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Paul Knobel An Encyclopedia of Male Homosexual Poetry, © Paul Knobel 2002
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A'in i Akbari anthology Anthology in Persian from India. Ca. 1600. An anthology of the poems of fifty-nine poets which appears at the end of the A'in i Akbari (which is itself the third and last volume of the history of the reign of the Emperor Akbar, the Mughal Emperor of India who ruled 1556-1605, which history is called the Akbar Nama). The work was compiled by *Abu 'l-Fazl 'Allami, probably in Delhi. The A'in-i Akbari describes exhaustively the administration of Akbar, giving a vivid portrait of his court and is a coda to the history; the anthology is included at the end to show the poets popular at the time. (On the Akbar Nama see the entry "Akbar-Nama" in Encyclopedia Iranica.) The anthology at the end of the A'in i Akbari consists only of poems by poets of the reign of Akbar, as the anthologist states at the beginning of the anthology "Poets of the Age". These poets seem to be all minor Persian poets of the time since no references to them have been found in the Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, or Encyclopedia Iranica with the exception of one or two - such as the brother of the anthologist, *Abu'l-Fayz-i Fayzi; some poets are discussed in Rypka, History of Iranian Literature. The poets came from Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India and other countries adjacent to these. The only complete English translation of the A'in i Akbari so far is by Heinrich Blochmann and *H. S. Jarrett and was published in three volumes. Heinrich Blochmann, who edited the text in Persian, translated the first volume, which was published in 1868 while the second and third volumes were translated by H. S. Jarrett with the final volume - with the anthology - being published in 1894 in Calcutta (see the entry Heinrich Blochmann in Encyclopedia Iranica on p. 314 and C. A. Storey, Persian Literature: A Bio-bibliographical Survey, Volume 1, Part 1, 1939, p. 550). The poetry is uniformly love poetry and the beloved referred to in the poems is a youth. The homosexual context in many cases is plain and this is pointed out by the words "the lovely boy" and "the beautiful boy" added by H. S. Jarrett in square brackets in many poems; however, in those poets in which the beloved is not specifically equated to a male youth there is no suggestion he is female and the English translation is *non-gender specific. Thus the whole work can be read as a homosexual anthology and H. S. Jarrett's notes in effect constitute a criticism of the work and make the homosexual interest clear. In the Blochmann and Jarrett translation, see pp. 627, 634, 636, 642 ("the lovely boy"), 643 ("the lovely boy"), 646, 648, 650-54, 657 ("the beautiful boy"), 658, 662, 664, 667 ("the lovely boy"), 669 ("the sweet boy"), 670 ("the beautiful boy"), 672 ("the beautiful boy"), 677 ("the beautiful boy") and 679 ("The beloved [boy] came") for explicit homosexual poems by the poets or stated to be so by H. S. Jarrett. The anthologist gives brief information on the poet before his poems. It is unclear in many cases as to whether the poet is given under his real name or *takhallus. The poetry is conventinal Persian love poetry of the time strongly mystical and showing the influence of *Sufism. This is an outstanding homosexual anthology of love poems and the first gay anthology in English as such, though paradoxically a translation. Editions of the text, manuscripts and commentaries of the A 'in-i Akbari. For editions, manuscripts and commentaries to 1939 see C. A. Storey, Persian Literature: A Bio-bibliographical Survey, Volume 1, Part 1, 1939, pp. 549-51; this includes an exhaustive listing of all known manuscripts in Europe, India and Pakistan to 1939, some of which appear to be illustrated. Pages 541 to 549 discuss the Akbar Nama overall and since many manuscripts and editions include the A'in i Akbari this should also be consulted. Editions. Edited by S. Ahmad Khan (Delhi, 1855; volumes 1 and 3 only; with illustrations); edited by Heinrich Blochmann (Calcutta, 1867-77). Translation. English. Francis Gladwin (Calcutta, 3 volumes 1783-86 - "an abridged and inaccurate paraphrase of Daftars i-iii" - Storey, Persian Literature, op. cit., p. 550) (reprinted). The British Library General Catalogue, under Abu 'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak, called 'Allami, lists an 81 page edition translated by Gladwin, London, 1777, and it is not known if either this edition or the Calcutta edition includes the poetry anthology. An edition of Francis Gladwin's translation was published in London in 1800 in 2 volumess (rare: a copy is in the Australian National Library, Canberra). *H. S. Jarrett's translation was published 1894 in volume 3 of the A'in i Akbari in the translation in 3 volumes started by H. Blochmann (Calcutta, 3 volumes, 1869-94; repr. Delhi, 1965 with introduction by S. L. Goomer). On the work see Jan Rypka, History of Iranian Literature, pp. 722-25: "The Age of Akbar". Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1987. Strong poems of black consciousness and the African heritage. A *black poet and activist at the London Black Lesbian and Gay Centre. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Tongues Untied, 11-22; biog., 2. The Abbasid period of Arabic poetry refers to the period 750-945 when the capital of the Islamic empire was *Baghdad in Iraq. The period lasted from 750 to the Mongol invasion in 1258 and followed the *Umayyad period. In the Abbasid period Islam expanded into Iran and, in the west, to Spain, where local dynasties took control. A large volume of sexual homopoetry was produced: see *Abu Nuwas, *Al-'Abbas, *Al-Bahili, *Dibil ibn 'Ali (pseud.), *Ibn al-Hadjdjadj, *Khamriyya (poems associated with *wine drinking), *Ibn Sukkara, *Mus'ab, Muti' ibn Iyas, *Sulami. Criticism: see *Muhammad Haddara and *Yusuf Bakkar for extended studies in Arabic. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopdia Britannica. Criticism. Wright, Homoeroticism in Classical Arabic Literature, 1-24 - discussion of *satire in early Abbasid poetry by J. W. Wright; 24-54 - articles by Franz Rosenthal. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active from before 1982. Latterly involved in the *men's movement, he has edited New Men, New Minds (1987) and Men and Intimacy (1991). Bibliographies. Young, The Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2: Changing Always, privately printed, no date. Poet and critic from the United States writing in English. 1943-92. The author of the books Wrecked Hearts, 1978 (review: Gay Sunshine no. 40/41, Summer/Fall 1977, 35) and Stretching the Agape Bra, 1980. From 1975 he was a well known poet in *San Francisco, also known for his comics. He wrote a major article on gay *West Coast poets. He published the biographical work in prose, Lives of the Poets, in San Francisco, in 1986 (reviewed in James White Review, vol. 4 no. 2, Winter 1987, 16). This book examines the question of sensuality and *Romanticism in poets' lives and relates to a controversy with *Antler about the place of drugs and alcohol in poets' lives. He wrote for *The Advocate, studied to be a Benedictine monk for two years and married. A biographical note in James White Review, vol. 3 no. 4, Summer 1986, 2, states he studied poetry under Karl Shapiro, John Berryman and *Robert Duncan and teaches at San Francisco State University. His death is recorded in the James White Review, vol. 10 no. 2 (Winter 1993), 2. Interview: see James White Review vol.1 no. 4 (Summer 1984), 11; this contains very important comments on gay United States poetry from 1970 and states he is editor of the San Francisco journal Poetry Flash and the occasional literary magazine Soup (published in 1986). Bibliographies. Young, The Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 3-4: Wrecked Hearts and Transmuting Gold, both published by Dancing Rock Press, San Francisco, 1978. Gay Poetry Anthologies. We Bumped Off Your Friend the Poet, 10-11. Son of the Male Muse, 11-12 (with photograph of the author p.11); biog., 186. "To A Soviet Artist in Prison", 11, is about the gay Soviet film maker *Sergei Parajanov. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Active ca. 1150. Not found in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Gay Poetry Anthologies. In Praise of Boys, 22: poem about *wine and a friend. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Active ca. 1050. Not found in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10417: short *boy-love poem trans. into English by *Erskine Lane in Gay Sunshine no. 20 (January/February 1974), 13. Gay Poetry Anthologies. In Praise of Boys, 19: about a mole on Ahmad's neck which attracts men. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Died 1024. Many entries in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, are under this name. *Abu Zayd is possibly the same poet. Gay Poetry Anthologies. In Praise of Boys, 25: *gazelle trope. Bellamy, Banners of the Champions, 190: gazelle trope (stated to be from *Cordova, died 1024). Poet from Australia writing in English. Active 1991. The name may be a pseudonym as there is no X in Arabic. Published in * Cargo. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Pink Ink, 146-47; biog., 293. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Active before 1492. 'Abdallah is a common word in Arabic and means *slave of Allah. Almost certainly a pseudonym. Criticism. See *Norman Roth, "'Deal Gently with the Young Man': Love of Boys in Medieval Hebrew Poetry of Spain", Speculum 57 (1982), 32: love poem about a male *fawn; said to be one of the sons of the *Cordoba caliph. 'Abdu 'l-Ha'i Taban, called Taban Poet from India who wrote in Urdu. Active ca. 1750. Criticism. *C. M. Naim, "The Theme of Homosexual (Pederastic) Love in Pre-Modern Urdu Poetry", in Studies in the Urdu Gazal and Prose Fiction, edited by M. U. Memon, 1979, 124-25: states he was in love with another poet named Sulaiman (who seems to have formed attachments with at least two other poets). Rahman, "Boy love in the Urdu ghazal", Paidika vol. 2 no. 1 (1989), 15; called Taban; a poem which mentions his lover Sulaiman. Sadiq, History of Urdu LIterature, 107: re the poet Jan Janan Mazhar taking a fancy to him. Poet from Egypt who wrote in Arabic. Died ca. 1965. Manuscripts are known to exist which contain relevant poems (Dr Yousef Kholaif, University of Cairo to the author, February 1987). Compare two entries under the name "Abd al-Hamid" in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, one of which may be this poet. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Active ca. 950. No entry in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Criticism. Nykl, Hispano-Arabic Poetry, 63: states he "excelled in.. descriptions of... beautiful boys". Abdullah the Satirist of Shiraz (pseud.) Pseudonym of a poet in English from Great Britain. 1875-1947. Pseudonym of *Aleister Crowley. Abdullah means slave of Allah and *Shiraz is a town in Iran famously associated with poetry. Poet from France who wrote in Latin. 1079-1142. Abelard, a scholar at *Paris was famous for his love for the nun Eloise, for which he was castrated. He later retired to the monastery of Cluny. "David's Lament", his major gay poem, is a retelling of the Old Testament story of *David and Jonathan in Latin and shows strong homoerotic feeling; stronger even than the Hebrew original. *Hilary the Englishman was his pupil. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 119: "David's Lament for Jonathan" (English trans. by *Helen Waddell). Hidden Heritage, 130. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 116: "David's Lament for Jonathan" (trans. *Helen Waddell). Medieval Latin Poems of Male Love and Friendship, 62-67; biog., 152-53. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 159-63. Poet from India who wrote in Persian. Active ca. 1630. See *Sarmad, who wrote love poems to him. He was reputedly a Hindu boy when Sarmad wrote his poems and was also a poet who wrote a single couplet (reference cited in Sarmad entry). Poet from Spain who wrote in Hebrew. 1092-1167. Very little of his poetry exists. A philosopher, scientist and biblical commentator. Father of a large family; see also the entry for his son *Isaac ibn Ezra. Text. Diwan, edited by Dr Jakob Egers, Berlin, 1886. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 257-58: two poems trans. into English. Criticism. *Jefrim Schirmann, "The Ephebe in Medieval Hebrew Poetry", Sefarad I5 (1955), 60: states he "left us some stanzas addressed to *boys" (poems 188 and 189). *Norman Roth, " 'Deal Gently with the Young Man': Love of Boys in Medieval Hebrew Poetry of Spain", Speculum 57 (1982), 48-49: trans. of poem into English. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active ca. 1966. A *black poet who is a graduate of *Yale. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 1-3: a poem about *prostitution; biog., 172. Poet from India who wrote in Urdu. 1692-1747. He lived in *Delhi, wrote *ghazals and is a major Urdu poet. Biography: see Sadiq, History of Urdu Literature, 99-100 (also discusses homosexuality in his * masnavi). Not found in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Translation. English: see *C. M. Naim, "The Theme of Homosexual (Pederastic) Love in Pre-Modern Urdu Poetry", in Studies in the Urdu Gazal and Prose Fiction, edited by M. U. Memon, 1979, pp. 141-42. Criticism. C. M. Naim, "The Theme of Homosexual (Pederastic) Love in Pre-Modern Urdu Poetry", in Studies in the Urdu Gazal and Prose Fiction, edited by M. U. Memon, 1979, 124-states his verse is full of *pederastic references and displays similarity to that of *Mir Taqi Mir; 130 - states Abru expresses contempt for heterosexual love; 125 - wrote an important homosexual * masnavi in which he lays down the ways in which a boy should dress to attract lovers. Rahman, "Boy love in the Urdu ghazal", Paidika vol. 2 no. 1 (1989), 14 - overt reference to homosex; two poems quoted; 17 - poem quoted; 18-19; 21. Absolutely Queer: An anthology of gay and lesbian poetry Anthology in English from Great Britain. Peterborough: Poetry Now, 1993, 90 pages. Not sighted. This work is not held in the *British Library. Compare * Poetry Now Book of Gay Verse (possibly the two are the same work). Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Active ca. 1150. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Orgasms of Light, 18: very fine gay love poem with *garden trope. Editor from Iraq of works in Arabic. Active ca. 850. The first manuscript editor of *Abu Nuwas and *Abu Tammam. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. 1059-1126. Gay Poetry Anthologies. In Praise of Boys, 30: *non gender specific poem, "In Your Absence". Abu Bakr Muhammed ibn al-Arabi Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. 1076-1151. No entry in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. (His dates are taken from Reid, * Eternal Flame.) Gay Poetry Anthologies. Orgasms of Light, 13: fine homoerotic poem about a beautiful boy. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 313. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. 1256-1344. A commentator on the Koran, he travelled in Tunis, Egypt and Syria and wrote the first Turkish grammar and a grammar of Persian. Text: see *Arthur Wormhoudt, Arab Translation Series, no.120 (1989). Biography: see Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 221-25. Poet from Iraq who wrote in Arabic. 828-888. In the Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, volume 5, p. 778, in the *"Liwat" (sodomy) article, he is cited as author of a lost work on eroticism. A few poems survive which are licentious. Possible gay reference only. He was something of a buffoon in real life. Biography: see Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, Supplement, pp. 16-17. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Died 1372. See Ian Gibson, Federico García Lorca (London, 1989), p. 467: a *non gender specific poem which could have been written about a man. From *Granada. Abu 'l-Fayz-i Fayzi Poet from India who wrote in Persian. 1547-1595. The brother of 'Abu 'l-Fazl 'Allami who compiled the homosexual anthology in the 'A'in iAkbari. He had a large library of 4,6QQ volumes. He used the name Fayzi in his writing. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopædia of Islam, second edition: see "Faydi". Gay Poetry Anthologies. A'in i Akbari anthology, 61B-33 - 'cupbearer trope, see 627-2B for specific homopoems, 'hyacinth trope 62B (not directly gay); biog. note, 54B and 61B. Criticism. Rypka, History of Iranian Literature, 299 (where his name is spelt bu'l-Fayd Faydi) - stated to be a prominent Indo-Persian poet. Anthologist from India of a work in Persian; letter writer in Persian; biographer and critic in Persian; translator from Sanskrit to Persian. 1551-1602. He compiled the homosexual anthology of love poems addressed to beautiful youths in the * A 'in i Akbari (part of the Akbar Nama, an historical account of the reign of the Mughal Emperor of India, Akbar); he wrote biographical and critical notes on the poets. A courtier at the court of Akbar from 1574, he was born at Agra, India, was a liberal thinker who opposed the Muslim clerics and was informal secretary to Akbar. He was assassinated by the heir to the throne. His elder brother was the poet Faydi (see entry *Abu 'l-Fayz-i Fayzi) who is included in the anthology. He translated the *Bhagavad Gita from Sanskrit to Persian and translated other works; numerous translations from Sanskrit to Persian were completed in the reign of Akbar (see Rypka, History of Iranian Literature, p. 724). He supposedly translated the Bible into Persian. Letters of his survive and an autobiographical account of his life is at the end of the A'in i Akbari (volume 3). Biography. On his life see the Introduction to the *Heinrich Blochmann translation of the A'in i Akbari (Calcutta, 1867-77), volume 1, pp. i-xxxvi. There is an account of his life in the edition of the same work edited by S. L. Goomer (Delhi, 1965). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopædia of Islam, first edition: see "Abu 'l Fadl" Encyclopædia of Islam, second edition: see "Abu 'l-Fadl 'Allami." Encyclopædia Iranica: see "Abu'l-Fazl 'Allami" - states "by the age of fifteen he had read widely in Arabic, Greek philosophy and *Sufism". Gay Poetry Anthologies. A'in i Akbari anthology, 617-70: critical and biographical notes on the poets. Criticism. Rypka, History of Iranian Literature, 434, 449, 724 (brief mentions of his literary work). Abu 'l-Salt Umayya, also spelt Abu 's-Salt Omayya Poet from Egypt who wrote in Arabic. Ca. 1067-ca. 1133. A scientist and philosopher who lived in Egypt. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition (see Abu 'l-Salt Umayya). Criticism. Woods, Articulate Flesh: Male Homo-eroticism and Modern Poetry, 25: Abu 's-Salt Omayya-trans. of homopoem into English. Abu Mohammed El Kasim Ben Aliel Hariri von Basra, also spelt Abu Mohammed Abu'l-Kasim Poet from Iraq who wrote in Arabic. 1054-1122. Born in *Basra. Compare *Abul Qasim (possibly the same poet). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 76-77: trans. into German by *Friedrich Rückert. Criticism. *Jefrim Schirmann, "The Ephebe in Medieval Hebrew Poetry", Sefarad I5 (1955), 61: regarding translation into Hebrew by *Alharizi of his Maqamat. Poet from Iraq who wrote in Arabic. Ca. 756-810. The author of many poems on *wine and homosexuality, he lived in *Baghdad in the *Abbasid period. He features in the * Arabian Nights as a libertine poet in connection with the *debate on love. Homosexual poems by him are cited (e.g., in the Arabian Nights translated by *Richard Burton, 1885 printing, see vol. 5, pp. 419-23; see also "Abu Nuwas and the Three Boys" in the same edition, vol. 5, pp. 64-68). It was from the European translations of the Arabian Nights that he became known in European languages. His teacher *Waliba is believed by some to have had sexual relations with him. W. H. Ingrams, Abu Nuwas in Life and Legend (Port Louis, Mauritius, 1933), is a concise introduction. In Arabic the first reference to him is in *Ibn Khallikan's biographical dictionary. Ali Shalaq, La Poésie érotique dAbu Nuwas (Paris, 1952), is a study of his erotic poetry. Text of the poems. His textual history is complicated. For the various editions, problems and manuscripts to date see the entry in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, cited below. For the most scholarly edition to date see *Ewald Wagner, Der Diwan des Abu Nuwas, in three volumes: vol. 1, Weisbaden and Cairo, 1958, vol. 2, Wiesbaden and Beirut, 1972, vol. 3, Stuttgart and Beirut, 1988 (this work, due to its being published in so many places is hard to find complete). He was first edited in printed form by W. Ahlwardt: Diwan des Abu Nuwas, vol. 1, Die Weinlieder (The Wine Songs), Greifswald, 1861. There is controversy about the corpus of his poems, which survive in two manuscript traditions, one tradition edited by *Abu Bakr al-Suli and one by *Hamza al-Isfahi (both active 850). Recent manuscript finds have given us more sources of texts. He did not make collections of his poems (compare *Omar Khayyam) and the corpus of his works (as with Omar Khayyam) may be an anthology of work by several poets. Journal. Newsletter of the Abu Nuwas Society (Spring 1994+) is a somewhat satirical journal based on Abu Nuwas's approach to life with many gay articles. W. H. Ingrams (in the work cited above, ca. 1933) refers to a cycle of tales on him in Swahili in Zanzibar; this information is cited in O Tribe That Loves Boys by Hakim Bey (pseud.), 1993, [unpaginated], fifth page from the last. It is not known whether these tales are in poetry or prose. Other tales about him come from Morocco. Translation. Dutch: Andreas Eppinkk and M. Perla ibn Yacub (before 1988) - listed as being in manuscript in the thesis of *Maarten Schild in his bibliography, p. 211; English: *Arthur Wormhoudt (1974) - two versions (or perhaps printings) exist - see the Wormhoudt entry; there is also a translation by Arthur Wormhoudt bearing the date 1989 (sighted in the *Library of Congress and with no pagination); *Hakim Bey (pseud.) (1993); French: *Vincent Monteil (1979); German: A. von Kremer (1855), Wilhelm Ahlwardt (1861; selection); Italian: Hammadi Jouini, Abu Nuwas poeta del vino e del'amore, Palermo (1989). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Islam, first edition; written by *Carl Brockelmann (1913). Islam Ansiklopedisi; written by *Helmut Ritter (name spelt Ebu Nuwas). Encyclopedia of Islam, second edition; written by *Ewald Wagner (1960); with important bibliography. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 7-8 (by *Maarten Schild): notes he only wrote about women when they resembled *boys. Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Dictionnaire Gay: see "Nawas, Abou". Gay Histories and Cultures. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 19. Orgasms of Light, 132 (poems about the *coming of the beard and wine linked with homosexuality); biog., 256. Gay Roots, 593-94. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 296-98 - brilliant English translation (though not directly from the Arabic text); 300. Poems of Love and Liberation, 13. Criticism. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 175. *Marc Daniel, "Arabic Civilization and Male Love" Gay Sunshine 32 (Spring 1977), 5, 10. *Norman Roth, "'Deal Gently with the Young Man': Love of Boys in Medieval Hebrew Poetry of Spain", Speculum 57 (1982), 26-27, 29: quotes poems. Woods, Articulate Flesh: Male Homo-eroticism and Modern Poetry, 25, 35. Wright, Homoeroticism in Classical Arabic Literature, 9-16; see also the index. Woods, History of Gay Literature, 5457. Poet from Iran who wrote in Persian. 968-1049. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literature: states he "formulated the first rule of *Sufi communities" but no quatrains authenticated to him exist. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 329; biog., 327. Criticism. Levy, Persian Literature, 36-7; see especially poems on p. 37; states he introduced the * rubai into Persian. Poet from Afghanistan. Active before 1900? His date is uncertain. Herat, from where he takes his name, is in Afghanistan. He possibly wrote in Urdu, Pashto or Persian. Criticism. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 17-18: *S. W. Foster states here that he was a poet "famous for his love for a Christian boy (presumably a *slave)". Poet from Syria who wrote in Arabic; active also in Egypt. Ca. 804-845 (or 846). One of the best known Arabic poets. He is equal in importance to *Abu Nuwas and was unmarried. From Syria he travelled to Egypt and then to Iraq and compiled several important poetry anthologies. His poetry was first collected by *Abu Bakr al-Suli. In the text and English translation by *Arthur Wormhoudt, 1974 (based on al-Tibrizi), see the section "Love", pp. 178-112, where almost all poems are to male beloveds or *non gender specific and the *fawn trope is much used. Not all poems attributed to him are unequivocally by him. A gay poem attributed to him is in *Richard Burton's translation of the * Arabian Nights (1885), vol. 5, pp. 177-78 (trope of the *coming of beard); see also * Alf layla wa layla. There is a commentary on his poetry by al-Tibrizi (published in Cairo, ca. 1952) who also edited the text. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition: by *Helmut Ritter. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Delight of Hearts, 24. Criticism. *Arthur Wormhoudt, "Classic Arabic Poetry", *Gay Books Bulletin, no. 4 (Fall 1980), 24: states "his diwan has a whole section devoted to poems where the beloved is masculine"; translation of two homopoems. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Active ca. 1250. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Orgasms of Light, 18: gay love poem. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Active ca. 1150. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Orgasms of Light, 17: a gay love poem about parting; compare a similar one by *Abul Hasan. Poet possibly from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Active before 1243. See *Abd al-Rahman who is possibly the same poet. Also spelt Abu Zaid. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Orgasms of Light, 13: called Abu Zayd. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 133-4: the same poem and called Abu Zaid from *The Pennants (1243) and stated to be from Africa. Bellamy, Banners of the Champions, 190: *gazelle trope. Poet from Spain, who wrote in Arabic. Active before 1243. See *Abul Hasan al-Husri: possibly this is the same poet. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 132: Abul Hasan, *Seville; no date but before 1243 as he is in the anthology * The Pennants. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 310: fine poem. Criticism. Woods, Articulate Flesh: Male Homo-eroticism and Modern Poetry, 35: Abul Hasan Yafar. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Active ca. 1050. See *Abul Hasan: possibly the same poet. Gay Poetry Anthologies. In Praise of Boys, 19: not an openly homosexual poem. Abul Hasan 'Ali ibn Nasr al-Katib Anthologist and poet who wrote in Arabic. Active before 1500? Author of The Encyclopedia of Pleasure, edited and annotated by Salah Addin Khawwam, Toronto: Aleppo Publications, 1977, 386 pages and translated into English by 'Adnan Jarkas and Sal Addin Khawwam; bibliography pp. 381-86. In this work see pp. 13 (*Abu Nuwas), 16-23 and Chapter Nine, "Of *Pederasty", 153-87. The discussion in Chapter Nine cites many homopoems and homopoets and amounts to an anthology of homopoetry. The date is conservative based on the poets and poems (it could be earlier). This translation appears to be very rare (as is possibly the case with the manuscript on which it is based) and no information has been found on the author; the copy consulted was from the *Library of Congress. He could be from *Mamluk Egypt. Poet from Egypt who wrote in Arabic. Active some time in the *Mamluk period (1250-1517). He wrote homosexual poems (Dr. Abdul Jaleel, University of Cairo, to the author, 22 February, 1987). Not found in Encyclopedia of Islam, second edition. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Active ca. 1150. For possible indentification see Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, under Abu'l Kasim. *Abu Mohammed El Kasim is possibly this poet. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Orgasms of Light, 16. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Active ca. 1050. Gay Poetry Anthologies. In Praise of Boys, 26: *wine drinking poem, *non gender specific. Poet from Toledo in Spain who wrote in Hebrew. 1248-after 1295. He was involved with the * Kabbala. Text: see the edition edited by D. Yellin, Jerusalem, 1932. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias: see Encyclopedia Judaica under "Abulafia, Todros ben Judah ha-Levi". Criticism. *Jefrim Schirmann, "The Ephebe in Medieval Hebrew Poetry", Sefarad I5 (1955), 58 (spelt Todros Abulafya) - this mentions, in a collection of *epigrams, "love talks and beautiful lads" and, pp. 61-62, notes sentimental leanings for *boys (though he sings more of beautiful girls). Pagis, Hebrew Poetry, 65. Ach Kerl ich krieg dich nicht aus meinem Kopf - Männerliebe in deutschen Gedichten unseres Jahrhunderts Anthology in German from Germany. 1997. 203 pages. The title means " Ah, guy, I cannot get you out of my head: male homosexual love in German poetry of our century." Compiled by *Hans Stempel and *Martin Ripkens it consists of 133 poems of 65 twentieth century poets covering love, passion and departing with poems about such topics as sex and boys and covering all styles, themes and traditions. Not seen; description taken from the description in the *Prinze Eisenherz catalog. Characters and trope in Greek from Turkey or Greece, later appearing in Latin, Italian and English. They date in literature from ca. 700 B.C. Achilles is the main character in *Homer's *epic poem *The Iliad, which revolves round the grief and anger of Achilles at the death of his companion and close friend, Patroclus (see especially Achilles speech in Book 18). Discussion as to whether Achilles and Patroclus were lovers is first known from The Myrmidons (in fragment 135), a play by the fifth century B.C. Greek dramatist *Aeschylus. *Phaedrus, in his speech in Plato's Symposium, also refers to the relationship. Other Greek tragedians dealt repeatedly with the homosexual loves of Achilles (see *E. Beyer). The relationship appears in *Aeschines (at Timarchus 142) and in later authors such as *Theocritus ("Idyll 29", lines 31-34) and in the * Mousa Paidike (Palatine Anthology, xii 217). The Latin poet *Martial (ii 43, 9) also refers to it as does the English poet 'Christopher Marlowe. The Italian poet *Dante (in Inferno, Canto Five, lines 65-66), may refer to this subject; in Italian see also *Ficino. *W. M. Clarke, "Achilles and Patroclus in Love", Hermes 106 (1978), 38-96, examines the issue of whether they were lovers, concluding that they were in love. A reply by D. S. Barrett, "The Friendship of Achilles and Patroclus", Classical Bulletin 57 (1981), 87-93, concludes they were just good friends. Much of the twentieth century debate rests on whether Homer needed to make the relationship overt. It should be pointed out that Aeschylus's speech in The Symposium turns not on friendship versus love but on who was the lover or senior partner (in Greek terms, *erastes) and who was the junior (or *eromenos): that is, it accepts that they were lovers. W. M. Clarke lists the ancient sources referring to the topic in full on page 25 of his article. The editors of Homer's text are crucial to this issue: the text we have dates from 180 B.C. and a fifth century Athenian version may have been quite different (indeed, there may have been several fifth century written versions since the work emerged out of oral traditions). When recited orally, the personality of the *singer and the nature of the audience would have had a bearing on the relationship as presented in the poem and also on presentation (or suppression) of homoerotic elements. An interpretation based on *Sigmund Freud is provided by W. Thomas MacCary in Childlike Achilles: Ontogeny and Phylogeny in The Iliad (New York, 1982); he states "in a poem about a war fought for a woman the focus of attention is on the relationship between the hero and his dear male companion" (page xii). Certainly the relationship is strongly homoaffectional irrespective of whether they were lovers and, in The Iliad as we have the text, the relationship of Achilles and Patroclus is a stronger passion than the love of Helen and Paris, which provoked the Trojan war. Mock epics satirizing The Iliad, which are known from ancient times, also bear on this topic; see *Mary Koukoules for modern gay parodies. For artistic representation see * Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae, volume 1, part 1, 466-505, and the plates in volume 1, part 2. Compare *Gilgamesh where the relationship of Gilgamesh and Enkidu has many similar elements and may come from a common stock of Middle Eastern myth: it has been claimed by M. L. West in The East Face of Helicon (Oxford, 1997) that the Akkadian version of Gilgamesh influenced Homer (see also Chapter 7, pp. 334-401, "The Iliad and Gilgamesh"). *Pobratim, a modern Balkans concept of blood brotherhood between men, appears in *oral epics from the Balkans; some of these epics may date back to Homer's time and relate to the Homeric tradition. The possibility of Achilles and Patroclus being lovers was first raised in modern discourse by *E. F. M. Benecke. A *Byzantine epic poem called the Achilleis (circa fifteenth century) based on the deeds of Achilles exists: see Kindlers neues literatur Lexikon, vol. 18: "Byzantinische Achilleis". *Hubert Fichte is a modern gay critic who has discussed the relationship. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10734: cites *Homer's The Iliad re Achilles' *transvestite disguise and companionship with Patroclus. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, item 481. Dictionaries. Howes, Broadcasting It. Anthologies. Iolaus (1902), 72-72 (quotes Iliad Book 23, lines 59 ff.) and 83-85 (from Theocritus, "Idyll 29"). Iolaus (1906), 68-73; 83-85 (same references as in 1902 edition). Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 16-17. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 16-22. Criticism. Symonds, Problem in Greek Ethics, 3. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 449: citing his article in Anthropophyteia no. 9, 291 ff. Dover, Greek Homosexuality, 41. Buffiere, Eros adolescent, 367-374. Sergent, Homosexuality in Greek Myth, 250-58. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 8-9: see the entry "Achilles"; see also 495-96. Poet, editor, autobiographer, diarist and letter writer from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1876-1967. J. R. Ackerley was best known as the editor of the British Broadcasting Commission's literary journal The Listener, which had a poetry page which he edited. He is mainly known for prose works. He is most famous for his autobiography, My Father and Myself (1968) published after his death; this disclosed that his father apparently had had a homosexual relationship and, as well, Ackerley is open about his own homosexuality. This was the first open gay autobiography in Great Britain of the *gay liberation period and was published one year after adult male homosexual acts were decriminalized. Hindu Holiday, London, 1932, details his experiences in India as secretary to the homosexual Maharajah of Chhokrapur and was daring for its time ("He wanted someone to love him... He wanted a friend" - see "Explanation" at the beginning.) He published one book of poems in his lifetime, Poems by Four Authors (Cambridge, 1923). Micheldever and other Poems was published posthumously in 1972. Ackerley spent his life looking for the Ideal Friend whom he never found; after leaving the BBC he lived with his sister and his dog, Tulip, who was his closest companion. My Dog Tulip, 1965, deals with his relationship with his dog and has some sexual undertones touching on *bestiality; see also, in this respect, his novel We Think The World of You (1960). He wrote a poem to his dog Queenie: "Piddle piddle and sign/ I'll smell your arse, you smell mine;/ Human beings are prudes and bores,/ You smell my arse, I'll smell yours." (quoted in The Listener, 21 September 1989, 30, in a review of the *Peter Parker biography cited below). J. R. Ackerley was highly influential as editor of The Listener (published from 1929 to ca. 1990) which was one of the most important poetry outlets in Great Britain; but the word homosexual was not allowed to be mentioned in it, and a poem by James Kirkup mentioning toilet sex was censored in the early 1950s though other poems by Kirkup and by *Francis King, *E. M. Foster and *Christopher Isherwood were published. Ackerley's manuscripts are with his executor, Francis King, and not all his writings have been published. He is mentioned affectionately in James Kirkup's autobiographies as greatly helping the poet in his career. Text of poems. Neville Braybrooke was said to be working on a complete poems on the inside flap of the United States edition of J. R. Ackerley s Letters (New York, 1975). Diary: see My Sister and Myself: The Diaries of J R Ackerley, edited by Francis King (1982). Letters: see The Ackerley Letters, edited Neville Braybrooke, 1975 (only a selection but containing much gay material and shedding light on many English gay literary personalities). The biography of him by *Peter Parker (London, 1989), is one of the most important gay English language biographies published so far. Compare *Daryl Hine and *Howard Moss regarding editorship of journals and publication of poetry. *William Plomer was a lover. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionary of National Biography: Missing Persons; notes he was "energetically homosexual" (written by Peter Parker). Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 9. Howes, Broadcasting It. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage, 1. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 307-08: "After the Blitz", 1941, a brilliant poem in the manner of *Cavafy about sex with a soldier. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 107, 221. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 379-86; extract from My Father and Myself. Poet from Columbia who lives in the United States writing in English. Born 1954. Born in Columbia, since 1989 he has lived in Philadelphia where he is a leader of the Latino cummunity. His poems have been published widely in gay periodicals. Books of poems: Grasping for Light (1989), Migrations to Solitude (1993) and Songs to Survive the Body (1993). Subjects include *Aids and loss. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gay Histories and Cultures. Poetic genre in Hebrew from Israel and later in English, Arabic, Persian. From ca. 150 B.C. (the date is very uncertain). A poetic form where the first letter of each line spells a word or words. Sometimes, in love poetry, the name spelt is that of the *beloved; in homosexual love poems this can be a man (e. g., in an acrostic written by *Aleister Crowley). The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics traces the form from the Hebrew *"Psalm 119" onwards (ca. 150 B.C. in the present text). English. *Earl of Surrey (possible gay acrostic), *Aleister Crowley, *lvor Treby. In Arabic and Persian it is used in the *qasida. Greek. It was used from the *Hellenistic period, though gay examples have not come to light; see the Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium for use in the Byzantine period. Poet, autobiographer, translator and historian from Great Britain who wrote in English; he also lived in China and Italy. 1904-1994. He was educated at *Oxford where he was a noted *aesthete in the 1920s along with his gay friend *Brian Howard. He published two volumes of poems at Oxford: Aquarium (1923), and An Indian Ass (1925). After leaving Oxford he published two further volumes of poems, Five Saints and an Appendix (1927) and This Chaos (Paris: Hours Press,1930, 31 pages, edition of 150 copies). Rare. Copy sighted: *Library of Congress. He was friends with *Osbert Sitwell, and a supporter of *modernism but was not approved of by *F. R. Leavis. The aesthete Anthony Blanche in the novel Brideshead Revisited (1945) by *Evelyn Waugh is based partly on him but also on Brian Howard (see James Lord, Some Remarkable Men, New York, 1996, p. 27). He lived in *Beijing 1932-39 and produced a book of Chinese translations, Modern Chinese Poetry (London, 1936). Later he settled at the family home, the villa La Pietra, near *Florence, in Italy, which, on his death, he left to New York University with an endowment of some twenty-five million United States dollars. He was very guarded about his homosexuality while he was alive. *A. L. Rowse stated he was homosexual in a 1986 interview in The Advocate (no. 447, 27 May 1986, 122). Duncan Fallowell in To Noto, or London to Sicily in a Ford (London, 1989), pp. 108-112, makes clear in a description of a meeting that he was gay. James Lord, Some Remarkable Men, 1996, states that he threatened to sue people in the 1950s and 1960s for saying he was gay (see pp. 77-79); on page 8 it is stated his "favorite lover" during his Oxford years was Evelyn Waugh; pp. 12-15 deal with his openly gay life in *Peking as "a libertine lover of pretty young *boys" (p. 15) and with his fondness for *opium. James Lord, a handsome young man, was an intimate friend of Acton. A *Catholic from a rich Anglo-United States family and something of a snob, he was close to the British Royal Family (Prince Charles, the present heir to the British throne, and Lady Diana, his wife, stayed with him at the villa). This may explain some of his reticence about being known as gay. Alexander Zielcke, born ca. 1945, a handsome man of Polish-German origin, lived with him for many years, on what appears to have been a non-sexual basis (see James Lord, Some Remarkable Men, pp. 64-68); he lived in a flat with a girlfriend (p. 68). Acton's life in James Lord's Some Remarkable Men, pp. 3-87, is the most candid life so far. Autobiographies: see Memoirs of an Aesthete (1948), and later More Memoirs (1970); the first was translated into Italian as Memorie di un eteta, 1965. He also wrote a volume of history on the Bourbon rulers of *Naples. A volume of essays Oxford, China and Italy was published in 1984 for his eightieth birthday by his friends Edward Chaney and Neil Ritchie. Tributes included poems and articles by *John Betjeman, *John Lehmann, *Peter Quennell and *A. L. Rowse and a select bibliography of his works by Neil Ritchie. There is an essay on his poetry by John A. Wood pages 25-33 (with quotations); many love poems quoted are *non gender specific and there are overtones of *sado-masochism. A major study of his influence and life is by *Martin Green (who implied he was homosexual). *Norman Douglas was a friend. Bibliography: see Neil Ritchie, Harold Acton: A Bibliography, Florence, 1984 (500 copies printed). Obituaries: Guardian Weekly, 13 March 1994, 26 by Peter Quennell (no mention of his sexuality); Art Newspaper no. 37, April 1994, 5 (with reprint of extract from Duncan Fallowell's book To Noto, or London to Sicily in a Ford, cited above, making his homosexuality clear). See also the article in the New Yorker, 10 July 1995, "A Last Fantasy in Florence" by David Plante 40-55 (on his villa and lifestyle). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Criticism. Gay News 96 (June 3-16, 1976), 21: review of Christopher Hollis, Oxford in the Twenties by Peter Burton - states there seems "no doubt at all" about him being gay. Bronski, Culture Clash, 69: states he is homosexual. Handsome and popular gay actors have been celebrated in poetry from circa 40 B.C. from the time of the Latin speaking 'Maecenas from Italy. Some actors were the lovers of famous men (for example, the Chinese actor *Hsu Tzu-Yun, about whom a whole anthology of poems exists); others have been the butt of *satire because of their homosexuality, as in eighteenth century English poetry (e.g., *Samuel Foote). In *Shakespeare's plays, where female roles were acted by *boys and there was possible homosexual involvement, see Howes, Broadcasting It under "Boy players". Male homosexuality has flourished in the theater in many cultures. In English. *Shakespeare, who was an actor, is the best example. Homosexuality in the English theater was especially prevalent in the *Elizabethan period (see *Robert M. Wren) though in the eighteenth century there were several poems accusing actors of homosexuality (e.g., * Love in the Suds). Other relevant English entries: *Charles Churchill, *David Garrick, *Ben Jonson, *D. S. Mitchell, *Adrian Rawlins, *William Shakespeare, * Sodom and Onan, *C. W. Stoddard. Chinese. *Zhou Xiaoshi (active 265-420), *Yuan Mei; see also "Theater - Chinese. *Chou En Lai, vice premier of China and a *scholar, is reputed to have been interested in drama and played female roles in the 1920s. German. *Karl Meier (founder of the Swiss gay journal * Der Kreis was an actor). Greek: see *"The Trojan War", *Yannis Ritsos. Japanese. *Soin, *Yukio Mishima. See the index of Leupp, Male Colors: The Construction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan and throughout. Latin. 'Maecenas, *Propertius; see also *lnfibulation. Russian: see *Karatygin. Sanskrit: see "Theater and opera. See Murray, Islamic Homosexualities, 256-66 regarding Indonesia (re Javanese. Bahasa Indonesia') and the Philippines (re Tagalog'): possible material only. Poet who wrote in Greek. Active 359-336 B.C. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Not in Oxford Classical Dictionary. Der kleine Pauly, volume 1, 62: see "Adaios 1". Gay Poetry Anthologies. Les Amours masculines, 41: spelt Addee. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 65: trans. *A. Elliot. Poems of Love and Liberation, 28; called Addeus of Macedon. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 44: a poem from *Palatine Anthology Book 10, poem 20 (his name is spelt Addaeus). Poet probably from the United States who wrote in English. Active before 1924. Not in the * National Union Catalog. Possibly a pseudonym. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 69: a poem on a *pedophile theme. Poet from France who wrote in French. Ca. 1250-ca. 1288. *Troubadour poet who died in Italy. Referred to in *Herelle manuscript 3188, folio 357-58 (homosexual reference not stated). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Poet and critic from Russia writing in Russian. 1884-1972. An emigre writer who left Russia in 1922. He published two collections of verse in Russia: Clouds (1916) and Purgatory (1922). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Terras, Dictionary of Russian Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Out of the Blue, 25: states he was "openly gay". Poet from Australia writing in English. Born 1943. He was author of the first openly gay erotic poems published in Australia (in 1970). These two poems were the title poem of his books of poems Canticles On The Skin (Sydney, 1970), and the poem "Action would kill it/ a gamble", first published in Australia in * Poet's Choice (Sydney, 1971), edited and published by *Philip Roberts (also published in * The Male Muse, as cited below). "Action would kill it/ a gamble" has been frequently anthologized in general anthologies of Australian poetry. The poems at end of his novel Zimmer's Essay (Sydney, 1974), pp. 101-25 (especially "envoi", p. 110, "action would kill it", p. 19, "The Mark Up", p. 120, "Some More experiences", p. 125) are also relevant. Zimmer's Essay features a homosexual *rape scene. (On this novel see the entry in Hurley, Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia: Zimmer's Essay.) In his major volume Cross the Border (Sydney, 1977), see pp. 26-27 "Lovesong for *Robert Creeley", p. 53 "The Literary Life" (re Jack Kerouac), pp. 61-84 the sequence "The Glorious Lie" (dedicated "for Christopher Edwards" - on whom see *David Malouf), pp. 122-23 "Out of time and the self's dark ring in radiant twilight" ("my other sex"), and the sequence "The Grail Poems" pp. 125-42 (numerous homosexual references and the whole sequence is based on *King Arthur - e.g. see "*Fairy Tale from Across the Border", p. 127, "Gawain", p. 133-34, "Knight and Lady", pp. 135-36 and "Lancelot," p. 136, which is very strongly homosexual). The title of the book may refer, amongst other things, to crossing the border between homosexuality and heterosexuality or between heterosexuality and bisexuality. See in addition, "The Imitator" in Collected Poems (Sydney, 1977), pp. 17-24 (see *Austlit Record 91502 where the homosexuality is noted); "A Wind without Flags", pp. 50-51 (*Austlit Record 53957). Poems dealing with *lesbianism were published in Poetry Magazine no. 1, 1969. He was strongly influenced by the United States poets *Robert Duncan (especially in Cross the Border, but see also "Sonnets for Robert Duncan 1919-1988" in The Clean Dark, Sydney, 1989, pp. 74-77). In Black Water, Sydney, 1999, the title poem is something of an *elegy for *Robert Duncan. He was part of the *Generation of 68 and was influential as editor of the journal New Poetry from 1971 (see his entry Oxford Companion to Australian Literature). Criticism: see Martin Duwell in Australian Literary Studies 14 (1989), 232-33, and Martin Duwell's Ph. D. thesis, University of Queensland, English Department. Autobiography: see Outrider, Australian Writing 1988 issue, x-xii, where he states *Rimbaud was a major influence on him. He has had two long term female partners. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Hurley, Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Male Muse, 11; biog.,118. Fra mann til mann, 94-95. Poet and translator from Great Britain, born in New Zealand and writing in English. Born 1934. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Oxford Companion to New Zealand Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies.Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 64: trans. of Greek poem by *Marcus Argentarius into English. Writer from Great Britain who wrote in English and also wrote poems in Latin. 1672-1719. It is implied that he was homosexual in the poem The *He-Strumpets (1710). A minor poet best known as a prose writer, he was a member of the Kit Kat Club with *Sir Samuel Garth. He formed a close friendship with Sir Richard Steele and they published the journals The Tatler (1709-11) and The Spectator (1711-12) which they largely wrote; these journals set the pattern for many succeeding literary journals emanating from *London (their prose is somewhat *camp). It was almost certainly implied they were homosexuals by *Alexander Pope (see *hermaphrodites). Joseph Addison was satirized as Atticus by Pope in Epistle to Dr Arbuthnot lines 193-214. See various editions of his works for his poems; his Latin poems are usually included in his works. No poems seem directly relevant. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English LIterature. Dictionary of National Biography: states he married at the age of fifty. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1866-1916. The * British Library General Catalogue reveals that he wrote a book on Exeter Cathedral. He used the pseudonym Percy Hemingway. Spelling is taken from Reade and the British Library General Catalogue entry; Young's spelling, Adelshaw, (see below) is wrong. Bibliographies. Murray, Catalogue of Selected Books, items 1, 2 and 26 - Last Verses, 1920 and The Happy Warrior, 1896, published under the pseudonym of Percy Hemingway. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1756: The Happy Warrior and Other Verses, London, *Elkin Mathews, 1896, published under the pseudonym Percy Hemingway. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reade, Sexual Heretics, 424-25: a poem from The Happy Wanderer and Other Verses (1896) on the *decadent model which is openly homosexual ("My lover's limbs are strong, his heart is light.") Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 96. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Active 1894. He used the pseudonym *Alan Stanley. Nothing is listed in the *National Union Catalog under Addleshaw. Bibliographies. Murray, Catalogue of Selected Books, item 69: same book as Bullough. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 11029: under Alan Stanley (pseud.), Love Lyrics, London: Gay and Bird, 1894. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reade, Sexual Heretics, 347-48: poem "August Blue" from Love Lyrics (about the beauty of a youth while sailing with him); the poet longs "To *kiss with lips that burn." Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 70-71; biog., 118. Criticism. Smith, Love in Earnest, 250 - bibliography listing only Love Lyrics, London, 54 pp.; pseudonym not noted. Addressees refers to males to whom poets have written love poems or poems of sexual desire. Poems date from ancient Greece in Greek from 600 B.C. and later in other languages. However, this does not mean that the sexual desire was necessarily consumated; compare *lovers (where sexual relations were consummated). The earliest addressee is *Lycus in poems in Greek from ca. 600 B.C. written by *Alcaeus of Mytilene. Poems relating to addressees survive in Persian, English, German, Italian, Spanish, Russian and Chinese: see *Abnai Chand, *Bathyllus, *Cardenio, *Tommaso de' Cavalieri, *Loukas Chalandritsanos - the youth to whom Byron addressed his last poem, a love poem, *Cleobulus, *Dahoum. *Salvador Dali, *Karl Theodor German, *Sergei Gorodetsky, *Graf von Harrach, *Hsu Tzu-yun, Count von *Kaiserlink, *Myiscus. Compare *beloved. City in Australia in which English is the main spoken language. Founded in 1836. It is the capital of the state of South Australia. Gay poets include *C. R. Jury, John Bray and *Mikol Furneaux. Work on the city's gay history and culture was done by John Lee (ca. 1950 - 1991): see his essay "Male Homosexual Identity and Subculture in Adelaide Before World War II", in Garry Wotherspoon and *Robert Aldrich Essays in Australian Gay Culture (Sydney, 1992), pp. 95-112. There is a gay library in the Aids Council of South Australia, Norwood. The Dr. Duncan *Bookshop was an important *gay liberation bookshop in the 1980s which did much to promote gay culture. Trope in Greek from Greece appearing later in Latin, Hebrew, Italian, French, and English. From 100 B.C. The word has come to mean a beautiful, desirable male. See the volume Attis, Adonis, Osiris in James Frazer, The Golden Bough (London, 1903), for discussion of Adonis in the ancient world. In ancient Greek myth he was a beautiful youth killed by a boar who was loved by the goddess of love, Venus (also called Aphrodite). He is the archetype of a beautiful man and an excuse for poets to portray one. The word comes from the Hebrew word for *God and may also mean a beautiful male lover as in *lsaac Ibn Schaul (see Jefrim Schirmann, "The Ephebe in Medieval Hebrew Poetry", Sefarad I5 (1955), 58); see also *Song of Songs. Greek: see *Bion (regarding his Lament for Adonis), *Anacreontea. Latin: see *Ovid, Metamorphoses x, 300-59,708-39, *Godfrey of Winchester, *Laevius, John Milton. For artistic depiction in classical art see * Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae, vol. 1, part 1, 222-29 and the plates in vol. 1 part 2. English. Great Britain: see *Marc Almond, *Shakespeare (re his long poem Venus and Adonis which is the best known English reference), *Shelley (who wrote Adonais, an *elegy for John Keats), *C. A. Trypanis, *Ted Hughes. Australia: see *Don Maynard. French: see *Ronsard in *Les Amours masculines, 86-87; Jacques d'Adelswärd Fersen, *Germain Nouveau. Italian: see *G. Marino. Arabic: see *Adonis (pseud.) Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 8. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amour bleu, 48. Pseudonym of an Arabic poet from Syria. Born 1930. His real name is Ali Ahmad Said. *Adonis means beautiful man. See his Songs of Mihyar the Damascene (1960). The poem is a hymn to Sufism and uses *Sufi language which is highly erotic (it has been translated into French). Born in Syria, he was exiled in Lebanon where he edited an influential poetry journal Mawaqif; from 1986 he has been resident in Paris. He has edited an anthology of classical Arabic poetry and has written studies of classical and modern poetry. Editor from Spain of works in Greek; translator from Greek into Spanish; critic writing in Spanish. Active 1950-59. He is the translator of the Greek poet *Theognis into Spanish: see Liricos griegos, Barcelona, 1959 (this work includes the Greek text). See also "Sobre el texto de Theognide" (On the text of Theognis) which is a review of the edition of J. Carrière, Emerita, vol. 18 (1950), 204-14 and 534 ff. See *Douglas Young, Theognis (Leipzig,1961), xxi: a list of articles on *Theognis of whom F. R. Adrados is an important commentator. City in Turkey in which Greek was the main language. It flourished from at least 250 B.C. The city from which *Diotimus (active 250 B.C.) and, it is thought, *Asclepiades (active 250 B.C.) came. The Adramyttium peninsula is south of the site of Troy. References. Pauly, Wissowa, Paulys Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, vol. i, 404: see "Adramytteion". Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 464: re Diotemus (i.e. Diotimus). Poet from Sweden who wrote in Swedish. 1884-1965. Best known as a major Swedish painter known as GAN, he also wrote poems especially early in his career, influenced by *Oscar Wilde. A lover was Karl Edvard Holmstrom who died ca. 1914. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Journal published in the United States from 1967 in English. One of the longest running United States gay journals, founded just before the beginning of the *gay liberation period in *Los Angeles. Its coverage of literature has varied from the excellent to the mediocre. Many book reviews, interviews and articles have dealt with literary figures, including poets (for instance *Frank Golovitz). An occasional poem has been printed (e.g., by James Holmes). J. K. Simes Horvath and Dal McIntrye had poems published (Jim Kepner to the author, October 1988). An index compiled by *Robert Ridinger exists for the period 1967-1982 . The Advocate was criticised in 1974 in * Gay Sunshine - when it had just been purchased by David Goodstein - for being too conservative: see Gay Sunshine no. 24, p. 9. Despite this, it is one of the most important journals for United States gay culture - and, indeed, world gay culture, since the United States has been so influential on gay culture from the beginning of the gay liberation period in 1968. The Advocate's owner from 1974-82, David Goodstein (1932-1982), was a wealthy Californian business man (obituary in The Advocate no. 425, July 23, 1985, 10-11; see also no. 430). He left his papers and an endowment to *Cornell University through the Mariposa Foundation, to be used for the study of sexuality. Under Goodstein, the journal changed from a small Los Angeles based paper to a national magazine appealing especially to the gay middle classes. After his death the paper went downhill becoming somewhat tawdry. From the early 1990s, it has had a more cultural emphasis (e.g., *Camille Paglia has had a column) latterly with an emphasis also on gay rights. Its recent standard in respect of gay culture has been variable; in the late 1990s book reviews have again appeared. It includes a supplement for sexual advertisements which has formed over half the bulk of the paper at times. Overall, The Advocate is outstanding for its coverage of United States gay culture. The thesis of Alan D. Winter, The Gay Press (1976), discusses The Advocate in Chapter 2, pp. 42-51. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gay Histories and Cultures. Philosopher from Great Britain and France who wrote in English. Ca. 1110-1167. His De spirituali amicitia (Spiritual friendship) is a Christian counterpart to *Cicero's Laelius de amicitia (Laelius on Friendship) which is referred to many times in the work and on which it relies as indeed on the teachings of Jesus Christ notably that "God is love" (Gospel of John Chapter 4, verse 16). It was a highly influential work which forms the background to much Latin poetry written in monasteries in the *middle ages. It was translated into English as Spiritual Friendship, by M. E. Laker(Kalamazoo, Michigan: Cistercian Fathers, 1974); biography of Aelred, pp. 3-14. Brian Patrick McGuire, Brother and Lover - Aelred of Rievaulx, 1994, places Aelred in his twelfth century context. See also *Friendship - Latin. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Pseudonym of 'Enea Silvio Piccolomini. Poet and critic from Greece who wrote in Greek. 525 B.C.-456 B.C. Aeschylus was a tragic dramatist who wrote in verse. In Plato's * Symposium, section 180, Phaedrus states that Aeschylus was mistaken in his assertion in his play, The Myrmidons, that *Achilles in *Homer's Iliad was the lover of Patroclus; according to Phaedrus, it was the other way round and Achilles was beardless and the younger man (Phaedrus is here referring to the concepts of *erastes and *eromenos). In The Symposium, section 179, Phaedrus uses the word erastes ("lover") to refer to Patroclus, thus making it clear he saw Achilles and Patroclus as lovers. As an interpretation of the relationship of *Achilles and Patroclus in homosexual terms, these sections of The Symposium constitute the beginnings of gay poetry criticism. The part of The Myrmidons referred to has survived as fragment 135. Criticism: see *Paul Brandt. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias: Oxford Classical Dictionary, 17-19. Bibliographies: Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 37: Die Myrmidonen. Gay Poetry Anthologies: Kupffer, Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 187. Criticism: Symonds, A Problem in Greek Ethics, 27-28. Courouve, Ces petits grecs, 19. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 24-25. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, vol. 1, 16. Poem from Great Britain written in English. Published in 1881. A poem satirizing *Oscar Wilde acompanying a caricature in the journal Punch, 25 June 1881, (Punch's Fancy Portraits No. 37): "Aesthete of Aesthetes!/ What's in a name?/ The poet is WILDE/ But his poetry's tame." Reproduced in Robin Spencer, The Aesthetic Movement (1972), p. 99. The authorship is unknown. An accurate summary of Wilde's mediocre poetry. Aesthetes, also spelt esthetes Aesthetes (or esthetes in United States spelling) are men who are obsessed with beauty. They exist in relation to homosexuality and poetry from 206 B.C. in Chinese from China and later in other languages. Poet esthetes who are linked to homosexuality have a long history, especially in East Asia and *Islamic countries. While aesthetes are not necessarily homosexuals *effeminacy linked with them usually gives them a homosexual connotation.*Oscar Wilde is the best example of a homosexual esthete and was perceived as such in the British press of the late *Victorian period. Chinese. The tradition is very old, dating from at least the *Han dynasty (206 B.C.-220) and *T'ang dynasty (618-907); almost every poet is involved in it as the cult of beauty was intimately associated with the writing of Chinese poetry: see especially *Seven Sages, *Orchid Terrace Poets, *Yuan Mei (active ca. 1750 ). Chinese culture influenced Japanese, Korean and Vietnamese cultures and Chinese esthetic principles carried over into these cultures. For a study of the esthetics of homosexuality see *Mao-feng chu. Japanese: see *Yukio Mishima, *Yoshida Kenko. A cult of beauty was very strong, especially from the sixteenth century. "Iki" or "chic" - "a highly sophisticated sensibility, a way of feeling, thinking and behaving" - was a feature: see Shuzo Kuki, Reflections on Japanese Taste: The Structure of Iki (1930), translated by John Clark (Sydney, 1998); the author lived in Europe in the 1920s and was fluent in German, French and English. At the end of the nineteenth century, Japanese esthetic ideas were to influence the European *esthetic movement which arose from 1880. In this movement "the beautiful" was consciously offered as an aim in life. The English writer *Walter Pater was an influential thinker. English. *Walter Hamilton wrote the first study. See *Harold Acton, *E. Briggs, John Betjeman, John Glassco, *A. D. Hope, *Brian Howard, *Lionel Johnson, *Oscar Wilde (recognized as an esthete from 1881). The opera Patience with libretto by *W S. Gilbert satirized esthetes. *Aubrey Beardsley was one, though whether homosexuallly active may never be known; he was certainly intimately linked to homosexual circles. For an Australian satire see *Clem Christesen. The MA Thesis of Jonathan Watkins, University of Sydney, Department of Fine Arts, 1984, titled The Development of Art for Art's Sake in Australia: 1880-1915, on the influence of the aesthetic movement in Australia, is important for providing the background to this movement in Australia, 1880-1915; a copy is in the University of Sydney Library. French. French had a strong tradition of aesthetes: see *Huysmans (who wrote a novel which was highly influential), Jacques d'Adelsward Fersen, *Marcel Proust, *Montesquiou, *Cocteau. German: see *Stefan George, *Elisar von Kupffer. Italian: see *D'Annunzio, *Mario Praz. Portuguese: *Antonio Botto, *Fernando Pessoa. Persian. Turkish, and Urdu: as paintings, especially *Persian paintings illustrating * Divan poets show, estheticism was a major feature of poetry readings and literary gatherings; in these languages see also *Wine, *Cupbearer. Bengali: see *Tagore. See as well, *Dandy, *Decadent movement, *Effeminacy, *Eighteen-nineties, *Fop and *Gay sensibility. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gay Histories and Cultures. Aesthetic movement, also spelt Esthetic movement Movement in Europe in French in France, English in Great Britain and other *European languages and in east Asia in Chinese and Japanese from ca. 1880 to ca. 1910. The aesthetic movement was a major literary movement involving homosexuality which arose in Europe from 1880 and spread to European colonies all over the world and as far as Japan. In origin, it goes back to 1850. (The *decadent movement and *symbolism are interrelated literary movements.) See *Richard Ellmann, The Modern Tradition (1965), pp. 101-228, "The Autonomy of Art", for documents. Though the aesthetic movement is usually taken to be a later nineteenth century European movement, in China and Japan aestheticism had a long history, especially in relation to poetry and painting (see below). In English. *Rossetti, the *Pre-Raphaelite group, *Pater and the art critic John Ruskin were important forerunners and *W. S. Gilbert satirized the movement in the comic opera Patience (1881). One of the major tenets was *art for art's sake: the idea that art should exist solely for the sake of its beauty and should not serve any particular purpose - as *Marxism and *Socialism proposed. (The Socialist gay poet and writer, *Edward Carpenter, represents a contrary view though *Oscar Wilde was also influenced by Socialism.) Oscar Wilde was the key figure in Great Britain while *Walter Pater was highly influential (see *aesthetes for a list of poets who adopted the aesthetic movement pose). In French, the main initiator was *Huysmans, though in poetry the movement emerges from the work of *Baudelaire. *Verlaine was a major poet. The first book on the movement was Walter Hamilton, The Aesthetic Movement in England (1882). On the English aesthetic movement in Great Britain, see also Alfred J. Farmer, Le Mouvement esthétique et décadent en Angleterre 1873-1900 (Paris, 1931). The homosexual poets of the *eighteen-nineties - e.g., *Theodore Wratislaw - were greatly influenced by and embody in their work, the tenets of aestheticism. In the United States, poets who went to *Harvard in the late nineteenth century show its influence. The American poet *Edgar Allen Poe was regarded as a precursor by some, especially in France. The aesthetic movement is closely linked with the decadent model of literature and was highly influential in all the *European languages and in English as far away from Great Britain as Australia. In poetry it took the form of the expression of things beautiful and pleasurable - and especially beautiful men (the cult of *Antinous in its modern form dates from this time). *Eighteen nineties anthologies include aesthetic movement poets. For German see the *Munich group of poets from which the movement emerged. *Richard Wagner's music was a focus. In Portuguese. *Antonio Botto and *Fernando Pessoa were major poets. All journals associated with the aesthetic movement need to be assessed (see, e. g., the English journal * Century Guild Hobby Horse). In Russian many poets around the turn of the century show its influence (e.g., *Kuzmin); the ballet impresario Sergei Diaghilev was a major figure. *Vladimir Nabokov's work, especially his parody novel Pale Fire, shows he works in the aesthetic tradition. A Russian emigré writer his works stand in opposition to the Soviet tradition of socialist realism which, following *Marx, became an orthodoxy. Japanese. The European aesthetic movement reached and influenced Japan from ca. 1910, where it was on fertile ground, as Japan had a long tradition of aestheticism strongly inlfuenced by Chinese civilization (with which Japan's literati were closely linked since they all wrote Chinese characters and the Japanese system of writing was based on the Chinese). For Chinese aestheticism see *Han period, *Sung period, *Yuan Mei, *Orchid Pavilion. Japanese art reached Europe from the later nineteenth century and this in turn influenced the aesthetic movement, though Chinese and Japanese poetry was little known in Europe and its offshoot civilizations at this time; see Michael Sullivan, The Meeting of Eastern and Western Arf(London, 1973), 197-254. The "discovery" of Japanese prints by the artist Whistler at this time opened a new perspective on book illustration. Persian. There is a strong aesthetic element in traditional Persian poetry and art especially in the *illustrations to Persian poetry. Compare *social constructionism, *Marxism. Contrast *Puritanism. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage, 2-5. Aesthetic of homosexuality, also spelt esthetic of homosexuality Concept and philosophy in English, French, German, Chinese and Japanese in Great Britain, France, Germany and Japan dating from at least 1895 in English and French and probably earlier in Japanese and Chinese. The idea that the expression of beauty in gay literary and artistic works is linked to homosexual sensibilities. The idea arose basically out of the *decadent movement. German. See *Hubert Fichte - the main person in European languages to recently raise this issue. English. *Oscar Wilde was a crucial person in the *Eighteen-nineties period. *Camp is a kind of parody of any serious view of gay aesthetics. Jacob Stockinger has tried to elaborate an aesthetic. The question of a black gay aesthetic is discussed in an essay in the black gay anthology * Brother to Brother by *Charles I. Nero, pp. 229-52. Japanese. The concept of iki in Japanese has homosexual undertones; iki means "smartness" or "style". See Kuki Shuzo, Reflections on Japanese Taste: The Structure of Iki, trans. by John Clark, Sydney, 1997. French. See *Dominique Fernandez. Chinese. This idea may go back to ancient China (e.g., the *Han Period). *See also Aesthetes. Poet who possibly wrote in Turkish. Active before 1838. Probably a poet from the *Ottoman period. Not found in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: Die Männerliebe der Griechen, 123-24. Afghani love song, called "Zekhmi Dil" Song from Afghanistan written in Pashto. Before 1962. See *Allen Edwardes, The Cradle of Erotica, 1962, p. 200, the song is called "Zekhmi Dil" ("Wounded Heart") and is said to be a pederastic love song of the Pathans - "There's a girl across the river with a postern like a peach, but alas! I cannot swim"; Edwardes states the word *boy is altered to girl by the ist-zen (anus beater) of Kabul. It is not known how accurate this title "Zekhmi Dil" is or where it came from. The poem has been "completed" by E. A. Lacey in Gay Roots (see reference below) but the work here is more a version based on the song (which is about a beautiful boy across the river whom the singer wants to penetrate). E. A. Lacey states it is a traditional Afghani folk song quoted by innumerable writers on India and the Pashtuns of the Northwest frontier. The language Pashto is sometimes called Afghan. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gay Roots: An Anthology of Gay History, 363: trans. by *E. A. Lacey. Criticism. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 17: cites the two lines and calls the poem "Zekhmi Dil". Languages spoken in the continent of Africa. Works of relevance date from 2,175 B.C. Human habitation in Africa goes back 6 million years and human art in Africa is the earliest known art in the world, dating from some 3 million years ago (see the illustration of the so-called Makapansgat pebble from Transvaal, the first known work of human art on page 41 of Julian Bell, What is Painting?, London, 1999). Africa divides up into Northern Africa - where the Sahara Desert predominates and where Arabic is the main language and Egyptian (2,200 B.C.+) the most ancient language - and Sub-saharan Africa, all of Africa below the Sahara desert. The modern African states mainly date from European colonization and tribal groupings linked to language are more crucial. Maps of African tribes are in Tom Phillips, Africa: Art of A Continent, 1995; this work discusses Africa systematically and maps of tribes are before the commencement of the text for each section. A concise introduction to the languages of Africa is "Languages" in R. Oliver and others, editors, Cambridge Encyclopedia of Africa, 1991, 75-77; it is generally agreed that over 1,000 languages are spoken. Indigenous languages. The indigenous languages spoken in Africa divide into several language families: these include, as presently understood, Niger-Congo spoken in central Africa, the *Bantu languages spoken over almost the entire south of the continent (300 languages, all very close), and the Khoisan family (spoken in south western Africa). Several hundred languages are spoken, the Niger-Congo group being the largest language family. There are vast oral literatures in African languages though only some languages have been translated into European languages (mainly into English and French) making assessment for homosexuality difficult. The Bantu language group, spoken across southern Africa, includes Xhosa, Shona (see *Overview - Shona), Sotho, Tswana and Zulu, all of whose oral literatures have been examined in some detail: see *praise poems. Somali is spoken in the horn of Africa and Swahili to the south of it. Hausa is spoken north of Nigeria in west Africa. Malagasy is spoken on the island of Madagascar and is an *Austronesian language. For information on languages in the southern half of the continent, see John Middleton, Encyclopedia of Africa: South of the Sahara, 4 volumes, 1999. *Afro-Asiatic languages. Arabic, ancient Egyptian and Ethiopic are major and ancient languages in this group which are probably indigenous, being spoken first in Egypt in the form of Egyptian from before 3,000 B.C.; Coptic is a modern descendent of ancient Egyptian. Arabic is now spoken across north Africa and throughout the Sahara where *Islam is the major religion. See *Overview - Egyptian, Overview, - *Arabic. Introduced languages. European languages. These are principally English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Flemish (a language of Belgium close to Dutch which controlled the Republic of the Congo; French is also spoken in Belgium) and Afrikaans. The Afro-Asiatic language Arabic, spoken in the northern half of the continent, was also introduced. See *Overview - English in South Africa, *Overview - Afrikaans. *Gregory Woods has written an article on gay English poems in Africa. See overall Joseph Greenberg, The Languages of Africa (1963), and Michael Mann, editor, A Thesaurus of African Languages (1987). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 22-24: "Africa, Sub-saharan". Kindlers neues Literatur Lexikon vol. 20, 747: books listing African languages. Katzner, Languages of the World, 6-7: list of languages. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage, 5-8: "African Literatures" - mostly deals with contemporary material. Criticism. Woods, History of Gay Literature, 302-312: a survey of poets writing in English who mention homosexuality. Poet from Romania writing in Romanian. Born ca. 1970. In Index on Censorship no.1 of 1995, p. 50, two poems are translated into English with a photo of the handsome young poet. Apparently he is the first openly gay poet in Romania. Afro-Americans, also called African Americans, Blacks, and Negroes Homopoetry associated with Afro-Americans in English in the United States, also sometimes called blacks and people of color and formerly Negroes, may go back at least to *minstrel songs (from 1854), though - so far - minstrel material is homosexual by context only and then only by implication. *Paul Laurence Dunbar, usually seen as the first notable black poet, reputedly had some homosexual experience. The *Harlem Renaissance was a great revival of Negro culture in *New York beginning in the 1920s; *Countee Cullen, *Langston Hughes and *Claude McKay were the main gay poets. The first gay article on the Harlem Renaissance was written by *Eric Garber who has compiled a detailed bibliography. There is a strong tradition of black *bawdry - see *toasts. For oral *songs, which constitute a rich Afro-American tradition, see *Bessie Smith and *Ma Rainey. Very little homobawdry is known so far; references to homosexuality are mainly negative. *Leroi Jones published the first openly gay poem of the contemporary period., while *Adrian Stanford was the first openly gay poet to publish a volume. The gay novelist James Baldwin wrote some poetry. There has been a great outpouring of openly gay poetry by black poets from 1983 onwards. At least two United States published journals *Blackheart (ca. 1982-86, three issues), edited by *Isaac Jackson, and Other Countries (1988+) have come into being (see The Advocate no. 518, 14 February 1989, 51-54). For anthologies see *Anthologies - Black. * In the Life, edited by Joseph Beam, was the first anthology to reach a wide audience and * The Road Before Us is outstanding; * Milking Black Bull (1995) is an anthology of the second wave of black gay poets. * Voices Against the Wilderness (1983), was the first black gay poetry anthology. The cities of *New York, *Philadelphia and *Washington have large black populations and have produced black gay poets and writers. Poets of note include *O. A. Ajanaku, *Assotto Saint (pseud. of Ives Lupin), Jim Beam, *Blackberri, *Richard Bruce (pseud. of *Richard Bruce Nugent), *Ernest Clay (partner of *Louie Crew), *Melvin Dixon, *Salih Michael Fisher, *Craig G. Harris, *Essex Hemphill, *Craig Hickman, *Isaac Jackson, *Stephen Jonas (pseud.), *Brad Johnson, *Steve Langley, *Craig Reynolds, *D. A. Richards, *Marlon Riggs, *Philip Robinson, *Shahid (pseud. of *Roosevelt Williamson), *Reginald Shepherd, *Sidney Smith (*pederasty activist), Jerry Thompson, *Derek Walcott (not from the United States but lives there for much of the year), *Donald W. Woods. Of *nineteen nineties poets *Thomas Glave is outstanding. See Emmanuel S. Nelson, "Towards a Transgressive Aesthetic; Gay Readings of Black Writing", James White Review, spring 1994, vol. 11. no 3, 17-18. The Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, New York, is a special black library attached to *New York Public Library which may have relevant material. See also *Negritude. Debbie Douglas and others, Ma-ka: diasporic juks: contemporary writing by queers of African descent, Toronto, 1997, is an anthology of writings. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Sexual Behaviour: see "Negro". Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures: see "African American Gay Culture"; see also "Black Power Movement" and "Black and White Men Together". Criticism. Brother to Brother, xxi-xxxi: gives the background to contemporary gay writing. Afro-Asiatic languages, also called Afroasiatic languages (formerly called Semitic languages) Language family spoken in west Asia and north Africa from the Sahara to the Mediterranean. Material dates from ca. 2,175 B.C., the earliest gay poetry being in Egyptian. The languages are sometimes called Hamito Semitic languages (or Semitic) though this term is now not used; they include ancient Egyptian and modern Coptic (descended from ancient Egyptian and spoken by Christians in Egypt; Muslims speak Arabic), Akkadian (the ancient language of Iraq), Aramaic (the language of Christ which replaced Akkadian as a lingua franca and gradually became the modern Syriac), Berber (spoken in Morocco; though there has been some doubt that the language is afro-Asiatic), Hebrew, and - the most widely spoken of the group - Arabic, the language of the * Koran. Canaanite languages (see *Kadesh) are, with Egyptian, the most ancient of the languages. They are a group of the northern central or northwestern Afro-Asiatic group spoken in ancient Lebanon and Syria and include Phoenician (a dialect of Hebrew, sometimes called Punic, which is related to Ugaritic; on this language see the entry in the Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics), Moabite, Hebrew and recently discovered languages such as Eblaic. They were written in cuneiform and date to the third millenium B.C. Much literary material in these ancient languages remains unanalysed (see e. g., F. Fonzarelli, The Ebla Language and Semitic Linguistics, Florence, 1984). Other languages in the Northwestern group (from the Syrian area) include Amorite; all are close to Akkadian. All the Afro-Asiatic languages, both ancient and modern, are very close. Whether they were first spoken in north Africa in Egypt or in west Asia is disputed. Syrian was an important language of transmission of Greek culture to the Arabic world. Through Syrian culture too, cultures to the east of it were transmitted to Mediterranean cultures and beyond. Hebrew, the language of the * Old Testament (or Tanach as its is known to Jews) is known by Jews around the world, especially since its revival in the late nineteenth century. It is the national language of Israel. Aramaic, the language of Jesus Christ, is close to extinction; one homopoem survives in the language (see *Overview - Hebrew, Aramaic). Ethiopic, spoken in Ethiopia, has two dialects: Ge'ez is the literary language, Amharic is the main modern vernacular. The Afroasiatic language group has the oldest recorded tradition of homosexual poetry: see *Overview - Egyptian; see also * Gilgamesh. For information on the literatures of these languages see Queneau, Histoire des littératures, volume one. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica: "Semitic Languages". See also Encyclopedia Britannica, eleventh edition, "Semitic Languages": fine overview by Theodore Noldeke. Parlett, Languages of the World, 110-11: "Semitic". Poet and anthologist from Turkey who wrote in Greek. Ca. 531-ca.580. One of the rare *Byzantine poets to mention homosexuality (though negatively: Agathias repudiates it). See R. C. McCail, "The Erotic and Ascetic Poetry of Agathias Scholasticus", Byzantion vol. 41 (1971), 205-67, especially 212-15. He compiled an anthology of epigrams, the *Circle, many of which entered the * Palatine Anthology. His name means Agathias the scholar. See also *Eratosthenes Scholasticus. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 25. Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 59-60. Palatine Anthology, v 278 and x 68. Poet and lover fom Greece who wrote in Greek; trope in Greek, English, German. Ca. 416 B.C.-401B.C. Agathon was a tragic dramatist who wrote in poetry, who was famed for his beauty and loved by *Euripides. Fewer than forty lines of his work survive (for sources see the Oxford Classical Dictionary entry). He is accepted as being homosexual in ancient Greek literature: see Dover, Greek Homosexuality (e.g., pp. 140-42). It is at his house that the famous dialogue by *Plato, The *Symposium, takes place. Agathon is one of the five speakers, speaking before Socrates who is the last speaker. As a trope of gay love see in English. *Julian Sturgis, *S. E. Cottam, in German *Wieland, in Greek *Aristophanes, *Euripides, in Italian. *Ficino. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 25. Dictionnaire Gay. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 193. Ioläus (1902), 79. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 6871: re appearance in *Aristophanes' play Thesmophoriazusae. Orgasms of Light, 100. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 37. Age of consent and age of majority Laws in English relating to adulthood and sexuality in Great Britain, the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India, South Africa and other English speaking countries and in other countries and relating to other languages date from before 1500. Laws relating to the age of sexual consent are the main laws since they define the age at which a person can be legally gay. The age of sexual consent is the age at which a person is legally deemed to be capable of giving consent to a sexual act. It varies around the world for homosexuals from twelve to twenty-one (in the state of Western Australia in Australia). (Compare the age of majority, the age at which a person is legally deemed to be an adult; this age is usually higher than the age of consent, frequently by several years). The age of consent is important for the content of gay poetry. Poems referring to sex below the age of consent are unlikely to be written and, if written, to be published. There appears to have been no age of consent in many ancient cultures (such as ancient Greece, Rome, Egypt and China). In European culture and its offshoots the age of consent was formerly the age of entrance to monasteries which was twelve; this age dates from the *middle ages (see Patricia Quinn, Better than the Sons of Kings: Boys and Monks in the early Middle Ages, 1989, for further information). The age of consent was twelve until 1875 in Great Britain for heterosexuals becoming thirteen in 1875, due to feminist agitation against teenage prostitutes, and sixteen, it's present age for heterosexual sex, in 1885; by contrast, when male homosexual acts were decriminalized in Great Britain the age of consent for homosexuals was set at 21 (the age was lowered to 18 in 1991). On the raising of the age of consent in 1875 see Ann Stafford, The Age of Consent(London, 1875). Some sample ages of homosexual consent in 1999: Spain 12, *Vatican City 12, Japan 13, Denmark 15 and Ireland 17. In Canada it is 14 after a court case finding the age of consent at 18 for homosexuals versus 14 for heterosexuals was discriminatory. The United States has many different ages of consent for heterosexuals and homosexuals according to the state in which a person lives: for instance it is 13 in New Mexico, 15 In Colorado and 16 in Indiana, Washington and Maine for homosexuals and in all these states the ages of consent for homosexuals and heterosexuals are the same. In some 18 US states male homosexual acts are illegal (see *Law - English). The latest information on the age of consent worldwide can be found on the *Internet. Very detailed information on European countries is in the articles by Helmut Graupner, "Sexual Consent: The Criminal Law in Europe and Overseas" in Archives of Sexual Behavior vol. 29 no. 5 (2000), in the section "Homosexual Relations", 425-433. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Howes, Broadcasting It. The age of death has increased throughout history (e. g. in Australia it was 47 for males in 1900 and is over 79 in the 1990s). This factor needs to be taken into account in any discussion of homosexuality - and in reading homosexual poetry: for instance the poems of the ancient Greek anthology, the *Mousa Paidike were probably composed by males close in age to the addressees, since the age of death was much lower. With the age of death much being lower in earlier centuries there must have been more *pederasty and less *androphilia. Consequently homosexual poetry in earlier periods had a higher pederastic content and should not in many cases be read as being androphilic. With the age of death rising from the 1950s there has been an increase in androphilia. The age of death is much lower in many African countries, in Asia and IN South America than in developed countries with efficient medical services. Even in developed countries some sections of the population have a lower age of death (e.g. Australian Aborigines in Australia). See G. Acsadi and J. Nemeskeri, History of Human Life Span and Mortality (Budapest, 1970) ; there are many tables in this book - for instance the table on page 224 shows that in ancient *Rome the life span of slaves was 17 and for professionals 36, while the table on page 222 shows the average age of death overall in Rome in the Roman era was 22.6 years. Historian and critic from Portugal who wrote in Portuguese. 1883-1961. A doctor at the Institute of Legal Medicine, *Lisbon, who is the author of a huge survey of homosexuality in Europe: Evolucao da pederastia e do lesbiamo na Europa (The evolution of homosexuality and lesbianism in Europe), first printed in Arquivo da universidade do Lisboa vol. 11 (1926), 336-620. It was published as a book of 292 pages in 1926, with a second edition with additional material in 1934 (with the footnotes deleted but a bibliography added, pp. 359-74). His bibliographies contain many little known items. (Copies sighted: National Library of Lisbon, *Lisbon.) This work consists mostly of discussion of the laws of homosexuality in various European countries: however, there is discussion of literature, including of poetry, throughout. It is one of the most detailed presentations of the various European laws ever. The work contains the first discusssion of homosexuality in relation to Portuguese literature. After opening with consideration of the present extent of homosexuality there are four sections: Section A (pp. 377+), the ancient world (that is, Greece and Rome - with a detailed survey of Latin literature including liberal reference to poetry pp. 390-438), B, the *Middle Ages (pp. 457+), C, 'Renaissance and early modern (1453-1789), pp. 483+, and D, Modern Europe (1789+), pp. 540+. He relies on *Magnus Hirschfeld and gives references. He wrote the article "Crimes e delitos sexuais em Portugal na Epoca das Ordenagoes (Sexualidade anormal)", Archivo de medicina legal, vol. 3 (1930), 118-44, which deals with homosexual crimes in Portugal and is a source of many cases of sodomy. Biography: see his entry in Grande enciclopedia Portuguese e Brasil vol. 1 (1945). A Curriculum Vitae, Lisbon, 1944, 86 pp., exists in the National Library, Lisbon. His papers are with his family. Compare *Monteiro, his colleague at the Institute of Legal Medicine. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Born ca. 1930. He was imprisoned for a period from 16 to 48 years for sex with a 15 year old male. For a photo of Ahlers and his lover Harold Baker see [no author], A Witchhunt Foiled: The FBI vs. NAMBLA, New York: North American Man Boy Love Association, 1985, p. 11. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poems of Love and Liberation, 49. Poet possibly from Iran who wrote in Persian. Died 1123. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition: see the *Kirmani article - states that, with *'Iraki and *Kirmani, he contemplated "divine beauty in earthly forms, preferably in beautiful boys". No separate entry exists on him in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Criticism. Rypka, History of Iranian Literature, 220, 254 (brief mention). Ahmad ibn Kulayb, also spelt Kulaib Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Ca. 1030-1035. See Adam Mez, The Renaissance of Islam (Patna, 1937), pp. 359-60: a grammarian who wrote love poems about Aslam, the son of a Qadhi (with whom he studied), and which were sung at weddings. Criticism. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, vol. 5, 779: a poet and grammarian of *Cordoba who died of grief for the love of another man. Poet who was possibly from Iran and possibly wrote in Persian. Active before 1838. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: Die Männerliebe der Griechen, 141; possibly trans. by *von Hammer Purgstall. His country is given here as Kermjan. Compare Kerman, the capital of Kerman Province, East Central Iran. Possibly the Turkish poet *Ahmedi could be meant. Poet from Turkey who wrote in Turkish. 1334-1413. He was a *court poet at Adrianople (now called Edirne). The language of his * divan became the standard Turkish poetic language for centuries. He wrote *mesnevi. On him see Mitler, Ottoman Turkish Writers. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition: see "Ahmedi". Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition: called "Ahmadi" (stated to be "the greatest Ottoman poet of the fourteenth century" who "first introduced profane subjects"). Criticism. Penguin Book of Turkish Verse, 64: a love poem to a masculine beloved. Gibb, History of Ottoman Poetry, volume 1, 260 ff. Poet from Turkey who wrote in Turkish. Died 1497. He wrote a poem about Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror's infatuation with a youth (Dr Chris Murphy, Turcologist, Harvard to me, 1989). He was tutor and companion to Mehmed II (the Conqueror of Constantinople). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Turkish Verse, 68: *non gender specific love poem ; biog., 8. Eros: Die Männerliebe der Griechen, 125-26: spelt Ahmed Pascha. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 365: poems *"Ghazel" and "Fair Friend" (openly homosexual poem). Editor of works in Greek from Germany; critic in Latin. Active 1855. Editor of the Greek poet *Theocritus: Bucolicorum Reliquiae, 2 volumes (Leipzig, 1855) with Latin notes and lengthy introduction dealing with the manuscripts, early printed editions and versions. Ai Ch'ing (pseud.), also spelt Ai Qing (pseud.) Poet from China writing in Chinese. Born 1910. A Chinese poet who lived in France and returned to China in 1932; his poetry was influenced by the dictates of *Mao and is weaker after the 1942 Yenan declaration (see *Communism). He was influenced by *Shakespeare, *Whitman (especially in his writing of free verse) and *Esenin. His name is spelt Ai Ch'ing (pseud.) (in Wade Giles) and Ai Qing (pseud.) (in Pinyin). Real name: Chiang Hai Ch'eng. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, vol. 1, 1-2. A viral disease especially transmitted in the blood by *anal sex. Contact with the virus, leading to infection, makes a person HIV positive. Aids is the name of the disease in its full blown state and is, in almost all cases, fatal, but may not result in death for up to ten years or longer after initial infection; only a few persons are known to have survived beyond ten years. Drugs are increasingly enabling persons to control HIV and Aids. There has been an enormous literature on Aids. Overall the predominant emotion expressed in poetry occasioned by Aids has been loss; the *elegy has been a favorite form for these poets. It was first known as Aids in 1983 and from this year its impact on gay poetry has been enormous. Initially it led to a marked diminishment in writing on sex. *Denis Altman in prose and *Paul Monette in poetry have written eloquently on it. Aids is a disease affecting both homosexuals and heterosexuals but in developed countries most cases have been homosexual. There are signs the rate of infection amongst homosexuals is declining but Aids is likely to affect gay poetry for years to come. Raymond A. Smith, Encyclopaedia of Aids, 1999, covers all aspects of the subject. Compare *syphilis. English. The first Aids literary anthology (featuring both prose and poetry) was the Australian anthology * Love and Death (Sydney, 1987). In the United States the first anthology featuring Aids, * Poets for Life (1989), contains the work of heterosexual as well as gay poets. *Unending Dialogue (1991) is a collection based on an Aids poetry workshop. A poetry masterpiece about losing a lover has been written by the United States poet *Paul Monette about his lover *Roger Horwitz. Other moving and influential poems are by the United States poets *Michael Lassell, *Rafael Campo and *Mark Doty. The black United States gay poet *Jim Beam, editor of the first black gay anthology, died of Aids. *Gil Cuadros has written memorably from a *Chicano point of view and *Juan David Acosta-Posada from a Latino. *Walt Whitman's civil war poems, inspired by his nursing of wounded soldiers, have been enlisted in the expression of sentiment about the subject. The journal * James White Review (1983+) frequently carries poetry on Aids. As pointed out, Aids has resulted in a lessening of writing on *sex, especially *anal sex, and poetry which is more caring and thoughtful (as distinct from writing about sexual experiences being the norm of gay poetry). It has tended to give a philosophical dimension to the poetry it has inspired, but it has unfortunately led to more poets using *pseudonyms, thus concealing their real identity. *City Lights Review number 2 of 1988, has a forum on "Aids, Cultural Life and the Arts", pp. 8-56. *Thom Gunn has recently written some of the most significant poems in English on Aids and The Poetry Society of America published an anthology of children's responses, Listening to Young Voices, edited by Sandra Isham Vreeland, 32 pages, in 1995: about fifteen children write poems about Aids (this book is not specifically a gay book). Blood Whispers (1991) and Blood Whispers, Volume 2 (1994), edited by Terry Wolverton, are selections of poetry and prose from the United States on Aids (a review of Blood Whispers, Volume 2 is in James White Review, vol. 13 no. 3, Summer 1996, 21). The anthology edited by Carlos A. Rodriquez is a general anthology, not specifically gay, titled POESIdA: An Anthologgy of Aids Poetry from the United States, Latin America and Spain, 1997 (143 poems from 73 poets); review: Lambda Book Report, April 1997, 11-12 - states "perhaps the best poems belong to Cuban authors *Reinaldo Arenas and Severo Sarduy." An anthology, Aids Poetry Project, was announced wih a deadline of December 1 1992, James White Review vol.10 no.1 p. 2; but no record of this work has been found. See *Anthologies - English for poetry anthologies dealing with the subject. Criticism: see Timothy F. Murphy and Suzanne Poirier, Writing Aids: gay literature, language, and analysis (New York, 1993); bibliography of Aids related material 1982-1991, pp. 321-339. Australia: Hurley, Guide to Lesbian and Gay Writing in Australia: see entries under Aids and HIV/AIDS. Aids: the Literary Response edited by Emmanuel S. Nelson, New York, 1992, is a series of essays; only one essay, on the *elegy genre by *Gregory Woods is on poetry: "AIDS to Remembrance: The Uses of Elegy", pp. 155-66. See also *plagues. For English, see, for Australia .Javant Biarujia, *Patrick Gleeson, *Jim Legasse, *Love and Death (and the poets listed), *Les Murray, *Paul Knobel *Alan Wearne, *Stephen J. Williams. United States: see *Greg Baysans, *Ed Drucker (pseud.), *James S. Holmes, *Assotto Saint (pseud.), *Ron Schreiber. Great Britain: see *Pat O'brien. Many *gay liberation poets have died of Aids. See also entries for *Nineteen-eighties and *Nineteen-nineties. On the publishing response to Aids see Michael Denneny, "On Publishing Aids Books: Where we've been, where we're going", Lambda Book Report, February 1999, 21. Raymond A. Smith, Encyclopedia of AIDS, 1999, covers all aspects of the subject. French. See *George Stambolian. The philosophers *Michel Foucault and *Guy Hocquenghem died of Aids. See "Sida" in Dictionnaire Gay and "AIDS Writing in France" in Gay Histories and Cultures. German: see *Jürgen Baldiga, *Horst Bienek, *Stefan Richert, *Manfred Semmelbrauer, *Mario Wirz, *Detlev Meyer. The journal Die Palette vol. 8 no. 16 (Herbst [Autumn] 1992) is a special issue devoted to Aids; it includes poems by *Mario Wirz and a bibliography of literature on Aids p. 94. See also Goodbye to Berlin, pp. 327-40. Greek: see *Andreas Angelakes, *Yannis Ritsos. Spanish: see *Jaime Gil de Biedma, *Xavier Villaurrutia, *Reinaldo Arenas, *Ernesto Banuelos Enriquez, *Manuel Ramos Otero. *Carlos A. Rodriguez-Matos has written a critical article on the subject. Aids has had a devastating impact in Africa where little money is available for treatment. Poetry in *African languages on the subject, if it exists, has not come to light. The South African poet *Stephen Gray has written a moving poem in English. The impact of Aids in India and China is likely to be large. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 29-32. Howes, Broadcasting It. Dictionnaire Gay: see "Sida". Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage, 16-20. Gay Histories and Cultures: see "AIDS", "AIDS Literature", "AIDS in the U.S. media"; see also "ACT UP". Criticism. Woods, History of Gay Literature, 359-74: mainly discussion of Aids poetry. Anthology in English from the United States. 1992. It was conceived by William Parker (1943-1993) as a singer's response to *Aids. Review: Gay and Lesbian Study Group Newsletter vol. 5 no. 2 (October 1995), 20-24. Eighteen songs were originally recorded and the scores have been published by Boosey and Hawkes (#VAB-303). The texts were by the composers (Fred Hirsch Richard Thomas) and by poets (such as James Merrill, *Kabir, translated by *Robert Bly, *David Bergman and others). Composers have continued to add to the songbook. Eight new songs and seven from the original work are included in Heartbeats: New Songs from Minnesota for the AIDS Quilt Songbook (recorded as Innova 500). Not sighted. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gay Histories and Cultures. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1889-1973. In his Collected Poems, second edition, New York, 1970, see the *sequence "Turns and Movies", pp. 3-18 (especially the section "The *Apollo Trio" pp. 4-5), "Gabriel de Ford" pp. 6-7, "Aerial Dodds" pp. 13-14 (portraits of homosexuals.) He was a graduate of *Harvard influenced by *symbolism. His novel Great Circle (1933) is an analysis of an *Oedipal breakdown of a marriage. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Poet from Canada writing in English. Active 1977. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Larkspur and Lad's Love. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born ca. 1943. An Afro-American poet born in Memphis, Tennessee in the United States *south, he now lives in *Chicago where he is a gay activist. Gay Poetry Anthologies. In the Life, 114-15 (a moving poem dealing with his expulsion from the United States navy in 1963 and black gay brotherhood); biog., 250 (stating he is 43 years old). Road Before Us, 5-6; biog., 172. Journal from France written in French. Published in 1909. Akadémos was a monthly journal founded and published by Jacques d'Adelswärd Fersen apparently in *Paris with a * fin de siècle tone. It was artistically produced to a very high standard. There were twelve issues and it was the first gay journal in French. It featured much poetry with gay themes (by, for instance, *Baron de Bideran). It is suspected that poems in the journal are written under pseudonyms and possibly some (or even most) are by Fersen, who wrote poetry. There were reviews of books of poetry as well. It cannot be assumed that because a poem was published or a book reviewed in the journal the author was gay. It had many homoerotic illustrations of nude male sculptures - e.g. of *Antinous in no. 9, September 1909. Number 7 had an article on the French law in relation to male homosexuality. The journal is discussed in Will H. Ogrinc, "A Shrine to Love and Sorrow: Jacques d'Adelswärd Fersen (1880-1923)", in Paidika vol. 3 no. 2 (Issue 10), 46-47; he states a number of contributions under the pseudonym Sonyeuse are by Fersen. See also *Raymond Laurent. Very rare. Copy used: *Harvard University, Widener Library. Review: Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen vol. 10 no. 4 (1909-10), 433-37. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1721-1778. Akenside, a doctor from *Edinburgh, was set up in a house in London by his friend, and probable lover, the lawyer Jeremiah Dyson, who left his wife and family to live with Akenside. He is the author of The Pleasures of the Imagination (1744, revised version 1757), a poem famous in its time and showing the influence of *Plato. A homosexual relationship with Dyson has been alleged by *G. S. Rousseau in Eighteenth Century Life vol. 9 (1985), p. 145: "Dyson was at least homoerotic although the extant evidence suggests that Akenside was exclusively homosexual." Text: Poetical Works, Edinburgh, 1867 (repr.), with biography by Rev. George Gilfillan. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature; notes "his haughty and pedantic manner" was satirized in *Smollett's Peregrine Pickle. Dictionary of National Biography. Akhenaton Poet and pharaoh from Egypt who wrote in Egyptian. Active ca. 1,362 B.C. A ruler of ancient Egypt 1397-1362 B.C. credited with bringing *monotheism to the country, in the form of the god Aton; the pharoah was in effect the *king. He was credited with a homosexual relationship with his favorite and son-in-law Smenkhare, also his co-ruler (however this remains controversial as with much about him, even whether he fathered children). His reputed possible homosexuality is discussed by *Winston Leyland in Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 77-80; no sources are cited here. He wrote the famous "Hymn to the Sun", which, like all religious *hymns of men to a male god, may reveal repressed homosexual feelings (it has often been compared to *David's *"Psalm 104"); for English translations see Adolf Erman, The Ancient Egyptians (New York, 1966), 288-91 (note that on page 289 the words "Thou [that is, the sun] who createst.. in women and makest seed in men" link the sun with semen). Another translation is in James B. Britchard, editor, The Ancient Near East (Princeton, 1958), volume 1, 226230. He reigned as Pharaoh 1373-1362 B.C. and transferred his capital from Thebes, to a new town at Amarna named after himself. He was married to Nefertiti and reputedly had six children. For the text of "Hymn to Sun", see J. B. Pritchard, Ancient Near East Texts Relating to the Old Testament, 1969. For another translation into English: see *Terence Deakin. *Dorothy Porter wrote homosexual poems based on his relationship with Smenkhare. On his life see Cyril Aldred, Akhenaton: Pharaoh of Egypt (1968). The theory of Akhenaton's homosexuality is no longer accepted by most modern Egyptologists. *Akhenaton (pseud.)'s name is based on him. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Dictionnaire Gay. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 434. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1961. A *black poet who lives in *New York. His name is taken from the ancient see his entry. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 7: poem "Cool Waves"; biog., Egyptian pharaoh, homosexual according to some views: 172. Pseudonym of a poet from Russia who wrote in Russian. 1889-1966. A Russian poet who suffered though the Stalinist terror and lived to write about it, becoming in the 1960s and 1970s something of a cult figure because of this. See the "First Dedication" to Poem without a Hero (first published in New York in 1960 but worked on by the poet until her death) in The Complete Poems, 1989, trans. Judith Hemschemeyer, volume 2, pp. 402-03: reference to *Antinous (said to be referring to *Vsevolod Knyazev who was bisexual - though it could refer also to *Mikhail Kuzmin: see John Malmstad, Kuzmin's biographer). The reference was glossed by Akhmatova as "ancient handsome man" (ibid., vol. 2, p. 469). Another possible reference could be to the poet Osip Mandelstam (ibid., vol. 2, p. 771). Knyazev appears in the poem as Dapertutto, a pseudonym he used (ibid., vol. 2, p. 413 line 28). The epigraph contains a line from the homosexual poet *Nikolai Klyuev whom *Simon Karlinsky states "lost his freedom and eventually his life because of a poem he wrote in defence of Akhmatova (Slavic Review vol. 28, 1979, 93). There were homosexual poets in the bohemian circles in *St Petersburg in which Akhmatova moved (e.g. Kuzmin who wrote the introduction to her 1910 volume - see Amanda Haight, Akhmatova, 1977, p. 20). Some are portrayed in the poem: see also the reference to "some Lots from *Sodom'" line 188 vol. 2, p. 423 of the above edition of Poem without a Hero. Akhmatova was the wife of the poet *Nikolai Gumilev. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Terras, Handbook of Russian Literature. Poet from Iraq who wrote in Arabic. Ca. 750-after 808. *'Abbasid poet who wrote love poems. See Abdullah al-Udhari and G. B. H. Wightman, Birds Through a Ceiling: Three Abbasid Poets (1975), pp. 35-64: English translation with many love poems adressed to women, some *non gender specific (pp. 36, 52, 54, 58) and one fine homopoem p. 57; biog. note 21-23. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, volume 1, 9-10: al-'Abbas b. al-Ahnaf. Criticism. *Arthur Wormhoudt, "Classic Arabic Poetry", *Gay Books Bulletin, no. 4 (Fall 1980), 24: states he "wrote some love poems addressed to male lovers'". Poet possibly from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Active before 1211. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Dar al-Tiraz: several fine gay love poems (some only ascribed to him). Poet from Iraq who wrote in Arabic. 925-1009. *Abbasid poet who wrote love poem 24 in the anthology of *al-Tha'alibi. His pseudonym means The Parrot because of his stammering. He settled in *Baghdad where he died. Only the poetry extracts by him in al-Tha'alibi (which the Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, entry describes as elegaic and bacchic) are known. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, volume 1, 845-46. Criticism. *Arthur Wormhoudt, "Classic Arabic Poetry", * Gay Books Bulletin, no. 4 (Fall 1980), 24: "wrote some love poems addressed to male lovers". al-Bahili, al-Husayn ibn al-Dahhak Poet from Iraq who wrote in Arabic. Ca. 778-864. From *Basra, he lived in *Baghdad and is regarded as a minor poet. *Bisexual interest. Called "the libertine" or "the debauched" he spent much time with the frivolous Caliph al-Amin. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition, volume 1, 576: "al-Bahili" (second entry). Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition: "al-Husayn b. al-Dahhak" (states that "dallying with young men" was how he spent much of his time and his *ghazals are written as much to men as women). Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, vol. 5, 778 (in the *"Liwat " [*sodomy] article): a homosexual *libertine poet of the *Abbasid period. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. 1134-1199. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 319: fine love poem; *wine trope. Philosopher from Iraq who wrote in Arabic. Ca. 776-868. His *nisba means goggle-eyed. His works show Greek influence and he read Greek works in translation; of 200 known works, only a few survive. See *Charles Pellat, The Life and Work of Jahiz, London, 1969, p. 27: states he wrote three texts on homosexuality. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition: see "al-Djahiz". Dictionary of Oriental Literatures: see "al-Jahiz". Criticism. Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance and Homosexuality, 19. *Norman Roth, "'Deal Gently with the Young Man': Love of Boys in Medieval Hebrew Poetry of Spain", Speculum 57 (1982), 27: re *debate on love. al-Farazdak, also spelt al-Farazdaq Poet from Iraq who wrote in Arabic. Ca. 650-ca. 730. *Umayyad poet who lived in *Basra and whose * divan consists of over 7,000 verses and is the largest in Arabic. A poetic battle with Jarir with accusations of homosexuality was a famous *satirical poetry battle. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, volume 1, 788: "al-Farazdak" by *R. Blachère. Criticism. *Arthur Wormhoudt, "Classic Arabic Poetry", *Gay Books Bulletin, no. 4 (Fall 1980), 24: wrote poems accusing Jarir of homosexuality in "explicit, almost pornographic detail". Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Died ca. 1134. He travelled widely in Spain and was assassinated between 1134 and ca. 1160 in Marrakesh, Morocco. A commentary on this work, Kalaidal-Ikayn, has also been written. Compare *Ibn Sa'id. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, volume 2, 838. Criticism. *Marc Daniel, "Arab Civilization and Male Love", Gay Sunshine 32 (Spring 1977), 5: collected an anthology with homopoems Kalaid al-Ikayn (The Golden Collar). Philosopher and poet from Iraq who wrote in Arabic. 1058-1111. The foremost mystic, theologian and religious philosopher of medieval Islam; he taught in *Baghdad. He became a *Sufi and was influenced by the Arabic *Neo-Platonism of *al-Farabi and *Ibn Sina. He also wrote in Persian and his works were translated into Urdu. English translation by Madelaine Farah: Marriage and Sexuality in Islam, Salt Lake City, 1984. De Bary, Guide to Oriental Classics, pp. 37-39, lists works by and on him. See also *Philosophers - Arabic on his brother who appears to have been gay. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, vol. 2, 1038-41. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures. Dictionary of Literary Biography. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Orgasms of Light, 133: fine gay love poem trans. by *Winston Leyland. Criticism. *Marc Daniel, "Arab Civilization and Male Love", Gay Sunshine 32 (Spring 1977), 7-8: "author of a number of mystical boy-love poems". al-Ghazali, Ahmad ibn Muhammad Arabic philosopher from Iraq who wrote in Araric. Died 1126. He is the brother of the more renowned *Sufi *al-Ghazali who took his place in *Baghdad when al-Ghazali retired from teaching. He wrote a prose treatise in an epigrammatical style, Sawaneh, on the *Beloved, Lover and Love. This work also had currency in Persian. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition; by *Helmut Ritter. See also the entry "*Kirmani, Awhad al-din" in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition: at p.166 the author states he was a mystic who contemplated "divine beauty in earthly forms, preferably in beautiful boys". Poet who wrote in Arabic. Active before 1200. A poet of the Arabic middle ages. Not found in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. See *Marc Daniel, "Arab Civilization and Male Love", Gay Sunshine 32 (Spring 1977), 6: very fine poem about a wine pourer or *saki and *kissing. Poet from Iraq who wrote in Arabic. 857-922. A poet who was an early *Sufi mystic: see *Louis Massignon who wrote a huge study of his life (see the Louis Massignon entry for possible gay reference). He strongly influenced the Persian poet *'Attar. Poet and historian from Iraq who wrote in Arabic. 1054-1122. Author of The Maqamat (Assemblies), a series of poems in the maqama genre which is in rhymed prose (see Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, vol. 3: "Maqama"); in this work the protagonist Abu Zayd of Suraj tells a series of stories. See *Allen Edwardes and R. E. L. Masters, The Cradle of Erotica (New York, 1962), page v (not paginated; the page before the Contents page) for a quotation from a poem, "The Threnody of Abu Zayd" (English translator not given), from The Maqamat (The Assemblies). The poem is about a young man of strong sexuality who has sex with both men and women. The genre of maqama was popular in Persian, Turkish, Syriac and Hebrew. See also the gay poem in *Richard Burton's translation of the * Arabian Nights (1885), vol. 5, 158, about the *coming of beard. Originally from *Basra, al-Hariri died in *Baghdad. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, vol. 3, 70-71. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 299: re *slave boys from Assemblies 34. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Active before 1243. He lived in *Seville. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 137: a poem about the *coming of the beard (from *The Pennants). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 321 (poem about *coming of beard). Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Active ca. 1050. Compare *al-Jazari. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 315: fine homoerotic poem. Singer from Israel who sings in Arabic. Active 1988. He has set poems of on the theme of boy love to music and performed them and has stated "it's just tradition" (*Arno Schmitt, Berlin, 1989, to the author). A tape is in the possession of Arno Schmitt. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. 1108-1182. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 319: *non gender specific love poem. Poet and philosopher from Syria writing in Arabic. 973-1058. A blind poet from Aleppo who later lived in *Baghdad, he retired to live an ascetic life. He was also a noted thinker. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Islam, first edition. Dictionary of Oriental Literature, vol. 3. Criticism. Wright, Homoeroticism in Classical Arabic Literature, 210-32 - article on *wine and associated imagery by Suzanne Pinckney Stetkevych. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. 1040-1095. Ruler of *Seville 1069-90. Translation. German: trans. by *A. F. Graf von Schack. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 82: Verschiedene Gedichte ["Several poems"; no other details given]. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 75 (name given as al Motamid). Orgasms of Light, 12: called al-Mutamid Allah Muhammad. Criticism. Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance and Homosexuality, 196. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Active ca. 1050. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 317: love poem about a mole on a man's cheek. Poet from Syria who wrote in Arabic. 915-955. Little is known of his life, but he was a wandering singer who lived in Syria, was killed by brigands, never married, and had attachments to rulers for political reasons (e.g., to *Saif al-Daula); he wrote some homosexual poems. See his entry in Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium for his influence on Byzantine Greek. See also Judah Halevi. Text. First printed in Cairo in 1815; there have been many editions and commentaries. Translation. English: *A. J. Arberry (1967) - a selection with little gay interest in the translated poems though some poems do have homosexual undertones, e.g., no. 9. German: *Hammer-Purgstall (1824), O. Rescher (1940). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, vol. 3, 128. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Criticism. In Praise of Boys, 5: sang the praises of boys. *Arthur Wormhoudt, "Classic Arabic Poetry", * Gay Books Bulletin, no. 4 (Fall 1980), 24: stated to be the greatest Arab poet who "has a few poems in his divan which take the theme of homo love and treat them in a profound way" and he wrote about homosexuality in connection with his imprisonment. al-Nafzawi, Abu 'Abdullah Muhammad ibn 'Umar, sometimes called Nafzawi Sexologist, possibly from Tunisia, who wrote in Arabic. Active 1410. His works include homosexual poems cited within the text. He is the author of The Scented Garden, a *manual of sex, first translated into English by *Richard Burton, though this is not a complete translation (published 1886). The work is a * prosimetrum. See The Glory of the Perfumed Garden: The Missing Flowers, trans. by H. E. J., London: *Neville Spearman, 1975, especially Chapters 2, "On Sodomy", and 3, "Pretty Girls are Superior to Boys" (re *debate on love). Both chapters include homosexual poems. For his life see pp. 10-11 of H. E. J.'s edition which has a valuable introduction; he was possibly from Tunis as the work was originally written for a Tunisian patron around 1410. Compare *al-Nawadji. He is called Shayk Nefzawi in the Richard Burton translation and is also called Nefzawi. Text. There are many manuscripts and the text exists in several versions which have many additions and embroiderings. There are a number of published Arabic texts (Fez, Tunis, Cairo etc.). See the introduction to the 1963 edition The Perfumed Garden of Shaykh Nefzawi, trans. by Richard Burton, London, written by *Alan Hull Walton, for further information on him. Translation. English: The Perfumed Garden by *Richard Burton (1886; not complete and omitting the homosexual chapters; this translation is from *Lisieux's 1876 French translation; a complete translation from an Arabic manuscript started by Burton was destroyed by Burton's wife after his death); *H. E. J. (pseud.) (1975); French: M. le Baron R..., titled Le Livre d'amour de l'Orient (ca.1850), published Paris: Bibliothèque des Curieux, 1922; Trans. not known (1876 - published by Lisieux; reprinted 1906, omitting the homosexual chapters); Trans. not known (Paris: Léopold Blondeau, 1960: titled Le Jardin enchanté), *René Khawam (before 1989). Note: it is possible the first three French translations may be the same. See also Bibliographies below. German: H. Conrad (1905), F. Leiter and Hans H. Thai (1929). Bibliographies. Pia, Les Livres de l'Enfer, vol. 1, column 632-37: Cheikh Nefzaoui, trans. into French by Monsieur le baron R***, no place or publisher, 1850 (edition used for the Lisieux edition), Le Jardin parfumé du cheikh Nefzaoui, translated into French but translator not known, Paris: *Lisieux, 1886 (repr. 1904); Le Parfum des prairies, trans. into French, trans. not known but from a manuscript stated on the title page to have been made in 1860, Paris: Jean Fort, 1935; Le Jardin enchanté, Paris: Léopold Blondeau, 1960. al-Nawadji, Mouhammad Poet from Egypt who wrote in Arabic. 1383-1455. *Cairo writer who wrote a treatise on male homosexual love with extensive quotation of poems including poems written by himself. There are four chapters: Chapter 1, "On the names of boys", Chapter 2, "On the different categories of boys", Chapter 3, "Boys who exercise art on men", Chapters 4 and 5, "On the qualities proper to boys". Translation. French: *René Khawam (1989). Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Active ca. 1150. He was the twentieth caliph - mam (or religious leader) of the Muslim community - which title was abolished in 1924. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Gay Poetry Anthologies. In Praise of Boys, 27: *non gender specific poem. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic; he also lived in Iraq. Died 1013. His poems have not been collected. He appears in the anthology of *Ibn Hazm. He became laureate to the Umayyad caliph al-Hakim in Iraq but later was forced to return to Spain. He was famous for his chaste love of the enigmatic woman Khalwa. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition, 1113-14: refers to boy love poems and to passion for a Mozarab boy Yahya (i.e. John) or Nusair (Victor?); article written by *Henri Peres. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition: in the *Liwat article see p.779. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 137: from *The Pennants and from *Cordoba. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 312. Criticism. *Marc Daniel, "Arab Civilization and Male Love", Gay Sunshine 32 (Spring 1977), 8. *Norman Roth, "'Deal Gently with the Young Man': Love of Boys in Medieval Hebrew Poetry of Spain", Speculum 57 (1982), 29: states he was in love with a Christian boy. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Ca. 1120-1177. He lived in Valencia. Not found in the index of Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Translation. Spanish: Poemas, trans. Teresa Garulo (Madrid, 1980). Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, item 10428: re a poem "The Weaver Boy" in Gay Sunshine 10 (January 1974), 13 (trans. *Erskine Lane). Cuaderno bibliográfico gay, 13: Poemas, Madrid: Peralta, 1980 (Spanish translation). Gay Poetry Anthologies. In Praise of Boys, 12, 18: fine gay love poems. Bellamy, Banners of the Champions, 189: very fine homosexual love poem. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 318. Criticism. *Norman Roth, "'Deal Gently with the Young Man': Love of Boys in Medieval Hebrew Poetry of Spain", Speculum 57 (1982), 28: pun on *gazelle and *ghazal. Poet who wrote in Arabic. Active ca. 95Q. Not found in Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition. Criticism. 'Arthur Wormhoudt, "Classic Arabic Poetry", 'Gay Books Bulletin, no. 4 (Fall 19BQ), 24: "wrote poems which refer to homosexual lovers in a lighter vein". Poet possibly from Syria who wrote in Arabic. Active 1000. His date is very uncertain. In the Index to Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, there is a brief reference which seems to indicate he was alive in 1000. Consult *Brockelmann for manuscripts. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition: see *"Liwat" article, 779, which states that in his Diyarat monasteries are regarded as places of debauchery. Historian from Egypt who wrote in Arabic. 1445-1505. A manuscript by him dealing withh homosexuality is in the Princeton University Library - see Mach, Catalogue of Arabic Manuscripts in Princeton University Library (1988), item no. 2063. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition, volume 1, 573-75 by *Carl Brockelmann: stated to be "the most prolific writer of the *Mamluk period and perhaps in Arabic literature" who "did not hesitate to treat sexual and pornographic subjects" (p. 574). Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Ca. 961-ca. 1009. The *nisba al-Taliq means the freed one. He lived in *Cordova. Not found in Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition or second edition, under al-Taliq. His full name is al-Sharif al-Taliq: see Monroe, Hispano-Arabic Poetry, p. xiii. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 133 (trans. by *A. J. Arberry from * The Pennants). Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 115 (trans. by *A. R. Nykl): fine gay love poem with *garden trope. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 310: fine *saki poem. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 195-98: called Al-Sharif al-Taliq. Nykl, Hispano-Arabic Poetry, 61-64. Monroe, Hispano-Arabic Poetry, 154. Criticism. Wright, Homoeroticism in Classical Arabic Literature, 140-57; article by Richard Serrano. Poet from Egypt who wrote in Arabic. Active ca. 950. No reference found in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Criticism. *Arthur Wormhoudt, "Classic Arabic Poetry", *Gay Books Bulletin, no. 4 (Fall 1980), 24: states he has "a number of poems about male lovers" in *al-Tha'alabi's anthology; translation of a poem into English, 24-25. al-Tha'alabi, also known as Abu Mansur 'Abd al-Malik ibn Muhammad ibn Isma'il Poet and anthologist from Iran who wrote in Arabic. 961-1038. Compiler of an anthology with many homosexual poems. The Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition, cited below states the anthology is "of his own and the preceding generation" (pp. 730-31). He compiled other anthologies and many other literary works. He was born in Nishapur, Iran, and has an entry in *Ibn Khallikan's biographical dictionary. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition, volume 4, 730-732: the first al-Tha'alabi entry by *Carl Brockelmann, al-Tha'alibi being the *nisba of Ali Mansur 'Abd al-Malik. Criticism. *Arthur Wormhoudt, "Classic Arabic Poetry", *Gay Books Bulletin, no. 4 (Fall 1980), 24: states he made an anthology Yatimat al-dahr (The Pearl or Orphan of the Age) of several hundred Arabic poets who were contemporaries of al-Mutannabi and "many of the poems in the four volumes which run to over a thousand pages have homoerotic content". Poet and anthologist from Tunisia who wrote in Arabic. 1184-1253. Born in Tunis he was the author of a *treatise on love, containing detailed discussion of homosexuality with many poetry quotations. This is a *prosimetrum. Compare *Al-Nawadji. Translation. English: translated by *E. A. Lacey (1988) titled Delight of Hearts, San Francisco: *Gay Sunshine Press, from the French translation of *René R. Khawam, La Prairie des gazelles: Eloge des beaux adolescents (Paris, 1989). E. A. Lacey's English translation also contains a fine introduction by both E. A. Lacey and René Khawam. It consists of the homosexual chapters in his work only. Al-Tifashi is stated to be "an 'active' bisexual" on page 8 of Lacey's translation. Italian: translated from the French translation of René Khawam by Basilio Luoni (Parma, 1981). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition, vol. 4, 751. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 38793. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 300-303: selection of poems from Heart's Delight, section 8 (name spelt Al-Tifachi). Criticism. *Marc Daniel, "Arab Civilization and Male Love", Gay Sunshine 32 (Spring 1977), 5: spelt Ahmed al-Tifachi and he states "homosexuality occupies the highest place" in its account; on p. 9 he states it "contains an entire chapter devoted to homosexuality". Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Died 1126. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 316: love poems. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. 1017-1096. Not found in Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition. Criticism. Woods, Articulate Flesh: Male Homo-eroticism and Modern Poetry, 25: author of a homopoem. Poet from Syria who wrote in Arabic. Active ca. 950. Criticism. *Arthur Wormhoudt, "Classic Arabic Poetry", *Gay Books Bulletin, no. 4 (Fall 1980), 24 states he is in the anthology of *al-Tha'alabi, has several "long poems describing a house of male *prostitution in Aleppo" and states they are "*pornographic." Poet who wrote in Arabic. Active before 1282. Criticism. Reade, Sexual Heretics, 165: a gay poem by this poet is referred to in Richard Burton's essay; cites *Ibn Khallikan (famous historian who lived 1211-82), iii 720. Poet and philosopher who wrote in Latin. Active 1182-died 1202. See also Alexandre Leupin, Barbarolexis (1989), pp. 59-78. Translation. English: J. J. Sheridan (Toronto, 1970). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature : stated to be a *Humanist and *Platonist whose poem De planctu Naturae contains detailed reference to homosexuality. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 32-33. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 16970. Criticism. Goodich, The Unmentionable Vice, 33-35: noting that in De planctu Naturae (The Complaint of Nature, written 116582) "sodomy becomes in this poem an extended form of vice" (p. 34). Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 32-33. Poet from the United States writing in Spanish. Born 1954. Book of poems: De Amor Oscuro/ Of Dark Love (San Francisco, 1991): fine poems based on *García Lorca's homosexual sequence of the same title. It has abstract illustrations. A Chicano poet who is president of El Centro Chicano/ Latino de Escritores and was poetry editor of Out/Look journal. Born in *Los Angeles he grew up in Guadalajara, Mexico, and now teaches at the University of California in Santa Cruz. The author of nine books of poems. * James White Review vol. 8 no. 3 (Spring 1991), 20 (biog. note) states Body in Flames/Cuerpo en Llamas is his most recent book and he lives in *San Francisco. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Foster, Latin American Writers on Gay and Lesbian Themes. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Name of Love, 13; biog. 69: stated to be one of the few openly gay Chicano poets in the United States. Alba and alborada Poetic genre from Spain existing initially in Arabic and later in English. From ca. 1050. Alba ("dawn") means "dawn poem". The form emerged in Spain out of Arabic poetic traditions. An alba refers to lovers parting at dawn; an alborada to them meeting at dawn. A critical work is Jonathan Salville, The medieval erotic alba: structure as meaning, New York, 1972. Arabic: see *Ben Muqana, *Ben Abi Ruh. See *Arthur T. Hatto, Eos: an enquiry into the theme of lovers' meetings and partings at dawn, The Hague, 1965, pp. 236-37: a very fine homosexual love poem; see also the poems in the Arabic section of this work as some of these poems have gay reference e.g., no. 17 by *Ibn al-Mu'tazz, no. 18 by Abu Firas, no. 21 by Al-Sharif Mas'ud al-Bayadi, no. 22 by Abu 'Amir *Ibn Shuhayd, no. 23 by *Ibn Zaydun; others are *non gender specific. Arthur T. Hatto's work is a definitive study of the theme in several languages. English: "My Alba" is a poem written by *Allen Ginsberg. References. Oxford Companion to Spanish Literature. New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics. Architect and poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. 1404-1472. A famous architect who was also a typical *Renaissance man. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 173: states he wrote *Burchiellesque poetry (possible gay reference only). Poet from Spain writing in Spanish; translator from English to Spanish. 1902-1999. See his *"Ode a Platzyko" (source: *Nin Frias, Alexis, p. 181). He was a member of the *Communist Party and lived much of his life in exile from 1939, initially in Argentina in *Buenos Aires and from 1963 in Italy, in *Rome. He was a member of the *generation of 27. He translated *Langston Hughes from English to Spanish. Obituary: Independent International, 3-9 November, 1999, 18 by James Kirkup. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Spanish Literature. Encyclopedia of World Literature in the 20th-Century: Supplement. Poet from the Netherlands writing in Dutch. 1893-1967. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Naar vriendscaap zulk een mateloos verlangen, 48-51: a poem on *pederasty and a poem, "Homosexappeal" (both 1933), from his book Nitsjewo, Amsterdam: C. A. Spin & zioon, 1933 and a poem "Neger" from Verzen voor vrienden, Amsterdam: De Beuk, 1954 (books cited p. 115). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 288: poem "Negro". Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. Active from 1980. Book of poems: Poesie, Torino, Centro Kuliscioff, 1989. Bibliographies. Bibliographies. Leggere omosessuale, item 339: Figli ribelli. Poesie per un diverso in Nuovi poeti italiani no. 1, Einaudi, Torino, 1980, pp. 7-11. Poet from Italy who wrote in Greek. Active 200 B.C. He has some fifteen epigrams in the * Palatine Anthology and also wrote *drinking songs. See *Alcaeus of Mytilene as the problems associated with *homonyms and *ethnics arise with Alcaeus of Messina. (The correct author of certain poems by "Alcaeus" will never be known.) Some entries in the * Palatine Anthology are simply "Alcaeus" so this further complicates the problem. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 35: see Alcaeus (3). Palatine Anthology xii 29-30, 64 (all by Alcaeus)? Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10419-20 (cited as Alcaeus): item 10420 cites works in *Musa Puerilis, London: Heinemann, 1918, Book 12, poems 29-30. Criticism. Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 9 (1908), 269: states the three epigrams in Book 12 of the *Mousa Paidike are by Alcaeus of Messina. Brandt, Sittengeschichte griechenlands, volume 2, 200. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 486. Buffiere, Eros adolescent, 300-301. Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. Born ca. 620 B.C. A poet from the island of Mytilene. His work has only survived in fragments for the most part. Dover, Greek Homosexuality, 195, notes that *Cicero, in Tusculan Disputations iv, 71, writes of Alcaeus "singing of the love of youths", and *Horace in Odes i, 32: 9-11, says that he "sang of Lykos [see *Lycus], beautiful with his dark eyes and dark hair", so he was known in the ancient world as a gay poet. But, as Dover notes (Greek Homosexuality, 195), no fragments have been found to support these remarks. Hubert Martin, Alcaeus, New York, 1972, 114, says that "part - perhaps the bulk - of Alcaeus' poetry was *pederastic rather than heterosexual": this statement is about as far as we can go on present evidence. See also *Alcaeus of Messina, as the problems associated with *homonyms and *ethnics arise with Alcaeus of Mytilene (some poets in the * Palatine Anthology are simply called "Alcaeus", further complicating the problem). Four Greek words from the opening of a poem indicate that Alcaeus was pederastic, if the attribution is correct: "Wine, dear boy, and truth" (fragment 366). These words survive only in a * scholium and could, however, be just a scribe's witty comment added to an existing manuscript when copying it. Text. For the latest edition of his poems see Greek Lyric volume 1 (Cambridge, US, and London, 1988), edited by *D. A. Campbell, pp. 206-455. Criticism: see *Massimo Vetta, "Il P. OXY. 2506 fr. 77 e le poesia pederotica di Alceo", Quaderni Urninati di Cultura Classica, 39 (1982), 7-20. The *Alcaic meter derived from the poet was used by later poets in other European languages. Sometimes his name is spelt Alcaios or Alkaios. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 35: Alcaeus (1) by *C. M. Bowra (notes "his ambitious marriage" in fragment 69). Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 37: cites his drama *Ganymedes. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10419-20 (cited as Alcaeus; see entry *Alcaeus of Messina for details). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Garland of Meleager: he is only possibly the poet in this work. Palatine Anthology xii 29-30, 64 (his name given as Alcaeus, therefore he is only possibly this poet). Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 185. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 58 (the poem in the Palatine Anthology xii 30). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 121. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 88; trans. Mark Beech. Criticism. Symonds, A Problem in Greek Ethics, 26: stating his "love for black-eyed Lycus was remembered by *Cicero and *Horace" but "little, however is left of his erotic poems." Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 8 (1906), 637-38. Brandt, Sittengeschichte griechenlands, volume 2, 185. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 433, 469-70: re his lovers Lycus (possible suspect reading) and possibly Menon. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 9-10. Dover, Greek Homosexuality, 195. Buffiere, Eros adolescent, 246-49. Courouve, Ces petits grecs, 5: citing fragments 92, 102. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 496: stating (incorrectly) that his "surviving corpus takes pederasty as its major theme." Poetic meter in Greek from Greece, also existing in Latin, English, German and Italian. From ca. 620 B.C. A four line stanza, following meters first used by the Greek poet *Alcaeus of Mytilene (active ca. 620 B.C.). It was used by the Latin poet *Horace (37 times), in Italian in the 'Renaissance, and also by English and German poets. English: *Tennyson (see his "O mighty inventor of harmonics"), *A. H. Clough, and *Swinburne. The Oxford English Dictionary entry cites the English poet *Ben Jonson using the phrase, in 1637, in "To Himself " ("take th' Alcaick lute") and lists *Southey in 1793 referring to sapphics and alcaics. German: see *F. G. Klopstock (he composed 17 *odes), *Hölderlin, *Platen, Italian. G. Chiabrera (1552-1638), P. Rolli (1687-1765) and G. Fantoni (1755-1807) wrote in the meter. Compare also *anacreontics, *sapphic. Alciati, Andrea Translator from Latin to Greek from Italy. 1492-1550. His Selecta epigrammata graeca latine versa (Selected Greek Epigrams in Latin Verse) is the first translation of the Greek *Planudean Anthology into Latin: 1529, 217 sheets (trans. with O. Luscinius and I. C. Zuiccauiensus: see the * National Union Catalog entry under *Anthologia Graeca). This includes a poem in Latin on *Ganymede: "Extra Helenam, Iliacique doces raptum Ganymedis,/ Plurimus est intra Iuppiter atque Paris." He also compiled the first emblem book, Emblematorum liber, 1531, Augsburg, using motifs based on the anthology, including the Ganymede motif, and including the Latin poem on Ganymede (see Andreas Alciatus, The Latin Emblems, Toronto, 1985, vol. 1, Emblem 4, for Ganymede). This is the earliest example of a mechanically printed book with poetry featuring a homosexual motif with an accompanying illustration; it ran to many editions: see Encyclopedia of World Art, vol. 4, p. 727. Alciati is sometimes cited as Alciato; the spelling has been taken from Thieme, Becker, Allgemeines Lexikon der bildenden Künstler. Alison Saunders, "Alciati and the Greek Anthology", Journal of Medieval and Ranaissance Studies, vol. 12 no. 1 (Spring 1982), 1-18, discusses poems from the *Planudean Anthology which Alciati used as the basis for emblems. The above Latin poem on Ganymede is cited in this article on p. 7 where the Ganymede emblem poem is also shown. Novel from Italy in Italian. First published in 1652. A famous novel, Alcibiade fanciullo a scola, is about a schoolmaster in Athens, Philotim, who falls in love with his pupil Alcibiades. It was first published in 1562. It is now ascribed to *Antonio Rocco. The title means "Alcibiades the schoolboy at school" and the book consists mainly of a *Platonic dialogue modelled on Plato's * Symposium, with vivid sexual scenes at the end. The 1562 printing contains 4 sonnets by M. V. See also Gustav Brunet, Dissertation sur l'Alcibiade fanciullo a scola, Paris: Jules Gay, 1861. Translation. French: a trans. appeared in Brussels, 1866. English: a trans. by Brian Williams, New York, Global Academic Publishers, was announced for 1988 (not sighted); this publisher ceased publishing. Bibliographies. Pia, Les Livres de l'Enfer, vol. 1, column 9-11: early editions. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amour bleu, 124-26. Criticism. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 34. Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. Active 654-611 B.C. Only *fragments survive. He was associated with the city of *Sparta. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 38-39. Criticism. Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 8 (1906), 637; name spelt Alkman. Poet and philosopher from the United States who wrote in English. 1799-1888. One of the most important figures of *T ranscendentalism who lived in Concord where he set up a school of philosophy. He was a radical and independent thinker, noted for his individualism. Poems: Sonnets and Canzonets (1882). His poems are *mystical like *Emerson's and influenced by Persian poetry: see, for example, "Approaching *God". He was strongly influenced by *Plato and *Neo-Platonism. Not all his works are published. As a teacher he was branded obscene introducing sexuality into his subject matter. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of American Biography. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Katz, Gay American History, 491 : visits *Whitman with *Thoreau; states Thoreau had "no temptations" p. 653, note 114. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in Latin. Ca. 735-804. Strong sexual tones appear in his poem to Arno of Salzburg who may have been his *lover (* Medieval Latin Poems of Male Love and Friendship, no. 26, p. 15). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 112-13. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Medieval Latin Poems of Male Love and Friendship, 14-17; biog., 145. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 142-45. Translator from Greek into English and biographer in English from Great Britain. 1892-1962. An author who wrote on many gay figures and moved in bohemian and gay circles while marrying a lesbian. He is notable as a biographer who discussed homosexuality in his subjects. He translated Greek poets: e. g. *Meleager, The Poems of Meleager of Gadara (1920), and *Anacreon, Medallions in Clay (New York, 1921). He married the poet H. D., *Hilda Doolittle (cited in Grier, The Lesbian in LIterature, p. 38) in 1913; they divorced in 1937. Biographies written by him are: Portrait of a Genius But... The Life of *D. H. Lawrence, 1950; * Lawrence of Arabia, A Biographical Enquiry, 1955, an important work raising the issue of Lawrence's homosexuality (see Chapter 6, pp. 325-33, which presents considerable evidence for homosexuality and concludes: "the trend of his sexual preferences was anti-female and pro-male"). The * British LIbrary General Catalogue lists a large number of books by him including Poems (1934) and a translation of the Boccaccio's ribald Decameron. *Alister Kershaw has compiled A Bibliography... from 1915 to 1945 (1950) and Richard Aldington (with a checklist), 1965. Pinorman (1954) is subtitled "Personal Recollections of *Norman Douglas, *Pino Orioli and Charles Prentice" and is a memorable work of reminiscence which also refers to Douglas's homosexuality (see p. 117, where Douglas's change from heterosexuality to homosexuality is dated from 1897 when a boy in Naples fell in love with him); it also gives details of Douglas's intimate friendship with Orioli, who lived in London as a bookseller from 1913 (see p. 37). Though he states the book is not a biography, it must be regarded as such. There have, however, been some negative views of his opinions expressed here (e.g. by Mark Holloway in his biography of *Norman Douglas and by John Davenport who also wrote on Douglas.) The first twenty pages of his 1929 novel Death of a Soldier are rabidly anti-gay. See also *comradeship. Not in Oxford Companion to English Literature. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10422: The Love of Myrrhine and Konallis, Chicago: Pascal Corvici, 1926. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 46-47: trans. of *Anacreontea. Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 98, 149, 154, 197, 216-17; biog., 229. Historian and critic writing in English and translator from German to English from the United States; he lives in Australia. Born 1954. Author of "Homosexuality in France", a concise survey of homosexuality in France expecially good on the *gay liberation period from 1968, published in Contemporary French Civilization vol. 7 no.1 (Fall 1982), 1-19. An academic at the University of *Sydney and one of the founders of the Gay History Seminars and the Lesbian and Gay Research Foundation, University of Sydney. As translator from German to English, see his discussion of *Platen in his The Seduction of the Mediterranean (1993), pp. 57-68 and footnotes on p.238, with translation of the important homopoems "Warm and clear falls the winter's night in Rome", p. 67, and "To Winckelmann", pp. 57-58. He is the co-editor with Garry Wotherspoon of Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity to World War II (London, 2001) and Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History(London, 2001) Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Mediterranean". Poet and critic from Chile writing in Spanish. Born 1918. A Chilean left-wing poet who has studied and taught in the US. As a critic see his * Walt Whitman en Hispanoamerica (1945). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Spanish Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Orgasms of Light, 19-22: trans. of his poem about the impalement of the Chilean Araucanian leader Caupolican by the Spaniards (trans. by *Erskine Lane) - the Araucano Indians live between Chile and Argentina; biog., 248. Poet from Spain who wrote in Spanish. 1898-1984. Influenced by *Surrealism, he won the *Nobel Prize in 1977 and was one of the *Generation of 1927. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, vol. 2, 1240: implies he might have been gay. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Criticism. Gibson, Federico García Lorca, 420: states he knows the identity of the addressee of *Lorca's eleven Sonnets to an Obscure Love which Lorca read to him. Biographer and critic from South Africa who writes in English; he lives in Australia. Born ca. 1945. A biographer of * William Plomer (London, 1989), and *Roy Campbell (London, 1982), both of which biographies deal candidly with homosexuality in the poets' lives. In Roy Campbell, p. 21, he states, regarding Campbell's time at *Oxford, "Campbell seems also at this period to have had at least two short-lived homosexual affairs. His *bisexuality was yet another facet of his divided nature..." ; on pp. 87-99 he discusses Campbell's rambling *satire of the *Bloomsbury group, The Georgiad, 1929. The main character Androgyno (see *Androgyne) in The Georgiad is linked to Vita Sackville-West and the work was provoked by Mary Campbell, Campbell's wife, having a lesbian affair with her. This is the most important critique of the work to date. The Afrikaans satirical journal Voorslag, 1924 26, edited by Campbell and Plomer is discussed pp. 42-55. The Plomer biography openly discusses Plomer's homosexuality throughout; bibliography of Plomer's work, pp. 331-343; other works consulted, pp. 334-37. Review: Christopher Street no. 133, 42-44. He works at the University of New South Wales, *Sydney, in the English Department, having emigrated to Australia from South Africa. Trope in Persian from Persian and other languages including Hungarian from ca. 1200 or earlier. Alexander the Great, sometimes called Alexander of Macedon (356 B.C.-323 B.C.), was probably a Greek ruler of Turkey and Persia who conquered large parts of west Asia as far as India. However, even his country of birth is problematical; one literary work has him coming from Egypt. Macedonia is between Greece and Albania. Coins survive with his portrait. Though Alexander is reported to have married and had a female harem, there is an ancient tradition, repeated in the literature, that he had sexual relations with a male, Hephaestion, and possibly a eunuch Bagoas: see his entry in Tyrkus, Gay and Lesbian Biography. The city of *Alexandria in Egypt was named after him. Rypka, History of Iranian Literature, pp. 25 -26 and 628- 630, states there were a number of romances and folk *epics based on his life (some in *European languages). It is possible some of these may allude to his supposed homosexuality. Rypka records works in Greek, Persian, Syriac, Coptic, Ethiopic and Armenian. In the oriental Alexander romances he had the character of being the ideal ruler. A cult dedicated to Alexander was established in Rome by the Emperors Caracella and Alexander Severus. *Roger Peyrefitte wrote a study on his life entitled Alexandre. Michael Hattersley's article "The Greatness of Alexander" appeared in The Harvard Gay and Lesbian Review vol. 7 no. 2 (Spring 2000). A major biography has been written by Peter Green; biographies exist in French and German. See also A. B. Bosworth and E. J. Baynham, editors, Alexander the Great in Fact and Fiction (2000). Hungarian. See *George Faludy. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Iranica. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 39-40. Tyrkus, Gay and Lesbian Biography; with bibl. and citing sources for his life. Dictionnaire Gay. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. City in Egypt where Egyptian, Greek and Latin were spoken and Arabic is the main contemporary language. From 331 B.C. The city was founded by Alexander the Great in 331 B.C. (he is reputed to have had a homosexual lover: see Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, pp. 39-40). It was later occupied by the Latin speaking Romans. It has a rich documented history of male homosexual love poetry, possibly the richest surviving of all Mediterranean cities. The *Alexandrian poets were a major school of early Greek poets. Even as late as the fourth century A.D., when the Greek poet *Nonnus lived there, it seems to have had a rich homosexual culture. Greek. The high point of the city under Greek rule was in the Alexandrian period (323-146 B. C.) when the city was famous for its library, the largest in the ancient world (but later destroyed) and where ancient Greek writers such as *Homer were edited, as well as collected: see *Editors - Greek, *Libraries and archives - Greek. The library, which dated from Ptolemy II Philadelphus (308-246 B. C.), had about 700,000 volumes and covered the four main literatures of the then known world. The library was partly destroyed by a fire during the burning of Alexandria in the course of civil war 88-89 B.C. and possibly further damage occurred in 47 B.C. again by fire when Julius Caesar was conquering Egypt. After the fire the rest of the collection was kept in the temple of Jupiter Serapis and a mob of fanatic Christians led by Archbishop Theophilus stormed and destroyed the temple with the great part of its literary treasures in 391. Orosius records visiting the library after the destruction of the temple and seeing only empty shelves. In 645 the Moslem conqueror Omar used what remained of the papyrus and vellum rolls to provide hot water for the soldiers' baths. Thus a major part of ancient Greek literature was destroyed and undoubtedly much gay material. In 1517 Alexandria fell to the Ottoman Turks. In the twentieth century *Alexandria was the home of the major Greek homosexual poet, *Constantine Cavafy. *Edmund Keeley has made a study of the city in Cavafy's work. Very little remains physically of Alexandria's Greek past due to it being pillaged so many times. On it's history see J. L. Pinchin, Alexandria Still: Forster, Durrell and Cavafy (Princeton, 1977), pp. 3-33. See also *Aristarchus, *Asclepiades, *Apollonius Rhodius, *Callimachus, *Clement of Alexandria, 'Hellenistic poets, *Nonnus, *Plotinus, *Posidippus, *Theocritus. Latin: see *Claudian. No gay poets or poems from Arabic have come to light so far. English: see *Mark Doty. *E. M. Forster's Pharos andPharillon (1923), describes the city. *Lawrence Durrell wrote a novel based on the city in the twentieth century. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 40-41. Gay Histories and Cultures. Poets who lived and wrote in the Egyptian city of *Alexandria. The term usually refers to Greek poets of the *Hellenistic period who wrote 323-146 B.C. Greek poets. By far the majority of the surviving homopoems of ancient Greek are the work of'Hellenistic poets (323-146 B.C.), a term loosely used to refer to poets from *Alexandria at the time when Alexandria was the dominant Greek city. A famous controversy between *Callimachus and *Apollonius Rhodius occurred in this period about whether it was better to write *long or short poems. See *Aristarchus, *Apollonius Rhodius (both of whom were librarians at Alexandria's famous library), *Asclepiades, *Callimachus and *Theocritus. Most of the surviving epigrammatists of the * Palatine Anthology, which contains the earliest corpus of surviving Greek homosexual poetry, wrote in the Hellenistic period. Later, *Pancrates was active in the time of *Hadrian. Alexandria, which had a large Jewish population in the ancient world, was the city in which the Greek translation of the * Old Testament from the original Hebrew was made ca. 250 B.C.; this was because the Jews of the city spoke Greek as their native tongue. The twentieth century Greek poet *Constantine Cavafy thus looked back to a great tradition of gay poetry in his city. This tradition undoubtedly sustained him in a time hostile to homosexand raised in a religion - Greek 'Orthodoxy - also hostile. Latin: see *Claudian. References. Queneau, Histoire des littératures, volume one, 446-578. Critic possibly from the United States writing in English. Active 1983. Author of a study of the Greek poet *Cavafy which surveys his homosexuality in sixty-three poems: "Eroticism and Poetry", Journal of the Hellenic Diaspora 10 (1983), 45-65. Lover and trope in Greek from Lebanon, Latin and other languages. From 40 B.C. Greek. In *Meleager (active 100 B.C.) he is named as a lover of the poet. Latin. A character in *Virgil's "Second Eclogue" (composed ca. 40 B.C.) who is loved by *Corydon; this seems to be the main source of later usage with homosexual meaning. The name occurs in 'Renaissance *pastoral poetry and becomes a trope of gay love from this time. Italian: see *Francesco Beccuti. English: see John Dryden, *A. C. Benson (translation of Meleager). Spanish. The name was used by *Nin Frias as the title of his major book on gay culture, Alexis o el significado del temperamento uraño (Alexis, or the significance of the uranian temperament) published in 1932. Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian; he also lived in Great Britain. 1712-1764. He was a beautiful and charming man from *Venice who was a guest at the court of *Frederick the Great and later lived in Great Britain where he was the lover of *Lord Hervey. See Robert Halsbrand, Lord Hervey (Oxford, 1974), pp. viii and 272. His oeuvre is huge and includes poetry and prose. *Voltaire wrote a poem about Algarotti having sex with a man. Text: see Opera, edited by F. Algarotti, 1791-94. Selection: Opere, edited with bibliography by E. Bonora, 1969. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Poet from Spain who wrote in Hebrew. Ca. 1200-ca. 1235. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Judaica. Criticism. Jefrim Schirmann, "The Ephebe in Medieval Hebrew Poetry", Sefarad I5 (1955), 61: re a series of beautiful *epigrams about a youthful lad; p. 65 has a homosexual poem. Pagis, Hebrew Poetry, 65: re an *Anonymous Hebrew gay poem of a man cited in the last chapter of his Tahkemoni recited to him in *Baghdad (translation into English occurs here) but stated to have been written by Alharizi. Poet from Great Britain who writes in English. Active 1990. See his poem "I hate sex" (later called "I love sex") about a heterosexual going to a *gay bar and putting his hand on a man's erect penis. The poem appears in the author's book Solo Programme (ca. 1990). It is about experimentation with homosexuality and implies *bisexuality is natural to people: "a fuck is a fuck is a fuck" it states. He is from Great Britain but visits Australia once a year. His real name is David Allen. (David Hallett to the author, 3 March, 1991.) Poet from the United States who writes in English. Active before 1982. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 34: Queers in Revolt. A Poem for America. Privately printed, no date (*broadside). Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Active ca. 1150. No entry found in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Orgasms of Light, 14: a poem about unhappiness in love. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 321: see "Ibn Iyad". Poet from the Netherlands writing in Dutch. Born 1920. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Naar vriendscaap zulk een mateloos verlangen, 72-73: two poems from Cantus firmus, Amsterdam: De Beuk, 1954 (book cited p. 115). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 300. Allegory and allegorical poetry Genre in Greek from Egypt and later in other languages. From 200 B.C. Allegory is defined by the Oxford Companion to English Literature as "a figurative narrative or description, conveying a moral meaning". In allegory, the surface meaning of a work is not the complete meaning and an underlying meaning must be taken into account to give the full meaning intended. There may be more than one meaning in an allegorical work. As a poetic genre it is documented in gay poetry from interpretations of the Hebrew * Song of Songs (in existence in Greek translation in Egypt by 200 B.C.) where the love poems have been interpreted as being about the relationship between God and humankind and in other ways, such as being about homosexual love. Allegory, by the fact that no sure correspondence is given for the meaning of a literary work, may allow for a gay interpretation of a work in certain cases (e.g. in *Spenser's Book Four of the Faerie Queene, 1596, titled Of *Friendship). Since in allegory there is a hidden meaning to a work, it can also disguise the presence of homosexuality in a work and could be used deliberately for this purpose. Allegorical interpretations may this operate in poems without the homosexual meaning being immediately apparent. They can constitute a secret tradition of interpretation not apparent to ordinary readers. Compare *hermetic readings, *symbolism. Chinese. Allegorical interpretations of poetry are common, especially from the *T'ang period (see Hinsch, Passions of the Cut Sleeve). These render apparently simple Chinese poems works of great complexity. *Indirect language adds to the allegorical dimension in Chinese poetry. Such interpretations were provoked by the absolute power of successive Chinese *emperors and rigid orthodoxy as to what was suitable subject matter for poetry (nothing critical of the state could be published). English: see *Herman Melville, *Edmund Spenser (the best known poet in English to use allegory), *Edward Fitzgerald, *Patrick White. Greek: see *Ganymede, *Plato, *V. Kornaros. Hebrew: see *Song of Songs, *Kabbala. *Norman Roth has discussed allegorical aspects of medieval Hebrew poetry. Italian: see *Burchiellesque and *Bernesque poetry. Latin: see *Petrus Berchorius, *Marsilio Ficino. Persian: see *Rumi, *Sufism, *Edward Fitzgerald. Sanskrit: see *Upanishads. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1977. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 37: Wings of Live Children/Kinderlebenlieder, San Francisco, Ironwood Press and Stonewall Press West, 1977. Anthologist and editor from the United States of works in English. Born 1912. He was the compiler of the seminal *postmodernist poetry anthology New American Poetry (1960). A number of the poets were homosexual or otherwise relevant in relation to homosexual poetry. In the introduction the poets are grouped into five groups: the *Black Mountain group around *Charles Olson, the *San Francisco renaissance, the *Beat poets, the *New York school and a fifth group of no geographical significance. See, in the section Black Mountain group, *Charles Olson ("The Distances", pp. 38-9), *Robert Duncan ("This place rumor'd to have been *Sodom"), *Larry Eigner, *Ed Dorn, Jonathan Williams, James Broughton; in the section San Francisco group - Jack Spicer, *Robin Blase; in the *Beat group section - Jack Kerouac, *Allen Ginsberg ("Malest Cornifici Tuo Catullo", p. 179, Howl, Parts One and Two - see p. 185, fourth line), *Peter Orlovsky; in the section *New York group - James Schuyler ("The Elizabathans Call It Dying", pp. 222-23, "Freely Espousing" pp. 223-24), *Edward Field, *Frank O'Hara (the whole section for his *camp style but especially For "James Dean", the gay actor, pp. 239-42, and "The Day Lady Died", pp. 264-65), John Ashbery; in the section Other Poets - *Michael McClure, *Leroi Jones ("One Night Stand", pp. 360-61 - the phrase "our beards" makes this gay), John Weiners, *David Meltzer. There are important biographical notes pp. 427-45 and statements on poetics pp. 386-426 (especially *"Projective verse" by Charles Olson pp. 386-97) and a bibliography pp. 447-52. His anthology compiled with George Butterick, The Postmoderns: The New American Poetry Revisited (1982), considerably downplays the gay element of the original anthology and omits Leroi Jones's gay poem (29 poets were retained with 9 new poets added). He was editor of the Collected Poems of Frank O'hara (1972), and a posthumous volume of Jack Spicer: One Night Stand and other poems (1980). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors New Revision Series, vol. 10. Biographer, bibliographer and editor from the United States writing in English. Born 1903. A major authority on *Walt Whitman. In the period after 1945, he was the first important contemporary biographer of Whitman and wrote The Solitary Singer: A Critical Biography of Walt Whitman (Chicago, 1955). The book is a detailed study of Whitman's life which has been widely regarded as the "definitive" biography but is cautious on Whitman's homosexuality and must now be regarded as unsatisfactory from this crucial point of view: see, for example, the discussion of *Peter Doyle pp. 398-99. The 1985 reprint has an important "Preface, 1984", in which the author defends his characterization of Whitman as "homoerotic" as distinct from homosexual (page xi). The author states in response to criticism, page xi, "I did not say he was not homosexual". Compare Justin Kaplan, *Paul Zweig and *Charley Shively. His edition of Whitman's Poems (1955), has now been superceded by the New York University edition. The Walt Whitman Handbook, 1946 (repr.) includes Chapter 1, "The Growth of Walt Whitman Biography", pp. 1-103, annotated bibliography, pp. 95-103, and a section on Whitman as a world poet. A revised edition called New Walt Whitman Handbook was published in 1975. He also published Twenty-Five Years of Walt Whitman Bibliography 1918-1942, Boston, 1943, and was editor with *Sculley Bradley of the New York University edition of Whitman, 22 volumes, 1961-84; this is the best text and perhaps his major achievement in relation to Whitman. His "History of My Whitman Studies", Walt Whitman Quarterly vol. 9 no. 2 (Fall 1991), 91-100, details his lifelong achievement in Whitman studies and editing of the poet's text. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1889-1943. See Foster, "Beauty's Purple Flame: Some Minor American Gay Poets'" 17, 18 (re the poem *"Hylas" in North American Review 212 [October 1920], 542, and in his book New Legends, New York, 1929). Foster states Allen was involved in a scandal at a boys' school which resulted in his dismissal in 1923. The source is letters to Foster from Foster's students. Allen wrote many novels and a biography of *Edgar Allan Poe: Israfel (1926); revised edition, 1934. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poems of Love and Liberation, Gay Books Bulletin no. 7 (1982), 12: from "Hylas". Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1946-55. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10424-26: the book A Gift of Poems, 1946, 40 pp., and two poems "New Eden, Melanesia" and "Praises for Melanesia" in * Der Kreis 23: 9, 45-48, September 1955 and 23:5, 30, 1955. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 41: A Gift of Poems, privately printed, 1945. Songwriter and singer from Australia who wrote in English; he lived in the United States for much of his life. 1944-1992. He has an entry in Jay McClaren, The Encyclopedia of Lesbian and Gay Music, vol. 1 (Amsterdam 1989), which lists relevant songs; he was active as a songwriter and singer from 1979 and Jay McClaren cites the records "I could have been a sailor" and "Bi-coastal" and others. He was formerly married to Liza Minelli, the daughter of the gay icon Judy Garland, and died of *Aids. A television documentary was made on his life in Australia in 1996 and a musical was based on his life performed in 1998 The Boy from Oz. Biography: see Stephen Maclean, Peter Allen: The Boy from Oz (Sydney, 1997). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Howes, Broadcasting It. Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music; includes bibliography. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Born 1880. Not in Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 497: poem "Hyacinthus". Criticism. Foster, "Beauty's Purple Flame: Some Minor American Gay Poets", Gay Books Bulletin no. 7 (1982), 16, 18 (re the poem *"Hyacinthus" in Monographs, Boston, 1919); p. 16 quotes from the poem. Poet from New Zealand who wrote in English; translator from Chinese to English; he lived in China from 1927. 1897-1987. A *Communist poet he supported the Revolution and lived in China until his death. He learnt Chinese by translating *Tang poetry and translated *Po Chu-i (also spelt Bai Juyi) and *Li Pai. Poems: see "In Memoriam - *Chou En Lai" in The Freshening Breeze, Beijing, 1977. On the poet, see the "Foreword" by Joseph Needham, in Rewi Alley, Yo Banfa, Auckland, 1976. His poems, like much Chinese poetry celebrate *friendship and *comradeship. His first published poem was "Lines to my Mother". Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to New Zealand Literature. Poet and artist from the United States who wrote in German. 1779-1843. He was a noted American painter from South Carolina in the *south and is regarded as the first important United States *Romantic painter. Poems: The Sylphs of the Seasons and Other Poems (1813; reprinted). See Phoebe Lloyd, "Washington Allston: American Martyr", Art in America, March 1984, 145-55, 177-79, which is the seminal article on his homosexuality (see especially p. 154). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 43-45 by Phoebe Lloyd (of *Philadelphia; see Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, vol i, xxxvii regarding Phoebe Lloyd; the name is possibly a pseudonym): stated to have been a closeted homosexual who twice married and who was possibly the victim of blackmail. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Active 1983. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Voices Against the Wilderness, 37-47; a *black poet from *San Francisco. Poet and songwriter from Great Britain writing in English. Born ca. 1955. Book of poems: The Angel of Death in the *Adonis Lounge, London: *Gay Men's Press, 1988, 64 pages. The poems were written from 1980 to 87 by a poet who is also a singer: see "Saint Judy" (re the gay icon Judy Garland), "The Hustler" (*prostitution) pp. 47-52. He states "I remain a sensualist and adventurer" (Preface). Overall his poems are wild *free verse poems in the *decadent manner featuring prostitution, *drugs and love; the book concludes "I will never love again./ I will never ever/ Love Again." The "New York Poems" sequence, pp. 27-38, powerfully evokes the seediness of gay life in *New York before *Aids. As a singer his recordings with Soft Cell include "Tainted Love" (1980). See Gay Times no. 89 (February 1986), 19: photo and article. Interview: Gay Times, April 1999, 30, 32 and 34. He has an *Internet homepage. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 71-72. Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. Active ca. 30. No entry in Oxford Classical Dictionary. The spelling has been taken from the *Loeb edition of the * Palatine Anthology. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Der kleine Pauly, volume 1, 278 (spelt Alpheios). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Palatine Anthology xii 18. Criticism. Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung" Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 9 (1908), 270. Brandt, Sittengeschichte griechenlands, volume 2, 200. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 486. Language family existing across Asia from Turkey to China. There are three branches: *Turkic (recorded from 1320), Mongolian (see *Overview - Mongolian) and Tungusic (including Manchu, the language of the rulers of China 1644-1908 - see *Overview - Manchu). Turkic is the branch with the largest number of speakers and also has a large number of languages (e.g., Uzbek, Azeri, Tatar, Khazakh, Kirghiz, and Turkmen). The Mongolian languages, spoken in the republic of Mongolia and surrounding countries, form a sub-branch (see entry in Encyclopædia Britannica). They are sometimes linked with the *Uralian languages. Manchu was the language of the last dynasty ruling China and is now nearly extinct (see the entry "Manchu" in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia and the Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics). Japanese is now thought to be an Altaic language: see Roy Andrew Miller, Japanese and other Altaic Languages, Chicago, 1971. *Singing and dancing boy songs have been recorded and are likely in all these languages. In the Turkic group written material is strongly influenced by Persian and *Iranian material; through *Islam Arabic traditions have been influential. For the Mongolian and Tungusic group Chinese and Tibetan literature has been influential. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopædia Britannica. Parlett, Languages of the World, 14-15. International Encyclopedia of Linguistics. Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Altercatio Ganimedis et Helene Poem in Latin recorded in Germany, France, Great Britain and Italy from ca. 1225. The poem consists of a debate between *Ganymede and Helen, the woman over whom the Trojan war was fought (see *Homer). It concerns the relative merits of homosexual versus heterosexual love. A critical edition based on the Berlin manuscript exists: see Rolf Lenz, "'Altercatio Ganimedis et Helene' Kritische Edition mit Kommentar", Mittellateinisches Jahrbuch 7 (1972), 161-86. It may owe something to Arabic debates and ultimately to Greek works: see *Debate on love - Arabic, - Greek, - Latin. Compare the poem *"O admirabile Veneris idolum". Gay Poetry Anthologies. Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance and Homosexuality, 281-89: translation of the Harvard manuscript into English. Medieval Latin Poems of Male Love and Friendship, 104-21; notes p. 159, that the poem was widely known in the middle ages and that there are eight surviving manuscripts. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 176-85. Critic and historian from Australia writing in English; he has lived in the United States and France for periods of his life. Born 1943. An important gay cultural critic of Jewish background who has done much to encourage the emergence of an open gay culture. He was one of the founders of *gay liberation in Australia, after returning from study in the United States. He taught political science at the University of *Sydney and now teaches at Latrobe University, *Melbourne. His books include discussion of contemporary gay literature and culture: see Homosexual: Oppression and Liberation (New York, 1971 Sydney, 1972) especially Chapter 7, "The End of the Homosexual", and the bibliography pp. 231-34 for Novels, Poetry, Essays (though very little poetry is included). The Homosexualization of America: the Americanization of the Homosexual (New York, 1982) is also relevant: see especially Chapter 5, "The Birth of a Gay Culture". Aids in the Mind of America (New York, 1986) deals with *Aids. He edited Homosexuality, Which Homosexuality? (London, 1989), papers from the 1987 gay culture conference in *Amsterdam (see also *Wolfgang Popp). Articles of relevance: "The new fag lit establishment", Campaign no. 58 (October, 1980), 17-18, is an important discussion of literary trends in United States. "Porn Star Poet", Outrage no. 62 (July, 1988), 28-29, is on the poet *Gavin Dillard and includes three of his poems. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Howes, Broadcasting It. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Hurley, Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia. Tyrkus, Gay and Lesbian Biography. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Poet from Spain who wrote in Spanish. 1906-1959. He supported the Republican cause and married. One of the *generation of 1927. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Dictionary of Literary Biography vol.108. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, vol.2, 1240: stated to be *bisexual and also to have been a printer. Editor from Spain, with *Luis A. Cuenca, of a Latin anthology. Active 1986. This anthology, Antología de la poesía latina, must contain some gay poems, apparently from ancient Latin; it is, from its title, not a gay anthology. Bibliographies. Cuaderno bibliográfico gay, 14: Madrid: Alianza Editorial, 1985. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1952. A *New York poet who is also a painter and is of Puerto Rican background. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Angels of the Lyre, 13-14; biog., 237. Poet from Germany who wrote in German. 1897-1922. Poems: Die Nordlichen (1922); these emerged out of his experience as a soldier in World War I. He has a long entry in the * National Union Catalog. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 231. Publisher from the United States who publishes in English. Active from 1986. A publisher from New York of gay books, actively publishing gay poetry from 1986. Alyson have published the anthology * In the Life and *Michael Lassell. James White Review vol.9 no. 4, p. 2, notes plans by the owner Sasha Alyson to sell the press and work full time on *Aids concerns. Poet who wrote in Urdu. Active ca. 1850?; the date is uncertain. Criticism. Rahman, "Boy love in the Urdu ghazal", Paidika vol. 2 no. 1 (1989), 15: "composed a poem, or collection of poems, which were sung and recited by very pretty boys". Poet and journalist from Brazil writing in Portuguese. Active from 1945. He used the pseudonym *Van Jaffa Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poemas do amor maldito, 123; biog., 122. Translator from Arabic to Italian and historian writing in Italian from Italy. 1806-1889. The author of Storia dei Musulmani di Sicilia, Florence, 1854-58, 3 volumes (reprinted 1936). See also the *Elisar von Kupffer entry. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 74: translator of the Arabic poet *Ibn at Tubi into Italian, which translation is apparently in Biblioteca arabo-sicula, Turin and Rome, 1881 (cited in Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 217). Ambler, Sam Book of poems with poems assumed to be on gay themes: After the Howl and other Poems, 1989 - on sale in the gay bookshop Giovanni's Room Bookshop, *Phildelphia, in 1989. The title comes from *Allen Ginsberg. Ameen, Mark Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1958. His first book was A Circle of Sirens (Sea Horse Press, 1985). The Buried Body; A Trilogy (1990), 212 pp., contains a slightly different version of A Circle of Sirens plus two other collections including poems about *Aids. He has been involved in theater. One of the *Three New York Poets (London, Gay Men's Press, 1987), pp. 9-36; biography opposite title. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, 9-22; biog., 9. Amerikanike homophylophile poiese Anthology in Greek from Greece. Published in Athens: Odusseas, 1982, 79 pages. The first contemporary Greek gay anthology, edited by *Andreas Angelakes. The title means "American homophile poetry". Paradoxically in a country with such a long gay tradition of poetry writing as Greece, it is a translation of an excellent selection of contemporary United States gay poets. All the poets are from the United States, except for the British poet James Kirkup and the Canadian poet Ian Young; the title is thus, strictly speaking, not accurate. Contributors (see entries): William Barber, Perry Brass, Dennis Cooper, Gavin Dillard, Jim Eggeling, Kenward Elmslie, Allen Ginsberg, Will Inman, Tom Kennedy, James Kirkup, Erskine Lane, Thomas Meyer, Harold Norse, Robert Peters, Ron Schreiber, Robert Sellman, Ian Young. No copy was in the Library of Congress or any major United States research library in 1989. The title and editor's name have been transliterated according to the Library of Congress system of transliterating modern Greek, with the assistance of Ann Stanley, Greek cataloguer at the University of Sydney, from a copy in the author's possession (purchased from *Elysian Fields bookshop, New York, 1989). Very rare. Anthology in Italian from Italy. Milan: Gammalibri, 295 pages, 1982. The first and only Italian gay poetry anthology so far. It was compiled by *Renzo Paris and *Antonio Veneziani. It is organized on historical lines and covers the period from 1200 to 1980 with an introduction, pp. 9-32 by *Renzo Paris. It is in two sections, poets to 1970, pp. 33-209, and poets 1970-1980, pp. 211-284. There is an introduction to the poets of the 1970s, pp. 213-219, by *Antonio Veneziani and an Index pp. 287-88. Brief biographical and critical notes for each poet precede each poet's poems for the poets to 1970 and follow for those of the 1970s (pp. 283-84). Poets to 1970 (see entries): Dante Alighieri, Cecco Angiolieri, Ludovico Ariosto, Giorgio Baffo, Antonio Beccadelli, Francesco Berni, Arrigo Boito, Michelangelo Buonarroti, Burchiello (pseud.), Giovanni Camerana, Sergio Corazzini, Gabriele D'Annunzio, Giovanni Della Casa, Filippo De Pisis, Ludovico Dolce, Brunetto Latini, Gilio Lelli, Giacomo Leopardi, Niccolo Macchiavelli, Celio Magno, Trebaldino Manfredini, Giambattista Marino, Cecco Nuccoli, Aldo Palazzeschi, Pier Paolo Pasolini, Nanni Pegolotti, Silvio Pellico, Sandro Penna, Angelo Poliziano, Emilio Praga, Rosello Roselli, Filippo Scarlatti, Camillo Scroffa, Umberto Saba, Torquato Tasso, Giovanni Testori (this poet refused permission to publish so his "entry" consists of a blank page), Benedetto Varchi. Poets of the 1970s chosen are (see entries): Biagio Arixi, Dario Bellezza, Gianpiero/ Giampiero Bona, Luciano Massimo Consoli, Giovanni Corsico, Attilio Lolini, Mario Mieli, Stefano Moretti, Pier Giorgio (also spelt Piergiorgio) Paterlini, Elio Pecora, Riccardo Reim, Piero Santi, Gino Scartaghiande, Leonardo Treviglio, Antonio Veneziani. Two poets in the 1970s section are confused; their pages were interchanged (*Giovanni Dall'Orto to the author). A fine historical survey of Italian gay poetry with emphasis on the *gay liberation period. Translation. English: poets and poems included in the anthology are translated in *Anthony Reid's anthology The *Eternal Flame, volume one. Poet from Iran who wrote in Persian. Active ca. 1450. Not found in Rypka, History of Iranian Literature. Criticism. *Ehsan Yarshater, "Persian Poetry in the Timurid and Safavid Periods", in Peter Jackson, editor, Cambridge History of Iran, volume 6, The Timurid and Safavid Periods, 1976, 974, gives a possibly homosexual poem trans. into English. Amir Khosrou (also spelt Khusraw) Poet from India who wrote in Persian and Hindi; he is also claimed by Urdu speakers (Urdu and Hindi were virtually the one language when he wrote). 1253-1325. He was a *Sufi writer who wrote in Persian, lived in India in *Delhi and was called the Parrot of India. He was immensely learned and had a *disciple relationship with Nezam-al-din Awlia in Delhi. The Encyclopedia Iranica entry for him reveals he wrote a number of poems to Nezam, that he died shortly after him and his tomb is near Nezam's. He is widely regarded as the greatest Indo-Persian writer and is revered by Urdu poets. Schimmel in the Encyclopaedia Iranica entry calls him "the greatest Persian-writing poet of medieval India" (p. 963), notes he wrote *epics and especially a new genre historical epic, "is praised as having invented Hindustani music" (p. 964) and states, p. 964, his "knowledge of Arabic, Persian, Turkish and Hindi enabled him to produce exotic puns, word plays, and stunning literary tricks" and his output was huge. *lsma'il I shows his influence. Hindi: some works were written but Schimmel states in the Encyclopaedia Iranica entry p. 964 that discussion continues about their authenticity. His name is also variously spelt Khusrau, Khusraw and Khusrow. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures. Encyclopedia Iranica: see "Amir Khosrow" (by *A. Schimmel). Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion: see "Khusraw, Amir". Gay Poetry Anthologies. Yaraana: Gay Writing from India, xii (poem titled "Bandhish"). Criticism. Arberry, Sufism, 115. Rypka, History of Iranian Literature, 257-59: see "Amir Khusrau". Yarshater, Persian Literature, 407-412. Amis et Amile, also called Amis and Amiloun Poem from the *Middle Ages surviving in Latin from France and in French, Spanish, Italian, Welsh, Norse, Dutch, German, Danish and Swedish versions and dating initially from ca. 1100; versions from other languages also exist. Amis and Amiloun is a *long poem, originally in Latin and dating in a Latin version by Raoul le Tourtier from ca. 1100 (see the Hibbard reference below for all sources). Twenty-three versions in French, including modern French versions, four in English and versions in the other languages listed exist. The poem is about the virtue of *friendship which Amis and Amile (two foster brothers bound together closely) exemplify. It may be read as an *allegory of a homosexual relationship. By some accounts the friends were regarded as *saints. *Walter Pater tells the story in Studies in the *Renaissance (1873), from which work it was taken up by gay readers. The four English versions are apparently from the French. Over one hundred manuscript versions indicate the popularity of the work. Translation. English: translated from French into English by *William Morris as Old French Romances (*Vale Press, 1896). Text. The standard English edition is by MacEdward Leach, Early English Text Society O.S. 203, 1937; four manuscripts exist (see J. Burke Severs, A Manual of the Writings in Middle English, vol.1, 1967, pp. 167-69). For the sources of texts in other languages see Laura A. Hibbard, Mediaeval Romance in England (New York, 1924, reprinted 1969), 65-72. There are many manuscripts which have not been collated. Compare *Castor and Pollux, *Boris and Gleb, *David and Jonathan, *Orestes and Pylades. See also *Chaucer. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Kindlers neues Literatur Lexikon, vol.18. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Iolaus, 106-08: a precis of the story from *William Morris's translation and calling them "the David and Jonathan, the Orestes and Pylades of the mediaeval world" (p. 108). Hidden Heritage, 134-35: the same extract. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 122-24. Criticism. *Herelle manuscript 3188, folio 358, mentions a French version in a homosexual context. Poet and novelist from Great Britain writing in English. 1922-95. He is best known for his novel Lucky Jim (1954) and being an angry young man (i.e., deeply critical of society). In Collected Poems 1944-79 (London, 1979), see "To *Eros", p. 52. See also *Stanley J. Sharpless. Obituary: Guardian Weekly, 29 October, 1995, 10. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 332-33: about sex in boys schools. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 173: same poem. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1926. See the poem Harold Bloom, The Best of the Best American Poetry, 1988-1997, "Garbage", pp. 33-53 at p. 51 - "a closet/ queen". He is regarded as a major United States poet. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors New Revision Series, volume 51. Myth and trope in Latin appearing also in Italian and English. From ca. 40. Amor is the Latin word for love and the Latin name for the Greek god of love, *Eros, invariably personified as a young boy and thus with homosexual implications when in the company of men; it is also the word for love in general in Latin. The Oxford Latin Dictionary, p. 120, cites various Latin poets, including *Virgil. See also *George Buchanan, *Cupid. English: see *C. E. Sayle, *Love in Idleness, *Robin Blaser. More frequently the name *Cupid is used in English instead of Eros or Amor. Italian: see *Petrarch. Latin concept for *Platonic love, dating from *Ficino's Latin commentary of the * Symposium (1469); sometimes called *Amor socraticus. Latin concept for *Socratic love, current from *Ficino's commentary on *Plato's * Symposium (1469); see also *Platonic love. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 131-36. Anthology in English and German translated from the French anthology * Beau petit ami compiled by *Cecile Beurdeley. The German translation by *Doris Plattner and *Michael Lim was published in 1977 and the English by *Michael Taylor was published in 1978. This has been possibly the most widely disseminated of all comprehensive gay anthologies apart from * The Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse. Translation. English. New York, Rizzoli, 1978, 304 pages. It has the same title. Lavishly illustrated, this anthology of gay poetry and prose contains the finest illustrations of all illustrated gay anthologies. It consists of material from *European languages. The English and German editions have the same title L'amour bleu - meaning "Blue love" (that is, sexually illicit love). The original French title Beau petit ami means "Beautiful boy friend". On pp. 300 to 304, "Acknowledgements", there is a list of translators used (apart from *Michael Taylor who did about half of the translations). *Steward Lindh helped with some translations. Beau Petit Ami is identical in illustration, layout and choice of authors with the English edition; the English text seems to have simply been substituted for the French. The phrase "l'amour bleu" was used in Paris in gay circles in the 1970s to mean the love of an older homosexual man for a younger man, that is *pederasty, in contrast to "l'amour rose" (pink love) which conveyed the same idea for heterosexuals (that is, the love of an older male for a younger woman). *Blue has connotations of homosexuality going back to the 1890s and still has erotic connotations in English (e.g. the phrase "blue [i.e., erotic] movies"). This English usage may be related to French usage. Blue may have general bohemian connotations in French; in the artist and poet *Pablo Picasso's "Blue period" (ca. 1900), in which blue is the predominant color of the works, which were all done in Paris, bohemian subject matter and erotic subjects predominated. The anthology consists of poetry combined with prose with lavish illustrations and line drawings by gay artists. The illustrations (which were not done for the volume but cover the whole history of western art) effectively make it a history of gay art. There are 290 illustrations including forty color illustrations. Only European (including Russian) and United States poets are included and the arrangement is chronological, from the Greeks and Romans to James Baldwin. Contributors (see entries): Achilles Tatius, Aeschines, Anacreon, Guillaume Apollinaire, Aretino, Aristophanes, Artemon, James Baldwin, Honoré de Balzac, Matteo Bandello, Richard Barnfield, William S. Burroughs, Catullus, C. P. Cavafy, Jean Cocteau, René Crevel, Aleister Crowley, Robert Desnos, Lord Alfred Douglas, Georges Eekhoud, Charles Henri Ford and Parker Tyler, E. M. Forster, André Gide, Paul Gauguin, Jean Genet, Stefan George, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Count Giuseppe Gorani, Julian Green, Vsevolod V. Ivanov, Henry James, Marcel Jouhandeau, Juvenal, Mikhail Kuzmin, Lautreamont (pseud.), T. E. Lawrence, Paul Leautaud, Federico García Lorca, Jean Lorrain, Lucian, Kurt Malaparte, Thomas Mann, Christopher Marlowe, Martial, Michelangelo, Gerolamo Morlino, Robert Musil, Petronius, Roger Peyrefitte, Charles-Louis Philippe, Philostratus, Pindar, Plato, Politian, Marcel Proust, Rhianos, Arthur Rimbaud, Frederick Rolfe, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Umberto Saba, Maurice Sachs, Marquis de Sade, Denys de Saint Pavin, William Shakespeare, Strato of Sardis, Suetonius, Theocritus, Paul Verlaine, Gore Vidal, Theophile de Viau, Voltaire, Walt Whitman, Tennessee Williams, John Wilmot the Earl of Rochester, Johann von Winckelmann, Xenophon. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 278: New York, Rizzoli, 1978. Translation. German. Jointly published by Office du Livre, Fribourg, Switzerland, and DuMont Buchverlag, Cologne, and printed in Switzerland, 1977, 307 pages, 47 color plates, 245 black and white illustrations; text pp. 11-303; list of translators in the copyright acknowledgements, pp. 304-06; list of illustrations, p. 307. It has the same title as the French and English versions. Translated from the French *Beau petit ami this translation is identical in text and illustration with the English translation L'amour bleu up to page 273. Marcel Jouhandeau (who appears on pages 274-75 of the English edition) is omitted in the German edition and page 274 is left blank but has the Cocteau illustration of page 276 of the English edition. Pages 299-303 contain a selection of poems of English and French gay poets in German published in English and French in the body of the text, including a poem by the French poet *Papillon (p. 299) not in the English translation. Poets in this extra section: English poets - *Christopher Marlowe, *Lord Alfred Douglas, *Aleister Crowley, *Walt Whitman; French poets - *Papillon, *Ronsard, *Agrippa d'Aubigné, *Claude le Petit, *Théophile de Viau, *Voltaire, *Verlaine, *René Crevel Since the English translation uses the same layout and substitutes English text in the place of the German the same plates may have been used. It was translated into German by *Doris Plattner and *Michael Lim. Amour en... vers et contre tout, L' Anthology in French from France. Paris: Editions Walter Rauschenbusch, 1989, 265 pages. An anthology of twentieth century poets giving different views of love - * eros (erotic love), agape (spiritual love) and philia (brotherly love). It was compiled by Dominique Nidas and Jean-Marie Olinque; it is not a specifically gay anthology. The poetry chosen is vague and nebulous. Fifty-seven poets are included, both male and female. List of poets, pp. 261-62. The title is a pun on the French phrase L'amour en face (homosexual love). The work was published by Pastor Joseph Douce and Guy Bondar who seem to have been responsible for its genesis (see the introduction pp. 9-11); Pastor Douce, the pastor of a French gay Christian congregation, was later abducted and killed in mysterious circumstances by the French secret service (see *pedophilia for more information on him). Amours masculines, Les: Anthologie de l'homosexualité dans la littérature Anthology in French from France. Paris: Lieu Commun, 1984, 545 pages. It was compiled by *Michel Larivière with a preface by *Dominique Fernandez. Pp. 31-48 refer to ancient homopoetry and contain a brief discussion of * Gilgamesh, the * Bible and ancient Greek and Latin poetry. The body of the text, pp. 53 to 528, is from the *Middle Ages onwards. It is arranged as follows: *Middle Ages, then by century (sixteenth, seventeenth, eighteenth, ninetenth and twentieth), followed by a contemporary section. Each section has an introduction. Predominance in the selection is given to French writers. Index pages at the end include a list of writers, pp 531-36 and a list of writers arranged chronologically pp. 537-42. There is a list of French gay words by century pp. 523-28. A large proportion of entries are prose writers. The selection is excellent in respect of European language writers but non-European material is neglected. This is the most comprehensive gay poetry and prose anthology in French including the later far ranging anthology * Pour tout l'amour des hommes which was also compiled by *Michel Larivière (compare * L'amour bleu). The work remains overall one of the finest gay anthologies. Review: Guardian Weekly, 2 September 1984, 13. Poets and entries relating to poetry (see entries): Apollinaire (pseud.), Aragon, Aubigné, W. H. Auden, Bachaumont, Béranger, Berthelot, Byron, Carco (pseud.), Casement, Cavafy, Cernuda, Claude Chapelle, Cocteau, Charles Collé, Hart Crane, René Crevel, Dante, Robert Desnos, Words - French, Alfred Douglas, Du Bellay, Antoine Ferrand, Théophile Gautier, Jean Genet, Stefan George, Allen Ginsberg, Glatigny, Goethe, Guillaume de Lorris, Guillaume IX of Aquitaine, Ivanov, Max Jacob, Alfred Jarry, Jean de Meung, L'Estoile, La Fontaine, Lautreamont (pseud.), T. E. Lawrence, Claude Le Petit, Jean Lorrain (pseud.), Pierre Louys (pseud.), Marlowe, François Maynard, Michelangelo, Montesquiou, Marc de Papillon, Wilfred Owen, Pasolini, Louis Perceau, Pessoa, Piron, Platen, Poliziano, Ponchon, Proust, Rilke, Rimbaud, Roman de la Rose, Ronsard, Maurice Sachs, Saint-Amant, Saint-Just, Saint-Pavin, Albert Samain, Surrealism, Tailhade, Verlaine, Viau, Villon, Voltaire, Whitman. A list of writers who refused permission to print poems appears on p. 521 ; permission was refused for publication of poems by *Claudel, *Valery and *Garcia Lorca. The above list does not include prose writers who were not poets or whose prose selection in the anthology does not relate to gay poetry or its background. Character and mythical figure from Greece relating to works in Greek. From ca. 400. A youth with whom *Dionysus fell in love: he appears in the poetry of *Nonnus. Ampelus was killed and turned into the grapevine, a suitable plant since Dionysus was the god of wine. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Buffiere, Eros adolescent, 363: spelt Ampelos. Poet and dramatist from Greece who wrote in Greek. Possibly active ca. 400 B. C. A Greek comic writer active not before *Plato. Only a *fragment survives. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 197. City in the Netherlands in which the main language is Dutch. Amsterdam, though not the capital of the Netherlands (which is Den Haag), is the largest city and has been important as a center of gay activism and gay literature since 1911 (see *J. A. Schorer). Its recorded gay history dates from at least the eighteenth century. Several Dutch *anthologies have emanated from the city which has long been a publishing center, especially for work challenging the acceptable (see also *The Platonic Blow) and is now a center of gay research. The major gay archives and library *Homodok are housed in Amsterdam where gay studies are taught at the *University of Amsterdam which claims to take a *social constructionist approach - in contrast to gay studies at Utrecht, another major center. Amsterdam was the site of two gay studies *conferences in 1983 and 1987. Two journals of *pedophilia have emanated from the city: *Pan (1979+) and * Paidika (1988+). The United States *S/M poet James Holmes lived in the city. A gay history exhibition titled Goed Verkeerd (Wrong lovers) was held in the city in 1989 and a pamphlet was produced titled Two of a kind: a history of gays and lesbians in Holland which has much information on the city (16 pp; bibl. p 16). A memorial for gays killed by the *Nazis has been erected in the city. The city has two gay bookshops: Vrolijk and De Woelraat. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gay Histories and Cultures. Poem and song in German from Germany. 1975. A gay protest song in the form of a *ballad sung in *Munich in 1975, beginning: "Das schwulsein, wenn's im andern ist". Text printed in *J. S. Hohmann, Homosexualität und Subkultur (Lahn?: Verlag Andreas Achenbach Lollar, 1976), p. 32. Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. Ca. 570 B.C.-485 B.C. Anacreon's poems joyously celebrate wine and an *epicurean lifestyle; they are full of light and life. Amorous poems are addressed to the males *Smerdies, *Bathyllus, and *Cleobulus, to whom he wrote a famous short poem: "Cleobulus I love, Cleobulus I'm mad for, Cleobulus I gaze at." Though Bathyllus is frequently referred to, no poem to him survives. *Maximus of Tyre refers to Anacreon's lovers in several fragments. Anacreon also wrote poems to females and thus seems to have been *bisexual. Only fragments survive. His oeuvre is very uncertain since original poems by him have been corrupted by imitations inserted in the surviving manuscripts. He is believed to have come from Teos. Early printed editions. A cult of Anacreon existed from his first publication in book form in 1554 in the *Renaissance, in an edition *Anacreontea, which is a series of poems by other ancient Greek poets imitating Anacreon's poetry (see *D A Campbell, Greek Lyric, vol. 2, 1988, 5-6). Compare *Theognis and *Theognidea and, in Persian, *Omar Khayyam [pseud.], where similar textual traditions exist of a poet whose text is added to by later interlopers. "Anacreon" was very popular in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, perhaps because he was regarded as "saucy": as *Byron wrote in Don Juan book 1, 42, "Anacreon's morals are a still worse example [than *Ovid's]." Editions usually included Latin translations and notes in Latin. Important editors include William Baxter (1695; with Latin trans.), Joshua Barnes (1706; with Latin trans.), *Richard Brunck (1776; with Latin trans.), Giovanni Amaduzzi (1785; text and Latin notes), Jean Baptiste Gail (1801; with Latin trans.) and *Theodor Bergk (1834; Greek text). All the preceding editions were reprinted. Editions frequently included the works of *Sappho. For early editions consult the * British Library General Catalogue, the * National Union Catalog and older European library catalogues (e. g., the *Bibliothèque Nationale). Text. The latest text (with English translation by the editor) is *D. A. Campbell, Greek Lyric, vol. 2, Cambridge and London, 1988 (with bibliography, 19-20); see also the text of *D. L. Page and B. Gentili, Anacreon (Rome, 1958). An important homoerotically illustrated edition is that of the French engraver A.-E. Girodet de Rouçy Trioson, ca. 1800 (see L'Amourbleu, 18-19 for reproduction); these illustrations were included in the English translation by *Thomas Moore. See also the entries *Anacreontics, *C. M. Bowra. For translation, see the * Anacreontea entry. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 57. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 496-97. Dictionnaire Gay. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 38: "Das Bild des Bathyllos" ("The Picture of Bathyllus"), poem; editions of poems - Leipzig: Reclam, 1873 and Leipzig: Teubner, 1890. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, item 10431: The Odes, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1928. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 65: The Odes, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1928. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Garland of Meleager. *Forberg, Manual of Classical Erotology. Eros: Die Männerliebe der Griechen, 83-95: trans. by *Herder. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 24-25,185. Ioläus (1902), 77. Die Bedeutung der Freundesliebe, 18. Men and Boys, 8. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 44-47 (p. 47; trans. by *R. N. Furness). L'amour bleu, 18-19. Les Amours masculines, 39. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 122; biog., 114. "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen", 48-49. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 11-12. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 37-38. Criticism. Symonds, A Problem in Greek Ethics, 25. Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 8 (1906), 642-48. Brandt, Sittengeschichte griechenlands, volume 2, 186-87. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 470-73. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 13-14. Dover, Greek Homosexuality, 196: noting fragments 346 and 357. Buffière, Eros adolescent, 251-56. Courouve, Ces petits grecs, 6: citing fragments 2, 3, 4, 5, 17 (re Bathyllus), 29 (re Bathyllus), 347, 357, 360. Anacreon done into English out of the original Greek Anthology in English from Great Britain. First published in *Oxford by an anonymous publisher, 1683. Anacreon done into English is a work which has claims to be one of the earliest English anthologies with homosexual content, so far located, though it is not an anthology as such. It was reprinted by Edmund *Curll, London, 1713, with the poems of *Sappho, as The Works of Anacreon and Sappho... with *Bion's Idyllium upon the death of *Adonis translated by the Earl of Winchelsea. It was also reprinted Edinburgh, 1886, in Collectanea Adamantea XVI. It consists of a series of translations or versions purportedly of the ancient Greek homopoet *Anacreon which the *British Library General Catalogue entry (under Anacreon) states are by Francis Willis, Thomas Wood, *Abraham Cowley and *John Oldham. The 1713 edition has an introduction identifying the translators. The context is bisexual, with both poems of homosexual and heterosexual love being included. In the 1886 reprinting see p. 11 "The Epicure", p. 30 "Solitude", p. 32 "The Careless Companion", pp. 36-39 *"Bathyllus". The word was reprinted in a edition with fine homoerotic illustrations by thr Nonesuch Press, London, 1923, with a very homoerotic engraved title page by Stephen Gooden (ca. 1893-1955), who also engraved the *bookplates for the Royal Library at Windsor; 725 numbered copies only were printed. There are various *Cupids throughout; see the naked youth illustrating Poem 26 "Bathyllus" (there is no pagination). Anthology in Greek with poets from Greece and Turkey. Poems in the work date from ca. 323 B.C. to 899; the date is very difficult to determine. The Anacreontea consists of fifty-nine short poems supposedly written by the ancient Greek homopoet *Anacreon but now known to have been composed several centuries later, in imitation of him: they date from 323 B.C. to 899 and the dating is very problematical; they were first published by *Henri Estienne in 1554 as a collection of works of Anacreon. Robortello in 1557 ( De Ratione Corrig.) asserted the collection was a fraud (see *fakes); see also J. B. Stark Quaestiones Anacreonticae (1846). It is possible that some of the poems are original poems by Anacreon, though this question may never be resolved. Although the poems are cited as a *forgery though they are more aptly called imitations rather than forgeries. Compare the *Theognidea, a similar corpus based on *Theognis. The gay anthology the * Mousa paidike also provides a point of comparison. The crucial difference between the Anacreontea, the Theognis corpus, and the Mousa Paidike, is that some of the poems of the Anacreontea are bisexual and hetersexual whereas those of the other two works are exclusively homosexual. See also *Anonymous poets - Greek, *pseudonyms. Latest text. *D. A. Campbell, Greek Lyric, vol. 2 (Cambridge and London 1988), 162-257; excellent introduction, pp. 4-18. Campbell states: "the poems were not composed before the Hellenistic period, most of them not until the *Roman and *Byzantine periods" (ibid.,10) and that dates given by experts vary between 323 B.C. and 600 A.D. with one considering the poems could have been composed as late as the ninth century A. D." (ibid., pp. 16-19). Compare *Omar Khayyam (pseud) whose corpus, though ascribed to him, was similarly put together over a long period. If some of the poems were composed in the Byantine period, as seems very likely, they refute the notion of the period as being uniformly homophobic. The poems are joyous celebrations of love, both homo and hetero. Love here is also frequently associated with *wine drinking and the poems were almost certainly composed in a *symposium context (see also *skolia). They constitute, in part, an anthology of homopoems within the context of bisexuality. Homopoems include 10,11,15, 17, 18, 37, 38, 40, 42, 43, 45, 48, 49, 50, 53 in Campbell' s edition cited above; lovers mentioned in these poems are *Bathyllus and *Lyaeus. Many other poems refer to such homosexual tropes as *Eros and *Dionysus (e.g., Eros in poems 6, 13, 30-31 and Dionysus in poems 42, 44, 53); other tropes of gay relevance also appear, for example, *Adonis and *Hermes (see poem 17). The homosexual aspect is thus very strongly present in the body of poems. The only surviving manuscript of the Anacreontea is within the manuscript of the manuscript of the * Palatine Anthology (this manuscript thus contains two homosexual poetry anthologies, the * Mousa Paidike and the Anacreontea). Text. Editions of the Anacreontea were very popular from Henri Estienne's edition onwards; see also *K. Preisendanz. Criticism in general. See Pamela J. Hegedus, Studies in the Anacreontea (1987). *Constantine Trypanis, Greek Poetry, pp. 406-07, has a concise discussion. F. Colincamp, De poetate carminum Anacreonticorum, Paris: Durand, 1848 (source: *Hérelle manuscript 3258) is apparently a *thesis presented at the *Sorbonne; not sighted. See also "Criticism in homosexual terms" below. Translation. "Anacreon" has been widely translated, perhaps as a "saucy" poet; he was possibly popular because of fascination with *bisexuality and *homosexuality. The National Union Catalog entry Anacreon reveals what was taken to be the poetry of this poet - but is now accepted as the later imitations called the Anacreontea - was first translated into Latin in 1554 (by Henri *Estienne in the * editio princeps). Latin translations were popular in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and European vernacular translations in the eighteenth and nineteenth, especially in the *romantic period. *Censorship may have occurred. Some of these works may be imitations of the Anacreontea (see *Anacreontics). Only major translators are listed. Every National Union Catalog and*British Library General Catalogue entry needs to be examined to see if homopoems are included in the translations; since many records in the National Union Catalog are from written library cards information may not always be accurate. The catalogs of other older European libraries need to be consulted. The British Library General Catalogue entry is easier to consult than the National Union Catalog and lists more translators before 1870; both were consulted. The Anacreontea were enormously popular in French, German and Italian. After initial translation into Latin, translation into French occurred in 1556, followed by Spanish (1620), Dutch (1656) and Italian (1693). Catalan: Frederich Renye y Viladot (1878). Czech: S. Roznay (1812). Dutch: J. de Vries (1656), D. M. Ausonius (1724), G. Kempher (1726), J. H. Hoeufft (1816), J. J. L. ten Kate and S. J. van den Bergh (1837). English. The National Union Catalog and *British Library General Catalogue reveal the Anacreontea were first translated into English in 1561, seven years after Estienne's edition of 1554. Estienne's edition included a Latin translation and the English translation is from this Latin edition. The poems were continuously popular from then onwards. Translators, mainly listed in the National Union Catalog and the British Library General Catalogue, include the following: *Thomas Stanley (1651; repr.), *A. Cowley (1656), * Anacreon done into English (Oxford, 1683), Odes... (1702) - see British Library General Catalogue, The Works of Anacreon and Sappho.. , London, *Edmund Curll, 1713 (repr. of the 1683 Oxford edition and repr. 1886), Mr. Addison (1735), Francis Fawkes (1760; repr.), a popular translation, Edward Burnaby Greene (1768), W. Green (1783), Rev. D. H. Urquhart (1787), Thomas Gilpin (1796; repr.), *Thomas Moore (1800; repr.) - another popular translation, Rev. Hercules Younge (1802), Thomas Girdlestone (1803), Thomas Orger (1825), J. B. Roche (1827), Mr. Locke (1827), T. W. C. Edwards (1830), Thomas Bourne (1830), James Usher (1833), F. J. Manning (1837), T. J. Arnold (1869), Frederick J. A. Davidson? (1915), M. (1918), *Richard Aldington (1919), Doris Langley (1926), Ambrose Philips (1927) - held in the *Private Case, Erastus Richardson (1928), *J. M. Edmonds (1931 repr), P. M. Pope (1955), *Guy Davenport (1986; some poems) *D. A. Campbell (1988; the latest and one of the best translations). French: *Rémy Belleau (1556), Anne Ducier (Mademoiselle le Fevre) (1681; repr.), Mr. de Longpierre (1692), Mr de la Fosse (1706), Francois Gagon (1712; repr.), M. Poinsinet de Sivry (1758), J. J. Moutonnet-Clairfons (1773), P. H. Anson (1795), S. P. de Merard Saint-Just (1798), J. J. Rousseau? (1799), Cen. Aubanel? (1801), A. E. H. Poisson de Lachabeaussiere (1803), I. B. de Saint-Victor (1812), M. Aubenal (1801), Girodet (1825), *C. Leconte de Lisle (1852; repr.), E. de Lonlay (1858), H. Rossey (1863), A. F. Didot (1864), E.-P. Dubois-Guchan (1873), Roche-Aymon (1882), G. Beau (1884), Maurice Albert (1885), A. Delboulle (1891), F. Mathews (1927, Paris: Les Presses universitaires), M. Meunier (1932). German: J. W. L. Gleim, J. P. Uz and others (1746), J. H. F. Meinecke (1776), J. F. Degen (1787), *K. W. Ramler (1801), W. Gerhardt (1818), W. Richter (1834), E. Kulmann (1844), *E. Mörike (1846; repr.), E. Burger (1855), Heinrich Stadelmann (1868), F. Eggers (1870), H. J. Junghans (1873), T. C. Feldmann (1875), Moritz Alsberg (1877), Philomusos (pseud.) (1877), L. Wiessel (1886), V. Knauer (1888), O. Kaysel (1890), A. Charisius (1919). Modern Greek: 1895, 1929, 1971 - see British Library General Catalogue for details. Hebrew: Saul Tchernichovski (1920). Hungarian: Pechy Istvan (1874), Poneri Thewrewk Emil (1885). Italian: F. S. Regnier Des Marais (Paris, 1693; Florence 1695), Bartolommeo Corsini (Paris,1672; repr.), A. M. Salvini (Florence, 1695), Paolo Rolli (London, 1739; repr.), F. Catelano ( Venice, 1753), Trans. not known (Venice, 1773), Cesare Gaetani delle Torre (Syracuse,1776), F. S. de'Rogati (Colle,1782; repr.), G. M. Pagnini (Parma,1793 repr), Antonio Winspeare (Venice, 1817), Paolo Costa and Giovanni Marchetti (Bologna,1823), Giuseppe Rivelli (Naples,1835), Prof. Giuseppe Sapio (1867), Andrea Maffei (Milan,1874), L. A. Michelangeli (Bologna,1882), V. Taccone? (Acireale, 1898), Luigi Dolci (Milan, 1901), *Salvatore Quasimodo (ca.1946), Bruno Gentili (Rome, 1958). Italian and Latin bilingual edition: various translators Venice (1670), Antonio La Manna (Palermo, 1843). Latin: *Henri Estienne (1554; repr.), *Eilhard Lubin (1597), William Baxter (1685; repr.), J. Barnes (1705; repr.), Michael Maittaire (1725), J. C. de Pauw (1732), G. Barnes (1736), J. H. Hoeufft (1795), J. B. Gail (1801), G. J. Aislabie (1817), C. F. A. Nobbe (1855) - see also the * National Union Catalog and * British Library General Catalogue as not all translators have been indentified. Polish: Fr. Hr. Skarbka? (1816), A. Naruszewicz (1837), F. D. Kniaznin (1837). Portuguese: Francisco Manoel Gomes da Silveira Malhäo (1808). Provencal: Aubenal (1814). Russian: Nikolai L'vov (1784). Spanish: Estaban Manuel de Villegas (1620) - see British Library General Catalogue entry, F. Gomez de Quevedo y Villega ( 1645), Joseph y Bernabe Canga Arguelles (1795), *J. A. Condé (1796), Don Jose del Castillo y Ayensa (1832), Not known (Puerto Rico, 1838 - see British Library General Catalogue ), F. Baraibar y Zumarraga (1884), A. Lasso de La Vega (1884), Florencio Varmonde (1897), Gregorio Arcila Robledo (1943), M. *Brioso Sanchez (1970, 1981). Swedish: A. G. Sjostrom (1826), J. Traner (1868). Swedish and French F. D. H. M. (1802). Welsh: D. S. Evans (1840?) - kept in the *Private Case. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 66: Anacreontea, West Orange, NJ: Saifer, no date. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 46-47: trans. by *Richard Aldington. Criticism in homosexual terms. Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 8 (1906), 648-51. Brandt, Sittengeschichte griechenlands, volume 2, 186-87. Brandt, Sittengeschichte Griechenlands, volume 3, 235. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 473. A type of poem in Greek from Greece and later in other languages in praise of *wine, love, men, women and song, *bisexual in context; also the name of a poetic meter. From ca. 323 B.C. Anacreontics are modelled on the Greek poet *Anacreon's poems and frequently written in trochaic tetrameter. Poems survive from ca. 323 B.C. The term originally referred to the meter and later the type of poem. The first Anacreontics, apart from Anacreon's own poems, were the * Anacreontea (see the entry in Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium); the name Anacreontics is sometimes used to refer to the Anacreontea. See also *Constantine of Sicily. Latin poets, such as *Horace, used the meter in the *Roman period. From the 'Renaissance, following the rediscovery and publication from manuscript of the Anacreontea in *Henri Estienne's edition in 1554 Anacreontics were written in European languages. As poems, Anacreontics had the reputation of being lascivious verse with homosexual and bisexual undertones. But in many cases they eventually became simply celebrations of epicurean heterosexual behavior (see *epicurus); frequently they are *non-gender specific and the context is ambiguous. In addition, original poetry in the style of the Anacreontea cannot always be separated from translations of the Anacreontea (see the *Anacreontea entry for translation details). Compare *alcaic, *Sapphics. Anacreontics in modern European languages constitute a homosexual (and bisexual) tradition which awaits detailed investigation. English: see *Abraham Cowley (1656), *The Works of Anacreon and Sappho (1713 - reprint of 1683 Oxford edition), *T. Moore (1800) - he was called "Anacreon Moore" by his friend *Byron - and *Digby M. Dolben. French: see *Ronsard, Remy Belleau. Italian. *Tasso, Partini, Monti, Foscoli and *Leopardi wrote them. German. The poets *Gleim, Uz, Gotz were called as a group, the Anakreontiker (see Oxford Companion to German Literature entry); Hagedorn also used them. See "Anakreontik" in Reallexikon der deutschen literatur geschichte, edited by P. Mereker (Berlin 1955), vol. 1, pp. 40-41. Latin: see *Hadrian, *Laevius, Seneca, *Petronius, Claudian, Martianus Capella, Boethius, *Hadrian. Spanish: see *E. de Villegas (1618), J. de *Melendez Valdes, J. *lglesias de la Casa. Bulgarian. Anacreontic poems exist from the late 18th and early 19th centuries: see Yannis Motsios, "The Anacreontic Poetry in Greek and Bulgarian Literature", Balkan Studies vol. 25 no. 2 (1984), 397-407. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics, 33. Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics. Homosexual anal sex is documented in poetry from the ancient Egyptian spell *"Go forth, plant thyself on him", ca. 2,175 B.C. Similar feelings occur in Hebrew in the *Old Testament in the trope of *Sodom and Gomorrah. The Latin poet *Catullus refers to it and it is implied in Greek in the myth of *Ganymede (ca. 700 B.C.) and in the *erastes and *eromenos relationship (as is evinced by *Achilles and Patroclus in *Homer and later implied in the poems of the * Mousa Paidike). (On Greek see the article, with poetry reference, "Anal erotik im alten Hellas" in Ullstein Enzyklopädie der Sexualität; for Latin see the article following on Rome). It is depicted in art on Greek vases (see *Kenneth Dover, *Phallicism). It can be enjoyed by both the active and passive participiants, by fucker and fuckee. Anal sex as a theme rarely appears in later European poetry due to European laws stigmatizing it before 1969 (see * L'amour bleu) and when referred to is mostly provocative - e. g. in the work of *Beccadelli. As a theme it has come to prominence in the poetry of the *gay liberation period dating from 1969. Ritualized initiation involving anal sex occurs in *Papua New Guinea languages and song cycles used in initiation ceremonies may be relevant. Considering its importance, anal sex has been little written about though *censorship has played a part in this until recently in European languages. From 1983, *Aids has turned poets away from anal sex. English. Australia: see *Christopher Brennan, *David Herkt, John Shaw Neilson. Great Britain: see *Rupert Brooke, *Abraham Cowley, * Sodom, or the Quintessence of Debauchery. United States: see *Allen Ginsberg, *Graham Jackson, *Ed Sanders, *Adrian Stanford - re passive anal sex, *Hunce Voelcker, *"Gas, Grass or Ass" (poem), *Whitman - re the Calamus poems. The anthology *Bugger (1964) was the first work in the United States to deal openly with the theme of gay anal sex to any degree. Great Britain and United States - see *Limericks. See also all *bawdry entries relating to English where reference to homosexual anal sex occurs frequently. French. *Rimbaud and *Verlaine wrote a notorious sonnet on the subject ("Sonnet to the Arsehole"). See also *Pierre Louys. German. Forum 1 (1987), 38-72: article by Gerhard Härle (with discussion of the Verlaine/ Rimbaud sonnet); bibl., 69 72. See also his article in: Schwulenreferat im Allgemeinen Studenternausscchuß der FU (editor), editor, Homosexualitat und Wissenschaft (Berlin, 1992), 27-62 on the significance of the anal for the 'aesthetic of homosexual literature. Latin: see *Martial, *Forberg, Manual of Classical Erotology. Anal sex is documented from *Catullus onwards; it is a major motif of the *Priapeia. Persian: see *Obeyd Zukani. Urdu: see Josh Malihabadi (pseud.), *Dard. Yaowoia: see *Cosmogenic song. Japanese. Leupp, Male Colors: The Construction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan, 178: a poem by Fujiwara Yorinaga, from the Heian period, from his diary (before 1000). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 48-50. Howes, Broadcasting It. Ullstein Enzyklopädie der Sexualität: see "anale Phase" and following articles. Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Sex Practice: Anal Sex". Other references. Gay Sunshine no. 24 pp. 27-29 and no. 25, pp.16-17 (articles on Anal Sex). Licking the anus with the tongue. Documented in poetry in Latin from Italy from ca. 85 and later in English. Analingus is also called arse licking in less formal English. Latin: see *Forberg regarding it being hinted at first in *Martial (active ca. 85-103). English. Australia: see *David Widdup. Poet from India writing in English. Born 1972. The author of one book of poems, he is a journalist with the Hyderabad Deccan Chronicle in south India. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Yaraana: Gay Writing from India, 55-56; biog. 219. Poet from India writing in Sanskrit or possibly Pali. Active ca. 500 B. C. The *beloved disciple of the *Buddha (active 500 B.C.) who left a collection of poems called the Theragatha either in Sanskrit or Pali (the language of Buddhist religious texts, a dialect of Sanskrit). His name means "joy, bliss" (compare the sex manual Ananda Ranga). See H. Saddhatissa, The Life of the Buddha (1976), 54-56 and index; states he was the Buddha's cousin who became his personal attendant. *Heart Master Da Love-Ananda took his name from Ananda. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica . Anarchism and anarchist poetry Movement in German, Russian and English. From ca. 1780. Anarchism is "a principle or theory of life and conduct under which society is conceived without government" ( Encyclopedia of Homosexuality). As a movement it arose in the late nineteenth century in Europe. *Surrealism had a significant anarchist element. Contrast *Marxism and *Socialism (both of which are more organized) and compare *libertinism. English. See *Hartford Wits, *Stuart Merrill, *Gay liberation, *Charley Shively, * Fag Rag, *Paul Goodman, *George Barker (Great Britain), *Harry Hooton and James McAuley (Australia), *lan Young (Canadian). German. See John Henry Mackay, * Adolf Brand, *Erich Muhsam. *Raoul Hübner. Anarchism was very strong in *Berlin from 1945 to 1989 when the Berlin wall came down and is a guiding idea in the German gay liberation period anthologies. Russian. Anarchism was a very strong movement in Russia about 1900. Poets active in the period 1900-1917, e.g. *Esenin, may be relevant. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 50-52: by *Charley Shively. Gay Histories and Cultures. Ancient and Modern Pederasty Investigated and Exemplified Anthology in English from Great Britain. Published in 1749, possibly in London. Possibly the first English homosexual anthology. No copy survives so whether poetry is included is not known. Men and Boys, ix, states it was compiled by *Thomas Cannon. See also *lost works And Thus Will I Freely Sing: An Anthology of Lesbian and Gay Writing from Scotland Anthology in English and Gaelic from Great Britain. Edinburgh: Polygon, 1989, 192 pages. Compiled by *Toni Davidson; introduction by *Edwin Morgan, pp. 11-13. A combined male and female anthology; mostly prose but containing some poetry. The title come from a line of the poem "The Nameless Love" by the *Scots poet who wrote in German, John Henry Mackay. The introduction discusses *Hugh Macdiarmid's knowledge of Mackay, the *you strategy and *Compton Mackenzie. Male poets: John McRae pp. 37-40, *Edwin Morgan pp. 127-130, *Christopher Whyte pp. 167-75 (poems in English and Gaelic). See also the prose piece: "A Preface to John Henry Mackay" by *Hubert Kennedy pp. 41-44, with prose by Mackay following. Andere Lieben: Homosexualität in der deutschen Literatur Anthology in German from Germany. Frankfurt, Suhrkamp, 1988, 343 pages. A mixed prose and poetry anthology on historical lines from ancient Greece to contemporary Germany compiled by Joachim Campe. All poets appear only in German translation without the text in the original language. This is the most comprehensive recent German anthology apart from * "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen" though it does not adequately represent the contemporary period. It contains an excellent selection of poems. Notes 319-37, sources 338-41, index 342-43. Most of the anthology is prose however. The title means "different love". Compare *Eros: Die Mannerliebe der Greichen and * Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe. Poets (see entries): Anonymous (page 64), Der Stricker (pseud.) (69-71), Erasmus (83-85), Frederick II (110-13), Stefan George (210-14), Goethe (139-48), Heinrich Heine (178-80), Hilary (61-62), John Henry Mackay (228-32), August von Platen (173-77), Ludwig Renn (261-65), Roswitha (49-54), Schiller (151-53), Walafrid Strabo (48-49), Theocritus (23-28), Heinrich von Veldeke (6467), Christoph Martin Wieland (120-24). Poet from Denmark who wrote in Danish; he also lived in Italy. 1805-1875. He was a famous writer of fairy stories for children which have been translated into many languages. Two poems discovered in a cupboard earlier this century, "Friendship" and "For Ludwig and Edward" reveal homosexual feelings. He wrote several autobiographical works and there have been many biographies; he lived for many years in Italy and led a wandering life living all over Europe. On his homosexuality see Aksel Dreslov, H. C. Andersen og «denne Albert Hansen« (1977), 88 pp. His homosexuality was first raised by Albert Hansen in * Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen in 1901 and was discussed by Hjalmar Helweg in his 1927 book (reprinted, 1954), Forfatteren tile bogen: H C Andersen (see the article in Vennen cited below). Ludwig Muller may have been a lover. *Edmund Gosse wrote a poem on him in English. Biography. See Elias Bredsdorff, Hans Christian Andersen - Eine Biographie, published in Germany, 1993, 493 pp. (in German). Jackie Wullschlager, Hans Christian Andersen: The Life of a Storyteller (2000) makes clear the intense homoeroticism of his relations with men and shows there is no proof he experienced heterosexual relations. Erling Nielsen, Hans Christian Andersen (1805-1875), Copenhagen: Royal Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1983, contains many photographs. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 592-94. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 54-55. Howes, Broadcasting It. Tyrkus, Gay and Lesbian Biography. Dictionnaire Gay. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 38: cites a poem "Es geht bei gedänpfter Trommelklang" [no source given]; set to music by Friedrich Silcher. Hansen, Nordisk Bibliografi, 1: O. T., Copenhagen: Hans Heitzel, 1962 (first edition 1836); see also p. 6: cites Aksel Dreslov, H. C. Andersen og «denne Albert Hansen«, Copenhagen: Samlerens Forlag, 1977. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 385-86: "To Ludwig Miller (1809-1891)" and "For Eduard and Ludwig"; biog. note 381-82. " Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen", 87: German. trans. titled "Der Sahwan". Criticism. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen vol. 3 (1901), 203-30: article on his homosexuality by Alb. Hansen, Copenhagen. Moll, Berühmte Homosexuelle, 51-52. Vennen 7 (1955), 110: poem "Til H. S. (Ind i den dunkle skov i tjorn og krat)"; see also the article H. C. Andersen's "Specielle Psyke" (no author), including another poem. Schyberg, Walt Whitman, 266-68. Anderson, Bruce Author of two articles touching on homosexuality in the French author *Andre Gide (using the pseudonym Galileus Belotti) pp. 97-101 and the Spanish poet *García Lorcia (using his real name) pp. 60-64 in the Melbourne University Magazine ca. 1946-47: for instance in the piece on García Lorca he state "his rather erotic ballad on St. Gabriel" suggests "he had homosexual tendencies" (p. 60). These are possibly the first discussion of these writers in relation to homosexuality in Australia. The author lives in Melbourne, was a close friend of the historian Manning Clark and was in the furniture business. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1903-died before 1995. In the Forests of Hell, 1958 is a prose poem. He is believed to have been gay (*Burton Weiss to the author, oral communication, 1989). Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10432-35: two poems in the journal, One, June/ July 1956 ("After hours") and October/ November 1957 ("Not a new season, but a clarification of a clouded one") and In the Forests of Hell and of Heaven, San Francisco: Gilbert and DeLue, 1958, and Toward other shores, San Francisco: Pan Graphic, 1961. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 70-71: same two books as in Bullough; highly rated by Ian Young. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 315: poem "The Beach Homos". Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Born 1935. A native of Milwaukee, in 1983 he was a dance critic for the * New York Times and has written several books of poems. As poetry critic see *Jack Spicer (very brilliant article). Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 72-73: City Joys, Brooklyn, NY: Release Press, 1975 and Toward the Liberation of the Left Hand, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1977. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Son of the Male Muse, 13-18: fine poems with a photo of the author p. 13; biog., 186. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 548. Name of Love, 2930: fine love poem "Perfection"; biog., 69: notes eight books of poetry by him and he is dance critic for the New York Times and The Dancing Times (London). Word of Mouth, 185-93. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1996. Book of poems including gay poems: The Intense Lover, FLF/STARbooks Press, 1996; biographical information is on the back cover. Widely published in various gay and other journals, he is an Associate Professor of English. Poet and anthologist from Canada writing in English; he lived in Great Britain for most of his life. 1915-1979. He was co-editor, with *Alistair Sutherland, of the fine anthology * Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, a major English gay anthology. Eros was assembled from material gathered by Alistair Sutherland (see Eros, p. 7); the editing was done by Patrick Anderson. He was the first well known poet of Canada to write homopoems after 1940, with poems dating from his book The White Centre (Toronto, 1946): see "Boy in a Russian Blouse" in this book. Autobiographies: Search Me: The Black Country, Canada and Spain, London, 1957; The Character Ball, London, 1963. He also wrote travel books on Greece (e.g., The Smile of *Apollo, 1964) and Singapore (Snake Wine, 1955). Born in Great Britain, he was educated at *Oxford (where he was President of the Oxford Union in 1937) and then at Columbia University, *New York, and lived in Canada from 1938, becoming a Canadian citizen in 1945. He left Canada in 1950 to live in Great Britain where he became head of the English department at Trent Park College, Barnet, Hertfordshire 1968-79. He was married in the 1940s and divorced in 1947. In 1943, John Sutherland, a writer, published an article alleging Patrick Anderson was homosexual in the Canadian journal First Statement (14 May 1943, 3-6), titled "The Writing of Patrick Anderson"; Anderson sued him and forced an apology (see *Robert K. Martin for a discussion). On his later life see "Attic Shapes and Empty Spaces: Patrick Anderson - A memoir", Canadian Literature, vol. 121, 1989, 86-99: this states, p. 87, he had a companion, Orlando Gearing. He was involved with the journal Preview in the 1940s and was a *Marxist at this stage. His final volume was Selected Poems: Return to Canada (Toronto, 1977). Obituary: AB Bookman's Weekly, 16 April, 1979. His manuscripts are at the Public Archives, Ottawa, Ontario, and McGill University Library, Montreal, Quebec (see Dictionary of Literary Biography entry). The manuscripts at Ottawa are the major holdings and consist of some twenty boxes, including a box relating to the selection of the poems in Eros; there are also 700 photographs relating to him in the photography collection. This material was given by Orlando Gearing of Great Britain. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Canadian Literature. Contemporary Authors, vol. 85-88: obituary. Contemporary Authors, vol. 93-96. Dictionary of Literary Biography, vol. 68. Oxford Companion to Canadian Literature, second edition. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, first edition, items 50: The Color as Naked, Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1953. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10436: same book. Homosexuality in Canada, first edition (1979), 5-6: The Color as Naked, Torono, 1953, Return to Canada: Selected Poems, Toronto, ca. 1977, A Visiting Distance; Poems: New, Revised and Selected, Ottowa, 1976, (lists gay poems in the books); also cites his autobiographical works The Character Ball: Chapters of Autobiography, London, 1963 and Search Me; Autobiography: The Black Country, Canada and Spain, London, 157. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 77-78, 80-81: The Colour as Naked, Return to Canada: Selected Poems, A Visiting Distance and The White Centre, Toronto: Ryerson Press, 1946. Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (1984), 136: same works as the first edition. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 386-87: poem "Spiv Song", from The Colour as Naked (1953) re a male *prostitute. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 520-21: "Spiv Song". Poet from Portugal writing in Portuguese. Born 1923. A well known poet, his first openly gay poem was published in 1988 in Coloquio/Letras (Fundacao Calouste Gulbenkian) - see the poem "Poema para o meu amor dolente". Biography: see entry in Alvaro Manuel Machado, Quem e quem na literatura portuguesa (Lisbon, 1979), p. 120. He has been active as a poet from 1942. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Bibliographies. Cuaderno bibliográfico gay, 13: cites Anthología poética 1940-80, Barcelona: Plaza & Janes, 1981 (this is a bilingual anthology in Portuguese with translations into Spanish and with introductory essay). Poet from Brazil writing in Portuguese. 1893-1945. One of the first Portuguese *Modernist poets, he has a huge literary oeuvre but his private writings were not to be published until 1995. About ten gay poems exist. He was gay but not open about it. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Gay Histories and Cultures, 142: *Luis Mott he is said to have been homosexual. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poemas do amor maldito, 131 - a *sonnet; biog., 130. Criticism. Trevisan, Perverts in Paradise, 105: states he wrote poems praising soldiers and adolescents. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 163: stated to have been gay. Pseudonym of a poet possibly from the United States who wrote in English. Born 1880. A writer of conventional but good *boy-love poetry of the time. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 63-64; biog. note p. 63: stated to be the pseudonym of "an American newspaperman". Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 495-96. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 677. Mythical figure and trope in Greek from Greece from 380 B.C. in Greek; later in other languages. Androgynes are creatures uniting the physical characteristics of both sexes and therefore capable of being both male and female. It is a concept very common in the *decadent movement and the *Theosophist movement. See also *angels, *fairy, *feminism, *Theosophy. Carolyn Heilbrun's Towards a Recognition of Androgyny (1973) and Wendy O'flaherty, Women Androgynes and Other Creatures (1980) are recent studies. In June Singer, Androgyny (1977), see Chapter 10 on *Plato, Chapter 13 on the * Kabbala and Chapter 20 on homosexuality. Hebrew. In the first book of the * Bible dealing with the creation of Adam and Eve, the feminine person, Eve, is created out of the masculine, Adam; in the * Kabbala, this took on mystical significance in the idea of Adam Kadmon. Compare *gazelle. Greek. See *Plato's * Symposium, 189-91; *hermaphrodite, *Yannis Ritsos. For the artistic depiction see the * Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae entry "Hermaphroditos". English. Great Britain: see *Shelley, *Pre-Raphaelites, *D. G. Rossetti, *Swinburne, *Simeon Solomon, *Aleister Crowley. United States: see "Tennessee Williams, Tom Clark (re *Charles Olson); see also *lily. German: see the article by L. S. A. M. von Römer, "Uber die androgynische Idee des Lebens" (On the androgyne idea) Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen vol. 5 Part 2 (1903), 707 ff: though written in German this deals with other cultures and is profusely llustrated; it is the major survey to date (it was reprinted in Schmidt, Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen [1984], vol. 2, pp. 139256). Sanskrit: Brhad Aranyaka *Upanisad 1.4.3-4 (source: Encyclopedia of Religion article "Androgyne"). There are myths of the androgynous *Siva in Sanskrit (these almost certainly exist in other *lndian languages); see also *Brahma. Armenian: see *Sergei Parajanov, *Sayat Nova (pseud.). Aranda (a central Australian Aboriginal language) and other central Australian aboriginal languages. A major survey of the central Australian tribes and cultures (including the Arandal is J. Winthuis, Zweigeslechterwesen bei den Zentralaustraliern und anderen Völkern, 1928 (the title means Androgyny Among the Central Australians and Other Tribes) - see p. 126 regarding *pederasty and pp. 170 re the Kurnai and 173 re the Semang; note: the English translation of the first word in the title of this book as "bisexuality" in Magnus Hirschfeld, Men and Women: The World Journey of a Sexologist, New York, 1935 (p. 308) is incorrect since the German word means "having the characteristics of both sexes". All persons in these tribes sing and recite oral poems and *songs. Japanese. Leupp, Male Colors: The Construction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan, p. 174: a poem about a male actor. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion: defined as "a creature which is half male and half female." Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 56-58. Gay Histories and Cultures. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amour bleu, 52: re androgynes in ancient Greek culture. Androphile homosexuality, also called Androphilia Sexual and affectional relationships between adult males, an adult being a person from the time of puberty or the *age of consent. From ca. 1945, it is perhaps the most practiced form of homosexuality. The relationship of *Gilgamesh and Enkidu in Akkadian and other languages seems of this type as does *King David's relationship with Jonathan in Hebrew but it is not possible to decide whether these relationships are androphile since the ages of the persons involved are not known. Whether *Achilles and Patroclus's relationship in ancient Greek falls into this category is debatable. Many ancient Greek relationships were *pederastic, involving an older man and a younger, as seems the case with ancient Latin (see *Catullus, *Martial). The fact that the *age of death today has considerably advanced, due to improvement in medicine, needs to be considered in relation to homosexual relations in the twentieth century; for instance, life expectancy in the ancient world was much lower so more relationships were pederastic. Many Chinese poets had homosexual relationships with each other; on the other hand Japanese poets were more pederastic before the contemporary period. Strong adult *male bonding relationships need to be considered (e.g. that of the Italian poet *Leopardi and *Ranieri). English androphile relationships are especially common in the *gay liberation period. Compare *pederasty, *pedophilia, *Uranian poets. In the contemporary world from 1945 most homosexual relationships are probably androphile. Since, in many cases, especially in earlier centuries, it is not possible to know the ages of the persons involved in homosexual relationships depicted in poems, whether they were androphile cannot be conclusively stated. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 58. Novelist and poet from Poland writing in Polish. 1909-1983. He wrote a few poems (Josef Pyzik, Cracow, to the author, June 1987). Apparently bisexual he married and had two children but left his first wife on the wedding day. His novel The Gates of Paradise, 1948, was translated into English by James Kirkup and published in 1963. A notable film is based on his novel Ashes and Diamonds. Before the war he was a leading right wing writer. He joined the Communist Party in 1949 but later became disillusioned. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Everyman Companion to East European Literature. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History - states in 1942 ge fell in love with the poet Krzystof Baczynski but it was not returned. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 99: lists the novel, The Gates of Paradise, London. 1962. Criticism. Milosz, History of Polish Poetry, 490-93. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1013-14. Poet from Great Britain writing in Welsh. Active 575. The first known Welsh poet, from Wales to the west of England. His poem The Gododdin is a series of elegies describing the death of men with homoerotic overtones: see The Penguin Book of Welsh Verse, trans. by Anthony Conran (1967), pp. 57-78. See also The Oxford Book of Welsh Verse in English, edited by Gwynn Jones, 1977, p. 6: No 11 (lxxxv) from The Gododdin - a poem of lament for his lord with strong affectional undertones. Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. 1940-1991. Compiler and translator of the anthology *Amerikanike homophylophile poiese, the first Modern Greek gay anthology. He also wrote a series of poems based on the life of *Cavafy called Kavaphes kath' hodon (Cavafy on the Way), Athens, 1984, 45 pages, and several homosexual plays. His book of Greek poems whose translated title is Metaphysics of the Night (1982), with fine illustrations by the US photographer Arthur Tress, is a notable gay work. Transliteration of his name here follows the Library of Congress system. He died of *Aids. He has also edited an erotic poetry anthology Poietike anthologia apoklinontos erotismou (Athens: Gnose, 1988). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 503 (spelt Angelakis). Mythical figures and a trope in Hebrew in ancient Israel and later in *European languages; the concept is also known in Arabic, Persian and Turkish. First recorded in Hebrew from ca. 500 B. C. Angels are sexually ambiguous, intervening between humans and *God; because of their sexual ambiguity there can be homosexual connotations (for example, in the story of *Sodom and Gomorrah). Angel comes from the Greek word meaning messenger, and is the equivalent of the Hebrew word mal'akh, messenger, where they are strongly sexual creatures. Angels occur in the Jewish, *Christian and *Islamic religions. Michael and Gabriel are the only two named angels in the * Old Testament, Michael appearing in the Book of Daniel (6th century B.C.). The story of Sodom and Gomorrah in the Old Testament involves homosexual sex with angels and is the main Christian and Judaic source of the trope. The corporeality of angels and exact sexuality are difficult to determine and there were many arguments about them in the Christian *Middle Ages (e.g. how many angels could fit on the tip of a needle). In art they are normally like *androgynes, i. e. neither male nor female, with long hair and ambivalent faces. Arabic: see * Angels of the Lyre, *Minoo S. Southgate, *Charles Wendell (re houris). See also entry "Mala'ika" in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. They are also called houris in Arabic and accompany the faithful in heaven. Turkish: see *Sultan Selim II. Hebrew: see *Sodom and Gomorrah. English. In poetry they provide a coded way of referring to homosexuality: see *C. S. Lewis with regard to *Milton. The English anthology * Angels of the Lyre (1975) uses the trope in its title and has a somewhat *decadent angel drawn by Czanara opposite the title page. The poet *Harold Norse's autobiography is entitled Memoirs of a Bastard Angel (1989). See also *Wayne McNeill. Dutch: see *Guus Vleugel. German: see *Goethe. *Hilary the Englishman wrote a famous Latin homoerotic poem, "To an English Boy", which has a play on the Latin words for angel and English. French: see *Antoine Ferrand. Angels appear in Zoroastrianism in Persian and in the *lslamic religion are closely related to Christianity. Portuguese: see *Sosigenes Marinho Costa. See in general G. Davidson, A Dictionary of Angels, Including the Fallen Angels (1967). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Howes, Broadcasting It. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Other. Adler, The Great Ideas, volume 1, 1-24. Anthology in English from the United States. San Francisco: Panjandrum Press and *Gay Sunshine Press, 1975, 245 pages; biog. notes, pp. 237-45. Compiled by *Winston Leyland. It was the the second United States *gay liberation anthology after * The Male Muse, which was its main inspiration, and contains well chosen poems with fine illustrations featuring gay sex. The fifty-seven poets chosen were usually frequent contributors to the journal *Gay Sunshine and the poems published were mostly chosen from works published there. It consists of United States and Canadian poets. In the "Introduction", pp. 7-12, discussing the history of gay love in poetry, Winston Leyland states that "Gayness extends far beyond physical sexuality" (p. 12) and notes *Allen Ginsberg, *Frank O'Hara, Jack Spicer and John Wieners as seminal poets for the period. Contributors (see entries): Hector Tito Alvarez, William Barber, Bruce Boone, Victor Borsa, Joe Brainard, Perry Brass, Adrian Brooks, Ira Cohen, Kirby Congdon, Ed Cox, Emilio Cubiero, Tim Dlugos, Robert Duncan, David Eberly, Jim Eggeling, Kenward Elmslie, R. Daniel Evans, Gerald Fabian, Salvatore Farinella, Edward Field, Charles Henri Ford, James Giancarlo, Allen Ginsberg, John Giorno, Robert Gluck, Paul Goodman, Steve Jonas, E. A. Lacey, Michael Lally, Gerrit Lansing, Winston Leyland, Gerard Malanga, Paul Mariah, Wayne McNeill, Taylor Mead, Tom Meyer, James Mitchell, James Nolan, Harold Norse, Frank O'Hara, Chuck Ortleb, Stan Persky, Robert Peters, Vincent Sacardi, Ron Schreiber, Perry Scott, Charley Shively, Aaron Shurin, David Emerson Smith, Jack Spicer, George Stanley, Richard Tagett, Hunce Voelcker, John Wieners, Jonathan Williams, Terence Winch, Ian Young. * Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (1984), 136, states Canadian poets include Wayne McNeill, Ian Young and E. A. Lacey. Review: Gay News no. 94 (1976), 17 by *Rictor Norton. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10437. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2327. Poet from Italy writing in Italian. 126Q-131Q. Born in Siena he was opposed to *Dante. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amicizia amorosa, 41-43: *sonnets; biog., 39. Criticism. Arcadie 71 (November 1959), 585-590: article and French translation by *Roger Peyrefitte. Pseudonym of a poet possibly from Iran who wrote in Persian. Active ca. 159Q. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A'in i Akbari anthology, 64B-49 - a homosexual love poem is on p. 649; biog., 64B - states his real name is Yol Quli. Anjos, Augusto de Carvalho Rodrigues dos Poet from Brazil writing in Portuguese. Born 1884. He published a single volume Eu (1912), which had gone into thirty editions by 1965. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poemas do amor maldito, 21; biog., 20. Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, An Bibliography in English from the United States. New York and London: Garland, 2 volumes, 1976. The most comprehensive bibliography of homosexuality in its coverage so far, though no longer the most up to date (for later bibliographies see *Waynes Dynes and *Gary Simes). It was compiled by *Vern L Bullough, *W. Dorr Legg, *Barrett W. Elcano and James Kepner. *Dorr Legg was a major force behind the work which gives evidence of use of major United States research libraries such as the *Library of Congress. Volume 1 covers science, law, religion, medicine etc; volume 2 is literature and is divided into several sections including "Poetry". Overall the work has 15 sections. Despite many imperfections and much carelessness in entries, as far as poetry goes it first cites many little known poets and volumes relating to male homosexuality. "Poetry", volume 2, pp. 255-91, is the largest poetry listing before this Encyclopedia. There are 794 book or journal references to poets and poems (referring to about 370 poets, which is less than the 500 in *Ian Young's bibliography in the second, 1982, edition). It includes both gay male and lesbian poetry. Some ninety percent of the poets are men and all are included in this encyclopedia though reference to lesbian material has not been included. Most entries relate to poets writing in *European languages (there are only a handful of poets from China, for instance). Male and female gay poets are included together, alphabetically arranged. Entries consist of author, title of book (or poem), place of publication, publisher and date of publication. While there are some annotations in the poetry entries, in most cases reasons for inclusion are not given. Most entries are to books but some entries cite poems in journals, notably * One Magazine with which some of the editors were connected. (The method of citation is not always easy to follow). It incorporates many previous works especially in German: e.g. the bibliographies in the * Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwishchenstufen and the work of *Ernst Günther Welter. There are many typographical errors due to the hasty compilation of the work for publication (*Jim Kepner to the author, 1988; he stated the work was put together from file cards and little checking was done, the main effort being in the end to get it published). Some entries lack information on place of publication, publisher and date of publication and sometimes titles are wrongly entered; in addition, transcription of titles frequently does not follow exactly the title on the title page in relation to punctuation. Examination of poetry entries included shows that the reason for an entry can include one poem - or several poems - dealing with homosexuality or about a person known to be homosexual in a book of a poet. The fact that the poet is believed gay is another reason for entries (in which case - e.g., *Allen Ginsberg - all books of poetry are cited though some may not contain obviously gay poems). In cases where entries are not annotated (and most entries are not annotated), books must be examined individually for the reason for entry. Entries for major gay writers, for instance *Martial or *Marlowe do not cite the first edition but usually a commonly available edition. There is an Index of Authors pp. 385-426 and an Index of *Pseudonyms on pp. 427-35. Entries show that the first English bibliography * A Catalogue of Selected Books...of a Student of Boyhood, Youth and Comradeship (1924) was consulted and the poets listed there included. Many poets appear in the first edition of *Ian Young's Male Homosexual in Literature, 1975, and it is uncertain whether they were taken from this source or found independently. Poets in the bibliography also appear in the second edition of Ian Young's bibliography (1982), which supercedes An Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality for almost all items in English (exceptions are references in journals: e.g., the references to poems in the journal One Magazine). The work overall is, after *Ian Young's * Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition (1982), the second most wide ranging listing of homosexual poetry references, ever compiled so far. Its main emphasis however, is on English language poets. See also the introduction and discussion of the evolution of the project volume 1, pp. vii-xxii. There is a list of gay *journals, the most comprehensive to its date (including literary journals); see volume 2, pp. 334-350. A card index of items by Dorr Legg, stated to consist of 25,000 items, exists in the library of *One Inc. which supplements the Annotated Bibliography. A four volume manuscript of an extended bibliography exists at One; this is mentioned in the program of the thirtieth anniversary of *One Institute. Poem in English apparently from the United States. A poem - or part of one - in English quoted on the title page of the novel Imre by *Xavier Mayne (pseud.), Naples, 1906: "The whole heart exhaled into One want,/ I found the thing I sought, and that was - thee." The author has not been identified though he or she may be a United States *transcendentalist such as *Emerson since the poem is in the transcendental vein; see also *mysticism. Also quoted on the title page is the following: "The *Friendship which is Love - the Love which is Friendship". Poem and song in Portuguese from Brazil. Recorded ca. 1920. See Trevisan, Perverts in Paradise, p. 87, re a *Carnival song 1920s on Febronio, a famous gay *prisoner (Trevisan quotes part of the song); see also pp. 79-83. Poems in Acehnese from Indonesia from before 1995. Poems about the beauty of boys are known from before 1995 (Dr. Dede Otomo, Universitas Salitiga, Surabaya, Indonesia, to the author; Dede Otomo is an openly gay Indonesian academic who regularly appears on television in a gay capacity); see his "Homoseksualitas di Aceh" in Gaya Nusantara, no. 11 (July 1989). Acehnese, an *Austronesian language, is spoken in Indonesia on the north of the island of Sumatra, the largest island, adjacent to Java. See C. Snouck Hurgronje, The Achchnese, 2 volumes (London and Leiden, 1906) for details of these people; see also the entry in Amiram Gonen, editor, The Encyclopedia of the Peoples of the World (1993), under "Atjehnese" and in Paul Hockings, editor, Encyclopedia of World Cultures (New York, 1993) (with bibliography). There has been a struggle by the Acehnese to rule themselves for many years. They were effectively self ruling until 1961. The Acehnese are *Muslims, though animistic traditions are present in religious practice. Poems in Armenian from Armenia are known from before 1800. See Hovanessian, Anthology of Armenian Poetry, p. 28 ("Stranger"), p. 33 ("Your Bosom"), p. 34 ("Andouni") - highly *mystical folk poems showing Persian *influence, some capable of homosexual interpretation Poems in Japanese from Japan are known from ca. 1185. Japanese. *Maggie Childs, "Japan's Homosexual Heritage", Gai Saber, volume 1 number 1 (Spring 1977), 41, cites poems about homosexual relationships between monks in the Heian period (which ended in 1185) which were found by the Japanese author S. Takikawa and also in *Gozan literature. See also Partings at Dawn, 123 (from the anthology *Iwatsutsuji). Poems written by male *prostitutes and about them exist. Leupp, Male Colors: The Construction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan, 139: a poem about the relationship of pages and lords. Translation into German: see the Anonymous comic song on pederasty cited in p. 122 of'Ferdinand Karsh-Haack, Das gleichgeslechtliche Leben der Ostasiatischen Kulturvolker, Munich, 1906, cited in the Japanese journal Fuzoku Gaho, 1894, no. 66 and 1897, no. 152. Poems in Korean from Korea are known from ca. 1600. See Lee, Poems from Korea, pp. 155-58; all poems are in the *sijo form and many are *non gender specific love poems. Poems in Spanish from Spain are known from ca. 1600. In Pierre Alzieu, Floresta de poesías eroticaas del siglo de oro (Toulouse, 1975), see poem no. 30, "Hallandose dos damas en faldeta" (pp. 46-47), no. 121 "Aqui, de semilla gomorrea" (pp. 238-39), both the preceding being *sonnets, and no. 129 "A un puto" (To a male *prostitute) (pp. 250-510. These poems are notable works from an era thought to have produced few poems referring to homosexuality. Poet from Great Britain writing in Welsh. Active ca. 850. See Gwen Jones, editor, The Oxford Book of Welsh Verse in Translation (Oxford, 1977), p. 10: from the poem "Hateful old age" - "What I loved as a lad I now curse:/ A girl, a stranger, a horse.../ No girl wants me, no friend haunts me". Anonymous poets and poems - English Poets and poems in English from Great Britain are known from ca. 1595. See the poem "Zeus to steal boy *Ganymede" (trans, from the * Palatine Anthology) in Christopher Street no. 183 (July 1992), 14; this work is possibly by Jeffrey Nickel. Poets and Writers in Folsom Prison (San Francisco, 1974), 59 pp., has some poems of relevance (copy sighted: John Willis collection). See also the poem *"Aesthete of aesthetes" and the collection *In Re Walt Whitman. Many *limericks are anonymous, as are *parodies of poems. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 155-56: an *elegy on *Sir Philip Sidney. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 63: "Blue Boy"; 99: poem "Les Decadents" (ca. 1900). Anonymous poets and poems - French Poems in French from France are known from ca. 1580. See Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, p. 383: apparently an anonymous lampoon about *Viau; p. 404 - poem called *"The Hermaphrodite" (ca. 1580); p. 411 - a street song on the burning at the stake of Chausson (see also *Claude Le Petit). See *Pierre de L'Estoile regarding poems on *Henri III and *Marc Daniel (pseud.) regarding poems from the seventeenth century accusing people of homosexuality or about persons convicted of homosexuality. Poems from French manuscripts found in Paris libraries and archives exist in the collection of *Giovanni Dall'Orto: e.g., Bibliothèque de l'Arsenal MS N. 4123 Recueil Conrart vol. 18, pp. 29, 39, 201, 206, 235, 239, 364; there are quite a large number of these poems from the seventeenth century to 1789. Anonymous poets and poems - Latin Poems in Latin from Italy, France, Great Britain and Germany survive from ca. 525. Anonymous Latin poems (some with English translations) survive in abundance from the early *middle ages from ca. 525, especially in *manuscripts in European libraries in Italy, France, Great Britain and Germany from which countries poems originated; the earliest poems are from north Africa, which had been occupied by the Latin-speaking Romans. The largest collection is in * Medieval Latin Poems of Male Love and Friendship which lists many anonymous poems from *medieval manuscripts. See Anthologies below for poems. The outstanding feature of the manuscript poems is the number of *graffiti poems on homosexual themes, poems which were apparently composed by anonymous scribes and poets and inserted into manuscripts (which mostly originated in monasteries). The use of *pseudonyms by Latin homopoets is a form of anonymous publication. See also *"Quam pravus est". Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 117: from a MS of Monte Cassino. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 114, 118-130 (twelfth century poets), 141 (sixteenth century). Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance and Homosexuality, 381-401. Medieval Latin Poems of Male Love and Friendship, 8-13 (poems from Anthologia Latina from north Africa, dated ca. 525), 22-27 (eleventh century manuscript), 84-143: poems from manuscripts, twelfth and later centuries including * Altercatio Ganimedis et Helene and *Carmina Burana; notes 144-45, 147-48, 155-63. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 140-42: poems from the * Latin Anthology (ca. 525), in Latin, also called the Anthologia Latina; 171-91, poems including some from the *Carmina Burana. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 472: citing a Latin poem on Lantfrid and Cobbo. Poems in Arabic from Spain and Arabic speaking countries (such as Egypt, Spain and Iraq) from before 1211. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Dar al-Tiraz: several fine gay love poems included (from before 1211). Orgasms of Light, 128-29 (ca. 1200?). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 287-95: brilliant gay poems from the * Arabian Nights trans. into English; 300-303 - poems from *al-Tifashi. Criticism. *Norman Roth, "'Deal Gently with the Young Man': Love of Boys in Medieval Hebrew Poetry of Spain", Speculum 57 (1982), 29: poem translated into English. Poems in Chinese from China survive from at least ca. 800. *Graeme Wilson has translated an anonymous poem of ca. 800 (in the collection of *Paul Knobel); the source of this poem was not supplied. Criticism. Hinsch, Passions of the Cut Sleeve, 156 (poet not known; source given foonote 66, p.199) - a *Ch'ing love poem to a man. Partings at Dawn, 104: a homoaffectional poem by a Japanese monk from an old commentary on the *Kokinshu. Poems in German from Germany and Switzerland survive from 1903. For the twentieth century, *Magnus Hirschfeld in Berlins drittes Geschlecht (6th printing, 1905), pp. 15-16, prints a poem of a gay man to his friend. See also *"Schwulenlied", *"An der linken Mann". Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 84-88: a list of over 100 names of which some 15 are definitely poets; poets apparently listed are Peter (1949), Norbert (Switzerland, 1958), Siegfried (1903), Max, Ein Erosjunger (1903), 16jarig, Olka, Niels, Zelte. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Andere Lieben, 64. Criticism. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, vol. 5 Part 1, (1903), 659-60: two poems "Kannst Du den Flug mit mir, o Freundin, wagen" and *"Eros (In des Orasis friedlich stillen Auen)"; see also p. 661. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 236: poem on *comradeship (ca. 1900). Poems in Greek from Greece survive from ca. 700 B.C. There were probably a great number of ancient Greek homosexual poets who wrote anonymously. A large number survive from ancient Greek (see Anthologies below). Many others, whose poems are *lost, undoubtedly existed. Poets may have had their names omitted from manuscripts by *scribes, although in the case of the * Theognidea and the * Anacreontea this can probably never be known. The ascription of the names of famous poets to the work of anonymous poets (e. g., in the Palatine Anthology) undoubtedly has also occurred. Most anonymous poets listed below seem to have written in the period to 150 B.C. (the end of the *Hellenistic age). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Palatine Anthology xii 19, 39-40, 55 (or *Artemon), 61-62, 66-67, 69, 79, 87-90, 96, 99-100, 103-04, 107, 111-12,115-16, 123, 130, 136, 140, 143, 145, 151-52, 155-56, 160. Palatine Anthology: see also Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 487. Eros: Die Männerliebe der Griechen, 61-64, 132 (no names given). Ioläus (1902), 80. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 51, 58-59. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 63-65, 73-74. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 95: list of anonymous poets in * Mousa Paidike; 121 - anonymous fragments; 135 - *epitaphs. Poems of Love and Liberation, 65: Palatine Anthology xii, 219. See also *Theognidea (700-ca. 460 B.C.) and * Anacreontea as both of these works contain *anthologies by what is apparently a large number of anonymous poets. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 43. Criticism. Symonds, A Problem in Greek Ethics, 41. Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 8 (1906), 660. Brandt , "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 9 (1908), 230: re book xi of the * Palatine Anthology; 274-79: book xii of the Palatine Anthology. Brandt, Sittengeschichte griechenlands, volume 2, 201-02. Buffiere, Eros adolescent, 682: eleven poems cited. Anonymous poets - Hebrew and Aramaic Poems in Hebrew from Spain and Iraq and other countries survive from ca. 1300; one poem is partly in Aramaic. Gay Poetry Anthologies. *T. Carmi, The Penguin Book of Hebrew Verse, 361-62, see the poems "The Enthralled Lover" and "The Fifteen-year-old Boy" translated from Hebrew into English (*gazelle, *Fawn and *cup bearer tropes); on p.111 Carmi states the poems in this section come from Spain, Egypt, Italy, France and Germany. Pagis, Hebrew Poetry, p. 65: a fine gay poem heard by *Alharizi in *Baghdad and translated into English (see his entry). Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, pp. 238-39: this poem, from Spain in the middle ages, and here translated into English, shifts into Aramaic in lines 15-25. Poems in Persian possibly from Iran survive from before 1838. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: Die Männerliebe der Griechen, 66-71: translated into German by *Hammer-Purgstall; 135-36. Poems probably in Turkish from Turkey survive from before 1838. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: Die Männerliebe der Griechen, 129-31 (possibly translated into German by *Thomas Schabert), 143-48 (translated into German by *Hammer-Purgstall). These poems are almost certainly Turkish poets; the only other possibility is Persian. Poet possibly from Germany writing in German. Active 1977. A writer of *post modernist free verse. The name of the poet is given as "Anonymous". Gay Poetry Anthologies. Schwüle Lyrik, schwüle Prosa, 7-16; biog., 8 (all data obscured). Poet from Afghanistan writing in Persian. 1006-1089. See Ibn 'Ata'Illa: The Book of Wisdom: Kwaja Abdullah Ansari: Intimate Conversations, translated by Victor Danner and Wheeler Thackston (London, 1994), pp. 184-87. Conventional *Sufi poetry. Poet and letter writer from France, later living in Great Britain, who wrote in Latin. 1033-1109. Born in northern Italy, he was an abbot in France and later Archbishop of Canterbury in Great Britain. Letters: see My Dear Boy: Gay Love Letters through the Centuries, pp. 33-36. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Iolaus (1902), 104-5. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 119-23: letters to monks. Medieval Latin Poems of Male Love and Friendship, 26-29: a poem celebrating his passionate friendship with his friend or lover Gundolf (with English translation); biog., 148-49 (recording his strong disapproval of physical homosexual acts). Poet from the United States writing in English. Active from 1957. See Contact Highs: Selected Poems 1957-87, (1990), 213 pages. Source: *Prinz Eisenherz catalog 90/1, p. 7. His books have only been published in private editions since 1961. Poet who wrote in German. Active before 1964. No entry was found in the *British Library General Catalogue or the * National Union Catalog for this poet. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 38: poem "Die taube Nuß (Drei Jahre lang hab ich... )"; no source given. The Latin name of the * Greek Anthology; it refers to both the *Planudean Anthology (first published in 1494) and the * Palatine Anthology. Entries in older library indexes for these works may be found under this title. Collection of poems in Latin from north Africa from possibly Tunisia or Algeria. Ca. 525. The collection was compiled in the sixth century and contains a selection of gay *epigrams. The poems include the tropes of *Hylas, *Ganymede, *Orestes and Pylades, *Nisus and Euryalus and *Hyacinth. Text: see the edition by *Shackleton Bailey (Stuttgart, Teubner, 1982). Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 44: Karl Bruch, Lateinische Anthologie, Rome, 1884. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Medieval Latin Poems of Male Love and Friendship, 8-13: gives eleven *anonymous poems from the anthology with English trans.; notes 144-45. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 140-42. The Latin name for the *Palatine Anthology, frequently abbreviated to Anth. Pal. in the literature; older library catalogues should be checked under this name. It was compiled ca. 980. Anthologie de l'amour turc Anthology in Turkish translated into French. Paris: Societé du *Mercure de France, 1905, 271 pages. Compiled by 'Edmond Fazy and 'Abdul-Halim Memdouch. Review: Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen vol. 7 (19Q5), B63-67: states seven poets deal with male homosexual love. It consists of a selection of 'Diwan poets. See entries for 'Baki, 'Fuzuli, 'Nabi, 'Nedim, 'Raghile Pascha, 'Selim, 'Zia Pascha (all discussed in the Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen article). This appears to be the first anthology of Turkish poetry in French. Being 'Ottoman Divan poets, the poets all have a significant interest for a homosexual reading. Rare. The Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, holds this work on microfilm. Anthologies in Arabic containing gay poems date from ca. 870 and were compiled in Iraq, Syria, Egypt and Spain. Apart from the *Dar at-Tiraz (ca. 1200) of *Ibn Sana al-Mulk (active ca.1200), so far as is known separate homosexual anthologies in Arabic have not existed, homosexual poems usually being incorporated into general anthologies of love poetry such as that of *Ibn Dawud (active 900), the Yatimat al-Dahr of *al-Tha'alibi (active 1000), the works of *Shihab al-Abchichi and *Shihab an-Nourwairi and the anthology * Moorish Poetry of *Ibn Sa'id (dating 1243). However a selection of extracts from poems on *friendship compiled by *Ibn Quytaiba (ca. 870) is possibly relevant as the first homoerotic anthology. Selections of homopoems are in *manuals of sex and *treatises of sex - e.g. those of *al-Tifashi (active 1200) and *al-Nawadji (active ca. 1400) - and in the * Arabian Nights (from where they have become widely known in translation). A large number of homopoems are cited in The Encyclopedia of Pleasure by *Abul Hasan 'Ali Ibn Nasr al-Katib in his discussion of homosexuality; so many poems are cited in this work as to make the poems included an anthology. The poems of *Abu Nuwas (ca. 756-810) may, in part, constitute an anthology similar to those of *Omar Khayyam and *Anacreon since, as with Omar Khayyam and Anacreon, poems were added to the initial corpus of the poet's work by *scribes (compare also the * Palatine Anthology); if these poems of Abu Nuwas are accepted as a homosexual anthology the first Arabic anthology begins ca. 850. The English anthology * In Praise of Boys is an Arabic homosexual anthology consisting of homosexual poems translated from the poems in the Spanish translation of *Emilio Garcia Gomez's translation of Ibn Sa'id's anthology. Compare overall *Anthologies - Greek (where homo and hetero love poems also exist in the same anthology, as also in Chinese anthologies). A general erotic anthology in French is Anthologie de l'amour arabe, edited by Ferdinand de Martino and Abdel Khalek bey Saroit, with introduction by *Pierre Louys, Paris: Mercure de France, 1902 (rare: the *Bibliothèque nationale holds a copy); a poem to a youth by *Abu Nuwas appears on p. 161 (other poems are to women). Translations of the above works are relevant (e.g., * Moorish Poetry). Most works have not yet been translated into European languages. Works are suspected in *manuscript. See also *Anthologies - Islamic. References. *Marc Daniel, "Arab Civilization and Male Love", Gay Sunshine 32 (Spring 1977), 5. Anthologies in Chinese with gay poems date from 479 B.C. and were compiled in China. No separate Chinese gay anthology is known (though in 1927 a collection of poems on the gay actor Hsu Tzu-Yun, * Yun-lang Hsiao Shih, was published). However homosexual readings of the Chinese classical anthologies are possible from the first collection of poems, the *Shih Ching (before 479 B.C.), a fact noted by the *Ch'ing scholar *Zhao Yi. (The compilation of the Shih Ching is traditionally ascribed to *Confucius, the first Chinese philosopher and the dominant Chinese philosopher until the *Communist period.) Given *gender ambiguity in written Chinese, all anthologies from this anthology are relevant; see also *gender switching. The anthology * Yu-T'ai Hsin-Yung (compiled in 545) included many homosexual love poems as well as heterosexual ones. Intimate *friendship is a constant motif in Chinese poetry to 1911 and the *Republican period. *Arthur Waley and others have commented on homoerotic aspects of this tradition. All poems in general anthologies on this theme are relevant and, as there are a huge number of such poems, large areas of all Chinese anthologies become relevant. For instance, intimate friendship is a theme throughout T'ang-shih san-pai-shou (Three Hundred Tang Poems), the most famous anthology of T'ang Period poetry, compiled in 1763 or 1764 by Heng-t'ang T'ui-shih (see entry in Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature); this anthology was the standard anthology for all scholars from the time of its compilation until the Communist period in 1948. *Indirect language is a most important consideration in Chinese anthologies; because of the use of such language, homosexuality may not be directly apparent. All scholars in Korea, Japan, and Vietnam and many in Tibet (and some in Thailand, Burma, Laos, Cambodia and even India) could read Chinese; hence Chinese poetry collections were read by people in all these countries. In addition, in Korea, Japan and Vietnam, anthologies in Chinese characters based on Chinese models - and deeply imitative of the Chinese - were compiled until around 1900. *Tuan-hsiu-pien, the first collection of homosexual texts in Chinese, is an anthology, but not of poetry. In French an Chinese erotic anthology exists containing poetry: Anthologie de l'amour chinois, compiled by Soulie de Morant (18781955), Paris: Mercure de France, 1932 (rare: the *Bibliothèque Nationale has a microfiche of this work). Gay anthologies in Dutch from the Netherlands date from 1979. Those published so far cover Dutch poetry from the time of *Guido Gezelle. Coverage has been excellent from 1900 on. See entries: *Naar vriendscaap zulk een mateloos verlangen (the first such anthology, published in 1979 and compiled by *Hans Hafkamp), *Mannenmaat (1980), compiled by *Gert Hekma, * David Heeft Ook Een.. (1985) compiled by *Mark Thornton, * Het huis dat *vriendschap heet (1985) compiled by *Rob Mooser and a short poetry anthology of thirty-four pages of 1986, * Hoe kan ik in woorden vangen. Anthologies of gay poetry in English from Great Britain, the United States, Australia, Canada and New Zealand date from 1561. English, with over seventy known gay poetry anthologies has the richest tradition of gay poetry anthologies of any language. The most far reaching (e.g., *Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, *The Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse and *The Eternal Flame) have been some of the most comprehensive ever assembled. Even so, English anthologies have been weak on Asian languages. *The Eternal Flame (of which volume one only, of the two volumes planned, was published in 1992) is by far the finest English language general survey of gay poetry and includes outstanding translations. Collections of gay prose from South Africa and New Zealand have recently been made. See the Overview - English entries for these countries. The first English gay poetry anthology may be, in retrospect, *Thomas Stanley's translation of the Anacreontea in 1561, a translation of a Greek homosexual anthology. * Anacreon done into English (1683; repr.) also has claims as an early anthology. The first gay anthology as such was *Edward Carpenter's * Iolaus (1902) emanating from Great Britain, while the first United States anthology was *Men and Boys (1924); both these anthologies included extensive translation of poems from other languages. For anthologies covering the *eighteen-nineties period see the separate entry *Eighteen-nineties anthologies - English. In the contemporary period Eros: An Anthology of Friendship (1961) is a brilliant general anthology while * Sexual Heretics (1970) covers the period of British poetry from 1850 to 1900. * The Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse (1983) is the most comprehensive recent anthology of poets in English and of poets translated into English. The *gay liberation period from 1968 has been particularly rich in anthologies especially those emanating from the United States - starting in 1973 with * The Male Muse. *Gay Roots (1991), compiled by *Winston Leyland covers this period for United States poets. Australian anthologies start with * Edge City (1983). Apart from the 1977 work * Larkspur and Lad's Love, separate Canadian anthologies do not exist, Canadian authors having been incorporated into United States anthologies. Recent trends have been towards anthologies based on country (see * Take any Train, which is a British anthology), combining gay male and female poets (see *Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, *Pink Ink) and towards increased specialization: see * Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches (an anthology of World War One poets) and *The Road Before Us: 100 Black Gay Poets. *Aids anthologies started with the Australian * Love and Death (1987) and include * Poets for Life (1989). Aids has been a major theme of gay poetry from 1983. For the extensive translation of anthologies from other languages into English (which constitutes another rich tradition of English homosexual anthologies), see *Anthologies - Arabic, - French, - Greek, - Latin, - Turkish, - Urdu. Anthologies of poems compiled by known homosexuals also need to be considered (e.g. *T. E. Lawrence). Gay poems are now being included in general anthologies of sexual material e.g., in Fiona Pitt-Kethley, The Literary Companion to Sex (London, 1992). Great Britain. British anthologies begin with translations of Greek anthologies, notably, the poems of the * Anacreontea translated by *Thomas Stanley in 1561: however these were not really accepted as anthologies at the time, though they may seem so now. (Translations of *Theognis, from 1842, may also be counted anthologies.) The Elizabethan poetry anthology * England's Helicon (1600; reprinted) contained several gay poems mostly in the *pastoral mode and one of *Shakespeare's sonnets appeared in a collection of poems in 1598 - thus showing that in the Elizabethan period homo and heterosexual poems could be in the same anthology. The *lost work * Ancient and Modern Pederasty Investigated (1749) may have contained poetry. See individual entries: * Love in Idleness (1883) - actually a collection by several poets and not an anthology as such, * Iolaus: An Anthology of Friendship (1902; repr.) - the first English gay anthology as such and constantly in print, *Oliver Hill (regarding three *Uranian anthologies published 1923-1930 which contain both homosexually and heterosexually orientated poems and are not as such homosexual anthologies), *Eros: An Anthology of Male Friendship (1961), a very comprehensive collection, * Sexual Heretics (1970) covering the period 1850-1900 and consisting of poetry and prose, * Speaking Out (ca. 1982), *Son of the Male Muse (1983), containing some British poets, *The Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse (1983), very comprehensive including translations from many languages, * Not Love Alone (1985), a contemporary British survey, Tongues Untied (1987), a *Black anthology of British and United States poets, Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches (1989), a brilliant anthology centring on the first World War, *And Thus Will I Freely Sing (1989) consisting of Scots poets in English and Gaelic, * Take Any Train (1990) and the very fine * Language of Water, Language of Fire (1992), both the latter two being general anthologies. * The Eternal Flame (1992) is outstanding in every way. * Beyond Paradise is a combined gay and lesbian anthology published in 1990. * Turning Points (1995) is an anthology of northern gay writers, with a few poems. Translations of anthologies in other languages - as is the case of the * Anacreontea and *Theognis from Greek or *The Penguin Boook of Turkish Verse - also constitute English homosexual anthologies: for a list of languages involved see above in the overall discussion of English anthologies. From 1990, gay sexual poems have started to enter general British anthologies: see for example John Whitworth, The Faber Book of Blue Verse, (London, 1990). United States. American originated gay poetry anthologies start with * Men and Boys (1924), though United States printings of the British originated anthology * Iolaus existed from 1902. The 1964 anthology, * Bugger, was the first anthology devoted to poems about *anal sex; however, its poems were both heterosexual and homosexual. Anthologies are richest in the *gay liberation period from 1968 and more date from this period than prior to it. Since then the United States has predominated in the publication of gay poetry anthologies in English, and, indeed, in any language. A recent development has been a number of anthologies of black writers: see below. See individual entries: Iolaus (1902 onwards; separate United States printings existed), Men and Boys (1924), Four From the Circle (1959), Five x Four [5 x 4] (1959), Eros: An Anthology of Friendship (1963; United States printing), Bugger: An Anthology of Anal Erotic Pound Cake Cornhole, Arse-Freak, & Dreck Poems (1964), Greek Love (1964; includes a large selection of poetry), Angels of the Lyre (1975), In Praise of Boys (1975), Orgasms of Light (1977), Now the Volcano (1978), We Bumped Off Your Friend the Poet (1978), The Poetic Friends Nosegay: An Anthology of Gay Quaker Poetry (1978), L'amour bleu (1978; United States printing of the English translation of *Beau Petit Ami), Gay Bards: An Anthology of Poetry (1979), Hidden Heritage: History and the Gay Imagination: An Anthology (1979), Brother Songs: A Male Anthology of Poetry (1979), I Promise You This: An Anthology of Poems for Harvey Milk (1979), A True Likeness: Lesbian & Gay Writing Today (1980), Sage Writings from the Lesbian and Gay Men's Writing Workshop at Senior Action in a Gay Environment (1980), Son of the Male Muse (1983), Medieval Latin Poems of Male Love and Friendship (1984), In The Life: A Black Gay Anthology (1986), Tongues Untied (1987; British compiled, but includes United States poets), Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time (1988), Poets for Life (1989), In the Manner of Friends: an anthology of lesbian and gay Quaker poetry (ca. 1990), The Road Before Us: 100 Black Gay Poets (1991), Brother to Brother (1991), Unending Dialogue (1991), Here to Dare: 10 Gay Black Poets (1992), Gents, Bad Boys, and Barbarians (1995), The Name of Love (1995), The Badboy Book of Erotic Poetry (1995), The Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature (1998: includes much prose however), A Day for a Lay (1999), The World in Us: Lesbian and Gay Poetry of the Next Wave (2000), Word of Mouth (2000), Love speaks its name: gay and lesbian love poems (2001). These anthologies mainly consist of United States poets though some are general anthologies and some include British and Canadian poets. Recent trends have seen a number of anthologies by black gay poets; Word of Mouth covers poets wrting from 1950. An anthology of gay *Buddhist poems appears in *Winston Leyland, Queer Dharma: voices of Gay Buddhists, 1995, pp. 392-416 (in the section "Queer Dharma Poetry"). Announced for 1993 in James White Review vol. 10 No. 1, p. 2, was The Other Garden, an anthology of English and Spanish poetry but is not known whether this anthology has been published since no record of it has been found. Translations of homosexual anthologies in languages other than English made in the United States and published in the United States also need to be considered. For a list of languages see the general survey above; see also * The Delight of Hearts (1988) and *Gay and Lesbian Poetry: An anthology from Sappho to Michelangelo (1995) both of which are anthologies of English translations. Anthologies of poetry compiled by gays are relevant: see, for instance, *Edward Field. Gay poetry journals such as * Mouth of the Dragon (1974-80) constitute anthologies for the periods published. The * James White Review (1983+) publishes poetry and its issues constitute anthologies. In 1936 Henry Justin Smith and *Lloyd Lewis published Oscar Wilde in America which contains poems on Oscar Wilde written while he was in the United States in 1882. Two brilliant anthologies containing many poems on *Walt Whitman are *In Re Walt Whitman (1893), and *Walt Whitman: The Measure of His Song (1981). The anthologies from Great Britain listed above constitute works available to United States readers (just as United States anthologies now do for readers in other parts of the English speaking world). Gay poetry is now frequently included in general anthologies. Between the Cracks : The Daedalus Anthology of Kinky Verse (1997) edited by *Gavin Dillard contains some gay poems. An anthology mentioned in James White Review vol. 4 no. 1 (Fall 1986), 16 where it was said to be upcoming is The Classic Voice in Contemporary Gay Poetry; the poet *Steven Finch who lives in Switzerland is said to have a poem in it and it was compiled by *William Barber. However, no record of this work has been found. Bibliogaphies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, p. 350: list of (mostly) US anthologies. Canada * Larkspur and Lad's Love (1977) is the only separate Canadian gay poetry anthology recorded. Canadian poets are included in the following United States anthologies: The *Male Muse (1973) which was compiled by the Canadian Ian Young, * Angels of the Lyre (1975), *Son of the Male Muse (1983) - compiled by *Ian Young - and * Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time (1988). They are also included in such British anthologies as * Eros: An Anthology of Friendship (compiled by *Patrick Anderson who was a Canadian) and *The Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse (1983). *Plushis a collection containing the works of five poets, published in 1995; some of the poets are from the United States. Bibliographies. Homosexuality in Canada, first edition (1979), 17-18: lists general poetry anthologies in which "at least one Canadian gay work is printed"; most works refer to anthologies containing a poem or poems by *Ian Young. Australia. Anthologies originating in Great Britain and United States originated mentioned above were read in Australia before contemporary Australian originated anthologies. One Australian poet, *J. Le Gay Brereton, was included in the British anthology Sexual Heretics (1970); he was also included in * The Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse (1983). See entries for *Edge City (1983) - the first anthology (containing combined poetry and prose),* Songs of the Gay Liberation Quire (1986; protest songs), *Love and Death (1987), *Pink Ink (1991), * Australian Gay and Lesbian Writing (1993). The first anthology containing gay poems is believed to have been a song book compiled by Jenny Pausacker in Adelaide in the late seventies: it contained the song "Come all ye merry poofs and dykes", a send up of "Come all ye merry men of England"; no copy has come to light so far. Homosexuality has now entered general anthologies though only in a muted way: see Rodney Hall, The Collins Book of Australian Poetry, 1981 (*Francis Webb, "Homosexual" p. 238; Adamson, "Action would kill it", p. 355); Vincent Buckley, Faber Book of Australian Verse, 1991, p. 223 (*Robert Adamson's "Action would kill it" - dedicated "For Keith Hull, 1961", p. 223); John Tranter and Philiip Mead, The Penguin Book of Modern Australian Poetry, 1991 (Webb, "Homosexual", p.145). Bibliographies. See Hurley, Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia. Other countries. New Zealand. *When Two men Embrace (1999) is the first gay male anthology and is entirely of poems by nine poets. South Africa. The anthology * Invisible Ghetto (1993) from South Africa, a combined prose and poetry anthology was the first gay anthology. India. *A Lotus of Another Color (1993) includes some poems as does *Yaraana (1990). Aids anthologies. Anthologies inspired by *Aids started with the combined poetry and prose anthology the Australian * Love and Death (1987), the first anthology known in the world on this subject. United States. *Poets for Life is the response of seventy-six poets to Aids (note: the poets and the inspirers of their poems in this anthology are not necessarily gay). * Unending Dialogue is another anthology. Great Britain. *How Can You Write a Poem... (1993) was the first British anthology and * Jugular Defences (1994), the second. Anthologies after 1983 should also be consulted (e.g., * Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time) as they may contain poems on Aids. Black antholgies. These have been a recent development in Great Britain and United States giving voice to a new *black gay consciousness. The first were * Voices Against the Wilderness (1983) compiled by *William L. Surrah and * Black Men/ White Men (1983), an anthology about black and white gays being together, but nevertheless containing a selection of black gay poets from *Langston Hughes on. See also *In the Life (1986), *The Road Before Us: 100 Black Gay Poets (1991), * Brother to Brother (1991), *Here to Dare: 10 Black Gay poets (1992) - all compiled in the United States; * Tongues Untied (1987) is a combined United States and British anthology which inspired a film by *Marlon Riggs. The anthology from Great Britain * Not Love Alone (1985) contained the black poet *Stephen Bourne. *Marcellus J. Muthien was in Take Any Train (1990). *Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time (1988) also includes many black poets. Gay Poetry Anthology Index is a list available on the *Internet compiled by Donny Smith; it includes anthologies in languages other than English. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, p. 350: a list of gay English anthologies (includes prose anthologies). Anthologies - European languages Gay poetry anthologies in European languages date from 460 B.C. and have been compiled in all languages and countries from Greek in Greece to Russian in Russia to English in the United Kingdom. Greek. The first European language anthology, the Greek * Theognidea, is believed compiled ca. 460 B.C. but has material possibly dating from 700 B.C. The *Renaissance saw translations into the various European languages of *Theognis (whose corpus may also be an anthology) and the * Anacreontea (now accepted as an anthology but formerly thought to be all the work of the poet *Anacreon). The first surviving modern anthology - consisting of poetry and prose - was the 1838 German anthology by *Heinrich Hössli. Two fine anthologies from the beginning of the twentieth century were the German *Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe in der Weltliteratur and the English anthologist *Edward Carpenter's Iolaus (1902), the first English anthology, later widely reprinted. Latin and to a lesser extent Greek were languages of learning until the twentieth century so anthologies in these languages, especially Latin, provided a source of homoanthologies to the educated persons of Europe (Latin was read by all educated persons in western Europe and by Catholics in eastern Europe). Anthologies have proliferated in the *gay liberation period since 1969. * L'amour bleu (1978), originating in French as *Beau petit ami (which work was translated into English and German as L'amour bleu) has been so far the most widely read of all European anthologies with the exception of * The Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse in English. *The Eternal Flame in English is the most wideranging homosexual anthology ever compiled. English has become the most widely spoken European language so anthologies in it are of special importance. For Catalan. Dutch. English. French. German. Italian. Latin. Portuguese. Russian. Spanish, see 'Anthologies - Catalan etc. So far Russian has had only one anthology * Eros Russe though an anthology has been assembled in English translation: *Out of the Blue. A recent anthology in Slovenian is *Drobci stekla v ustih. T ranslations of older anthologies from one European language to another constitute anthologies: for example, translations of the * Palatine Anthology and of the * Mousa Paidike - both of which have been copiously translated. Similarly with translations of homosexual anthologies from non-European languages (e.g., Arabic) into European languages - for instance, * In Praise of Boys (translated from Spanish to English; the Spanish text is itself a translation from Arabic) and * Partings at Dawn (a translation from works in Japanese to English). Gay poetry anthologies exist in French from 1977 and were compiled in France. French has a long tradition of erotic poetry anthologies dating from 1616 (see, for instance, in Pia, Les Livres de l'Enfer, vol. 1, columns 143-49, the works called Le Cabinet satyrique and Le Cabinet secret du Parnasse). Examination of some of these earlier erotic poetry anthologies held in the *Deane Erotica collection, University of Sydney, shows they are uniformly heterosexual though some may contain an occasional poem on homosexuality - usually dealing with *sodomy - or by a gay poet. For old erotic poetry anthologies with gay material see *Priapus, *Satyr. The first two anthologies were *Beau petit ami (1977) and *Les Amours masculines (1984): both these anthologies are historically centered, very fine works and among the best anthologies in *European languages. Pour tout l'amour des hommes (1998) is the latest anthology which is wide-ranging starting with reference to Gilgamesh and finishing with a selection of twentieth century poets. All these anthologies mix poetry with prose. * L'amour en... vers et contre tout consists of fifty-seven little known poets and was published in 1989. Continuing the earlier trend, a number of general anthologies of French erotic poetry were compiled from the mid-nineteenth century when homosexual poetry first openly appeared (initially dealing with lesbianism as in *Verlaine's volume Les Amies, 1868). *Georges Pillement has edited two general erotic poetry anthologies. *André Malraux compiled a work with some gay poets. See also Marcel Bealu, editor, La Poesie érotique de la langue française (1971; enlarged edition 1976). Translations of anthologies in other languages into French (e.g., the * Mousa Paidike) are also relevant. *Georges Hérelle published an anthology from Greek in 1930. See also *A. Dandini. Bibliographies. Pia, Les Livres de l'Enfer, vol. 2, columns 949-51, 999-1011 (especially a series called Le Parnasse satyrique); lists anthologies which are basically hererosexual but which may contain some gay poems. Anthologies of gay poems in German date from 1838 and were compiled in Germany and Switzerland. The first German anthology *Eros: Die Männerliebe der Griechen (1838) compiled by *Heinrich Hössli was the first modern gay anthology compiled in a *European language and the second German anthology * Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe in der Weltliteratur (1900) was the second. These two works are international in scope, including Arabic, Persian and Turkish poets, though Chinese and Japanese poets are neglected. Each issue of the journal * Blätter für die Kunst was a defacto anthology for the period covered (1892-1919), collecting as it did the work of the *Stefan George circle. *Die Beutung der Freundesliebe fur Fuhrer und Volker (1923) compiled by *Adolf Brand in the Weimar period was a concise anthology concentrating on love and friendship. The period from 1933 to *gay liberation in 1968 is particularly bleak due to the rise of the *Nazis and the Second World War. * Schwule Lyrik, schwule Prose (1977) and * Milchsilber (1979) are gay liberation anthologies produced in west *Berlin which has been a center of gay poetry publishing; both are strikingly illustrated and each has a strong *anarchist streak, as is the case of * Maldoror im blauen Mond (1980), a small anthology *chapbook published in Berlin by the publisher *Maldoror Flugschriften. * Schreibende Schwule (1978) was a prose and poetry compilation based on a gay writing group in Berlin. * Keine Zeit fur gute Freunde (1982), covering the pre-gay liberation decades contained a few poems and covers 1933 to 1959: the title means "no time for a good friend". *Enstellte Engel (Disfigured Angel; 1983) has been highly regarded. * Andere Lieben (1988), an anthology of mixed poetry and prose, is the most comprehensive recent anthology. * Die Stumme Sünde contains an anthology of medieval German poets. *"Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen" is a brilliant anthology of European poetry from ancient Greek to the contemporary period. *Ach Kerl ich krieg dich nicht aus meinem Kopf - Männerliebe in deutschen Gedichten unseres Jahrhunderts (1997) is the most comprehensive anthology of twentieth century poetry. Translations of anthologies originating in other languages into German constitute gay poetry anthologies in German, especially the ancient Greek anthologies such as the * Palatine Anthology and the * Mousa Paidike (see *Friedrich Forberg for Latin). L'amour bleu (1977), a translation of the French anthology * Beau Petit Ami, is in the great tradition of the first two German anthologies; it has remained in print continuously and remains the standard German gay anthology. Its fine illustrations of gay art and large size make it equally an art book. Anthologies - Greek Homosexual poetry anthologies in Greek from Greece date from ca. 460 B.C. Greek has the oldest surviving tradition of explicitly homosexual anthologies in the world in written form. Works come from Greece, Turkey and Egypt. Some written material may predate the appearance of homosexuality on Greek vases (about 490 B.C.) and some material has been dated as originating from 700 B.C.: see *Theognidea. The earliest anthology, Book II of *Theognis, is - in the majority view of scholars - an Athenian song book for singing in a homoerotic *symposium setting, compiled around 460 B.C. So too, is a group of songs containing two homosongs whose text survives in *Athenaeus. Book I of Theognis is a similar anthology but is homosexual only by implication. All Greek anthologies from Theognis to the * Mousa Paidike were song books for symposium settings. See entries: * Theognidea (700-460 B.C.), *Theognis (active 544 B.C.), *Athenaeus (active 200; material dating from ca. 450 B.C.), * Skolia, *Anacreontea (ca. 323B.C.-ca. 899), *Garland of Meleager (80 B.C.), *Garland of Philip (40 A.D.), *Mousa Paidike (117-38) itself Book 12 of the *Palatine Anthology, * Circle of Agathias (568), * Anthology of Constantine Cephalas (ca. 917), Palatine Anthology (ca. 980), *Planudean Anthology (1301). The Idylls of the *Hellenistic poet *Theocritus has claims to be an anthology as it includes forgeries or imitations. Most of the earlier anthologies were apparently assembled over hundreds of years and basically emerge from song traditions at symposiums: see the entry *songs. No anthologies exist from the *Byzantine period and during the Turkish occupation of Greece from the fifteenth to the nineteenth centuries no anthologies have come to light (if any existed - only oral poems from this period may be relevant). *Amerikanike homophylophile poiese (1982) an anthology of modern United States poets translated into modern Greek and Loose-Tongued Greeks (1983) is a collection of *bawdry with many oral homopoems (see the entry *Mary Koukoules) are two contemporary anthologies, though the latter is not specifically a homosexual anthology. Ancient Greek poetry anthologies mix homosexual and heterosexual poems frequently, as in the various works comprising the Palatine Anthology and the Anacreontea. From the first anthology (or possibly two anthologies) - in the Mutinensis manuscript of Theognis - to the Mousa Paidike, there were a series of homosexual anthologies in ancient Greek, proving a continuous gay culture; the passing on of this tradition in the Byzantine period shows continuing interest over 1,500 years. The general tenor of this poetry is joyous and funloving and it is apparent that succeeding anthologies relied on the previous ones. Before the Mousa Paidike the writers of the poems are unknown; or rather it seems, chose not to identify themselves (though see the Theognis entry on this point). The survival of the poems in manuscript in the Byzantine period, and - in the case of the Anacreontea - additions to the corpus of poems in the Byzantine period, refutes the notion that this period was uniformly hostile to homosexuality and that no homopoetry was written in it. The ancient Greek anthologies constitute the richest homosexual anthology tradition in European languages so far located before the *gay liberation period (when English comes into prominence). Translations of the above anthologies, of which there have been many, must also be considered as being anthologies: e.g., of Theognis, the Anacreontea, the Mousa Paidike and the Palatine Anthology. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 67: "Anthology". Criticism. Dover, Greek Homosexuality, 9-10, 14, 15. Anthologies - Islamic languages Homosexual poets are included in regular anthologies in *Islamic languages (Arabic, Persian, Turkish, Udru and other languages). Works survive from ca. 870 in Arabic and were composed in west and central Asia (Turkey, Iraq, Iran, India, Pakistan) and north Africa and Spain. Anthologies of homosexual poems in these languages are all similar in theme and subject matter (see *Influence - Arabic, - Persian, - Turkish). *Wine, the *cupbearer and the *coming of the beard are tropes which occur. See entries *Anthologies - Arabic, - Persian, - Turkish, - Urdu. Compare *Anthologies - European. A gay poetry anthology in Italian dates from 1982 and was compiled in Italy. *L'amicizia amorosa (1982), is the only gay Italian poetry anthology to date; *Piero Lorenzoni in 1976 published a collection of erotic works with significant gay content but this is not a gay anthology. French anthologies have been widely read in Italy. Translation of anthologies in other *European languages (for instance, the *Palatine Anthology) also constitute anthologies in Italian. Since Italian is modern Latin and Latin was read by all *scholars and officials in the *Catholic Church, Latin *anthologies are also relevant: it is from these Latin works that most Italian readers were familiar with gay poetry before the contemporary period. Anthologies of gay poems in Japanese compiled in Japan date from ca. 780. Material of relevance dates from the first Japanese anthologies of poetry: the * Manyoshu (ca. 780) and the imperial anthology the *Kokinshu, both of containing some gay poems. As with Chinese anthologies, homosexual poems are interspersed with heterosexual ones in classical anthologies and need identifying (including those capable of homosexual interpretation). *Indirect language complicates identification of gay poems. The only gay anthology so far, * Iwatsutsuji (Cliff Azaleas - the title is from a poem in the Kokinshu), dates from 1676. Two Chinese anthologies of relevance have been translated into Japanese: the * Shih ching and the *Yu-T'ai Hsin-Yung. Since all Japanese scholars read Chinese until recently and the Chinese material greatly infleunced the Japanese, *Anthologies - Chinese is relevant. The recent English language anthology From the Country of the Eight Islands (1981), translated by *Hiroaki Sato and Burton Watson ends with a selection from the homosexual poems of *Takahashi Mutsuo. Homosexuality has entered the mainstream, at least in translation. An anthology of Japanese gay poetry and prose in English is * Partings at Dawn (1996); this work has no Japanese counterpart however. Anthologies of Latin homosexual poetry relevance date from 525; they were composed in north Africa possibly in Tunisia or Algeria, Italy and west Europe. Though not an anthology exclusively of gay poems, the * Anthologia Latina (ca. 525) contained a selection of gay poems. The ancient collection of poems the *Priapeia - comprising material from 20 B.C. to 120, also has some homosexual connotations; this is not properly speaking a homosexual anthology. As Book I of *Theognis is an anthology, the first printed Latin anthologies were the Latin translations of *Theognis in the sixteenth century, beginning in 1543. Latin translations of the Greek * Anacreontea (from 1561) - which work contains many homopoems - constitute anthologies. *J. J. Reiske translated the Greek * Palatine Anthology into Latin (published 1752 and 1754) and thus constituting an anthology. In 1863 appeared a Latin translation of the * Mousa Paidike (Book 12 of the * Palatine Anthology) by *Deheque (see also the Latin *Dubner translation of the *Palatine Anthology of 1864-1890). All the preceding are, however, only de facto anthologies, being translations from the Greek. *Quinque illustrium poetarum (1791) is a collection of the works of five poets bound together, including three poets who wrote homopoems but is not, strictly speaking, an anthology; it contained the work of *Antonio Beccadelli, *Pacifico Massimo and *Ramusius. *F. K. Forberg included the texts of Latin sexual poems in his 1824 commentary on *Beccadelli making it a quasi anthology; it was not exclusively an anthology of homosexual poems since heterosexual poems were also included. John Boswell made the first actual anthology of Latin poets (from the middle ages) in 1981 at the end of * Christianity, Social Tolerance and Homosexuality though. The text of this work is in English, even though the poems are from Latin. Thomas Stehling's * Medieval Latin Poems of Male Love and Friendship (1984) is the first separate Latin anthology as such (but only covers the period 300 A.D. to 1300). *Gaio verso: poesia latina per l'altro amore(1982) is an anthology of *Roman poets. See also *Erotopaegnia, *Erotopaegnion, James Hutton. No comprehensive anthology of Latin homosexual and gay poems, which survive from the *Roman period to the twentieth century, exists. Although Forberg acts as a quasi-anthology for the *Roman period, there is no anthology for the period from the *Renaissance and, above all, there is no anthology covering the whole Latin heritage. Latin anthologies have been enormously influential since Latin was the language of *scholars and the *Catholic church in Europe and all over the world until the twentieth century. Homosexual poetry anthologies in Persian survive from ca. 1100; they appeared in Iran, Turkey, central Asia and India. As the entire Persian tradition is *pederastic, all anthologies in Persian of classical poets - the dominant style until 1945 (when modern poetry emerged) - must be considered. As an example, see the entry for the * A'in i Akbari anthology, ca. 1600, compiled in India under the Mughal Emperor Akbar, a work which consists entirely of homosexual love poems addressed to young males. The *saki or *cupbearer trope is specially relevant in Persian anthologies; indeed, there exists a genre called * Saqi-nama (Book of the Cupbearer) - of which forty-six at least are known - which may qualify in whole or part as gay anthologies. *Ehsan Yarshater refers in the reference below to an 18th century anthology by the poet 'Abd al-Nabi of Qazvin who compiled a whole tazkira or collection of notices devoted to the writers of saqi-namas (which he defines as collections of couplets in which the charms of the saqi as well as the delights of wine are described); this author has not been found in *Rypka, History of Iranian Literature (compare also the author mentioned in the article "Saqi-name" in Kindlers neues Literatur Lexikon; see also the Saqi-nama entry). The manuscript traditon of *Omar Khayyam (pseud.) constitutes a gay anthology tradition and the work itself is a Saqi-nama. Apart from being written in Persia (modern Iran), Persian poetry was also written in Turkey, in Central Asia, and in the Indian subcontinent following the Seljuk invasion of India and central Asia (see *Zuhuri). Persian literary traditions spread widely across these areas, so Persian poetic homoanthologies probably had wide currency (they were handed on by *scribes until the coming of the printing press in the nineteenth century). Persian poetry influenced Turkish, Arabic and Urdu poetry and in turn interacted with poetry in these languages: see also the anthology entries for these languages all of which are *Islamic languages. Translations of the aforementioned anthologies are also relevant. Criticism. *Ehsan Yarshater, "Persian Poetry in the Timurid and Safavid Periods", in Peter Jackson, editor, Cambridge History of Iran, volume 6, The Timurid and Safavid Periods, 1976, 975. Gay poetry anthologies in Portuguese date from 1969 and were compiled in Brazil and the United States. * Poemas do amor maldito (1969) is an historical gay poetry anthology compiled in Brazil of Brazilian poets; * Twenty-two Poemas Gays was published in Brazil in 1982. In English, * Now the Volcano (1978) is a poetry and prose anthology of contemporary *South American Portuguese and Spanish writers with Portuguese texts for the poets, compiled in the United States by *Winston Leyland. There is no anthology for gay poets from Portugal so far. Anthology in Russian from Russia. Ca. 1925. An anthology of Russian gay poetry was planned by a gay artistic circle called Antinoi' (Antinous) involving *Kuzmin and is recorded in his diary (information from the history of gay Russia on the *Internet by Dr. Dan Healey [pseudonym?]; reference: Mikhail Kuzmin i russkaya kul'tura XXreka: lektsiii materialy konferentsii 15-17 maia 1990g., ed. G. A. Morev, Leningrad: Sovet po istorii mirovoi kul'tury AN SSSR, 1990, p. 187 - this work is the papers of a conference on Kuzmin). The only Russian anthology is in English * Out of the Blue. Anthologies in Sanskrit from India. Anthologies of love poems exist in Sanskrit but no gay anthologies as such are known; these anthologies of love poems, compiled in India, date from 200 B.C. The *Upanishads (before 200 B.C.), one of the masterpieces of ancient Indian poetry, constitutes an anthology of *mystical poems. In anthologies of poems such as Vidyakara's Treasury (English translation by Daniel H. H. Ingalls, Cambridge, Mass., 1968, titled Anthology of Sanskrit Court Poetry) *hymns to *Krishna and *Siva as well as poems in the persona of Siva's consort Radha, written by men, are relevant; see also p. 57 of this work: a poem by Purusottama about a beautiful man. Vidyakara lived ca. 1075 and his collection covers the period 700 to 1050 with poems by many poets. Bhartrhari (possibly living ca. 650: see his entry Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, vol. 2) organized his three anthologies thematically and the first contains love poems (English translation by Barbara Stoler Miller, New York, 1967). The Sanskrit anthologies influenced similar Tamil love *anthologies (though their has been contention as to whether the Sanskrit or the Tamil anthologies are earlier). Both traditions have not yet been examined for homosexuality. Love poems written in the persona of a woman in the above anthologies need to be considered from a homosexual view. References. De Bary, Guide to Oriental Classics, 136-39. New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics, 589-90. Gay anthologies in Spanish date from 1979 and were compiled in Spain, the United States and Mexico. Only three Spanish gay anthologies exist. * Now the Volcano (1979) is a poetry and prose anthology of South American Spanish and Portuguese *gay liberation writers (with the Spanish and Portuguese texts for the poets as well as English translations); it was compiled in the United States by *Winston Leyland. *Poemes Gais (1978) is in Catalan and Spanish and covers *Iberian writers of the *gay liberation period; it was compiled in *Barcelona. * Primera antología de la poesia homosexual (1997) is the first Mexican gay poetry anthology. The anthology Lágrimas y cádenas: poesia y prosa feminista y del ambiente, bilingüe, espaol e inglés, edited by Celia de la Riva Rubio (Michoacán de Ocampo, Mexico: Colectivo Artístico Morelia, 1994) has feminist and homosexual poems and prose; not seen. Spanish translation of Arabic anthologies with a large amount of homopoetry must be considered (see, for instance, *Emilio Garcia Gomez) as well as Spanish translations of other anthologies (e.g., of the * Mousa Paidike and *Palatine Anthology). There is as yet no single historical Spanish anthology of Iberian or *South American writers. Announced for 1993 in * James White Review vol.10 No. 1, p. 2, was an anthology of English and Spanish poetry, The Other Garden but no record of this anthology has been located. Two recent general anthologies of erotic poetry have been compiled by Claudio Schvartz, Nueva antologia de amor and Antología de la poesia erotica (both published in *Buenos Aires before 1995); the second contains some gay poems showing a trend for gay poetry to be included in general anthologies. Anthologies of relevance in Turkish date from ca. 1600 and were compiled in Turkey and in countries of central Asia conquered by Turkey and where Turkish was spoken. All anthologies of *Ottoman *divan poets in Turkish are relevant; these are believed to date from at least 1600. The corpus of poems published under the name of *Yunus Emre is a defacto anthology. Translations of Turkish poetrv. All translations of Ottoman Turkish Divan poets are relevant and, because of the homosexual content of these anthologies, they are defacto anthologies; see, for instance, * Anthologie de l'amour turc (1905), a French translation of Turkish Ottoman poetry, translated by *Edmond Fazy and *Abdul-Halim Memdouch, and * The Penguin Book of Turkish Verse, in English. A French anthology Anthologie de l'amour asiatique (Paris: M de F, 1906; repr. 1907) compiled by Adolphe Thalasso contains some poems relating to Turkish which may be relevant(and also includes work from such languages as Cambodian); rare: a copy is in the Bibliothèque Nationale. *E. J. Gibb compiled the first English anthology in 1882 and another in 1901 ; his History of Ottoman Poetry contains large selections of poetry in translation. See New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics, p. 1314, for a list of English anthologies of Turkish poetry. Anthologies in Urdu of relevance were compiled in Pakistan and date from before 1972. All poetry anthologies in Urdu and translated from Urdu are relevant as the beloved is addressed in the male form in traditional poetry (see *gender switching, *Ralph Russell); anthologies as such have not been traced. Translations. English. See Ahmed Ali, The Golden Tradition (1973), with biographical notes and critical introduction (some poems relevant; see also Chapter 1 on the *gazelle trope). D. Matthews and C. Shackle, An Anthology of Classical Urdu Love Lyrics, 1972, with biographical notes and critical introduction is another such work (see, notably, p. 9). M. A. R. Barker and Shah Abdul Salam, Classical Urdu Poetry, 1977 (3 volumes, apparently in Urdu) is an anthology. Criticism. Rahman, "Boy love in the Urdu ghazal", Paidika vol. 2 no. 1 (1989), 14-15: tazkaras (anthologies with anecdotes and biographical notes) contain the work of minor poets dealing with homosex; poets in such anthologies mentioned. Anthology of Constantine Cephalas Anthology in Greek from Turkey. Compiled ca. 925. An anthology, now lost, dating probably from the late ninth or early tenth century, compiled by *Constantine Cephalas. It is the anthology on which the * Palatine Anthology is based. He used the collections of *Agathias Scholasticus, *Meleager, *Philip of Thessalonica and *Straton. The anthology of Cephalas is thus an important link between the earlier anthologies and the Palatine Anthology. Constantine Cephalas is known to have been in the Palace at *Istanbul in 917. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 67: "Anthology". Poet and anthologist from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1958. Born in *London, he was educated at University of Hull and Sterling where he took a Master of Philology in Modern Poetry. He compiled the anthology * Of Eros and Dust. The author of three books. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Take Any Train, 9-10; biog., 61. Language of water, 32; biog., 77. Of Eros and Dust, 24, 29, 35, 43-45 ("Wilde in the New Nineties" [fine poem about *Oscar Wilde returning from the dead in the 1990s]); biog., 85. Eros in Boystown, 55; biog., 59. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 77, 168. Anthropology is the study of the social organization and meaning of non-literate societies. It emerged as a serious area of study in relation to homosexuality from at least ca. 1885 (with *Richard Burton). Material is in English from Great Britain, Australia and other English speaking countries and in other *European languages as well as major written languages such as Chinese and Japanese. Though reference to foreign peoples goes back to ancient Greek and Chinese historians, the rise of anthropology, as the serious study of tribal peoples from the late nineteenth century, saw the investigation all over the world of sexual customs in non-literate societies. A huge anthropological literature has sprung up which has only been inadequately assessed for homosexuality and hardly at all for homosexuality in relation to poetry (most of which is still only recorded orally); as examples of poetry see *Cosmogonic Song and entries under *Sepik languages. An effect of this research has been to show how absurd were prohibitions against homosexuality in cultures prohibiting it and how relative the prohibitions were: cutures which severely stigmatized anal sex for instance such as English language speaking cultures sometimes dominated others where ritualized *anal sex was part of the cultures (for instance in relation to Papua New Guinea). *Ferdinand Karsh-Haack wrote the first detailed study of homosexuality from an anthropological point of view, in German. Das gleichgeschlechtliche Leben der Naturvölker (Same sex love amongst tribal peoples), which was published in 1911; this was an exhaustive and scholarly analysis of tribal societies worldwide which has still not been superceded in scope. On sexuality and anthropology see David Levinson, Encyclopedia of Cultural Anthropology, New York, 1994, volume 4, "Sexual Behavior", pp. 1161-68; see also "Sexual Orientation" pp. 1173-78. *Social constructionism, which emerged from sociology (which, as a scientific pursuit, split off from anthropology), has been strongly influenced by anthropology. Ellen Lewin and William L. Leap, Out in the Field, 1996, is a collection of essays by openly gay anthropologists mostly about the problems of conducting openly gay research in anthropology, including articles by *Stephen O. Murray, Will Roscoe and James Schafer (review: Journal of the History of Sexuality, vol. 8 no. 2, October 1997, 330-334). English. *Richard Burton's so-called "Terminal Essay" (1885) was the first survey in English of homosexuality and anthropology and includes reference to oral and written homosexual poems; see also *Andrew Lang, *Sir James Frazer, *Roger Goodland (who compiled a massive world-wide Bibliography of Sex Rites and Customs) and *Géza Roheim. The major cultural anthropologist Bronislav Malinowski wrote one of the rare sexual surveys of a tribal people (see *Songs and chants - Trobriand Islands language). The *Human Relations Area Files is a major resource in English, indexing several hundred cultures for homosexuality and giving references to homosexuality. *Gilbert Herdt has recently edited and written brilliantly on Papua New Guinean societies where homosexual rituals involving anal sex between men and boys have been discovered. German: see *Ferdinand Karsch-Haack, *Friedrich S. Krauss, *Gisela Bleibtreu-Ehrenberg, *Hubert Fichte. Spanish and Portuguese: relevant material on non literatre peoples goes back to the invasion of America and the conquest narratives. Homosexuality and poetrv. The anthropological literature has disclosed widespread homosexual practices frequently in relation to initiation ceremonies in tribal cultures (for example in Australia, Papua New Guinea and Africa) where elaborate *song cycles were performed. These ceremonies involved intense *male bonding (see 'Australian Aboriginal Languages, *African languages) with sometimes *anal sex being involved in the ceremonies - see *Papua New Guinea Languages. Most of the world's 6,000 languages have not been written down and a huge volume of oral poetry awaits assessment in languages from non-literate cultures. G. P. Murdoch in Outline of World Cultures, 6th revised edition, New Haven, 1983, lists some 10,000 living 'cultures (ancient cultures and those extinct are not included and since there are more cultures that 'languages of the world and 33,000 language names are known in excess of 33,000 cultures throughout history is possible; it should be noted that some of the known language names duplicate others so the list of known names would be less than 33,000 but at the same time it should be pointed out that the names of some spoken languages are not known and languages thought lost have been rediscovered: see *Dunhuang and Turfan). The entries *tribal languages and *oral poetry are relevant in locating sources of oral homopoetry. 'American Indian Languages and *South American Indian languages have hardly been examined (but see in Spanish *Alberto Cardin). Records for south America are in Spanish and, for Brazil, in Portuguese. Much of this material is disappearing as cultures become literate. Major museums of anthropology include those in universities in which it is taught (such as the Peabody Museum at *Harvard) and major public collections such as the British Museum, London, the Museum of Mankind, London, the Musée de l'homme in *Paris (especially for material in French'), the Smithsonian Museum in 'Washington, the American Museum of Natural History in *New York, the Field Museum in *Chicago and the Australian Museum in *Sydney, to give some examples. For Russian there are major museums in *St. Petersburg and Moscow; for records in Chinese there exists in *Beijing a center for tribal cultures and for material in Japanese there is an anthropology museum in Osaka. Anthropology is widely taught in universities and most universities in which it is taught have anthropology museums. Natural history museums in large cities (such as *New York, *Berlin, *St. Petersburg or *Sydney) usually have sections devoted to human cultures which need to be checked for *aural and *film material. See Robert V. Kemper, The history of anthropology: a research bibliography (New York, 1977). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics: see "Anthropology and Poetry". Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 64-67. Ullstein Enzyklopädie der Sexualität. Gay Histories and Cultures. Bibliographies. Goodland, Bibliography of Sex Rites: the whole book has relevant information; see especially under such terms as *sodomy in the index. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, items 253-524. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, pp.198-228. Pia, Les Livres de l'Enfer, vol. 1, columns 35-36: Fields of Anthropology... by a French Army Surgeon, 2 volumes, Paris: Librarie des Bibliophiles (states in the attached note that the publisher was *Charles Carrington). Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 229-44. Criticism. Journal of Homosexuality vol. 11 no. 3-4 (1985): special issue devoted to anthropology (see *Hijras); produced as a book titled The Many Faces of Homosexuality, edited by Evelyn Blackwood, 1985. Journal in German from Australia. 1904-1913. Anthropophyteia was the second western European journal of *folklore research (the first was *Kryptadia). Ten volumes in all were published in German, edited by *Friedrich Krauss, with material on south Slavic and Ukrainian peoples as well as western Germanic peoples. The Beiwerke were a series of books published in connection with the journal (see Legman, Horn Book, pp. 478-79) ceasing in 1931 with Friedrich Krauss and *Tamio Satow's study of sexuality in Japan. Important articles by *Hans Licht, *Numa Praetorius (pseud.) and others on homopoetry and homosexuality were published (e.g., in volumes 3, 8 and 9). Various issues of the journal were reviewed for homosexuality in the Jahrbuch e. g. volume 7 was reviewed in Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 12 (1911-12), 341-45, volume 8 in Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 13 (1913), 109-112. See also the Friedrich Krauss entry as he himself discussed homosexuality in the journal in an article. Rare. Copy used *Deane Erotica, Fisher library, University of Sydney. Bibliographies. Stern-Szana, Bibliotheca Curiosa et Erotica, 84-92: description of contents and Beiwerke though not complete for Beiwerke. Hayn, Gotendorf, Bibliotheca Germanorum Erotica, vol.1, 93: brief description; vol. 9, 12-17: a very thorough listing of the contents and the Beiwerke (to 1929 only) based on Stern-Szana. Apparently the lover of the *Roman emperor *Hadrian from Italy (who was also a Latin poet); later a trope of gay love in English, French and German. Antinous came from Turkey and lived ca. 110-130. He was probably from Bithynia, Turkey and surviving sculptures depict him as a somewhat plump youth. When Antinous died in mysterious circumstances, Hadrian had statues made of him and placed all over the empire. *Royston Lambert has written the outstanding study of the relationship, a book unlikely to be equalled and which has a brilliant bibliography. Hadrian may have written some poems to Antinous but none have survived. Many statues of him do survive: for a thorough survey, see Christoph W. Clairmont, Die Bildnisse des Antinous (The Portraits of Antinous), Rome, 1966, 62 pp., which includes thirty-eight pages of plates in addition to the text. Many European museums have some of these sculptures (e.g., the Glyptothek in *Munich). The modern cult of Antinous dates from *Winckelmann. As museum collections became more public and his place in Hadrian's affections became more widely known, Antinous became a popular subject for poetry and prose in European languages in the late nineteenth and earlier twentieth centuries; dramatic works were also written (e. g., the drama Antinous: a tragedy by Abbie Carter Goodloe, Philadelphia, 1895). The story of the love of Hadrian and Antinous has inspired several fine novels, notably in English by 'Marguerite Yourcenar. Relevant works are also discussed in the *Hadrian entry. As the archetypal beautiful man who became the lover of a Roman emperor, Antinous came to stand for the archetypal homosexual lover. Poems about him may go back to ancient Greek and Latin (see Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, p. 514). See the following entries. English: *J. A. Symonds (1878), *Charles Kains Jackson, *Hugh McCulloch, *Alan Seeger, *Fernando Pessoa, *Montague Summers, *Mark Doty. French: see * Akadémos, *Yourcenar. German: see *K. H. Ulrichs, *Paul Heyse, *Elisar von Kupffer, *Oscar Linke, 'Rilke, 'Eugen Standen; see also L. Dietrichson, Antinoos (Christiana, 1884), Adolf Hausrath, Antinous (Leipzig: Hirzel, 1886) - listed in Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, p. 62: the author's real name or pseudonym is Paul Taylor), Hugo Held, Die neue Antinous [no other details] (source: Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, p. 63). Russian: see *Mikhail Kuzmin, where Antinous is a constance motif, 'Anna Akhmatova; 'Perelshin uses it (see 'Out of the Blue, 190). See also 'Pancrates. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 71: see "Antinous (2)". Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 161-63. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 67-68. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 62, 63: see above for details. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, items 528 (citing Royston Lambert) and 1576 (citing Christoph W. Clairmont). Criticism. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, vol. 8 (1906), 567-82: 'Otto Kiefer (author), "Hadrian und Antinous" (a seminal article). Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 514: stating "Pancrates and Nicomedes composed poems to celebrate his qualities". Poet from Lebanon who wrote in Greek. Active 150 B.C. He has about seventy-five epigrams in the Palatine Anthology. *A. S. F. Gow and *D. L. Page in The Greek Anthology: Hellenistic Epigrams (Cambridge, UK, 1965), xv, state that one epigram "is dated with high probability to about 150 BC". He is usually stated to have come from Sidon in Lebanon. See also *homonyms. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 73: see "Antipater (3)". Gay Poetry Anthologies. Garland of Meleager. Garland of Philip. Palatine Anthology xii 97. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 47: called Antipater of Sidon. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 133. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 44. Criticism. Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 9 (1908), 228. Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. Active 5 B.C.-ca. 54. He has about fifty epigrams in the *Palatine Anthology. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 74. Garland of Meleager. Garland of Philip. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 134. Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. Active before 130 B.C. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 75: 2 entries. Der kleine Pauly, volume 1, 404-05: many entries. Pauly, Wissowa, Paulys Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft: there are 62 entries for this name. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Palatine Anthology xi 40. Criticism. Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 9 (1908), 228. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 478. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1946. He lives in Milwaukee with Jeff Poniewaz and lived in San Francisco from 1978 to ca. 1983. He tries to spend a month in the wilderness each fall and spring. Factory is a powerful *long poem about the awfulness of work in factories and the destructiveness of the consumer society. He is one of the first *green - i.e. environmental - poets of the contemporary period. See also *Steve Abbott. Books of poems: Factory, *San Francisco, City Lights, 1980; Last Poems, 1986 (a selection of poems 1967-83, essentially his collected works; reviews: James White Review vol.4 no. 2, Fall 1987, 16-17 by *George Klawitter and The Advocate no. 447, 27 May 1986, 61-62 by Steve Abbott). Antler: Manuscripts is his latest book of poems (review: James White Review vol. 12 no. 3, Fall 1995, 20-21). See also poems in Gay Sunshine no. 40-41 (Summer Fall 1979, p. 36): powerful poems about *boy love. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Son of the Male Muse, 19-21 (a strong poem about solitary *masturbation, somewhat narcissistic) with photo p.19; biog., 186. Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, 23-25 (same poem as in Son of the Male Muse ) with photo p. 23; biog., 23. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 622. Badboy Book, 15-32; biog., 383. Eros in Boystown, 47; biog., 59. A Day for a Lay, 173-79; biog., 173. Poet from Russia who wrote in Russian. Born 1896. A *St Petersburg theater director active as a poet from 1921. He later wrote poetry inspired by 'Communism. Stated to have been the lover of actor-director Yury Zavadsky in 1916 (source: memoirs of 'Marina Tsvetaeva cited in an unpublished article by 'Simon Karlinsky). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Terras, Handbook of Russian Literature. Poet from Indonesia who wrote in Bahasa Indonesia. 1922-1949. Chairil Anwar is the most famous Indonesian poet of the Second World War and early independence period. He lived a bohemian life in Djakarta. See the poem "Taman" (Garden) in The Complete Poetry and Prose, edited and translated by Burton Raffel, 1970, pp. 24-25: possible homosexual interpretation; see also "Dimesdjid" (At the Mosque), pp. 50-51, with *Sufi undertones (a homosexual interpretation is possible). He wrote heterosexual poems. *Paul Knobel has written a poem based on one of his. Poet from Iran who wrote in Persian. Ca. 1126-ca.1167. His name is sometimes spelt Anvari. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition: "Anwari". Criticism. Rypka, History of Iranian Literature, 197-99: writer of *mystical verse to the *Beloved; he also wrote satires and libellous verses. Poet from Ghana writing in English. Active 1978. Criticism. Woods, History of Gay Literature, 304: re his poem about old homosexuals in A Harvest of Our Dreams, 1984. Aphrodisiacs are natural or chemical stimulants used to enhance love making. Poems survive in English and Latin from before 1852. English. See '"Let a friar of some order tecum pernoctare", 'Alan Hull Walton. English and Latin. 'Norman Douglas wrote a celebrated book on the subject, Paneros: Some Words of Aprhrodisiacs and the Like (1931); the first word in the title is this book is a joining of the two words *Pan and *Eros. References. Ellis, Encyclopaedia of Sexual Behavior. Ullstein Enzyklopädie der Sexualität:. Apollinaire, Guillaume (pseud.) Pseudonym of a poet, bibliographer and critic from France who wrote in French. 1880-1918. The most famous French poet of the generation before World War I who became a leading defender of *modernism following publication of his volume Alcools (1913). Apollinaire was a pseudonym but he is still generally known by this name. His real name was Wilhelm Apollinaris de Kostrowitski and his mother was Polish, his father Swiss. Sexually, he seems enormously complex and whether he had *bisexual tendencies needs investigating: see John Richardson, A Life of Picasso: 1907-1917, volume 2 (1996), pp. 3-4 and the index, for a recent view of his life. Apollinaire freed verse of punctuation and wrote *concrete poetry. He was an ancestor of *Surrealism and coined the word in 1918. His play Les Mamelles de *Tiresias (1917) was a surrealist play and he wrote stories with homosexual overtones: "La Rencontre au circle mixte" and "Le Giton" (named after a character in *Petronius) - see Roger Little, Guillaume Apollinaire, 1976, pp. 76-77. He was also the author, with *Fernand Fleuret and *Louis Perceau, of the first catalog of the *Enfer, the collection of erotica of the *Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris; many of the more erudite comments are his. The full title of this work is L'Enfer de la Bibliothèque Nationale (Paris, 1913). He also wrote an erotic novel Les Onze Mille Verges (The eleven thousand virgins). See Forum no. 7 (1989), 97-99 for his critical article "Walt Whitmans Leichenbegangnis" (article on *Whitman trans. into German). Apollinaire has been a very influential poet, especially in his abandonment of punctuation, as far away as Hungary and Australia. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amour bleu, 223-24: prose. Les Amours masculines, 334-35: the first two stanzas of "La Chanson du mal-aimé". Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 436: from "Song of the Ill-loved" (about an English street urchin). Hallam, Book of Sodom: story "The Sodomite's Minion". Pour tout l'amour des hommes, 189: poem "La Chanson du mal-aimé". Criticism. James White Review, vol. 9 no. 1: review of his 1907 novel Les Onze Mille Verges. Figure from myth and trope in poetry in Greek and English dating from ca. 700 B.C in Greek. Apollo was the god of light in ancient Greece and is usually depicted in art as a naked or partly robed young man (never bearded) with a bow or lyre; for the artistic iconography see Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae, volume 2, Part 1, 183-464 and the plates in volume 2, Part 2 (this entry is one of the longest in Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae). Apollo, usually depicted as a naked young man, appears extensively in European sculpture and painting in the eighteenth century and also in painting in the art movement called *Neoclassicism. He appears in Greek poetry from 'Homer on (in The *lliad he supports the Trojans). He had many loves, both male and female. His two main homosexual loves were *Hyacinthus and *Cyparissus. There were many temples to him in ancient Greece, the main one being at *Delphi, with another important one at *Olympia. His earliest adventure was the killing of Python, a formidable dragon that guarded *Delphi, so he is linked with the myth of the foundation of Delphi and opposition to evil. *Prayers and *hymns to him were composed by men and uttered or sung by men. See also 'Praxilla, 'Werner Krenkel, 'Christine Downing. In English see 'Arthur Golding, *H. King, * Century Guild, *Alfred Douglas, *Patrick Anderson, *Stephen Gray, *Brian Hill, *Mark O'Connor. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Dictionnaire Gay. Other. Graves, Greek Myths. Oxford Classical Dictionary. Buffiere, Eros adolescent, 359-63. Sergent, Homosexuality in Greek Myth, 79-136. Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. 295 B.C.-ca. 215 B.C. The story of Hercules and Hylas, which appears in Apollonius's epic The Argonautica, concerns the abduction of Hylas (see *Iolaus), the companion of Hercules, by a nymph. In Apollonius Rhodius the story centers on close *male bonding between Hylas and Hercules, not physical homosexuality. The most important of the Alexandrian epic writers, Apollonius Rhodius was a pupil of *Callimachus, with whom he had a celebrated dispute concerning whether it was better to write *long poems and traditional epics or short poems (Apollonius supported long poems); he retired to *Rhodes because of the dispute. He was librarian at the celebrated library in Alexandria, the largest in the ancient world, in which manuscripts (such as those of *Homer) were edited as well as collected. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 83-4: see "Apollonius (1)". Criticism. Brandt, Sittengeschichte griechenlands, volume 2, 180. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 464-65: citing the story of the love of *Hercules and *Hylas in his *epic The Argonautica. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, item 506: re *H. Fuchs, Die Hylas geschichte bei Apollonius Rhodios und Theocrit, Wirzburg, 1969, 85 pages (thesis on the *Hylas trope in his work). Courouve, Ces petits grecs, 7: citing The Argonautica i:1187-357 (Hercules and Hylas), and iii:115-31 (*Zeus and *Ganymede; also *Eros). Apostles, sometimes called Cambridge Apostles Group from Great Britain in existence from 1820, whose native language was English. See Oxford Companion to English Literature. where it is called "an exclusive intellectual society". Officially it was called The Cambridge Conversazione Society. The Apostles was a secret all-male society in *Cambridge University. Many gay literary males and some poets were members including *A. H. Hallam, *Alfred Tennyson, *William Cory Johnson, *Oscar Browning, *Rupert Brooke, *Lytton Strachey; see also *E. M. Forster, *Wittgenstein. The title of the group recalls the twelve apostles of Jesus Christ (see *Disciple); it may be a satirical reference to them. Lytton Strachey believed the society had a homosexual history: see Michael Holroyd, Lytton Strachey: The New Biography (1994), pp. 86, 76-82. Certainly in Strachey's period of involvement, in the first third of the twentieth century, there was a strong homosexual contingent of members which Strachey, a key member, actively promoted. The exact extent of homosexuality in the society is unknown. See Peter Allen, The Cambridge Apostles, 1978, and W. C. Lubenow, The Cambridge Apostles 1820-1914: Liberalism, Imagination and Friendship in British Intellectual and Professional Life, 1999. Poet from Russia who wrote in Russian. 1841-1893. As a poet his poems concern ideal love and ideal beauty. An engraving of the poet is on p. 14 of the anthology of Russian gay literature *Out of the Blue. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Terras, Handbook of Russian Literature. *Simon Karlinsky, "Russia's Gay Literature and History", Gay Sunshine, 29-30 (Summer/ Fall 1976), 2: a lover of the gay composer Tchaikovsky who set his poems to music. Philosopher from Italy who wrote in Latin. Ca. 1224-1274. The major theologian of the 'Catholic church, he was a Dominican friar from Italy who taught at the 'University of Paris and whose theology condemned homosexuality: see his Summa theologiae 2.2.154.11-12. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 71-72. Dictionnaire Gay. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Arabian Nights, also called The Thousand and one nights, in Arabic, Alf layla wa layla Prose work in Arabic from Egypt with poems contained in the text and thus a *prosimetrum. Stories in it date from 1100 in its present form. The most famous prose work in Arabic, The Arabian Nights is a series of stories told over one thousand and one nights, incorporating poetry - including some poems referring to homosexuality (notably by *Abu Nuwas) - in the text. It is called in Arabic the Alf layla wa layla (Thousand and One Nights). It dates from 1100 in its present form though material in it is certainly earlier; stories come from all over west Asia and some stories are also known in India. It was first printed in Egypt at the state printing office in Bulak in 1835. There are sufficient homopoems in the text for an anthology of homopoems to be constituted within it; however, no full list of these gay poems has yet been compiled. The Calcutta edition contains about 1,250 poems composed from about 800 onwards. *Anthony Reid in *The Eternal Flame (see reference below) has anonymous poems from the Burton translation from nights 21, 132, 177, 184, 216, 254, 255, 311, 378, 381, 421, 424, 868, 871, 965 and by Abu Nuwas from nights 200, 381, 382, 420. Homosexual poems from the work have been collected in English in Gay Tales and Verse from the Arabian Nights, edited by Henry M. Christman (Austin, 1989), using the Powys Mathers translation - see pp. 29, 30, 49, 50, 59-60, 67-68 (poems about the hammam, the Islamic *bathhouse) and especially "Poems of Love Sought" pp. 81-98 and "Song of My Zabb" p. 100. *Allen Edwardes and *Richard Burton also have compilations of homopoems in English and *Numa Praetorius (pseud.) compiled a list of these poems in German in 1910 (based on the translation of J. C. Mardrus). The Arabian Nights is quite a salacious work and openly erotic. See the story "The man's dispute with the learned woman" (concerning the relative excellence of male and female) regarding the *debate on love in Arabic between homosexual and heterosexual love; this quotes poems by Abu Nuwas, *Abu Tammam and others (Burton translation, 1885, volume 5, pp. 154-163). An article in Pan no. 12 (July 1982), pp. 32-34, quotes an anonymous homopoem on p. 33. In George Allgrove, Liebe im Orient (Love in the East), 1963, see Chapter 10 on male homosexuality in The Thousand and One Nights and Chapter 11, on the role of homosexuality in East and West (source: Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, p. 37). On the Iranian element in the work see Rypka, History of Iranian Literature, pp. 663-6 9; he claims, p. 663, "The core.. is.. undoubtedly Iranian." Translation. Translators are listed in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, and Dictionary of Oriental Literatures in the entries titled Alf layla wa layla. Censorship has occurred in translation. Czech: F. Tauer (1928-55); Danish: J. L. Rasmussen (1824), I. Oestrup (1927-28); English: E. W. Lane (1838-41; censored), J. Payne (1882), 'Richard Burton (1885; reprinted; titled The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night in the most common reprintings, called the Burton Club edition which edition is undates), E. Powys Mathers (1923); French: Antoine Galland (1704-17), J. C. Madrus (1899-1906), 'René Khawam; German: 'Von Hammer (1823), G. Weil (1837-41), M Henning (1895-99; censored), E. Littmann (1921-28); Italian: *G. Gabrieli and others (1948-49); Persian: a counterpart of the work exists called Thousand and One Days (see the discussion in Rypka, History of Iranian Literature, pp. 666-68; there is a French translation of this work titled Mille et un jours by Pétits de la Croix published in 1710); Polish: incomplete - see Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition; Russian: M. A. Sa'le (1929-36); Spanish: V. Blasco Ibanez. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition: see "Alf layla wa-laila" (Thousand and one nights). Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition: "Alf layla wa layla" (a brilliant introduction to the problems of the text). Dictionary of Oriental Literatures. Encyclopædia Iranica. Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Arabian Nights". Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 87: cites the tales "Geschichte des Dritten Kalenders" and "Geschichte des Prinzen Kamr" and has a cross reference to *G. Allgrove. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 24, 90-92: poems trans. into German by *Elisar von Kupffer and *G. Weil. Men and Boys, 21 : poems trans. by *Richard Burton. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 296-98: poems by Anonymous Arabic poets and *Abu Nuwas from *Richard Burton's translation (see above for the nights referred to). Criticism. Mayne, The Intersexes, 293-94. *Pan, no. 12, 32-34: "Some Boy-love Stories from 'The Arabian Nights" by Bill Allen (includes poems). Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance and Homosexuality, 256-57. De Bary, Guide to Oriental Classics, 32-36: critical works on the Arabian Nights. Aragon, Louis Poet from France who wrote in French. 1B97-19B2. Les amours masculines states in the biographical note (see reference below) he abandoned *surrealism for *Communism and, after his wife's death in 1970, the poet - unstated - who was his friend became his companion. He is famous for love poems to his wife. He composed a huge oeuvre of poems and an "Ode to Stalin" in 1956 (just as Stalin was being revealed for his monstrous cruelty). His Communism has resulted in his literary reputation being controversial (compare *Yannis Ritsos). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Penguin Companion to World Literature. Contemporary Authors New Revision Series, volume 28. Dictionnaire Gay. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Les Amours masculines, 38185: extracts from "Voyage d'Italie" and "Theatre Roman"; biog. note, 382. Drobci stekla v ustih, 49-50. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 446: trans. from "Italian Journey" into English. Pour tout l'amour des hommes, 222: "Voyage d'Italie". Critic from Greece who writes in Greek. Active from 1979. Author of a book of essays in Greek discussing homosexual writers, To symplegma tou Kain (The Mark of Cain], Athens, 1980; see the note on the first publication of the articles (which were published in journals prior to book publication), p. 267. This includes an essay on *Ritsos which is a homosexual reading of his work - though in a negative way: he states there are a number of images in his poetry, e.g. of transvestism, which a homosexual would confess to his analyst; there are also essays on *Cavafy, *Gombrowicz and *Embirikos. He wrote the prologue to a collection of Cavafy's erotic poems, Erotika poiemata (Athens, 1983), 126 pp. (rare: a copy is in the *Library of Congress). His name is also spelt Aranitsis. Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. Ca. 315 B.C.-ca. 239 B.C. He left only one epigram. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 92 see "Aratus (1)". Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10438: cites *Musa Puerilis, London: Heinemann, 1918, Book 12, poem 120. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Garland of Meleager. Palatine Anthology xii 129. Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung" Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 9 (1908), 271. Buffiere, Eros adolescent, 298-99: called Aratos de Soles. Novelist from Italy writing in Italian. Born 1930. Famous as a novelist, his novel, translated into English as The Lost Boy by Bernard Wall (London, 1964), includes quotations from poems. Bibliographies. Leggere omosessuale, item 238 re his novel L'anonimo Lombardo, Torino, 1973. Translator from Arabic and Persian into English from Great Britain. 1905-1969. A. J. Arberry was perhaps the most famous translator of Arabic and Persian poetry into English of the first half of the twentieth century. However, his work sheds little light on homosexuality in Persian and Arabic, possibly due to the climate of *censorship in Great Britain at the time. He was the foremost expert in Great Britain on Arabic poetry of his time and was Professor of Arabic at *Cambridge University. Arabic. He translated * Moorish Poetry and ibn Hazm. Persian. The author of Fifty Poems of *Hafiz, Cambridge, UK, 1947 (text and translation), Immortal Rose: an Anthology of Persian Lyrics, 1948, and The Ruba'iyat of *Rumi, 1949 (a verse translation of the poet). The Legacy of Persia (1953), was compiled by him. The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam and Other Persian Poems (1954), is an historical anthology of translations of Persian poems from ca.1770; he also wrote The Romance of the Rubaiyat, (1959). He translated *Rumi (1968-69) and wrote Discourses of Rumi (1961); he also wrote *Sufism, 1950 - in this work see Chapter Ten, "The Persian Poets", pp. 106-118 (incorporated in this Encyclopedia; many poets are homoerotic). He is also the author of Classical Persian Literature (London, 1958), a survey to the sixteenth century which is, overall, dull; bibliography, p. 451. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography. Encyclopedia Iranica. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 132-38: trans. of Arabic poets from *Moorish Poetry. Criticism. *Norman Roth, " 'Deal Gently with the Young Man': Love of Boys in Medieval Hebrew Poetry of Spain", Speculum 57 (1982), 28: notes his * Moorish Poetry is abridged and bowdlerized from the original. Journal in French from France. 1954-1982. The first French gay journal to reach a wide readership in France, Arcadie also had wide circulation in Italy, Greece, and Portugal where French was read and male homosexuality was legal. It was known in Spain to a lesser extent (Spain was a under a dictatorship for most of this period). Issue 344 was the last issue. It was the most important gay journal in the *Romance languages from 1954 to 1982 and was founded by André Baudry and *Roger Peyrefitte. (On Baudry, born 1915, see his entry in Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History). Arcadie was also the name of a gay club on the outskirts of Paris (after the advent of *gay liberation in 1969, the club was regarded as being old fashioned.) Jean Cocteau famously wrote the opening piece in the first issue. Serious articles covering literature and science were published, including literary criticism and book reviews. The journal published one or two poems each issue, and there were bibliographies of new gay works in approximately every second issue in earlier issues. *Marc Daniel (pseud.) contributed many articles for it as did *Edouard Roditi (using pseudonyms). See *Historical and social background - French with reference to Jacques Girard and the history of the Arcadie group. Very rare: no copy is in any United States public library but a copy is at *One Institute, Los Angeles, and a complete set is in the Bibliothèque Nationale Paris. *Cornell, the University of Michigan, and a couple of other libraries in the United States have some issues; the author of this Encyclopedia also owns 179 issues. Note: the United States Union List of Serials, 1965, states that the Library of Congress copy - apparently sent free by the journal - was "discarded". Italian. From ca. 1959, issue 66, see articles by Franco Cerutti on contemporary Italian letters and Maurizio Bellotti on new writers. Very little poetry is discussed. Greek. From ca. 1962 to ca.1965 articles by Demis (pseud.) discuss gay issues in Greece. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionnaire Gay. Archaic period in Greek poetry Period in ancient Greek relating to poetry written in Greece and Turkey. Ca. 700 B.C.-ca. 500 B.C. The period from 700 B.C to ca. 500 B.C. in Greek culture is called by art scholars the archaic period because the Greek sculpture of the period is considered unrefined in contrast to that of the fifth century B.C., where black and red figure vase painting have attracted much critical attention - see John Beazley. Despite this, poetry of the Archaic Period was very sophisticated, though much has been *lost (e.g., the work of *Alcaeus of Mitylene) and many works survive in *fragments only. *Theognis is the first major known homopoet whose works survive in any quantity. *Homer is the major poet whose Iliad contains in the relationship of *Achilles and Patroclus what many have seen as a homosexual relationship. What poetry survives indicates that a significant body of homosexual poetry once existed in Greek of this period. Practically all the major themes and issues of ancient Greek homosexual poetry emerged in this period as well as the first *anthologies. See Hermann Frankel, Early Greek Poetry and Philosophy, New York and London, 1973 (trans. of the German edition of 1962), a brilliant work on the poets of this period. See entries for *Achilles and Patroclus, *Aeschylus, *Alcman, *Anacreon, *Alcaeus of Mytilene, *Alcaics, *Apollo, *Archilochus, *Athens, *Bathyllus, *Bisexuality, *Chios, *Cleobulus, *Delphi, *Dionysus, *Elegaic, *Epic, *Epigram, *Epitaph, *Ethnic, *Forgery, *Friendship, *Ganymede, *Hesiod, *Homer, *Homonyms, *"Hymn to Aphrodite", *Hymns, iambic, *Ibycus, * Iliad, *Istanbul, *Kurnus, *Laius, *Lesbos, *Lesches, *Lost Works, *Lovers, *Lycus, *Mimnermus, *Mythology, *Ode, *Olympia, *Phokylides, *Pindar, *Sapphics, *Semonides, *Simonides, *Singers, *Smerdies, *Smyrna, *Solon, *Sparta, *Stesichorus, *Stobaeus, *Teos, *Thebes, *Theognis, *Theognidea, *Tyrtaeus, *Zeus. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active before 1983. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 223: translation into English, with *Ronald Grant, of the poem "Spring", about lesbianism, by the French poet *Verlaine. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1987. One of three authors of the *chapbook Carnal Ignorance, London: *Oscars Press, 1987 (with *David Melville and *Timothy Gallagher) - see his poems on pp. 19-33; biog., p. 19: states he has been a teacher in south London for thirteen years. Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. Active in the period 700-650 B.C. Only fragments of this poet survive and the uncertain nature of the text means that no firm conclusion can be drawn about him in relation to homosexuality either in his poetry or life. He was a *lyric poet. Translations. English. *Guy Davenport (1964; an edition with some fine homoerotic black and white illustrations of youths by an unknown artist, possibly the translator). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 38: Gedichte in Fragmenten ("Poems in fragments"; no other details given). Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 107: The Fragments of Archilochus, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1964, trans. by Guy Davenport. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Garland of Meleager. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 20. Criticism. Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 8 (1906), 636. Brandt, Sittengeschichte griechenlands, volume 2, 185. Brandt, Sittengeschichte Griechenlands, volume 3, 235. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 469: re one fragment (fragment 85) about *boy love (but see below). Frankel, Early Greek Poetry, 132-51: discussed as being heterosexual. Dover, Greek Homosexuality, 195: notes the absence ("so far") of homosexuality in fragments discovered. Buffiere, Eros adolescent, 239-42. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 496: "In fragment 85 he concedes to a male that 'desire that loosens our limbs overpowers me'" (this line is ambiguous but could be homosexual in implication). Archive in Canada with works in French and English. It was established in 1983. Situated in *Montreal this is the largest gay archive of French material in North America. Over five hundred journals are held. Being in Canada, English material is presumably held also. References. Directory of the International Association of Lesbian and Gay Archives and Libraries, 9-12. Archives with gay material Archives are places in which public records and historical documents are kept. Normally such documents have not been published in book form. Gay archives of material in English, Dutch, Danish, German, French, Italian, Spanish, Russian and other languages now exist and date from 1900. Such archives are especially important for rare gay *journals. *Magnus Hirschfeld formed the first gay archive as such in his Institute for Sexual Knowledge (in German, Institut für sexuelle Wissenschaft) in Berlin. Material was of a general sexual nature but, despite this, the founder's homosexuality meant a large quantity of material was gay; this archive dated from 1900 and included literature. It was destroyed by the *Nazi regime in 1933. *Alfred Kinsey formed a library and archive at the Kinsey Institute after 1945; it includes much literature. There is now an extensive movement of gay archives in Europe (in Germany, the Netherlands, Denmark, Italy, Spain, Great Britain and Russia), in the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa and, in south America, in Argentina; some of these archives are combined with libraries and contain large libraries of gay books. They date from the early 1970s though some go back to ca. 1950. English. The first contemporary gay archive was the New York 'Homosexual Information Center dating from the early 1950s, now in the *New York Public Library. New York Public Library also holds material on *Afro-Americans. The *Gerber Hart library in Chicago is the largest gay library and archive in the midwest of the United States. The *Quatrefoil Library in St Paul, Minnesota, is an excellent library with some archival material. The *Labadie Collection of Protest Literature in the Harland Hatcher Graduate Library, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, also has an old and significant gay collection. *One/ IGLA combines two major archives and is situated in *Los Angeles. In *San Francisco the institute for Advanced Study of Human Sexuality has a large archive and there is also the *San Francisco Bay Area Gay and Lesbian Historical Society and *San Francisco Public Library has major gay collections. The *Hall Carpenter Archives is the major gay archives in Great Britain and is housed in the London School of Economics at the University of *London. *Cornell University has a sexual collection, including much gay material. The *Humanities Research Center in Austin, Texas, has gay literary material. The *Canadian Gay Archives has major gay journal holdings, the largest holdings in the world, and a list of all journals known to it which can be seen on the internet. The *Australian Lesbian and Gay Archives is in *Melbourne. In New Zealand the *Lesbian and Gay Archives of New Zealand (LAGANZ) are housed in the national library in *Wellington. There is a gay archives in South Africa, *Gay and Lesbian Archives of South Africa, in the William Cullen Library, East Campus, University of Witwatersrand, Braamfontein, Johannesburg. French material is held in Canada in the 'Archives gaies du Québec. Major archives in Europe include 'Homodok in the Netherlands, excellent for Dutch material but also with material in other 'European languages. 'Forbundet af 48 in Copenhagen is excellent for Danish and for German there is the 'Buchverleih "Andersrum", formerly Magnus Hirschfeld Centrum Library in Hamburg, the *Schwule Museum in *Berlin, a major gay archive, library and museum which has mounted exhibitions many of which have resulted in books (e.g., * Eldorado) and *Schwules Archiv in Frankfurt. The *Bilder-lexikon was compiled from material in the sex research institute in 'Vienna destroyed by the Nazis. For Italian material see *Fondazione Sandro Penna (in *Turin), and *Massimo Consoli's Gay International Archives in Rome. *Milan has a gay archive and 'Bologna an excellent one which is open in the evenings. Spanish and Catalan: see 'Institut Lambda. Spanish and Basoue: see *Tzoko Landan. In south America a private gay archives open to the public in Argentina is owned by Marcelo Ferreyra, *Buenos Aires. Russian. A gay archives has been formed in Russia in 'Moscow. All these archives hold valuable and rare books, gay 'journals (which are almost invariably not in general libraries except for the best known ones) and manuscripts. Swedish. The gay and lesbian foundation of Sweden's archive is now at the Riksarchivet (State Archive) in Stockholm. *Sex Research Institutes will usually contain gay literary material. See also *Libraries and archives for particular languages since public archives have yielded rare gay material (e.g., by *Théophile de Viau). Even town archives may contain material of value (see *Capri, *Georges Hérelle). The *Vatican archives are some of the oldest in Europe dating from at least 1000 A.D. with material mainly in Latin: little gay research has been done there. Material in general archives exists in most written languages and such material is valuable especially for legal cases. Material of importance may be in ethnic collections (e.g., for Australian Aboriginal Tribes see *Overview - Australian Aboriginal Languages for possible sources). A list of terms for librarians to describe entries relating to homosexuality and gayness. It is being compiled by librarians in California from ca. 1985 and is believed to number over two thousand terms; a copy is in the library of *One Inc., Los Angeles, and also in the *Canadian Gay Archives which has published it as A Thesaurus of Gay Terminology for the Canadian Gay Archives (by Robert Trow). (Compare Sexual Nomenclature: A Thesaurus, 1976, published by the *Kinsey Institute, which is the Kinsey Library's method of classifying sexual books.) Gay archives can be checked on the internet. A list of gay archives is in Cal Gough, editor, Gay and Lesbian Library Service (London, 1990), pp. 307-11. All the above archives hold valuable and rare books, gay *journals (which are seldom in general libraries except for the best known titles) and manuscripts. References. Directory of the International Association of Lesbian and Gay Archives and Libraries : the whole book is relevant. Verzeichnis der Schwulen und Schwul-lesbischen Bibliotheken : list of German language archives. Poet from Cuba who wrote in Spanish; he later lived in the United States and is best known as a novelist. 1943-1990. A gay Cuban novelist who was persecuted and imprisoned by Castro. He escaped to Florida in the United States. He died in exile in 'New York after contracting 'Aids. He is the author of the brilliant autobiography, Before Night Falls: A Memoir (1993), which contains much information on gay life and writers in Cuba (e.g., 'José Lezama Lima) and is one of the finest gay literary autobiographies (review: James White Review, vol. 11 no 4, summer 1994, 15-16); this was made into a film released in 2001. He wrote some poems. A poem by him appears in the Venezuelan gay journal Entendido vol.1 no. 2 (August 1980), p. 11. His long poem El Central (Barcelona, 1981; trans. into English as El Central: A Cuban Sugar Mill, New York, 1981) is about working in a sugar cane mill in Cuba. After his escape to the United States in 1980, poems were published in the United States. He commited suicide in 1990 leaving a note ending "Cuba will be free, I already am". "Autopitafio" (Self epitaph), one of his final poems, is thoroughly homoerotic - about his ashes being thrown into the sea, it finishes by imaging a young man diving into the sea where they are. A film has been made on his life. Criticism. Francisco Soto, Reinaldo Arenas, New York, 1998. See also Dolores M. Koch, "Reinaldo Arenas" in Carlos A. Solé, editor, Latin American Writers, 3 volumes, New York, 1989, volume 3, pp. 1451-56 (with bibliography, pp. 1455-56). See D. W. Foster, Gay and Lesbian Themes in Latin American Literature, 1991, pp. 66-91, on his fiction and "Reinaldo Arenas's Literary Heritage" in Christopher Street no. 156 (May 1991), 12-16 (despite its title, this deals only with two stories). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors, vol. 128. Contemporary Authors, vol. 133 (obituary). Dictionary of Literary Biography, vol. 145. Encyclopedia of World Literature in the 20th Century: Supplement. Flores, Spanish American Authors. Foster, Latin American Writers on Gay and Lesbian Themes. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage, 58-59. Dictionnaire Gay. Encyclopedia of Latin American Literature. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Poet and letter writer from Italy who wrote in Italian. 1492-1556. Aretino was an Italian *pornographer whose sexual interests were basically heterosexual but who appears to have been *bisexual; he seems to have treated homosexuality with amused condescension. It figures prominently in his play Il marescalco (1533) in which a man is overjoyed to discover a woman he has been forced to marry is really a page boy in disguise. He wrote erotic *sonnets - famously illustrated by Marcantonio Raimondi - and left copious letters; for homoerotic letters to Federico Gonzaga see My Dear Boy: Gay Love Letters through the Centuries, pp. 54-56. After 1526 he was resident in *Venice. His former secretary *Nicolo Franco turned against him and wrote poems attacking him. Aretino is most famous for his Dialogues (1534), in which heterosexual courtesans converse (they are modelled on *Plato). The Italian gay poet *Mario Stefani wrote a thesis on his letters. Translation. English: a translation of nineteen sonnets said to be works of Aretino, many with homosexual reference and attributed to *Oscar Wilde (but almost certainly by someone else), was published with the imprint Privately Printed, Paris, 1923 (rare; copy sighted: 'Deane Erotica, University of Sydney Library). French. See Bibliographies below. See also 'Private Case. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 276-78. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Dictionary of Italian Literature. See also his entry in the Macmillan Dictionary of Art edited by Jane Turner (1996). Bibliographies. Pia, Les Livres de l'Enfer, vol. 2, columns 1242-47: Les Sonnets luxurieux du divin Pietro Aretino, Paris: *Lisieux, 1882, with trans. into French; three other editions based on this edition. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amour bleu, 94. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 140-41: trans. by *Stephen Coote? Reid, Eternal Flame, vol. 1, 225-26. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 310-11. Criticism. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 73. Contemporary Literary Criticism. Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. Active ca. 10. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 104: see "Argentarius (1)". Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 53. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 64: trans. by *Fleur Adcock. Pseudonym of a poet from Romania who wrote in Romanian. 1880-1967. The pseudonym of Ion N. Theodorescu. A writer of "profoundly *decadent verse" according to Nicolae Iorga (see his entry in Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature), he is regarded as Romania's greatest poet of the twentieth century. His work, influenced by *Baudelaaire and *Rimbaud, emerged out of the *eighteen-nineties. He became a monk, 1899-1904, and was later imprisoned. These experiences he depicted in novels and wrote about in poetry. He wrote openly about sexuality in Flori de mucigai (1931; the title means Blossoms of Mold) a work which was influenced by *Villon and Baudelaire. He was also charged with obscenity and does not appear to have married. In the selection of poems edited by Dimitru Micu, Tudor Arghezi (1965), see *mystical religious poems on pp. 42-55 to *Christ (especially pp. 54-55). In his Selected Poems translated into English by Michael Impey and Brian Swann (1976), see pp. 25 "Morgenstimmung" (*non gender specific love poem), 47 "Psalm 1" *mystical union with the Father. Some poems in the volume are to women, but the poems are mysterious and unrevealing. See the entry on him in Leonard S. Klein, Encyclopedia of World Literature in the 20th Century, New York, 1981. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Penguin Companion to World Literature. Everyman Companion to East European Literature. Contemporary Authors, vol. 116: under his real name Ion N. Theodorescu. Poet from Spain who wrote in Spanish. 1567-1623. Born in *Seville where he played a prominent part in the literary life, he wrote *sonnets and later lived in *Madrid. He used the pseudonym Arcicio. The *National Union Catalog lists two books published in the nineteenth century. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Spanish Literature. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, vol. 2, 1007: states he wrote poems about beautiful boys. Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. Active ca. 1562. See Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 398: stated to be a writer of *Fidentian poetry. Anthologist from Mexico relating to a work in Spanish. Active 1997. He compiled the anthology * Primera antología de la poesia homosexual (1997). Poet from Afghanistan who wrote in Persian. Died 1449. Criticism. 'Ehsan Yarshater, "Persian Poetry in the Timurid and Safavid Periods", in Peter Jackson, editor, Cambridge History of Iran, volume 6, The Timurid and Safavid Periods, 1976, 974, states he wrote a verse romance 'mathnavi in which the subject is the love of a poor man towards a young handsome prince. Rypka, History of Iranian Literature, 2B4-B5. Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. 1474-1533. Author of the epic poem Orlando Furioso, published in its complete form in 1532 though originally begun in 1505 (first edition 1516; second revised edition 1521). The work is a continuation of Orlando immamorato by *Boiardo. The hero Orlando is the Italian equivalent of Roland and material in the poem ultimately derives from the material from which the * Song of Roland comes. There are many references to male/male love in his work; there are also references to the *Ganymede trope and to *Cupid. Gender ambiguity occurs: for instance, in the figure of Bradamante, a maiden warrior (who is Britomart in *Edmund Spenser's Faerie Queene). *Shakespeare's play Much Ado About Nothing, which also turns on gender ambiguity, is based on Dalinda's impersonation of Ginerva. The male *friends Medoro and Cloridano warrant attention (on this episode see Barbara Reynolds English translation, London, 1973, pp. 576-83). Handel's opera Ariodante is based on the work; gender ambiguity occurs in this opera also. See also *Humanism, *Satire; compare *Boiardo. Translation. Orlando Furioso has been widely translated. Only the first and major complete translations are listed here. English. Sir John Harington (1591 - in poetry; repr.); John Hoole (1783 - in poetry; repr.); William Stewart Rose (1823-1831; in poetry); A. H. Gilbert (1954 - prose); Guido Waldman (1974 - in prose); Richard Hodgens (1973-in prose); Barbara Reynolds (1973 - in poetry). On the English translations see Barbara Reynolds translation (London, 1973), pp. 74-88. Dutch. Everaert Siceram (1615; in poetry); J. J. Schipper (1649; in prose). French. Ian Fornier de Montaulban and others (1555; Cantos 1-15); M. M. Panckoucke et Framery (1787); Alcide Bonneau (1879-83; cantos 1-15 onlvl. German. Dietrich von dem Werder (1636). Latin. Marchese Torquato Barbolani (Arezzo, 1756). Polish. Piotr Kochanowskiego (1799; repr.). Portuguese. Xavier da Cunha (1895). Serbo-Croat. D. Stanojevi (189597). Spanish, leronymo de Vrrea (1549; repr.). The * British Library General Catalogue was checked. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Encyclopedia Britannica. Dictionary of Italian Literature. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10439: cites Orlando Furioso, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1963. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amicizia amorosa, 85-95: from Canto 18 of Orlando Furioso (Medoro and Cloridano); biog., 83. Criticism. Saslow, Ganymede in the Renaissance, 72-73: re his "Sixth Satire", where he states almost all humanists are pederasts (note: this may be a mistake; the "Seventh Satire" deals with the vices of humanists). Translator from English to Japanese from Japan. 1878-1923. He was a *socialist poet who committed suicide with his mistress and part of a group of Popular Poets influenced by *Whitman. His Japanese translation of *Whitman's Leaves of Grass was published 1921-23. He studied in the United States at *Harvard. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan. Editor from Egypt of works in Greek. Active 150 B.C. The first known editor to save gay relevant texts. As editor of *Homer he is the person who was responsible for the text of Homer's *Iliad and Odyssey as we know them today; before this (as for instance in the time of *Plato) there was a plurality of textual traditions for Homer's Iliad. He was in charge of the library at *Alexandria to 153 B.C. and also edited *Archilochus, *Alcaeus, *Anacreon and *Pindar. The editing of all these poets in a reliable text meant that their work could be more easily copied and passed down to future generations. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 109: see "Aristarchus (2)". Poet and dramatist from Greece who wrote in Greek. Ca. 445 B.C.-ca. 385 B.C. A speaker in Plato's * Symposium. Eleven of his plays survive; as well, we have thirty-two titles of *lost plays. The plays are written in verse. Homosexuality appears in his plays in a comic light. In The Clouds, for instance, *Socrates and his school are ridiculed. The whole play Thesmophoriazusai is full of references to male *transvestism and in Ecclesiazousai female transvestvism. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 113-14: see "Aristophanes (1)". Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 7576: by *Warren Johansson (re The Clouds lines 678, 680, Plutus 153 and The Wasps 568). Dictionnaire Gay. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 111-116: the plays The Birds, The Clouds, The Frogs, The Knights, Lysistrata, Ecclesiazusae, Ploutos and Thesmophoriazusae (however not noted as being in poetry). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Iolaus (1902), 51-53. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 37, 69-71 (re the poet *Agathon). L'amour bleu, 14, 21-23. Criticism. Dover, Greek Homosexuality, 10-11,135-52. Courouve, Ces petits grecs, 7-8. Philosopher and poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. 384 B.C-322 B.C. His Nicomachean Ethics, written for his son Nicomachus discusses *friendship in Chapters 8 and 9. Aristotle studied under *Plato and taught in the Platonic Academy in *Athens and later founded his own school, the Peripatetics, in the Lyceum; he is one of the most famous philosophers of ancient Greece. He lived with his friend and former fellow-student Hermeias for three years until his death and later married his friend's sister or niece; he wrote an ode to Hermias. In his will he left *Antipater as executor. He was particularly interested in biology. See also *Philosophers - Arabic regarding Ibn Rushd, known in Europe as Averroes who shows his influence. In Latin see the thesis at the *Sorbonne by Krantz, De amicitia apudAristotelem (Friendship in Aristotle) Paris, Germer-Bailliere, 1882 (source: *Herelle manuscript 3258). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 114. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 56-58. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 76-77: stating his work is lost and what survives "derives largely from lecture notes" and that "he is known to have had several male lovers". Dictionnaire Gay. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Iolaus (1906), 185. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 74-78. Criticism. Symonds, A Problem in Greek Ethics, 47-48: noting "In Aristotle.. paiderastia is almost conspicuous by its absence" (p. 47). Histoire de l'amour grec, 141-44, 292-302. Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance and Homosexuality, 49-50: states he considered a homosexual disposition natural. Courouve, Ces petits grecs, 8-9. Poet from Japan who wrote in Japanese; in later Japanese he became a trope of gay love. 825-880. He was a *Heian period *waka poet who figures in the Ise Monogatori (Tales of Ise); the majority of tales center on him and he wrote most of the poems in the collection. He wrote poems showing a strong bond with Prince Koretaka. This relationship, which came to epitomise male friendship in later Japanese literature (compare *Li Po and *Tu Fu in Chinese), was embroidered into a homosexual one by *Saikaku (see Schalow, Great Mirror of Male Love, pp. 10-11). He was famous as a poet and lover. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan : Poet from Japan who wrote in Japanese. Active ca. 1008. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Partings at Dawn, 112: possibly not a gay poem (see footnote 16 on this page); from the anthology *Iwatsutsuji. Poet from Italy writing in Italian. Born 1942. He lives in *Rome. Book: Grandine, 1986, 147 pages. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amicizia amorosa, 221-23: a poem about remorse; biog., 283. Poet from Germany writing in German. Born 1953. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Milchsilber, 138-41; biog., 178. Schreibende Schwule. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active 1978. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Schreibende Schwule. English poet from Great Britain. Active from 1912. See the *British Library General Catalogue entry Martin Donisthorpe Armstrong, a writer active to 1950 who published several volumes of poems and many other literary works, and may be this author (since his name is a common one it is impossible to be sure). Bibliographies. Murray, Catalogue of Selected Books, item 3: Exodus, 1912. Songwriter from Germany who wrote in German. 1781-1831. See *Clemens von Brentano - his lasting friend with whom he lived in *Heidelberg - regarding the collection of German folksongs Des Knaben Wunderhorn (1803-05). He was known as Achim von Arnim and married the sister of Brentano in 1811. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 38: cites "Der vortreffliche Stallbruder (Wenn der Schäfer...)" from Des Knaben Wunderhorn., and "Kronenwächter" . Pseudonym of a poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1967. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10440: the poem "At the Penny Arcade" in the journal Pursuit 2:11, June, 1967; pseudonym of *Arnold Schwab (see p. 427). Poet and critic from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1822-1888. A *Victorian cultural critic and poet who had a close friendship with the poet *Arthur Hugh Clough. Sohrub andRustum, a poem based on an episode from *Firdausi, which appeared in a volume of his poems published in 1853 has homoerotic elements (see especially lines 302-318). He took the story from the French translation of the poem by J. Mohl, Le Livre des rois (see the entry Sohrab and Rustum in Oxford Companion to English Literature and the notes by the poet reprinted in The Poems of Matthew Arnold, edited by C. B. Tinker, 1950, pp. 448-93); there was a prior English translation by James Atkinson published in 1814. *"Thyrsis", an *elegy for Clough, appeared in New Poems, 1867 (on the poem. see Oxford Companion to English Literature "Thyrsis" entry). It is in the *pastoral tradition of *elegy. Arnold, through his reading of Latin and Greek, could not fail to be aware of the homosexual undercurrents of ancient Greek and Latin elegy (e.g., lines 80 referring to *Corydon and 185 to *Daphnis). His "The Scholar Gipsy "(1853), shows a debt to pastoral poetry. His brother W. D. Arnold is believed to have been homosexual and wrote the novel Oakfield or Fellowship in the East. A chapter of Matthew Arnold's influential critical work Culture and Anarchy, 1869, was entitled *Hellenism and Hebraism and testifies to a contemporary debate in *Victorian society on *Puritanism versus sensuality. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Poet possibly from Italy writing in Italian. Active ca. 1988. Author of an extraordinary erotic poem "Kiss" (from the suite For the One Who Has Green Eyes, which is titled in Italian, from which it seems to have been translated into English, Por Orazio con tutto mio amore [For Orazio with all my love]). The poem was read by *Adrian Rawlins at a reading in 1988. No other details are available. Possibly the name is a pseudonym. The surname comes from the same word as the painting by Van Eyck, "The Marriage of the Arnolfini" in the National Gallery, *London. Poet from Spain writing in Spanish. Active before 1978. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poemes Gais, 3-6; also trans. into Catalan in Poemes Gais. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active before 1992. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 556: fine poem "Union". Poet from the United States (from Puerto Rico) writing in Spanish. Born 1954. A self professed gay writer who is also a playwright, critic and performance artist. Puerto Rico is an autonomous political entity in the Caribbean in association with the United States. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Foster, Latin American Writers on Gay and Lesbian Themes. Poet from Brazil writing in Portuguese. Born 1921. The author of several books. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poemas do amor maldito, 13; biog., 12. Arse licking, also called anus licking See 'analingus. Art for art's sake, also called L'Art pour art Movement in poetry and art especially in French and English dating from ca. 1845 to ca. 1914. The idea that art existed for its own sake and not for any moral, social and political purpose; it originated in France as the slogan "l'art pour art" (art for the sake of art) first articulated by *Theophile Gautier: see M. Amaya, Art Nouveau (1966), p.16. *Walter Pater was influenced by the idea and the main conveyer of it from France to Great Britain. The *aesthetic movement was the major outcome and the phrase achieved it's major currency in the *eighteen nineties with the rise of this movement. Contrast *Socialism, *Marxism. References. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Anthology in English from Great Britain. Hamlyn: London, 1995, 64 pp. No editor is listed (however, the copyright is assigned to *Peter Burton on the verso of the title page so he appears responsible for the selection). A fine anthology of short classic gay poems and passages from gay prose with a cover of the *Elizabethan painting of a dandy by Nicholas Hilliard, "Man Among Roses". The illustrations to the book are as outstanding as the choice of poems. This is part of a series of gay anthologies, identical in format, which are designed as books to be given as presents, especially to lovers: see *Eros in Boystown and *The Art of Gay Love. There are some careless spelling mistakes throughout - e.g., Marlow for *Christopher Marlowe. Poets (see entries): Richard Barnfield, Reginald Brett, Byron (prose work) Edward Carpenter, Catullus, David and Jonathan, James Elroy Flecker, Goethe, Greek Anthology, A. E. Housman, Paul Keller, D. H. Lawrence (prose work), T. E. Lawrence, Edward Cracroft Lefroy, Christopher Marlowe, Melville (prose work) Michelangelo, Wilfred Owen, Rochester, Rumi, William Shakespeare, Philip Sidney, Count Eric Stenbock (prose work), Whitman, Oscar Wilde (letter). Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. Active before 130. As he appears in the * Mousa Paidike, his date must be prior to 130 B.C. (if this date is correct for its genesis). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 127-8: five entries. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Palatine Anthology xii 55 (or *Anonymous), 124 (possibly by Artemon). L'amour bleu, 31 : stating he is from the fourth century B.C. Pseudonym of a lover from the United States speaking English. 1901-1972. He claimed in the article "The Gay Succession" that he slept with *Edward Carpenter who stated that he, in turn, had slept with *Walt Whitman; he also claimed that he slept with Dean Moriarty who slept with *Allen Ginsberg. The author's real name was Chester Alan Arthur (born 1901). He was the grandson of President Chester Alan Arthur and he set out his philosophy in The Circle of Sex (1966) published under his real name Chester Alan Arthur. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 323-25: article "The Gay Succession" (reprinted from Gay Sunshine 35, Winter 1978, 29). Arthur, King, and the Knights of the Round Table and Arthurian legends Figure from myth and trope in west *European languages. From ca. 1170. The story of King Arthur and his knights is a cycle of mythical tales in English, French, Spanish, Italian, German, Scandinavian languages (Danish, Norwegian and Swedish) and Welsh; the material also constitutes a trope with homosexual undertones in the work of some poets. Material survives from ca. 1170 (initially in French) and material in the various languages interconnects by means of translation. Arthur was a legendary English king who was accompanied by twelve Knights of the Round Table. The story of the Grail (in *Chretien de Troyes and von *Eschenbach), which is part of the Arthurian cycle, centers on a cup or platter (grail) said to have held Jesus Christ's blood when he was on the cross and to have been used at the Last Supper. The cup was held by Joseph of Arimathea at the cross during the crucifixation and was subsequently brought to Britain. This cup is worshiped by all the Knights together and they worshipped it at the Round Table. The search for the Grail was a major quest of Arthur and his knights and the significance of the Grail story in the Arthurian legend is comparable to the significance of the Last Supper in *Christianity: both feature a scenario of close *male bonding. Stories associated with Arthur appear widely in European languages as R. S. Loomis shows (see below). Although both Arthur and his favorite knight Sir Lancelot are presented as heterosexuals, they have a close *male bonding relationship - as does the knight Tristan (Tristram in English) with Arthur. (On *Tristan see *Platen, *Richard Wagner and *Thomas Mann.) Lancelot's adultery with Arthur's Queen Guinevere is the more poignant because of the close relationsip of Lancelot and Arthur. The close male bonding of the knights overall (especially expressed in the *symbolism of the Round Table and the Grail) has a strong homoaffectional basis especially expressed in the Parsifal story (as used, for example, by Richard Wagner as the basis of his last opera Parsifal). Phallic symbolism in the spear in Wagner's Parsifal needs to be considered as well as the significance of a wounding which only a woman's love can heal. Enaish. The best known work by Thomas Malory, the fifteenth century Le Morte d'Arthur, is in prose; Chapter Three has homosexual incidents. On Malory see his entry in Oxford Companion to English Literature. The Middle English poem *Sir Launful is relevant and *Tennyson used material from the cycle as did *William Morris and *Bulwer Lytton (slight reference only). *Charles Williams has written a major sequence with cryptic meanings associated with *magic. The Australian poet *Robert Adamson has used the material explicitly in a homosexual sense. See also *John Heath-Stubbs. German. *Gottfried von Strassburg was the author of the poem Tristan used by *Richard Wagner as the basis of his opera Tristan und Isolde (the first German version of the Tristan story was by Eilhart von Oberge, ca. 1170). *Wolfram von Eschenbach's Parzival is the source of Wagner's opera, Parsifal. See also *Platen. French: *Chretien de Troyes (active 1170) composed a lost poem on Tristan and his Perceval was the source of Gottfried von Strassburg's work. Versions of the Tristan and Isolde story exist by Beroul (ca. 1150) and Thomas (ca. 1170); for discussion of homosexual aspects of the Tristan story see the Richard Wagner entry. See also * Chateau du roi Grahal. A translation from the Lancelot-Grail with homoerotic undertones is in the * Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, pp. 111-122. Welsh see R. S. Loomis, Arthurian Literature, 1959, pp. 12-51. R. S. Loomis, Arthurian Literature in the Middle Ages, 1959, is an exhaustive study of the Arthurian material in western European languages, with separate essays on the material in each language. Material exists in *long poems and in short forms such as *ballads as far apart as Spain, Italy and Wales and in the Scandinavian languages. Compare Arthur and Lancelot with * Amis et Amile (which trope was also a widely diffused medieval legend). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature: see "Arthur" and "Launcelot of the Lake"; see also "Grail". Anthologies. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 111-124. Artist and Journal of Home Culture, The Journal in English from Great Britain. Published 1880-1902. An important cultural journal of its time, The Artist and Journal of Home Culture was the first English *journal with a significant gay poetry content, publishing gay poems from 1888 to 1894, when it was under the editorship of *Charles Kains Jackson. (Compare The *Spirit Lamp and The *Chameleon.) A United States edition existed. *Henry Scott Tuke published a poem in it. Homoerotic content continued in the art illustrations after 1894. The trial of *Oscar Wilde in 1895 had a significant effect on its contents. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reade, Sexual Heretics, 40-46: lists gay poems published 1888-94; some poems are reprinted pp. 225 ff. Criticism. Smith, Love in Earnest, 235-39: cites and identifies the writers of gay poems and articles 1888-94. Bartlett, Who Was That Man?, 109 ff: brief extracts. Critic of Sanskrit literature from Canada writing in English. Active 1975. Author of "The Transvestite in Sanskrit Story and Drama," Annals of Oriental Research of the University of Madras, 1975, 56-68. This article discusses *transvestitism (both male and female) in several Sanskrit plays in verse. Transvestism may here refer to *eunuchs or *hijras; the meaning is unclear in parts. An Academic at the University of *Toronto in 1975. Critic from the United States who wrote in English. 1900-1963. A professor of English at Smith College, a woman's college, who was forced to retire in 1960 after scandal related to photos of young men. He wrote Whitman (1938) and Herman Melville (1950). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gay Histories and Cultures. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in Welsh. Active 1550. See the poem "A boy dressed in girl's clothes" in Dafydd Johnston, editor, Medieval Welsh Erotic Poetry (1991), pp. 129-23 (with English translation). A very witty poem with homosexual suggestions despite the editor's disclaimer. Poet who wrote in Urdu. Ca. 1850?; date uncertain. Criticism. Rahman, "Boy love in the Urdu ghazal", Paidika vol. 2 no. 1 (1989), 21: poem cited about the seductive way of walking of boys. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1966. A *black poet from *New York. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 8-9: "Invocation" ("I want to fuck a skinhead/ hard"), a very powerful poem; biog., 172. Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. Born ca. 250 B.C. One of the chief epigrammatic poets of the *Hellenistic period, with eleven epigrams in the * Mousa Paidike. Possibly the teacher of *Theocritus and possibly from *Adramyttium. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 129: see "Asclepiades (2)". Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10441: this listing of his poems in *Musa Puerilis, London: Heinemann, 1918, xii 36, 36 [sic], 50, 75, 77, 105, 135, 153, 161, 166 "and others" is incorrect (see my listing following under Palatine Anthology). Garland of Meleager. Palatine Anthology xii 36 (called Asclepiades of Adramyttium), 46, 50, 75, 77 (or *Posidippus), 105,135, 153, 161-63, 166. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 48, 54. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 132: Palatine Anthology v 169. Criticism. Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 9 (1908), 261-63. Brandt, Sittengeschichte griechenlands, volume 2, 198. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 484. Buffiere, Eros adolescent, 295-96. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1948. See the poem "Memories of Italy (for Pat Stein)" - "I loved the light of course/ and the way the young men/ flirted with each other" - in American Poetry 1988 (New York, 1988), edited by John Ashbery. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 63-64. Bibliographer from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1834-1900. H. S. Ashbee was a rich merchant and famous book collector and bibliographer of erotica whose collection formed the basis of the *Private Case, a collection of erotica in the British Library kept segregated from the general collection. The collection was given to the British Library with Ashbee's *Cervantes collection and only accepted because the library wanted the Cervantes collection. His erotica collection was not entered into the British Library catalog until 1965, after a campaign to have the Private Case catalogued by Peter Fryer: see Private Case, Public Scandal (London, 1966). (Compare the treatment of the erotica in the *Enfer collection of the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris where works were routinely entered in the catalog.) Ashbee's Index Librorum Prohibitorum (London: privately printed, 1877), Centuria Librorum Absconditorum (London, 1879), and Catena Librorum Tacendorum (London, 1885), form the basis of English erotic bibliography and make a major contribution to European erotica bibliography (since Ashbee did not collect only English erotica). Each volume also contains a list of works consulted. The work was reprinted in New York in 1962 in three volumes as Bibliography of Printed Books. Entries consist of bibliographical description of the book or author being discussed followed by a critical essay. The work of a great connoisseur and not a pedant, each essay gives much valuable information on the work or author discussed, though information can seem somewhat arbitrary at times. SInce it lists homosexual titles, the first volume is the beginning of homosexual *bibliography in English and in European languages in the modern period (since no prior work is known with the exception of the Catholic Church's * Index). Written under the Latin pseudonym Pisanus Fraxi (meaning, "bee of the ash tree" - see the Pisanus Fraxi) the work overall contains the first serious surviving discusion of homosexuality in English: see the indexes under sodomy. It inspired *Richard Burton, *J. A. Symonds, *Havelock Ellis, and *C. R. Dawes and was heavily relied on by *Eugen Duhren. Ashbee's real name is revealed by Burton in his translation of the Arabian Nights, "The Tale of the Hashish Eater" (vol. 3, p. 93, of the reprint of the Burton Club Edition; this edition has no date but was frequently reprinted). *James Campbell Reddie, Ashbee's fellow book-collector, whose library Ashbee consulted, left extensive notes on erotica now in the British Library and some of his books entered Ashbee's collection; his work predates Ashbee's in erotic bibliography and probably inspired Ashbee. (Reddie also wrote two novels with homosexual incidents.) Biography: apart from the works below, see Steven Marcus, The Other Victorians (1964), Chapter 2, pp. 34-76, a brilliant discussion of his life and work. His life is discussed in detail in the introduction to the shorter edition of his bibliography called Forbidden Books of the Victorians, edited by Peter Fryer, 1967; this also has a bibliography of his writings, pp. 227-30. A full length biography The Erotomaniac: The Secret Life of Henry Spencer Ashbee by *Ian Gibson was published in 2001. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography. Bilder-lexikon (includes a photo of his bookplate with a drawing of himself). Lexikon des gesamten Buchwesens, second edition. Criticism. Legman, Horn Book, 4-46: life by *Gershon Legman. Kearney, History of Erotic Literature, 12; reprinted from the "Introduction" to the New York edition of Ashbee of 1962. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born in 1927. Widely regarded as a major United States poet, John Ashbery was mentioned as visiting the *gay bar called the San Remo in The Advocate, 15 May 1984, 26. In 1992 he was openly gay: he stated "I'm gay" in an interview on the Australian Broadcasting Commission Television Program at the Melbourne International Festival (broadcast 21 September 1992). His work shows the influence of *surrealism and is mostly very complex (compare *Hart Crane) but he has written simpler poems, such as *haiku. Self Portrait in a Convex Mirror (1975), is a major *long poem of his based on a work by the highly homoerotic painter Parmigianino and is very *narcissistic. Ashbery edited the journal Art and Literature published in Lausanne, Switzerland (12 issues, published in 1963). He has also been an art critic. See also John Ash. In Gay Sunshine Interviews, volume 2, p. 67, his gayness was noted in 1982 by *Martin Duberman. The journal Bete Noir, which has been supportive of gay writing, had a special issue on him in 1987. There are several pages devoted to him on the internet. Translation. German. Eine Welle, Munich, 1968; Eine Welle (poems 1979-87), Munich and Vienna, 1988. Both books translated by Joachim Sartorius. Und es blitzen die Sterne, published in Austria, 1997 (trans. by Erwin Einzinger). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Drobci stekla v ustih, 98; biog., 181. "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen", 156-57. Word of Mouth, 97-103. Poet from Turkey who wrote in Turkish. Died 1398. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 363. Poet from Iran who wrote in Persian. Active ca. 1590. Qum is a holy city in Iran. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A'in i Akbari anthology, 667-68 - *non gender specific love poems including one to "the lovely boy"; biog., 667. Poet writing in English. Active 1974. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1642: book You'll be all right once you've found yourself a nice girl, Cambridge, Bluebell printing Co. 1974 - published under the pseudonym *I. L. C. Gustray. Languages spoken on the continent of Asia, which is normally taken to be the land east of the Ural Mountains (sometimes the Volga River) and extending as far as Indonesia and Japan. Poetry of relevance dates from ca. 1200 B.C. (the earliest work being Gilgamesh). The area has a huge number of language families of which the *Indo-European, *Turkic and *Sino-Tibetan are three of the most widespread. The *Islamic religion dominates in west and central Asia and *Buddhism in east asia. English is widely spoken as a second language. Chinese has the oldest gay poetry records in east Asia and material in west Asia dates from the Hittite version of * Gilgamesh (this work is the oldest known long poem with gay interest and dates from before 1200 B.C.). A special issue of The APPA Journal titled Witness Aloud: Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual Asian/Pacific American Writing was published in Spring/ Summer 1993 ( vol. 2 no.1); not seen. Notable written languages include Turkish, Arabic, Persian, Sanskrit, Hindi, Urdu, Bengali, Tamil, Tibetan, Chinese, Vietnamese, Korean, Bahasa Indonesia. Japanese is a language isolate. The *Overview entries for these languages discuss them in detail. See Indo-European languages, *Altaic languages, *Caucasian languages, *Indian languages - India, *Indic languages, *Dravidian Languages, *Iranian languages, *Sinitic languages, *Turkic languages, *Polynesian languages. It is problematic whether *Afro-Asiatic languages originated in Asia (Akkadian) or Africa (Egyptian). Poet who wrote in Persian. Active ca. 159Q. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A'in i Akbari anthology, 66B - a homosexual love poem; biog., 66B - states his name is Amir Qazi. Poet from Greece writing in Greek. Born 1931. Openly gay. Notable gay poems are Odes ston prinkepa (Odes to the Prince), Athens, 1981, very erotic in a homosexual sense, and O dyskolos thanatos (The Difficult Death), Thessaloniki, 1974. Critic and bibliographer from France writing in French. Active 1955. Author of LEvolution de Walt Whitman (1954), a major critical study of *Walt Whitman which was translated into English from French as The Evolution of Walt Whitman (1960); however, the work is negative as regards homosexuality in Whitman: see the Whitman entry in Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. In 1972 he published a fine annotated bibliography of Whitman in Eight American Authors (New York, 1972), pp. 225-72. Poet from France who wrote in Latin. 1604-1679. He wrote parodies of Latin authors. See also *François le Coigneux de Bachaumont. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Biographie universelle. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 386: a gay poet who was imprisoned for homosexuality. Poet from Iran writing in German; he lives in Germany. Born in 1929. He was born in Teheran but since 1983 has lived in Germany. Book of poems: Gedichte (Frankfurt, 1991). Gay Poetry Anthologies. "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen", 158-59; biog., 169. Historian and anthologist from Greece who wrote in Greek. Active 200. His only surviving book, The Deipnosophists (The Learned Doctors), contains extracts from poets and is a source of information on homosexuality and homopoetry in ancient Greece (see *Pancrates). Some homopoems survive only by virtue of being quoted in Athenaeus. The twenty five drinking songs which survive in Athenaeus are printed in *J. M. Edmonds Lyra Graeca, volume 3 (1927), pp. 561-75, and constitute an anthology which may date from fifth century Athens. See Bowra, Greek Lyric Poetry, Chapter 9, "Attic Drinking Songs", pp. 373-97, especially the poems on pp. 380-81. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 139: see "Athenaeus (1)". Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 87-88. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 22-23 (poem *"Eros"), 26-27, 189-91, 201. Ioläus (1902), 25, 28-29, 74. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 38-39. Hidden Heritage, 68. Criticism. Symonds, A Problem in Greek Ethics, 5, footnote 2: referring to xiii 602; 26 and stating that here he preserves two homosexual Athenian *drinking songs (or *skolia). Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 492-93 lists the homosexual loves of the gods cited in Beyer's work taken from *Clement of Alexandria (states traces of lists of homosexual loves have been preserved in Athenaeus). Courouve, Ces petits grecs, 10-11. City in Greece where Greek is the spoken language; during the *Ottoman Turkish occupation, Turkish was also spoken. Gay poetry associated with the city dates from 500 B.C. Athens is a very ancient city and occupation of the Akropolis, the citadel, which was later fortified, dates from the Neolithic period (before 3,000 B.C.). The main spoken language was and is Greek; Turkish was spoken during the Turkish occupation of Greece from the fifteenth century until the early nineteenth century. Athens comes into historical prominence in the early fifth century B.C., as a dominant city state Although much has been *lost, records from the city from this century are a high point in human knowledge of homosexual life in ancient Greece. The background to the city's gay culture has been discussed by *K. J. Dover. Athenian vases from ca. 500 B.C. to ca. 450 B.C. show homosexual behavior extensively and were cataloged by *J. D. Beazley; these vases were made for the export trade, for the Etruscans, mainly, and cannot be taken to accurately depict the city's homosexual mores, though they show scenes relating to it - for instance *symposium scenes depicting homosexual conviviality in wine drinking scenes at banquets and scenes showing homosexual practices in vivid detail. Homosexual public cruising places are known in ancient Athens, such as the cemetery, the Keramikos (see Symonds, Problem in Greek Ethics, 43) and homosexual *graffiti survive from the market place, the Agora. Dramatists such as *Aristophanes (active 430) make copious reference to homosexuality in their plays. *Aeschylus (active 500), *Euripides (active 460) and *Sophocles (active 460) were other dramatists who wrote plays in poetry which are of relevance. The philosopher *Socrates discussed homosexual love as the most important form of love at a *symposium at the house of the poet *Agathon about 390 B.C. in the dialogue The Symposium which was recorded by his disciple *Plato (see also *drinking songs, *skolium). *Critias, one of the city's Thirty Tyrants, was an associate of his. The * Theognidea, the first Greek gay anthology, appears to have been compiled in the city largely by 460 B.C.; *Pindar also wrote poetry at this time. Great care should be taken in drawing conclusions about homosexual behavior from other evidence (for example Greek vases) in relation to homosexuality as expressed in the poetry; however in classical Athens of the fifth century B.C. sculptures of the naked male in the kouros tradition show Athenians appreciated the naked body in a way the later *Christian culture could not. The city's extensive gymnasiums were places where the body could be admired as well as pickup places. It should not be assumed that documented types of homosexual behaviour in Athens (for instance *paiderastia, the love of an older man for a youth) was typical of homosexual behavior elsewhere in Greece or in the Greek colonies in Italy, Africa and west Asia in the fifth century B.C. Nor should it be assumed that the behavior of fifth century Athens necessarily continued in the same pattern in later centuries (for instance the *age of death in ancient Greece was much lower than in today's Greece so all homosexual behavior occurred at lower ages Athens declined in the *Hellenistic period, when the city of 'Alexandria in Egypt became the dominant Greek city. However the important philosopher *Epicurus founded his school in Athens in the third century B.C. and the Platonic academy continued in existence until the sixth century A.D. The city remained in decline during the *Byzantine period (see the entry in Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium ) and was occupied by the Turks in the fifteenth century and liberated from them during the War of Independence in 1821. The English poet *Byron visited Athens during this war and died in Greece. Though gay publications emanating from the city have suffered from 'censorship in recent decades, Athens, now the capital of the Greek republic, has been a centre for gay publishing in the contemporary period: see the entries Journals - Greek, *A. Angelakes, *David Halperin, *Elias Petropoulos (who compiled the first Greek dictionary of gay slang words), *Rebetika, *G. Savidis, * The Trojan War. Modern poets such as James Merrill and *Chester Kallman have been attracted to the city. The city contains important Greek *libraries. For information on the city see Stuart Rossiter, Blue Guide: Greece, 1981, 57-177. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary. Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Gay Histories and Cultures. Poet who wrote in Urdu. Active ca. 1850?; the date is uncertain. Criticism. Rahman, "Boy love in the Urdu ghazal", Paidika vol. 2 no. 1 (1989), 18: a poem in which the beloved is referred to as a baby. Historian and critic from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1970. Author of Sex in Literature, 4 volumes, London, 1970. This contains little gay material except for volume 2. It is eccentric in what it includes and excludes though the bibliography contains some little known items (e.g. the gay poem "Advice" by *Tobias Smollett). It is mainly a compilation which quotes from other sources. Volume 1 is subtitled The Erotic Experience. Volume 2, the main volume of concern, subtitled The Classical Experience, deals with Greek and Latin literature; see Chapter 3 re *Catullus, Chapter 5 re *Martial, Chapter 6 re Juvenal, Chapter 7 re *Petronius; relevant also are Chapter 8, "Homosexuality" (see pp. 174 * Romance of the Rose, 179-86 * Arabian Nights [on which see also 258], 196-99 *Cavafy), Chapter 10, "Buggery", and Chapter 12, *"Phallic worship". Volume 3 deals with The Medieval Experience. Volume 4 is The Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active before 1992. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 558. Poet from Iran who wrote in Persian. 1119-1230. A Persian mystical poet who was close to being a *Sufi though never joining the order. He lived in Nishapur the old center of Sufism. His works have strong homosexual undertones with *non gender specific poems addressed to The *Beloved. Light, the rose, the beloved and the soul are major tropes to express his feelings of love for the prophet Mohammad. His most famous poem is Mantiq alTahr (The Conference of the Birds) one of the masterpieces of world poetry, which has many homosexual stories incorporated; e.g. see pp, 93-95 of the Penguin English translation (1984). The Australian poet *Anne Fairbairn wrote a poem based on this work. 'Attar means pharmacist but little is known about him personally; he may have been gay. He was strongly influenced by *al-Hallaj. A phrase said to be by the *Sufi Abu sa'id Harraz - "sitting with young boys is the biggest temptation" - occurs in *R. A. Nicholson's edition of Attar's Tadhkiratu 'l-Awliya (Memorial of Saints), London, 1905, volume two, p. 41, line 2. Text: Conference of the Birds, edited by Dr Sadegh Gouharin (Tehran, 1978); see also the Encyclopaedia Iranica article on Attar p. 24. Criticism: *Helmut Ritter has written a recent brilliant study of him (with bibliography). Translation. English: *Edward Fitzgerald (1894), *R. A. Nicholson (1905-11). The Conference of the Birds, translated by Afkham Darbandi and Dick David, New York: Penguin Books, 1984), is the most reliable translation. The English translations before the Penguin translation are strongly censored and unreliable. French: *Gargin de Tassy (1863; repr.). Swedish: Erik Hermelir (1929; translated from the French of Gargin de Tassy). Arabic. Hindi and Turkish translations exist which were consulted by Gargin de Tassy in his edition: see C. S. Nott, The Conference of the Birds, 1971, page v; these are likely to be in manuscript. Consult also the *British Library General Catalogue and the National Union Catalog for other translations. