian. Active ca. 159Q. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A'in i Akbari anthology, 665 - 66; biog., 665 - states his name is Padishah Quli. Lover from France relating to works in French. Active 1098. See Goodich,The Unmentionable Vice, pp. 31-32: re numerous ribald street *songs about his being made Bishop of Orleans reputedly in return for sexual favours to the Archbishop of Tours. Called *Flora (pseud.), Latin for flower. The songs are *lost. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Ca. 1965-1989. A *black poet and *actor who died of *Aids. He was the fiction editor of Other Countries. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 79: "Hejira" (poem which inspired the title of the anthology * The Road Before Us); biog., 178. Milking Black Bull, 73-79; biog., 73. Poet from Australia writing in English. Born 1957. Poem "When I look at you" in High Jinx, Sydney: Transit Poetry, 1983, p. 34. Source: *Austlit Record 111941. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1887-1962. A Californian poet famous for his nature poems inspired by his home on the *west coast at Carmel. Almost all his poems are about birds and animals; nature and humans only very rarely enter them. He had a strong reputation in the 1920s, 1930s and 1940s (following the success of his 1924 volume Roan Stallion). He adopted a pessimistic anti *Neitzschean philosophy and married. His poems move on allegorical and symbolic levels - e.g. the woman in Roan Stallion is called California - and he was influenced by Jungian and *Freudian ideas. On *friendship see the poem "No Resurrection" in The Selected Poetry, 1937, p. 474 (subconscious anal suggestions). The Cretan Woman, 1954, is a verse play based on the play Hippolytus of the Greek dramatist *Euripides; the main character Hippolytus is homosexual and there is also a suggestion of homosexuality in the relationship of the close friends Alcyon and Andros (characters added by Jeffers and not in the Greek original): see pp. 324-27. The phrase "the dear friendship of the young men his comrades" (p. 324) used to describe Hippolytus is based on *Whitman and *Edward Carpenter. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2015: citing the play in verse The Cretan Woman in Hungerford and Other Poems, New York: Random House, 1954. Criticism. Perkins, History of Modern Poetry, volume 2, 52-59. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active before 1992. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 551. Poet from China who wrote in Chinese. 460-508. A courtier in the court of Emperor Wu of Liang (ruled 502-59), he was something of an *aesthete and established the *Orchid Terrace Association (from 502-07). Possibility exists of his being actively homosexual; he was a *collector of books and scrolls and had a library of over ten thousand items. About twenty six poems only of his survive. His name Jen Feng is in *Wade Giles. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature, 459-60. Critic and historian (from Great Britain?) writing in English. Active 1980. His The Victorians and Ancient Greece (Oxford, 1980) is a major study of the influence of ancient Greek culture on *Victorian English culture. On homosexuality see the index and pp. 280-93; he also deals with *Hellenism pp. 1-21. He is the author of Three Classical Poets: *Sappho, *Catullus, *Juvenal, London, 1982. See also *Platonism, *Decadence. Poet writing in English from Great Britain; translator from Italian to English. 1926-2001. For relevant poems see "Caravaggio's 'Narcissus' in Rome" in The Mind has Mountains, 1966, p. 24, "Narcissus" in Relationships, 1972 (on the trope of *Narcissus) and "Friendship" in Familiar Spirits, Manchester, 1994, p. 63; "First Love" in this sequence is an interesting sequence with lesbian undertones. Author of a fine translation of *Michelangelo's Sonnets (1961; repr.). She is a noted British poet who is a Catholic and has never married; she had a nervous breakdown and several suicide attempts: see the obituary by *Michael Schmidt in The Independent 31 October 2001. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors New Revision Series volume 39. Dictionary of Literary Biography vol. 27. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1958. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 80-81: poem "Hell (in High Heels)" about a lesbian stage dancer; biog., 178: a *black poet. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1944 Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 82-83 - "Hi-speed *Queen"; biog 178 - *black poet who is married with a daughter. Editor possibly from Germany of works in Greek. Active 1754. The first editor of the complete * Palatine Anthology, edited with *J. J. Reiske (see his entry for details). Not found in in Sandys, History of Classical Scholarship. Translator from English to Danish from Denmark. 1873-1950. Translator of the English poet *Whitman with Otto Gelsted: Digte (Poems), 1919, 143 pp. This was the first Danish translation of Whitman. A novelist, poet and essayist, he was an admirer of Whitman and won the *Nobel Prize for Literature in 1944 mainly for his poetry. He married in 1904. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Translator from Hebrew and Greek to Latin from Slovenia, Italy and Israel; critic writing in Latin. Ca. 347-420. Saint Jerome's translation of the *Bible became the accepted Latin translation of the Bible in Latin speaking western Europe. This was for over a 1,000 years the accepted text of the Bible in the Christian west as the language of the Church was Latin. It was through this translation that knowledge of homosexuality in the Bible became known and the teachings of *Jesus Christ were spread. He was born in Slovenia, educated in *Rome and later lived in a monastery in Israel where he established by 389 a monastery in Bethlehem, near Jerusalem. City in Israel in which Hebrew, Arabic and Armenian and other languages are spoken; Greek, Latin and Aramaic were formerly spoken. English is widely spoken in the contemporary city. Material of relevance dates from *King David (died ca. 970 B.C.). The city is divided into the old city - which is very ancient and consists of Christian, Armenian, Jewish and Islamic quarters - and the modern city which surrounds it. *King David (possibly alive 1000-970 B.C.), also ostensibly a poet, ruled from the city where the Temple of the Jews existed (dating from before 586 B.C.), the focus of Jewish worship and which housed *hierodoulia (temple prostitutes). The city was much conquered and the Temple several times destroyed. At the time of Jesus Christ, the city was Greek speaking, but governed by Latin speaking *Roman conquerors. The Aramaic speaking Jesus, whose teachings in the * Gospels were influenced by *Plato (especially The Symposium), taught and was crucified there. The city became a Greek polis - Greek, "city" - in 175 B.C.: see Hershel Shanks, The Mystery and Meaning of the Dead Sea Scrolls, 1998, p. xviii. Both the *Old Testament and the Gospels emanate from the city which is now the capital of Israel and which the Palestinian people aspire to make their capital. The Dome of the Rock in the Arabic speaking quarter is a sacred shrine of *Islam. The city has an Armenian quarter which has a fine library: see *Gregory of Naureg and *Nahapet Kuchak. Jerusalem has major Hebew *libraries and *manuscripts and is a publishing center of Hebrew books: see *Isaac Ibn Ezra, *Todros Abulafia. The first German translation of *Cavafy was published in the city in 1942 by Walter Jablonski. Major Hebrew scholars such as Jefim Schirmann and *Dan Pagis have lived there. The name Jerusalem has come to stand for the perfect city to which other cities (such as *Istanbul, formerly Constantinople, under the Christian *Orthodox religion), should aspire. James K. Baxter lived in a city of the same name in New Zealand. The American *Puritans who conquered the United States in 1620 sought to "build Jerusalem" in the United States. *Torquato Tasso wrote a poem based on the liberation of the city by the Christians from Islam and *William Blake also wrote a poem entitled Jerusalem. The poet *Robert Friend who write in English lives in the city. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Brittanica. Encyclopedia Judaica. Poet and philosopher from Israel relating to history, myth and religion; later a trope in poetry and in French a word for homosexual. He spoke in Aramaic and his teachings and life were first recorded in Greek though some words spoken by him in the Gospels are in in Aramaic. Ca. 1-ca. 33. Some authorities give his birth year at 4 B.C. or thereabouts. Poetry and the teachings of Jesus. The Jewish founder of the Christian religion, Jesus Christ had twelve disciples, all male, according to the four * Gospels, which are accepted by the Christian church as a record his life. The Gospels are in strophic prose which some see as *poetry. The teachings of Jesus in the Beatitudes, central documents of his teachings ( Gospel of Matthew, Chapter 5, verses 3-11) are directly in poetry - or at least strophic poetry. Jesus frequently speaks in poetic language - e.g in Saint John's Gospel when he says "I am the true vine" (chapter 15, verse 1) using metaphor. Jesus Christ was unmarried. His command to "Love one another" ( Gospel of John Chapter 13, verse 34) is central to his philosophy and has homoerotic undertones. Speculation on his sexuality has taken place over the centuries. See Tom Horner, Jonathan Loved David, Philadelphia, 1978, Chapter 9, "Jesus and Sexuality", pp. 110-26, and Robin Scroggs, The New Testament and Homosexuality, Philadelphia, 1983. The Gospels refer to a disciple "whom Jesus especially loved" ( Gospel of John, Chapter 13, verse 23): this has been taken to be *John though there has been some confusion as to which John: *John the Beloved Disciple, John the Gospel writer or *John the Baptist (these Johns may all be an identical person or two of them may be the same person). The Last Supper is also important in considering Jesus's sexuality; it was held in a *symposium setting and, in the Gospel of John Chapter 13, verse 23, states that one disciple "reclined in the bosom of Jesus". It is certainly clear in the Gospels that Jesus is never on record as condemning homosexuality (although his disciple *Paul does). In terms of this encyclopedia, because of the strong male bonding relationships between his disciples, Jesus is regarded as being gay. In *Gnosticism, regarded as a heretical sect, the Secret Gospel of Mark and the Gospel of Thomas are relevant (the texts of both works were only rediscovered in the twentieth century). Parts of the Gospels, e.g. the Beatitudes (sayings of Jesus: see Gospel of Matthew Chapter 5, verses 3-11) are directly in poetry. Aramaic. Jesus spoke the *Afro-Asiatic language Aramaic, and his teachings existed in oral form before being written down; they have since been translated into many of the world's languages, and become more widely diffused than any other religious works. Basil Fletcher, The Aramaic Sayings of Jesus (London, 1967) deals with the Aramaic basis; see chapter 2 "Aramaic Words" for discussion of Aramaic words used by Jesus and chapter 5 "Aramaic Poetry" for discussion of the poetic basis. The following words used by Jesus are in Aramaic: Eli, eli, lama sabachthani? ("My god, my god why have you forsaken me?" - said on the cross by Jesus as he was dying), abba ("father"), corban (the amount of money given to the Temple as a person's contribution to worship), talatha cumi ("Little girl, get up" - in Saint Mark's Gospel - said to a dying girl), raca (word of contempt for another man), mammon (worship of riches) and ephphatha ("Be opened" - said in Saint Mark's Gospel to a deaf and dumb man to cure him). These words are discussed in chapter 2 of Basil Fletcher's book. On Aramaic see *Overview - Aramaic. Jesus has become a mythic figure (compare *Apollo) and, like such figures, perception of his character has been historically and socially determined. He has been widely regarded as being asexual since Paul's condemnation of homosexuality and its acceptance as Christian teaching meant that the founder of the religion could not be what was prohibited); but Paul's remarks only constitute and interpretation of Jesus's own words which are paramount. References in poetry reinforce the view that Jesus Christ has been perceived by poets through the ages as homosexual. See also *Debate on Love - Greek. Biography. The question of the historical Jesus began to occupy scholars from the eighteenth century and was especially a feature of Christian scholarship in the nineteenth century. Albert Schweitzer surveyed the literature in Von Reimarus zu Wrede (1906; English translation The Quest for the Historical Jesus, 1910); see the bibliography at the end of the article on Jesus in Encyclopedia Britannica for a detailed bibliography. Albert Schweitzer, in The Psychiatric Study of Jesus (1948), after surveying the psychiatric literature on Jesus, deals with the issue of whether Jesus was psychopathic and concludes he was not; in the forward to the English translation, p. 13, Dr. Winfred Overholser states that "the emotional and homosexual factors [of Jesus's life] are highly important", Roderic Dunkerley, Beyond the Gospels, Penguin Books, 1957, is a thorough study of knowledge of Jesus from information outside the Gospels. For Islamic references see Wismer Don, The Islamic Jesus: An Annotated Bibliography of Sources in English and French, New York, 1977. Jesus Christ as a oav trope in poetrv. The idea of Jesus Christ being a homosexual (regarded as heretical for much of the history of the Christian church) appears in the work of many poets and poems; his relationships with John the Beloved Disciple and John the Baptist is one nexus and another is the Crucifixion (with which homosexuals could be expected to identify in ages and places when homosexuals were condemned to death: see *Law - Christian and compare *Saint Sebastian). Underlying feelings of homoeroticism expressed *mystically, especially in Christian *hymns are relevant. Iconographic depiction of the Last Supper (with the Beloved Desciple lying in Jesus's lap) appears in Byzantine Art and continues in later western art (e.g., in the homosexual Leonadro da Vinci's painting The Last Supper in *Milan). Greek: see also *Hymns. Latin. The Latin text of the * Gospels translated by *Saint Jerome was for over 1000 years the text by which they were read in western Europe. There are many hymsn addressed to Jesus in Latin. English. See the following poets: James I, *Drummond of Hawthornden, *Edward Taylor, *Swinburne, *D. M. Dolben, John Gray, *Cuthbert Wright, the poem *"The Ballad of Joking Jesus", *Royal Murdoch, John Berryman, James Kirkup, *Paul Knobel, *Andre de Shields, *Amiri Baraka. See Woods, Articulate Flesh: Male Homo-eroticism and Modern Poetry, pp. 42-48 - important discussion. French. See Courouve, Vocabulaire de l'homosexualité masculine, Paris, 1985, pp. 147-49: re the word Jesus refering to a homosexual *prostitute and later meaning "*pederast" in *Bruant (ibid., p. 148) and see Dictionnaire Gay; see *Frederick the Great in Gay Books Bulletin 7 (1982), 14 and see his entry. German. See *Elisar von Kupffer. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 122-29. Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 637-39. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion ; contains a fine annotated bibliography to 1987. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 201. Criticism. Mayne, The Intersexes, 258-260. Jews are followers of the religion of Judaism, originally from Israel; Hebrew is the language of the Jewish scriptures, which correspond to the *Old Testament (or Tanach) records of which survive from at least 200 B.C. The Greek version overall precedes surviving Hebrew records; there is no complete surviving Hebrew text from this date though individual fragments do survive from before the time of Jesus Christ, the founder of *Christianity, who was Jewish. Since all poets listed in this encyclopedia in Hebrew are relevant, see 'Overview - Hebrew. Poets date from *King David (allegedly alive ca. 1000 B.C., though the text of David's "Lament for Jonathan" which has been ascribed to him dates only from 200 B.C.) Note: homosexuality has been ascribed to Jews by others in poems, sometimes derogatively (see *Chants, *Coingy). English: see isaac Rosenberg, *Lorenz Hart, *Charles Brasch, *Edward Field, *Harvey Gillman, *Allen Ginsberg, Jesus Christ, *Simeon Solomon, *Raffalovich, *Edouard Roditi, *Leonard Bernstein, *Dennis Altman. See also in Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage, the article "Jewish-American Literature". Dutch: see Jacob Israel de Haan. French: see *Marcel Proust, *M.-A. Raffalovich. German: see *M. Brod, *M. H. E Meier, *Magnus Hirschfeld, *Franz Kafka, *Karl Wolfskehl. Under the *Nazis (1933-45) six million Jews in Europe were murdered and Jewish culture in Europe almost decimated. Yiddish. This language was spoken by Jews in eastern Europe. See 'Overview - Yiddish. Hebrew: see *1 bn Sahl. Italian: see *Umberto Saba. Persian: see *Sarmad. See also *Angel, *New York. There is a Jewish literature in Arabic: see the entry "Judaeo-Arabic Literature" in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. All languages spoken by Jews are relevant. Sometimes, special Jewish dialects developed such as Judaeo-Arabic, Judaeo-Berber, Judeo-Spanish and Judaeo-Persian; for information on these languages see the Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Jianwen, Emperor, also called Emperor Chienwen and also called Hsiao Kang Poet from China who wrote in Chinese. 503-551. He was *emperor 550-551 and was a Liang emperor. Translation. English: see "The Young Catamite" in John Marney, trans., Beyond the Mulberries: An Anthology of Palace-Style Poetry by Emperor Chien-wen of the Liang Dynasty (505-551), Taipei and San Francisco, 1982, pp. 114-16. His name Jianwen is in *Pinyin; Chienwen (and his alternate name Hsiao Kang) is in *Wade Giles. Gay Poetry Anthologies. New Songs from a Jade Terrace, 200-01; biog., 353. Hinsch, Passions of the Cut Sleeve, 74-75: very fine poem regarding the *peach sharing lovers Dong Xian and Mizi Xia and *Zhou Xiaoshi whom he compares to a man he loves. Poet from Japan who wrote in Japanese. Active before 1713. A Buddhist prelate, poet and scholar. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Partings at Dawn, 117-18 (from the anthology * Iwatsutsuji). Poet from Japan who wrote in Japanese. Active before 1713. A youth of fourteen or fifteen with whom *Captain Taisho was in love; they exchanged poems. He was also loved by a priest *Saisho. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Partings at Dawn, 121-123 (from the anthology * Iwatsutsuji). Lexicographer from Mexico writing in Spanish. Active 1960. He compiled Picardia Mexicana (*Mexico City, 1960-64); 19 editions of 5000 each have been published. This work is very famous in Mexico though it is a rare book outside of Mexico. It is a discussion of sexual and obscene words; the 1960 edition has a bibliography pp. 235-51 (copy used: *Library of Congress). The book is not listed on the Library of Congress Computer Catalogue but is listed in the card catalogue. A poem with homosexual reference from the book is cited in Maledicta 5 (1981) 226 with English translation. Little seems relevant though the bibliography is a source of possible gay material in Mexico, which may yield more poetry. Critic from Spain writing in Spanish. 1881-1958. See Gay Sunshine no. 42-43, p. 18 (interview with *Gil de Biedma): refers to an attack on the *Generation of 1927 published possibly in El Sol in the 1930s in which he accuses them of homosexuality. A poet who has been seen as something of a *dandy through his poetry. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Spanish Literature. Poet from Japan writing in Japanese. Active before 1713. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Partings at Dawn, 117 (from the anthology * Iwatsutsuji). Poet from Japan writing in Japanese. Active before 1713. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Partings at Dawn, 115 (from the anthology * Iwatsutsuji). Critic from Germany writing in German. Born 1903. Not in Oxford Companion to German Literature. The work cited below is a discussion of the influence of Latin and Greek classical writers on *Platen and is a thesis. Rare: there is a copy in the United States in The Center for Hellenic Studies, Dumbarton Oaks, Washington CD. A book of poems Antinoos; Gedichte, Dessau, 1925, was apparently published by him though the first name is spelt Hanns in a cataloged record (a copy is in *Harvard Library); the title refers to *Antinous. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 69: Uber den Einfluss der Antike auf der Antike die Dichtung August von *Platens, Munich, 1928. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10754: same book. Poet from France who wrote in French. Active 1868. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10755: Le triumph de Sodome. Œuvres et méslanges, Paris: Poétiques, 1868. Poet from Japan who wrote in Japanese. Active before 1713. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Partings at Dawn, 107, 115 (from the anthology * Iwatsutsuji). Editor from France of works in Latin. 1770-1851. See Brunet, Manuel du libraire, under "Martial"; at the end of the listings, Brunet discusses his book Epigrammes contre *Martial, Paris, 1835, 160 pp. It probably contains homosexual material. Not sighted. This book is not listed in his entry in the *British Library General Catalogue ; his entry in * National Union Catalog shows *Harvard library holds it. Pseudonym of an historian and critic from the United States who wrote in English. 1934-1994. One of the two associate editors of the * Encyclopedia of Homosexuality who wrote many articles including many on literature (e.g., on *Aristophanes, Beloved *Disciple, *Walter Pater and *Voltaire). His real name was Joseph Peter Wallfield, which only became known to those around him when he applied for a passport in 1992. A *New York independent scholar of Jewish background, he read some twenty-five languages and learnt German by reading the * Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen (information stated orally to the author by Joseph Wallfield). He was born in *Philadelphia, was a graduate of various universities including Columbia University, New York, and his fields were Slavic (see Jiri Karazsek ze Lvovic), Indo-European and Semitic philology. He assisted *Walter Breen in writing Greek Love and contributed to the * International Journal of Greek Love (see *Paul Näcke). In Summers, *Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage, he wrote the article on *Aleister Crowley. He had researched on homosexuality since 1952 and was writing a comprehensive synthesis on homosexuality when he died called Homosexuality, Pederasty, Intersexuality. With *William Percy he wrote Outing (1994): this discusses the making public of a person's homosexuality either voluntarily or involuntarily and the ethics surrounding it. He also aided William Percy in the writing of the latter's Pederasty and Pedagogy. He died in Boston of cancer of the mouth. His father left him a small income, but by the time he died this was insufficient for his expenses and he was looked after by *William Percy, the other associate editor of the Encyclopedia of Homosexuality. He was a close friend of Wayne Dynes, who however did not know where he lived. Warren Johansson was one of the greatest of all gay scholars. Obituary: Lesbian and Gay Studies Newsletter vol. 21 no. 3, November 1994, 4-5 by *William Percy; * NAMBLA Bulletin vol. 16 no.1 (July 1995), p. 6 (reprinted from *ONE/IGLA Bulletin and written by Jim Kepner). Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1883-1917. The author of fairly dull and conventional *Uranian poetry; many poems in his oeuvre are *non gender specific. His book of poems The Flute of Sardonyx, first published in 1913, was reprinted with masterly illustrations and introduction by *Nicholas Wilde and printed by Nicolas McDowall at The Old Stile Press, 1991 (in two signed editions, one of 260 copies and a Special Edition of 26 copies numbered A-Z); the introduction reveals that John died in Taormina in Sicily, Italy, then a center of *boy love, almost certainly by his own hand. The 1991 reprint is one of the finest of gay printed poetry books. Bibliographies. Murray, Catalogue of Selected Books, items 32-34: Flute of Sardonyx, 1913, Symphonie Symbolique, 1919, and The Wind in the Temple, 1915. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10756-59: The Acolyte, London: *Timothy d'Arch Smith, 1967, The Flute of Sardonyx: London: Herbert Jenkins, 1913, Symphonie symbolique, London: Erskine Macdonald, 1919, The Wind in the Temple, London: Erskine Macdonald, 1915. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 2022-24: The Flute of Sardonyx: Poems, London: Herbert Jenkins, 1913, Symphonie symbolique, London: Erskine Macdonald, 1919, The Wind in the Temple: Poems, London: Erskine Macdonald, 1915; highly rated by Ian Young. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 56-57. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 138-40. Blue Boys. Poems of Love and Liberation, 62-63. Criticism. Smith, Love in Earnest, 133-37; bibl., 246. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1008: cites The Seven Gifts as a lyric masterpiece. Pseudonym of a singer in English from Great Britain. Born 1947. His real name is Reginald Kenneth Dwight. He is the best known openly gay British *pop singer who has a sense of humor and is able to mock himself. With his boyfriend, he attended the funeral of Princess Diana in Westminster Abbey, London, in 1997 and sang a famous song "Candle in the Wind" which was broadcast worldwide on television. He is one of the richest men in Great Britain. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music; includes bibliography. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Poet from Spain who wrote in Spanish. 1542-1591. A Spanish mystic and poet. His Spanish name is San Juan de la Cruz. His poems are based on the * Song of Songs and are very erotic; in some, e.g., poem 13, the lover's partner (i.e. *God) is male. He influenced *Garcia Lorca in Lorca's Sonnets of Obscure Love. John of the Cross also wrote commentaries on his own poems. Translation. English: *Roy Campbell. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1239: notes his poems describe making love with Christ from the female point of view. Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Juan de la Cruz, San". Possibly the lover of Jesus Christ relating to material in Greek from Israel and active ca. 30; later a trope. That Jesus and John the Baptist were lovers cannot be proved in the physical sense and remains only a possibility (see also John the Beloved Disciple, another possible lover). Material exists in Greek and other languages of the * Gospels where the story of his baptising Christ is told: see Gospel of Luke, chapter 3. Many poets and artists have implied that Jesus Christ and John the Baptist were lovers: see Jesus Christ. From the *Renaissance on he is frequently depicted in art (e.g., in the paintings of the probably homosexual Guido Reni) in close intercourse with Jesus, baptising him (i. e., pouring water over his head). *Leonardo da Vinci did a famous painting of him as an effeminate man with his forefinger pointed up (which could suggest the phallus). Compare *Ganymede. Lover and trope from Israel in Greek and later in English and German. Active ca. 30. Possibly the lover of Jesus Christ. Though this can never be proven, it was certainly believed to be such by some poets: see the English poets *Chistopher Marlowe, James I and the poem *"Ballad of Joking Jesus" and the German poet *Elisar von Kupffer. There is confusion as to whether John "the beloved disciple" (also referred to as the disciple "whom Jesus especially loved" - Gospel of John, Chapter 13, verse 23) and the Greek * Gospel writer John are one and the same. Both in turn have been confused with John the Baptist. In Persian compare *Beloved. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 125-26: "Beloved Disciple" (unsigned, but probably by *Wayne Dynes or *Warren Johansson [pseud.]). Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Born 1930. Best known as an abstract artist. For poems he wrote see Richard Francis, Jasper Johns, New York, 1974, pp. 109-12. See Cooper, Sexual Perspective, pp. 232-33, regarding a homosexual liaison with his fellow artist Robert Rauschenberg. Biography: see Jill Johnston, Jasper Johns: Privileged Information, New York, 1997 which discusses his homosexuality. Bibliographies. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, item 1681: re affair with Robert Rauschenberg. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1965-1993. Chapbook: Not Another Threesome, London, *Oscars Press, 1990 (with *D. I. Harrison and and *Gerry Pinkney); see pp. 20-29; biog., pp. 3-4. His poems have also appeared in the Faber anthology Hard Lines 3. He lives in *London. Two collections of poetry have been published The Spiral Staircase (1993) and The Playground Bell (1994). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 78, 171, 234-36; biog., 238. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1952. Active from 1986. *Black poet who studied at *Yale, graduating in French in 1974 and who was in the United States navy. The author of Tine erotic poetry about the navy. Gay Poetry Anthologies. In the Life , 116-18, 133; biog., 252. Road Before Us, 84; biog., 178. Milking Black Bull, 59-71; biog., 59. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1877-1962. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 72: "The Truant" (uses *faun trope). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 492: same poem. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1960. *Black poet from *New York City. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 85: "First Rain in Dakar" (about poverty in Bangladesh); biog., 178. Here to Dare, 102-14; biog., 101. Name of Love, 35-36: fine *African love poem about two black African men; biog., 74: stated to be "an author, Africanist and human rights activist" who has travelled in Africa, Europe and north America. Eros in Boystown, 40-42; biog., 61. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English and Latin. 1867-1902. A noted *eighteen-nineties poet who converted to *Catholicism in 1891 and became an alcoholic; he graduated from *Oxford in 1890. He was one of the most admired of the eighteen nineties poets, especially by *W. B. Yeats, and was a member of the Rhymers Club. He was something of an *aesthete, greatly influenced by *Walter Pater. His poetry epitomises what is meant by *decadent poetry in English. His sexuality is very problematical and he may have been largely asexual after 1891. His first volume of poems was published in 1895, four years after his conversion and at a time when gay Catholics were urged to repress all sexual desires outside marriage. His second volume was entitled Ireland and other Poems (1897). He may have had a sexual relationship with *Alfred Douglas. Text of poems. See the second edition of his poems by *Ian Fletcher (with a long introduction and discussion of his life). Fletcher states, p. xiii, "Formerly, I was confident about Johnson's '*Uranian' tendencies, but offered little evidence. Now I am less confident, but offer more evidence"'; see also pp. xxxvi-vii of this work. This edition has important notes on major eighteen-nineties figures to whom poems were addressed and an important bibliography pp. 363-70. Poems of interest: "The Dark Angel" pp. 52-53, "The Destroyer of a Soul" p. 74 (possibly to Alfred Douglas), "Love's Ways" p. 175; many other poems are relevant in mood. His love poems are addressed to *non gender specific anima figures. His verse falls into three categories: Celtic poems, poems on situations, figures and themes from literature and personal poems dealing with religion, friends and personal life. For a Latin poem see Richard Ellmann, Oscar Wilde, London, 1987, pp. 305-06: a very witty poem in Latin regarding Wilde's novel The Portrait of Dorian Gray; see also *S. W. Foster on translation into English. Nine Latin poems are printed in Fletcher's edition. See also *Arthur Galton (who apparently had a homosexual affair with him at Oxford), * Century Guild. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionary of National Biography. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2027: Poems, London: [Elkin] Mathews, 1895. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reade, Sexual Heretics, 303. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 89. Poet from the United States writing in English. 1935-1998. Born in Ashland, Kansas. Influenced by the *Black Mountain school. Books of elevance: ARK, Northpoint Press, 1996 and To Do As Adam Did: Selected Poems, 2000. He is believed to have been a lover of Jonathan Williams (*Burton Weiss to the author, 1995). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2030: Valley of the Many-Colored Grasses, New York: Norton, 1969. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Male Muse, 5557: Tine poems from the sequence "Letters to *Walt Whitman" from his book The Different Musics; biog., 121. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 528. Word of Mouth, 194-203. Biographer from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1709-1784. His Lives of the English Poets (1779-81) were standard lives of the English poets up to *Pope and include a life of *Rochester. In his life of *Thomas Gray he refers to "an affectation in delicacy, or rather *effeminacy" which implies homosexuality (see the paragraph beginning "Perhaps he was the most learned man in Europe"). He is more guarded than *John Aubrey and the lives have an element of *Puritanism. Johnson's relationship with his *disciple James Boswell involved strong *male bonding and has homosexual elements. It resulted in the classic biography Boswell's Life of Johnson (1791). Educated at *Oxford he suffered periods of depression and married a widow considerably older than himself with whom he was unhappily married (1735-52). He was also a poet who wrote in English and Latin. He edited an edition of *Shakespeare. His satirical poem "London" was based on Juvenal. Johnson, Sidney Curtis A *black poet who is a dancer. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 86: poem "Sunday, November 6, 1987"; biog., 179. Poet, letter writer and lover from the United States who wrote in English. 1897-1968. The lover of *Patrick White in 1939 (this is disclosed in *David Marr, Patrick White: A Life, 1991, pp. 184-205). He is the author of one book of poems, Horizontal Yellow, Santa Fe, 1935 (examined in the *Library of Congress which has a copy). It includes some fine *non gender specific love poems e.g., p. 51. He lived in Taos, New Mexico at this time; he was also a lover of *Witter Bynner (see Jeffrey Meyers, David Herbert Lawrence, New York, 1990, p. 210) and was nicknamed Spud. Letters of Patrick White to him survive from 1939-45 and are now in the *Humanities Research Center, as are his papers: some are printed in Patrick White, The Letters, edited by David Marr, 1994, pp. 29-36; see also the biographical notes on him pp. 6-17 and 638-39. More papers are at the University of California, Los Angeles (information from David Marr). Biography: see *David Marr, Patrick White: A Life, 1991, pp. 184-85: notes he brought a journal Laughing Horse east with him from Berkeley and published a local newspaper called Horsefly. On him see also the index of Patrick White: A Life and the index of Patrick White, The Letters, 1994. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1823-1892. The original name of *William Cory: see this entry for details. After dismissal from Eton in 1872 he changed his name to William Cory. Translator from Australia from Greek to English. 1949-1990. An Australian poet, one of the *Generation of 68. See Selected Poems and Prose, edited by John Tranter, 1993, on his translation of *Cavafy (on p.118 is a gay poem) and on *Klephtic folksongs 127-42 (very slight homoerotic content except pp. 128-29). He was partly educated in Greece where his writer parents lived while he was growing up Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Active 1895. Bibliographies. Murray, Catalogue of Selected Books, item 36: Ballads of Boy and Beak, 1895. Jonas, Stephen (pseud.), also called Steve Jonas Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1927-1970. A *black, he was raised in the *south of the United States and attended universities in *Boston; he was associated with anarchist circles, *drugs and drank heavily, refusing to appear in gay *anthologies and resisting any label. His Two for Jack Spicer (*Manroot, 1974), shows the influence of the major *San Francisco poet as well as, on a technical level, *Charles Olson. He was also published in *Little Caesar (*Gerrit Lansing to the author; see also the poem by Gerrit Lansing about him, "Amazing Grace & A Salad Bowl", in The Heavenly Tree Grows Downward, 1977, pp. 80-81). A Selected Poems was published in Boston, 1973. Critical essay: see Fag Rag/ Gay Sunshine, Summer 1974, 19 by *Charley Shively with a bibliography (adding 75 Poems and a Narration, in the journal Caterpillar no. 15-16, April-July 1971, to the four books listed in Young, Male Homosexual in Literature as cited below). This essay reveals that his manuscripts have not all been published and Fag Rag was refused permission to publish any of them. His real name was apparently Rufas Jones and Charley Shively also states the poem "Love, the Poem, the Sea & Other Pieces Examined", dedicated to Michael Farmer, United States Navy, August 1956, is "one of the finest love poems in any language". (The poem is the title of Stephen Jonas's first book, Love, the Poem, the Sea & Other Pieces Examined, San Francisco, 1957.) If his real name was Jones, Jonas may be a pun: the common surname Jones plus "ass". Text. Selected Poems, edited by Joseph Torra, Hoboken, New Jersey, 1994, gathers his poems with an Introduction by Joseph Torra. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10761-62: Love, the Poem, the Sea and other Pieces Examined, San Francisco: White Rabbit Press, 1957 and Two for Jack Spicer, San Francisco: *Manroot, 1974. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 2034-38: same books plus Exercises for the Ear: Being a Primer for the Beginner in the American Idiom, London: The Ferry Press, 1968 and Selected Poems, Boston, 1973. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Angels of the Lyre, 110-14; biog., 241 (by John Wieners). Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 347. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 644. Word of Mouth, 104-114. Poet from Australia writing in English. Born ca. 1950. See poem in Australian Poetry Now, edited by *Thomas Shapcott, 1970, p. 144: "Phil reached in Bill's coat pocket/To grab his cock/It was only a book of Shelley's poems." The author has published several volumes of verse which are copies of manuscripts printed in his handwriting. His work comes out of the 1960s counter culture. He lived in Queensland in the country in the 1980s. Poet from Australia writing in English. Born 1956. Book of poems: The Times of Zenia Gold: a verse novel, Sydney, BlackWattle Press, 1992 (reviews: see Hurley, Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia, under The Times of Zenia Gold). This is a powerful and well crafted *sequence of the *Sydney Oxford Street gay scene. See also "Loose White Tee Shirts" in Poetry Australia no. 122 (1989), 39-43: a fine gay poem from the issue, On Struggle Street: An Anthology of New Poets, edited by *Dorothy Porter (also *Austlit Record 113936). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Hurley, Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Pink Ink, 25863; biog., 298-99. Eros in Boystown, 9-10. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1996. Author of Sweep, 1996, 62 pp. Review: James White Review vol. 13 no. 4, Fall 1996, 21, by Walter Holland - poems about "street and ghetto life with *AIDS, *drug addiction, and prostitution lurking in the background". Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1895-1974. His *long poem In Parenthesis set in the First World War, and which is in poetry and prose, has been hailed as a masterpiece. A gay anaylsis has not been attempted. The title of the first section is "The many men so beautiful": this phrase shows homoerotic interest and the frontispiece drawing of a naked soldier (naked, except for a helmet and shirt) reinforces this; the soldier seems at the same time both asexual and erotic. Use of language in the works also shows homoeroticism: in the Faber 1963 edition, see p. 161 referring to "two lovers from Ebury Bridge,/ Bates and Coldpepper/ that men call the *Lily-white boys". Footnote 11, p. 221, refers to the phrase "his batty" on this page and explains that "Jonathan was certainly David's 'batty" (see *David and Jonathan); on David and Jonathan see also p. 42. As these examples show, the level of sophistication in the use of language of the poem is very high and the poem needs to be examined overall in this light. It was the opinion of the great art collector H. S. Ede who knew Jones very well that there are many levels of meaning in Jones' paintings: see H. S. Ede, Kettle's Yard: A Way of Life, 1984, p. 72 ("always in one of David Jones's paintings, meaning underlying meaning can be found"). This may applies too, to his complex poetry. He was a graphic artist who worked with the English artist, Eric Gill. He converted to *Catholicism in 1921 and did not marry. Sexuality in his work seems very repressed; compare *Alexander Pope. He may have been asexual, sexually repressed or have had a low sexual drive. In The Sleeping Lord and other fragments, 1974, the title poem personifies the country as a male and has some homoerotic connotations. Criticism: see the essay on the 'hermaphrodite in Jones's art by Paul Hills in his Backgrounds to David Jones, 1989. John Matthias in his introductory essay to David Jones, Man and Poet, no date [ca. 1986], discusses his repression of sexual feelings pp. 26-27 and relates this to the *Oedipus complex; see also Paul Hills, "The Pierced *Hermaphrodite: David Jones Imagery of the Crucifixion", pp. 425-442 in the same work. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Contemporary Authors New Revision Series, volume 28. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2039: In Parenthesis, London: Faber, 1937. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 78-79, 92-94: from In Parenthesis, Part 7; biog., 237. Translator from Latin to English. Active before 1961. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 124: trans. of the Latin poem *"O admirabile Veneris idulum" into English. Historian and critic from the United States writing in English. Active 1986. Author of The "Third Sex" in German Literature from the Turn of the Century to 1933, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1986. This is a Ph. D. thesis. It was published as a book, We of the Third Sex, 1990, 346 pp., and deals with Wedekind, Musil, *Thomas Mann and John Henry Mackay (review Forum 10 [1990], 99-103). Pseudonym of a poet from Australia writing in English. Born ca. 1960. See her fine poem "Franz Schubert Contemplates Death" in Flagging Down Time, Sydney, 1994, pp. 60-62. The poem deals with Schubert's homosexuality and has the *Ganymede trope. The author of "Election Night Mardi Gras" in The Book of Possibilities, Sydney, 1997, pp. 25-26, about the Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras. A well known Sydney poet. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1991. A *black poet. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 87: "Jones Beach Bather"; biog., 179. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1934. See *Donald Allen for a homosexual poem published in 1960 written under his then name LeRoi Jones. An important precursor to the new generation of openly gay poets, despite his later repudiation of the above work. He changed his name from LeRoi Jones in 1969 and now calls himself *Amiri Baraka (where his work is discussed in more detail). He published the journal Yugen in 1958. His second book Preface to a Twenty Volume Suicide Note, 1961, had *camp elements in its poetry. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, third edition. Poet from Australia writing in English. Born 1941. See: "the generator", "poems written in a railway tunnel", in The Mad Vibe, Sydney, no date [ca. 1975], pp. 10-11,14. (This book was dedicated to *Henry Lawson and *Donovan Clarke.) Some of his poems are in the style of *Frank O'Hara. See also *"O'Hara" by John Tranter in Meanjin vol. 37 no.1 (1978), 84. He is also a novelist. Criticism: see John Tranter, "Growing up Gracefully", Meanjin vol. 37 no.1 (1978), 83-84. He was at one time President of the Poets Union in Sydney. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Hurley, Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Edge City, 6769; biog., 221. Dessaix, Australian Gay and Lesbian Writing, 56-57; biog., 377. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born ca. 1958. Book: Watching them Dance, 1982. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Son of the Male Muse, 101-03: fine gay liberation poems including *"Cruising the Bar"; biog., 188 (with photo). Voices Against the Wilderness, 59; a *black poet who lives in Tucson, Arizona. Poet from Great Britain writing in English and translator from Latin to English. 1572-1637. A noted lyric poet and dramatist. His poems are *epigrams, showing the influence of *Martial and *Horace, but are not lascivious (though see epigram 25, "On Sir Voluptuous Beast" which has the *Ganymede trope). A successful dramatist, who moved in the homosexual ambience of the English stage, Jonson was surrounded by *disciples known as the T ribe of Ben or The Sons of Ben (including Carew and *Herrick): see the entry in the Oxford Companion to English Literature on who constituted this group. He led a wild life and was appointed the first poet laureate by James I in 1616. See also epigram 101, "Inviting a Friend to Supper", especially the last line; the poem can be read as an invitation to sexual licence if "liberty" is taken to refer to this. He translated a Latin poem attributed to *Petronius: see poem 88 in The Underwood. *"Ode: To Himself" refers to classical authors he cherished (*Alcaeus, *Horace, *Anacreon, *Pindar). The Cary/ Morison Ode, cited above, is the first sustained attempt at a Pindaric *Ode in English. "Her man described by her own dictamen" is a *love poem in the persona of a woman which is a satire on the sexual tastes of the time. He was a close friend of *William Drummond of Hawthornden; their conversations have been recorded in note form. Biography: see *J. A. Symonds. Criticism. Edgar C Knowlton, Jr., "'Kiss'd out Anos' in Ben Jonson's The Alchemist", in Maledicta vol. 8, 1984-85, 119-22, discusses a pun on anus in a play. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Iolaus (1935), 263-64: part of "An Ode (from To the Immortal Memory and *Friendship of That Noble Pair, Sir Lucius Cary and Sir H. Morison)". Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 178-79: *"Epitaph on Salathiel Pavy" (a poem on a boy *actor who acted women's parts); note: the title is incorrect and the boy's name is Saloman Pavy. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 38; biog., 114. Poet from the United States writingin English. Born 1972. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10763: We Gotta Love One Another, New York: Wegloarn, 1972. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2044: same book. Poet from Norway who wrote in Norwegian. 1916-1951. A tortured and divided poet who committed *suicide. Close friends with the poet *Jan-Magnus Bruheim who wrote a poem addressed to him after his death. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1989. A professor of English at the State University of New York. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poets for Life, 116-20: about mistreatment of a black gay homosexual; biog., 236. Poet from Brazil writing in Poruguese. Active from 1977. Possibly born ca. 1950. Poems are in Gay Sunshine no. 38-39, Winter 1979, 3. Fine gay poems. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Now the Volcano, 274-75; biog., 269. Drobci stekla v ustih, 153; biog., 186. Trope in Hebrew from Spain and in Hebrew, Arabic, Persian, Turkmen, Tajik and Yiddish from ca. 1000. Joseph was a handsome man sold into slavery in Egypt by his brothers and purchased by Potiphar. The story occurs in the Hebrew *Old Testament (the Book of Genesis, 37-50). The *Old Testament story makes clear he was used sexually by his Egyptian master Potiphar: see Edwardes, Erotica Judaica, pp. 102-05. It also appears in Arabic in the holy book of Islam the * Koran in Sura 12 (where he is called Yusuf); also see Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, "Yusuf b. Ya'kub". Joseph as a handsome and desirable man, desired homosexually by men, is widespread in the middle east. Hebrew. See Jefrim Schirmann, "The Ephebe in Medieval Hebrew Poetry", Sefarad 15 (1955), p. 58, re isaac Ibn Maul: stated to be the archetype of the beautiful male beloved. Compare *King David as beautiful man. Persian. See *Katibi of Turshiz; see also *Anne-Marie Schimmel. Rypka, History of Iranian Literature, pp. 155-57, discusses the forgery of an epic poem called "Yusuf and Zulayka" ascribed formerly to Firdausi. The story of Joseph's resistance to the advances of his master Potiphar's wife, Zulayka, is used by several Islamic poets - e.g., in Persian by Jami and in a poem formerly ascribed to *Firdausi. Tajik. Rypka, History of Iranian Literature, pp. 514-14, states a poem called "Yusuf va Zulaikho" was composed by the poet Junaidullo Makhdum Hoziq 1823-24 and published in Tashkent, 1905. Turkmen: see isma'il I. Yiddish. See The Penguin Book of Modern Yiddish Verse, edited by Irving Howe and others 1987, p. 4: mentions a poem about the beautiful youth Joseph found in the *Cairo geniza (see Manuscripts - Hebrew). Poet from Spain who wrote in Hebrew. Active ca. 1000. Raised in Spain where he studied in *Cordoba, he later lived in Israel. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Judaica: see "Ibn Abitur, Joseph". Criticism. *Norman Roth, " 'Deal Gently with the Young Man': Love of Boys in Medieval Hebrew Poetry of Spain", Speculum 57 (1982), 22: a Rabbi who was a poet and who was reported to have had sexual relations with an adolescent boy. Joseph ibn Hisdai, called Jusuf ibn Hasdai Poet from Spain who wrote in Hebrew. Active 1945. See "How did the lovely *gazelle" in *T. Carmi, The Penguin Book of Hebrew Verse, 1981, p. 302: an extraordinary poem which is the introduction to a panegyric addressed to *Samuel Hanagid (biog., p.100). This is the poet's only surviving poem. The poem is translated in full into English and annotated in *Norman Roth, "Satire and Debate in Two Famous Medieval Poems from al-Andalus", Magreb Review, 4 (1979), 105-113, where his name is spelt "Hasday". Translator from Greek to German. Active 1983. The translator of *Cavafy's complete poems into German (with Doris Gunert): Brichst de auf gen Ithaka: Samtliche Gedichte, Koln, 1983 (second edition, 1987). This has been the main German translation of Cavafy. Journal in English from the United States. From 1974. Occasional issues are devoted to cultural articles, especially from 1990, though the journal is predominantly sociological in approach. Only rarely has it had articles on poetry though several issues have been devoted to literature and art; e.g., see *Baudri of Bourgeil. For examples of the quality of articles see *Anthropology, *Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, *Homosexuality, *Hubert Kennedy. It is edited by John De Cecco, San Francisco State University. Journals, also called serials and periodicals Gay journals or journals of gay relevance exist from 1879 in English, German, French, Italian, Greek and many other languages from Great Britain and other countries. A journal is a printed work published at regular intervals; some works are now published on the internet. Gay literary journals are of major importance in that frequently poets make their first appearances in journals. Journals also record the work of little known poets, book reviews and critical articles on poets. Some poets are never published in book form so their journal publications constitute the only record of their work in their lifetime. Journals also act as valuable records of the taste of the time. *Our Own Voices (1991) is the largest list of gay journals so far and lists the holdings of the *Canadian Lesbian and Gay Archives as well as all other gay journals known (about 7,200 in 1991) of which the archives had in its collection some 3,300 titles in 1991 - see the Introduction, p. 1; this work can now be checked on the Internet. These works include the newsletters of gay groups. *Robert H. Malinowsky has listed 1,900 journals published in 1987 in his selection of journals in print. *Homodok, *Amsterdam, have a computer based list of mostly European journals. Gay *archives hold extensive journal holdings and the *Kinsey Institute also has rare gay journals. Material of gay poetry relevance can be traced from the English journal * The Pearl, 1879, though this is not a gay journal (they begin in Europe from 1892 with *The Spirit Lamp); in English *Addison's journals may qualify in the eighteenth century. The *eighteen-nineties was a rich period in *European languages. Journals are extremely important sources for locating poems by poets not published in book form. In addition, not all poems by poets are included in books; journals may also record variant versions of poems. Journals are especially helpful in identifying new gay poets and new trends in gay poetry. In western languages gay poetry is now entering mainstream journals e.g., The Times Literary Suppplement has published a gay poem by *Thom Gunn. See entries for Journals - Chinese, - Czech, - Danish, - Dutch, - English, - French, - German, - Greek, - Italian, - Japanese, - Polish, - Portuguese, - Russian, - Spanish and Catalan. Separate entries have been compiled only for languages where it is known poetry has been published; journals of relevance exist in other languages. Ulrich's Guide to Periodicals under homosexuality lists journals which are currently being published; The Union List of Serials, 5 vo |