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition: by *Helmut Ritter (notes p.753 "frequently one does not know who is speaking or who is being addressed" in his poetry). Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures. Encyclopedia Iranica. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 335 (a gay love poem); biog., 327. Criticism. Browne, Literary History of Persia, volume 2, 506-15. Arcadie, 98 (February 1962), 113-16: review. *Marc Daniel, "Arab Civilization and Male Love", Gay Sunshine 32 (Spring 1977), 8. Arberry, Sufism, 107-09. Translator from French and Russian to Hungarian from Hungary. 1905-1937. He was a prominent poet who translated the French poets *Rimbaud, *Villon and translated *Esenin from Russian. Very unhappy in his later life, he threw himself under a train and died. See Klaniczay, History of Hungarian Literature, pp. 413-29 for information. Translation into English. See Attila Jôsef: Poems and Fragments, ed. Thomas Kabedo (2000) and The Iron Blue Vault: Selected Poems, translated by Zsuzsanna Ozsvath and Frederick Turner (2000). Poet from France who wrote in French. 1550-1630. A French *Calvinist poet who spent his last ten years in Switzerland. See also *Bathyllus. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 142: re *Henri III from his *long poem Les Tragiques. Les Amours masculines, 98-100: from Les Tragiques and regarding Louis XIII. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 402-03: poems lampooning *Henri III. Pour tout l'amour des hommes, 61-62. Editor of works in Greek and translator from Greek to French from France. Active from 1921. Editor and translator of the French edition of the *Palatine Anthology. He edited Book 11 and the poems from the *Planudean Anthology not in the Palatine Anthology (volumes 10 and 13 of the Waltz edition). An academic at The University of Rouen, France. Article: "Le livre XII de l'anthologie palatine: la muse de Straton", Byzantion (39), 1969, pp. 35-52; this deals with the construction of the book and the manuscript tradition. Buffière, Eros adolescent, p. 295 states he and *Félix Buffière are the editors and translators of the forthcoming edition of the * Mousa Paidike in the *Waltz edition. Biographer from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1626-1697. The first English biographer to unequivocally refer to homosexuality in a poet. In his life of Bacon in his Brief Lives he states: "He was a paiderastes [i.e. pederast; the word is written in Greek in Aubrey's text]. His *Ganimedes and Favourites took bribes..." (Clark edition, vol. i p. 71). In his life of *Francis Beaumont and John Fletcher he remarks on "that dearnesss of friendship between them" (ibid., i p. 95) and states: "They lived together on the Bank side, not far from the Play-house, both bachelors; lay together.. the same clothes and cloak, & c, between them" (ibid., i p. 96). The Lives were deposited in manuscript in the Ashmolean Museum, *Oxford, just before his death; they discuss over 400 persons, sometimes in brief form, sometimes, as with *Milton, in detail. The first edition of the Lives of 1813 was censored. The text was established by Andrew Clark in his 1898 edition for Oxford University Press, using the Oxford manuscript, and he published most of the lives; however, a more complete text using this manuscript and other manuscripts is that of Oliver Lawson Dick, 1949. The complete text of all lives has not been published, many of the lives being in note form. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Poet from the Netherlands writing in Dutch. Active before 1980. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Mannenmaat, 47-51; *sonnets. Poet, critic and anthologist from South Africa writing in Afrikaans. Born 1934. Active as a writer from 1965. His Wisselstroom: Homoerotiek in die Afrikaanse verhalkuns (South Africa, Kaapstad, 1990), 219 pages, is the first Afrikaans gay anthology. It covers not only the history and criticism of homosexuality in literature in South Africa in the twentieth century, but is also an anthology of prose; bibliography, pp. 215-17. The word "wisselstroom" refers to a stream. He wrote the Introduction to this work, pp. 9-20, which discusses prose writers and one poet,*Melt Brink. Active as a writer from 1965. Some poems are relevant. For his biography, see his entry in International Authors and Writer's Who Who , 1977 Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English; he lived in the United States from 1939 and became a United States citizen in 1946. He wrote at least six poems in German and translated works from Swedish to English. 1907-1973. W. H. Auden was the most famous British gay poet of the twentieth century who, however, became a citizen of the United States. The *Platonic Blow, an openly gay erotic narrative poem vividly describing gay sex, which Auden admitted writing, alone puts him among the greatest English language gay poets (written in 1948, it circulated in manuscript until 1965). This poem and 'Ginsberg's "Please Master" were among the most widely read English gay poems of the early 'gay liberation period. Auden's love poem "Lay your sleeping head, my love" (sometimescalled "Lullaby"), now known to have been "addressed to a teenage boy" (see Charles Osborne, W. H. Auden: The Life of a Poet, 1979, p. 140), is also a famous poem and felt by many to be the finest love poem in English of the twentieth century (it was first published by the homosexual 'John Lehmann in New Writing, Spring 1937 and was written in late 1936 or early 1937); 'John Fuller, in W. H. Auden: A Commentary, 1998, p. 158, states it was inspired by a "fourteen-and-a-half-year old boy" with the poem being discussed on p. 264). Educated at 'Oxford, Auden published his first book, Poems, in 1928 (it was published by 'Stephen Spender). Auden had a high reputation in the 1930s when he espoused 'Marxism and 'Freudianism and was the leading poet in a group called the 'MacSpaunday poets (which consisted of 'Louis MacNeice, 'Stephen Spender, W. H. Auden and 'C. Day Lewis). 'D. H. Lawrence figured as an influence in this early work. Moving to the United States in 1939, he lived in 'New York with his lover 'Chester Kallman whom he met in that year. In the poem "September 1, 1939" (written in New York on the day World War Two commenced) he wrote famously: "we must love one another or die". This poem, which Auden later suppressed, ends with the words: "May I ... show an affirming flame". He became a 'Christian from 1940 and a United States citizen in 1946. After World War Two, he regularly holidayed on 'Ischia, Italy, an island near 'Naples across the bay from 'Capri. He later bought a house at Kirchstetten, Austria, where he lived in summer, died, and is buried. Auden came out at a public reading in New York in the early gay liberation period about 1970 but his poems contain many subtle gay usages and his gayness was apparent to perceptive readers from much earlier. He was deeply depressive and his love life was unhappy (in "September 1 1939" he also wrote that what humans wanted was "Not universal love/ But to be loved alone"). Towards the end he was alcoholic. His persona of kindness and compassion, so emphasized by Stephen Spender in his Dictionary of National Biography obituary, points to a similar persona in Allen Ginsberg, his contemporary (who did not become addicted to drugs and who was more genuinely positive and optimistic). Unlike 'A. E. Housman (about whom Auden wrote a splendid poem), Auden was not obsessed by self hate but the oppression of gays during his life in Great Britain and United States left deep scars and must be taken into account in reading his poetry. His relationship with Chester Kallman was also not happy (see the memoir of Kallman's stepmother 'Dorothy J. Farnan); it seems that the relationship early on broke down sexually although the two remained together. Auden married Erika Mann, the daughter of the novelist 'Thomas Mann and brother of the homosexual writer 'Klaus Mann in 1935 simply to get her out of Germany (Thomas Mann had left Germany to go into exile with the rise of the 'Nazis). Other lovers included 'Christopher Isherwoood (with whom he wrote Journey to a War, 1939, about a visit to China) and 'Jackie Hewit (who has recalled an unpublished poem written to him). He was close friends with the gay British composer Benjamin Britten who set many of his poems to music (Benjamin Britten and his lover, the singer Peter Pears, lived in New York and shared a house with Auden and others at the beginning of the Second World War before returning to live in England). Besides lyrics, many 'long poems, such as Letter to Lord *Byron, were written and Auden was a master of verse forms. A detailed gay reading of his early poems has not been attempted and this is related to the complex problems of his text. He also wrote dramatic works. In his and Christopher Isherwood's play The Ascent of F6 (1936) Auden stated the hero figure was modelled on "'T. E. Lawrence, or the dictators of the continent" (Hynes, The Auden Generation, 1976, p. 239). Auden also wrote opera libretti. Text of the poems. The text of Auden is very complex. Not all his poems are readily available in his Collected Poems (1976) edited by his literary executor 'Edward Mendelson. Mendelson, who is editing his works, was left discretion as to what he might publish and has printed the latest texts as approved by Auden. As Auden revised his published poems in the Collected Shorter Poems and Collected Longer Poems published in his lifetime, omitting and altering the text, this is another problem with his texts. The problems of his texts are discussed in Stephen Spender, W. H. Auden, 1975; see "A note on Auden's text", by Edward Mendelson, pp. 249-51 (see also the introduction to the Collected Poems). Edward Mendelson has been criticized for his editing methods and his choice of poems (e.g., omitting the fine poem "September 1, 1939": see the review in Agenda vol. 30 no. 3, 71-75). Volumes published so far include Juvenilia: Poems 1922-1928 (London, 1994), 263 pp., edited by Katherine Bucknell and The English Auden: Poems, Essays and Dramatic Writings 1927-1939 (1977), edited by Edward Mendelson, which collects poems of the 1930s written in Great Britain as published before Auden moved to New York in 1939. The United States poems from 1940 are forthcoming, as is a variorum edition. As I walked out one evening: Songs, Ballads, Lullabies, Limericks and Other Light Verse is a selection of 'limericks and light verse edited by Edward Mendelson and published in 1995. Princeton University Press is publishing a Complete Works of which so far the following have been published: The Plays and Other Dramatic Writings by W. H. Auden, 19281938 (1988), Prose and Travel Books in Prose and Verse Volume I 1926-1938 (1996), W. H. Auden and Chester Kallman: The Libretti and Other Dramatic Writings By W. H. Auden, 1939-1973 (1993), all edited by Edward Mendelson. So called pornographic works, such as The Platonic Blow, have been omitted from work published so far. In addition, some poems published in journals have not been included. The Table Talk, edited by Alan Ansen (1991), consist of Auden's remembered conversation (review: Lambda Book Report vol. 1 no. 9 , 1991, 18-19). A selection of ten love poems Tell Me the Truth About Love (1994), based on a film of the same title, has proved very popular and been translated into some 'European languages (for example French, Italian - see Translation below). Several recordings of his readings exist. Interview: see the film interview in series Writers of Today, where he is interviewed by Walter Kerr, ca. 1950. Poems written in German. At least six poems were written by him in Germany in the 1930s: see Katherine Bucknell editor, W. H. Auden, 1991 - this contains a large amount of unpublished material. Auden as translator. Swedish: see *Dag Hammarskjöld for Auden's translation. Manuscripts. A large number of Auden's manuscripts are in the *New York Public Library. Gay poems. Discussed here are homosexual poems of Auden. As Auden was homosexual, all his poems are relevant. Since poems were continuously rewritten by Auden, the first published texts must be consulted in all cases as well as every later version; gay reference was toned down or deleted in later versions of some poems. Auden was especially fond of subtle uses of words, including using words which would have special meanings for gay readers, another problem in reading him (heterosexual readers may miss many references). As Auden did not reprint one of his finest poems, "September 1, 1939", as already noted, he cannot be trusted in what he considered final versions: it therefore cannot be assumed that the text of his poems in published books represents the best text of the poems. The early "A Letter to a Wound", which may be about his homosexuality, he later suppressed. His 'non gender specific love poem "Lay Your Sleeping Head My Love, Human on My Faithless Arm" (January 1937), one of the most famous English love poems of the twentieth century, was written, as already noted, "to a teenage boy" (Charles Osborne, W. H. Auden, 1979, 140). In Poems: Another Time, London, 1940 see "Funeral Blues (Stop all the clocks, cut off the telephone)" p. 91, in the sequence "Four Cabaret Songs". This poem was used in the film Four Weddings and a Funeral, 1992, with a gay reference (it has been dated April 1936 by Edward Mendelson). In Poems: Another Time see also the Dedication poem "To Chester Kallman" (the poems are based on 'Shakespeare's sonnets). The *Platonic Blow is Auden's most widely read gay poem. In Nones (1952) see "The Love Feast" (there are slight changes to it in the Collected Poems) and "In Praise of Limestone" (the text was changed in his Shorter Poems [e.g., "the nude young male who lounges/ Against a rock displaying his dildo" in the version in Nones, 1952, p. 11, disappeared in later versions though the phrase "a mad 'camp" was retained]). About the House (1966) deals with his relationship with Chester Kallman. Charles Osborne states there are "three central love poems" in Auden's oeuvre: "Lay your sleeping head, my love", "The Common Life" (written to Chester Kallman) and "Glad", written to "Hugerl, a Viennese call-boy" ( W. H. Auden: The Life of a Poet, op. cit., p. 276). For the text of a gay 'limerick see Charles Osborne, WH Auden (1979), p. 284 (other limericks seem to have been written). Academic Graffiti (1971) has one relevant poem, No. 58 on 'Oscar Wilde. Other gay poems not included in Mendelson's edition are in the memoir of 'Dorothy Farnan, Auden in Love (London, 1984), e.g., the poem "To Chester Kallman", pp. 25-27. The Queen's Masque (1943) is an unpublished manuscript in the Berg Collection, New York (see Times Literary Supplement, May 20-21, 1988, 554). Woods, Articulate Flesh: Male Homo-eroticism and Modern Poetry, pp. 168-94, is the most detailed gay reading of his poetry so far. For further relevant poems, see the books mentioned in Bibliographies below and the poems in gay Anthologies listed below. Biographers. Biographical works include works by *Charles Osborne (an affectionate tribute), 'Humphrey Carpenter (a detailed and readable work), 'Dorothy Farnan (on the relationship of Auden and Kallman), 'Richard Davenport-Hines (a very detailed biography), Thekla Clark, Wystan and Chester: A Personal Memoir (New York, 1996); review: James White Review, vol. 13 no. 3, Summer 1996, 19 (by Jack Shreve). 'Edward Mendelson has written a two volume survey of his thinking. See also reminiscences by 'Harold Norse in his autobiography and by 'A. L. Rowse. Samuel Hynes, The Auden Generation (London, 1976), deals with Auden, Spender and Isherwood 1930-40. His summer house in Kirchstetten, Austria, is now a museum. Film. A British Broadcasting Commission documentary on his life Tell Me the Truth About Love by Susanna Short was completed in 2000; this includes interviews with 'Christopher Isherwood and Don Bachardy. Bibliography. Barry C. Bloomfield and *Edward Mendelson, W. H. Auden: A bibliography (second edition, 1972), is a very thorough bibliography listing books, journal publications, translations, films (discussion of the printings of The Platonic Blow, pp. 366-68, which is not in the first edition of the bibliography, is excellent). A third edition is reputedly in progress. Criticism dealing with homosexuality in his poetrv. Discussion of his homosexuality started in 1973 with *Clive James after Auden had come out ca. 1970 at a poetry reading believed to be at the YMCA in New York (an article in Life, 30 January 1970 had referredto his and Chester Kallman's "homosexual routine" at this summer house in Kirchstetten in Austria. 'Gregory Woods, in Articulate Flesh: Male Homo-eroticism and Modern Poetry, pp. 168-94, has written the most detailed reading so far from a gay viewpoint. Since Auden's poems are frequently obscure with many hidden references a guide to them is virtually essential. 'Anthony Hecht has written detailed analyses. 'John Fuller's W. H. Auden: A Commentary (1998) is the most detailed discussion of his poems so far, based on his earlier Reader's Guide to W. H. Auden (1970); it discusses each poem separately and gives detaild bibliographical reference to all published texts so that textual variations can be checked. Translation. The *British Library General Catalogue was checked. See Bloomfield and Mendelson's bibliography (1972), referred to above under Bibliography, pp. 286-322 (this lists translations into many languages of poems in anthologies, journals and selections in books). Only book translations are listed here. French. Jean Lambert (1976; selection of poems including "Lay your sleeping head"); Tell Me the Truth About Love (see above) has been translated titled Dites-moi. la vérité sur l'amour(1995). German. Sag mir die Wahreit über die Liebe (1994; Tell me the truth about love). Hungarian: Translated by Andras Fodor, Agnes Gergely and others, titled Acilles pajsza, 1968 (trans. of 35 poems); Italian: Poesie, trans. Carlo Izzo (Parma, 1952; repr. 1961, 252 pp; trans. of ninety poems, the largest selection in any translated language), La verita, vi prego, sull'amore (Milan, 1994) - translation of Tell Me the Truth About Love; Japanese: Oden shishu, trans. Motohiro Fukase, 1955 (trans. of 42 poems); see also Bloomfield and Mendelson's bibliography p. 311 ; Macedonian: Pesni - a selection of poems, Scopje, 1971, trans. and selected by Bogomil Guzel - see * British Library General Catalogue entry (citing this incorrectly as being translated into Serbo-Croat). The Platonic Blow has not been translated except into Dutch: see the entry for *The Platonic Blow. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionary of National Biography : by 'Stephen Spender and stating "he was a 'Christian... and a Christian gentleman". Dictionary of Literary Biography. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 9192: by 'Wayne Dynes. Dictionnaire Gay. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10442-46: About the House, London: Faber, 1966, Academic Graffiti, London: Faber, 1971, Collected Longer Poems, London: Faber and Faber 1974, Thank you, fog, London: Faber, 1974 and "A Day for a Lay" in Avant Garde 11, March, 1970, Vector 7:3, 18-19, March 1971 and Gay Sunshine 21: 11, Spring 1974 . Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 134-39: About the House, Academic Graffiti, The Age of Anxiety: A Baroque Eclogue, London: Faber, 1948, The Orators, second edition, London: Faber, 1934, The Platonic Blow, New York: The Fuck You Press, 1965 and Thank You Fog. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gay Poetry, 7: a limerick. Frà mann til mann, 46-47. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 320: poem "Uncle Henry" (about a Scot who travels to find sex). Les Amours masculines, 427-49. Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, 32-35; biog 32. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 654-58: text of '"A Day for a Lay". Drobci stekla v ustih, 68. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 161: poem "Uncle Henry". Name of Love, 17; biog., 69. "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen ", 139-44. Eros in Boystown, 56-57; biog., 59. Poems of Love and Liberation, 29, 33-34: "Uncle Henry" and "Lullaby". Pour tout l'amour des hommes, 257-58: trans. into French of "Lay your sleeping head" by Jean Lambert. A Day for a Lay, 40-44. Word of Mouth, 4-6. August Herzog von Sachsen-Gotha Poet from Germany who wrote in German. Active 1805. Ein Jahr in Arkadien, edited by Paul *Derks (1985), 169 pp., is an idyllic novel with parts in poetry (i.e., it is a * prosimetrum). Not inOxford Companion to German Literature. Criticism. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen volume 5, Part 1 (1905), 646-687 including the poems "Kannst Du den Flug mit mir, o Freundinn, wagen" and *"Eros (In des Orasis friedlich stillen Auen)" pp. 659-60 and "Anteros" p. 686. Derks, Der Schande der heiligen Päderastie, 410-31. Poet from Brazil writing in Portuguese. Active 1977. Author of the book of poems Falo, self published, 1977, 61 pages (reviewed in *Lampiao no. 11, p. 14: it is assume the reason for the review is that the book contains relevant poems dealing with the theme of homosexuality). Poet from Spain who wrote in Spanish. Active before 1992. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 331: gay poet included in the *journal Cantico (published in Cordoba). Aural material and sound recordings Aural recordings in English and other languages from Great Britain, the United States and Australia date from ca. 1888. English. Aural recordings of English language poets reading their poetry date apparently from the late 1880s; published material exists relating to poets from Great Britain and the United States especially. *Tennyson is believed to have recorded a poem and *Whitman's voice (ca. 1888) may have been preserved. The Canadian Lesbian and Gay Archives holds a recording of what is believed to be the voice of *Oscar Wilde. *Auden and *Ginsberg have been widely recorded. United States poets: see James Broughton, *Kenward Elmslie, James S. Holmes. Great Britain: see *Ivor Treby, *Lee Harwood. *Gershon Legman's works should provide leads for oral recordings of erotic poetry. Cassette tapes and videos of poets reading frequently exist in the private collections of poets, both those broadcast on radio and those from public readings. See also *Archives and *Libraries and Archives - English since these are repositories of rare material. The *Library of Congress and Smithsonian Institute in *Washington DC in the United States are major United States repositories; the Library of Congress Folklore section should be able to help for. There is a National Sound Archive in the United States, as in other countries. The Sound Recording Archives at Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio, founded in 1967, has over 500,000 recordings in various forms including cylinder recordings from the 1880s. There is an Association for Recorded Sound Collections in the United States. Many countries are developing sound archives and videos screened on television sets are relevant (private copies of television screenings may frequently be the only copies in existence). In Great Britain, the BBC Archives and in Australia the archives of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation contain material; national and state broadcasting authorities in other English speaking countries may have material. In Australia an archive of Australian poets reading on video exists in Canberra at the Defence Forces Academy, Campbell. The Poetry Society in London may have material and similar poetry societies and writers' societies in other countries may be repositories (check the internet for such societies). *RLIN, *OCLC and other online union library catalogs should be checked since aural material is increasingly being cataloged on them. Some libraries (such as the State Library of Victoria, *Melbourne) have card catalogs of aural material not yet transferred to machine readable form. See also *Poetry Readings. As far as radio goes, it is important to realize that broadcast material has been archived in a haphazard way and material may be scattered in all parts of the world since radio is still a major media and material emanating in one country has been broadcast in others and may have been archived there and not in the country of origin. Other languages. National libraries should be checked as well as national film and sound archives, poetry societies and literary societies. For French ICRAM in Paris is the national sound and film repository. In Russian archives exist in Moscow as in Chinese and Japanese. For cultures lacking writing *anthropology museums (such as the Smithsonian in Washington and the Peabody Museum at *Harvard) have aural material. Major museums such as the British Museum in London also should have material. The National Museum of Ethnology in Osaka, Japan, has 63,00 audio-visual items. City in India in which Urdu is the main spoken language (see *Siraj-ud-din, active 1747). A city in Maharashtra state in north-central India, the city is a center of Urdu speaking Muslims. See *C. M. Naim, "The Theme of Homosexual (Pederastic) Love in Pre-Modern Urdu Poetry", in Studies in the Urdu Gazal and Prose Fiction, edited by M. U. Memon, 1979, pp. 121 and 128. Poet from France who wrote in Greek and Latin and translator from Greek to Latin. Ca. 310-ca.395. Ausonius married and lived in the French city of Bordeaux; he also wrote *epigrams in Greek (though whether any are relevant is not known); see also *fellatio. The *National Union Catalog and *British Library General Catalogue reveal his works were first published in 1472 and have been many times reprinted. He wrote some 146 epigrams. As translator, see Dawes, A Phase of Roman Life, 330 - he notes a large number of translations from the Greek * Palatine Anthology, e.g., poem cxix (in the *Loeb edition poem lix). Translation. English: H. G. Evelyn White (1919-21; *Loeb edition), Jack Lindsay (ca. 1928). Catalan: Carlos Riba and Anton Navarro (1924). French: L'abbé Jaubert (1769), E. F. Corpet (1842-43+), E. Ducote (1897), M. Jasinski (1935). German: M. W. Besser (1908). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 141-42: Ausonius, Volume I, Books I-XVII, and Volume II, Books XVIII-XX, both published London: Heinemann, Loeb Classical Library, [no date]. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Forberg, Manual of Classical Erotology. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 109. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 110-11. Medieval Latin Poems of Male Love and Friendship, 2-5: three *epigrams showing fascination with homosex and one to his pupil *Paulinus; biog., 142. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 202-03. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 137-38. Criticism. Courouve, Ces petits grecs, 11. Biographer and critic from the United States who wrote in English. 1935-1984. Author of Genteel Pagan: The Double Life of *Charles Warren Stoddard (Amherst, MA, 1991). This is a major biography of a minor poet which, in addition, reveals much about nineteenth century *San Francisco; on Stoddard's Poems 1867, see pp. 34-35. A biography of Austen appears on pp. vii-xxiv (he committed *suicide). Roger Austen was also the author of Playing the Game: The Homosexual Novel in America (1977). Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Died 1974. He taught in the Far East Division of the University of Maryland, in *Tokyo, where he died unexpectedly in 1974 . See Gay Sunshine no. 24, p.11, for some relevant poems. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10447: three poems and photographs of Japan's naked festival from *Gay Sunshine no. 19 (Sept/ Oct 1973), 14-15. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Orgasms of Light, 22-23: fine poem *"Mishima" (with reference to St *Sebastian); biog., 248. Bibliography in English from Australia. From ca. 1970. A computer database based at the Defence Forces Academy, Canberra, indexing Australian books and journals, including *subject indexing (and including subject indexing for homosexuality - both male and female). It commenced ca. 1973 and is being progressively extended backwards in time (e. g., early journals such as the Sydney Bulletin are being entered). Coverage from 1970 is excellent; coverage before 1970 is not detailed but is being progressively extended and widened. This is apparently a unique database which, as a model, could be applied to all the *languages in the world, estimated at some 6,000, and extended to oral material, including film and aural recordings. Problems of conceptualization arise with subject indexing since the words and subjects indexed are inevitably subjective. This problem would be helped by entry of all the material being entered in computer form (allowing searchers to make their own subject searches of the actual texts for much contemporary material). This may be possible in future as more and more authors' manuscripts are deposited in libraries and archives in computer form (but this seems unlikely for the present due to copyright problems). See the entries *Robert Adamson, *Briggs, *Dibble, *Goodfellow, *Harwood, Jefferies, Jones, John Kinsella, *Li Min Hua (pseud.), *Sharkey, *Wardleworth as examples. Australian Aboriginal languages Languages spoken by the Aboriginal peoples of Australia. Detailed documentation exists especially from ca. 1970 though written records of individual languages go back to the late eignteenth century. Australian Aboriginal languages may date back over 40,000 years. Over 200 languages are spoken currently and possibly 300 were spoken at the beginning of the contact period (1788) with many more dialects being spoken (recent estimates indicate some 678 Aboriginal tribes existed). It has been estimated that, of the 250 languages spoken in 1788, 160 are extinct and only 20 are actively transmitted (David Horton, Encyclopedia of Aboriginal Australia, 1994, volume 1, p. 600). The languages formed 29 language families at least, one language family being spoken over south-east Australia and 28 others in north-west Australia (in northern Western Australia and the north of the Northern Territory). Walpiri and Aranda, both spoken in the central desert, are languages with a large number of speakers; Kukatja is spoken in the desert in northern western Australia. Many languages have only a few speakers and are in danger of extinction. Oral literatures have not been recorded in most languages for the most part, even on tape and video, and what has been recorded on tape and video only date from ca. 1970 (see *T. G. H. Strehlow); initiation ceremonies are of major importance. Of those languages that have been recorded, literary analysis has barely begun (for Aranda, the main language, see *T. G. H. Strehlow). Dictionaries, where they exist, are mostly inadequate: e.g., the dictionary of Gidjingarli (Northern Territory), compiled by the Christian missionaries D. and K. Glasgow, omits all words which hint at sexuality and obscenity - which words in fact form a large proportion of the vocabulary (estimated by *Les Hiatt, University of Sydney, to this author, at up to 40%). See overall R. M. Dixon, Languages of Australia (1980). See *Australian Aboriginal languages - Overview for homosexual poems. For information on languages see, in the Australian Encyclopedia, 1965 edition, under "Aborigines" the subsection titled "Languages"; in the 1977 printing see "Languages" under "Aborigines" (written by S. A. Wurm). See also entries on individual languages in The Encyclopedia of Aboriginal Australia edited by David Horton, 2 volumes (Canberra, 1994). References. International Encyclopedia of Linguistics. Australian Gay and Lesbian Writing Anthology in English from Australia. Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1993, 383 pages. Compiled by *Robert Dessaix. Introduction pp. 1-18; biographical notes pp. 375-79. This is a mixed male and female anthology of poetry and prose on historical lines in the area of *queer writing. The anthology is arranged in seven sections: "Forewords", "Desiring", "Initiating", "Transgressing", "Loving", "Afterwords". It has been much criticized for not representing the writing of the *gay liberation period adequately and for including heterosexual writers or writers who indentify as heterosexual at the expense of those who have written on homosexual themes (see reviews listed in Hurley, Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia). Review: The Age, 11 September 1993, Extra p. 9. It contains some good poems but is uneven overall. Male poets (see entries) are: Javant Biarujia, John Le Gay Brereton, Michael Dransfield, David Herkt, Rae Desmond Jones, David Malouf, Don Maynard, Tony Page, Peter Rose, Thomas Shapcott, Val Vallis; see also Gwen Harwood, Benedict Chiantar, Francis MacNamara (p. 3) and a poem by Sasha Soldatow (p.15). References. Hurley, Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia. Languages spoken in Australia are of two types: indigenous and introduced languages. Material of relevance dates from 1847 in English - see *Christianos (pseud.). *Australian Aboriginal languages were spoken before 1788 and go back 53,000 years or more (a piece of ochre used by humans hands in the Nationals Museum of Australia in Canberra on display is dated from 53,000 to 59,000 years before the present). Only twenty Australian Aboriginal languages are extensively spoken. *European languages - English, spoken from 1788, being the main language - and *Asian languages (Chinese initially from ca. 1851) are now spoken. The languages of the Torres Strait islands (Meriam and Mabuiag) are Melanesian and are related to the *Papua New Guinea Languages; these languages have oral traditions but there is not much reference known to homosexuality (information from Jeremy Beckett, an anthropologist specializing in the peoples of the islands). The Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies in *Canberra - known as AIATSIS - is the premier institute for the study of Torres Strait islander cultures. Over three hundred languages are currently spoken, including some 150 Aboriginal languages and over 150 introduced languages. The number of introduced languages has increased markedly since 1945 when there was increased immigration. Some 200 introduced languages are in daily use in homes in New South Wales, the largest state with one third of the population (capital: *Sydney). Migrants came mainly from Europe until the 1980s when there has been increasing Asian immigration. References. Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics: see "Australia". Australian Lesbian and Gay Archives, also called ALGA Archive mainly in English situated in Australia. It was established in 1978. The archive is based in Melbourne; Graham Carberry has been the main person responsible for running it until the late 1990s. It has assembled the largest collection of gay *journals in English in Australia holding * Christopher Street, *The Advocate, *Gay News and by 1994 an extensive collection of 694 journal titles (a computer based list of these journals exists). It has some non-English and nonAustralin journals (e.g., * Homologie). There are also 1,000 files on individuals, gay groups and gay topics and 40,000 newspaper cuttings arranged chronologically. The achives has an internet site. References. Directory of the International Association of Lesbian and Gay Archives and Libraries, 18-22. Austronesian languages, also called Malayo-Polynesian Languages spoken from the Pacific to the Indian Oceans, from Hawaii and other islands of Polynesia to Madagascar. Many are spoken in the Philippines and Indonesia. They include Bahasa Indonesia, the national language of Indonesia, and Tagalog, the national language of the Philippines. Tribal languages of Taiwan belong to this group. Material of relevance dates from ca. 1590. The Austronesian languages are the most widespread indigenous language group in the world. They are spoken by over 250 million peoples. Hundreds of languages are involved. *Oral and tribal cultures predominate. Little work has been done on recording the oral literatures of the group which frequently include poems readily composed on almost any subject. The Indonesian is the largest group of languages (some 669 languages are known: see "Indonesia" in Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics). Various scripts, derived from India, were used - e.g., the Kawi script for Javanese. The * Ramayana and *Mahabharata are major long poems extensively translated in southeast Asia. *Islam is a dominant religion in Indonesia and Malaysia and *Sufism has been influential in these countries (see * Pantun and the *Sufi poet *Hamzah Fan Suri, active ca. 1590); *Christianity is a major religion in the Philippines. Indonesia. Bahasa Indonesia is the most widely spoken language: see *Chairil Anwar. Javanese, the next most widely spoken language, is spoken on Java. Balinese is spoken only on the island of Bali. In Javanese relevant material dates from 1000 in oral form: see *Mahabharata (which translation existed from 1000, though written versions may only date from 1893). Buoinese. spoken in south Sulawesi in Indonesia, has a major epic poem * I La Galigo recited by male *transvestite priests. Malaysia. Malay: see *Pantun. Asmah Haji Omar, The Malay Peoples of Malaysia and their Languages (Kuala Lumpur, 1983), discusses languages spoken in Malaysia. Madagascar. Malagasy is spoken: see *Rabearivelo, *Songs - Malagasy. Philippines. Tagalog is the most widely spoken language: see *Songs - Tagalog. *J. Neil Garcia has edited a gay anthology and is a gay poet. Taiwan. The native languages of Taiwan (where Chinese is now the main language) are the northernmost languages and are related to Tagalog. Polynesia. The languages of this area, in the Pacific Ocean from New Guinea to Hawaii, are usually regarded as a sub family: see entries *Ulamoleke for Tongan, *Overview - Maori and *Overview - Polynesian. Victor Krupa, The Polynesian Languages (1982) surveys these languages. On oral languages see the separate entry *Overview - Oral languages of Southeast Asia for some oral in this language family. References. Katzner, Languages of the World, 5 and 25-26. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 579-99: "Indonesia". Murray, Oceanic Homosexualities, 151-84. New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics: "Indonesian", "Polynesian". Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 238-39. Autobiography of gay poets in English dates from 1722; works exist from Great Britain, the United States, Australia and Canada. The first autobiographies of poets of relevance come from the United Kingdom: see *Lord Hervey and *Thomas Walpole (whose autobiography, published in 1722, is the first work of note). The poet *Leigh Hunt described homosexuality at his school in his autobiography. *J. A. Symonds - whose autobiography was edited by *Phyllis Grosskuth - and *Edward Carpenter wrote autobiographies. The autobiographies of homopoets who did not write openly can frequently be more interesting than their works: for instance, *Osbert Sitwell (whose five volume work fails to mention his partner *David Horner). Autobiographies frequently give valuable information on the circles the person moved in which can help in tracing who was gay in these groups. One poet, *Aleister Crowley, is so enigmatic, that, even after an autobiography and three biographical editions by one man, John Symonds, over forty years, the full story of his life is not known. Great Britain. See J. R. Ackerley, *Lord Alfred Douglas (whose autobiography is unreliable), *A. K. Seawright (an unpublished manuscript), *Francis King and James Kirkup (one of the most important poet autobiographers) His continuing autobiography extends now over several volumes. United States: see *Harold Norse (author of a major autobiography), James Broughton, *Samuel Steward. Australia: see *Patrick White (primarily a novelist but he also wrote some poetry). Canada: see *Patrick Anderson. Until recently the possibility of iibel has been an inhibiting factor in writing about homosexuality in autobiographies. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 138-42. Gay Histories and Cultures : see "Autobiographical Writing". Bibliographies. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 132-40. Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. Born before 40. The name means charioteer. Not in Oxford Classical Dictionary. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Pauly, Wissowa, Paulys Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft: see "Automedon (4)". Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10448: *Musa Puerilis, London: Heinemann, 1918, Book 12, poem 34. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Garland of Meleager. Garland of Philip. Palatine Anthology xii 34. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 65. Les Amours masculines, 41. Criticism. Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 9 (1908), 271. Brandt, Sittengeschichte griechenlands, volume 2, 200. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 486-87. Buffiere, Eros adolescent, 680. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1975. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 143: book Man to Man, *San Francisco: privately printed, 1975. Poet from Germany who wrote in German. 1856-1923. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Neue deutsche Biographie. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 38: Gedicht für Theodor Fischer [poem for Theodor Fischer]; no source given. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. 1113-1199. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 321: fine gay love poem; *wine trope. Translator from Persian to English from Great Britain. Active 1952-65. Translator of The Rubaiyat of *Omar Khayyam, 1979, with John Heath-Stubbs (reprinted Penguin Books, 1981): a close translation based on the *Forughi and *Hedayat editions. Hafiz of Shiraz, Thirty Poems (London, 1952), is a text and translation of the Persian poet *Hafiz. The * British Library General Catalogue reveals he also published Modern Iran (London, 1965). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 127-32: trans. of *Hafiz with John Heath-Stubbs. Avicolli, Tommi A performance artist from *Philadelphia. He has written his memoirs titled "Memoirs of a Sissy" in Men Freeing Men (1985). He works in *A Different Light, a queer bookship in the Castro in San Francisco. He has written journal articles for the San Francisco Examiner: see the internet. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 144: Magic Doesn't Live Here Anymore, An *Androgyne Collective Publication, 1976. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Orgasms of Light, 24-25. Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, 36-37: "The *Rape Poem"; biog., 36: lists also the book Boy Dreams, 1983. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born ca. 1972. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gents, Bad Boys, and Barbarians,17-21; biog., 16. Poet from Azerbaijan who wrote in Persian. Ca. 1271-1337. A *disciple of Kirmani strongly influenced by him: see Kirmani, Heart's Witness (Tehran, 1978), p. 3. Pseudonym of a critic from France who wrote in French. Active 1924. His Platoniquement (Paris: Figuère, 1924) in prose, has a dialogue between *Platen and *Sappho. In Paris Gay 1925, by Gilles Barbedette (Paris, 1981), p. 311, there is a list of his writings including Les solitudes inquiètes (Paris, 1926) and Les miettes du Banquet (Paris, no date); his real name is stated here to be Pierre Guyoloy-Dubasty. He is not to be confused with a later pederastic writer and painter François Augiérias, 1924-1971 (see the article in Paidika vol. 3 no. 1, issue 9, by *Gert Hekma, 57-64, the entry in Dictionnaire Gay and the entry in Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History). Biographical information on Augiérias also appears in * Pour tout l'amour des hommes, pp. 287-88, and Brongersma, Loving Boys, volume 1, 284; his surname is spelt "Augerias" in his entry in Duroc, Homosexuels et lesbiennes illustrés, 37. Poet and anthologist from Brazil writing in Portuguese; translator from Spanish to Portuguese. 1933-1991. Coeditor with *Gasparino Damata Ayala of the only Brazilian gay poetry anthology * Poemas do Amor Maldito; he wrote the introduction pp. 7-10. His "Phallic Ode" is one of the most erotic poems in the anthology. A prolific author who had published some seventeen books of poetry to 1988, with gay sentiment apparent from the book Un animal de deus, ca.1964 (title means "an animal of God"). He is best known mainly a writer of children's fiction. He translated *Federico García Lorca from Spanish. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Brazilian Literature. Foster, Latin American Writers on Gay and Lesbian Themes. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poemas do amor maldito, 127-28; biog., 126. Lover of a poet who wrote in Persian and lived in Iran; later a trope in Persian poetry. Active ca. 998. The slave who was the beloved of the Ghaznavid *Sultan *Muhmad (ruled 998-1030). Their passion is a recurrent theme in Persian Poetry. He appears in Persian in the poetry of *Farrukhi, *Attar's Mosibatnama and *Rumi's Mathnawi; long mathnawi poems were written by several other Persian poets and especially in *Sufi writings (see his entry in Encyclopaedia Iranica). Other poems are cited in the Sultan Muhmad entry; see also *Huzni of Ispahan. He was a Persian trope of the *Beloved. Little is known about Ayaz except that he was the chief cupbearer or * saki of Muhmad. He was known in Persian poetry for his good looks, valor, shrewdness and sincerity. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Iranica; brilliant article by J. Matini (with bibl.) Poet from Iran who wrote in Persian and Arabic. 1098-1131. *Sufi and martyr who also wrote in Arabic. See the *Kirmani entry in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition: he is in the tradition of Kirmani, though apparently more mystical. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, Supplement. Poet from Brazil who wrote in Portuguese. 1831-1851. Criticism. Trevisan, Perverts in Paradise, 101-03: a repressed *Romantic poet who appears to have been homosexual. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 163: stated to have been gay. Novelist and poet from China who wrote in Chinese. Active before 1972. Though mainly a novelist, gay poems occur in his novel. Hinsch, Passions of the Cut Sleeve, pp. 166-67, cites from his novel Family (Jia), trans. English, New York, 1972, by Olga Lang (see pp. 64-65). The passage refers to the main character's grandfather who wrote poems, playing around with sing song girls (to whom he dedicated poems) and *actors who were female impersonators in Chengdu (a large city in southwest China). Ba Jin is spelt in *Pinyin. Poet from Iran who wrote in Persian. 1000-1055. Persian *Sufi poet who wrote * rubai; they are sorrowful, in contrast to those of the joy loving *Omar Khayyam. He was translated into English by *A. J. Arberry, entitled Poems of a Persian Sufi (1937). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Rypka, History of Iranian Literature, 234. Poet from Iran who wrote in Persian. Active ca. 159Q. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A'in i Akbari anthology, 676; biog., 676. Journal in Italian from Italy. From 1983. It is the most widely read Italian gay journal, published monthly in Milan, Italy. Though popular, it contains serious cultural articles including some on poetry. The major gay scholar *Giovanni Dall'Orto writes for it and has been a leading force in producing it. It has an excellent internet site. See entries for Barcelona, Dario Bellezza, Giuseppe Belli, Bologna, Jean Cocteau, Alfredo Cohen, Giovanni Dall'Orto, Dictionaries and Words - Italian, Gilgamesh, Guido Gozzano, Heinrich Heine, Hou Chu, Journals - Greek, Mario Mieli, Cesare Picchi, Raymond Radiguet, Piero Santi, Songs - Italian, Gennady Trifonov, Turin, Venice. Bibliographer from Great Britain who wrote in English. Active 1925. He was the bibliographer of the important early gay researcher John Addington Symonds who compiled Bibliography of the Writings of John Addington Symonds (London, 1925; repr. New York, 1968), 244 pages. The book is an annotated bibliography of 560 items, including books and articles. It is one of the finest bibliographies of a gay poet and writer so far. The book is dedicated to A. T. Bartholomew "In gratitude for his assistance and in memory of twenty-one years of unclouded friendship." Compare *Christopher Millard. Poet and critic from Hungary who wrote in Hungarian. 1883-1941. A major twentieth century Hungarian writer and poet strongly influenced by 'decadent poetry in his early poetry (published in 1909 and 1911); see Kaido, History of Hungarian Literature, pp. 361-62. He married in 1921. Poems of his are obscure and allusive and may contain hidden gay meanings - see "Pictor Ignotus", in Tibor Klaniczay, History of Hungarian Literature, 1982, p. 262. He also wrote a book on 'Oscar Wilde - Wilde Oszkar verseibol (1916). He is noted for his translation of 'Dante's Divine Comedy into Hungarian and wrote a history of European literature published in Hungarian in 1934 as Az eurôpai irodalom tôrénete (trans. into German and published in 1949 as Geschichte der europäischen Literatur); this discusses many gay poets (e.g., 'Shakespeare, 'Michelangelo) and the second section ends with the ' fin de siècle (there is a small final chapter on the twentieth century). Eroto, Budapest, 1970, is a translation of erotic poetry into Hungarian (rare: copy held, 'Library of Congress). Bibliography of his works: see Albert Tezla, Hungarian Authors(1970), pp. 54-63. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Penguin Companion to World Literature. Criticism. Kaido, History of Hungarian Literature, 36066. Babur, also called Babar or Baber Poet from India and Afghanistan who wrote in Turkish, Chagatay and Persian. 1483-1530. He was founder of the Mughal dynasty of India, occupied *Delhi and Agra and wrote memoirs, the Baburnameh, in the eastern Turkish literary language Chagatay; the memoirs were translated into Persian in 1589 and English by L. F. Brushbrook Williams (published 1921-22) and into French by Pavet de Courteille (published 1891). His memoirs reveal him to have been infatuated with a seventeen year old man known as Baburi. He wrote poems in Turkish; about twelve are in Persian. He had sons. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition: see "Baber". Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 282-83. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition: "Babur". Encyclopedia Iranica: "Babor". Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, vol. 1, 18 and vol. 2, 1007: stated to have written poems. Criticism. Raffalovich, Uranisme et unisexualite, 57-59: regarding a poem to a Persian youth. Rahman, "Boy love in the Urdu ghazal", Paidika vol. 2 no. 1 (1989), 13: love for a boy Babari. Figure from myth and trope in Greek later a trope in Latin, English and Russian. Recorded from ca. 130. Bacchus is another name for *Dionysus. In Greek he is referred to in poetry in the * Mousa Paidike (e.g., xii 50). The date is taken from the 'Mousa Paidike (ca. 130) but he may have appeared in homopoetry earlier; see Liddell and Scott, Greek-English Lexicon, 303. Latin. Bacchus appears in the poetry of *Horace and *Virgil (see Oxford Latin Dictionary, 223) and is extensively depicted on sarcophagi from the early Christian era. For the artistic depiction see * Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae under Dionysos. English. See *Ralph Waldo Emerson, *Edmund Spenser. A painting by the homosexual *Simeon Solomon, who wrote prose poems, dome as an illustration to the journal * Century Guild Hobby Horse shows him as a beautiful youth. Russian. See 'Calling out for Bacchus' by 'Vyacheslav Ivanov in * Out of the Blue, 140-41. The Russian saints Serge and Bacchus are regarded by some as a gay pair: see the entry "Serge and Bacchus" in Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. Born 400 B.C. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 158. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 39: poem "Der Friede (Walter der Friede)". Gay Poetry Anthologies. Garland of Meleager. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 28: see entry *Wilamowitz-Moellendorf. Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 8 (1906), 658. Brandt, Sittengeschichte griechenlands, volume 2, 191. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 477. Bachaumont, François le Coigneux de Poet from France who wrote in French. 1524-1702. Not in Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Les Amours masculines, 139: poem written in relation to *Charles Coypeau d'Assoucy (1604-79) with *Claude Chapelle. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 410. 86: same poem as in the preceding anthologies, Voyage en Languedoc, about a page boy. Historian and autobiographer from Great Britain who wrote in English; he lived for most of his life in China. 1873-1944. A graduate of *Oxford he afterwards lived in *Beijing and became a Chinese scholar. He gave a large collection of Chinese books to the Bodleian Library, *Oxford University. He published in English two books on the Manchu court: China Under the Empress Dowager (1910) and Annals and Memoirs of the Court of Peking (1914). See the biography by Hugh Trevor-Roper, Hermit of Peking, New York, 1977: the book discusses Backhouse's homosexuality extensively. On pp. 238-77 Trevor-Roper discusses a manuscript of Memoirs said to be by Backhouse which he examined in 1973 and which was to be given to the Bodleian Library; he concluded that the Memoirs were largely made up by Backhouse and that claims that he knew such persons as *Wilde, the French poet *Verlaine and *Beardsley are false. Compare *Frederick Rolfe. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography; by Hope Danby. Philosopher and poet from Great Britain who wrote in English; translator from Hebrew to English. 1561-1626. Bacon is most famous as a philosopher and was also Lord Chancellor of England in 1618. His homosexuality was noted by John Aubrey and by his contemporary Sir Simonds D'Ewes (born 1602) in his Autobiography. His mother reproved him for homosexual practices in a letter (see Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 343); this is quoted in Spedding's Life of Bacon. He married in 1606 aged forty-six. His Essays are some of his most widely read literary works. Most importantly from a gay point of view is his essay "On Friendship". His essay on "Beauty" deals exclusively with the masculine kind. He translated some of the Hebrew * Psalms into English and wrote a fine poem in English, "The world's a bubble" (in Poems, edited by Reverend A. B. Grossart, Privately printed, 1870, pp. 49-52), and he possibly wrote "The man of life upright" (ibid., pp. 53-54). As Chancellor of England he was assisted in his rise by the Earl of Buckingham, the homosexual favorite of James I. Accused of bribery, he was disgraced, retired to the country and later married. Intrigues against him must be considered in relation to his homosexuality. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 339-43. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionary of National Biography. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 103. Howes, Broadcasting It. Dictionnaire Gay. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Ioläus (1902), 136-38: from the essay "On *Friendship". Iolaus(1935), 220-230: essay on friendship. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 188-92: essay, "Of Friendship". Criticism. Hirschfeld, Die Homosexualität des Mannes und des Weibes, 659. Dawes, Study of Erotic Literature in England, 229A-229B. Norton, Homosexual Literary Tradition, 287-323. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Active 1934. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10449: Dream and Action, New York: Harper, 1934. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 145: cites the same book. Bada'uni, 'Abd al-Kadir Muntakhab Critic from India who wrote in Persian. Active before 1884. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, item 1017: states his Selections from Histories (translated from Persian into English and first published in English, Calcutta, 1884; repr. 1925) lists pederastic poets and rulers of India. (A copy is in the *Library of Congress: for poets see vol. 1 of the Library of Congress edition [Karachi, 1976; repr. from 1925 edition], pp. 610-13, vol. 2, 12-17, vol. 3, 242-49, 255-57, 265, 331-33, 338-340.) Anthology in English from the United States. New York: Badboy, 1996, 399 pages. An excellent volume of gay erotic poetry compiled by *David Laurents which features poetry by sixty-one poets from the *gay liberation period through to the 1990s; poems are very well chosen; biographical notes pp. 383-93. There are many new poets who write fine gay poems and many from *New York and *San Francisco with a few from *Boston. The anthology has only been published in paperback and the quality of the paper is poor. Review: James White Review vol.13 no. 2 (Spring 1996), 21-22. Poets (see entries): Antler (pseud.), Robin Wayne Bailey, David Bergman, Dick Bettis, Walta Borawski, William Bory, Jonxavier Bradshaw, Eric Brandt, Perry Brass, James Broughton, Regie Cabico, Rafael Campo, Marsh Cassady, Steven Cordova, Alfred Corn, Peter Daniels, Gavin Dillard, Mark Doty, David Eberly, Edward Field, Allen Ginsberg, Thom Gunn, Peter Hale, Trebor Healey, Scott Hightower, Richard Howard, Abraham Katzman, Dennis Kelly, Rudy Kikel, Victor King, Wayne Koestenbaum, Michael Lassell, David Laurents, Timothy Liu, Michael Lowenthal, John McFarland, Rondo Mieczkowski, Edmund Miller, M. S. Montgomery, Carl Morse, Christopher Murray, Harold Norse, Scott O'hara, Carl Phillips, Felice Picano, Mason Powell, Steven Reil, Eric Robertson, Leigh W. Rutledge, Lawrence Schimel, Jay Shaffer (pseud.), Alden Shaw, Reginald Shepherd, Simon Shepherd, David Trinidad, Jonathan Wald, Paul O. Welles, L. E. Wilson, Gregory Woods, Ian Young. Badru'd-din Hilali, also spelt Badriddin Hiloli Poet from Afghanistan who wrote in Tajik. Ca. 1470-1529. In the Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, p. 17, *S. W. Foster states he wrote poems about beautiful boys. For information on him see Rypka, History of Iranian Literature, pp. 500-501, where he is called Badridin Hiloli. See also his * mathnavi, Shohu Darvesh, about the tragic love of a dervish for his ruler. Poet from Spain who wrote in Spanish. Active before 1992. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 331: gay poet included in the *journal Cantico (published in *Cordoba). Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. 1694-1768. A *Venetian dialect poet who wrote erotic poems which were banned; many were *sonnets and contained explicit homosexual references. His poems are believed to have been called "the most erotic poems ever written" by *J. A. Symonds (source not traced; *Anthony Reid to the author). In the Lisieux printing see the poems in vol. 1, pp. 28, 29 and in vol. 2, pp. 101, 153, 155, 160, 166, 170, 172. Compare *Belli. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Bilder-lexikon. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Dizionario biografico degli Italiani. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10450: cites Poésies complète de Giorgio Baffo, Paris: *Lisieux, 3 volumes. Pia, Les Livres de l'Enfer, vol. 1, column le Poesie di Giorfio Baffo, London: no publisher, 1721 (stated to contain only a part of his oeuvre) and Poésies complètes de Giorgio Baffo, 4 volumes, Paris: Isidore Lisieux, 1884, with a translation into French by Alcide Bonneau. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amicizia amorosa, 145-48; biog., 143. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 238-39: translations of poems vol. 2, 288, 326, vol. 3, 196, vol. 4, 248 City in Iraq in which Arabic is the main spoken language. It is the capital of Iraq. Gay poetry associated with the city dates from 800. Baghdad was the capital of the *Abbasid caliphate; however, the city is very ancient. *Abu Nuwas and *al-Bahila (both active 800) are the first notable homopoets associated with the city; *Ibn al-Hadjdjadj was later associated with it. *Di'bil ibn 'Ali wrote a satire on the gays of the city in the ninth century. It has been estimated to have had 27,000 public bathhouses in the tenth century (see *Sexologists - Islamic). The city was sacked by the Mongols in 1292. Many stories in the * Arabian Nights are set in Baghdad and the *Sufi philosopher *Al-Ghazali also taught there. A modern poet who has written a notable poem is *Muhammed Qassim. The city contains important libraries. See also ibn al-Rumi. Hebrew: see isaac Ibn Ezra and 'al-Harizi. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Encyclopædia Britannica. Translator from Latin to English from Great Britain. Born 1917. Editor and translator of a new edition of *Martial in the *Loeb classics, 3 volumes, 1993, using contemporary and readable English. This is the first edition with a complete English translation since the * Index Expurgatorius and is the finest English translation to date. The homosexual poems are uncensored. He is the former Professor of Latin at *Harvard; see his entry in Who's Who 1993. Historian from Great Britain writing in English. 1910-1984. Author of Homosexuality and the Western Christian Tradition (London, 1955). Despite it's title, this is a major study of the laws in the west and how they emerge from the Judeo-Christian background, the *Roman background and the Justinian statutes; it is a pioneering work setting the stage for the work of *Michael Goodich and John Boswell and reveals the legal and religious background against which the poetry was written, especially Latin and Greek poetry. Chapter 1: *"Sodom and Gomorrah". Chapter 2: "The Bible and Homosexual Practice". Chapter 3: "Roman *Law to the Time of Justinian". Chapter 4: "Legislation, Teaching and Opinion in the Church". Chapter 5: "The Medieval Situation". Chapter 6: "The *Law in England". The dust-jacket states that it is the author's personal contribution to the Wolfenden Committee (which produced the report leading to the partial decriminalization of consenting male homosexual acts for males over 21 in Great Britain) and that the author is an Anglican priest, Ph. D. from Edinburgh, Central Lecturer for the Church of England Moral Welfare council from 1951, and married with three children. See Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, p. 104. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionnaire Gay. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1995. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Badboy Book, 33-38; biog., 393. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1990. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Beyond Paradise, 41; biog. 77. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. 1891-1918. A friend of Charles Kenneth Scott-Moncrief, the English language translator of *Marcel Proust, he attended *Cambridge and died in the war. "If I should die" (see Lads below) is a brilliant *parody of *Rupert Brooke and was published in the autobiography of the Australian novelist Nevil Shute, Slide Rule (1954), a former pupil. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10451: Achilles in Scyros, a classical comedy, London: Cayme Press, 1927. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 345-46: from the poem Achilles in Scyros, about women who live without men (very witty). Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 69 ("If I should die, be not concerned to know" states he wishes to be thought of as one who liked "Beethoven, Botticelli, beer and boys"); biog., 229. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 152. Criticism. Smith, Love in Earnest: see index; bibl. 240, citing Achilles in Scyros, London, Cayme Press, 1927. Translator from Russian to Slovenian possibly from Slovenia. Active 1989. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Drobci stekla v ustih, 14 (trans. of *Mikhail Kuzmin), 26 (*Nikolai Klyuev) , 46 (*Sergei Esenin), 135-37 (*Gennady Trifonov). Critic and poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Ca. 1945-ca.1995. An openly gay writer and journalist who wrote widely and wittily for * Gay News, including poetry criticism (see *Lorenz Hart, * Love and Death) and a book on *transvestism. He retired from life in London to live in the country in Scotland and died of emphysema ca. 1995. *Laurence Collinson was a close friend (Roger Baker was executor of his will); he and Laurence Collinson were involved in the drama group Gay Sweatshop. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10452: three poems in Gay News 42: 10, March 14, 1974). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gay Verse. Poet from Turkey who wrote in Turkish. 1526-1600. He wrote a famous *elegy on the death of *Suleyman the Magnificent and is regarded as the greatest * ghazal writer of Turkish and one of the great * divan poets. He appears gay. Many poems are very ambiguous (Dr Chris Murphy, Turcologist. School of Oriental and African Studies, London, to the author). On the poet see Gibb, History of Ottoman Poetry, volume 3, pp. 133-59 (name spelt Baqi). Text: edited by R. Dvorak, Leiden 1908-11; by S. N. Ergun, Istanbul, 1935. Criticism: see Jan Rypka. Translation. German: Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall (ca. 1828) Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Duroc, Homosexuels et lesbiennes illustrés, 43. Mitler, Ottoman Turkish Writers. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Anthologie de l'amour turc : trans. into French. Penguin Book of Turkish Verse, 91-94: fine homosexual poems with *wine and *cupbearer tropes; biog., 10. Critic from Saudi Arabia writing in Arabic. Active ca. 1987. Author of Love Poetry in the Second Century (written in Arabic; this is a translation of the title) published before 1987. It discusses homosexual love which it claims entered Arabic poetry via the Persians when the Caliphate moved to *Baghdad; see pp. 187-243. (information from Dr Yousef Khailif, University of Cairo, to the author February 1987). The author works in Saudi Arabia and has written several books, including one on *Omar Khayyam. Poet from Russia who wrote in Russian; translator from English and Georgian to Russian. He also lived in France. 1867-1942. He published twenty-nine volumes influenced by *Symbolism and the *Decadent Movement. He translated from English to Russian *Oscar Wilde's Ballad of Reading Goal (1904) and *Whitman's Leaves of Grass: Pobiegi Travy (Moscow, 1911, 216 pages). He translated from Georgian to Russian *Shota Rustaveli. He was in exile in France from 1920. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Terras, Handbook of Russian Literature. Critic from Germany writing in German. Active 1985. Author of Die Knabenliebe in Mittelasien (Boy Love in Central Asia), Berlin: Verl. Das Arabische Buch, 1988, 116 pp. (the book is sold by the publisher Das Arabische Buch, Wundstrasse 13/15, Berlin 1019). There is an English Abstract on "Bagabozlik-bagabozi" - as love between boys and men is called - pp. 115-116, discussing the contents of the book. The book discusses *boy love especially among the Uzbek speakers of Afghanistan and is the first extended study of Uzbek boy love. The boy frequently dances and sings for his adult lover: see *Singing and Dancing Boys. For translation into English of part of the book: see * Paidika vol. 2 no. 5 (1992). The poems sung by the boys relate to Persian and Turkish poetry and records of the practice exist in Russian (cited in the work). The author was associated with the Freie Universität, Berlin. These boys are called bachas and a photograph of one in Bukhara in the Uzbek Republic is on p. 91 of Vitaly V. Naumkin, Bukhara, London, 1993 - a work which consists of photographs of Bukhara from Russian archives (the photgraph on p. 91 of the work was taken by the Russian L. S. Barshchevsky and dates from the early 1890s). Poet from Germany writing in German. Active 1985. Author of a book of gay free verse poems bound in *purple with purple endpapers titled Krasis (Berlin: *Verlag rosa Winkel, 1985), 63 pp. All copies are signed and numbered but no statement of limitation is given; the copy used was no.142. Poet from Germany who wrote in German. 1959-1993. Chapbook of gay poems illustrated with photographs: Breitseite (Berlin, Maldoror FlugSchriften, 1980), edited by *Nico Wurtz. He died of *Aids. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Milchsilber, 46-7; biog., 179 (with photo). Novelist and poet from the United States who wrote in English; he also lived in France. 1924-1987. A *black writer famous as a novelist and for publishing, in 1956, a novel dealing openly with a male homosexual relationship, Giovanni's Room. The first openly gay black writer of the period after 1945. He spoke up on black injustice in the civil rights struggle in the 1960s (the black power movement) as well as being open about his homosexuality: see the film on him, James Baldwin, by Karen Thorsen (1989). James Baldwin lived in France from his early writing career and died in the south of France at St Paul de Vence. See James Baldwin: The Legacy, edited by Quincy Troupe (1987). Text of his poems. In Jimmy's Blues: Selected Poems (1983), see the poems "Munich, Winter 1973", pp. 30-33 and "Mirrors", pp. 6263. This is a modest volume of poems and not all his poems may have been published. Gypsy and other poems, Gehenna Press, 1989 (225 copies), has an etching of the poet by Leonard Baskin. Interviews: Gay News no. 181 (1979), 21; The Advocate no. 447 (27 May, 1986), 42-46. Translation. German. Thomas Stegers (1984; Jimmy's Blues - see details in Bibliographies below). Biography. W. J. Weatherby, James Baldwin, Artist on Fire, 1990, does not deal adequately with Baldwin's homosexuality. A second biography is by James Campbell, Talking at the Gates: A Life of James Baldwin (1991). See also *Wole Soyinka. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 104. Howes, Broadcasting It. Dictionnaire Gay. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Bibliographies. Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen, item 46: Jimmy's Blues (trans. into German by Thomas Stegers), Reinbek bei Hbg.: Rowohlt, 1984. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Fra mann til mann, 79-71. Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, 38-42; biog 38. Eros in Boystown, 7-8. Oral poem in English from Ireland and Australia. In existence from ca. 1922. This poem can be dated from some stanzas which appear in James Joyce's novel Ulysses, 1922 (in the Penguin corrected edition, 1986, p. 22). The poem was obviously current from this time at least. A stanza referring to Jesus Christ as gay is alleged to have been composed by Professor John Anderson, Professor of Philosophy at University of Sydney, and other members of the loosely structured Sydney Bohemian group The Push, and is known to be in existence ca. 1950 (Humphrey McQueen, letter to the author, 14 January, 1988; also Nation Review, 20-26 February 1976, 470-71). The stanza reads: "Of all my apostles/ I love John the best/ And nestle his head / to my *lily white breast/ Now Judas is smitten with jealousy/ and that's why I'm on calvary." This stanza is not included in the version of the poem in The Combined Universities Songbook (Chippendale, New South Wales, September 1965), p. 27, or in Don Laycock The Best Bawdry (1982), though the version in The Best Bawdry has gay references (p. 25, stanza 7). The reference in the poem is to *John the Beloved Disciple. Oral poem, song and poetic genre in English in Great Britain, the United States and Australia in existence with specific gay reference from 1698. Ballads have also been written in other *European languages such as Danish and German. Great Britain and the United States. Ballads are poems composed orally, originally sung and usually verses of consisting of stanzas of four lines, usually rhyming ABAB. It has been claimed by Stephen Knight that the British outlaw who lived in the forest with his "Merry Men", Robin Hood, about whom many ballads survive from apparently before the sixteenth century, may have been gay: see Stephen Knight, Robin Hood: a Complete Study of the English Outlaw, 1994 and his article "Out! Damned Robin", by Stephen Knight, Sydney Morning Herald, 12 February 2000, Specturm p. 5s. He is compiling an anthology of works on Robin Hood. There are a large number of ballads on Robin Hood, first printed in 1510, but probably dating back to the early fifteenth century: see, for example, Arthur Quiller-Couch, The Oxford Book of Ballads, 1910, 462-639. See the entries for Robin Hood in Encyclopedia Britannica and in Encyclopedia Britanica, eleventh edition. Robin Hood's close companions were all men and he was especially close to Little John. The ballad "Robin Hood and Guy of Gisborne" may be relevant. There are *phallic suggestions in the bow Robin Hood carries. A female companion, Marian, only appeared in post-mediaeval ballads. On Robin Hood see also the entry in Howes, Broadcasting It; deals with homo implications in films. Ballads composed by men at sea are a likely source of works with homosexual reference; references to transvestism exist in some revealed as the song proceeds (information from a US anthropologist). Works by the shantyman Stan Hughill the "last singer" of sea shanties may contain relevant material (information from a US anthropologist). *Women's Complaint to Venus (1698) is the first known directly homosexual ballad. * The Women-Hater's Lament (1707) is the second known in English so far. Both were distributed in *broadsheet form (which practice may date to the *Elizabethan period from when printed ballads exist). Literary ballads, using the ballad verse form, occurred later: see *Oscar Wilde who wrote The Ballad of Reading Goal and *Alfred Douglas who wrote a splendid gay ballad of love. *A. E. Housman and *W. H. Auden wrote ballads as has, more recently, *Ivor Treby. *Barry Took and others of the radio show Round the Horn were also inspired by the birth of *gay liberation to write ballads. "The Ballad of Ben Bree" by *Ben Madigan is a recent non-literary ballad. *"Ballad of Joking Jesus" is a work of *bawdry. Overall see Alan Bold, The Ballad, 1979; the last chapter, Chapter 5, deals with ballads in the United States and Australia. Natascha Wurzbach, The Rise of the English Street Ballad (1991) has sources on early material regarded as lewd and filthy. United States. *Vance Randolph has collected more ballads of relevance so far than anyone else. United States bawdy ballads in oral circulation mostly descend from British ones. *Gershon Legman's masterly bibliography of published and manuscript sources, the product of a lifetime's research into erotica, "Erotic Folksongs and Ballads" in Journal of American Folklore, volume 103 (October-December, 1990), 417-501, is an essential bibliography (the majority of items relate to English). *Gershon Legman left a manuscript titled The Ballad, a collection of erotic folksongs in English, which is being edited for publication by his partner Judith Legman. References. See Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics. Australia. Australian ballads grew out of the ballad traditions of Great Britain. They were first published in the late nineteenth century but those of a *bawdry nature were not collected until the 1960s: see *Don Laycock, *Brad Tate. The first surviving ballad referring directly to homosexuality is "Hail sons of freedom hail" (1847) by *Christianos (pseud.). Some ballads refer to known homosexuals: e.g., those to the bushranger Captain Moonlight; others are based on men thought by some to have been gay, such as members of the Ned Kelly Gang. The ballad *"Botany Bay: A New Song" (ca. 1790?) has undertones of the milieu of the London world of dandies and fops and of the underworld, including the homosexual underworld (see *Randolph Trumbach for information on this). The first literary ballads date from 1870 with the publication of *Adam Lindsay Gordon's Bush Ballads and Galloping Rhymes. Homoeroticism in ballads is relevant: they were composed by males primarily for a male audience and were usually about males: for instance, "The Wild Colonial Boy". *Henry Lawson wrote such ballads. The tradition has continued in the * Songs of the Gay Liberation Quire and a poem on *outing by *Adrian Rawlins. See also *E. J. Brady, *R. F. Brissnenden, *"Ballad of Joking Jesus", *Henry Lawson, *"Banjo" Paterson, Mateship, *Peter Wesley-Smith, *Robert Hughes. References. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature: "Folk Song and Ballad" (includes bibl.). In G. B. Davey and G. Seal, The Oxford Companion to Australian Folklore, 1993, see "Broadside Ballads". Poet from Cuba who wrote in Spanish. 1908-1954. He married in 1948 and had one son. An article by *Virgilio Piñera, "Ballagas en persona", in Ciclón, Havana, vol. 1. no. 5 (September 1955) discusses his homosexuality. Love poems in his 1939 book Sabor eterno (Eternal Taste) are some of the finest in twentieth century Cuban poetry. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Latin American Literature; with bibl. (lists the article by Virgilio Piñera on his homosexuality). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 514-17. Lover from France relating to works in French. 1587-1654. A sometime lover of *Théophile de Viau who was influential in the development of French prose and was a noted letter writer. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity; see under Guez de Balzac; notes he was de Viau's "sometime lover". Poet and prose writer from Italy who wrote in Italian. 1485-1561. In a comic tale by Matteo Bandello, the poet Porcellio states "to divert myself with boys is more natural than eating and drinking" (quoted in James M. Saslow "'A Veil of Ice Between My Heart and the Fire': Michelangelo's Sexual Identity" in Genders 2, 1988, 82). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Dizionario biografico degli Italiani. Poet and novelist from Denmark who wrote in Danish; he lived in later life in the United States. 1857-1912. Active as a novelist from 1880, Herman Bang is a major Danish writer who was tortured by his homosexuality; an essay on the subject by him was only published after his death in 1922. He died in the United States, in Utah. His novel Mikael (1904) was made into the first gay film, Wings (1916). He was effeminate in aspect. See Paul Bjorby, "The Prison House of Sexuality: Homosexuality in Herman Bang Scholarship", Scandinavian Studies 58 (1986), 223-55 (examines his novels in the light of theories about homosexuality in his lifetime). Text: Udvalgte Digte (Selected poems), Copenhagen, 1982, 33 pp. Criticism and biography: see various works by Harry Jacobsen, 1954-74. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 106-07. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Nordisk Bibliografi, 5-6: lists several biographies (e.g. by Harry Jacobsen). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Fra mann til mann, 18-20. "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen", 96-98. three poems to Max Eisfeldt. Criticism. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 12 (1911-12), 335-39: article by Hans Land. Rossel, History of Scandinavian Literature, 36-40. Language family from South Africa and countries to the north of it, including Zulu and Swahili. Material of relevance dates from 1937. Bantu languages form a major language family in southern Africa and the languages occupy most of the land south of the equator. They are related to other African languages but their relationship has not been adequately determined. Very little work has been done so far on recording the oral literatures of these languages and material only dates from 1937 (see *J. B. Laubscher). Important languages are Swahili, the principal trading language of east Africa (see *"Love does not know secrets"), Zulu. Xhosa (see *Oral Poems - Xhosa), and the Sotho cluster. There are more than 300 Bantu languages in all. The term Bantu is sometimes loosely used to mean a single language but this is incorrect. Praise poems (existing in Zulu Xhosa and the Sotho cluster) exist in abundance in these languages See entries for *Initiation ceremonies, *Ritualized homosexuality, *Performance traditions with homoerotic basis. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Parlett, Short Dictionary of Languages. Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Baraheni, Reza Poet from Iran writing in Persian. Born 1935. God's Shadow (1976) (translations of his poems into English from Persian), describes the author's experiences in prison in Iran in 1973, including torture and *rape: see "Ass Poem" p. 69 - "two rape-kings politely offer each other your ass saying, 'You first'" (English translation from Persian by the author, Reza Baraheni). The founder of modern literary criticism in Iran and author of over twenty books of poems. His The Crowned Cannibals: Writings on Repression in Iran (New York, 1977) discusses the repressive literary situation in Iran. For information on him see the index to 'Ehsan Yarshater, Persian Literature. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 127: God's Shadow: *Prison Poems, Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1976. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1934. Very contradictory feelings about homosexuality are expressed in his poetry. Early in his career he wrote a gay poem, "One Night Stand", which was published in the first edition of *Donald Allen's New American Poetry (1960), pp. 360-61 under the name he used then LeRoi Jones; the poem was withdrawn from the second edition. He is a major *black separatist poet who has espoused contradictory positions in his work. Though he has not included "One Night Stand" in his Selected Poetry (1979), poems in this book, such as "Black Art," pp. 106-07 ("Let there be no love poems written/ until love can exist freely and/ cleanly") and "Revolutionary Love" p. 214 (which equates heterosexual love with comradely love - "my woman, I'd call you companion comrade") can be read as gay poems and supportive of *gay liberation at the time of writing. He is overall very *homophobic in his later poetry and his work shows the influence of *Communism (see the discussion in Brother to Brother by *Ron Simmons which states his homophobia is a reaction to homosexual desires); see poems "A Poem for Black Hearts", "Black Art" (the phrase "Put it on him, poem" uses sexual teminology), "Civil Rights Poem", "The Black Man is Making New Gods "(Jesus Christ), "Hegel", all poems exhibiting violently anti-gay feelings against "*faggots" (United States English for gays). "Black *Dada Nihilismus" is a famous poem showing another direction of his work. He changed his name from LeRoi Jones to Amiri Baraka in 1969 and is married with children. His novel The System of Dante's Hell (1966), features homosexual feelings in the narrator. *David H. Perkins, History of Modern Poetry, volume 2, pp. 609-12, has a fine overview of this complex poet concluding, p. 612, "Baraka will be remembered for his work of the 1960s". Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition: "the leading revolutionary poet in America. Change is his constant belief, progress his preoccupation." Gay Poetry Anthologies. Fra mann til mann, 89. Brother to Brother, 217-21: discussion of *homophobia in his work; see also p. 227 f. 29 with corroboration from his first wife that Baraka confessed to "homosexual feelings". Barba-Jacob, Porfirio (pseud.) Pseudonym of a poet from Columbia who wrote in Spanish; he travelled extensively in South America and died in Mexico in *Mexico City. 1883-1942. The pseudonym of Miguel Angel Osorio Benitez (information taken from Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, p. 501). Jewish background. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Foster, Latin American Writers on Gay and Lesbian Themes. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Orgasms of Light, 26-27 trans. Erskine Lane; biog., 248. Now the Volcano, 278-79; biog., 277. Drobci stekla v ustih, 24. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 335 (fine poem). Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 501-04. Criticism. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, vol. 2, 1008: highly rated. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1991. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Unending Dialogue, 22-23, 30, 51, 54-55, 65-67, 79-81 - excellent poems by a gay man on having *Aids. Barber, William Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1946-1992. His poem "Explanation" is something of a gay classic ("We have burned the closet door in effigy/.... I love men."). Raised in *Boston he moved to *San Francisco in 1965 and is highly rated by *Ian Young. He has used the pseudonym Billy Farout for prose (Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, items 1210-1214). Diary: see "The Diary of a *New York *Queen", in James White Review vol. 4 no.4 (Summer 1987), 10-15; the biographical note in this issue states he is working on a collection of verse entitled A Classic Voice in Contemporary Gay Poetry, believed to be an anthology. His death was recorded in James White Review vol. 10 no. 2 (Winter 1993), 2. Fifteen Poems (1982), is a stapled *chapbook and most of his poetry seems to have been published in this form. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10453-55: Abyss, San Francisco: Empty Elevator Shaft Press, 1974 and two poems in journals Vector (no date given) and Gay Sunshine 7: 11, June-July 1971. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 173-74: Abyss: A Collection of Poems, San Francisco: Empty Elevator Shaft Press, 1974, and Getting Over It. Eight Sonnets, San Francisco: Hoddypoll Press, 1975; items 1210-1214 are prose works published under the pseudonym Billy Farout. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Male Muse, 12-13 (fine poem "Explanation" about gay identity); biog., 118. Angels of the Lyre, 15-18; biog., 237. Orgasms of Light, 28-30; biog., 249. Gay Poetry, 3. Amerikanike homophylophile poiese, 1112: trans. into Greek; biog., 69. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 373-74 (poem "Explanation"). Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 636 (fine poem "Hustler Joe"). Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 733-34. A Day for a Lay, 180-83; biog., 180 (year of his death given incorrectly as 1994). City in Spain in which Catalan is the main spoken language; Spanish is also spoken. Material of relevance dates from ca. 1900. Barcelona is the capital of the Catalan-speaking province of Spain, Catalunya, where there has been considerable opposition to central rule from *Madrid; it is particularly aware of new trends in the countries to the north (Catalunya is adjacent to France). The city has been a center of *surrealism and *modernism and is especially important as a publishing center (the same number of books are published in Catalan as are published in Spanish in Spain). The decadent journal Juventut (published 1900) was published there. During the Republic period (1932-36) openly gay material was published: see *Antonio Velilla. The *Institut Lambda, which has a gay library, is situated there. The poet *E. A. Lacey lived for a time in the city. In 2000 Barcelona has a large gay scene. See also Professor Max-Bembo, La mala vida en Barcelona, Madrid, published prior to 1917 (very rare: copy sighted, *Library of Congress); contains various gay references about the city's gay underworld. There is an article on the city in Gay Times, June 1999, 30-33. References. Babilonia no. 16 (1984), 16-19. Poet from Great Britain, who wrote in English; translator from Latin, French and Dutch to English. 1475-1552. His Eclogues, of which numbers one to three were written in 1515 and four to six in 1521, are the earliest *eclogues in English. The first three are dialogues between *Corydon, the homosexual shepherd in *Virgil, and Cornix and are translations of the Latin prose satire De Curialium Miseriis of *Piccolomini (source: *Gilbert Highet, Juvenal the Satirist, London, 1960, pp. 320-21). He was a cleric educated at *Oxford who became a Bendictine monk at Ely where he wrote his eclogues and was *Scottish. He published the first English translation from Latin, French and Dutch versions of *Sebastian Brant's Das Narrenschiff, titled The Ship of Fools (1509); this was a very free translation with additions added by Barclay. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Handbook of Elizabethan and Stuart Literature. Criticism. Norton, Homosexual Literary Tradition, 146: re *misogyny in his Certayne Ecloges (1570). Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active from 1985. See the poem "Some of My best Friends", p. 6 of the anthology * Turning Points : a very fine poem about *homophobia; biog., note p.102. He lives in Glasgow and writes for Mancunian Gay (a *Manchester gay paper). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Beyond Paradise, 16, 20, 32, 53, 76; biog. 77 - states he is "built like a Greek god" but also tells lies. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active 1992. Book of poems: Aus dir Wunder (1992). Source: *Prinz Eisenherz catalog 1992/5, p. 6. Barford, John Leslie Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1886-ca. 1934. He published from 1918 to 1934 and all books used the pseudonym *Philebus. His work strongly defends homosexuality. Bibliographies. Murray, Catalogue of Selected Books, items 54-56: poetry books using the pseudonym Philebus - Fantasies, 1923, Ladslove Lyrics, 1918, Young Things, 1921. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10917-20: the same three books as in Murray, Catalogue of Selected Books; Fantasies is stated to have been privately published by *F. E. Murray; also lists Whimsies, London, 1934. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 3041-44: the same books as in Bullough published under the pseudonym of Philebus - Fantasies, London: privately printed, 1923, Ladslove Lyrics, Edinburgh: Theo. Book Shop, 1918, Whimsies, London: Roberts and Newton, 1934 and Young Things, Edinburgh: Theo. Book Shop, 1921. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 58 (includes his poem "Alec", a famous *boy love poem). Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 286-90: including "Whom Jesus Loved" implying Jesus and John were lovers. Blue Boys. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 144-45: poems, including "To Gainsborough's *Blue Boys". Smith, Love in Earnest, 146-47; 240 (bibl. of his works). Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1874-1945. In P. Horgan, editor, Maurice Baring Restored (1970), see "Icarus" (homoerotic feelings). "The Dying Reservist", "We Drifted to Each Other", "We Drift Apart" and "Vale", in this volume, are all *non gender specific. All poems are reprinted from his Collected Poems (1911); in this volume see "We drifted to each other" p. 6 re "cities of the plain" i.e. *Sodom and Gomorrah. Many poems in the Collected Poems are heterosexual in subject matter. The Dictionary of National Biography entry states he left *Cambridge without taking a degree, lived abroad, learnt Russian, friendships were important to him, he was received into the *Catholic church and died unmarried. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionary of National Biography. Editor from Great Britain of works in English. Active 1974. Compiler of The Lure of the Limerick (London: *Hart-Davis, 1969). The book contains a valuable history of the limerick Chapters 1-8, pp.12-60, a collection of limericks, pp. 61-134, and has a valuable annotated bibliography pp. 137-43. For gay related limericks see pp. 46, 80, 90, 99, 106, 109, 114, 129 and 132. He states limericks have been dated from the 14th century (p. 22). See also the general entry *limericks. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10456: The Lure of the Limerick, London: HartDavis, 1974 - states "about thirty contain gay (or anti-gay) passages". Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1913-1991. His poetic career started in 1933 when he was both a *surrealist and an "Augustan *anarchist". He wrote an autobiography in verse, The True Confessions (1950; augmented edition 1965) inspired by *Byron's Don Juan in which the author narrates his sexual adventures. This is a complex work and can be read on many levels. In the 1965 edition see p.12 (bisexual worm) and p.16 (homosexual priest who possibly has sex with the author). In Collected Poems 1930-65 (1965), see "Narcissus" p. 21, "To *David Gascoyne" p. 103, "In Memory of a Friend" pp. 183-86, "Epithalamium for Two Friends" pp. 219-20. His Collected Poems, 1987 edition, included The True Confessions which was omitted from his first Collected Poems, at the request of his publisher Faber and Faber. He married Elspeth Langlands in 1964. See *David H. Perkins, A History of Modern Poetry, volume 2, 1987, pp. 182-84, for an overview of career. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10457: Selected Poems, New York: Macmillan, 1941. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 177-78: In Memory of David Archer, London: Faber, 1973 and Selected Poems, New York: Macmillan, 1941. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 374-76: three poems,"The Seal Boy", "A Love Poem" (from Eros in Dogma, 1944) and "A Memorial Sonnet" revealing strong homosexual feeling. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 164: "The Seal Boy". Translator from Latin to Russian from Russia. 1732-1768. He translated *Horace from Latin. Obscene poems were circulated in manuscript; contents not known. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Terras, Handbook of Russian Literature. Barnefield, George Critic from Great Britain who wrote in English. Active 1925. The author, with *Edward Carpenter, of The Psychology of the Poet Shelley (1925); his essay, on pp. 53-125, is one of the finest discussions of homosexuality in relation to a poet so far. On p. 64 he states, on "the question of Shelley's inversion", that "We have to remember that Shelley was not conscious of having homosexual impulses; he had never admitted them to himself"; see also pp. 65 (relationship with Thomas Hogg), 69 (states Shelley "loved to create androgynous types"), 71 (romantic nature of male attachments), 82 (attachment to two older men Trelawney and Peacock), 88 ("Scattered throughout Shelley's writings we find many indications of his bisexual disposition"), 94 (re his translation of *Plato's Symposium, 1817-18, which omits all definitely homosexual passages but which, p. 96, "he only did because it fascinated him"). On p. 105 he states: "there was certainly a homosexual component in his make-up". See pp. 112 re the *long poems Alastor and 114-19 re The Triumph of Life. Other poems are referred to throughout. This is one of the finest homosexual readings of a poet yet attempted. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1571-1609. Educated at *Oxford. Author of a *sonnet sequence Parthenophe andParthenophil (1593). The name Parthenophil occurs in an *epitaph in Palatine Anthology book vii poem 346 where it has homoerotic connotations. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Criticism. Norton, Homosexual Literary Tradition, 26064: re his *sonnet sequence Parthenophe and Parthenophil (1593); it is more about two faithful friends than a heterosexual love and "*Cupid is the central character of the sequence" (p. 260); quotes the "Twelfth Ode". Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1992. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Of Eros and Dust, 62: "Talking Blues" (about waking up with a pickup of the night before); biog., 85. Barnfield, Richard Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1574-1620. The first openly homosexual poet in English. The Affectionate Shepherd Containing the Complaint of Daphnis for the love of Ganymede, London, 1594 (originally published anonymously), consists of two long poems describing the love of Daphnis for *Ganymede (compare *Spenser) and featuring the *Eros trope used homosexually. The *British Library General Catalogue entry states this work was "Printed by John Danter for Thomas Gubbin" and it is due to these two men that the first openly homosexual poems in English were printed, though Barnfield's name did not appear on the title page. (On Danter see H. R. Plomer, Dictionaries of the Printers....1557-1775, pp. 83-84). Barnfield also published Cynthia, with certaine Sonnets, in 1595, containing a sonnet sequence of which the twenty sonnets are openly homosexual and feature Ganymede (3, 9, 10, 12, 15, 19) and other gay tropes. The * British Library General Catalogue entry states of this work that it was "Printed by Humphrey Lownes" and that Barnfield attached his name to this work. Shakespeare's sonnets were not printed until 1609, so, in the Elizabethan period, these two sonnet sequences were the most accessible gay works to literate readers. The two sequences were in fact the first openly gay poetry *sequences in English. Biography. The Dictionary of National Biography entry states that Barnfield later married; however, this has now been disproved and he seems to have been a lifelong bachelor: see "Richard Barnfield: A New Biography" in Notes and Queries vol. 237, 370-71 by Andrew Worrall (author of Richard Barnfield (1574-1620): A modern spelling edition of his poetry together with a new biography, University of Keele, 1988; unpublished thesis). Andrew Worrall has amended his death date to 1620 (from 1627 as the Dictionary of National Biography states). Text. See The Poems (London, Fortune Press, 1936), with an introduction, xii-xxiii, placing him in the long tradition of homosexual poets from *Theognis onwards by *Montague Summers. The most recent edition by *George Klawitter has a biographical note and a brilliant scholarly reading which suggests *Charles Blount as the addressee of the sonnets and notes that he and Barnfield were the same age and the situation depicted in the sonnets is totally homosexual (unlike Shakespeare's sonnets). For other criticism, see *Bruce R. Smith. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 329-30. Dictionary of National Biography: stating "he formed an intimate friendship with *Thomas Watson, the poet, and later with *Drayton and Francis Meres"; by E. G. (*Edmund Gosse). Oxford Companion to English Literature. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 109. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Bibliographies. Murray, Catalogue of Selected Books, item 4: Collected Poems, reprinted 1882 and 1896. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 39: Liebesgedichte ["Love poem"; no other details]. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10460-61: The Affectionate Shepherd, London, 1594, and Sonnets, London, 1594. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 183: The Poems, London: Fortune Press, 1936. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Iolaus (1902), 133-36. Men and Boys, 30-31. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 179-87. L'amour bleu, 99-102. Rosen, Gay Life and Gay Writers, 14-15. Hidden Heritage, 141-44. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 162-67: Sonnets 1, 4, 6-8, 10-12, 14, 17, 19-20. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 39; biog., 114. Name of Love, 14; biog., 69. "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen", 73-74. Art of Gay Love, 16. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 22-30, 141. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 184-89. Criticism. Norton, Homosexual Literary Tradition, Chapter 9, 172-89. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 109. Bredbeck, Sodomy and Interpretation, 149-160. Poet who wrote in Persian. Before 1800. Criticism. Rahman, "Boy love in the Urdu ghazal", Paidika vol. 2 no. 1 (1989), 13: a poem, Tarikh-e-Firoz Shahi, about a king who fell in love with a beautiful youth. Rypka, History of Persian Literature, 449. Translator from Greek to English from the United States. Active 1962. Author of Greek Lyric Poetry, New York: Bantam, 1962 - a selection of poems including some gay ones. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10462: Greek Lyric Poetry, New York: Bantam, 1962. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 184: same book. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1916. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 519: poem "Hustler" about a *bikie. Barrett, Peter Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1946. Barricklow, Roland Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 553: fine poem "Erotic Song". Poet from the United States writing in English. Apparently active 1989. Book of stories and poems: Genocide, Knights Press, no year given (probably 1989), 211 pages: see the review in James White Review vol. 6 no. 4, p.13, by Mark Patrick. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active 1925. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 39: poem "Die Verfemten" (see also "Die Gezeichneten") and the book (possibly of poems) Knaben im Sommer (Berlin, 1925). Poet and critic from France who wrote in French. 1915-1980. Barthes was a leading gay French theoretician of culture who was a founder of *semiotics, a way of examining literature from several viewpoints at the same time. Key works are Elements de semiologie (1964; trans. into English as Elements of Semiology, 1967), L'Empire des signes (1970; trans. as Empire of Signs, 1982) and such critical works as Le Plaisir du texte (1973; trans. as The Pleasure of the Text, 1975). See Jonathan Culler, Barthes (1983). A concise summary of his life and achievement is in Irena Makaryk, Encyclopedia of Contemporary Literary Theory (1993). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 112-13. Dictionnaire Gay. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. A-Z Guide to Modern Literary and Cultural Theorists. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Anthologies. Fra mann til mann, 57-58. Historian from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1958. Author of Who Was That Man?, (London, 1988), an attempt to recreate the times and milieu of 'Oscar Wilde. Technically, it is a series of chapters of extracts of works on such themes as '"Flowers" (Chapter 2) and "Words" (Chapter 4). In Chapter Five, "Evidence", there is an important series of extracts of little known gay poems by 'decadent, 'aesthete and 'eighteen nineties writers: see pp. 102, 105, 109, 111, 113-114, 116-17, 119-20 (review: 'Jim Davidson, Meanjin no. 48, 1989, 785-95). As a biographical study compare 'A. J. A. Symons. He has written a play on 'Simeon Solomon, A Vision of Love Revealed in Sleep (see Gay News, March 1989, 3637) and is also a novelist. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Howes, Broadcasting It. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active from 1983. A *black poet who is the author of a *sequence of six poems, "Midnight in the Republic of Praise", in James White Review vol. 4 no. 3 (Spring 1987), 9, about the homosexual poet *Beddoe and including reference to his first lover Bernard Reich; biog., note p.16 - this states his first book was published by Quarterly Review of Literature in 1980 and he lives in Long Beach, California. Various sexual practises are discussed in the sequence: *Masturbation (section 4: "Vienna"), *S/M (section 4: "Naples") Gay Poetry Anthologies. Voices Against the Wilderness, 48-52; from South Hadley, Massachusetts. Poet from Canada writing in English. Active 1991. His volume Great Men (1991, 82 pages), consists of poems which explore the author's feelings from private fear about being gay to self acceptance; see, for example, "Au Garage, Montréal". Designs from Interior (Concord: Anansi, 1994) deals with his life from childhood to middle age and such issues as *patriarchy (section 2) and ecology (section 3). In 1994 he was librarian at the National Aviation Museum, Ottawa, and co-editor of Arc magazine. Notes Toward a Family Tree (1995) speaks from a gay perspective, outside any family structure. Poet from India writing in Kannada. 1106-1167. See Speaking of Shiva, trans. A. K. Ramanujan, Penguin, 1963, pp. 67-75: homoerotic poems to *Siva. Kannada is a *Dravidian language from south India. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active 1957. He wrote the poem which gave the anthology Milchsilber its title ("silver milk", that is semen). Book of poems: Sucking Boys (Berlin: *Verlag rosa Winkel and *Maldoror FlugSchriften, 1980); it has a photograph of a pubescent boy on the cover by Lukas Strebel, Zurich, and fine drawings on *pedophile themes accompanying the poems; see pp. 37-38 re *Narcissus trope, p. 46 *Saint Sebastian trope. A supporter of *anarchism. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Milchsilber, 9, 113-17 (including prose); biog., 181, photo, 180. Editor and anthologist from Australia of works in English. Born 1963. Co-editor of the *queer *journal hell bent (1990-91) and a co-editor of the anthology * Pink Ink. Biographical: see Pink Ink, p. 293. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Hurley, Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia. Basho (pseud.), called Matsuo Basho Pseudonym of a poet from Japan who wrote in Japanese. 1644-1694. The most famous Japanese *haiku poet. His best work is the sequence The Narrow Road to the Deep North (written 1687-89) - a poetic diary of prose and haiku about his journey to northern Japan - which, being a mixture of prose and poetry, is a *prosimetrum. He stated famously, "There was a time when I was fascinated with the ways of homosexual love" (quoted in Makoto Ueda's biography Matsuo Basho, 1982, p. 22). Takahashi Mutsuo states he believes he was gay in his * Gay Sunshine inteview. His companion for The Narrow Road and co-author was his disciple *Sora who collaborated on some poems. There is no direct evidence Basho had sexual relations with any women. Amongst western writers, the poet *Cid Corman commented on Basho's homosexuality in 1963. *Kitamura Kigin, who compiled the first Japanese gay anthology, * Iwatsutsuji, published in 1713, taught Basho for a time. Basho means "banana tree" and may have *phallic suggestions; the name was adopted by the poet in 1681 after moving into a hut with banana trees around it. He was active as a poet from 1662. Wordplay and earthy humour characterize his poems. indirect language needs to be considered in them, as many of the poems, innocent enough on the surface, appear to have erotic undertones. *Gary Leupp, Male Colors: The Construction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan, 125-27, cites two poems with English translations. Text: consult his entry in Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan. There have been many printings; illustration should also be considered. Biography: see Makoto Ueda, Matsuo Basho, 1970 (repr. 1982). Criticism: see Makoto Ueda, Basho and His Interpretors (Tokyo, 1991). See also *Pupils of Basho. Translation. The Narrow Road. Translated into English: Nobuyuki Yuasa (1965); Dorothy Britton (Kodansha, Tokyo, 1974; revised edition 1980); Lucien Stryk (1985 - selection of haikus titled On Love and Barley: Haiku of Basko, *Penguin; repr.); Robert Hass (1994 - see his The Essential Haiku); *Sato Hiroaki (1996); Donald Keene (1997); see also Henderson, Introduction to Haiku, pp. 15-52. French: Georges Bonneau (Paris and Kobe, 1935); German: Hans Ueberschaar (Tokyo, 1935); Italian: Trans, not known, Poesie (Florence, 19441: Spanish: Jaime Tello (Bagota, 1941). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan. Princeton Companion to Classical Japanese Literature. Other references. De Bary, Guide to Oriental Classics, 304-05. Poet from Iraq who wrote in Arabic. Ca. 714-after 784. He was a blind poet born in *Basra who lived in *Baghdad who is second in fame regarding homosexuality to *Abu Nuwas. It is very clear that the sex in some love poems is male and they are not *Platonic (*Arno Schmitt to the author, 1989). He wrote many love poems to women and also wrote satires. Panegyrics to male leaders were written for money and seeming homoeroticism in these poems was only inspired by payment. Text: Selections (with English translation) by A. F. L. Beeston, 1977; no poems of great importance, but referred to by Arno Schmitt. His name is also spelt Bachar, Bashir and Bassar. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Orgasms of Light, 129: a gay love poem. Poet from Canada writing in French. Born 1932. A sixties writer involved with the *Québec counterculture. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Canadian Literature. Bibliographies. Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (1984), 1936: book Iconostasis pour *Pier Paolo Pasolini, Montreal: VLB Editeur, 1983. City in Iraq in which Arabic is the main spoken language. Gay poetry associated with the city dates from 750. The second largest city in Iraq, Basra is a port city at the mouth of the Euphrates River; it is frequently mentioned in the Arabian Nights. Poets associated with the city include *Bashshar (active 750), *al-Farazdak, *al-Bahili, *Abu Mohammed el Kasim. There was a licentious school of poets associated with the city in the *Abbasid period. Poet from Afghanistan who posssibly wrote in Persian. Active 1535. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: Die Männerliebe der Griechen, 81-82 (from Herat in Afghanistan; he appears to be a Persian poet). Poet from the Netherlands who wrote in Dutch. 1868-1947. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Naar vriendscaap zulk een mateloos verlangen, 22-23: two poems from Verzamelde Gedichten I, Utrecht: A. W. Bruna & zoon, 1947) (book cited, 115). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 273: fine gay poem. Bathhouses and baths, called in Arabic hammam Public bathhouses were and are arenas for homosexual sex in all parts of the world where they exist. In the *Islamic world they are called hammams. They arose in the Mediterranean area in the ancient world due to a scarcity of water. Gay poetic reference exists in Latin in Italy from *Catullus in 64 B.C. and later in other languages. The Baths of Caracalla were the largest and most famous in *Rome and their ruins exist as do the Roman baths of *Paris in the Latin Quarter which now house the Cluny Museum. Bathhouses which are exclusively gay exist and probably have for centuries (they possibly go back to ancient times); the *Naples area is likely for such bathhouses. A *poetry reading was held in a bathhouse in the contemporary period. *Graffiti on bathhouses may contain poetry. Peter of Eboli (active 1250) wrote a poem in Latin on the Baths of Pozzuoli near Naples, some parts of which may be relevant: see C. M. Kauffmann, The Baths of Pozzuoli: A Study of the Medieval Illuminations of Peter of Eboli's Poem (Oxford, 1959); this has an extensive and important bibliography on pp. 88-97 on books in European languages on bathhouses and some homoerotic illustrations (e.g., the frontispiece). On Islamic bathhouses of the *middle ages see Heinz Grotzfeld, Das Bad im arabisch-islamischen Mittelalter (1970). Arabic: see *Cordoba, *1 bn Daniyal, *Henri Peres, 'Sexologists - Islamic. Czech: see *Richard Weiner. English. The earliest poem dates from 1823, *Dr. Collyer, Piper and the Baths; see also *J. L. Flecker (for a poem supposedly translated from Turkish but probably written by Flecker), *Michael Rumacker, *Graeme Kinross Smith, *August Kleinzahler, *Henri Cole. French: *Raoul Ponchon. Greek. See the chapter "Das Bad in der Literatur" in Albrecht Berger, Das Bad in der byzantinischen Zeit, Munich, 1982, pp. 126-131; the author notes, p. 126, that poems in the * Palatine Anthology, Book 9, numbers 606 to 640 are inscriptions on baths (in this group poems 614, by *Leontius Scholasticus, and 639 - reference to *Dionysus - are relevant); other relevant poems cited by the author here are Book 9, poem 783 (*Hermaphrodite reference) and Book 11 poems 243 and 411 (possibly relevant). These inscriptions could be from the *Byzantine period but might be earlier. On Byzantine baths see the article "Baths" in Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium ; there were several public bathhouses in 'Istanbul, including a large bathhouse near the Palace, now destroyed. Latin: See *Catullus (active 64 B.C. and the first poet to refer); see Reade, Sexual Heretics, p. 169 in *Richard Burton's Terminal essay (though no poem is given; Burton states "As in modern Egypt pathic boys, we learn from Catullus, haunted the baths"), *Martial, *E. Courtney (re Juvenal), *Naples (which has a continuous history of public bathhouses in the hot spring area to the west of the city since ancient times), *Pompeii, *Rome. Persian: *Sa'di. See also *Bathing poems. Russian. *Mikhail Kuzmin refers to gay activity in Russian bathhouses in his novel Wings. Turkish: *Zati. There are many bathhouses in Turkey; some in Istanbul were designed by the famous architect Sinan. Japanese. Public bathhouses are widespread in Japan and earlier homosexual poems relating to them may exist apart from the contemporary * tanka sequence by *Ishii Tatsuhiko. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Islam, second edition: see "Hammam". Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 113-15. Howes, Broadcasting It. Ullstein Enzyklopädie der Sexualität: see "Bad". Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Bathhouses and Sex Clubs". Bibliographies. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 71-72. Trope in Italian from Italy and English from Great Britain. The sight of naked or near naked men bathing was bound to inspire homosexual feelings. Poems are known so far from ca. 1550. English. *Marlowe's Hero and Leander, ca. 1593, features a famous episode where Jove chases the male Leander in the sea. *Whitman began the theme in the modern period where it is a trope in the poetry of the *Uranians from ca. 1900 onwards: see *Archie Austin Coates, *G. H. Hopkins, *S. S. Saale, *Frederick Rolfe, *C. Morley, *R. Middleton, *E. Meyers, *R. D. Greenway, James Liddy, *P. W. R. Russell, *Wilfred Owen, *H. S. Tuke (also a famous painter of nude youths bathing and on boats) and later *F. T. Prince and *Vivian Smith. Compare 'Bathhouses. Italian: *Anton Grazzini (active 1550), *D'Annunzio. Possible lover from Greece and later trope originally in Greek and in Latin, French and English. Active ca. 570 B.C. Bathyllus was referred to in poems by *Anacreon (active 570 B.C.) and imputedly was a lover of the poet, though this can perhaps never be known; no poems survive. French: Courouve, Vocabulaire de l'homosexualité masculine, 66: citing usage in French meaning a generic term for homosexual lover in *Agrippa d'Aubigné and also in this sense by *Mérard de Saint-Just. Latin: Courouve, op. cit., 66 re Juvenal's "Satire 6". See also *Words - Greek and *Words - French. English: see * Anacreon done into English. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Iolaus (1902), 77. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 46-47. Poem from Great Britain in English. Composed ca. 1000. A 325 line poem dealing with the battle fought in 991 at Maldon against Danish invaders. See lines 309-25 (where Bryhtwold says courage will be the greater when his lord lies defeated); these lines show close *male bonding and the master/lord relationship. Compare *Pobratim. Text: see the edition by E. V. Gordon (1937). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature: see under "Maldon". Poet from France who wrote in French. 1821-1867. A French poet who is credited with introducing "low life" and "sordid" themes into modern poetry, including *lesbianism: six poems from his volume Les Fleurs de mal on this theme were condemned by the French government in 1857 (the condemnation was only annulled in 1949). He had several mistresses. The publication of Les Fleurs du mal marks the beginning of the *decadent movement in France and opened the way for the open expression of gay male themes in the poetry of *Rimbaud and *Verlaine (who first published poems on lesbianism in 1868). *Marcel Proust regarded him as being gay (see George Painter, Marcel Proust, 1967, volume 2, p. 313). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 604-05. Duroc, Homosexuels et lesbiennes illustrés, 48-49. Encyclopædia Britannica. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10463-65: Flowers of Evil, New York: Harper, 1936 and Norfolk: New Directions, 1946, 1947, Poèmes condemnés, Paris: Plaisir du Bibliophile, 1950 and Prose and Poetry, New York: Boni, 1926 "Translated by Symons". Cuaderno bibliográfico gay, 13: Las flores del mal, Madrid: Visor, 1982 (probably a Spanish translation). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 265: stating *Proust regarded him as homosexual. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 205-06: poem on lesbianism. Poet from France who wrote in Latin. 1046-1130. Baudri was a Benedictine monk who became an abbot. His poems name several lovers: Alexander of Tours, Walter, Maiolus, Vitalis. Of his 255 surviving poems most are written to men, frequently professing love. He was Archbishop of Dol and defended his writing of love poems to men, saying his own life was pure. For letters in poetry to various lovers see My Dear Boy: Gay Love Letters through the Centuries, 39-41. Text: Les Oeuvres poétiques, edited by Phylis Abrahams (Paris, 1926). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Penguin Companion to World Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Medieval Latin Poems of Male Love and Friendship, 38-55: several passionate sexual poems, revealing a deep knowledge of the classical tropes of male homosexuality such as *Orpheus, *Ganymede, *Narcissus and possibly *Alexander; biog., 150-51. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 154-57. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 106. Criticism. Goodich, The Unmentionable Vice, 6. Journal of Homosexuality, vol. 8 no. 3-4 (Spring 1983), 154-57: discussion by *Thomas Stehling. Genre of songs from India written in Bengali. From ca. 1500. Baul means "madman" and the songs were and are sung by mendicant *folk singers who wandered the countryside and also dance (compare *Whirling Dervishes). The songs are mystical with stong homoerotic feelings. They are quite earthy. Reference to physical homosexuality in their content; physical homosexual relations may have occurred amongst some performers. These songs influenced *Tagore. They may go back much earlier than 1500. Translation. English: see The Mirror of the Sky, 1969 (trans. Deben Bhattacharya); see also Soul Within Soul Without in Baul, edited by Prithvindra Chakravarti (Port Moresby, 1970), 10 - strong homoeroticism. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures. vol. 2, 21-22: "Spiritual songs". Sexologist from Germany writing in German. Active 1955. Author of Das doppelte Geschlecht: Studien zur Bisexualitat in Ritus und Mythos (The Double Sex: Studies in bisexuality in rite and myth), Berlin, 1955 (reprinted 1986), a classic study on 'bisexuality and 'homosexual images in comparative symbology, religion and myth in cultures all over the world especially 'tribal cultures (with important bibliography pp. 383-96). This book should be consulted in relation to bisexuality and homosexuality and poetry in any culture as it lists sources extensively back to the eighteenth century. As it centers on ritual and myth these sources will almost certainly yield oral poems, chants and songs in tribal cultures. Baumgart, Fritz A writer on art including *Michelangelo: see *British Library General Catalogue. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 40: poem "Ich suche dich (Im Alten Park...)" [no other details given]. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10466: Ich suche dich (Im alten Park...) [this is the only information given]. Historian from Italy of Persian and Pashto writing in Italian. Born 1921. Persian. He was co-author, with Antonio Pagliaro, of La Letteratura persiana (Milan, 1968). He wrote the section on modern Persian (i.e., from 1000 onwards), pp. 131-578; bibl. p. 567. Chapter 2, pp. 182-318 is on the * qasida and *ghazai, Chapter 3, pp. 319-355, is on the * rubai, and Chapter 4, pp. 356-490, is on the * masnavi. He worked at the Oriental Institute, *Naples, and has written other books on Persia: I Persiani(1962), and Persia Reiigiosa (1959). Pashto. Author of Storia della letteratura del Pakistan (Milano, 1958). Bautru, Guillaume de, Comte de Serrant Poet from France who wrote in French. 15BB-1665. A member of the Academie Française and poet. Author of a satire in Cabinet satyrique (1666). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Biographie universelle. Duroc, Homosexuels et lesbiennes illustrés, 49: stated to be gay. Bawdry is sexually explicit orally circulating material, frequently with scatological references; sometimes it is written down, frequently on toilet walls. Material with gay reference survives in Japanese from ca. 1629 from Japan. See *Singing and Dancing - Chinese, Japanese. *Actors are especially relevant and Japanese theater was strongly influenced by Chinese conventions. Japanese. Poems about *Onnagata (1629+) are very relevant. Chinese: little work has been done on oral traditions in the Chinese languages (see also *Sinitic languages) but given the huge history of Chinese culture it seems likely. Bawdry is sexually explicit orally circulating material frequently with scatological references, sometimes written down, e.g., on toilet walls or in public places. Poems survive in English from ca. 1600 from Great Britain, the United States and Australia. Some times the word bawdy is used. Bawdry is to be distinguished from erotic homosexual writing in that, with bawdry, there is a strong element of provocation caused by the material going against prevailing taboos. Bawdry is normally material which is more ephemeral. (Sometimes the word bawdy is used instead of bawdry.) Great Britain. Material is largely part of an oral tradition before the twentieth century. Being oral it was not subject to *censorship, so sexual references could be more prominent; however, its oral nature means a lot has been *lost. *Censorship was probably responsible for much material not being printed before the 1980s. On bawdy song see Legman, Horn Book, pp. 336-426: "The Bawdy Song in Fact and in Print". The major problem for gay material has been collection by heterosexuals of the material; it was only largely after *gay liberation (from 1969) - when homosexuality became prominently public - that homosexual material has been printed. Most reference to homosexuality is slight and negative and sexual boasting (including reference to anal sex with men as a variation) is a frequent sexual motif. The *Elizabethan poets *Kemp and *Tarlton who did a dance called the obscene jig used poems which contain homosexual bawdy suggestions. *Ballads with homosexual reference may have existed in the Elizabethan period or before (most of the population could not read and write). In the next century *Rochester's poems have bawdy undertones as do the poems of *Sir John Mennes and James Smith (1656). *"Religion has now become a mere farce" (1757) is an excellent rare eighteenth century sample. Examination of the major surviving sources - Thomas d'Urfrey, Wit and Mirth: or Pills to Purge Melancholy, 6 volumes, 1719-20 (initially edited by Henry Playford, 1698-1706), Frederick J. Furnivall, Bishop Percy's Folio Manuscript, Supplement: Loose and Humourous Songs, 1867 (reprinted), and Henry S. Farmer, editor, Merry Songs and Ballads, 5 volumes, 1895-97 (reprinted) - has not revealed anything of relevance: all are uncompromisingly heterosexual in their published material. The underground Victorian journal * The Pearl (1879), contained material. The all male context of most bawdry from the *Victorian period on is a factor militating in favor of homosexual reference. In the nineteenth century homobawdry is related to Music Hall traditions where songs contain innuendos: see *"Let's all be fairies" (surviving from the early twentieth century). Men's drinking songs are a promising field of research (this tradition goes back to ancient Greece - see *Bawdry - Greek). *Limericks also contain bawdry and the most accessible collection of limericks on "Buggery" is by Gershon Legman in The Limerick (Paris, 1953; reprinted, San Diego, 1967). *Norman Douglas's Some Limericks (Florence, 1928; many reprintings) is a brilliant example of the literary genre. Material survives from the First World War and especially the Second World War: see *Martin Page. Very few complete works of homosexual bawdry have come to light so far, one example being * The Platonic Blow (now sourced to *W. H. Auden and dated 1948). On the other hand, reference to homosexuality can be quite candid in poems referring to sexual practices in general as, for instance in the poem "Abdul Abul Bul Amir" - see *Alan Bold regarding this poem (he has also written a concise history of British bawdry). *Ballads with bawdry reference survive from the late eighteenth century; one poem collected by *Robert Burns can be read homosexually. Manuscript collections of *broadsheet ballads may yield homobawdry. *Graffiti, especially on toilet walls, are another source though no Great Britain originated homo graffiti are known to have been recorded. Bibliography. For a list of possible sources see *Ed Cray, whose bibliography in The Erotic Muse, 1992, pp. 415-24 is a basic starting point. Gershon Legman has done much basic research in his various books and articles and remains the greatest English language authority on bawdry in general; his introduction to John S. Farmer's Merry Songs and Ballads (New York, 1964) surveys the field. Bawdry poems have frequently travelled widely - for instance, from Great Britain to the United States, Canada and Australia - and especially in wars (see *Don Laycock, *Martin Page); this makes their genealogy very complex. Ed Cray has compiled the most scholarly edition to date of bawdry poems in English, though Gershon Legman's edition of *Vance Randolph's Unprintable Songs of the Ozarks brilliantly sources the United States poems it deals with to the British sources. Both *Chaucer and *Shakespeare used bawdry in their work. A properly edited edition of British homosexual bawdry is urgently needed in which the genealogy of poems is traced and variant versions are given (including those surviving in other countries); editions usually suffer from poor editing with imprecise dating and lack of sourcing for material. Strict censorship in Great Britain, though lessened from 1959, is inhibiting the publication of homobawdry. *Manuscript material in *archives and libraries undoubtedly exists; finding it is hindered by poor accession and by the fact that individual poems are not cataloged separately even when they appear in broadsheet form. United States. United States homobawdry dates from *Eugene Field (1888) who wrote poetry recitations with gay aspects for men's clubs. Homosexual reference is usually slight and strongly negative; sexual boasting with reference to anal sex is a frequent motif (as it is all over the world). *Cowboy bawdry is known though none referring to homosex has come to light so far. *Immortalia (1927; reprinted) is the first general publication containing some material. *Bessie Smith and *Ma Rainey, the blues singers, had references in their songs. *A. W. Read's Classic American *Graffiti (1935), unfortunately records only one homopoem. *Gershon Legman, the first serious researcher, compiled the first collection of bawdry *limericks (discussed above) and this has some United States material; he has also written an article on rhymed bawdry. *Censorship has prevented much material reaching print until ca. 1970 when censorship was relaxed. The work of *black Americans presents a promising field little researched: see the songs "Sissy Man" and "Sissy Man Blues" on Stash Record 118 called Straight and Gay; see also a record called AC/DC Blues. The *Toast Tradition entry lists major sources of gay negro homosexual reference in oral poems. *Randolph Vance uncovered material from the Ozark Mountains first published in 1992 after a long attempt to censor its appearance. The collection of *Robert W. Gordon in the Library of Congress, *Washington, has material and the Library of Congress's music collection may yield material. *Ed Cray is the current expert on United States bawdry though he states that little homobawdry existed (certainly comparatively little has come to light and little has been published in Ed Cray's The Erotic Muse, 1992, one of the the most scholarly works to date). Gershon Legman's edition of the Ozark songs of Vance Randolph cited above is outstanding and highlights much gay material. *"Gas, Grass or Ass" is a poem seen in trucks for the benefit of hitchhikers and an example of contemporary bawdry. The strongly regional folk traditions of the United States result in rich diversification of oral material and a huge corpus of material with homosexual reference is potentially in existence. Many collections of bawdy poems contains homosexual reference: see e.g., Poems Lewd and Lusty, edited by Harold Hart, New York, 1982: see pp. 32, 52 (possible reference only), 62-74 "The Ball of Kerrimuir", 86, 128-32 "Aboard the Good Ship Venus". Bawdry crosses borders especially during war, and versions of the same poem exist in many countries - for instance, some United States material has appeared in Australian collections: see *Don Laycock. The Journal of American Folklore is a source of references. The journal *Maledicta specializes in verbal aggression and bawdry and include poems. A scholarly collection of United States .0gay homobawdry is urgently needed; most collections to date have been compiled by heterosexuals or are heterosexually orientated. Material may exist in gay *archives and in libraries in the form of *manuscripts. *Broadsheet collections also need to be examined. Australia. Australian homobawdry grew out of British traditions. So far, homobawdry has been found in Australian English documented only from World War II: see *Mess Songs and Rhymes of the RAAF (1944) and *Patrick White as quoted below (material from 1941). Collecting began from ca. 1950. In *Don Laycock, The Best Bawdry (Sydney, 1982), see "Tight as a drum" (Australian army song ca. 1955), pp. 47-49; important bibliography pp. 7-9. See also: "If I were the marrying kind", in Sebastian Hogbotel and Simon Ffuckes, More Snatches and Lays (Melbourne: Sun Books, 1983), pp. 50-51: a football poem (ambiguous), nearly identical with the same authors' version in Snatches and Lays, 1973. See further Ross Edwards, Australian Bawdy Ballads, 1973, "The new People's Flag" (pp. 21 and 52) and "Lakeside Lament" p. 30 - slight derogatory references to male anal sex. These poems are *ballads. Bawdry poems of this type are known to have circulated in typescript in hotels and in the army at least from the 1940s; the *"Ballad of Joking Jesus" was probably of this type. Don Laycock states he began collecting material in the 1950s ( The Best bawdry, 1). Another important collector is *Brad Tate (active 1982). *David Marr, Patrick White: A Life (Sydney, 1991), 211 quotes the following song sung at Patrick White's 29th birthday in 1941, recalled by *Patrick White: "We called on the major to sing us a song,/ We called on the major to sing us a song,/ So sing you bastard sing,/ Or show your fucking ring." *Martin Page, Kiss Me Goodnight Sergeant Major (London, 1973), though basically a British collection, includes Australian army material from World War II: see pp. 29, 50, 113-14 (material dating in a less "rude" form to World War I). *Student songs include bawdry e.g. the SUMS (Sydney University Musical Society) sculling song, as quoted to the author by Jennifer Sayers, 1991: "SUMS are poofters, SUMs are queens/ Doo-dah, Doo-dah,/ In SUMS we spill beer down our jeans/ Oh doo-dah day". There is also the following couplet sung in SUMS: "Stick it up your bum/ If you scull with SUMS" (ca. 1990 - though it may be earlier). The Combined Universities Songbook (1965), has only slight reference (e.g., "Life presents a dismal picture", p. 65) due probably to *censorship at the time; only after 1971, when *censorship laws were lessened, did more explicit material get into print (see * The Platonic Blow). The Engineer's Songbook (University of New South Wales, ca. 1970) may yield material (no copy found and the title may not be correct). It is possible homobawdry dating from World War I existed, but none has so far come to light and been conclusively identified as Australian in origin. See also *Robert Brissenden, John Meredith (collector of pornographic songs) and *children's play rhymes. (Hogbotel and Ffuckes referred to above are Ken Gott and Stephen Murray-Smith: see Nation Review, 20-26 February 1976, 470-71. They state their collection was begun in 1960-61: Nation Review 24 February-4 March, 503.) Bawdry is sexually explicit orally circulating material frequently with scatological references, sometimes written down, e.g., on toilet walls or in public places (see *graffiti); some material appears in dramatic works. Material in Greek survives from Greece and Turkey from ca. 450 B.C. For Attic comedy see Jeffrey Henderson, The Maculate Muse: Obscene Language in Attic Comedy (1991). Latterly bawdry has been recorded in books notably by *Elias Petropoulos and *Mary Koukoules who have recorded poems and songs dealing with homosexuality. Greek gay bawdry is the oldest documented in the world and there may be a continuous tradition in Greek since ancient Greece. Some ancient poems survive: see *cinaedic poetry, *skolia, *Songs - Greek. For the modern period see *rebetika, *The Trojan War. Bawdry is sexually explicit orally circulating material frequently with scatological references, sometimes written down, e. g., on toilet walls or in public places. Poems survive in Latin from ca. 50 B.C. from France and later in Latin from Italy and Germany. Latin has one of the oldest bawdry traditions in the world, recorded in *songs originating in France from ca. 50 B.C. about Julius Caesar, in *graffiti from *Pompeii in Italy (before 79), and in later oral sources such as *student songs from universities (see * Carmina Burana) surviving from Germany. However, the evidence from each of these sources regarding homosexuality is not extensive. See the entry "Invective" by Lindsay Watson in the Oxford Classical Dictionary, third edition, 1996. Bawdry is sexually explicit orally circulating material frequently with scatological references, sometimes written down, e.g., on toilet walls or in public places. from ca. 1900? Romany is the Gypsy language which is north Indo-Aryan in origin; it descends from an ancient Sanskrit dialect first spoken in ancient India and the word "rom" means man. Romany has a rich oral tradition and bawdy homo material is likely from at least 1900 due to the wide currency of the language and its largely oral character. Several East European countries have published Romany poems and folk material. There are many gypsy cultures extending from India to the United States and Australia. The separation of the sexes is common. A book by Franz von Miklosich referred to by *Koukoulos or *Petropoulos may yield relevant material. Several dictionaries of the language exist and *Omar Khayyam has been translated into the language. See Harry E. Wedeck, Dictionary of Gipsy Life and Lore, New York, 1993. Bawdry is sexually explicit orally circulating material frequently with scatological references, sometimes written down, e.g., on toilet walls or in public places. Poems in Russian from Russia survive from ca. 1840. See *Songs - Russian, * Eros Russe (poems from 1840) and *Bernard Stern-Stanza for possible sources. It is suspected that much more oral material exists than has come to light so far (see *Dictionaries and Words - Russian for other possible sources) since Russian has a huge volume of bawdry. Material from the Russian gulags (prison camps) seems likely: see *Oral Poems - Russian, *Libraries and Archives - Russian. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1993. Book of gay poems: Coast to Coast, 1993 - sighted in the gay section of Giovanni's Room Bookshop, the gay bookshop in *Philadelphia in 1995. He is also a critic. Editor from the United States of works in English. Active 1949. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 11036: The Distaff Muse, London: Hollis and Carter, 1949 (edited with *Meum Stewart). Poet and critic from New Zealand who wrote in English. 1926-1972. Regarded by many as the finest poet who has written in English from New Zealand, James K. Baxter was a bohemian, a reformed alcoholic and a member of the alternative society who had several relationships with women - almost all unsatisfactory - and several homosexual episodes. He converted to *Catholicism in 1958. His output was prodigious and not anywhere near all his poems have been published in the Collected Poems (1979), edited by J. E. Weir. Only published books and broadsheets and fifty unpublished poems are included in this edition of his poems; what Baxter called his "bar-room" verse (i.e. *bawdry), of which he wrote much, was omitted. Manuscripts are in the Hocken Library, University of Otago, Dunedin. In the Collected Poems see "The *Pederasts", p. 343. The major sequence Jerusalem Sonnets refers to *flagellation and shows *S/M tendencies; "perhaps bisexual" crabs in Poem 9 may be, in the context of the sequence, an acknowledgement of *bisexuality in living creatures and certainly shows that Baxter certainly knew something of biology. The title comes from the town of Jerusalem named after Jerusalem in Israel. The sequence is subtitled "Poems for Colin Durning" and shows strong male bonding in its genesis. As a critic he wrote a fine piece on *Oscar Wilde (not located). Biography. See his biographer *Frank McKay on homosexuality in Baxter's life and unpublished poems. What is certain about Baxter is that he was a very complex person. Censorship: Baxter's wife Jacqui took a court injunction and had the publication of James K. Baxter 1926-72: A memorial Volume (1972), by Alister Taylor stopped. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition: in the Appendix. Contemporary Authors, vol. 77-80. Oxford Companion to New Zealand Literature. Pseudonym of a poet and philosopher from Australia who wrote in English; he also lived in Great Britain. 1883-1942. The pseudonym of *William Blocksidge. Poet from Australia writing in English. Born ca. 1925. Believed to be the author of a couplet, ca. 1946, "The Empress Poppea said, 'Nero, you're queer.' / He said, 'Like Caligula, I'm a little irregular.'"(*David Ritchie to the author.) He was a Corporal in Colonel Alfred Conlon's unit at Victoria Barracks, Melbourne in World War II and came from Melbourne; Alf Conlon's unit was set up as a "think tank" to supply to politicans ideas about the future direction of Australian civilian society. Translator from Latin to English from Great Britain. Active before 1902. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Iolaus (1902), 35-36 (re *Orestes and Pylades), 89-90. Men and Boys, 12. Both the last two citations are from his translations of the "Second Eclogue" of the Latin poet *Virgil into English. Editor, poet and critic from the United States writing in English. Active from 1983. One of the founding editors of the * James White Review (with *Phil Wilkie and others). See James White Review volume 1 no. 4 (Summer 1984), 16: this states that, as Greg Boeshans, he does the layout and typography. As a poet, see "All I dare say, or: another *Aids poem," James White Review vol. 3 no. 2 (Winter 1986), 10 - a very fine poem. Critic: see *Takahashi Mustuo, Jim Everhard, *John Gill. Translator from English to French and critic and biographer from France writing in French. 1873-1929. One of *Whitman's first disciples in France, he was the principal translator of the poet into French publishing Feuilles d'herbe (Leaves of Grass) (Paris, *Mercure de France, 1909, 2 volumes; reprinted 1922). This translation was strongly criticized by *Andre Gidé and others. Calamus poèmes (Geneva, 1919), 104 pp., illustrated by Frans Maseeel (?), is also by him. He wrote the first biography of Whitman in French: Walt Whitman, L'Homme et son oeuvre (Paris, Mercure de France, 1903; English trans. New York, 1920). He also wrote Le 'Poeme-Evangile' de Walt Whitman (Paris, 1921), 357 pp., a critical work on Leaves of Grass, and a book on Thoreau (translated into English as Henry Thoreau, 1925). Biography: see W. A. Efcke, Leon Bazalgette 19731929, 1937 (in German). Artist and possibly a poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. 1477-1549. Famous bisexual Italian artist known as Il Sodoma (which may mean "the sodomite"). It has not been possible to verify if he wrote any poems. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Jonathan to Gide, 267-70. Dizionario biografico degli Italiani. Criticism. Bullough, Sexual Variance, 419-20: states he wrote poems. Poet who wrote in Urdu. Ca. 1850?; date uncertain. Criticism. Rahman, "Boy love in the Urdu ghazal", Paidika vol. 2 no. 1 (1989), 20: poem about the boys of Jahan Abad; 22: gay poem cited. Beam, Jeffery Born in Kannapolis, North Carolina. Two chapbooks: The Golden Legend (Floating Island Publications, 1981) and Two Preludes for the Beautiful (Universal, 1981). Other books of poems: Apostrophe to Stanley and other poems (Catalyst, 1984), The Fountain, 1992 (reviewed James White Review vol.10 no. 3, Spring 1993, 16) and Visions of Dame Kind (Winston-Salem: The Jargon Society, 1995) (reviewed in James White Review vol. 13 no. 4, Fall 1996, 21 by Walter Holland - minimalist poems in the manner of *haiku by *Basho). He lived in Chapel Hill, Carolina, in 1983. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Son of the Male Muse, 212-24; biog 186. Black Men/ White Men, 55-56; biog., 232. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 685. Poet, anthologist and editor from the United States writing in English. 1953-1989. The editor of the first *black gay anthology * In the Life, he died of *Aids. He lived in *Philadelphia and worked in the gay bookshop Giovanni's Room. He was the founding editor of Black/ Out, the journal of the National Coalition of Black Lesbians and Gays (198687). Obituary: by Renee McCoy in the journal Au Courant. An obituary was also published in the Philadelphia Enquirer (sources: Brother to Brother, page vii). His manuscripts for 1967 to 1990 are in the *New York Public Library and are described in its catalog. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gay Histories and Cultures. Gay Poetry Anthologies. In the Life, 13-18 (prose), 153-56, 160-69 (two interviews with gay men), 230-42 (on his life experiences as a black gay man: he states "Black men loving Black men is the revolutionary act of the eighties" p. 240); biog., 250. Brother to Brother , vii (about his life), xiii (his mother's help with the anthology), 184-86 James Baldwin, 261-62 (important essay, "Making Ourselves from Scratch"). Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1991. A *San Francisco *black poet very active in the gay community. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 10-15: "A Love Poem for White Boys Who Don't Know Who I Am" (a very powerful poem about being a black gay); biog., 172. Milking Black Bull, 137-49; biog., 137. Artist, book illustrator, poet and letter writer from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1872-1898. Aubrey Beardsley was perhaps the most famous British black and white * fin de siècle artist. He was art editor of *The *Yellow Book (1894-early 1895) then editor of The Savoy (1896) with *Arthur Symons. He converted to Catholicism in 1897 under the influence of *André Raffalovich and John Gray and died of consumption. He started work under the influence of the homosexually inspired painter Burne-Jones and then was influenced by the line drawings on ancient Greek vases which were then being cataloged and many of which featured homosexuality. He is most famous for his illustrations for *Wilde's Salome (1894), Lysistrata (1896; published by *Leonard Smithers, "under the counter") - most notably, in Lysistrata, showing a young man touching another's erect penis - and for Under the Hill, published expurgated in The Savoy in 1896 (published by Leonard Smithers), and unexpurgated in 1907 as Venus and Tannhauser (featuring a caricature of Wilde). His drawings characterize the *decadent style and herald the later Art Nouveau and points forward to Art Deco an early modernist style. He was immensely influential in book illustration on the continent of Europe and in Britain. He also did *bookplates including one for *Aleister Crowley (copy: University of Michigan). Jean de Bosschère in Belgium and Julius Klinger in Germany (who illustrated * Sodom, or the Quintessence of Debauchery) show his influence as illustrators. *Brian Reade wrote two books on him including the Victoria and Albert Museum retrospective catalog, Aubrey Beardsley: Exhibition at the Victoria and ALbert Museum 1966, where he characterizes him as an "an ironist... of those last years of the Victorian age" (p.11); see also his Beardsley (1967). Osbert Burdett, The Beardsley Period, 1925, is a study of his work. His art works are listed in Mark Samuels Lasner, A Selective Checklist of the Work of Aubrey Beardsley, 1995 and Linda Zatlin is compiling a catalog of all known artworks. His sexuality is difficult to assess; he may have been asexual and there is no evidence - and may never be - that he was actively homosexual in a physical sense; on the other hand, this cannot be ruled out given the circles he moved in. Ian Fletcher in Aubrey Beardsley (Boston, 1987) states, p. 10: "Beardsley's sexual tastes were either muted or equivocal: he showed no signs of actually 'coming out'" (however, the author gives no evidence for this view). A new biography by Matthew Sturgis, Aubrey Beardsley (London, 1998), suggests that Beardsley's sexual behavior may have been confined to masturbation (see the review of the book in the Times Literary Supplement, 27 March 1998, 18-19). What is sure is that his drawings were strongly homosexual both in subject matter and in capturing the ethos of the time. There is another biography by Stanley Weintraub, Beardsley (London,1967). Beardsley wrote three poems: see his Under the Hill and Others Essays in Prose and Verse, edited by Edward Lucie-Smith (London, 1977), pp. 62-78, including translation of *Catullus's "Poem 101 ". These poems do not contain explicit gay reference. His Letters were edited by H. Maas and others (1970); these reveal close contact with John Gray, *André Raffalovich (including reading his history of homosexuality) and *Robert Ross though they do not contain any candid disclosures and are very guarded. See also *Herbert Pollitt. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Movement in English in the United States; there were disciples in France and Germany. They date from ca. 1956 to ca. 1970. The chief writers were *Ginsberg, *Kerouac, *Corso, *Burroughs, *Ferlinghetti, *Michael McClure, Gary Snyder, Philip Whalen and *Harold Norse. The word comes from the saying of Kerouac "we are the beat generation"; according to some beat meant "defeated" and referred to the development of the atomic bomb and the sense of doom it implied for humanity. Out of this rose the idea of personal liberation and optimism as a counterfoil. Ginsberg's poem Howl (1956) is a crucial work as is Kerouac's novel On the Road (1957). Lawrence Lipton's The Holy Barbarians (1959), popularized the movement. The beat writers were interested in sexual experimentation, but because some had homosexual experiences, this does not mean that individuals in the movement were necessarily gay. Some had homosexual periods or were bisexual; some were exclusively homosexual (or almost completely homosexual in Ginsberg's case). In opening up new areas for poetry to explore, such as homosexual sex, they, and especially Ginsberg and Kerouac, contributed greatly to the emerging ethos of *gay liberation. The Beats congregated in the *City Lights bookshop, *San Francisco. By no means all their poetry has been published (for instance, that of Kerouac). Harold Norse's poems of the time were only published in the 1970s; even Ginsberg published some early work only in his Collected Poems (e.g., the masterpiece "Many Loves") so the full picture is not yet clear. Compare *Robert Duncan, a longtime resident of San Francisco, whose relationship with the beats has not been investigated. The beat poets were included in Donald Allen's famous anthology The *New American Poetry (1960). The influence of *Zen *Buddhism on their work is a major oriental influence. Bibliography: see the Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature entry. French: see *Bernard Delvaille. German: see *Hubert Fichte. Ginsberg has been very popular in Germany and several translations have been made. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature: see "Beat Generation". Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature: see "Beat writing" (a brilliant overview). Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 117-18. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Anthology in French from France. Fribourg, Switzerland: Office du Livre and Paris France: Editions Vilo, 1977, 307 pages; reprinted in 1979 and apparently continuously in print. Beau petit ami was translated into German in 1977 and English in 1978 with the title * L'amour bleu. It was compiled by a woman, *Cécile Beurdeley. The title, which means "beautiful boyfriend", recalls the fourth line in a poem by Verlaine "Sur une statue", about a statue of *Ganymede and the eagle in a park in Aix-les-Bains, published in the second edition of his 1894 volume, Parallèlement, his first published volume to contain three openly gay male poems: "Beau petit ami, Ganymede [Beautiful boyfriend, Ganymede]." The French text has not been checked. The poets of the French original are presumably the same as those in the German and English editions as both these editions share the same illustrations, layout and almost the exact text as well as the same authors. This anthology has been one of the most widely disseminated of all gay anthologies, since no other anthologies have been translated into two languages. See *L'Amour bleu for a list of contents and further description. Poet and dramatist from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1584-1616. John Aubrey's Lives and an epigram by *Sir John Mennes are the basis for linking Francis Beaumont and his fellow dramatist John Fletcher together as gay lovers. Beaumont and Fletcher collaborated in writing plays in blank verse; their first play The Woman Hater (ca. 1605), reveals *misogyny (compare a later poem *"The Women-Hater's Lamentation" (1707). Beaumont later retired from the theatre and married profitably in 1613, moving to Kent. The anonymously published *Elizabethan *long poem, Salamacis and *Hermaphroditus (1602), has been attributed to him; it features descriptions of the beautiful man Hermaphroditus. He was educated at Oxford. *Thomas Randolph also implies he was homosexual; see also *Michael Drayton. In their edition of his works, the editors *G. Varley and *J. St Loe Strachey have both alluded to the relationship with Fletcher in guarded terms as being homosexual. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 344-45. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. loläus (1906), 191-95. Men and Boys, 34-35: from *Salamacis and Hermaphroditus. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 40: from "Hermaphroditus"; biog., 114. Mayne, The Intersexes, 590. Criticism. Hirschfeld, Die Homosexualität des Mannes und des Weibes, 662. Poet from Canada who wrote in French. Active 1982. Bibliographies. Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (1984), 136: book Dans la matière revant comme d'une emeute, Trois-Rivières, Québec: Ecrits des Forges, 1982. Poet from Australia writing in English. Born 1928. See the poem "Merging Aspects" from the sequence *Tiresias Sees, in Charmed Lives (St Lucia, Queensland, 1988), pp. 114-15: "There was no intimacy we had not shared/ including several of our own invention" (p. 114) - *Austlit record 106099. See also, in Charmed Lives, p.112, "Checkmate". Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Poet and biographer from Great Britain writing in English. He is best known as a cataloger of ancient Greek vases. 1885-1970. Sir John Beazley is most famous for his cataloging of the ancient Greek Red Figure and Black Figure vases from *Athens. *A. L. Rowse, in Homosexuals in History, pp. 251-54, states that Sir John Beazley, or J. D. Beazley as he styled himself, had a homosexual relationship with the poet James Elroy Flecker when he was a student at *Oxford University (Flecker at T rinity College, Beazley at Balliol). Beazley also wrote poetry at this time (Rowse, op. cit., pp. 253-566: citing poems, but apparently poems by Flecker). Beazley's contribution to the study of ancient Greek vase painting of the fifth century B.C. has been unparallelled and he is one of the greatest ancient Greek *scholars: he almost single-handedly cataloged the world's collections of ancient Greek vases of this period. The cataloging of the vases means that the extensive repertoire of homosexual scenes can be assessed, particularly in relation to the *pederastic poetry of the period and especially in relation to the *symposium context in which the poetry was sung. The catalogs appeared as Attic Black-Figure Vase-Painters (Oxford, 1956; repr. New York, 1978) and Attic Red-Figure Vase-Painters, three volumes, (second edition, Oxford, 1963; repr. New York, 1984) and Paralipomena ("things left out") (1971). Some Greek homopoems have been found on the vases in connection with kalos names and a list of kalos names (names inscribed on vases and referring to beautiful males) appears in Attic Red-figure Vases, volume 2, pp. 1559-1616; for kalos names see further the *David M. Robinson entry. See T. H. Carpenter, Beazley Addenda (Oxford, 1989), for additions to Beazley's lists of authenticated vases. Beazley's archive of photographs and drawings of the scenes on Greek vases in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, is the finest collection in the world and meticulously catalogs photographs of 450 black-figure potters and painters and 800 red-figure potters and pointers gathered by Beazley and sent to him by scholars from all over the world. Although photographs of some vases are included in *Kenneth Dover's book Greek Homosexuality (1978), the archive awaits intelligent usage from a gay point of view for, great bibliographer that he was, Beazley's weakness as a scholar was that he did not interpret his data in an analytic way: descriptions of the vases never mention homosexuality, for instance. Beazley was on close terms with the art collector *Edward Perry Warren, whose obituary he wrote for The Times, London. He gave a collection of objects to the Ashmolean Museum, one of which is a vase which depicts a pederastic scene by The Brygos Painter (it shows a man fondling a boy's genitals; this vase is displayed on the upper shelves of a case in the museum so that it can only be seen by adults). This type of vase may have been given as a gift by a man in ancient Athens to his lover, though most Greek vases have been found in Etruscan tombs and their exact social context remains to be elucidated. The scenes on Greek vases vividly depict the male homosexual acts and milieu of fifth century Athens and thus show the background against which the poetry was written; unfortunately Beazley's muted descriptions are little help in elucidating homosexuality on the vases: e.g., a scene on a vase by a painter in the circle of the Nikosthenes Painter showing homosexual *anal sex and homosexual *fellatio is described as "satyrs misbehaving" (Attic Red Figure Vases, second edition volume 2, 1963 [repr. 1984], p.1700, referring to p.135). "Some Attic Vases in the Cyprus Museum", Proceedings of the British Academy 33 (1947) was an early article in English discussing male "courtship scenes" as homosexual scenes were coyly described by Beazley. Text of poems: see English Review (April 1911), 5-6, "I have Travelled in Many Lands" (with the advice to "*suck the juice out of things", 5). Oxford Poetry 1910-13, edited G. D. H. C., G. P. D. and W. S. V. (Oxford, 1913), pp. 3-4 has "The Ballad of my Friend". If Beazley wrote poetry later in life, it has not come to light so far. Obituary: "Sir John Beazley", by Dietrich von Bothmer, Oxford Magazine, 12 June 1970, 299-302: a very fine summary of his career; on p. 301 he states that the "untimely death" of his most gifted pupil Humphrey Payne "was a sorrow Beazley never overcame". See also The Times, 7 May 1970, 15 and Donna Kurtz, editer, Beazley and Oxford (Oxford, 1985), a fine survey of Beazley's contribution to the university he was associated with throughout his life. Beazley married; there were no children. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography: by Martin Robertson. Briggs and Calder, Classical Scholarship. Poet and letter writer from Italy who wrote in Latin. 1393-1471. Beccadelli was an Italian *Humanist and one of the founders of the Academy of *Naples. His * Hermaphroditus is a collection of eighty-one Latin epigrams in the manner of *Martial, *Catullus, and the * Priapeia, divided into two books. Several epigrams are homosexual: see in Book One, numbers vii, ix, xii, xiv, xvii, xx, xxvi, xxviii, xxxiii, xxxiv, xxxvi, xxxix; in Book Two, xvii, xxiv, xxvii. The tone of the work towards homosexuality is condemnatory but also, paradoxically, celebratory (compare *Catullus); *anal sex is described from both the active and passive point of view. The work is believed to have been written in 1425 in *Bologna. Later publication in mechanically printed form was placed on the * Index of the Catholic Church. The original fifteenth century mechanically printed edition is very rare and the date seems to be 1473; the *Vatican Library does not contain a copy. The various early editions listed below seem to have largely circulated sureptitiously until 1791, when the book was republished in *Quinque illustrium poetarum (see *B. Mercier). In 1824, an edition edited by *Friedrich Forberg was published from another manuscript. This became notorious for its notes by Forberg and also its plates. Beccadelli also wrote letters and other poems in Latin. He was known under the pseudonym *Antonius Panormita, from the Latin Panormus (meaning Palermo, Sicily, Italy, where he was born). Editions of the Hermaphroditus. Various editions exist. The first mechanically printed edition appears to be in 1473 in Naples bound with a work by "Mahomet II" titled Epistolae magni Turci; the same work was reprinted under the same title in Padua, about 1375, Treviso, about 1475, Rome, about 1483, Brescia, about 1494-96, and Rome, about 1500 (information from the British Library's Incunable Short Title Catalogue which has detailed cataloging included bibliographical references). A text is available of the Padua edition in microfiche in the series Incunabula: The Printing Revolution in Europe, Reading, 1997. In the sixteenth century there was an edition in Venice, 1553, Antonii Bononiae Beccatelli cognomento Panhormitae epistolarum libri V. Eiusdem orationes II. Carmina.. (a copy is held by the British Library); a microfilm of this edition exists made by University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan. *Quinque illustrium Poetarum (1791) has the text edited by *Mercier de Saint-Leger and Molini (see Pia, Les Livres de l'Enfer below); *F. K. Forberg (1824) is illustrated; an 1892 Paris edition by *Lisieux had a French translation with the Latin text; there is one by F. Wolff-Untereichen with commentary by Eolfram Körner and Steffen Dietzsch (Leipzig, 1908; repr. 1986). See descriptions of these editions in Pia, Les Livres de l'Enfer, columns 561-63 and Hayn, Gotendorf, Biblioteca germanorum erotica, volume 6, pp. 19-23. *Paul Brandt wrote a bibliographical study of the Hermaphroditus titled Register zum Hermaphroditus des Antonius Panormita (Leipzig: Weigel, ca. 1910, 56 pp.); rare: a copy is in the University of California, Los Angeles, library. Recent editions include ones edited in Italy by Jole Tognelli (Rome, 1968) and Donatella Coppini (Rome, 1991) and in Germany (editor not known; Leipzig: Reclam, 1991). There may be other editions than those described - especially in Italian libraries or the *Vatican library - which are not known, due to the book being on the *Catholic Church's * Index. Beccadelli married twice and was a collector of books; he appears to have been *bisexual if his poetry is to be believed and the Hermaphroditus mentions a mistress, Ursa. See also *Paul Englisch Geschichte der erotischen Literatur, Stuttgart, 1927, pp. 584-87. Translations. English: *Michael de Cossart (1984) - with a fine life of Beccadelli and introduction (though no Latin text) this is the first and only English translation; *S. W. Foster: see his entry. French: Anonymous translator, Paris: *Lisieux, (1892) - includes the Latin text; reprinted in L'oeuvre priapique des anciens et des moderns (1914). A microfilm of this edition exists made by University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan. German: *F. Forberg (1824; repr. 1991), edited by F. Wolff-Untereichen (with German trans. by *F. Forberg and Latin text), Leipzig, Weigel 1908 - with reproductions of the original illustrations and with commentary by Dr Alfred Kind (see Hayn, Gotendorf Biblioteca germanorum erotica, volume 6, pp. 20-23 for a detailed description). Italian: Anonymous translator, Naples (1920), *A. Ottolini (Milan, 1922), G. Lentini (1928), Jole Tognetti (Rome, 1968). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dizionario biografico degli Italiani: important and up to date article with bibl. to 1965. Gay Poetry Anthologies. *Forberg. L'amicizia amorosa, 57-59. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 135-36: called Panormitanus. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 215: from Hermaphroditus i 7, i 20, i 34, i 36, ii 20. "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen", 19-20. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 286-89. Bibliographies. Ashbee, Bibliography of Prohibited Books, volume one, 81-82: re the 1824 edition by *F. K. Forberg (noting that the plates are seldom found). Hayn, Gotendorf, Bibliotheca Germanorum Erotica, vi, 19-23: see "Panormitanus"; cites the edition Antonii Panormitae Hermaphroditus... Coburg, 1824, edited by F. K. Forberg and the reprint of this edition with commentary by Dr. Alfred Kind, Leipzig: Adolf Weigel, 1908 (includes a long note on this printing); ix, 446 (re the 1908 printing). Goodland, Bibliography of Sex Rites: see under "Panormita"; lists editions from 1824 onwards. Pia, Les Livres de l'Enfer, vol. 1, columns 561-63: describes the 1824 and Lisieux editions in the *Enfer; consult also the index. Kearney, Private Case, 111: item 216 lists a printing from Naples, ca. 1920. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in Latin. Active ca. 1200. See A. G. Rigg, A History of Anglo-Latin Literature 1066-1422 (1992), pp. 125-27: writer of a book on how to behave in a civilized way: Urbanus Magnus, in hexameters. Lines 420-974 contain a digression on unnatural sex, referring to homosexuality (see the index of Rigg). Text: see Urbanus Magnus, edited by J. Gilbart Smyly (Dublin, 1939). Beccuti, Francesco, called Il Coppetta Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. 1509-1553. A poet who wrote two poems on the pros and cons of homosexuality. Love sonnets were written to a certain man Bigazzini (called 'Alessi'). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 315-17: poems about a romance with a young man *Alexis and its breakup. Poet from Germany who wrote in German. Active 1979. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Milchsilber, 77-81; biog., 183 (in the form of a poem), photo, 182. Schreibende Schwule. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 253. Editor and translator from Greek to German probably from Germany. Active 1957. Editor of the latest complete edition of the * Palatine Anthology titled Anthologia Graeca , 4 volumes, (1957-58; reprinted Munich, 1964); it includes translation into German. This edition is the most modern edition of the * Mousa Paidike, as the *Waltz edition (so far) has not included this book. The standard of editing is very high. It includes an important index of poets listing where their poems are found in the Palatine Anthology (volume 4, pp. 754-68). He has also edited and translated Greek *bucolic poets into German: Die griechischen Bukoliker (Meisenheim am Glan, 1975); this is a translation of *Theocritus, *Bion and *Moschus. Historian from France writing in French. Active 1964. Author of L'Erotisme d'en face, 19 (review: Arcadie 124 [avril 1964], pp. 198-203 by *Marc Daniel). The work was translated into English as The Other Face of Love (New York, 1967). This history of homosexuality in Europe from ancient Egyptian times contains a few unusual references to poetry - e.g., pp. 14-15 Gilgamesh, 62 (fine Moslem poem apparently from Arabic), 74-74 (from *Tagore's Cycle of Spring and dedicated to the boys of his Ashram at Santiniketan), 142-44 *Stefan George. It contains very fine illustrations (of which the French edition contains many more than the United States published English translation; a British edition has still fewer illustrations). Novelist and book collector from Great Britain who wrote in English; he also lived in Portugal. 1759-1844. He was a noted collector of books who amassed a large collection including some rare items to do with gay poetry: on his collection see Quaritch, Contributions towards a Dictionary of English Book-Collectors, pp. 1-7. The sale of the collection is recorded in Sotheby's sale catalogs for 30 June and 11 December, 1882 and 2 July and 27 November, 1883. The collection had passed to his son-in-law, the tenth Duke of Hamilton, who had kept it intact. The catalogs indicate that his library contained much rare gay erotic poetry and copies of works by poets in this Encyclopedia. The total of the book sale was the then enormous sum of 86,000 pounds. See the discussion of his collecting in Timothy Mowl, William Beckford: Composing for Mozart, 1998. By the contents of the collection he is revealed to be the first known serious collector of European gay erotic poetry. In the catalog for 30 June 1882, A to F, the folllowing poets and entries are relevant: Alciati, Alcibiade fanciullo a scuola, Anacreon, Aretino, Baffo, Beze, Byron (including the title, not elsewhere known, Works Including the Suppressed Poems, Paris, 1827). He was forced into exile in Portugal because of his homosexuality; at this time of being exiled, he was one of the richest men in England. He is the author of the Gothic novel, Vathek. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Lexikon des gesamten Buchwesens, second edition; discussion of his book collection. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 122-23. Howes, Broadcasting It. Dictionnaire Gay. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amour bleu, 148-58. Poet and letter writer from Great Britain who wrote in English; he wrote some poems in German. He lived afterwards in Germany and Switzerland. 1803-1849. He studied in Oxford and later studied medicine in Germany. He moved to Switzerland and committed suicide in Basel, Switzerland, apparently after an unhappy gay love affair (see the Raffavolich reference below). Death's Jest Book, or The Fool's Tragedy (1850), a tragedy in blank verse, is his most noted work. His Letters were edited with notes by *Edmund Gosse (*Elkin Mathews, 1894; reprinted New York, 1971). Many letters are to his close friend and literary editor, Thomas Forbes Kelsall, who preserved his manuscripts; these were left to *Robert Browning who passed them on to Edmund Gosse. Editions of his works were edited by Edmund Gosse in 1890 and 1928 (with long introductions); the edition Plays and Poems (1950), by W. H. Donner, has a biographical introduction. A recent selection is Judith Higgens, editor, Thomas Lovell Beddoes: Selected Poetry, 1999. For his German poems see the Oxford University Press edition for German poems published in newspapers; these are *satirical works. An English language gay sequence was written on him by *David Barton. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionary of National Biography: by *Edmund Gosse. Dictionary of Literary Biography. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 223-25: Complete Works, London, Fanfrolico Press 1928; The Letters, 1894 and Poems: with a memoir, London: Pickering, 1851. Criticism. Raffalovich, Uranisme et unisexualité, 306-8: states he committed *suicide after an unhappy love affair with a German baker, Degen, and the details are from the biography in *Edmund Gosse's edition of his works, 1890. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, vol. 2, 1008: states he "wrote one of the most beautiful of homosexual love-poems.. on the theme of the lost lover, 'Dream-pedlary.'" Bedeutung der Freundesliebe für Führer und Völker, Die Anthology in German from Germany. Berlin: *Der Eigene, 1923, 31 pages. The third German gay anthology, compiled by *Adolf Brand. It consists of poetry and prose. The title means: "the significance of the love of friends for the leader and the people". There is a selection of essays on homosexuality pp. 3-16 and an anthology of poems pp. 18-31 (it includes several prose passages). An excellent concise anthology. Poets (see entries): Anacreon, Adolf Brand, Byron, David, Edda, Walther Ehrenfried, Frederick the Great, Goethe, Hafiz, Herder, Hölderlin, Christian von Kleist, Klopstock, Kupffer, Rüdiger Laubach, Lermontov, Ludwig II (letters to Wagner) Werner Lurman, Marlowe, Eduard von Mayer, Meienreis, Michelangelo, Nietzsche, Platen, Rittershaus, Rückert, Sagitta (pseud.), Schiller, Shakespeare, Swinburne, U. Veem, Verlaine, Olaf Yrsalun. In the light of the emergence of *Nazism this anthology shows right wing tendencies in its compiler. Information from a photocopy from the copy in the Staatsbibliothek preussischer Kulturbesitz, *Berlin. Very rare. Poet who wrote in Urdu. Ca. 1850?; date uncertain. Criticism. Rahman, "Boy love in the Urdu ghazal", Paidika vol. 2 no. 1 (1989), 20: poem about an Afghan boy. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1902-1966. A journalist who wrote many books. See also *H. A. Beers. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 500: poem "After Horace". Criticism. Foster, "Beauty's Purple Flame: Some Minor American Gay Poets", Gay Books Bulletin no. 7 (1982), 17, 18; on p. 17 the poem "After Horace" is an imitation of *Horace ("about a Roman who consoles himself for the disdain of Ligurinus in the arms of other beautiful youths:); p. 18 cites the book * Corydon and other poems, Boston: Brimmer, 1924. Poet from the United States writing in English. 1904-1980. In Collected Poems 1924-74 (London and New York, 1974), see "The Polished Cross" pp. 194-95 - "The sin of *sodomy is rife among/ our boys and drastic measures are required". A brilliant poem. He lived mainly in the *south and defended the rights of minorities. He was unmarried. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors New Revision Series, Volume 8: obituary. Poet probably from the United States who wrote in English. Active before 1924. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 70: "The Tenants," about "*queer boyish loves that will not go away". Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 506: same poem. Poet in English and translator from Greek to English from Great Britain. 1859-1919. One of the three contributors to the anthology * Love in Idleness (1883) with *J. W. Mackail and *J. B. Nichols. He appears to have been a clergyman as *W. R. Paton calls him Dean Beeching. Paton states (Paton, The Greek Anthology, 1918, volume 1, p. xiv) that "the majority of the versions" of the translations of the * Palatine Anthology in Love in Idleness are by him and that Beeching's contribution was republished, revised, in In a Garden (1895). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 78. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1847-1926. A *Yale professor of English who wrote on Romanticism and the *Connecticut Wits. Biography: see Yale Alumni Magazine, June, 1952, by *Lucius Beebe. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Criticism. Foster, "Beauty's Purple Flame: Some Minor American Gay Poets", Gay Books Bulletin no. 7 (1982), 15, 18: p.15 poem "*Narcissus" about Phoebus' darling; p. 18 cites the book Odds and Ends, Boston Osgood, 1878. Poet from Syria who wrote in Arabic. Active ca. 1150. Not found in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Duroc, Homosexuels et lesbiennes illustrés, 51: name given as Beha ed-Din Zoheir. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Orgasms of Light, 131: name given as as Beha ed-din Zoheir - a poem about his friend leaving him. Criticism. *Marc Daniel, "Arab Civilization and Male Love", Gay Sunshine 32 (Spring 1977), 10-11: "among the rank of great poets". Poet from Iran who wrote in Persian. Active ca. 1450. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Duroc, Homosexuels et lesbiennes illustrés, 50-1 : a French translation of a poem and states he is a fifteenth century Persian poet. Criticism. *Marc Daniel, "Arab Civilization and Male Love", Gay Sunshine 32 (Spring 1977), 7: a very good poem (name given as ed-Din el-Amili). Poet writing in Irish and English from Ireland. 1923-1964. He is best known as a playwright and was *Irish. See his poem "*Oscar Wilde/ For Sean O'Sullivan" in Brendan Behan's Island (1962), p. 181 (an Irish version is on p. 180 - the poem was written in both languages). His autobiographical Borstal Boy (1958) is about life in a boy's institution. The Quare Fellow (1959) is a play set in an Irish prision on the eve of a hanging; "quare" here may relate in meaning to the word "*queer" in a homosexual sense. Biography. Ulrick O'Connor, Brendan Behan (London, 1970), states he is "bi-sexual" p. 98 and had homosexual tastes, pp. 96-99 and 301-02. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Poet from China writing in Chinese. Born 1949. Hailed as one of the leading contemporary poets of mainland China from the 1970s and a key member of the Misty School which emerged at this time. Many love poems are *non gender specific: in The August Sleepwalker (trans. English by Bonnie S. McDougall, London, 1988) see "The Orange is Ripe" p. 56; see also "Strangers", p. 98: an interesting poem about *comradeship. His statement "About Poetry" (in Notes from the City of the Sun: Poems by Bei Dao, trans. into English by Bonnie S. McDougall, Ithaca, Cornell University, 1984, p. 79) urges toleration of all points of view: "There are many truths in the world, and many of them are contradictory. We should allow other people's truths to exist"; in this volume see "You Said" p. 48: non gender specific love poem. His penname means North Island. See also the poem "Bodhisattva" in Notes from the City of the Sun, p. 112: about a sexless creature, possible *Oedipus complex. Poet from China who wrote in Chinese. Active between 618 and 907 in the *T'ang period. His name is given here in *Pinyin. No entry found in Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature. Criticism. Shasha, History of Homosexuality in China, xxii, 106: poem "The Grand Eulogic Poem of Heaven-Earth and *Yin-Yang". Beijing has been the Chinese capital since the 'Ming period (from 1368) but the city goes back at least 2,000 years. Material of relevance dates from ca. 1500. The spelling Peking comes from the Chinese postal system; Beijing is in 'Pinyin. 'Emperors lived there in the Imperial Palace, symbolically sited at the center of the city. 'Scholars who were gay and lived in the city are relevant since all scholars wrote poetry. Before 1948 only a tiny elite mastered the complicated Chinese writing system. The 'pleasure quarter (from ca. 1500) was in the south of the Imperial Palace and there 'singing boys and 'actors congregated and publishers published. The city houses the National Library, one of the largest national 'libraries in the world, though the library of the Emperors (going back to ca. 1100) was evacuated to Taiwan by the Nationalists. The city was modelled on the 'T'ang capital Ch'ang-an. See also 'Edmund Backhouse, 'Harold Acton (who both lived in Beijing). Over fifty homosexual meeting places are known in the city in 1992. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica. Poet possibly from Turkey who probably wrote in Turkish. Active before 1838. Almost certainly a Turkish poet. Not found in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: Die Männerliebe der Griechen, 53-55. City in Lebanon, in which Arabic is the main spoken language. Entries of relevance date from ca. 1915. It is the capital of Lebanon and was an outstanding centre of publishing in the Arabic speaking world (especially 1960-1970) before the beginning of the civil war in Lebanon when the press and publishing industry was the most open in the middle east. The city dates back several thousand years and Turkish and Greek have been spoken at various periods in the past. See *1 bn Shuyayd, *1 bn Hamdis, ibn al-Zaqqaq regarding publishing their texts from ca. 1960. English: see *James Elroy Flecker (died 1919), *Paul Knobel. References. Encyclopedia Britannica . Editor from Germany of works in Greek and critic wrting in Latin. 1785-1871. He was the editor of the Mutinensis Manuscript of *Theognis, Theognidis Elegi (Leipzig, 1815), which contained, in book two, the overt homosexual poems of the poet; this edition has critical notes in Latin. It was only when this manuscript was published that the homosexual nature of the poet became known; see also *Douglas Young. He was an important translator of *Plato into German (edition published in 1823). See Sandys, History of Classical Scholarship, volume 2, p. 85, for information on him. Novelist and poet from Canada writing in French. Active 1944. Bibliographies. Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (1984), 136: Orage sur mon corps, Montréal: Editions Serge Brosseau, 1944, a novel with five poems. City in Great Britain, in the province of Northern Ireland, in which English is the main spoken language; Irish is also spoken. Material of relevance dates from 1876. Belfast is the largest city in the province of Northern Ireland which is part of Great Britain and which has been wracked by civil war between the *Catholic and the Protestant population for several decades. In 1999 negotations for a permanent peace took place. *Forrest Reid (born 1876) lived there all his life; see also *Paul Durcan, *Tom Paulin. The gay journal Gay Star has been published there since 1980. Poet from Turkey who wrote in Turkish. Died 1758. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 374-75: two poems about a *dancing boy and a tailor's boy. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1988. Author of the *chapbook: Cottage Cream, London: *Oscars Press, 1988 (with *Ziggy and *Graham Pyper): see pp. 20-33; biog., p. 20. He lives and works in London. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. 1908-1937. The homosexual son of a member of the *Bloomsbury group, Vanessa Bell: see Douglas Blair Turnbaugh, Duncan Grant and the Bloomsbury Group (1987), p. 66 (this records him telling his mother he slept with Anthony Blunt - later an art historian and spy - at *Cambridge); p. 68 states he wrote poems. He was killed in Spain in the Civil War by shrapnel in an air attack; he had gone to Spain as a volunteer and worked as a stretcher bearer. Text of poems. Julian Bell, Essays, Poems and Letters, edited by Quentin Bell, London: Hogarth Press, 1938, 396 pages. Works of poetry by him are listed in the * British Library General Catalogue. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1950. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 237: Mountains Between the Horizons, London: Faber, 1950. Pseudonym of a poet from Spain who wrote in Spanish; he later lived in Argentina. Born 1880. A homosexual whose life is given in *Gomez, La Mala Vida en Buenos Aires (requoted in Journal of Homosexuality vol. 24 no. 3 and 4 [1993], 199-201); he was born in *Madrid. He wrote a brief autobiography which includes the gay poem "Del Buen Retiro a La Alameda" about gay life in Madrid. He appears to have lived in later life in *Buenos Aires. The text of the autobiography and poem is in the Journal of Homosexuality article (the poem is not in Gomez's book though this has the text of the autobiography in Spanish). The poem is also quoted in Horge Salessi, Medicos maleantes y maricas (Rosario, Argentina, 1995), pp. 322-23. His pseudonym means "the beautiful hill". Poet in French and translator from Greek to French from France. 1528-1577. His Les Odes anacréontiques (1556) is a nearly complete translation of the Greek * Anacreontea into French. He was a member of the *Pléiade school and close friend of *Ronsard. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Criticism. Arcadie no. 96 (December 1961), 639-43: article by Jacques Freville. Poet from Italy writing in Italian. Born 1944. The author of several volumes of poems, he lives in *Rome. Libro d'amore (Book of Love), Milan, 1982, is his poetic autobiography. He has a decided *masochistic streak in some poems. Libro di poesia (Milan, 1991) is his sixth book of poetry; review: Times Literary Supplement, 4 October 1991, 32 - the book deals with life in squalid and decadent Rome and the decline of sexual potency. L'avversario was published in 1994. He has written several novels. Bibliographies. Leggere omosessuale, items 320, 340: Invettive e licenze, Milan: Garzanti, 1971, Libro d' Amore, Milan: Guanda, 1982. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amicizia amorosa, 225-27; biog., 283. Drobci stekla v ustih, 129-31; biog., 184. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 266. Criticism. Babilonia no.19, 15. Belli, Giuseppe Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. 1791-1863. A *satirical dialect poet from *Rome famous for his Roman *sonnets which were first published 1886-89. The sonnets depict all aspects of life in Rome; some were destroyed by him before he died. He is regarded by many as the major Italian poet after *Dante and *Leopardi but was disregarded as a poet because he used Roman slang and not the standard Florentine dialect. Compare *Giorgio Baffo. Translation. English: see, in the trans. of *Harold Norse, The Roman Sonnets, 1974, p. xxxviii "Lot at Home"; in the trans. of Miller Williams, Sonnets (1981), the same sonnet is titled "Lotte a Casa", pp. 114-115. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Dictionary of Italian Literature. Criticism. Babilonia no. 28 (1985), 24: prints the sonnet "Er cazzo se po di radica, ucello". Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. 1452-92. The Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 173, states he wrote many compositions on homosexual themes in *Burchiellesque poetry. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dizionario biografico degli Italiani. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1952. Books of poems: One Hand on the Wheel, 1999 (review: Lambda Book Report, October 1999, 27-28), Buried Treasure, 1999. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A Day for a Lay, 221-24; biog., 221 - lives in *San Francisco with his partner and seven-year old son. Word of Mouth, 313-16. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1870-1953. A writer of light verse who was also a Roman *Catholic and wrote books satirizing Edwardian society. He was a member of parliament and a journalist. *Lost lines "about the unbuggerability of the hedghog" supposedly have been traditionally attributed to him: see Nation Review [Australia], 20-26 February, 1976, 470-71. (The hedgehog is unbuggerable because it has sharp spines which mean noone could get near its anus.) This poem has not been located. *Ellingham Brooks wrote a poem about the hedgehog which may be relevant to the context of the above lines. Belloc was devoted to his wife who died when he was in his forties. He became alcoholic in later life. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Trope in Persian from Iran from ca. 1100. See the article "Beloved" by J. T. P. de Bruijn, in Encyclopedia Iranica, which states the beloved is usually referred to as a male in classical Persian poetry. The best known male beloved was the *slave *Ayaz. *Jan Rypka has stated the problem comcisely. *Helmut Ritter's Das Meer der Seele (Leiden, 1955), is relevant, especially Chapters 24-26. See also *Anwari, *'Attar, *Yarshater, *saki. Compare *John the Beloved Disciple (a similar trope for Greek, German and English). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gay Histories and Cultures. Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. 1470-1547. Born in *Venice he wrote in Latin using *Catullus as a model; he was also involved in controversies on whether literature should be written in Latin or Italian and whether the Florentine dialect should be used. His poem "Priapus" was translated and even amplified into Italian: see Reid, Eternal Flames, volume 1, p. 209. His Rime (Poems; 1530) show the influence of Petrarchism. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 221-22: two poems "Galesus and Maximus" (about a homosexual love affair) and "A *Faun's Complaint" translated into English from Latin; biog., 209. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Active 1150. No entry in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, under Ibn Abi Ruh. Gay Poetry Anthologies. In Praise of Boys, 24: poem entitled *"Alba" with a *non gender specific lover. Ben Aisa, also spelt Ibn A'Isha, of Valencia Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Active ca. 1150. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition: several entries under "Ibn Aisa". Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10467: poem in Gay Sunshine, 20: 13, January/ February 1974, trans. *Erskine Lane. Gay Poetry Anthologies. In Praise of Boys, 28: gay love poem with *garden metaphor. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 317: gay love poem, *Narcissus trope. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Active ca. 1250. *Cordoba, where he lived, was one of the largest cities in Spain at the time. Compare *Ibn Kharuf; this may be the same poet. Gay Poetry Anthologies. In Praise of Boys, 7, 14: poems about the beauty of youths, p.14 a young *dancer compared to a *gazelle. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Active ca. 1050. Compare *Ibn Muqlana who is possibly the same poet. Gay Poetry Anthologies. In Praise of Boys, 16-17: a fine *alba, "In Praise of Idris of Malaga"; *cupbearer and *gazelle tropes. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Active ca. 1250. Not in the index of Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. *Granada was, in his lifetime, one of the largest cities in Spain. Gay Poetry Anthologies. In Praise of Boys, 21: *non gender specific love poem. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Active ca. 1050. Not in the index of Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Gay Poetry Anthologies. In Praise of Boys, 10: a *satirical love poem apparently about a man. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1988. An *Indian poet from Yankton Sioux tribe who grew up on the Rosebud reservation in South Dakota and whose main concern is Indian dance. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Living the Spirit, 203-04 - fine poem; biog., 223. Poet from Spain who wrote in Spanish. 1866-1954. Dramatist who wrote an early book of verse, Versos (1893). He won the *Nobel Prize for literature in 1922. See his *epigrams (source: *Nin Frias, Alexis, p. 181). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Criticism. Arcadie no. 158 (February 1967), 65-72: article by Jean Castillan which examines the question of whether he was homosexual. Gay Sunshine no. 42/43 (1980), 18: Jaime Gil de Biedma states he "was gay". Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1240: states he was more openly homosexual in his life than his work. Bendall, Frederick William Duffield Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1882-1953. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 110 - a poem about *mateship; biog., 230. Critic in English of Greek poetry who was from Great Britain. 1850-1875. He first presented the idea, in the modern period, that 'Achilles and Patroclus in 'Homer's ' Iliad were lovers. Gay Poetry Anthologies.Iolaus (1902), 68: an extract from Benecke's The Position of Women in Greek Poetry - states The Iliad is "a story in which the main motive is the love of Achilles for Patroclus". Hidden Heritage, 81. Poet from Australia who wrote in English. 1943-1985. He was gay and had affairs with three men. Many poems - about thirty-five - were published in journals before his death from cancer (though none were openly gay); he maintained to the author that it was not necessary for a gay poet to write openly gay poems. He was co-founder of Chiron College, a Sydney progressive school, ca. 1965-ca. 1975 with his then lover John. He was a contributing editor of Poetry Australia ca. 1975-ca. 1985. A handwritten manuscript of published and unpublished poems exists which he gave to his partner at the time of his death, Stephen Harris, to whom some are addressed. His papers and manuscripts are in the Mitchell Library, part of the State Library of New South Wales, Sydney. Source of information: personal knowledge and information from Stephen Harris. Critic from Italy who wrote in Italian. Active 1475. See Eugenio Donadoni, A History of Italian Literature, 1969, volume 1, p. 134, stating he "posited the basis of what was called 'platonic love'" in a commentary on a canzone of love by *Cavalcanti. (This appears to be the first reference to *Platonic love in a modern European language). He and *Pico della Mirandola were buried in the same grave. Poet and critic from Germany writing in German. 1892-1940. A *Marxist critic of Jewish background who fled Germany in 1933 and committed suicide in 1940 in Spain, after fleeing France, where he suspected betrayal to the German Gestapo. He married and had a child. He was involved with *Gustav Wyneken in the German youth movement in his early life. See his entry in Twentieth Century Literary Criticism, vol. 39, for an overview of his career and an annotated list of articles and books on him. Biography: by Momme Brodersen (German edition, 1990; expanded English translation, 1996, with bibl. 315-19) - the work is very reticent on his sex life and the author was refused access to Benjamin's papers. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. A-Z Guide to Modern Literary and Cultural Theorists. Criticism. Forum 2 (1987), 133, cites Sonnette [*Sonnets], Frankfurt, 1986. Poet from France who wrote in French. Active ca. 1150. Author of the Roman de Troie, a *long poem of 30,000 lines which relates the tale of Troy from the landing of the Argonauts and exhibits a strong world of male bonding. Compare * War of Troy. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Poet from Germany who wrote in German. 1882-1949. The pseudonym of *Albert Henry Rausch, prolific author of poetry who published from 1907 to 1952. Criticism: see Siegfried Hagen, Henry Benrath: Der Dichter und sein Werk (1978), 285 pages. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 40: cites five books 1940-56; no indication of whether they are poetry. Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen, items 919-28: one book positively identified as poetry (for details see the Rausch entry). Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1856-1886. Not in Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 485: "Forgotten" (a gay love poem). Criticism. Foster, "Beauty's Purple Flame Some Minor American Gay Poets", Gay Books Bulletin no. 7 (1982), 15-16: states he "lived a brief and incredibly tragic life which explains the morbid tone of his poem, 'Forgotten', about a dead boy he had loved , 'wild with grief as any love-lorn girl'"; only a few brief facts can be gathered about his life; p. 18 cites the book In the King's Garden and other poems, Boston, 1885. Poet, biographer and diary writer from Great Britain who wrote in English; translator from Greek to English. 1852-1925. He was one of three gay brothers, sons of the 94th Archbishop of Canterbury, the other two being *E. F. Benson and *R. F. Benson. (On the brothers, see the article "Those Three Sons: A Queer Tale of the Benson Brothers", Advocate, 14 March 1989, 48-50.) Educated at *Eton and *Cambridge he later became Warden of Magdalene College, *Cambridge and wrote sixty books, mainly novels; the * British Library General Catalogue reveals he published several books of poems in the *eighteen-nineties and published Selected Poems in 1924. He wrote the words to the famous song about Britain, "Land of Hope and Glory", set to music by Elgar. He was the editor of the poems of *William Cory (pseud.). He also compiled an enormous five million word diary, 1897-1925. A selection of the diary was published in 1926, edited by Percy Lubbock, and a fuller selection in 1981: Edwardian Excursions, edited by David Newsome (reviewed Gay News 216 [1981], 26). Biography: David Newsome, A. C. Benson, Diarist, 1980; this deals openly with his strong attachments to men and was reviewed in Gay News 195 (1980), 20. As the biographer of * Edward Fitzgerald (London, 1905) he wrote, p.196, "The instinct which lay deepest of all in Fitzgerald's nature was the need for affection" and "All through his life we see him constrained into friendships, not the quiet, unromantic friendships of an ordinary man, but strong, almost unbalanced preoccupations." This seems to be hinting at homosexuality as all Fitzgerald's friends were male. Translation of Greek poems: see, in his volume The ReedofPan, 1922, "*Alexis" (trans. of Meleager) p.194 (strongly homosexual) and "My Star" (trans. of *Plato), p.195. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionary of National Biography 1912-21. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Iolaus (1906), 222-24 (citing from a letter of *Edward Fitzgerald, "My friendships are more like loves"); Iolaus (1917), 179-81: stated to be the biographer of *Edward Fitzgerald. Reade, Sexual Heretics, 199-203 (extract from novel The memoirs of Arthur Hamilton written under the pseudonym Christopher Carr, published in 1886). Book collector and autobiographer in English from Great Britain. 1867-1940. The brother of *A. C. Benson and *R. H. Benson. See *Sydney Lomer regarding Benson owning a copy of Sydney Lomer's translation of the *Mousa Paidike with Benson's *bookplate inserted. A very prolific author, one of three brothers none of whom married and all of whom were apparently gay. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionary of National Biography. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Criticism. Smith, Love in Earnest, 7 referring to his autobiographies, As We Were (1930) and Final Edition: Informal Autobiography (London, 1940). Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1871-1914. One of three apparently gay brothers (see *A. C. Benson and *E. F. Benson). Educated at *Eton and *Cambridge he was ordained as an Anglican and then converted to Catholicism and became a *Catholic priest. He wrote a *sonnet to *Frederick Rolfe, "Almost a very god thou wert to me" (partly quoted in The Advocate 14 March 1989, 49). He was satirized as Reverend Bobugo Bonsen in Rolfe's last novel, The Desire and Pursuit of the Whole (1914). A prolific author he was the author of Poems (1914). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionary of National Biography. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1978. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 256: As Is, Berkeley, CA: The Figures, 1978. Poet, critic and dramatist from the United States who wrote in English. Born 1916. An openly gay theater critic, who was a professor at Columbia University, *New York, and who turned to playwriting later in life. He is the author of a play about *Alfred Douglas: Lord Alfred's Lover (Toronto: Personal Library, 1981), reviewed in Gay News 232 (1982), 27. His A Century of Hero-Worship (1944), has a brilliant chapter on the German gay poet *Stefan George, which is possibly the best introduction to Stefan George. Interview: *Christopher Street, December 1977, 29-36 (interviewed by *George Stambolian); reprinted in Stambolian, Homosexualities and French Literature, pp. 122-140. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10469: poem "The Queerwolf", College English November 1974, 338 (this was printed in a special issue of College English dedicated to homosexual literature). Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Born 1907. Jim Kepner, in Gay Los Angeles: The Early Days (Los Angeles: the author, 1988), p. 6, suggests he was an important writer of gay poetry. He may date from the 1920s on. The *National Union Catalog lists the books This is My Beloved (New York, 1943), and Never a Greater Need (New York, 1948). Both books were reprinted several times. Beowulf Poem in English from Great Britain. Ca. 725. The first major poem in a modern European vernacular language and the longest poem in Old English. It is generally dated to the early eighth century but may be later as the manuscript dates from the tenth century. Strong *male bonding underlies all the male relationships in the poem (as with much literature of the *middle ages), e.g., see lines 1300-1500 (beginning "Aeschere is dead"). Beowulf is sometimes called an *epic, though is more usually regarded as a *long poem. A recent translation is by *Seamus Heaney. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Poet from France who wrote in French. 1780-1857. He wrote satirical songs at the expense of the Napoleonic regime. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Les Amours masculines, 210-11 : from the *satirical poem Les *Hermaphrodites. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 415-16: fine poem "The *Androgyne". Pour tout l'amour des hommes, 129: *chanson. Poet who wrote in Latin. Active 135Q. His Ovidius moralizatus, in Latin, is a prose treatise providing Christian glosses on the characters of 'Ovid's Metamorphoses, which features stories of the ancient Greek and Roman gods, some involving homosexual incidents. It is associated with the beginnings of modern 'allegory (see Saslow, Ganymede in the Renaissance, p. 6). See also 'Ganymede. Berdache songs, singing and dancing Songs from the United States in *Indian languages such as Mohave, Cheyanne, Zuni, Pawnee, Navajo and Yokut. Documented from ca. 1940. Berdaches were Indian males who dressed as women and took female roles in tribes; they have been extensively reported across north America. Berdaches sang and composed songs. The anthology * Living the Spirit, pp. 217-222, lists 133 tribes with berdache roles. The article in One Magazine, no. 5 vol. 2 (Spring 1959), by *W. Dorr Legg, "The Berdache", was a pioneer gay study. Walter L. Williams, The Spirit and the Flesh (1986), is a detailed study of the berdache; bibl. pp. 317-33. Compare *hijras in India. As a word, see the article on berdache in Gay Books Bulletin no. 8 (Fall 1982), 18-19, by *Claude Courouve. The word came from Italian to French whence it was used in north America. It was also used in English (see *Dictionaries and Words - English). Examples of the berdache in major American Indian tribal languages follow. Chevenne. See Gay Sunshine, no. 26-27, p.17: states a berdache entertained men with singing and dancing. Mohave: see *Songs - Mohave. Navajo. Regarding the nadle, the Mohave word for berdache: "most of them excelled in the performance of one or more.. rituals" and one "is a well known chanter"; cited by Willard Williams, in "The status of the hermaphrodite and transvestite in Navaho culture", American Anthropologist new series 37 (1935), pp. 273-79 (source: * Human Relations Area Files). Pawnee. "Charms, songs etc to lure women were furnished by sexual perverts who lived apart and were in social disrepute": James Murie, Pawnee Indian Society (New York, 1914), p. 640. Yokut. "The Bardache had a special place in Yokut society as a handler and burier of the dead and singer of mourning songs": Anna Gayton, Yokuts and Western Mono Ethnography (Berkeley, 1948), p. 106b (source: * Human Relations Area Files). The Yokuts are Californian Indians. Zuni. See Will Roscoe, The Zuni Man-woman (1991), pp. 34-35 - refers to participation in songs in the the Kan'akwe ceremony (see pages pp. 220-222); berdache are possibly very old in the Zuni culture (see p. 24). The Zuni myth, which is the mythic explanation for the berdache, is the Destruction of the Kia'nakwe and the Songs of Thanksgiving (see Roscoe for details). The Zuni live near the New Mexizo-Arizona border. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionnaire Gay.see "Bardache", p.208-10. Gay Histories and Cultures. Translator from Latin to German from Germany. Active before 1900. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 55: trans. of the Latin poet *Martial into German. Poet from Portugal who wrote in Portuguese. Active before 1250. See Gomes Viana, O homosexualidade no mundo, volume 2, p. 183: possibly a *troubadour accused of homosexuality Editor in Greek and historian in German from Germany. 1812-1881. Bergk collated all the *fragments of ancient Greek *lyric poetry, from all the then known sources, in Poetae Lyrici Graeci, first edition 1843 (fourth edition 1878-82); there are indexes by Rubenbauer in the 1914-15 edition. This work led to an appreciation of the enormous body of ancient Greek poetry and, in particular, the large amount of homosexual poetry (including *lost works). Previously, editions of ancient Greek poetry tended to concentrate on a single author or text which survived complete or in large fragments (though see *Brunck). As a prelude to the above, he published the text of the fragments of *Anacreon in 1834. He also published a history of Greek literature in German in 4 volumes, 1872-87. Compare later scholars such as *J. M. Edmonds and *D. A. Campbell who have also edited the fragments of the lyric poets. On his life see Wilamowitz-Moellendorf, History of Classical Scholarship, pp. 139-40 and footnote 519. Translator from Slovenia from Spanish and English to Slovene. Born 1934. He published several book of poems among them two with gay poems: Ifrikija (1993) and Razseznostprosojnosti (1996). He has translated work of 'Garcia Lorca, 'Luis Cernuda, 'Fernando Pessoa, 'Cavafy. He frequently visits Spain and Argentina. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Drobci stekla v ustih, 24 (trans. from Spanish to Slovene of 'Porfirio Barba-Jacob), 53-55 (trans. from Spanish of 'Federico García Lorca), 57-59 (trans. from Spanish of 'Luis Cernuda), 6Q-61 (trans. from Spanish of 'Xavier Villaurrutia), 62-64 (trans. from Spanish of 'Salvador Novo), 7B (trans. from Spanish of 'Cassiano Nunes), 1Q6-Q7 (trans. from Spanish of 'Jaime Jaramilla Escobar), 113-15 (trans. from English of the Japanese poet 'Takahashi Mutsuo), 141-46 (trans. from Spanish of 'Ernesto Bañuelos Enriquez), 152 (trans. from Spanish of 'Franklin Jorge). Poet and critic from the United States writing in English. Born 1950. New York reared, he teaches at Towson State University, lives in Baltimore and has edited John Ashbery's Art Chronicles (1988). Books of poems: Cracking the Code (1985) (reviewed in James White Review vol. 5 no. 2, 13-14 by *George Klawitter), The Care and Treatment of Pain (1994), Heroic measures (1998). He is also the editor of The *Violet Quill Reader(1994), a selection of prose from a New York group who wrote for the gay journal Violet Quill. See also his article in James White Review vol. 4 no. 3 (Spring 1987), 11, "Strategic *Camp". Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, 44-46 (fine poem about a child's perceptions of a homosexual); biog., 44-45 (with photo). Poets for Life, 29-32; biog., 232. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 550. Name of Love, 62; biog., 69-70. Badboy Book, 39-42; biog., 383 (states he lives in Baltimore). A Day for a Lay, 203-09; biog., 203 - has a partner of fifteen years and serves as theater critic for The City Paper, Baltimore. Poet and diarist from Germany writing in German. Active from 1984. Author of the first open gay diary in German (covering the years 1984-85). It was written in East Germany (the Deutsche demokratik Republik) where he lived. The diary is entitled Eine schlimme Liebe (Berlin and Weimar: Aufbau, 1987), 299 pages; the front endpaper features two naked sculptures, one of a man, another of a youth (second printing, 1989). His first book of poems was Ikarus über der Stadt (1976); he has also published Tandem: gedichte (Berlin and Weimar: Aufbau, 1984), 136 pp. A collected poems was titled Ulrich Berkes: Ikarus über der Stadt (Rimbaud Verlagsgesellschaft: Aachen, 1997), 95 pp. A critical article on his poetry is George Kane "Two Contemporary East German Poets: Ulrich Berkes and Steffen Mensching" in The Paris Review no. 106 (Fall 1988). He is also the author of the prose work Ein Ort, uberfall: 18 Erfindungen von Heimat, Berlin, 1994. Bibliographies. Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen, items 64-66: works listed above. Poet writing in English possibly from the United States. Active before 1980. He is the author of a famous poem of the 1970s "Bring the Beautiful Boys Home"; this very fine poem appears in The Gay Liberation Book( 1973), pp. 147-49 and is about the Vietnam *War; biog. note p. 206 - he was a *San Francisco activist, at one time one of the editors of *Gay Sunshine, who spent some time on a kibbutz in Isael. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Digte om mends kerlighed til mend: Danish translation of "Bring the Beautiful Boys Home". City in Germany in which German is the main spoken language. Gay poetry survives from ca. 1900. Berlin has been the most important city in Germany for gay culture since the gay Prussian king *Frederick the Great (who lived at nearby Potsdam in the palace in the park of Sans Souci). A survey of the city's gay history has been written by *Manfred Herzer and an earlier social study by *Magnus Hirschfeld. * Eldorado is a major catalog of an exhibition of gay life, 1850-1950, and the finest survey yet on gay life in an individual city. The city was the capital of Prussia and only in the eighteenth century grew into a metropolis. It was the capital of the united Germany from 1870 to 1945, this position being relinquished in West Germany to Bonn from 1945. The parliament of Germany moved back to Berlin in 1999. From the *eighteen-nineties to the rise of the *Nazis in 1933 a huge number of gay *journals was published, many of which featured poetry (e.g. *Der Eigene, the finest German cultural journal). Some featured scholarly research on literary figures (e.g., the * Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwishenstufen, published by *Magnus Hirschfeld, whose Institute of Sexual Science housed a large archive of homosexual material, as well as general sexual material, before it was destroyed by the Nazis). A *debate on homosexuality was a feature of the period 1890-1933 and under the Weimar Republic, from 1920 to 1933, the city was known for its open gay culture. *Friedrich Rückert was a Professor in Berlin. A major *university city in Germany, Berlin is noted for its intellectual life, and houses major German *libraries. Poets associated with the city include the *anarchist poets *Adolf Brand and John Henry Mackay and the contemporary poet *Detlev Meyer. Berlin is the major gay publishing center in Germany - see *Verlag rosa Winkel - and several *gay liberation anthologies have emanated, all with a strong anarchist basis, from the city. The city, formally under the control of the occupying allies and split into two sectors, west and east until 1990. From 1945 to 1990 West Berlin was under the control of Great Britain, France and the United States, the conquerors of Germany in World War II. By living in the city it was possible to avoid service in the west German army. The city was also a center of anarchism, partly due to this. East Berlin and West Berlin were reunited in 1990. East Berlin had been the capital of East Germany, the Deutsche Demokratik Republik until this date. 750 Warme Berliner (Berlin, *Verlag rosa Winkel, 1987) is a catalog of an exhibition at the gay museum and archive, the *Schwüles Museum, showing gay Berliners from 1750. On Berlin circa 1900 see (Anonymous author), Das Perverse Berlin (ca. 1908), reviewed in Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 10, 1909-1910, 313-1. For 1945-70 see Manfred Herzer, "Auferstanden aus Ruinen" (Resurrection from the ruins), in Berlin von hinten 83/84 (1983), 24-36. The guidebooks called Berlin von Hinten give information on the contemporary gay scene, e.g., the 1981 edition. Jim Baker, Berlin Scene (London: Gay Men's Press, 1995) is a guide in English. A discussion of the Berlin gay movement by Manfred Baumgardt, is in Schwulenreferat im Allgemeinen Studenternausscchuß der FU (editor), Homosexualität und Wissenschaft, Berlin, 1985, 157-180. The *Spartacus Gay Guide has information on the contemporary city. In 1997, Berlin had about 163 gay cafes and had a three month gay festival to celebrate a hundred years of gay activism. A catalog called Goodbye to Berlin?, was published in connection with the exhibition of the same name in the same year held in Berlin and is a detailed scholarly work on the city's gay history; the title comes from a novel by *Christopher Isherwood. Berlin has the world's finest gay bookshop, certainly for *European language books: *Prinz Eisenherz Buchladen. This bookshop has a wider coverage of gay books than any other known gay bookshop. References. Hayn, Gotendorf, Bibliotheca Germanorum Erotica, volume 1, 235-334: a huge survey of sexuality and Berlin, though not specifically gay. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 14 (1914), 45-63: article on gay life in old Berlin by F. Huglander. Goodbye to Berlin? - the whole book is relevant. Gay Histories and Cultures. Anthologist in English from South Africa. Active 1993. See Invisible Ghetto biog., note 209: the female co-editor of the anthology * Invisible Ghetto. Bernard of Cluny, also called Bernard of Morlas Poet from France who wrote in Latin. 1150fl. Bernard was a Benedictine monk of the famous abbey of Cluny, then the largest church in the Christian world. His ideas show the influence of *Neoplatonism but his poetry is anti-gay. See also *Walter Mapes. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 117-18: called Bernard of Morlas. Medieval Latin Poems of Male Love and Friendship, 76-79: extract from De contemptu mundi (Contempt of the world) a *long poem, with a strong element of *satire, expressing revulsion at the evils of the time and including revulsion at sodomy; biog., 154. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 166-67. Anthropologists from the United States who worked in Australia and wrote in English. Active from 1947 to 1994. Professor Ronald Berndt and his wife Catherine Berndt were anthropological research workers attached to the University of Western Australia. A huge archive of Aboriginal material established by them is in the University of Western Australia, Perth: see the obituary of Catherine Berndt, The Australian, 26 May 1994, 13. Ronald Berndt was the first to write a book on the sexuality of the Australian Aborigines: Sexual Behavior in Western Arnhem Land, 1951 (though nothing about male homosexuality relevant to poetry was found in this book). Aranda: in "Field Work in Central Australia", Oceania 13 (1942-43), see pp. 260-61 re penis holding in Aranda initiation ceremonies linked with the ritual of subincision and singing groups; see also the same article, p. 266, as regards Walpiri on partially erect penises in initiation ceremonies. In "Field Work in Western central Australia", Oceania 13 (1942-43), see pages 252-53: sexual songs of Aranda children, one possibly about homosex in dogs. Other'Australian Aboriginal languages: see *Songs - Murnain. - Yirrkala. - Oenpelli. See also *Serpent, *T. G. H. Strehlow. Poet writing in French. Active 1981. Author of a gay graffiti poem which appears on the cover of *Raoul Hübner, Harten der Schreibweise (1981). The poem is in the form of graffiti written by the author, with some drawings, arranged to make a poem. On p. 17 is a poem by him translated into German. Genre in Italian from Italy. From ca. 1530 to 1850. An elaborate genre of poetry in Italian in which there are hidden meanings frequently based on food and frequently sexual. It takes its name from 'Francesco Berni. 'Giovanni della Casa and others wrote Bernesque poetry 1530-ca. 1850. It was an outgrowth of 'Burchiellesque poetry which in turn continues the tradition of 'carnival songs. Homosexual themes often occur. Compare 'indirect language in East Asian languages. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 131-32: "Bernesque poetry" by 'Giovanni Dall'Orto. Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian and Latin. Ca. 1497-1535. He wrote love poems to boys in Latin. Letters he wrote use the code of *burchiellesque language. See *Bernesque poetry which genre he founded. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Duroc, Homosexuels et lesbiennes illustrés, 55. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amicizia amorosa, 103-08: poems "Sopra un garzone" (Upon a boy) and "A Fra Bastian del Piombo"; biog., 103. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 227. "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen", 66-67. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 311-13. Poet from Spain writing in Spanish. Active before 1992. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 331: gay poet included in the *journal Cantico (published in *Cordoba). Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1918-1990. A *classical music composer who was enormously popular as the conductor of the New York Philharmonic orchestra, Leonard Bernstein also wrote poetry but the full extent of his poetry writing is not known. A huge archive of his personal papers, said to be the size of a warehouse, exists; a biographer, Meryle Secrest, was refused access. See Meryle Secrest, Leonard Bernstein: A Life (1995), for an important discussion of his homosexuality pp. 319-20; see pp. 26 and 36 for poems (the poem on page 36 is a *parody of *Cole Porter). He was Jewish and married the Chilean actress Felicia Montealegre and had children. His life indicates bisexuality. He was happily maddied with a family but homosexual activity occurred, exclusively so after his wife's death in 1978. He was undoubtedly very attached to his wife. He set a homosexual poem of *Whitman to music (see Secrest, Leonard Bernstein, 342; the title is not stated). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Active 1902. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 268: The Sonnets of a *Platonist, London: R. Brimley Johnson, 1902. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 65; biog., 118: notes 60 *sonnets of artistry in Sonnets of a Platonist. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1934-1983. Twice married; the brother of the Jesuit poet Daniel Berrigan. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors New Revision Series, vol. 14. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Bugger: an anthology, 6-7 (a light hearted poem with slight gay reference, basically heterosexual); biog. 19 - states he edits C, A Journal of Poetry. Berryman, John Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1914-1972. John Berryman's father shot himself within earshot of the poet when he was a boy. Berryman, who was of a nervous temperament and an alcoholic, married twice. Like his father he also committed *suicide, by jumping off a bridge. A latent or repressed notion of homosexuality can be seen to underlie the relationship of the two main characters, Henry and Mr Bones, in the *sequence The Dream Dongs (1964-68), the publication of which sequence led to Berryman becoming famous as a poei. See minstrel shows regarding lambo and Bones (Berryman read Carl vvuikes 1930 book on minstrel shows, lambo anu Bones, and was well aware of mythic aspects of his poem). A tape of him reading from The Dream Songs exists in the Library of Congress referring to the relationship of Jesus Christ and Peter. This reading constitutes a variant text to "Dream Song 55", "Peter's not friendly. He gives me sideways looks" (text from the tape; though there is homosexual reference even in the published text). In the volume Love and Fame, 1971, see "Shirley and *Auden" p. 15 for a "flamboyant fag" (i.e. homosexual). Biography. See John Haffenden, The Life of John Berryman, 1982: the author states, in the introduction p. 5, that a homosexual component of his character cannot be ruled out; see also pp. 240, 247 and 375 (re his novel Recovery where, in "Step One", the main character admits to making homosexual advances when drunk). The quotation from his diary on p. 247 makes it clear that Berryman acknowledged a homosexual aspect of himself. He wrote a biography of * Stephen Crane (1953), which hints at homosexuality in Crane. Compare *Robert Lowell, his contemporary. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition; see the Appendix. Historian and critic of Persian, Turkish and Tajik from Russia writing in Russian; editor of works in Persian. 1890-1957. The founder of the school of Persian literary criticism in Russia, he was head of the Soviet School of Persian and Central Asian Turkic studies from the 1930s to the 1950s. He was a specialist in the history of Persian, Tajik and Turkic literatures. In the 1920s he wrote a series of twenty-seven articles on *Sufism which remained a major interest until his death. He edited *Ferdowsi's Shah-nama in a new critical edition from 1954 (Moscow, 1960-1971, 9 volumes, though only the first two volumes were edited by him). This is regarded as the finest text of the poem to date. He is the author of Ocerk persidskoj literatury (Sketch of Persian Literature), Leningrad, 1928: a brief but excellent survey of Persian literature in Russian. His works were published in 6 volumes, Moscow, 1960-65. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Great Soviet Encyclopedia: name spelt Berthel's. Encyclopedia Iranica: Poet from France who wrote in French. Active 1623. He is in the Parnasse Satyrique (1623) with 'Théophile de Viau. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Les Amours masculines, 122 (with biog. note). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 4Q4: poem '"Ganymede" trans. English. Pseudonym of a poet from Portugal who wrote in Portuguese. 1948-1997. His real name was Alberto Pidwell Tavares. Best known as a poet who came to maturity from 1960, he also wrote a novel Lunario (1988). He was inexile in Belgium from 1967 and returned to Portugal following redemocritisation in 1975. His poetry from the 1980s is especially notable from a gay point of view. He died of *Aids. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History Poet from Germany who wrote in German. 1884-1957. Poet and Professor of German at Cologne 1922-46. A member of the *George Kreis. Poems range from Gedichte (1913) to Greichenland (Greece; 1934). Scholarly works were written on *Heinrich von Kleist and *Nietzsche. His sexuality is not known. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Critic from Germany who wrote in German. Active 1905. The writer of the first works in German to unequivocably call *Whitman a homosexual: in his 1905 work Walt Whitman: Ein Charakterbild (Leipzig: Spohr, 1905), he gave positive proof of Whitman's homosexuality to his German audience. His Der YankeeHeiland (Dresden, 1906, 253 pages) was provoked as a positive reply to the negative homosexual approach to Whitman by Johannes Schlaf who took issue with him following the publication of the 1905 book (see Hirschfeld, Die Homosexualität, p. 672). He reviewed *E. I. P. Stevenson's The Intersexes for the * Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen . Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 41: Walt Whitman: Ein Charakterbild, Leipzig: *Spohr, 1905 and Whitman-Mysterien, Berlin, 1907 (in response to Johannes Schlaf). Criticism. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen vol. 7 Part 1 (1905) 153-287: "Walt Whitman: Ein Charakterbild"; reprinted in Schmidt, Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen (1984), vol. 1, 56-141. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 9 (1908), 551-64: discussion of the controversy with Schlaf. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 22 (July/October 1922), 55-58. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1991. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Unending Dialogue, 26-27, 31, 42, 47, 52-53, 57, 61, 77-78 - fine poems by a gay man on having *Aids. Bestandsverczeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen Bibliography in German from Germany. Siegen: Universität-Gesamthochschule Siegen, 1995, 180 pages. The catalog of the library of gay books assembled by *Wolfgang Popp and Wolfgang Grunow, compiled by Uwe Meyer. It lists 2,105 books in the library and has Personal Name and Subject indexes at the end. It covers mainly German eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth century works and is in six sections: Gay Male Literature pp. 13-89, Lesbian Literature pp. 89-100, Anthologies pp. 101-04, Literary Criticism pp. 105-30, General criticism and varia pp. 131-52 and Works of assistance (this includes bookshop catalogs) pp. 153-58. The publishing details of books are given but there are no annotations apart from the noting of signed editions. Though the work is not a bibliography, in the absence of the second volume of *Manfred Herzer's bibliography covering German literature, it provides bibliographical coverage for German literature from the eighteenth century. It is not noted whether literary works are poetry, prose, drama or criticism and this lessens the utility of the work. Bestiality is sex between a human and an animal. It is known in Greek from ancient Greece from 280 B. C. and later in Latin and English. For homobestiality see for English: *Aleister Crowley, J. R. Ackerley, *Cruttwell dog, *Donald Friend (illustrations). Greek: see *Pan (280 B.C.+), *centaurs, *satyrs. Latin: see *Forberg - re *Virgil (70 B.C.-19 B.C.) (but see the entry). Poet from Germany who wrote in German. 1876-1946. His book Die chinesische Flöte (1907), contains the Chinese poem translations used by Gustav Mahler for his song cycle Das Lied von der Erde. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10470: Die stillen Inseln, Berlin: Schuster and Loeffler, 1898. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1906-1984. See the poems in the following books: "The Arrest of Oscar Wilde", "Narcissus" (Collected Poems, 1970), "Monody of a *Platonist Bank Clerk" (High and Low, 1966), "Interior Decorator" (Uncollected Poems, 1982, pp. 19-22; the contents page states of this poem that it was first published in The London Magazine, 1964), "The Old Queen" (first published in The London Magazine). These are charming poems revealing great sympathy with gays and never condescending. His masterly autobiographical *long poem Summoned by Bells (1960) reveals romantic friendships with boys at school in the earlier chapters and mixing in homosexual company at *Oxford (see Chapter 9, "The Opening World"). Summoned by Bells has been splendidly recorded by the poet on a cassette published by the BBC, 1991 (ISBN 3651888). He was *Poet Laureate of Great Britain and his poetry has been dismissed as lightweight by some. As a poet he has reached a wide audience and has enjoyed continual interest, which he deserves, as he is not only extremely competent as a poet but has something to say. Biography. Bevis Hillier, Young John Betjeman (1988): this reveals Betjeman to have had homosexual leanings in his youth (see p.18 on the poem *"Narcissus", inspired by a childhood homosexual encounter) and to have been an *aesthete at Oxford as well as having many homosexual friends. *Charles Osborne's biography of *W. H. Auden in its United States edition revealed that Betjeman and Auden had sexual relations in the 1930s (this was omitted from the British edition; see *Charles Osborne entry). His letters have been edited by his daughter Candida Green with two volumes being published to 1994 (letters up to 1984). He has an internet homepage. See also *Tom Driberg. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 275-77: Collected Poems, London: John Murray, 1970, High and Low, London: John Murray, 1966, A Nip in the Air, New York: Norton, 1974. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1995. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Badboy Book, 43-46; biog., 383: mostly a prose writer. Anthologist, critic and historian in French from France. Born 1915. She compiled one of the most widely read anthologies of the *gay liberation period, originally published with sumptuous illustrations in French as *Beau petit ami (the title means "Handsome boyfriend"); it was translated into English and German as * L'Amour bleu . She has travelled extensively especially through Asia and has collaborated with her husband, Michel Beurdeley (an expert on Asian art), on two books on eroticism in China and Japan and one on Chinese Ceramics (1974). (Information from the dustjacket of the English translation.) She apparently collaborated with Michel Beurdeley on Chinese Erotic Art (1969) and lives in *Paris. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in LIterature, second edition, item 278: *L'amour bleu, New York, Rizzoli, 1978 (English edition). Biographer and critic who wrote in German. Active from 1866. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 41 : author of * Friedrich Rückerts Leben und Dichtungen, Coburg: Sendelbach, 1866, and a biography * Ludwig II (no date given). Critic of Greek poetry from Germany who wrote in Latin or German. Active 1910. His Doctorate of Philosophy, apparently written in Latin, Fabulae Graece quatenus quave aetate puerorum amore commutatae sint (Leipzig, 1910), is the first known study of homosexuality and Greek mythology or rather, in the title's words, "love of boys". He discusses (pages 52 ff., 73) tragedians who dealt with the homosexual loves of *Achilles. It appears to be major study of homosexuality and ancient Greek. This work has been cited in differing ways and details have been taken from Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, pp 492-93: cites *Clement of Alexandria. Not sighted. Very rare. Bibliographies. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, item 466. Criticism. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 492-93: cites Clement of Alexandria giving the first list of homosexuals. Beyond Paradise: poetry by lesbians and gay men Anthology in English from Great Britain. Manchester: Commonword, 21 Newton Street, Manchester, 1990, 85 pages. No editor is stated. Introduction by Louise Ansari. An anthology of poetry by lesbian and gay men in the north west of England exploring a range of lifestyles. Eight poets are male (see entries): Simon Barclay, Tommy Bailey, Mark Buckley, Nic Collins, P. D. Cookson, Toby, Manning, Russell Morris, Christopher Watt. Poems have an *androgynous quality and are competent; sometimes it is difficult to know whether they are written by a man or a woman (this quality even extends to the biographical notes). They concentrate on love and are tender in tone. The poets seem to be regional. drawn from the area around *Manchester, the largest city in the north of England and the second largest city in Great Britain; biographies pp. 77-80. Poet from France who wrote in Latin. 1519-1605. Bèze was a French convert to *Calvinism who was Calvin's assistant and biographer. He was attacked by both the Catholics in France and other *Protestants on account of his poems, Theodori Bezae Vezelii Poëmata, Paris, 1548, called in later editions Juvenilia, and accused of being homosexual (note: in the second and third editions, 1569 and 1597 the homosexual poems were removed). His poems detail a love affair, modelled on those of Catullus with Lesbia, with a woman Candida. The main epigram of homosexual interest is "Abest Candida, Beza, quid morais?" (the first line of the epigram referred to by *Georges Hérelle below). In the poem Bèze states he is torn between Candida and a certain male, Audebert (compare *Catullus and Juventius) but the reference cannot be taken to refer unequivocally to physical homosexualty. He may have been homosexual or *bisexual in his youth; whether this was the case later in life remains to be proven. The poem is discussed and translated into English in A. L. Prescott, "Beza's Latin Epigrams in English", Studies in the Renaissance 21 (1974), 83-117, 99-100; also contains excellent bibliographical references. A second poem taken to be homosexual refers to a certain Pomponius. The copy of his poems in the *Enfer, Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, titled Juvenilia, is a very small book, barely readable. A critical edition of the 1548 Poemata has been compiled by Thomas Towson (of Wadham College, Oxford) which was submitted as a Ph. D. thesis at *Oxford in 1983. Manuscripts of Bèze's works exist. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 297-98: stating he was a close friend of Calvin and attacked by Catholics as a sodomite on religious grounds. New Catholic Encyclopedia, New York, 1967. Duroc, Homosexuels et lesbiennes illustrés, 56-57. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 132-33. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10471 : citing Juvenilia (no other information given). Criticism. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 4 (1902), 291349: "Theodor Beza" by *Ferdinand Karsch; see especially pp. 297-303, with translation of epigram referred to above into German and 343-49 (list of books discussing his alleged homosexuality). Mayne, The Intersexes, 78, 265-66: revealing he was twice married. *Hérelle manuscript 3188 f. 375: states an epigram in his Juvenilia , "De sua in candidam et Audebertam benevolentia", is really very innocent, though thought to be homosexual. Poem in Sanskrit from India, widely translated into Indian languages. In existence from ca. 200 B.C.; the date is not reliable. The Sanskrit poem The Bhagavad Gita is a major religious poem of India and forms part of the *Mahabharata (where it occurs at Book 6, sections 23-40). It is a dialogue between the hero Arjuna and his charioteer *Krishna and is a statement of the essential elements of Hinduism. Love expressed in *mystical terms, as the supreme spirit of the universe, is central to the Bhagavad Gita: the poem thus encompasses homosexuality by not excluding it. It is in turn based on the * Upanishads and has influenced Indian *mysticism, *Sikhism and *Bhakti. The dialogic structure involving two males is de facto homoerotic (compare a similar structure in *Theocritus's Idylls). Walt Whitman was influenced by reading it in translation. An excellent introduction is George Feuerstein, The Bhagavad Gita: Its Philosophy and Cultural Setting (1974; reprinted). Text. There are untold manuscripts and it was first printed in Calcutta in 1809. There are also many commentaries (e.g., by Mahatma Gandhi). See especially the notes and introduction of Sarvepelli Radhakrishnan's edition (with commentary), London, 1948 (revised edition New Delhi, 1974) - the editor was an Indian philosopher who was President of India from 1962 to 1967. Criticism. The text edited by Shastri Gajanana Sadhale, 3 volumes (Delhi, 1985) has eleven commentaries. The translation of R. C. Zaehner (Oxford, 1969) has an extensive commentary. Influence. See T. R. Sharma, editor, Influence of Bhagavad Gita on Literature Written in English (Meerut, India, 1988). *Rudolf Steiner, the founder of Anthroposophy, wrote a commentary and it influenced his thinking. Translation. Only major translations are included here; there have been many translations. The work has been very popular in translation in English and German. See under Mahabharata in the *British Library General Catalogue. Translations into *Indian languages are numerous (see Winternitz, History of Indian Literature, volume 1, p. 409); see the British Library oriental catalogues (separate catalogues for oriental languages) for translations into these languages. Bahasa Indonesia: *Amir Hamzah - translated from Dutch (1930-ca. 1936); Creole: Trans, not known, Port Louis, 1960: see the *British Library General Catalogue entry; Czech: Karl Weinfurter (1935); Danish: Paul Tuxen (1920); Dutch: J. P. K. Sukul (1958); English: Charles Wilkins (1785), Sir Edwin Arnold (trans. as The Song Celestial, 1885), K. T. Telang (1882), Annie Besant (1905), F. Edgerton (1925; repr.) - a literal translation, Swami Prabhavananda and *Christopher Isherwood (1944), S. Radhakrishnan (1948); Maharishi Mahesh Yogi (Penguin, 1967; with commentary), R. C. Zaehner (Oxford University Press, 1969 - with a good commentary), Juan Mascaro (Penguin, 1962 - excellent introduction), Ann Stanford (1970), J. B. van Buitenen (1981); French: M. Parraud (1787), Sylvain Levi and *Trumbull Stickney (before 1904), E. Senart (1922); German: C. R. S. Peiper (1834), R. Boxberger (1870), R. Garbe (1905; reprinted), P. Deussen (1906) - a good translation, L. von Schroeder (1912; reprinted), E. Richter-Ushanas (1983), K. Mylius (1984), J. Dunnebier (1989); Greek: D. Galanou (1848); Hindi: Pt. Adya Prasada Misra (1910); Italian: C. Jinarajadasa and M. L. Kirby (1905); Latin: August Wilhelm von Schlegel (1823); Oriva: *Gagannatha Dasa; Russian: A. Kamensko (1925), Trans, not known (1929); Spanish: Trans, not known (Buenos Aires, 1893); Miroslav Marcovich (Merida, 1958); Tamil: H. Bower (1889); see also Zvelebil, Lexicon of Tamil Literature. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, volume 2. Kindlers neues Literatur Lexikon vol.18; includes an important bibliography. Other references. Winternitz, History of Indian Literature, volume 1, 408-23. Basham, The Wonder That Was India, 340-42. De Bary, Guide to Oriental Classics, 86-89. Religious movement in Hindi and other *Indian languages of India, dating from ca. 800. A *mystical religious movement centering on union of the soul with *God (compare *Sufism with which there are undoubtedly links). *Hymns were composed in Indian vernacular literatures such as Hindi and other *Indic languages, of which there is an extensive literature (though it exists only in oral form). Works were also composed in medieval Sanskrit. Bhakti emerged in south India in Tamil culture where bhakti poems exist in the *Dravidian languages of Kannada, Malayalam, Tamil and Telugu, as a popular religion in opposition to the official Sanskrit religious cults. The poet *Kabir, in north India, shows its influence. The cult continues widely across the country in India today. Many *oral poems exist based on the religion. See E. Zelliot, "The Medieval Bhakti Movement in History", in Hinduism, edited by B. L. Smith (1976) - contains an essential bibliography. Assamese. See *Madhavadeva; Kashmiri See Braj B. Kachri, Kashmiri Literature (1981), pp. 10-11 and 37-43. Kannada. See Speaking of Siva, edited and translated by A. K. Ramunujan (Penguin Books, 1973). Malavalam. A strong movement exists dating from the 15th century. Marathi. See N. Macnicol, Hymns of the Marathi Saints, date not known but published before 1993 (trans. into English). Tamil. There is a very strong movement; see Zvelebil, Lexicon of Tamil Literature. Teleou. Vemana (1700-50) was a bhakti poet. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures South volume (volume 2), 24. De Bary, Guide to Oriental Classics, 143-47. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Poet possibly from Germany who wrote in German. 1891-1985. Author of Der Wind der Ewigkeit, 1991, 107 pp.: poems by a friend of *Pasolini, including one inspired by him. Poet from Poland who wrote in Polish. 1922-1983. There is believed to be gay relevance in his poetry (Josef Pyzik, Cracow, to the author June 1987). In 1956 his first book Turns of Things created much interest. He was involved in the theater and his poetry is considered difficult. English translation: The Revolution of Things, Washington, 1974 (trans. Andrzej Busza and Bogdan Czaykowski); p. 14 "To - " is *non gender specific. Criticism. Milosz, History of Polish Poetry, pp. 479, 534. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Everyman Companion to East European Literature. Poet and publisher from Australia writing in English. Born 1955. Of mixed Celtic and Mediterranean descent, he lived in Indonesia in the late 1970s and lives in Melbourne. He was the co-iounder, with Susan Rachman and his lover and partner *Ian Birks, of Nosukumo Press, Melbourne, 1982, which has published poetry books and *chapbooks of gay interest. He was editor of The Carrionflower Writ (poetry *broadsheet, irregular) which has contained some gay poems. He has written several chapbooks of poems. Foil (Fallen Angels), Melbourne, 1980 (limited signed edition of 100, privately printed second edition, Nosukumo, 1982) contains his first homoromantic poems. Warrior Dolls, Melbourne, 1981 (limited signed edition of 100, privately printed under Nosukumo imprint; second revised edition Nosukumo, 1982) contains Tine gay poems showing the influence of *Michael Dransfield. Other books: Thalassa Thalassa, Melbourne: Nosukomo, 1983; Five Little Poems on Kyoto, Melbourne: Nosukomo, 1986; Autumn Silks, Melbourne: Nosukomo, 1988; Calqueneauz, Melbourne: Nosukomo, 1989; (Post Neo) Gakai, Melbourne: Post Neo, 1989; This is a Table, Seattle, United States: emPo, 1989. The sequence of nine poems under the title Ra (Melbourne: Mercurial Editions, 1991), is an *elegy for Robert Gamble lamenting his death by *Aids. His writing is in the style of *postmodernism and is, at times, very difficult, involving elaborate wordplay. Use of puns is a major feature. He has published over one hundred poems in magazines in Australia and abroad. He was included in Australian Writing Now (1988). Ra, written 1988-1991, is his contribution to * Pink Ink. He first published in a gay journal in Campaign (edited by *Dave P. Sargent) in July 1979, 36, and then in September 1979 (issue 47), 20. His second chapbook, Warrior Dolls, was the first openly gay book of poems published in Melbourne by a gay male. The cover of the 1981 printing by Taufik Rachmann depicted two naked men intertwined. This was a private printing lacking an imprint. His first name is pronounced Ja-varn with emphasis on the last syllable. Publishing details have been supplied by the poet; not all items referred to have been sighted. In The Age (Melbourne), May 13 2000 a homosexual poem "Elagabalus" was published on the Roman emperor. Interview: Outrage 70 (March 1989), 25-31. He is known to have used two pseudonyms: Prickhard Bruteagain (a pun on the US author Richard Brautigan) and Jean du Brusque (information from Javant Biarujia). He is the author of Prickhard Bruteagain (pseud.), Shovelling shit with a thermometer (Melbourne: Nosukumo, 1985), which contains Tine gay poems; the title is a pun on Richard Brautigan's Loading Mercury with a Pitchfork. The Eye in the Anus (Melbourne: Nosukumo, 1985), 12 pp., is a "private and very limited" edition (see title page). In 1998, he was a writer in residence in Indonesia sponsored by Asialink. A bibliography of published works from 1979 to 1999 on his computer is possibly the finest and most comprehensive of any bibliography of a bay poet and includes refernce ro readings (printed copy; collection of *Paul Knobel). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Hurley, Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Edge City, 1923; biog., 221. Love and Death, 35,40; biog., 52. Pink Ink, 184-91; biog 294. Dessaix, Australian Gay and Lesbian Writing, 25: Tine poem "Hamid" (about sex in Indonesia); biog., 374. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 196B. Book: Swerve (199B). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Badboy Book, 47-52; biog., 3B3. Eros in Boystown, 12-13; biog., 59. The World in Us: Lesbian and Gay Poetry of the Next Wave, 1-5; biog., 35B. Word of Mouth, 433-36. A work relating to histrory, religion, philosophy and criticism originally in Hebrew, Aramaic and Greek from Israel. Surviving texts date from 200 B. C. Much of the Bible is in poetry. The text is conventionally divided into two parts: the * Old Testament and the *New Testament. The Old Testament (called the Tanach by Jews) contains the basic works of the Jewish faith. It is written in Hebrew with some chapters of the books of Daniel and Ezra in Aramaic (a language sometimes called Chaldean). The *New Testament consists of the teachings of Jesus Christ, the founder of *Christianity, who was Jewish, and letters and other works of his first apostles dating from ca. 60 to ca. 100, all surviving in Greek (with some words spoken by Jesus in Aramaic in the Greek text); letters of the Apostle *Saint Paul are some of the earliest works. The four * Gospels, giving the life of Jesus, date from ca. 70 to 100. The earliest fragments of the New Testament date from ca. 125 and are in the John Rylands Library, *Manchester. Surviving manuscripts date from 200 B.C. for the Hebrew Old Testament in its present form. However, the earliest known Old Testament texts date from ca. 250 B.C. and are the Greek translation called the Septuagint known to be in existence at that date (it was translated in *Alexandria from the Hebrew text and means "work of the seventy" as seventy translators were supposedly involved); Greek manuscripts of 250 B.C. are not known at present and are unlikely to turn up. The Bible is actually a library of books. Fragments of early manuscripts of the Bible have been found in Israel and other parts of the middle east - for instance the Dead Sea Scrolls discovered at caves near Qumran in Israel from 1947 contain some of the earliest Hebrew manuscripts and pushed the date pf the earliest Hebrew manuscript back nearly a thousand years to ca. 200 B.C. On the date of the Old Testament corpus see Queneau, Histoire des littératures, volume one, 292: it was apparently assembled over a thousand years from ca. 1000 B.C. to 100 when the present canon was fixed. The texts of both the Old Testament and the New Testament have remained remarkably constant from 100 A.D. in the case of the Old Testament and 400 A.D. in the case of the New Testament (when the New Testament canon was fixed). They were handed down in handwritten manuscripts until Gutenberg first used mechanical printing in Europe in the mid fifteenth century, his first major published work being a Latin Bible. For concise introductions to the Bible consult Dictionaries and Encyclopedias listed at the end of this entry. Poetrv and the Bible. Under "Poetry, Hebrew" in The Interpreters Dictionary of the Bible, 1962, N. K. Gottwald states, p. 829, "Poetry comprises one third of the Hebrew Bible". The New Testament is in strophic prose with some poetry incorporated in it (e.g., the Beatitudes - Gospel of Matthew, Chapter 5, verses 3-11). This issue is discussed further in the entries Old Testament, Gospels and New Testament. The canon of the Bible. On the canon or list of accepted books of the Old Testament and the New Testament see "Canon of the OT" and "Canon of the NT" in G. A Buttrick, Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible, 1962) for a concinse introduction. Most bible dictionaries deal with this issue. Apocrypha are works accepted by parts of Christianity and not by others and such works exist both in regard to both the Old and New Testaments. Gospels previously thought lost in the twentieth century (especially works relating to *Gnosticism) have been discovered in the twentieth century. The Text of the Old Testament generally used is the Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia most recently edited by P. Kahle, R. Kittel and others, Stuttgart, 1997. A new Greek text of the New Testament is being compiled called Novum testamentum graecum editio critica maior edited by Barbara and Kurt Aland and published in Stuttgart from 1997. See the Old Testament and New Testament entries for further discussion of all issues relating to the canon and apocryphal works. The Old Testament was first mechanically printed in 1488 in Hebrew and the New Testament in the edition of *Erasmus in Greek in 1516; before then the work circulated in manuscript. Mechanical printing allowed for wider circulation of the text since it was quicker to produce this way that by hand; translations also increased. The Latin translation of Saint Jerome, called the Vulgate, dates from 382; this version was widely used in western Europe until vernacular language versions appeared. *Luther translated the Bible into German 1522-34 and the first complete English translation directly from Hebrew and Greek was the Authorized Version of 1611, the most widely circulating English language Bible (it included the Old Testament Apocrypha - works not accepted as part of the Old Tesatment but found edifying for Christian reading); some prior translations were from the Latin. The New English Bible (1961-70) is the latest widely recognized English translation but there are now many English translations. Guidebooks to the Bible. Alice Parmelee, A Guidebook to the Bible, London, 1951 (repr.) is an excellent introduction as is Stanley Cook, An Introduction to the Bible, Penguin Books, 1945 (repr.) The article "Bible Manuscripts and Editions" in Erwin Fahlbusch, The Encyclopedia of Christianity (1999) (translated from the third edition of the German Evangelisches Kirchenlexikon; 1997) is an excellent scholarly discussion of manuscripts and printed editions. A concise book length introduction to the Bible is Philip W. Comfort,The Complete Guide to Bible Versions, Wheaton, Illinois, 1991. More detailed introductions to individual books of the Bible are contained in J. Alberto Soggin, Introduction to the Old Testament, Third Edition, Louisville, 1989 which has detailed bibliographihes. On the manuscript and mechanically printed traditions overall see especially Christopher de Hamel, The Book, a History of the Bible (2001), one of the finest book length introductions to the Bible; the discursive bibliography pp. 330-340 in this work is perhaps the best general introduction to books on the Bible to 2000. A classic work is Sir Frederic Kenyon, Our Bible and the Ancient Manuscripts, revised by A. W. Adams, London, 1958 (the first edition was published in 1895 and the author was the head of the British Museum). Included in both the proceeding works are reproductions of important manuscripts and printed editions of the Bible. A more concise work which has gone through many editions is Frederic Kenyon, The Story of the Bible (London, 1936). The Bible and homosexuality. Mirabeau has written a study of erotica in Spanish of the Bible (cited in Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 6455: Erotika Biblion: La Pornografia en La Biblia y en la antigued, Barcelona: Editorial Atlante, 192 pp. [no date given]); not sighted. A concise detailed study which is gay positive is Daniel A. Helminiak, What the Bible really says about homosexuality, 1994 (summary pp. 107-09 with the conclusion: "the Bible takes no direct stand on the morality of gay and lesbian acts as such nor on the morality of gay and lesbian relationships"). For books dealing with sex in the Bible, see G. W. Cole, Sex and Love in the Bible (1950), Chapter 10, "Homosexuality in the Bible", pp. 342-72; Tom Horner, Jonathan loved David, 1978; The X Rated Bible, American Athiest Press, ca. 1987 (a collection of relevant passages). The subject of sex is discussed in various dictionaries of the Bible of which there are many, in many languages; these dictionaries increasingly have entries on homosexuality. In English see "Sex and Sexuality" (with bibliography) in Anchor Bible Dictionary, edited by David Freedman (New York, 1992) and "Homosexuality" in Oxford Companion to the Bible (New York, 1953), pp. 288-89. The * Journal of Homosexuality devoted a special issue to the Bible, volume 33, numbers 3-4 (1997) titled Reclaiming the Sacred: The Bible in Gay and Lesbian Literature. See also the entries Old Testament, New Testament and Gospels for other discussions of sexuality. Commentaries. A huge number of commentaries on the work as a whole and the various books which make it up exist in many languages (notably Latin, in which there are many by the early western church fathers, and in Hebrew, Aramaic and Greek). These may discuss homosexuality, especially in relation to the passages which are relevant. Geoffrey Parrinder, Upanishads, Gita and Bible: a Comparative Study of Hindu and Christian Scriptures London, 1962) discusses links with *Hinduism (Saint Thomas was reputed to have taken Christianity to India soon after Christs death). Translation. The Bible, or books of it (especially The *Gospels), is the most translated work of literature in the world being translated into 333 languages. On translations, see the entry " Bible'' in Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics : this is a thorough study of the subject and a place to begin for information on the complex problems of translation. The Interpretaters Dictionary of the Bible, 1963, volume 5, under "Versions" deals with translations and has a concise discussion. It is especially good for *European languages but weak on non European; some works listed are in manuscript. Earlv translations. The Bible was early translated into Latin - the language of the Roman Empire - with a version called the Old Latin version from the second century. The Latin Vulgate translation of Saint Jerome exists from the fourth century. Early translations were made into Aramaic (paraphrases of the Old Testament called the Targums), ancient Svriac (with a later translation of ancient Syriac called the Peshitta), Coptic. Armenian. Ethiopie. Georgian. Nubian and Soodian (these translations all existed by 900). Ancient versions before 1200 are known in Arabic. Gothic (spoken by the Goths who were an ancient Germanic people who spread across much of Europe; this is the earliest Germanic literary work with complete * Gospels but only fragments of the Old Testament), Persian. Provencal and Old Church Slavonic. There are many ancient manuscripts of the Bible. For languages into which the Bible has been translated, see Scriptures of the World (New York, United Bible Societies), published biannually. The Annual Report of the United Bible Societies for 1998 states that the complete Bible had been translated into more than 366 languages. As of 1998 there were translations into 2,212 languages of at least one book of the Bible since it was first mechanically printed by Johann Gutenberg. (Manuscript translations may exist which have not been mechanically printed however and which have not been noted though very few a likely.) The catalogue of the British and Foreign Bible Society by T. H. Darlow and H. F. Moule, Historical Catalogue of the Printed Editions of Holy Scriptures in the Library of the British and Foreign Bible Society (1911) lists all known translations then held by the society and is the most complete record to this date; the first part deals with English editions and the second, in three volumes, non English printings. This work is the basic reference for editions of the Bible to 1911. The Bible or parts of it is being translated into about 20 new languages each year; translation normally starts with one book, frequently one of the Gospels since most translation is done by Christians. The translated work is usually published when it is completed. Translation of the complete New Testament normally follows with the complete Bible (if it is published complete) following at a later date. Frequently these mechanically published works are the first mechanically published works in a language (e.g. in some *African, *Oceanic and *American Indian languages). Eric North, The Book of a Thousand Tongues (1938) discusses translation into over 1,000 languages and gives examples of translations in over 1,110 languages. The British and Foreign Bible Society, Cambridge, UK, and the United Bible Societies in New York aim to own one copy of every language into which a book of the Bible has been translated; these societies probably have more wideranging language holdings than any library - that is, they have a larger number of works in non-English languages than major research libraries such as the *Library of Congress and the *British Library (which both have large collections). Many millions of copies of the New Testament or parts of it are distributed free each year by Christian missionary societies. The collection of the British and Foreign Bible Society now on deposit in Cambridge University Library has Bibles or portions in 2,080 languages and is the most complete known collection in the world; this collection was formerly with the British and Foreign Bible Society in London. Other Bible societies have wideranging collections: for instance, the Bible Society in Australia, in Canberra, which is nearly as old as the British and Foreign Bible Society, has a very wideranging collection of Bibles and portions, and aims to collect one copy of every translation (it has copies of the translations into all 43 Australian Aboriginal laanguages for instance). Finding a copy of a particular translation. Bible Societies exist all over the world for the purpose of translating the Bible into local languages; for instance the Indian Bible Society was founded by William Carey about four months after the founding of the British and Foreign Bible Society in 1804. Their libraries may hold a translation in a particular language. Contact details may be found in the World Annual Report of the United Bible Societies. The *British Library General Catalogue underBible lists holdings in all languages held in the *British Library and the * National Union Catalog has four volumes devoted to the Bible, from volume 28, p. 329, to the end of volume 31 : these two works are places to find translations in the respective libraries. The British Library General Catalogue has an Index to its Bible entry at the end of volume 31 and this is possibly the most accessible place to find out quickly whether a translation exists and if there is a copy in the British library to 1975. National libraries have deposit copies of translations for their respective countries. *Computer catalogs such as *RLIN and *OCLC are another source. The catalog of Cambridge University Library should also be checked. For a particular language all these sources should be checked. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Hastings, Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics. Encyclopædia Britannica, eleventh edition: see "Bible" and "Bible, English" - both excellent articles. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature, vol. 1, 59-65. Encyclopedia Judaica; this has excellent articles for the Old Testament. Encyclopædia Britannica: see "Biblical Literature"; "Septuagint". Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion : see "Biblical Literature" - an especially good introduction with bibliographies to 1987. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics : excellent introduction and the article covers translation. Gay Histories and Cultures. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 41: list of passages dealing with homosexuality. Bibliographie Freundschafteros Bibliography in German from Germany. Frankfurt: Dipa Verlag, 1964, 154 pages. The most comprehensive homosexual bibliography in German to the present. The second word in the title is an amalgam of two words and the title means: "friendship eros bibliography" (compare *Siegfried Placzek, *Wolfdietrich Rasch). It was compiled by *E. G. Welter. (The later bibliography in German by *Manfred Herzer it should be noted is only of non-literary works so far, a second volume of literary works being promised.) Bibliographie Freundschafteros has many flaws, including serious omissions and lack of sourcing for information (e.g., many entries for poets give a single poem but the book or journal from which the poem comes is not listed; in other entries, bibliographical material for books is frequently lacking - e.g., publishers, place of publication and dates). Translations into German are included. As titles of works are not italicized or otherwise indicated, it is frequently impossible to work out whether a work is a work of poetry, of criticism, of fiction or from another area. Lack of an index is another problem. In addition, there are many careless spelling mistakes (notably, "lieblingsminne" for "lieblingminne" in the anthology * Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe in der Weltliteratur). Eccentric punctuation and abbreviations are also problems. Foreword by Kurt-Werner Hess pp. 7-9; Introduction pp. 11-19; Contents p. 21; Code of Reference pp. 23-24; Abbreviations pp. 2531. It is in four sections. Section 1: Literature pp. 1-114; Section 2, Journals pp. 115-20; Section 3, Sculpture; Section 4, Paintings, Drawings, Photographers and Art Books; Section 5, Film pp. 135-150; Section 6, Institutes pp. 151-54. There are eight illustrations. A small letter code gives some idea of content (see pp. 23-24). The longest section, Literature, includes references to criticism, including criticial articles in journals and references to biographers of writers, beside citing poets, novelists and dramatists. Review: International Journal of Greek Love, vol. 1 no. 1 (1965), 60-61 (a fine review detailing the work's many flaws). Some poets are repeated from the anthology of *von Kupffer, * Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe in der Weltliteratur. Overall the bibliography gives evidence of hasty compilation but, despite this, its coverage is wide and thorough. It relies on Hayn, Gotendorf, *Bibliotheca Germanorum Erotica for the period to 1929 and the * Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen for the period to 1923. Bibliographisches Verzeichnis der Bibliotheken von Professor Dr Paul H. Brandt und Baron Werner v. Bleichroder Bibliography in German from Germany. Ca. 1930. A catalog of the library of the book collectors *Paul H. Brandt and Baron Werner von *Bleichroder bearing the imprint Leipzig: Adolf Weigel on the title page; published ca. 1930. This is the first printed catalog of a German gay library and consists almost solely of erotic books; it can be confidently dated ca. 1930 and there are 361 items. While there is heterosexual erotica, the predominance of homosexual material leaves little doubt where the owners' real interests lay. Photographs and art works are included (e.g. no. 150, apparently of a homosexual prostitute). There are some annotations to the descriptions. Little poetry is included. There is a foreword pp. 3-6 giving details of the owners' lives. An Index to *Panormita's Hermaphroditus, pp. 6-8, made by Brandt is also included. Many items included were then very rare. Rare. Copy sighted: *Deane Erotica, University of Sydney. Compare the English catalog of *Francis Edwin Murray. Bibliography and bibliographers of homosexuality and homosexual poetry Erotic bibliography is very advanced in *European languages and begins with the German *Hugo Hayn in Germany in 1875; such general erotica bibliographical works have always included homosexual material, though in varying degrees. (Non European languages are discussed below.) For homosexual bibliographies in relation to poetry see entries in this Encyclopedia for individual languages under Bibliography (e. g. *Bibliography - Arabic). The basic research guide for bibliography overall is Theodore Besterman, A World Bibliography of Bibliographies, 4th edition, 196566, 5 volumes; see the section "Erotica". Alice S. Toomey's, A world bibliography of bibliographies, 1964-74, 2 volumes, 1977, extends Besterman to 1974; see, in this work, also under "Erotica". After 1974 consult *computer data bases or national library printed catalogues under "erotic literature" and "homosexual literature". Balay, Guide to Reference Books, should also be consulted. See also *erotic poetry. The most concise introduction to gay erotic bibliographies is Gwendolyn L. Pershing, "Erotica Research Collections", in Libraries Erotica, Pornography, edited by Martha *Cornog (1991), pp. 188-198, and Daniel C. Tsang, "Homosexuality Research Collections" in the same, pp. 199-209. These are the places to start (especially for the United States). The Encyclopaedia of Sexual Behaviour, volume 2, pp. 631-40, contains a general introductory reading list in the article "Literature and Sex" by Frank Kingdon. For general bibliographies with homosexual material either in part or in whole, see *H. S. Ashbee (whose three volume work, which commenced publication in 1877, first begins erotic bibliography in English), *Terence J. Deakin, *Wayne Dynes - one of the most outstanding gay erotic bibliographers to date, * Les Livres de l'Enfer, *Bent Hansen, * Bibliotheca germanorum erotica, *An Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, *Manfred Herzer - compiler of the most comprehensive German non literary bibliography, *Pascal Pia (pseud.), *Patrick Kearney, *Olle-Petter Melin, *William Parker, *Private Case, *Gary Simes - compiler of the most up to date work in English, *E. G. Welter (pseud.) - compiler of the most comprehensive German bibliography, *Ian Young. Gay bibliography in general as such commenced in 1899 with the annual bibliographies in the Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen (1899-1923) edited by *Magnus Hirschfeld. *E. G. Welter (pseud.) published the first comprehensive German work in 1964. The first comprehensive English work was *An Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, 1976, a work which is still the most wideranging gay bibliographic work in English; *Vern L. Bullough and *Dorr Legg had a major input. This was preceded in 1971 by the bibliography of *William Parker which does not include literature. The first comprehensive English language bibliographic survey of gay literature was *Ian Young's *Male Homosexual in Literature (1975; second edition 1982). *Giovanni Dall'Orto's Italian gay bibliography * Leggere omosessuale is comprehensive and includes literature. The Spanish bibliography * Cuaderno Bibliografico Gay 1987 is also comprehensive. For French the major bibliographer is *Claude Courouve. The most comprehensive works overall are in English. Non European works. Little is known about possible Chinese bibliographies and bibliographies do not appear to have existed in *Indian languages; some works may exist in *Manuscript in *Islamic languages (e.g. in Arabic, Persian, Turkish and Urdu) - for possible sources see the *Private Case which has an *oriental section. For Japanese see Jun'ichi Iwata; his heirs published the first comprehensive Japanese work in 1973. Large library catalogs such as *RLIN, *OCLC and *Kinetica checked under *subject headings for homosexuality or using keyword searches will yield the latest material. Bibliographies particularly listing homosexuality poetrv. The history of specific homosexual bibliographies of gay poetry in European languages begins with *F. E. Murray, a London bookseller who, in 1924, published the first list of gay poets in English in a book catalog: *Catalogue of a Student of Youth... ; these were *Uranian poets and the work was later used as the basis of the work of *Timothy d'Arch Smith. However, Murray's list was of gay literary works, not poetry specifically. (Prior to this poetry was included in the annual bibliographies of the * Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen.) It was not until 1964 that the next list was published when *E. G. Welter included poetry in his German gay bibliography, * Bibliographie Freundschafteros. In 1975, Ian Young included poetry titles in his The Male Homosexual in Literature which is the most thorough listing in English before this encyclopedia with some 500 poets listed. In the following year * An Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality included a separate section on homosexual poetry which has the broadest coverage before this Encyclopedia (but neglects many languages - such as Chinese, Japanese and *Islamic languages, not to mention *oral material). In 1984, *Giovanni dall' Orto listed Italian poets from 1800 in a separate section of his general Italian bibliography and *Claude Courouve has listed some works in his French bibliographies. The Spanish and Catalan bibliography * Cuaderno bibliografico gay lists gay poetry in a separate section while * Nordisk bibliografi lists some works in Danish, Norwegian, Swedish and Finnish. In Japanese, *Iwata Jun'ichi listed 1000 works (including poets) in Japanese to 1700 in his bibliography published in 1973. For *oral poems, folksong and *ballads *Gershon Legman's brilliant bibliography, "Erotic Folksongs and Ballads" in Journal of American Folklore, volume 103 (October-December, 1990), pp. 417-501, is the place to start especially for *European languages and overall for English; it has many references to manuscript items. See *Subject headings for ways of locating homosexual poetry on library computer catalogs. On bibliography in general see Bibliography: Its History and Development (New York: Grolier Club, 1984), a catalog of an exhibition of the greatest works of bibliography in European languages, including many works cited in this Encyclopedia. References. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 133-36. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage : see "Erotica and Pornography". Besterman, A World Bibliography of Bibliographies: Erotica 2054-57; this is the most concise listing of erotic bibliographies (see the Danish book by M. Iversen and A. Henriksen re possible Norwegian and Swedish works) though there are no non-European listings. Deakin, Catalogi librorum eroticum: the whole book is relevant. Toomey, A World Bibliography of BIbliographies 1964-1974: "Erotica", 389-90. Harner, Literary Research Guide: see Section D for general bibliographies. Lexikon des gesamten Buchwesens, second edition: see "Erotische Bücher". Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 3-16. Bibliography of gay material in Arabic dates from the bibliography of *Arno Schmitt of 1995 (though bibliographical material appeared in the literary works prior to this). Arabic is a rich and complex area for homopoetry; however little bibliographical work has been published on homosexuality and Arabic literature. The Journal of Arabic Literature has recent bibliographies and homosexuality appeared in an article on *Ibn Khafadja. On homopoetry the theses of *Wim van Wiggen and *Maarten Schild should be consulted for their bibliographies. The work of *Arno Schmitt remains the most wideranging in uncovering homosexuality in Arabic. Jean Sauvaget's, Introduction to the History of the Muslim East; a bibliographical guide (1965), is basic for bibliographical work. See J. D. Pearson, Index Islamicus, 1958+ (covering 1906 onwards) for posible journal articles. For individual authors consult the * Encyclopedia of Islam. See *Carl Brockelmann and the supplement to Brockelman by Fuat Sezgin regarding Arabic *manuscripts. References. Besterman, A World Bibliography of Bibliographies : "Arabic Literature". Toomey, A World Bibliography of BIbliographies 1964-1974: "Arabic Literature". Bibliography of gay material in Chinese dates from 1906 in German. There is no known bibliography of homosexuality as such in Chinese. Bibliography in German on Chinese homosexuality dates from 1906: see *Karsch-Haack. *In English, Brett Hinsch, Passions of the Cut Sleeve, pp. 205-15 gives a bibliography firstly in Chinese and Japanese and then in English; this work is the most recent comprehensive bibliography in English and Chinese. See also *Critics - Chinese and *Social and Historical background - Chinese. To find books, consult the printed catalogs of the Far Eastern Collection of the Library of Congress, of Harvard University and the *School of Oriental and African Studies Catalogue (for material to around 1970) under *subject headings (e.g. "sex"), though sometimes books have been entered under "homosexuality"; after 1970, consult computer catalogs. In China, the National Library in *Beijing is the largest library. In Taiwan, the Academica Sinica is the major library though there is also a national library and several university libraries. Consult also the catalogs listed in *Libraries - Chinese. Bibliography - Danish, Norwegian, Norse, Swedish, Finnish Bibliography in Danish, Norwegian, Swedish, Norse and Finnish dates from 1975. For gay bibliographies see *Carl Regman (1966; in Swedish) Jan Olav Gatland (1996; deals only with Norwegian writers), and *Olle-Petter Melin (1975) and *Bent Hansen (1984) whose joint bibliography covers all five languages above. Deakin, Catalogi librorum eroticum, 14, cites Max Iversen, Forbudte boger, Copenhagen, 1948 (list of banned books in Denmark, Norway, Sweden, England, France and Germany). Per Hedberg, Bibliotekshog-skolan specialarbite 1979:1992 (Boras, 25 pp., ca. 1992) has some Swedish and Danish material. Bibliography in Dutch dates from 1904. Dutch has a detailed listing of gay male bibliographical material from 1904 when *J. A. Schorer (with *Georges Eekhoud) published the first bibliography in the * Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen. See the annual bibliographies in the Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen for some Dutch items to 1923. The catalogs of the collection of the gay club which Schorer founded, the NWHK, list the books in its library, 1922-36 (the library disappeared during the Second World War). *Rob Tielman's recent history of homosexuality has the most concise and thorough Dutch bibliography to 1982. The catalogs of gay bookshops are an invaluable source of recent publications e.g., * Boeken over Mannen en Homoseksualiteit (1983) is an annotated listing of books published in Dutch published by a Dutch gay bookshop De Woelraat (covering also books in English, French and German). The journal * Homologie (1978+) publishes a bibliography of serious literary works in Dutch (covering all Europe) in every issue. The gay archive *Homodok has a list of journals; a list of bibliographies was generated from their computer catalogue in 1989 for this author. The gay bookshop *Vrolijk's catalog Bulletinen supplements book listings. Bibliography in English from Great Britain and other countries dates from 1877. English has the richest tradition of gay bibliography known (German has the next richest). The lost work * Ancient and Modern Pererasty Investigated may have contained the first list of references in English to male homosexuality. Surviving homosexual bibliography referring to homosexuality in poetry and literature in English begins, however, with *H. S. Ashbee (published 1877-85). *E. I. P. Stevenson covered much material to ca. 1911 in his The Intersexes (though not in a bibliographical form). Lists of literature, including poetry, begin with the bookseller *F. E. Murray whose *Uranian catalogue * A Catalogue of Selected Books (1924) was later relied on by *Timothy d'Arch Smith for a major critical study. *Edgar Leonie compiled the first bibliography in the United States. *D. W. Cory (pseud.) in The Homosexual in America (1953), has a list of books of literature (though poets are not included). *Ian Young's The Male Homosexual in Literature (1975) is the first and still the most comprehensive literary bibliography of English (second enlarged edition, 1982, which edition has been cited in this Encyclopedia). *An Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality by *Vern Bulllough, *Dorr Legg, *Barrett W. Elcano and James Kepner followed in 1976 and included reference to non-literary material on a wide scale, as well as literature. It includes extensive non-English reference and has a separate poetry section; unfortunately it is marred by much carelessness. The catalog of the book seller *Elysian Fields extended these works to 1990 for United States material. *Computer Data Bases from 1970, such as *PMLA and the Australian *Austlit (one of the most comprehensive for homosexuality) may be searched and are being progressively extended backwards in time; however, they are not at all reliable for gay poetry books which have frequently not entered libraries since they were self published. For detailed listings on any individual poet consult the * National Union Catalog and * British Library General Catalogue and national printed catalogues for various countries (e.g., Australia, Canada). The internet also contains bibliographical material. Detailed bibliographies on individual gay poets exist from *Christopher Milllard's 1914 bibliography of *Oscar Wilde; *Norbert Kohl is a later Tine bibliographer of Wilde. Outstanding is the anonymous bibliography on the Canadian gay poet and bibliographer *Ian Young: *Ian Young: a bibliography (1962-1980). *Montague Summers was an important bibliographer who has himself had an outstanding bibliographer in *Timothy d'Arch Smith. *Percy L. Babington's bibliography of *J. A. Symonds, and John Carter and John Sparrow's bibliography of *A. E. Housman are outstanding. Extensive bibliographies of *Allen Ginsberg's work exist (though not up-to-date) and *Alexander Smith's bibliography of *Frank O'Hara is a major work. Shorter articles giving bibliographies - such as *Anthony Reid on *Ralph Chubb and *Donald H. Mader on *Sidney Smith - can open new perspectives on a poet. Bibliographies of most major and many minor English language poets exist. *Our Own Voices is the largest bibliography of gay journals to date. Amongst general erotica bibliographies those by *Roger Goodland (annotated), *Alfred Rose (one of the fullest listings in English of erotic and pornographic literature) and *Patrick Kearney, both on the *Private Case of the British Library are excellent. The German work by *Hayn and Gotendorf, * Biblioteca germanorum erotica, contains many listings of relevance to English. For rare items the catalog of the *Paris collection of erotica, the *Enfer, is a major research tool (see especially the catalog of the Enfer compiled by *Pascal Pia [pseud.]). *C. R. Dawes lists many gay works in his unpublished history of English erotic literature. *Wayne Dynes has published the most wide ranging annotated bibliography on homosexuality, though it does not include many references to literature (perhaps due to the prior efforts of Ian Young and Bullough, Legg, Elcano and Kepner); *David F Greenberg is excellent for social background in recent material to 1988. See various periods (e.g., *Renaissance, *Victorian) for bibliographical listings for these periods. For the most recent listings consult bookseller's catalogs - which are major bibliographical documents for the contemporary period (e. g., those of *Lambda Rising bookshop and *Prinz Eisenherz bookshop) - and gay journals (e.g. * Homologie). Huge computer databases are coming into existence in the United States and elsewhere which are major bibliographical tools: see *Online Computer Library Catalog (called OCLC), *Research Libraries Information Network (called RLIN for short), for example. These should be checked for rare items as should national databases. Rare material is held in specialist gay archives and special libraries such as the library of the *Kinsey Institute. See also *Lawrence Forster. Australia: see *Paul Knobel for poetry, John Willis (compiler of the largest gay male bibliography of Australian material, in the form of the catalog of his library, with annotations). Canada: the two bibliographies * Homosexuality in Canada constitute the fullest bibliographies of a national English language culture; see also *Ian Young. No separate national gay bibliographies exist for Great Britain and United States. Bibliographies. Ashbee, Bibliography of Prohibited Books: see the index under *sodomy and under the titles of books and likely authors, e.g., *Rochester). Hyde, History of Pornography, 234-35: general list. Deakin, Catalogi librorum eroticorum: whole work. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, pp. 2-17: list of gay bibliographical works. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 105-07. Bibliography in French from France dates from 1919. The most detailed bibliography of homosexuality in French is by *Claude Courouve who has compiled a basic gay list of material in the form of three self published pamphlets, Fragments 4: 1478-1881 (Paris, 1981 [24 pages]), Bibliographies des homosexualités ii 1882-1924 (third edition, Paris, 1981; unpaginated, about 24 pages), and Bibliographie des homosexualités 1924-77 (Paris, 1978); see also *Olle-Petter Melin, *Prinz Eisenherz. For erotica see *Enfer, the collection of erotic books in the *Bibliothèque Nationale, *Paris (printed catalogs date from 1919), * Bibliotheca Germanorum Erotica and *Kinsey Institute. *Les Livres de l'Enfer compiled by *Pascal Pia (pseud.) is the most comprehensive French general erotica bibliography. The * Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen had early material from 1899 to 1923. * Homosexuality in Canada lists Canadian French language material (there are two major bibliographies of the same name, a first and second edition). *Georges Hérelle was a brilliant earlier bibliographer of French gay material; his work, however, remains largely unpublished. In the nineteenth century French erotic bibliography started with the work compiled by the French erotic publisher Jules Gay, Bibliographie des Ouvrages Relatifs à l'Amour...., third edition, six volumes Turin: J. Gay et fils and London: Bernard Quaritch, 1871-73 (this work was heavily criticised for its amateurish approach by *H. S. Ashbee: see Ashbee, Bibliography of Prohibited Books, volume 1, xvii). Bibliography in German from Germany and Switzerland in relation to homosexuality dates from 1875. Work has mainly been carried out in Germany. German has the oldest gay bibliographical tradition in a European language. *Hugo Hayn commenced erotic bibliography in 1875. The * Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen (1899-1923) contained in each issue the first known bibliographies of homosexuality ever put togethr in a *European language - usually divided into two sections (scientific and literary). Each issue also contained detailed reviews of books for the current year. Hayn, Gotendorf, * Bibliotheca germanorum erotica, the finest German gay erotic bibliography (to 1929) contains items of relevance: see, for instance, Hayn Gotendorf, Bibliotheca germanorum erotica, volume 9, pp. 289-95. There is a gap from 1933 to 1945 due to the rise of *Nazism which saw the suppression of *sexology (including the destruction of the library of *Magnus Hirschfeld) and persecution of homosexuals. *Ernst Günther Welter compiled the first post war gay bibliography * Bibliographie Freundshaftseros (1964) which relies on all previous sources. *Vern L. Bullough, An Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, contains many items from Welter's bibliography; indeed in the poetry section many items have come direct from Welter. *Manfred Herzer's bibliography lists only non-literary works - for instance, works of criticism; a second volume (on literary works) is promised. * Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen lists literary and other works from the eighteenth century. The catalogs of the *Berlin bookshop *Prinz Eisenherz (ca. 1979+) cover the contemporary period. See *Bookshops - German re the catalog from ca. 1985 called Die schwulen Buchladen which lists German books from several gay bookshops in Germany. * Sortimentskatalog Sodom is a detailed catalog of gay books from the bookshop Sodom in *Munich. The period from Welter (1964) to 1979 is the least well covered. From 1750 to 1850 see *Paul Derks. The journal * Forum (1987+) has a detailed literary bibliography in each issue. See also Journals - German (the Swiss gay journal * Der Kreis is especially important), *Rob Tielman. References. Deakin, Catalogi librorum eroticum ; the whole book is relevant. Bibliography - Greek and Latin Comprehensive gay bibliographies relating to Greek from Greece and Latin from Italy date only from 1982. The most comprehensive bibliography is Beert C. Verstraete, Homosexuality in Greek and Roman Civilization: A Critical Bibliography, Canadian Gay Archives Paper, No. 6, Toronto: Canadian Gay Archives, 1982, 14 pp. There are additions to the list by *Wayne Dynes in Gay Books Bulletin no. 8 (Fall/Winter 1982), 13-15 and further additions in "Classical Notes", Gay Books Bulletin no. 12 (Spring/Summer 1985), 10 and 41. An earlier version of Beert Verstraete's 1982 bibliography is in Journal of Homosexuality volume 3. Beert Verstraete's bibliographical approach followed by Wayne Dynes is based on the idea of ancient Greek and Roman civilization as forming a single entity, a concept central to some earlier classical scholars. This idea is no longer shared widely and separate bibliographies for ancient Greek and Latin are urgently needed. *William A. Percy has the most comprehensive bibliography for Greek in Pederasty and Pedagogy in Archaic Greece (1996), pp. 21745. *Sara Lilja also has an excellent bibliography for Latin for the period 509 B.C. to 14 A.D.: see Lilja, Homosexuality in Republican and Augustan Rome (1977-78), pp. 141-48, 79-89. These general works cover poetry to some degree. For recent material, see the annual bibliographies of ancient Greek and Latin in the journals Gnomon and L'Année philologique. Homosexuality in literature is now receiving more attention in general periodicals relating to Greek and Latin literature. The works discussed above only cover ancient Greek and Latin: the medieval and modern periods of both languages have not received much attention for gayness. For medieval Latin see the biographical notes of * Medieval Latin Poems of Male Love, *Derrick Sherwin Bailey and the bibliography in John Boswell's * Christianity, Social Tolerance and Homosexuality. References. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, items 459-570. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 1 (1899), 215-238: lists some Greek and Latin poets. Italian gay bibliography relating to Italy survives from 1899. Some items appeared in the 'Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen bibliography of homosexuality from the first issue in 1899. 'Giovanni Dall'Orto has compiled the best list of works from 1800 to 1982, ' Leggere omosessuale, published in 1984 (there is no bibliography published for the period before 1800); he also has a supplementary list on his personal computer. For contemporary literary material see 'Prinz Eisenherz and 'Journals - Italian. The German journal ' Forum indexes Italian material. 'Homologie may contain items amongst its bibliographical surveys. Japanese, spoken only in Japan, has one of the oldest gay bibliographical traditions dating from 1906. A bibliography was included in *Karsch-Haack's monograph published in 1906 in German. The only bibliography in Japanese *Nanshoku Bunken Shoshi, published in 1976 was compiled ca. 1942. It was compiled by *Iwata Jun'ichi and consists of 1000 items to 1700. Leupp, Male Colors: The Construction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan, pp. 279-302, has a bibliography of books in English and Japanese to 1995. See also *Maggie Childs, *Noguchi Takenori, *Brett Hinsch, *Kazuysohi Mori, *Edo, *Historical and Social background - Japanese. To find books on homosexuality to around 1970, consult the printed catalogues of the Far Eastern Collection of the *Library of Congress, of *Harvard University and the *School of Oriental and African Studies Catalogue; after this, consult computer catalogues e.g. the *Australian Bibliographical Network. The Japanese National Library, the National Diet Library (in *Tokyo), has the largest collection of books in Japan with good computer access for recent works. Bibliography in Portuguese from Portugal relating to homosexuality exists from 1922. *Arlindo Camillo Monteiro, Amor safico e socratico [Sapphic and Socratic Love](1922) begins Portuguese gay bibliography (see the list of works cited at the end); see also *Asdrubal Antonio d' Aguiar (regarding the 1934 printing of Amor safico e socratico). There is no separate recent overall gay bibliography. Julio Gomes Viana lists some works and mentions others in his text. José Blanco has compiled a detailed work on *Pessoa. Most entries in these works relate to Portugal; no comprehensive bibliography exists for Brazil, though *Luiz Mott has written works as has *Joâo Silvério Trevisan. See also *Wayne Dynes. Bibliography in Spanish relating to homosexuality dates from 1932. Alexis o el significado del temperamento uraño (Alexis, or the significance of the uranian temperament) by *Nin Frias, published in 1932, has the first list of relevant gay books in Spanish. Spanish works are also listed in the work of *Monteiro, Amor safico e socratico. * Cuaderno bibliográfico gay (1987) is the most comprehensive but lacks careful scholarship and does not deal with earlier works. Most of the material in these works relates to Spain; there is no bibliography of homosexuality for south American countries yet. Bibliotheca Germanorum Erotica Bibliography in German from Germany. From 1875. Bibliotheca Germanorum Erotica is the largest German erotic bibliography. Volumes 1-8 were published 1912-25. Volume 9 (Supplement), 1929, was compiled by 'Paul Englisch and covers works omitted from the previous volumes and works to 1929; it includes much homosexual material, most of which appears to come from the bibliographies in the ' Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen. All nine volumes were reprinted in Hannau/Main by Verlag Müller and Kiepenheuer in 1968. It is conventionally referred to as: Hayn Gotendorf. It includes both books and articles. There is a poor index in Volume 9 and a separate index of Volume 9 was published in 1984: Register der Personennamen zu Hayn-Gotendorf: Bibliotheca Germanorum erotica Band IX by W. v. Murat (Hamburg: C. Bell Verlag, 1984). Entries are frequently lavishly annotated and the work is the largest and most detailed erotic bibliography in a European language. Many homosexual authors and items were omitted from Volumes 1-8 and apppear only in Volume 9 (e.g., 'Magnus Hirschfeld). Basically entry is by author but there are subject entries (see 'folksong) and entries for cities such as 'Berlin (which has a huge entry to 1912 in volume 1, pp. 235-334), Dresden, Frankfurt, Hamburg, 'Leipzig, 'London and 'Naples (see Neapol). The subject entries make it difficult to use as entry is haphazard (e.g., "Homosexualität" [that is, homosexuality] is omitted in volumes 1-8 though included in volume 9, pp. 289-95). Poets listed in volume 9 are listed in Welter's 'Bibliographie Freundschaftseros which relies on Hayn, Gotendorf. The work dates from 1875 when 'Hugo Hayn published the first edition as Biblioteca Germanorum Erotica. It is mostly important for German works but there are works also in other European languages, e.g., French and Latin. It should be checked for rare and unusual editions of gay authors in 'European languages, especially before the twentieth century. It should be supplemented by the so-called Polunbi-Katalog, 1920+, the secret German police list, for the period 1920-1945. References. Legman, Horn Book, 468-69. Library in France whose works are mainly in French; in existence from 1480. The Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris is the national library of France (compare *British Library and *Library of Congress). It was formerly the Royal Library and is the oldest of the European national libraries dating from 1480 and the reign of Louis the Eleventh. The library moved to a new building in 1999 and is updating its technology in an effort to be a leader in this area. The library is rich in manuscripts (see *Robert de Montesquiou, illustration of manuscripts - Persian) and houses the French collection of erotica called the *Enfer. It is especially rich in early editions of Greek and Latin authors (see *Anacreon, * Palatine Anthology, *Theognis, *Virgil) and is the deposit library for France (see * Arcadie). The library's catalog is available on the internet. References. Steele, Major Libraries of the World. Poet from Switzerland who wrote in French. Active ca. 1955. In Journal of Homosexuality, volume 38, numbers 1/2, 2000, 51, *Hubert Kennedy states he was a noted contributor to * Der Kreis of articles, short stories and poems. The pseudonym is the name for a lapdog and also a term of endearment. Possible lover and dramatist from Great Britain who wrote in English. Ca. 1735-ca. 1812. He fled to France in 1772 on the publication of the poem * Love in the Suds as he was suspected of a homosexual offence; he is the Nyky of this poem. Letters in French survive from his time in France: see Peter A.Tasch, The Dramatic Cobbler: The Life and Works of Isaac Bickerstaff (1971), vol. 2, p. 277. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Poet from the United States who writes in English. Born 1939. In 1981 he was the winner of the Paris Review prize for a *long poem, "The War of Vaslav Nijinsky", on the gay ballet dancer loved by the gay Russian impressario Diaghilev; this is a poem which openly deals with their love affair. The poem was written in very *free verse influenced by *Ezra Pound (compare *Charles Olson). In In the Western Night: Collected Poems 1965-90 (New York, 1990) see "After Catullus", p. 169. Poems show a *Catholic background. Desire was published in 1998. Interview: Lambda Book Report, vol. 6, no. 9, April 1999, 1, 6-7 (with *Timothy Liu). He has an internet homepage. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, 46-52; biog., 46 (with photo). Word of Mouth, 218-224. Poet from France who wrote in French. Active 19Q9. In 'Akadémos 1Q (15 October, 19Q9), see the poem "Saint 'Sebastian". Possibly the name is a pseudonym of 'Jacques d'Adelswärd Fersen. Poet and critic from Spain who wrote in Spanish. 1929-1990. A poet who became a cult figure in Spain before he died of *Aids. His poems are very fine, frequently nostalgic and openly gay without any apology or guilt. His 1968 volume, Las personas del verbo (3rd edition Barcelona, 1988) was held back from publication because of censorship; the work was first published on the death of the dictator Franco in 1975. Las personas del verbo , third edition (Barcelona, 1988), consists of poems to 1968 only (poems after this date have not been published). He visited the Philippines and wrote a poem about the city of Pagsanjam ("Dias de Pagsanjam"), a city near Manilla famous for gay *prostitution. There is a brilliant interview with him by José Ramon Enriquez and Bruce Swansey in Gay Sunshine no. 42-43 (1980), pp. 18-20 and 14, on homosexuality in the 'Generation of 27 (with biographical note on Biedma p.18). The interview was first published in Spanish in the book El Homosexual Frente a la Sociedad Enferma. In the interview he states, p.18, that the poets Salinas and Guillen of the Generation of 1927, though the campiest, were not gay, that *Rafael Alberti "who was not gay... was very camp" (p.18), and refers to *Góngora being suspected of being gay (p.19), stating Quevedo always said *Góngora was queer. The interview is one of the finest gay readings to date of Spanish poetry from Spain. Born in Barcelona in Catalunya he was active as a poet from 1955 and corresponded with *Cernuda. See also 'Salvador Novo, *Jimenez. Translation. English. Longing: Selected Poems, trans. *James Nolan, San Francisco, City Lights, 1993 (with introductory essay by the translator). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Literary Biography, vol. 108: stated to be "the most erotic of postwar poets", p.165. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Bibliographies. Cuaderno bibliográfico gay, 13: Antología poética, Madrid: Alianza Editorial, 1981 and Las Personas del Verbo, Barcelona: Seix Barral, 1985. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Name of Love, 37-38 (trans. English by James Nolan); biog., 72. Critic writing in English. Active 1990. Author of *"Cavafy's Homosexuality and His Reputation Outside Greece", Journal of Modern Greek Studies, vol. 8 no. 2 (October 1990), 197-211. This is a brilliant study of the Greek poet Cavafy's reception history in English (which was due mainly to *E. M. Forster and *W. H. Auden); it includes discussion of the translation tradition in relation to the position of homosexuals at the time and quotes the Tine gay translation of George Kairallah (Beirut, 1979). Poet from Germany writing in German; he was also a novelist. 1930-1990. He was from East Germany and was imprisoned when the country was under Russian control. He fled to West Germany on being released. The poet told the author of this Encyclopedia that he had a male *partner with whom he lived in Germany. He is believed to have been openly gay in 1989 (*Egmont Fassbinder, *Verlag rosa Winkel press to the author, 1989). See his 1991 volume Wer antwortet wem, Munich and Vienna: Hanser, 58 pp., re *Aids poems; this has a note by Tilman Urbach. Translation. English: see Selected Poems, Penguin (1971); no poems of relevance. He has written harrowingly of being in *prison under the Russians. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Dictionary of Literary Biography. Bibliographies. Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen, item 71: Wer antwortet listed above. Editor from the United States of works in English. Born ca. 1932. Editor of the important gay liberation poetry journal * Mouth of the Dragon. He lived in *New York 1974-ca. 1980. See Christopher Street, December 1976, 35: photo and brief biographical note. Poet from India who wrote in Hindi. Ca. 1595-1664. The author of many iove poems written in the persona of a woman: see the English translation of his poems, The Satasai (London, 1990) (the title of this work means seven hundred). He was a court poet to Jayasingha, the ruler of Amber (near Jaipur), in Rajasthan, who wrote in the Braj dialect of Hindi and had a knowledge of Persian. A devotee of *Krishna, his poetry is very erotic and he is one of the most popular Hindi poets. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, volume 1: see "Biharilal". Trope in English from Great Britiain, the United States and Australia and in Italian from Italy. From ca. 1925. Persons who ride motor bikes, commonly called "bikies", have been linked with homosexuality from *T. E. Lawrence. From the 1960s this social phenomenon has been linked with the wearing of *leather and gay backroom bars (see *Denis Gallagher regarding such a bar which was used as the name of an imprint for *Love and Death, the first Aids anthology). The phenomen is also linked with gay self perception: see *men's movement. In Italian *Pasolini and in English *Thom Gunn have written notable works. See also *Rider Barr. Poet from Brazil who wrote in Portuguese. 1865-1918. He wrote the Brazilian national anthem. A leader of the Brazilian Parnassian movement dominant in Brazil 1880-1920 until *modernism arose; this movement is related to the *fin de siècle movement. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Penguin Companion to World Literature. Encyclopedia of Latin American Literature. Criticism. Trevisan, Perverts in Paradise, 105: states he is writer of the Brazilian national anthem; stated to be homosexual. Bilder-lexikon, also called Bilderlexikon der Erotik Erotic encyclopedia from Austria written in German, the only surviving material from the sexual archive of the Institut für Sexualforschung (Institute for Sexual Research), Vienna. The work is in 4 volumes, published in Vienna by Verlag für Kulturforschung, 1928-31. Each volume consists of articles arranged alphabetically: Volume 1 is "Kulturgeschichte" (Culture history), volume 2 "Literatur und Kunst" (Literature and Art), volume 3 "Sexualwissenschaft" (*Sexology) and volume 4 "Ergänzungband" (Supplement). Each volume has entries arranged alphabetically and is lavishly illustrated from the archives of the Institut für Sexualforschung (Institute for Sexual Research), Vienna, which was destroyed by the Nazis and whose records thus survive only in these published books. Deakin, Catalogi librorum eroticum, p. 3, states it was edited by *Leo Schidrowitz (though this is not on the title page). Volume 2 contains a dictionary of erotic writers and artists and also has subject entries (e.g., see *Flagellation) as does volume 4. By far the majority of entries are and illustrations are heterosexual. All volumes need to be checked for a particular subject or person. While the work is generally called Bilderlexikon der Erotik this title nowhere appears on the title page (which is headed Bilder-lexikon Kulturgeschichte which deceptively means "picture encyclopedia of culture history" - the title was deliberate). It appears on the halftitle at the top surrounding the spherical shaped logo; the half title page also has an extensive list of contributors including Schidrowitz, *Hans Licht (pseud.) and *Wilhelm Stekel (most contributors are doctors from Berlin or Vienna). See also Kearney, History of Erotic Literature, p. 14. The original edition is in four volumes; some bindings are four volumes in eight. There was a 1961 reprint with additional supplementary volumes, volumes 9-10, Sexualforschung: Stichwort und Bild, edited by Armand Mergen. Rare. Translator from Greek to German from Germany. Active 1B59. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 21 : stating his 1B59 German translation of the Greek poet 'Theognis is incomplete; this work is: Die elegien des Theognis, Stuttgart. Poet and critic from Great Britain writing in English. Born ca. 1945. His study of *Garcia Lorca, The Gay Imagination (London, 1985), is a rare book length reading of a gay poet. Review: Advocate no. 447 (27 May 1986), 59-60. His first book of poems is: Dreams and Speculations, Gay Men's Press, 1986 (with John Horder), pp. 734. Biography: see the back cover of Lorca, The Gay Imagination (paperback edition). This reveals he has been a teacher and lecturer, lived in Spain 1981-83, and in 1986 was Professor of *Southern Studies at Jackson, Mississippi, United States. Biography of gay poets survives from the life of the Latin poet *Virgil by Donatus in 375 and later in other languages. (There may be prior references in Greek.) The most direct way of finding information on poets and writers of gay interest is the * National Union Catalog and *British Library General Catalogue. Both provide information in their entries for birth and death dates for authors born before 1900 (though information is patchy after 1900); latterly *computer databases supplement these. The * Encyclopaedia of Islam is excellent for Arabic, Persian, Turkish and other *Islamic languages. National Library Catalogs provide birth dates of authors for the language involved; many countries around the world have such catalogs or are evolving them either in printed or computer form. Encyclopedias are basic sources (see *Biography - Turkish for an example of encyclopedias in a sample language). Robert B. Slocum, Biographical Dictionaries (Detroit: Gale Publishing, 1986), lists basic biographical works in dictionary form. In English, homosexuality in general is discussed openly only in recent works from *gay liberation in 1969. Biography Master Index is a cumulative index but misses lesser known authors (for which the National Union Catalog and British Library General Catalogue are better sources). Contemporary Authors (1962+) is excellent for twentieth century authors. The Great Soviet Encyclopedia is a good source for basic information, especially for languages of the former Soviet Union. Massive multi lingual computer databases are being assembled and works formerly in hard copy are being put online in computer form or on CD ROM (e.g., Biography Master Index). Individual languages. Arabic: see the separate entry. English: for Great Britain consult Dictionary of National Biography (recent issues are more open to mention of homosexuality); for the United States consult the Dictionary of American Biography and Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature, probably the best one volume reference work (now called Benet's Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature); for Australia, the Australian Dictionary of Biography and Oxford Companion to Australian Literature; for Canada, consult the Oxford Companion to Canadian Literature. See also the separate entry *Biography - English. French: Index Biographique Francais (London, 1993) is a basic reference. Two homosexual biographical dictionaries are Pierre Duroc, Homosexuels & lesbiennes IIlustres: dictionnaire anecdotique( Bruxelles, 1983) and Lionel Povert, Dictionnnaire gay (1994), 483 pp. German: consult Oxford Companion to German Literature and Allgemeine deutsche Biographie. Deutsche biographische Index (Munich, 1986) is a basic tool. See also the separate entry for German gay biography. Italian: consult Dizionario biográfico degli Italiani (only a few letters of the alphabet are completed, however) and Italian encyclopedias (e.g., Enciclopedia Italiana) Indice biografico italiano (Munich, 1993) is a basic reference up to the first half of the twentieth century. Russian: consult Terras, Handbook of Russian Literature and Great Soviet Encyclopedia (which, however, does not mention homosexuality). Spanish: consult Oxford Companion to Spanish Literature. The Index biografico de España, Portugal e Iberoamérica (ca. 1990) lists 200,000 entries on 1,143 microfiches. Chinese: see *Ming and *Republican periods for dictionaries in these periods. Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature is a basic reference in English for material before 1900. Dictionaries in Chinese may not always be reliable as each successive dynasty has rewritten history. Japanese: consult Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan. Japanese language dictionaries have tended to downplay homosexuality Persian: see the separate entry. Turkish, see the separate entry. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 138-42. Biography and biographers - Arabic Biographical reference to homosexuality in poetry in Arabic dates from ca. 1250. In Arabic, the first reference to homosexuality in a poet is in *1 bn Khallikan (active 1250) from Syria but who later lived in Egypt. The Lebanese poet Khalil Hawi (1925-82) is believed to have compiled an Encyclopedia of Arabic Poetry in 4 volumes; it has not been possible to trace this work which may have references. In French and English see * Encyclopaedia of Islam, both the first and second editions (consult the Supplements as well as the Index volumes for information on a particular writer). Homosexuality is referred to in entries in the Encyclopaedia of Islam, especially the second edition - for instance *Abu Nuwas. Russian sources of information: consult entries in Great Soviet Encyclopedia (homosexuality is not mentioned). See Jean Sauvaget, Introduction to the History of the Muslim East (1965), pp. 49-51, Chapter 7, "Literary sources"; p. 34 lists earlier Arabic works. Works in other *Islamic languages - such as Persian and Turkish - are relevant as dictionaries and encyclopedias in these languages may contain information on Arabic biography: see *Biography - Persian, - Turkish. The works of *Carl Brockelmann and *Fuat Sezgin contain biographical information as well as information on manuscripts; these works are especially important as many authors are still in manuscript. Biography and biographers - English Biography dealing with homosexuality in the lives of English poets begins with *Aubrey (whose manuscript of his Brief Lives predates 1693). Biographers have emanated from Great Britain, the United States, Australia and other countries. Biographers are extremely important in confirming homosexuality and revealing the circles around the poet (as an example see *Lord homosexual). The lives of all poets need to be assessed but, until the late 1960s, homosexuality was largely omitted in English language biographies. Few references, even in oblique ways, appear in biographies written before the twentieth century. *Philip Horton's 1937 biography took for granted *Hart Crane's homosexuality while *Richard Aldington's 1955 biography of *T. E. Lawrence discussed homosexuality in Lawrence's life with a new candour for its time. *Michael Holroyd's 1967-68 biography of *Lytton Strachey began a period of increasing openness on the subject of homosexuality and writers; Jacqueline Lancaster's biography of *Brian Howard was even more candid. *Mark Holloway's 1976 biography of *Norman Douglas was a landmark in the biography of a *pederast. In the United States John Unterecker's major 1969 biography of Hart Crane took homosexuality for granted and *Francis Steegmuller's biography of *Cocteau (1970) also accepted his homosexuality. *Richard Ellmann's biography of *Oscar Wilde is one of the great biographical works of a gay poet and literary figure and the British author *Ian Gibson has written an outstanding biography of the Spanish poet *Federico García Lorca (first published in Spanish). *Brad Gooch's biography of Frank O'Hara is an outstanding recent gay biography, as are the recent biographies of *Allen Ginsberg. *Tom Clark brilliantly examines homosexuality in the life of a graet poet in his life of *Charles Olson. The Nobel Prize winning Australian novelist *Patrick White, who wrote some poetry, has had an outstanding biographer in *David Marr while *W. H. Auden has had three fine biographers who have discussed his homosexuality. Modern comment goes back to *J. St Loe Strachey's introduction to his edition of *Francis Beaumont and John Fletcher. However, biographers can hide homosexuality or not give it adequate treatment: see *Thomas Moore, *Arnold Rampersand. The entry *Whitman - Biographers discusses the complex problems of the biographies as they presently exist of this major gay poet. Some minor homopoets have proved more interesting for their biographies than their poems: see *Frederick Rolfe, *Edmund Backhouse. Latterly, many interesting gay figures, who have written only a few poems of relevance, have had biographies written on them, e.g. *Tom Driberg, *William Plomer. Works on lovers may be relevant: see, for example, *Stephen Tennant, the lover of *Siegfried Sassoon. Other relevant entries. Great Britain: see 'Montgomery Hyde, John Lehmann, *Phyllis Grosskurth, *Peter Parker (re J. R. Ackerley), *Eddie Linden. *Douglas Murray published the finest biography of Lord Alfred Douglas in 2000; the author was only twenty at the time and commenced research at the age of fourteen. United States: see *Woodberry, *Egbert Faas re Robert Duncan. Australia: see *Verna Coleman. Compare *Autobiography - English. *Graham Robb's biography of *Rimbaud is the finest biography of the elusive French poet. Finding biographical information on a poet or writer. Biographical dictionaries of English literatures (e.g., The Oxford Companion to English Literature, 5th edition, 1985, edited by Margaret Drabble) are standard concise sources. The Oxford Companions to Australian and Canadian Literature are good sources for concise information for Australian and Canadian English literatures. Biographical dictionaries like the British Dictionary of National Biography have longer entries: as examples, see the entries in this work for *Walter Kenrick, *W. H. Auden and *Noel Coward which refer to homosexuality in these writers' lives. Later volumes of the Dictionary of National Biography, especially from the 1980s, are more candid regarding homosexuality and entries usually make clear the sexuality of the person being dealt with. A new vastly updated edition of this work is planned for 2004. For United States writers American National Biography 24 volumes (New York, 2000) edited by John A. Garraty and Mark C. Carnes, with an index volume listing biographies by subject (see under Gay for gays), has superceded the Dictionary of American Biography (1928-36 with ten supplementary solumes 1944 to 1995); a major review of the American National Biography is in the New York Review of Books 9 March 2000, 38-43. The *National Union Catalog and *British Library General Catalogue give birth and death dates for most authors; latterly Computer Catalogs sometimes provide this information. For Great Britain, consult British Biographical Index, edited by David Bank (London, 1993), and for the Unted States American Biographical Index, edited by Laureen Baillie (London, 1993). Contemporary Authors (1962 +) is excellent for twentieth century material and Contemporary Poets (1970+; several editions) is especially good on poets. Bio-base is a microform collection of citations (1978+). Biographical notes on poets frequently appear at the back of gay anthologies or before printed poems in them and on book jackets; these have been incorporated into entries in this Encyclopedia since this is sometimes the only information available. Bibliographies. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 140-52. Biography and biographers - German Biography in German from Germany, Austria and Switzerland dates from ca. 1870. Allgemeine deutsche Biographie is excellent to the late nineteenth century. The contemporarary Neue deutsche Biographie is only two thirds complete. Deutsches biographisches Archiv, edited by Bernard Fabian, Munich, 1986, is a huge resource on microfiche. As far as individual biographies go, a brilliant recent biography of the major gay poet *Platen by *Peter Bumm exists. Biographies of *Goethe are important in attempting to come to grips with his homosexuality (or concealing it). There is an outstanding biography of the pioneer anthologist *Heinrich Hössli. Many earlier gay German literary figures have not been given entries in biographical dictionaries e.g. *Adolf Brand and John Henry Mackay. *Hubert Kennedy has written a brilliant biography of the early gay activist *K. H. Ulrichs (who wrote poetry). The major gay figure and poet *Stefan George awaits an adequate gay biographer as does *Elisar von Kupffer. As in English from 1990, there has been a number of gay works dealing with the biographies of gay writers. * Lexikon homosexuelle belletristik is a gay literary dictionary, though containing few poets so far. Bernd-Ulrich Hergemöller, Mann für Mann: biographisches Lexikon zur Geschichte von Freundesliebe und mannmännlicher Sexualität im deutschen Sprachum (Man for Man: Biographical Dictionary for the History of Friend-Love and Male-Male Sexuality in the German-Speaking Region), Hamburg, 1998, 911 pp., is a biographical dictionary of gay men with 430 complete biographies and 600 short articles (review: Journal of Homosexuality, vol. 38 no 3., 2000, 143-46 by *Hubert Kennedy). Gerhärd Härle and others, Erkenntniswunsch und Diskterion: Erotik in biographischer und autobiographischer Literatur (Berlin, 1992), 445 pp., contains the papers of the 1990 colloquium in eroticism in biography and autobiography at the Universität-Gesamthochschule Siegen. Axel Schock, Die Bibliothek von Sodom, 1997, gives brief lives of 100 gay male writers, including German writers. In English, The Oxford Companion to German Literature contains concise biographical information and relies on Allgemeine deutsche Biographie. Biography and biographers - Persian Biography referring to homosexuality in Persian poetry dates from ca. 1965. In Persian see Danishnamah-i Iran va Islam (Encyclopedia of Iran and Islam), edited by *Ehsan Yarshater, 1978+; this appears to be based on the * Encyclopaedia of Islam. *Rypka, History of Iranian Literature, is the major English language source for information on poets and literary figures and the best place for concise literary information. The Encyclopedia Iranica, also in English - in course of publication and to 1999 only about a third complete - contains excellent articles and is the major reference in a *European language (though to 1999 the Encyclopedia of Islam, second edition, is more advanced). See Les Encyclopédies persanes (Paris, 1986) for further information on encyclopedias. In French and English, the * Encyclopaedia of Islam, both first and second editions, includes entries on Persian writers and is a major resource (consult the Supplements as well as the Index volumes for information on a particular writer). Russian. Consult entries in Great Soviet Encyclopedia (though homosexuality is not mentioned in this work). See Jean Sauvaget, Introduction to the History of the Muslim East (1965), p. 51, in Chapter 7, "Literary sources" for other works. Works in other *Islamic languages, such as Arabic and Turkish, are relevant as dictionaries and encyclopedias in these languages may contain information: see *Biography - Arabic, - Turkish. Biography and biographers - Turkish Biography referring to homosexuality in Turkish poetry dates from 1965. In Turkish see * Encyclopaedia Islam for details of the Turkish edition Islam Ansiklopedisi. Türk ansiklopedisi (Ankara, 1946+; there are also later editions) is another source. Various other Turkish encyclopedias exist, e.g. Türk edebiyat ansiklopedisi (1982+; there are also later editions). In French and English the Encyclopaedia of Islam, both the first and second editions is a major resource (consult the Supplements as well as the Index volumes for information on a particular writer). See *Ottoman poets for other sources. Russian. Consult entries in Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Jean Sauvaget, Introduction to the History of the Muslim East (1965), p. 51, in Chapter 7, "Literary sources" gives other sources. Works in other *Islamic languages - such as Arabic and Persian - are relevant since dictionaries and encyclopedias in these languages may contain information: see *Biography - Persian, - Arabic. Poet possibly from Turkey who wrote in Greek. Active probably before 100 B.C. Little is known of his life but he seems to have been born in *Smyrna. The *elegy, The Lament for *Adonis, has been ascribed to him. It is the first elegy in a *European language (but not the first homosexual elegy: see the entries for * Gilgamesh and * David's Lament). The poem is unusual since it is written in the person of a woman who laments a man (elegies from then on are laments of a man for a man). There is some direct homoerotic sentiment (see lines 75-85). The form is that of a *dramatic monologue. *Moschus appears to have been his disciple and wrote an elegy on him; the ascription of the Lament for Adonis to Bion derives from him. Translation. English. Earl of Winchelsea did a translation (1713) - see * Anacreon done into English', see also *Lloyd Mifflin. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 168-69: see "Bion (2)" — compares his poem The Lament for *Adonis with *Theocritus, "Idyll 15", lines 100-44. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 42: poem "Eros und die Musen (Nicht fürchten sich die Musen...)"; no other details given. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, after item 283 (no number): see *Anthony Holden. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Ioläus (1902), 85. Criticism. Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 8 (1906), 672-73. Brandt, Sittengeschichte griechenlands, volume 2, 191. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 477-78: mentioning a poem on *Eros and *Lycidas and one on *Hesperus in his remains. Courouve, Ces petits grecs, 12: referring to Idyll 8 Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1920. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 285: Between Sunset and Dawn, Cambridge: The *Corydon Press, no date. See the *British Library General Catalogue entry Jack Ernest Lionel Birch; it dates Between Sunset and Dawn, ca. 1929. The work is rare. A copy dated 1920 and 40 pp. in length is in the collection of John Willis. Pseudonym of a poet who wrote in German. 1905-1986. Pseudonym of *Heinrich Eichen. He wrote articles on gay artists in the German journal Ben in the late 1970s. "Birken" means "birch" "eichen" means "oak" in German. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 242-43: three poems to males; 195 biog. note (reveals the pseudonym). Birks, Ian C. (now Ian Biarujia) Poet and publisher from Australia writing in English. Born 1953. Partner with Javant Biarujia and Susan Rachmann of the small press, Nosukumo, 1985-1996. In 1991 he changed his surname formally to Biarujia to mark the tenth anniversary of his relationship with Javant Biarujia, though his poetry continues to appear under the name Ian C. Birks; little poetry has been written since 1988. Books: Red Tide (Melbourne: Nosukumo, 1982), and Labassa (Melbourne: Nosukumo, 1988). Red Tide was one of the earliest gay books of poems in Melbourne, preceded only by Javant Biarujia's books. In Red Tide see the poems "Sauna" p.12 (gay *bathhouse), "Gypsy Prince" p.14, "Origami" p. 22. Work has appeared in various periodicals in Australia (Luna, Brave New World) and in some in the United States. In 1987 he received a Victorian Ministry for the Arts grant to produce Labassa. His work shows the influence of *Michael Dransfield. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Hurley, Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Edge City, 24-6; biog 221. Love and Death, 17,36; biog 52. Pink Ink, 107-09; biog., 294. . Poet from Canada writing in English. Born in 1904. In Homosexuality in Canada, first edition (1979), p. 6, see the note on his book The Strait of Anian, Toronto, 1948 (item 290 in Young, Male Homosexual in Literature cited below) stating "gay" was changed to "game" in the poem "For Steve" when it was reprinted in his Collected Poems (in volume 1, 1975, pp. 77-80). The relevant phase changed was "you too were gay and are gone" which was changed to "you too were game and are gone" (p. 78). The phrase may have been changed so as to ensure that gay was not interpreted to mean homosexual in 1975, rather than because it meant "homosexual" in the poem in 1948 (see discussion of the word *gay). The poem itself is about a friend killed in the Second World War and shows strong *male bonding. See also the title poem in his volume David (1942), which shows strong homoaffectional behavior on David's part (see section 8); reprinted in Collected Poems, pp. 107-113. "A Walk in *Kyoto", 1958, (Collected Poems, pp. 32-35) has the poet admitting to a "phallic western eye" at a men's festival. His first volumes were in the manner of *W. H. Auden. He is a well known Canadian poet who has freely experimented with verse forms. A Toronto based writer, he was once an organizer for a Trotskist branch of the *Communist Party; unmarried but twice divorced. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Canadian Literature. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, first edition (1975), item 195: The Strait of Anian: Selected Poems, Toronto: Ryerson, 1948. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 290: same work. Homosexuality in Canada, first edition (1979), 6: The Strait of Anian, Toronto, 1948 - re "For Steve". Bisexuality is sexual experience with persons of both sexes and is not uncommon in literature. Material dates in literature from the Greek poet from Greece *Anacreon (active 550 B.C.). As *Alfred Kinsey's sexual surveys showed, people can be homosexual at some periods of their life and heterosexual at others; others may be homosexual and heterosexual continuously or at one period (or during some periods). It is not always possible to detect these distinctions in a poet's life. Perhaps the most well known bisexual poet is *Catullus. *Shakespeare, *Rochester, *Byron and *Goethe are other outstanding examples. Recently, bisexuality is becoming more open in poetry in *European languages. See also *African Religions, *Overview - Southeast Asia. Bisexuality is linked to *serpent myths in many cultures. Arabic: *Abu Nuwas, *al-Husayn ibn al-Dahhuk. Akkadian: * Gilgamesh. Chinese: *Emperors, *Wen Di, *Yuan Mei. For Australian Aboriginal languages, see *Songs - Yirrkala. *Songs - Murnain. *Les Hiatt, *Snake and serpent motifs. English: *Richard Aldington, *D. Alien (pseud.), James K. Baxter, *Beat poets, *Leonard Bernstein, *Byron, *Roy Campbell, *Raymond Carver, *Aleister Crowley, *Michael Dargaville, *Paul Goodman, *Lee Harwood, *Herbert Horne, *R. D. Jones, *Denis Gallagher, James Kirkup, *Michael Lally, *Pop Songs, *Shakespeare, *Siegfried Sassoon, *Oscar Wilde. French: *Gustave Apollinaire. German: *Goethe, *Kleist, *Heinrich Hössli, *Otto Erich Hartleben. Greek: *Anacreon, *Anacreontea, *Apollo, *Eva Cantarella, *Daphnis, 'Hermaphrodite, idylls, *Meleager, *Yannis Ritsos, *Satyrs, *Solon. Hungarian. *George Faludy. Italian: *Cellini, *Aretino, *Eva Cantarella. Japanese: *Lady Murasaki (re Genji), ihara Saikaku. Latin: *Petronius, *Beccadelli, *Catullus, *Hadrian, *Horace, Juvenal, *Lucretius, *Martial, 'Maecenas, *Pan, *Tibullus. Persian: *Sa'di. Russian: *Knyazev, *Esenin. Spanish: *Manuel Altolaguirre. Turkish: *Sultans; see *Fadil Bey. Urdu: *Mir Taqi Mir. Bisexuality seems to have been very common among Urdu poets. *Hermann Baumann, Das doppelte Geschlecht (The Double Sex), Berlin, 1955 (reprinted 1986), is a classic study on bisexuality and homosexual images in comparative symbology, religion and myth in cultures all over the world (with important bibliography pp. 383-96).This book should be consulted in relation to bisexuality and poetry in any culture as it lists sources extensively; it is a stating point for research. Recent English language works include John Money, Gay Straight and Inbetween (Oxford, 1988) and Sharon Rose and others, Bisexual Horizons (London, 1996), with a bibliography 314-19. The Bisexual Imaginary: Representation, Identity and Desire, edited by The Bi Academic Intervention, London, 1997, is a series of essays including one on the "bisexual poetics" of *Walt Whitman and *Allen Ginsberg by Nick Selby. The phrase LGBT came into prominence in the late 1990s in the United States linking gays and lesbians with bisexuals; it means "Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgendered". Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 143-47. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Ullstein Enzyklopädie der Sexualität. Gay Histories and Cultures. Bibliographies. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, pp. 441-44. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 44-45. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1978. Gay Poetry Anthologies. We Bumped Off Your Friend the Poet, 12-14. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1892-1944. See his poem "Percy Shelley" implying *Shelley may have been homosexual (source not traced). Bishop was most famous as a poet in the 1920s when he lived in Paris. He married. In Collected Poems (London, 1960), see "All's Brave that Youth Mounts", pp. 23-24, a curious poem with homosexual overtones: "I like young men". Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Poet, illustrator and publisher from Canada writing in English. Born 1939. He has published over forty books of poems and experimental *free verse (including *concrete poetry and *projective verse) *postmodernist in form. Many of his books contain his own Tine line illustrations. He is an outstanding *performance poet whose energetic, *shamanistic performances of his work have become legendary public events in Canada. Spelling reform (he spells his name "bill bissett" in lower case) and a concern for the vocal aspects of poetry and for its mythopoeic significance are important aspects of his work. *Chanting has inspired him, as have *drugs. Influenced by the *Beats, he was a major figure in the 1960s Canadian counterculture. In Beyond Even Faithful Legends: Selected Poems 1962-1976, Vancouver, 1980 (excellent introduction by Len Early pp. 11-19), poems about relationships are *non gender specific (e.g., "Canoe", p. 73) though "Solace in Words", p. 72, is about "our daughter". As a publisher, he founded *blewointmentpress, in 1967, in *Vancouver where he lived from the 1950s; this was a counterculture press which was in existence to 1983 (*Bertrand Lachance was a partner). From 1963 to 1968 he published a journal called blewointment (the title comes from a treatment for body lice). *End of the World Speshul Anthology (1967) was issue five of the journal. In what we have (1988) see "ther are shadows". Inkorrect thots (1992), contains a Tine poem about *Aids; see also "basicalie i trust". In the last photo of the human soul (1993), see "blurr street 1 toronto" pp. 39-44 (this contains reference to a Toronto gay pride march). Openly gay in 1997. He has a daughter from a heterosexual liaison. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Canadian Literature. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Dictionary of Literary Biography vol. 53: overview to 1986. Contemporary Authors Autobiography series (to ca.1984). Dictionary of Literary Biography. Benson, Encyclopedia of Post-Colonial Literatures. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10472: Space Travl, Vancouver, 1974. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 294-96: Pomes for Yoshi, Vancouver: Talonbooks, 1977; Sailor, Vancouver: Talonbooks, 1978; Space Travl, Vancouver: Talonbooks, 1974. Homosexuality in Canada, first edition (1979), 6: noting "ambivalent" poems in his volumes Living with the vishyun (Vancouver[: Talonbooks], 1974) and in Space Travel (Vancouver [: Air], 1974) where "Perhaps fifteen percent are relevant" and the volume Th Wind Up Tongue (Vancouver, 1976). Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (1984), 136-37: ten poetry books listed from 1971 to 1977, Living with the vishun, Pomes for Yoshi, space travl, image being, Vancouver: blewointmentpress, 1975, Medicine My Mouth's on Fire, Toronto: Oberon Press, 1974 (repr. 1975), Nobody Owns Th Earth, Toronto: House of Anasi Press, 1971, polar bear hunt, Vancouver; blewointmentpress, 1972, th wind up tongue, Vancouver; blewointmentpress, 1976, words in the fire, Vancouver; blewointmentpress, 1972 and yu can eat it at the opening, Vancouver; blewointmentpress, (1974). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Son of the Male Muse, 25-29 (with photo 25); biog., 186. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active ca. 1970. See his book of poems Mister and Myth (1970), 100 pp. Source: a copy in the John Willis collection. He is also the author of Without Music: Selected Lyrics 1970-83 (Los Angeles, 1983), 62 pp., with a cover photo by Jeffrey Gethard. Cruising the Moon (San Francisco, 1986), 97 pp. is also poems (with art work by Bret Gardner). Mister and Myth is printed on *lavender paper. Poet from Denmark writing in Danish. Active 1982. Bibliographies. Hansen, Nordisk Bibliografi, 4: book of poems Yin - vinterserenade til en ung mand, Borgen, 1982, 51 pp.; page 2 of Nordisk Bibliografi lists several works of fiction. Poet from Finland who wrote in Swedish. 1887-1960. A *modernist poet with a huge oeuvre; also involved in *Dada. Bibliographies. Hansen, Nordisk Bibliografi, 13: book of poems All vill jag fatta i min hand: Efterlammade dikter, Stockholm: FIB, 1979, 84 pp.; 21: cites his books of poems En mun vidhand, urval lyrik. 1922-55, Söderström and Co., 1958 and Hund skenar glad, urval lyrik, 1922-1955, Söderström and Co, 1959, in the Finnish section and implies he belongs to Fenno-Swedish literature (Swedish literature written in Finland). States he was homosexual (see note p. 13 which refers to remarks by Erik Gamby and Nagon [sic] about homosexuality in his poetry). Criticism. Rossel, History of Scandinavian Literature, 23, gives a concise summary of career. Poet from Denmark writing in Danish. Active 1982. The author of a gay book of poems: Det Svaere Liv, 1985, 83 pp. (featuring a photograph of him in a *leather jacket on the cover). Bibliographies. Hansen, Nordisk Bibliografi, 4: book of poems Nattens Gaester, Coq, 1982, 71 pp., about the Copenhagen male subculture. Poet from Norway who wrote in Norwegian. 1920-1976. Novelist and poet. His book Uten en trad (1966), published anonymously, was condemned as pornography. He married in 1960. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 392-93: poem on *David and Jonathan and a poem for *Genet. Poet, novelist and letter writer from Norway who wrote in Norwegian. 1832-1910. The author of Norway's national anthem "Ja, vi elsker dette landet", he corresponded with the Danish critic Clemens Petersen who had to flee Denmark after being exposed as a homosexual. He wrote a beautiful poem to his friend the actor Ivar Bye (1824-1863), "Alene og i anger ("Alone and regretful"). He defended homosexuality in an 1891 article and wrote a novel Arne (1859) with a homoerotic theme. Dictionaries and Encylopedias. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Critic of Arabic poetry from France writing in French. Active 1939-1966. *Norman Roth, " 'Deal Gently with the Young Man': Love of Boys in Medieval Hebrew Poetry of Spain", Speculum 57 (1982), 27 states he is the author of "Les principaux themes de la poésie érotique au siècle des Umayyades de Damas", Annales de l'Institut d'etudes Orientales d'Alger 5 (1939-41), 82-128: an article on Arabic erotic poetry of the *Umayyad period; see p. 111 for a critical reference to homolove in Arabic poetry. Blachère was a noted French Arabist, author of Histoire de la literature arabe (Paris, 195266). Poet form the United States writing in English. Born 1967. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Brother to Brother, 187-88: Tine poem on James Baldwin; biog., 270: a native of *Washington DC. Anthology in English from the United States. San Francisco: Gay Sunshine, 1983, 240 pages; biog. notes pp. 232-38. A mixed anthology of good quality prose and poetry illustrated with photographs of naked black men with forty-three contributors. It is based on the theme of black men and white men living together but most of the contrubutors are black gays. The anthology was the first anthology of black gay literature. Compiled by Michael J. Smith with excellent erotic line drawings and photographs. Poets (see entries): Peter Barrett, Jeffrey Beam, Jim Brewer, Bruce Richard (pseud.), Prince Eusi-Ndugu, Salih Michael Fisher, Jamiel Daud Hasin, Langston Hughes, Will Inman, Richard Royal, Assotto Saint (pseud.), Adrian Stanford, Jerome Thornton, Troop (pseud.), G. S. Weinerman, Roosevelt Williamson, Richard Witherspoon. Eric Gerber has a prose piece of relevance. Black Mountain school of poets Movement in English in the United States. A group of poets associated with Black Mountain College (1933-56) which was at its peak of influence 1950-55. The college was very creative and experimental and was involved with the emergence of *Postmodernism and the idea of *open form. A journal, Black Mountain Review, was published. There was a significant gay presence in this group. As poets associated with the college see *Paul Blackburn, *Ed Dorn, *Charles Olson (the rector at one stage and a major figure in the college), *Paul Goodman, *Robert Duncan, John Cage. *Martin Duberman has written a study of Black Mountain: Black Mountain: An Exploration in Continuity (New York, 1972). Poets influenced by the Black Mountain poets (especially Charles Olson) include *Ronald Johnson and Jonathan Williams. See *Tom Clark (the biographer of Charles Olsen) regarding homosexual undercurrents at Black Mountain. Poets from Great Britain writing in English. From 1987. This refers to males with black skin. Many came from former British colonies in Africa, some from West Indian countries (where Africans had been imported as slaves). See *Dirg Aaab-Richards, *Steve Langley, *Marcellus J. Muthien, * Tongues Untied. Pseudonyms are common amongst contemporary black poets. Compare *Afro-Asiatic poets from the United States. Pseudonym of a poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1945. A *black poet who is also a songwriter (see the review of his record Walls to Roses, *Advocate no. 264, 5 April, 1979, 28). He appeared in the 1977 film of gay interviews Word Is Out and in the film * Tongues Untied by *Marlon Rigg and composed music for the film Looking for Langston (i.e., *Langston Hughes). Interview: see the anthology * In the Life, pp. 170-84 (with Bernard Branner). Blackberri Bio is his internet homepage. Gay Poetry Anthologies. In the Life, 58-59: "Beautiful Blackman", a major statement about being gay and black; biog., 250. Road Before Us, 16; biog., 172-73. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1966-1972. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10473-74: "The Blue Chameleon" in One Magazine, 16: 4, 8-9, July-August, 1972; Leaves of Darkness, privately printed, 1971. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 301-02: The Blue Chameleon, Privately printed, 1966 (highly rated by *Ian Young); Leaves of Darkness, privately printed, 1971. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1926-1971. A *Postmodernist poet from *New York. He was twice married. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors. New Revision Series, vol. 34. Dictionary of Literary Biography, vol. 16. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10475: "The proposition" and "Once Over" in Erotic Poetry edited by William Cole, New York: Totem Press, 1963; originally published in Brooklyn Manhattan Transit, New York, 1960. (Note: "Once Over" has lesbian reference.) Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 303: BrooklynManhattan Transit, New York, 1960. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poems of Love and Liberation, 62: poem "A Purity Defined". Journal in English from the United States. Three issues only were published ca. 1982-ca. 1986. Important *black gay literary journal which published poetry. Issue 2 was a special *prison issue (see The Advocate no. 411, p. 31 by *Joseph Beam). Blake, Howard Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1973. Rihlinnranhioc Young Male Homosexual in I iterature second edition item 311 book The Island Self Boston Godine 1973 Poet and illustrator from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1757-1827. A *Romantic poet who engraved, illustrated and published his own books of poems. The illustrations, especially to the prophetic books of 1789-1804, feature naked male bodies with some homoerotic overtones. Blake's visionary poetry influenced *Allen Ginsberg and the *Beats and his technique of making books was copied by *Ralph Chubb. His marriage was childless. He was a nudist who believed in the senses, like other Romantics. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, pp. 505-06, cites Ellis in the article "Art and Sex", Encyclopaedia of Sexual Behavioar, p. 172, that Blake was "suspected of having homosexual or homoamative relations" (no evidence given). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 44: "The Little Black Boy"; biog., 115. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1907-1985. Involved in films, he was also an artist (with some forty-one exhibitions) and has written several books of poems and over twenty novels, as well as being a supporter of the avant garde. A selection of poems is Journeys End in Young Man's Meetings (Los Angeles: Little Caesar, 1979): these are mostly Tine short poems dealing directly with homosexual relationships. He wrote the first book of *one word poems. Obituary: see Square Peg 10 (1985), 20-21 (written by Emmanuel Cooper). His death is recorded in *Ian Young, Sex Magick (1986) opposite the contents page. He was born Henry Joseph Hasslacher. Interview: see Gay News no. 129 and no. 256 (23 December 1982-19 January 1983), 32-33; he claims in the latter interview to have been lovers with *Dylan Thomas (p. 32). This interview also records the sale of his books, scrapbook, cuttings and photographs to the *Humanities Research Center, Texas. Another interview is in the Advocate, 2 October 1989, 18, 27-28, by *Ian Young; this mentions his longtime lover Max Chapman. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 314: Before the Encounter and Afterwards, Chatham, Kent: New Voice, 1966; 318-21: The Furious Dying, London: Trigram, 1965, How to Make Your Own Confetti, London: Trigram, 1965, Jeremy and Others, Privately printed *broadside, no date, Journeys End in Young Man's Meetings, Los Angeles: Little Caesar Press, 1979. Homosexuality in Canada, first edition (1979), 7: novel Pass the Poison Separately, Scarborough, Ontario: *Catalyst, 1976, 60 pp. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Male Muse, 14-16; biog., 118. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 169-70. Bibliographer in Portuguese from Portugal. Active 19B3. Author of a very detailed bibliography of 'Pessoa: Fernando Pessoa: Esboco de uma bibliografia, no place of publication given (but published in Portugal), 19B3, 4BB pages. It supercedes the 1967 bibliography by Carlos Alberto Iannone. A second edition was published in Sao Paolo in 1975). Poet from the United States writing in English. Born ca. 1970. A *black poet from New York. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 26: *"Ode to James Baldwin"; biog., 173-74. Poet and illustrator from the United States who wrote in English. 1894-ca. 1957. Artist and poet. He lived in Honolulu in the 1930s and was an interior decorator and a member of an Hawaiian gay circle. He wrote and illustrated several books of poems, celebrating the carefree Hawaiian life-style. The books were very popular in Hawaii and constantly reprinted, for example, Leaves From A Grass House (Honolulu, 1923; fourth printing 1982): see the title poem pp. 9-13 and "Purple Bougainvillea Vine" p. 45. The title of this book should be compared with *Walt Whitman's Leaves of Grass and the poet states about his house that '"eaves/ Of Island grass went into the weaves/ And walls of my house.." (p.9). Vagabond's House (New York, 1928; twentieth reprint 1937) has many homoerotic illustrations and the poem "Leaves from My Grass-House" echoing Whitman, pp. 56-59. It has some hetero illustrations and hetero poems as well. He appeared in the anthology *Immortalia. Biography: see Pan-Pacific Who's Who, 1940-41, p. 63; his address is given here as Florida. Genre in English from Great Britain initially which consists of unrhymed *iambic lines. From ca. 1540. *Surrey first used this meter in his translation of *Virgil's Aeneid, ca. 1540, and it was notably used by *Shakespeare in his plays and by Milton in Paradise Lost (1667). Nearly every major English poet of the nineteenth century used it. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics. Poet from the United States writing in English and translator from Spanish to English. Born 1953. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Orgasms of Light, 31-34: poem about sailors; biog., 249, revealing he has spent four years in Spain, is working on a study of art and sexuality in the novels of *Patrick White and lives in Austin, Texas with his lover. Now the Volcano, 5253: translation of the Spanish poet *Cernuda. Poet and editor from the United States and Canada writing in English. Born 1925. A close friend of Jack Spicer, whose collected works he edited, and also of *Robert Duncan. He was influenced by them and *Charles Olson. Like Jack Spicer, he is interested in the poetic *sequence. He was born in the United States and moved to Canada in 1966 where he taught at Simon Fraser University. He became a naturalized Canadian in 1972. Spicer famously said to him on his death bed "My vocabulary did this to me. Your love will let you go on"; see Jack Spicer, One Night Stand (1980), p. xi. Book or relevance: The Holy Forest (1993). He has an internet homepage. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition; called "an unknown classic" and quoting "Poem 8" from Cups (with *Amor trope). Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, first edition, item 220: The Moth Poem, San Francisco: Open Space, 1964. Homosexuality in Canada, first edition (1979), 7. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 328. Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (1984), 137. All four references cite the same work. Gay Poetry Anthologies, 61-66. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1994. He attended San Francisco State University. He was born in Iowa and returned to live in Iowa there after university. Book: Keep the Killer Asleep (review: James White Review vol. 11 no. 2, Winter 1994, 19 by *Kenny Fries and James White Review, vol. 11 no. 5, fall 1994, 21 by Frederick Azdek - highly rated). His first collection. Journal in German from Germany. 1892-1919. Edited by *Stefan George, Blätter für die Kunst published poetry by George and members of the *George Kreis. Twelve volumes - each of 156 pages - were published with fine illustrations, many of the illustrations being homoerotic (for example, those by *Melchior Lechter); there are frequent portraits of George. Much homosexual poetry was published and the journal is in effect the first German gay poetry journal and each issue constitutes what is partly a gay poetry anthology. However, the gay nature of the poetry is somewhat muted and the journal was not as open homosexually as the journal of *Adolf Brand * Der Eigene (1896+). It was reprinted in Germany in 1968 (with an introduction). Volume 7 features a photograph of George surrounded by his main disciples. Volume 8 (1908-09) featured poems inspired by *Maximin, George's youthful lover; material in this issue seems more openly gay than usual. *Tropes such as the *Dioscuri, *Narcissus, *Endymion and *Orpheus appear throughout. Translation is a feature - for instance of *Shakespeare's sonnets, the Polish poet *Waclaw Lieder, *Verlaine, *Swinburne and *D'Annunzio. Overall the journal shows a strong awareness of gay culture of its time in Europe as well as of the past. The journal owes its tone to the *decadent movement though its poetry is more positive than decadent poetry. Poetry contributors include: *Ernst Bertram, *Max Dautheney, *Stefan George, *Hugo von Hofmannsthal, *Ludwig Derleth, Ernst and *Friedrich Gundolf (pseud.), *G. Vollmoeller, *Karl Wolfskehl and *Friedrich Wolters (who has written a major study of the journal). See also the study by Karlhaus Kluncker, Blätter für die Kunst (1974); bibliography, pp. 280-91. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Lexikon des gesamten Buchwesens, second edition. Writer and poet from Australia who wrote in English. 1939-1997. Only a few poems are known: see "The Confessor at the Breakfast Table", in The Faker, no. 1, 1964, p. 6. He was the biographer of the Victorian Premier Henry Bolte, and a former Liberal party gay candidate and edited a prose anthology, Love Cries (1992), short stories with a *sadomasochistic theme. He also wrote reviews: for instance, of * Australian Lesbian and Gay Writing in the newspaper The Australian. Autobiography. Screw Loose: Uncalled for Memoirs (Sydney, 1995) details his gay life in great detail, including latterly with his partner the prose writer Tim Herbert. He died of *Aids. Anthropologist and historian from Germany writing in German. Active from 1982. Author of Tabu Homosexualität, 1978 (published in paperback as Homosexualität: Die geschichte eines Voruteils, 1981). This is a discussion of *homosexuality through the ages and in various European and non-European cultures and an important theoretical work on the ontology of *homosexuality; bibliography, pp. 409-28. Her Mann-barkeitsriten (1980), discusses *ritualized homosexuality in *Papua New Guinea and Melanesia; bibliography, pp. 169-75. See also "Pederasty among Primitives: Institutionalized Initiation and Cultic Prostitution", Journal of Homosexuality vol. 2 no. 1-2 (1990), 13-20. Interview: Paidika no. 8. Sexologist from Germany who wrote in German. 1872-1922. A German writer on *sexology and medical doctor who was Jewish. He wrote Das Geschlechtsleben in England (3 volumes, 190103) under the name *Eugen Duhren (pseud.); this work lacks an index. Rare: copy used, *Library of Congress. Das Geschlechtsleben in England was translated into English as A History of English Sexual Morals (New York, 1934; London, 1936; repr.) with bibliography, pp. 661-64: see Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, item 641. The 1936 London edition has a detailed contents summary at the beginning. The work relies heavily on *H. S. Ashbee and *Havelock Ellis. The chapter on homosexuality, Chapter 6 of the New York 1934 edition, pp. 123-48, was the outstanding study to the date of publication of homosexuality in Great Britain; other chapters, such as those on "Erotic Literature and Flagellomania" (titled thus in the London 1936 edition) are relevant. He was also the author of Das Sexuelleben unserer Zeit, 1912 (trans. into English as Sexual Life of Our Time, New York, 1928: see Chapters 19 on homosexuality and 30 on pornographic literature and art). This deals with contemporary Germany (it was reviewed in Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 9 [1908], 464-491). He is also the author of a book on the * Marquis de Sade (1931; trans. English ca. 1948). In his Die *Prostitution, 2 volumes, Berlin, 1912-25 (volume 2 written with Dr Georg Loewenstein), an epic work on the subject, see Volume 2, Chapter 14, pp. 297-347 for prostitution in literature and art (poems are quoted but references are heterosexual). The Encyclopedia Judaica notes he wrote under the pseudonym von Welsburg. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Neue deutsche Biographie. Encyclopedia Judaica. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 152-53. Gay Histories and Cultures. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 50: list of his books. Hayn, Gotendorf, Bibliotheca Germanorum Erotica, volume 9, 67: list of published books. Editor of a work in Persian; born in Germany he lived most of his life in India. 1838-1878. The editor of the Persian work *A'in i Akbari, a work on the administration of the Mughal emperor Akbar, in three volumes, which included in the third volume a homosexual poetry anthology in Persian (Calcutta, 1867-77 in the Bibliotheca India series); he translated volume 1 into English but following his death volumes 2 and 3 were translated by *H. S. Jarrett. Born in Dresden in Germany the son of an owner of a printing shop, he studied oriental languages at *Leipzig and went as a soldier to India where eventually he became principal of the Calcutta Madrasa, a school for Muslims. He was librarian of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. He apparently did not marry. Obituary: Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1878, pp. 164-67. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Iranica; with bibliography. Poet and philosopher from Australia who wrote in English; he also lived in Great Britain. 1883-1942. The real name of William Baylebridge (pseud.) under which name he published several volumes of poetry. He lived in Great Britain 1908-1919, in the aftermath of the *eighteen-nineties, where he published several volumes of poetry using his real name and which have a bearing on homosexuality. His private life is mysterious and little is known about him though he never married; he appears to have been very complex and the influence of *Freud on his life and writing needs investigation. P. R. Stephenson in the "Introduction" to The Growth of Love, 1963 (volume 3 of William Baylebridge, Collected Works), p. xiv, states of his relationship with his aunt Grace Levin that "he had perhaps a 'fixation' upon her as a transferred Mother-image" and goes on to state "Whatever is Tit to be revealed of Baylebridge's private life is stated in his verse." He published several books of poems signed "W. B." while living in Great Britain 1910-1919. One book, The Loving Lad was announced (see E. Morris Miller and F. T. Macartney, Australian Literature, 1956, p. 54) but no copy is known and it must be regarded as *lost (it may not have been printed). He also wrote a work of philosophy entitled National Notes (London, 1913); other philosophical works were written under the name of William Baylebridge. The sequence, The Wreath (London, 1916), is closely modelled on *Shakespeare's Sonnets and is non-gender specific, referring throughout to a special "friend"; the work overall is strongly homoerotic. In Songs of the South (London, 1908), see *"Pan", pp. 4-6. In A Northern Trail (London, 1910) see "The Bachelor", p. 74. In Australia to England and Other Verses (London, 1909) see "Nature's Prompting", p. 32 and "A Lament", p. 33. Moreton Miles (London, 1910) is heavily influenced by *Edward Fitzgerald's * Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam (see especially poems XIII, XXXIV, XLVI, LXIX); it was reviewed by *Norman Douglas (see his Late Harvest, London, 1946, pp. 110-12). *Vivian Smith describes it as "much influenced by the style of lad's love lyrics so frequent in England from the nineties to the First World War" (Oxford History of Australian Literature, edited by Leonie Kramer, 1981, p. 317). His early poetry overall shows the influence of *A. E. Housman. Books published using the name William Bavlebridae. He lused the pseudonym William Baylebridge for his poetry after 1923, and he is normally known under this pseudonym. As William Baylebridge he was a copious writer of poetry. His books of poems under the name Baylebridge are heterosexual in ambience. He is also known as a philosopher of love in his work This Vital Flesh (1939; Collected Works, 1962, volume 1), a work which shows the influence of *Nietzsche in a series of aphorisms: see the section "National Notes" reprinted from National Notes: A National Tract (to the men of Australia) (1913). Love is spoken of here in *non gender specific terms. Baylebridge's world view is rigidly male centred in accordance with the ideas of his time (see *mateship); indeed, in the section "Women", he states that "For women, the chief business of life would mean maternity" (op. cit., p. 185). Baylebridge's philosophy of vitalism influenced *Kenneth Slessor and the poets of the journal Vision (1923-24): see the entry on Vision in the Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. His papers are believed to be in his family's hands in *Brisbane where his family were auctioneers. His earlier work under the name Blocksidge, where homosexual interest in his work mostly lies, was suppressed or re-written and he continuously re-edited his later texts. He lived the last twenty years of his life in *Sydney where he was financially independent due to an interest in the Stock Exchange. His works were edited in four volumes by P. R. Stephenson (Sydney, 1961-64) using the poet's latest revision as the text and were published under the terms of his will. Bioaraphv: see his entry in Percival Serle, Dictionary of Austriian Biography, 1949 (this reveals he took the name William Baylebridge in 1923 but never legally changed his name). For a critical appreciation see H. M. Green, History of Australian Literature, 1961, volume 1, pp. 484-497; this is especially good on this difficult writer and notes his "enigmatic personality", p. 484. In Brisbane, where he has born and raised, an oral tradition exists that he was homosexual; in the absence of hard evidence it is difficult to decide what his exact sexuality was. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature: see "William Baylebridge". Editor from the United States of works in English. Active from 1965. He was co-editor, with *Sculley Bradley, of the New York University Edition of Leaves of Grass: Comprehensive Reader's Edition (1965), and with Sculley Bradley and others of the three volume Leaves of Grass: A Textual Variorum (1980), the edition to use for scholarly work. This edition is now the accepted text of Whitman. Poet from Russia who wrote in Russian. 1880-1921. The *symbolist poet Blok is the author of The Twelve (1918), the first serious response to the Russian Revolution which places Jesus Christ at the head of it. Blok married but it was not a conventional marriage. Andrew Ford, in The Complection of Russian Literature (1971), p. 264, states "Blok was a homosexual". Blok was a very complex person. He had a "white" marriage (one which was not sexually consummated), had affairs with women, led a debauched life, drank heavily and was involved in the theater. The standard biography of Blok is Avril Pyman, The Life of Aleksandr Blok, 2 volumes (Oxford, 1979); see volume 1, pp. 57-58 on Blok's possibly having syphilis from adolescence and his repulsion at the sexual act. He may have died of venereal disease. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Terras, Handbook of Russian Literature. Publisher in English from Great Britain. Ca. 1961-1970. An important publisher of gay books in *London, ca. 1961-1970. The name may not refer to an actual person. The firm published such works as the anthology *Eros: An Anthology of Friendship (1961) and John Unterecker, Voyager: A Life of *Hart Crane (1970). References. Young, Male Homosexual in LIterature, second edition: all entries list publishing details, thus enabling the tracing of works published by this publisher. Critic from the United States who wrote in English. Died 1993. In his book Love and *Friendship (New York, 1993), he discusses these topics in five plays by *Shakespeare and, in particular, Hal and Falstaff in the Henry IV plays. He inspired the novel by the *Nobel Prize winning novelist Saul Bellow, Ravelstein (2000). Critic from the United States writing in English. Born 1930. One of the most influential critics in the United States, he is Sterling Professor of the Humanities at *Yale University. He launched an attack on gay poetry along with an attack on feminist poems in The Best of the Best American Poetry 1988-1997 (1998), pp. 15-25 arguing for enduring values and refused to include any poems from the 1996 volume edited by *Adrienne Riche: "If there is a Homosexual Poetic, then why not a Poetics of Pain?" (p. 17); he claims here *Whitman is "more onanistic than homoerotic" (p. 19). This introduction touched off a vigorous debate in the journal Boston Review. In his early critical works such as The Anxiety of Influence (1973) and A Map of Misreading (1975), he based his critical readings on the model of the *Oedipus theory of *Freud. His later thought as in Omens of Millennium (1996) is based on *Gnosticism. The Western Canon (1994) is a defence of classic authors such as *Homer and *Shakespeare. He has written many individual studies including on *William Blake and English *Romantic poets. He edited * Deconstruction and Criticism(1979). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. A-Z Guide to Modern Literary and Cultural Theorists. Contemporary Authors, New Revision Seris vol. 75 (1999). Bloomsbury group A group of British writers several of whom were bisexual or homosexual, active ca. 1905-ca. 1945. Very little poetry was written by them. The group, including Virginia Woolf and the homosexuals *E M Forster, *Lytton Strachey, Maynard Keynes and Duncan Grant (lover of Lytton Strachey, Maynard Keynes and *Paul Roche) mainly wrote prose works; but Lytton Strachey wrote some interesting gay poems and Paul Roche was a poet. Harold Nicolson, the homosexual husband of Vita Sackville West, wrote a study of the homosexual poet *Verlaine (London, 1921). *Arthur Waley was on the periphery, as were John Lehmann and *George Rylands. *Friendship was one of the major moral values espoused by them. Photographs of Virginia Woolf raise the concept of *androgyny (dating in modern British culture from *Rossetti; photographs of her were stylistically influenced by such concepts). The Bloomsbury group were notable for espousing the right to freely live one's life, and being in revolt against *Victorian conformism, though, in contrast to *Edward Carpenter, they were never politically active except for Leonard Woolf, Virginia's husband. Leonard and Virginia Woolf established the Hogarth Press, which in 1951 published the first English translation of *Cavafy, including gay poems. Some of their ideas came from the homosexual philosopher *G. L. Dickinson, others from the British philosopger G. E. Moore. The name comes from the suburb adjacent to the British Museum where they lived in the first decades of the twentieth century. A poetry satire on the group and other literary groups of the time dealing with their sexuality was written by *Roy Campbell. The group was opposed by *F. R. Leavis. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 153-54. Howes, Broadcasting It. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Criticism. Gay Sunshine no.35, pp.12-15: article by David Chura. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 343-62: "Bloomsbury: A Gay Perspective" by David Chura. Blot, César (or Claude), Baron de Chauvigny Poet from France who wrote in French. 1610-1655. He appears to have used two forms of his name. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Duroc, Homosexuels et lesbiennes illustrés, 58: poems with slight reference. Publisher from Great Britain of works in English. Active 1598. Publisher of Hero and Leander by *Marlowe. A close friend of *Thomas Thorpe (see entry for their relationship). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography. Poet, writer and editor from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1873-1928. He was editor of the journal * The Chameleon, vol. 1, no. 1, December 1894 (the only issue) where the story The Priest and the Acolyte was printed. The story, about a clergyman who falls in love with his altar boy, was mentioned at the trial of *Oscar Wilde. Bloxam was a clergyman in later life. In 1894, he was a student at Exeter college, *Oxford, who perhaps wrote the poem "At Dawn" in The Chameleon using the pseudonym Bertram Lawrence. Biography: See Crockford's Clerical Directory, 1927. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second eiditon, 334: the short story The Priest and the Acolyte, London, 1907. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reade, Sexual Heretics, 349: poem "A Summer Hour", 1894, under the pseudonym *Bertram Lawrence (pseud.) - clearly a gay poem; 349-60: the story The Priest and the Acolyte from *The Chameleon (1894). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 98: poem "At Dawn" and extract from The Priest and the Acolyte. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 322-28: from The Priest and the Acolyte. Criticism. International Journal of Greek Love vol. 1 no. 2 (1966), 40-42: "The Later Career of John Francis Bloxam" by *J. Z. Eglinton. Smith, Love in Earnest, 54. Collection from the United States written in English. London: Gay Men's Press, 1992, 77 pages. A collection of the work of three *Uranian poets, *Philebus (pseud. of John Leslie Barford), *Edmund John and *Cuthbert Wright. The title refers to the famous painting by Thomas Gainsborough, The Blue Boy, in the Huntington Library and Art Gallery, San Marino, California. See *blue for further gay reference in the word. Trope in English from Great Britain, in French from France and in Russian from Russia. From 1893. Blue has been associated with sexuality from the late *Victorian period - especially illicit sexuality as in "blue" movies (films featuring explicit sexual scenes). Its homosexual usage is harder to pin down. English: see John Whitworth, *The Faber Book of Blue Verse, London, 1990 (an anthology of erotic poetry). The homosexual critic and poet *J. A. Symonds wrote a book of essays titled In the Key of Blue (1893), and this seems to be the first usage in English; the volume contains several gay essays. (See the journal * Century Guild re *Oscar Wilde, though this reference is not directly homosexual.) Blue was used for the title of a 1992 anthology of *Uranian verse, * Blue Boys. See also John Barford, *Richard Thoma (active 1931). French. See *Montesquiou and the anthology * L'amour bleu (blue love). The Russian term for homosexual "goluboy" means blue (information from the internet: see "Why are these pages blue?" and the back cover of * Out of the Blue). Songs in English from ca. 1930. Blues are *songs originiating with American *blacks; they consist of three line stanzas and are usually sad in tone. Homosexual references in blues are discussed in Paul Garon, Blues and the Poetic Spirit (San Francisco, 1996, revised and enlarged edition) and the word "freakish" is frequently a code word for homosexuality (there are also many lesbian references in these songs): see "Freakish Blues" (1930) by George Hannah quoted in full on p. 64. *Ma Rainey was an outstanding singer. Frankie (Half Pint) Jaxon wrote works with gay overtones. In Samuel B. Charters, The Poetry of the Blues, New York, 1963, see the song "Peaches" and notes. Dick Spottswood is the expert on commerically recorded traditional music. Historian, critic and sociologist from Germany who wrote in German. 1988-1955. His book Die deutsche Wandervogelbewegung als erotisches Phanomen (The German Wandervogel movement as erotic phenomenon), 1912, explains the popularity of the German youth movement and the importance in it of *friendship as coming from the sexual attraction which charismatic youth leaders had for adolescent youths. The book had a huge popularity and was part of the *debate on homosexuality in the early part of the twentieth century in Germany. In his book Die Rolle der Erotik in der mannlichen Gesellschaft (The role of the erotic in male culture) (1917-1919), he saw the basis of the state as being male bonding. He twice married and had two children. He wrote a memoir Werke und Tage (Works and Days; 1920 and 1953). A posthumous work Die rede des Aristophanes (Hamburg, 1966) states, pp. 64 ff that the *Nazi leader HItler was gay. Obituary: Merkur no. 88 vol. 6 (1955) by Gustav Hillard-Steinbomer (cited in Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, p. 64). See also Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, vol. 13, numbers 2, 3 and 4 (1913): "Die drei Grundformen der Homosexualität" (article, on three types of homosexuality, addressed by Blüher to *Freud). He wrote an article on Niels Lynne, a novel by Jens Peter Jacobsen, "Niels Lyhne und das Problem der Homosexualität" (printed in Imago, vol. 1 [1912], 386), which was reprinted in his Studien zur Inversion und Perversion (see reference in Herzer, Bibliographie zur Homosexualität, p. 89). His *British Library General Catalogue entry reveals he used the pseudonym Hans Zelvenkamp. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Lexikon homosexuelle belletristik: fine overview of his career. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 154-55. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 42: list of his books. Herzer, Bibliographie zur Homosexualität: see index. Criticism. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen vol. 14, 342-48: review of Die deutsche Wandervogelbewegung als erotisches Phänemon. Schmidt, Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen (1984), vol. 2, 27-104 (reprint of 1913 article by Blüher). Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1896-1974. Sometimes linked with the *Georgians, he published many books of poems, was Professor of English at Tokyo University 1924-27, Fellow at Merton College, *Oxford 1931-43 and Profesor of Poetry at Oxford 1966-68. He edited editions of *Wilfred Owen and *Ivor Gurney, wrote a life of *Leigh Hunt and was a friend of *Siegfried Sassoon. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 208: poem "1916 seen from 1921", a soliloquy in which he writes of himself as "I/ Dead as the men I loved" and refers to "my friend of friends"; biog., 230. Poet and philosopher writing in English and translator from Hindi to English from the United States. Born 1926. One of the major figures of the *men's movement: see his book of prose Iron John (1990), setting out his ideas about maleness (which do not exclude homosexuality) - "Most of the language in the book speaks to heterosexual men but does not exclude homosexual men... The mythology as I see it does not make a big distinction between homosexual and heterosexual men" (p. x). The book adopts the Grimm brothers tale of a wild man's mentorship of a young *boy and Bly argues that it is the lack of such initiation that is the source of the "wounding and the grief" of the American male. Redefining masculinity is a feature of the argument, at the same time as not reviving a discredited *patriarchy. The book was reviewed in the New York Review of Books vol. 39 no. 1-2, 16 January, 1992, 13-14, in Outloook no. 16 (Spring 1992) 77-81 and in the journal Tikkun (1992), by Robert Connell. His concept of the Wild Man is influenced by *Carl Jung, Joseph Campbell and others interested in myth. A CBS television special on his views was made titled A Gathering of Men, ca. 1992. Compare *androgyne and contrast *cowboy. The role of a resuscitated father figure is crucial. The poem "Fifty Males Sitting Together" in Selected Poems (1986), is relevant. He translated works of the Hindi poet *Kabir titled The Kabir Book (1977); it is possible he merely helped the Hindi translator put this work into poetry. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1992. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Language of water, 67 - a Tine poem about the gay cultural heritage from his third play Boy with Beer; biog., 77. Critic from the Netherlands who wrote in Dutch. 1904-1981. Author of Shakespeare's sonnetten en hun verband met de travesti-double spelen. Een medisch-psyclologische studie , 1951 (study of *Shakespeare's sonnets) and Essays in erotiek, 1969 (see "De boy-actor en het travesti-double bij Shakespeare" pp. 97-102; about boy *actors in Shakespeare). The boy actor essay is translated into English in International Journal of Greek Love vol.1 no.1 (1965), 18-23. The essay "Van Emde Boas en homoseksuele emancipatie" (Van Emde Boas and homosexual eamncipation) in Gert Hekma, editor, Het oog op de lust (Amsterdam, 1996), pp. 41-47 surveys his career. Bobali (or Bobaljevic), Marinus Poet from Croatia who wrote in Serbo-Croat and Italian. 1556-1605. He murdered a man called Gondola who accused Bobali of carrying on with a male servant. See his entry in the Croatian Biographical Dictionary (Zagreb, 1989), vol. 2, pp. 44-45. Poems in Italian and Serbo-Croat survive in fragments. Text: a poem appears in Italian in Dialogo sopra la Sfera dall Mondo, Venice, 1579. His Rime amorose were published in Venice in 1589. Bocage, Manuel Maria Barbosa du Poet from Portugal who wrote in Portuguese. 1766-1805. See Gomes Viana, Homosexualidade no mundo, volume 2, p.186: stated to have been a gay *Neoclassic poet Poet, critic and fiction writer, from Italy writing in Latin. 1313-1375. He wrote Latin *eclogues in imitation of the Latin poet *Virgil; these contain homoerotic dialogues between two men. He also wrote a commentary on *Dante's Divine Comedy, Trattatello in laude di Dante (1357-62), which discusses homosexuality in Canto 15 of the Inferno. His bawdy Italian tales in prose, The Decameron, influenced *Chaucer and contains many homosexual references. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Poet from Germany who wrote in Latin. Active 1768. See * Forum 5 (1988), 42: citing Carmen in tristem obitum Ioannis Winckelmanni, 1768 in his Briefe (Letters) IV, 208 - a Latin poem on the homosexual art critic Winckelmann. Not in Oxford Companion to German Literature. Bodenstedt, Friedrich Martin von Poet from Germany who wrote in German. 1819-1892. A noted *orientalist who published pseudo oriental poems: Die Lieder des Mirza Schaffy (1851). These poems were fakes, supposedly using the pseudonym Mirza Schaffy (see Oxford Companion to German Literature under "Mirza" and see *Vazedh); they were revealed to be so by Bodenstedt in 1874. The poems are not translations from Georgian as has been alleged. See Johannes Mundhenk, Friedrich Bodenstedt und Mirza Schaffy(1971), 108 pp. Great Soviet Encyclopedia, vol. 1, under "Azerbaijan SSR", p. 575, states "Mirza Shafi" wrote in Azeri. He does not appear to have married. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Neue deutsche Biographie. Criticism. Herzer, Bibliographie zur Homosexualität, item 204a: on homosexuality in *Hafiz. Journal from Canada in English. Published 1971 to 1987. The most important Canadian periodical of the *gay liberation period with a strong cultural as well as political direction. It was published in *Toronto by *Pink Triangle Press 1971-87. Early issues are like * Gay Sunshine and from Number 25 it becomes a journal magazine like *The Advocate. It had several battles with *censorship: in 1977-788 on the issue of *pederasty (see the article in Jackson, Flaunting It, pp. 147-59) and in 1982 for an article on *fist-fucking. The poet *Ian Young had a monthly book column, called "The Ivory Tunnel" from Issue 19 (Jul/Aug 1975) and the journal has published poetry. Selection of articles: see Ed Jackson and Stan Persky, Flaunting It: A Decade of Journalism from the Body Politic, Vancouver, 1982; this also has a history of the journal pp. 1-6 and has a poem by Ian Young, "The Words", p. 63. Issue 29, pp. 27-29, has an article "Five Years of the Body Politic"; the issue of January/February 1982, 31-37, has a "Tenth Anniversary Feature". Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Boeken over Mannen en Homoseksualiteit, later called De Leeslijst Bibliography from the Netherlands in Dutch. 1983 and 1986. A catalog mainly of books in print in Dutch edited by *Maurice van Lieshout (see verso of title page) put together by the Dutch gay organization, the COC (see *J. A. Schorer) and De Woelraat bookshop, Amsterdam, 1983, 71 pages. There are English, French and German books as well as Dutch ones, and it is divided into sections under various categories (e.g. "Poetry", pp. 54-57). It gives the scope of gay and gay related works in Dutch in 1983. It was reprinted in a third enlarged edition in 1986 edited by *Hans Hafkamp and Maurice van Lieshout and published as De Leeslijst. Anthologist from Denmark of works in Danish. Active 1980. He compiled the anthology *Digte om mends kerlighed til mend with *Vagn Sondergard. Songwriter from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1944. See his "Silly Slang Song" on the compact disk Voices from the Wilderness (Sydney, 1990): this work is a charming song with puns on the word *gay. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born ca. 1972. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gents, Bad Boys, and Barbarians, 23-28; biog., 22. Editor, critic and biographer from Russia of works in Russian. Active 1996. Editor of the first complete edition of the poems of *Mikhail Kuzmin, published in Russia in 1996. It has a fine introduction discussing Kuzmin's life and works. It includes Kuzmin's most homosexual poems, Pictures Under Wraps, loosely inserted in facsimile into the text. This edition for the first time makes all Kuzmin's homosexual poems available to the general reader. Poet writing in English. Active 1994. Author of For the Love of Men: Shikata Gai Nai (ca. 1994). Poems by a lesbian to, for and about gay men; noted in Lambda Rising News (Summer, 1994). Poet from Germany writing in German. Born 1955. Books of poems: Mit der Sanduhr (Berlin and Weimar, 1983; second edition 1986), Die schamlose Vergeudung des Dunkels (Berlin and Weimar, 1985), and Stoff der Piloten: Gedichte (Leipzig, 1988); some parts of this last book are openly gay, dealing with attraction to younger men. An East German poet born in Leipzig and living there. See also the pamphlet Hannes Steinert Zeichnungen zu Gedichten von Thomas Böhme (Stuttgart: edition release, 1995), 30 pages, with illustrations (which are reproduced from drawings). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Lexikon homosexuelle belletristik: article on him written by Thomas Molitor. "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen", 165-66. * Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen, items 75-76 (books above) and 79: Ballet der Vergeßlichkeit (Leipzig, 1992). Editor and publisher from Great Britain of works in Latin. 1796-1884. *Victorian publisher and bookseller. His Standard Library came to over 600 published volumes. He edited a fine edition of *Martial in English and Latin, 1860 (repr.); this consists of translations into prose by Elphinston (each prose translation of a poem being followed with one or more verse translations, many from well known poets); "obscene" epigrams are in the Italian of *Graglia. This is an important edition which Bohn hinself compiled over a number of years from extensive material collected with his son (see the introduction). The Italian epigrams show which ones of Martial might be homosexual. Bohn, Rainer Critic and historian writing in German. Active 1985. Author of the discussion of German gay literature 1920-1933 (with a couple of poets discussed) in Schwulenreferat im Allgemeinen Studenternausscchuß der FU (editor), Homosexualitat und Wissenschaft (Berlin, 1985), pp. 187-206 (with bibl. p. 206). Poet from Mexico writing in Spanish. Born 1937. Author of a self published gay book of poems, Digo que amo (I say what I love, 1976), illustrated by G. Utrilla. Since then several other books of poems have been published. Homosexual love is a constant topic in his work. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Foster, Latin American Writers on Gay and Lesbian Themes. Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. 1441-1494. He is famous as the author of the *epic Orlando immamorato, a chivalrous *epic based on the medieval hero Roland (see * Song of Roland) and only acclaimed as a masterpiece in the nineteenth century; this work was continued by *Ariosto in Orlando Furioso. He fell in love with Antonia Caprara in 1469 in Reggio, where he died as governor, his long poem unfinished. Compare *Ariosto. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Penguin Companion to World Literature. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 218: description of *Narcissus from Orlando innamorato 2 xvii 50. Poet from France who wrote in French. 1592-1662. Founder of the French Academy who also wrote poetry. Possibly gay. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Duroc, Homosexuels et lesbiennes illustrés, 58. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, item 752 cites the article by Numa Praetorius (pseud.), "Der homosexuelle Abbé Boisrobert, der Gründer der Académie Française" in Zeitschrift für Sexualwissenschaft 9 (1922), 4-7, 33-43. Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. 1842-1918. Famous as the librettist for the operas Otello and Falstaff by Giuseppe Verdi; the actress Eleanor Duse was his mistress. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Dictionary of Italian Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amicizia amorosa, 165-67: poem "A Giovanni Camerana"; biog., 163. Editor from Great Britain of works in English. Active from 1979. Editor of The Sexual Dimension in Literature (London, 1982), 224 pages. An introductory lightweight survey of the subject in English (an exception is Peter Green's article, "Sex and Classical Literature", pp. 19-48); there is little reference to homosexuality. "Homosexuality and Literature" by Walter Pirrie, pp. 163-82, is merely an introductory survey relating to English and French. However, the essay by James Kirkup, *"Phallic Worship", pp. 145-62, is of the greatest importance. The Bawdy Beautiful (1979), edited by him, is an outstanding collection of British *bawdry, mostly *ballads, with Tine introduction, pp. ix-xxix. Homosexual references occur in "Abdul Abul Bul Amir" pp. 1-3, "Bugger's Alphabet "41-43, "Good Ship Venus" 99-103, "Sailor's Farewell" 199, "Tinker" 217-21, "Ye'se Get a Hole to Hide It In" 247-48 (*non gender specific and with nothing to suggest the speaker is a woman; collected by *Robert Burns) Poet from the United States writing in English. Born ca. 1962. *Chapbook of poems: Ashes, 1999, 19 pages, which consists of *dramatic monologues of people who have died of *Aids (review: Lambda Book Review, April 1999, 15-17). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gents, Bad Boys, and Barbarians, 31-35 ; biog., 30. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1983. Book of poems: Teach Me Tonight, Columbia, Missouri: Mercury Press, 1983, 58 pages. City and university in northern Italy in which Italian is the main spoken language. Relevant material dates from 1080. It has been a center of printing from the *Renaissance. The university dates from the late eleventh century and is one of the main universities in Italy. Homosexual scandals are known in 1908. The city has an active gay movement and is noted for being politically on the left; there is also a gay center called Il Cassero, situated in rooms over one of the city's gates in the wall. *Stefano Casi is in charge of a gay *archive in Il Cassero which has over 1500 books and 220 journals and is open to researchers several nights a week. References. Encyclopedia Britannica. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 10 (1909-10), 184-85 (re homosexual scandals in 1908). Babilonia no. 40, 46-49. Historian from Italy of Turkish literature. Born 1914. In his La letteratura turca (Milano, 1969), pp. 59-60, see "Il bell'efebo" (the beautiful youth), a brief discussion of homosexuality in Turkish *Sufism . He is the major Italian authority on Turkish literature of the twentieth century. La letteratura turca was translated into French as Histoire de la litterature turque (Paris, 1968; trans. I. Melikoff); see pp. 39-44 for the same section. An English translation The Literature of the Turks was published in Mouton in 1976. See also *Turkic languages. Poet from Italy writing in Italian. Active 1978. His first name is also spelt Gian Piero. The author of several books including the *sonnets, Sonetti maestori e sentimentale (before 1988). Bibliographies. Leggere omosessuale , item 341, notes his volume La vergogna (Milan, 1978), contains poems with homosexual themes. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amicizia amorosa, 231-32: the poem "Nel venal giovincello"; biog., 283. Criticism. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 625: highly rated. Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian or Latin. 1417-ca.1485. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 302-03: an attack on his rival *Antonio di Guido; the original language is probably Latin. Poem in English from Great Britain. Published in 1796. Mentioned in in Susan Shapiro, "Sex, Gender and Fashion in Medieval and Early Modern Britain", Journal of Popular Culture vol. 20 no. 4 (1987), 125; about men's fashions making them look like women. From The Times of 7 January 1796. Poet from Germany who wrote in German. Active 1936. Bibliographies. * Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen, item 81: Gedichte für Städter, Düsseldorf, 1926 (edition of 200); items 82-85 are by him but apparently not poetry. Poet from France writing in French. Born 1930. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 451-52: three poems on *pedophile themes. Translator from Latin to French and Italian to French from France. Active 1882. Ashbee, Bibliography of Prohibited Books, volume 3, pp. 344-45, states he is the translator of *F. K. Forberg's De figuris Veneris into French in 1882 (originally written in Latin and referring to Greek and Latin authors). He also translated *Ariosto from Italian to French. See also *Nicholas Blondeau. Poet from France writing in French; translator from English to French. Born 1923. Author of a substantial poetic body of poems influenced by *Rimbaud, he is a hermetic poet who is difficult. He has also translated some of *Shakespeare's plays and is a critic. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Active 1892. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reade, Sexual Heretics, 304: *non-gender specific poem about youth, titled *Daphnis, from * The Artist and Journal of Home Culture, 1 November, 1892. Poem in Turkish from Turkey. Ca. 1450. The work is a series of twelve prose tales with poems interspersed and depicts a world of strong *male bonding. Translation. English. Geoffrey Lewis (1974). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature, vol. 1, 161: see Dede Korkut; states the stories contain elements of the old Turkish *epic Oguzname. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition: see Dede Korkut. De Bary, Guide to Oriental Classics, 60-61. Kindlers neues Literatur Lexikon Vol. 18: see Dede Korkut; important list of translations and bibliography. Anthology in English from Great Britain. London and New York: Verso, 1993, 285 pages. An anthology of prose and poetry texts on *sodomy, tracing the trope from the story of *Sodom and Gomorrah. This is the only anthology tracing the trope through the twentieth century. Compiled by *Paul Hallam. It contains several poems otherwise inaccessible. For poetry see entries: Apollinaire (prose work), Charles Churchill, Dante, Di' bil ibn 'Ali, George Lestey, John Milton (prose), "Quam pravus est", Stanley J. Sharpless, Sodom, or the Quintessence of Debauchery, Tertullian, "Tis strange, that in a Country, where". Literary work from Egypt written in Egyptian. The most famous text The Papyrus of Ani in the British Museum dates 1500-1400 B.C. (see E. A. Wallis Budge, The Book of the Dead, New York, 1967, v). In essence a collection of magic *spells which are oral poems, dating from 2350-1800 B.C. though the work first appears in written form ca. 1,600 B.C. The work appears throughout the New Kingdom (1567-1085 B.C.) in various manuscripts. By reciting these spells the soul would be able to overcome the difficulties and dangers of the other world. All dead persons had to recite them. In Chapter 125 it contains a famous affirmation that the affirmer has not had anal sex with a man; see Miriam Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature: Volume 2: The New Kingdom, Berkeley, 1976, 127. There are about 192 spells (though no papyrus has been found containing all these) and several versions exist. It was compiled under the eighteenth dynasty after 1750 B.C. but dates much earlier in parts and relates to the * Pyramid Texts. *Magical in character it was used by *Aleister Crowley in magical rituals. Translation. English. Sir E. A. Wallis Budge (London, 1928) - translation of the Papyrus of Ani in British Museum; R. O. Faulkner (1985). French. P. Barguet (1967). References. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, vol. 3. Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology: an excellent account of the work. Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt: see Book of Going Forth by Day. Bookplates, also called Exlibris Design of bookplates may indicate homosexuality; relevant works are in English from Great Britain and in Dutch and German from ca. 1895. Bookplates are pasted in the front of books to proclaim the owner's name; they frequently feature an engraving which indicates the interests of the owner of the book and can be a coded way of indicating that the owner of the book is gay (or else that the book's contents are, in the case of those book collectors who kept separate their collections of gay books, e.g. *Raffalovich). As an example, two naked men with their arms around each other's shoulders are featured on the bookplate of the Dutch gay scholar *Gert Hekma. (There are, of course, many bookplates of gay persons which do not indicate their homosexuality.) English. *Raffalovich: the bookplate by Eric Gill for his homosexual books featured a *green snake entwined around itself (see Smith, Love in Earnest, p. 34, and reproduction of plate opposite p. 9; ca. 1895), *Herbert Pollitt, *E. F. Benson (re a book by *Sydney Lomer), *Aleister Crowley (bookplate by *Aubrey Beardsley),*T. H. Fokker (ca. 1909; features a sexually attractive naked youth), *Lytton Strachey, *A. Newman (re David J. Aron), *C. R. Dawes (noted in the *Aleister Crowley entry), *Anthony Reid (a youth riding a dolphin for his gay collection), *Timothy d'arch Smith. *Edward Fitzgerald and *Richard Burton had bookplates. See Brian North Lee, "Bookplate Collecting and the Bookplate Society", The Private Library, second series, vol. 5 no. 2 (Summer 1972), 89-92; states the Ex Libris Society was formed in 1890 and the most important collections of British bookplates are the Viner Collection in the British Museum and the collection of Mr C. H. Couch in the Society of Antiquities. In Australia, the Art Gallery of New South Wales, Sydney, has a large collection. German: *Hirschfeld. Dutch: *Gert Hekma. References. See Lexikon des gesamten Buchwesens, second edition: see "Exlibris". Bookseller of English books from the United States. In existence from 1977. Mainly a second hand bookseller, some new books are also sold by this gay bookseller. A small section on poetry is usually included in published catalogs which act as a bibliographical source. Catalog number 38 was published in December 1992; catalog 50 in 1999. The shop is *Los Angeles based and is operated by Robert J. Manners. Address: Box 17218 #LR, Los Angeles, CA 90017. Poem in Mayan from Mexico and Guatemala. From ca. 1780. These are a series of community texts which were composed and first written down in the sixteenth century. Pete Sigal, "The Politicization of Pederasty among the Colonial Yucatecan Maya", Journal of the History of Sexuality, vol. 8 no. 1, 1997, 1-24, gives a new interpretation based on a new translation and discusses the fourteen known Books of Chilam Balam in relation to homosexuality noting, p. 12, "the Chilam Balams contain sexual insults which are often connected with sodomy"; he states, p. 16, that the work contains *riddles in Zuyua speech. "Chilam Balam" means "jaguar priest". Translation. English. For a translation of one version see Ralph L. Roys, The Book of Chilam Balam, 1933 (repr. 1967), pp. 98-107, especially "The Creation of the World" regarding the androgynous creation of the world. R. Luxton and P. Balam, Jaguar Prophecy: The Counsel Book of the Yucatec Maya (1990); annotated. French and Spanish. See the editions and translations listed in the entry in Kindlers neues Literatur Lexikon cited below; it is not clear which editions cited have translations. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics, 44-45; with bibl. Kindlers neues Literatur Lexikon, vol, 19: see "El libro de los lobros de Chilam Balam". Booksellers date from 945. The Arabic bookseller Sa'd from Turkey is the first known gay bookseller. English and German have the two richest traditions. English. See *Books Bohemian, *City Lights, *Ed Drucker (pseud.), *Elysian Fields catalogs, *Gay's the Word, *Glad Day Books, *Grolier Poetry Bookshop, *Gerrit Lansing, *Christopher Millard, *F. E. Murray, *Paths Untrodden, *Timothy d'Arch Smith, *Leonard Smithers, *Burton Weiss, Jacqueline Wesley, *John Willis, *Cecil Woolf. See *Bookshops - English. German. *Prinz Eisenherz, *Rainer Feucht, *Sortimentskatalog, *Bernhard Stern-Szana. See *Bookshops - German. Dutch. 'Amsterdam has two gay bookshops, Vrolijk and De Woelraat. French. Les Mots a la Bouche in Paris is the best known bookshop. Italian. See *Umberto Saba, *Giuseppe Orioli. There are gay bookshops in Milan and Rome. Spanish. A bookshop exists in Barcelona. The addresses of these shops can usually be obtained from the internet. Booksellers of English language gay books date from ca. 1920 in Great Britain and later in the United States, Canada and Australia. Great Britain. The first so far known dealer in gay books, *Christopher Millard, who wrote under the pseudonym of Stuart Mason, seems active from ca. 1920. He was imprisoned for homosexual offences. (Victorian dealers who sold *pornography handled some gay material.) The earliest bookdealers in Great Britain were *publishers so these must be considered for earlier material. *F. E. Murray, a bookseller, issued the first catalog of gay books in his 1924, * Catalogue of Selected Books from the Private Library of a Student of Boyhood, Youth and Comradeship. *Cecil Woolf (1954+), *Timothy d'Arch Smith and Jacqueline Wesley are *London dealers in secondhand gay books. *Gay's the Word Bookshop, London (founded 1979), is the leading contemporary gay bookshop in Great Britain. United States. Gay bookshops are important sources for rare gay books of poetry, especially for the contemporary period when there has been a proliferation of works and many gay poets have not been distributed in other shops. *Victorian sellers of erotica sold homosexual books (but this aspect of book dealing in the United States has been little investigated). *City Lghts, though bohemian (as distinct from gay), was involved in the publishing and selling of *Beat writers such as *Ginsberg. The *gay liberation period saw the founding of the first gay bookshops. Craig Rodwell's Oscar Wilde Memorial Bookshop, founded in 1967 in *New York in Greenwich Village, was the earliest *gay liberation bookshop; it issued catalogs (see entry in Miller, Our Own Voices). *Boston's Glad Day Bookshop has the most extensive selection of non-English books in the United States and probably English works as well. *Philadelphia's Giovanni's Room is an important east coast bookshop named from a novel by James Baldwin. A Brother's Touch has flourished in the mid-west in Minneapolis, from ca. 1985. *George Fisher (using the pseudonym Ed Drucker) of *Elysian Fields, New York, was one of the leading gay secondhand dealers until his death in 1991; his catalogs are major bibliographical documents (relied on, for instance, by the bibliographer *Ian Young). The chain of shops in *San Francisco, *Los Angeles and New York, A Different Light, is the largest in the United States and publishes a review of new books, * The Different Light Review. Bookshops on the internet offer subject searching for gay and homosexual books (for example Amazon.com); searching can also be done on the Internet using search engines for secondhand books such as Bookfinder and Bibliofind. Lambda Rising in *Washington is an excellent gay bookshop with a wide selection of new books, publishing The *Lambda Rising Book Report (1987+); it also has a second hand section. Dealers in general erotica such as Dr Clifford Scheiner, New York, also sell gay material. Secondhand shops with mail order catalogs include *Books Bohemian, *Paths Untrodden and St Maur Booksellers (Stockton, California) owned by *Burton Weiss. For contemporary poets in general, The Grolier Bookshop, Cambridge, MA, though not a gay bookshop, has a large selection of United States poets (it has a computer catalog with subject cataloging). General secondhand bookshops should not be neglected in looking for rare gay books. Canada. *Glad Day bookshop, *Toronto, owned by Jerald Moldenhauer, is the major bookshop; it is affiliated with the Boston bookshop of the same name (these bookshops also carry significant non-English material). The mainly French-speaking city of *Montreal has a gay bookshop. Australia. Openly gay bookshops only appeared with *gay liberation; before this time dealing in homosexual books was carried on "under the counter" and in the field of general erotica. Norman Robb's bookshop in Melbourne (ca. 1950), is known as having had a gay clientele and *Harold Stewart worked there from 1950 to 1966. In *Sydney, Australia's largest city, The Bookshop (ca. 1985+), situated in Oxford Street, Darlinghurst in the center of the city's gay area, with a branch in King Street, Newtown, also a gay area, until 1998, is the main gay bookshop (it has a gay poetry section). It has a mail order catalog GR Review (no copy is held in any Australian library). Adelaide's Dr Duncan Bookshop, named after a gay man brutally murdered on the banks of the city's Torrens River, was the country's first gay bookshop (founded ca. 1972); it sold high quality literature including the poetry journal * The Mouth of the Dragon (as is stated on the inside back cover of issues of the journal). In *Melbourne, the International Bookshop, Elizabeth Street, a left wing bookshop, had a gay section (it closed ca. 1993); see also John *Willis. Hares and Hyenas is a Melbourne gay book chain with two branches. A gay bookshop exists in Prahran. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Bookstores". Booksellers in Germany of German gay books date from ca. 1979. There are five main gay bookshops in Germany: 'Prinz Eisenherz in 'Berlin (the largest gay bookshop in the world and with the widest coverage with gay books in all languages), Männerschwarm in Hamburg, Lavendelschwert in Cologne, Erlkönig in Stuttgart and Sodom in 'Munich. These five German bookshops have published a small octavo catalog of new gay books in German since ca. 19B5 called Die schwulen Buchladen (Gay Bookshops) and from ca. 1996 Schwules Lesevergnügen (Gay reading for pleasure), with introductions by Tobias Völker from 1997 and in 1994 and 1996 by Thomas Ott of Stuttgart. This acts as a bibliography of new gay books in German and it is rare. Copies are in the library of 'Paul Knobel (German and United States gay 'archives may have copies). Specific gay bookshops are not known in Austria and Switzerland. Poet and critic from the United States writing in English. Born 1941. With *Robert Gluck he published the book of poems, La Fontaine (before 1982). As a critic, he is the author of "Gay Language as Political Praxis: The Poetry of Frank O'Hara", Sociotext no. 1, Winter 1979, 59-82, a study of O'Hara's use of gay language. See also *Robert Duncan. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 347: Karate Flower, San Francisco: Hoddypoll Press, 1973. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Angels of the Lyre, 19: poem about a Catholic upbringing and another boy, "we were in love and *catholics"; biog., 237. Critic from the United States writing in English. Active 1991. Co-editor, wih Michael Cadden, of Engendering Men: The Question of Male Feminist Criticism, New York, 1991: section three, pp. 161-224, discusses gay issues in relation to *feminism including discussion of *Oscar Wilde. Compare *Queer theory. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1991. A *black poet from *New York. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 17: poem "An Exercise in Misogyny"; biog., 173. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1947-1994. Boston writer and Tine poet "who is not afraid to say he likes promiscuous sex and S/M or Barbara Streisand" (* A True Likeness, p. 216). Published in *Fag Rag and * Mouth of the Dragon. He is also a photographer. His first book was Sexually Dangerous Poet, Boston: *Good Gay Poets, 1984 (review: Advocate no. 458, 28 October, 1986). Second book: Lingering in a Silk Shirt, Boston: *Fag Rag Books, 1994. One of the best United States gay liberation poets. Latest poems: see Christopher Street no. 174, pp. 36-37. He died of complications from *Aids. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A True Likeness, 216-27: a selection including a poem about Judy Garland and the *prose poem "I am not Billie Holiday"; biog. note, 216. Son of the Male Muse, 30-34, with photo 30; biog., 186. Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, 53-56: see especially "Invisible History" re the *Nazi extermination of homosexuals; biog., 56 - states his "*lover of twelve years" is *Michael Bronski and they live in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Poets for Life, 36. Badboy Book, 53-56; biog., 183. Name of Love, 2-3; biog., 70. Eros in Boystown, 39; biog., 59. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 775-76. Poet from Germany who wrote in German 1921-1947. He was accused by the *Nazis of homosexuality (stated on an Australian Broadcasting Corporation program Sunday 10 December 1990). An actor who became a poet and who also wrote plays. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Neue deutsche Biographie. Editor and critic from France of works in French. Active 1991. Editor of the most complete text of *Rimbaud to date: L'Oeuvre-vie d'Arthur Rimbaud, Paris, Arlea, 1991, 1338 pages; bibliography pp. 1277-1299. The order of the works is chronological and the edition includes all known works of the poet including his early Latin poems. At least a third of Rimbaud's oeuvre and two thirds of his letters have been lost. This is one of the greatest editions of a poet's work ever. Review: Guardian Weekly, 15 December, 1991, 15. Alain Borer is the author of Rimbaud in Abyssinia (1992), translated into English from French, and Rimbaud: l'heure de la fuite (Paris, 1991), a picture book on Rimbaud's life. Poet from Argentina who wrote in Spanish. 1899-1986. A poet and writer, totally blind from the age of fifty-six, who was best known for his short stories, Borges learnt English as a child at the same time he learnt Spanish. His poems are notably reticent on his emotional life. The list of his publications, which included many short stories, is long and complex. In Selected Poems 1923-67 (London, 1972), see pp. 98-99 " To a Minor Poet of the * Greek Anthology" (not a gay poem but shows Borges familiarity with the *Palatine Anthology), p. 111 "A Poet of the Thirteenth Century" (*Oedpius reference in last line), pp. 192-93 "Camden 1892" (on *Whitman), pp. 210-11 "*Oedipus and the *Riddle", pp. 229-30 "Lines I Might Have Written and Lost Around 1922" (re Walt Whitman; he states in this poem "I was Walt Whitman"). Being completely familiar with English, Borges supervised the English translation of these Selected Poems in close collaboration with the translator to such an extent that the English poems consititute original works by Borges; the Selected Poems 1923-67 includes both the Spanish and English texts. The volume Dreamtigers (translated from the Spanish work El Hacedor - The Maker) includes several poems: see the English translation by Harold Morland, 1970, pp. 55-92) For the text of poems in Spanish not translated see Obra poetica 1923-1985 (Buenos Aires, 20th edition 1989 or later printing), 691 pp. (of which 312 pages are to 1967). Biography: see James Woodall, The Man in the Mirror of the Book (London, 1996). This notes his "celibate love of women" (see dust jacket); see pp. 140-45 on Borges' sexual problems and p. 154 on possible sexual relations with a woman. His closest relationship was with his mother until late in life when he first married; this marriage was a disaster and quickly broke up. He married for a second time in the last months of his life. James Woodall was refused access to Borges' papers. In the Cabiron no. 12 (Spring/Summer 1985), 15, he is stated to have been homosexual by *Scott Giantvalley; no evidence is stated. The machismo culture of Argentina, the government of Argentina by dictatorship and the homophobia of the Argentina in Borges' life is relevant. His poems can be read as a depiction of the emotional sterility of gay life in difficult times. In his essay "Our Inabilities" he discusses the homosexual component of machismo; see Jorge Luis Borges, Selected Non-Fictions, 1999, translated into English by Eliot Weinberger for this work. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Foster, Latin American Writers on Gay and Lesbian Themes. Flores, Spanish American Authors. Encyclopedia of Latin American Literature; Tine overview with excellent bibliography. Poem in Russian from Russia. Ca. 1500. A medieval religious legend showing a close homoerotic relationship between the two *saints; some versions appear to be in poetry. The date is conservative and versions could be earlier since they reputedly lived ca. 1050. Compare * Amis et Amile. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Terras, Handbook of Russian Literature. *Simon Karlinsky, "Russia's Gay Literature and History", Gay Sunshine, 29-30 (Summer/ Fall 1976), 1. Sexologist and lexicographer from Germany writing in German; he lived in Austria. 1915-1995. Born in Germany of Jewish background, he emigrated to Great Britain in 1933. In 1961 he emigrated to Austria where he became known as "The Pope of Sex" and enjoyed a position analogous to *Alfred C. Kinsey in the United States, where he appeared on television to discuss sexual matters. His first book, in the field of *patriarchy, Das Patriarchat, first published in the mid-sixties, was ahead of its time in adopting an avowed *feminist perspective. He published a dictionary of sexuality, Lexicon der Liebe in 4 volumes in 1978. This was enlarged and republished in several editions, the final title being Ullstein Enzyklopädie der Sexualität (Berlin, 1990); this is a major work, though entries unfortunately lack bibliographies. He is the author of a dictionary of contemporary sexual slang: Sex im Volksland: Das obzöne Wortschatz der Deutschen (2 volumes, 1974). This is the standard dictionary for sexual words in German. His last book, which is unpublished, The End of Sexuality, took a pessimistic view of heterosexuality and he felt that only gay and lesbian couples were sexually happy. He took his life at the age of eighty. Obituary: The Guardian Weekly, 9 June, 1995, 16. An interview with him was published in * Maledicta vol. 3 nos 1 and 2 (1979), 7-21 (this issue of the journal was entitled Ernest Borneman Festschrift); it states he buys fifty books a month and lives in the country in Austria. An Italian translation of the sex dictionary exists: Dizionario dell'erotismo (Milan, 1984). Poet from Canada writing in English. Born 1931. Born in Saskatoon, Canada, he lived in *San Francisco, 1977. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, first edition, items 233-34: A Search for the Wild, Fredericton, New Brunswick: Fiddlehead, 1971 and Untangle the Wind, privately printed, no date. Homosexuality in Canada, first edition (1979), 7: the same books (with the comment that only one poem is "possibly" relevant, "A Stranger and Genuflection" in Untangle the Wind. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 351-52: same books. Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (1984), 137: same books as first edition. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Angels of the Lyre, 20-24 (includes a poem with *Angel trope); biog., 237. Orgasms of Light, 35-37; biog., 249. Poet from Denmark writing in Danish. Active 1984. Books: Torden Fygl (1984), 89 pp.; Lyssyn (1985), 99 pages. Some poems in these two volumes are slightly relevant (information from *Forbundet). A writer who has written many books. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active ca. 1993. Geraci, Dares to Speak, p. 270 cites his book Orpheus in his Underwear (1993) which "extols beautiful boys". Gay Poetry Anthologies. Badboy Book, 57-62; biog., 383: author of one book Orpheus in his Underwear (Cythoera Press); apparently deceased and he lived in Manhattan, *New York. Illustrator from Belgium of works in French and English; he also lived in Great Britain. 1881-1953. A *decadent illustrator, he was the companion of the Flemish poet *Max Elscamp. He illustrated the English poet *Oscar Wilde's poems in the French edition and in English (New York, 1927), *Shane Leslie's work Strato's Boyish Muse (1932), Shane Leslie's translation of Plato's Symposium (1932), and The Satyricon of *Petronius (1934). Influenced stylistically by *Beardsley, he lived in Great Britain after 1915. See William Ridler, "Jean de Bosschere", Private Library, vol. 4 no. 3, second series, Autumn 1971, 103-12 (with a check-list of his publications) and *Samuel Putnam, The World of Jean de Bosschere (London: *Fortune Press, 1932). City in the United States where the main spoken language is English. Situated on the north *east coast of the United States, on the Charles River, Boston is the major city of New England and has been an intellectual center since its founding in 1620. It is the capital of the state of Massachusetts. *Harvard Univerity, in Cambridge, a suburb of Boston across the Charles, is the oldest university in the United States and many gay poets have been educated there. *Puritanism (as strikingly seen in the poetry of *Edward Taylor) has been a major intellectual force. Boston and Harvard latterly have been politically *liberal and, due to its liberal background, the city traditionally fosters intellectual debates. The city has been a major center of gay liberation politics and gay publishing in the twentieth century. In the nineteenth century, the *Boston Brahmins opposed *Whitman and elevated *Longfellow. *Philosopher poets such as *George Santayana and *Khalil Gibran lived in the city and the novelist and sometime critic *Henry James came from the city. The *Good Gay Poets are a gay poetry group active from 1972, publishing books from 1975. The first United States edition of * Iolaus, the first gay poetry anthology, was published in Boston in 1902. Important gay journals emanating from Boston include * Fag Rag (1971+), whose poetry has been characterized by the Boston critic and poet *Rudy Kikel as "fuck and suck", The *Boston Gay Review (1976-81), which contained Tine poetry and poetry reviews, and Gay Community News. The *Gay and Lesbian Review Worldwide, an excellent critical journal, is published in the city (from 1994). A circle of Boston gay poets contributed to the journal Ploughshares, ca. 1982. Contemporary Boston gay poets include *Charley Shively, who has written important critical works on Whitman, and John Wieners. The *Glad Day Bookshop is the most comprehensive gay bookshop in the United States and includes foreign language material. Harvard's Widener Library is the largest academic library in the United States and a major literary resource; the Boston Public Library is also an outstanding library. There has been strong intellectual support for *pederasty, *pedophilia and *anarchism from Boston gay figures. The * Encyclopedia Homophilica is being compiled in Boston. See also *New England Poets as most entries there pertain to Boston. Rudy Kikel, "Advantage Thy Name is Boston", The Advocate no. 354, 28 October 1982, 22-25 examines gay Boston. Improper Bostonians: Lesbian and Gay History from the Puritans to Playland, 1998, 212 pages, compiled by The History Project, is based on the 1996 Boston Public Library exhibition "Public Faces/Private Lives: Boston's Lesbian and Gay History". Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 158-59; with bibl. Critics from the United States who wrote in English. Active 1870-90. A group of critics named by Oliver Wendell Holmes, all from *Boston and associated with *Harvard University. They were both snobbish and *Puritanical, elevating *Longfellow and putting down *Whitman because of his gay content (and perhaps because he was gay). Others include James Russell Lowell and *John Greenleaf Whittier. References. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature: see "Brahmins". Journal in English from the United States. Published 1976-1981. One of the most important journals of its time for reviews of United States gay poetry, it was set up by The *Good Gay Poets collective and was published with each issue of * Fag Rag. It had long reviews of poetry by such people as *Charley Shively and *Rudy Kikel (e. g., the first Issue reviewed *Ian Young and *E. A. Lacey). Many major United States gay poets active 1976-81 were reviewed in it. It also published poems and reviewed gay books generally. All issues were assessed and relevant articles noted in this Encyclopedia. Bibliographies. Miller, Our Own Voices lists nine issues at approximately six monthly intervals 1976-81. Historian in English and Latin and anthologist and translator from Latin to English from the United States. 1947-1994. He was a practising *Catholic and one of the first tenured openly gay academics in the United States, Professor of History at *Yale University. Author of * Christianity, Social Tolerance and Homosexuality: Gay People in Western Europe from the Beginning of the Christian Era to the Fourteenth Century (Chicago, 1981), which is a major study of the Christian background to the poetry from the late *Roman period to the *Middle Ages; there are French, Spanish and Japanese translations (the latter was seen in the office of the Yale History Department; no copy was found in the Yale University Library). The Italian translation was suppressed. At the end of this work, pp. 381-401, the selection of Latin poems from the middle ages is the first anthology in Latin from the middle ages with English translations. On *law pertaining to ancient Greek culture see pp. 169-74. The book caused a major controversy when *social constructionists questioned the book's claim that a gay culture existed in the middle ages. These critics insisted that homosexual identity only existed from the late nineteenth century. A later book was on gay *marriages in the medieval period: Same-Sex Unions in Premodern Europe (New York, 1994). Interview: Christopher Street no. 151, 23-32. Obituary: New York Times, 25 December, 1994, 44. David F. Greenberg, "Christian Intolerance of Homosexuality", American Journal of Sociology, vol. 88 no. 3, 515-50 (with Marcia H. Brystyn) gives a contrary view to that of Boswell (it is by a leading *social constructionist) Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 129-30: trans. of anonymous Latin poem. Criticism. Duberman, Hidden from History, 17-36. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1947. He seems to have lived in the United States, ca. 1974, and was an *actor who lived in London at the time of publication of Take Any Train. Author of a song cycle, The Boswell Songs (published in the United States in 1987). Poems were published in * Gay News (no. 139 and perhaps other issues). Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10476: three poems in Gay News 42:10, March 14, 1974. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 354: The Abandoned Labyrinth, Los Angeles: John Parke Custis Press, 1974. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Take Any Train, 11-12; biog., 61. Poem in English from Australia. Ca. 1810. A *broadside *ballad dated by Sir John Ferguson ca. 1790: see John Ferguson, A Bibliography of Australia, Sydney, 1941, vol. 1, item no. 77, p. 36. However, this dating cannot be accepted. Ferguson gives no evidence and the printing style could be later and seems closer to ca. 1810. Text: reprinted by R. Edwards and H. Anderson, Botany Bay Broadsides, Ferntree Valley, Victoria, Australia: Ramskull Press, 1956, pp. 8-11. Botany Bay is a bay south of Sydney Harbour where the first convict fleet landed; the settlement was moved in a few days to Sydney Cove in Sydney Harbour where it remained. This poem is included as a work from the "flash" milieu of the London underworld from which some of the convict *prisoners, including homosexual ones who were the first foreigners to settle in Australia, came: see stanza two ("Now I'd have all such sots sent to Botany Bay": sots - i.e. possibly sods - has suggestions of buggers, i.e. homosexuals). Stanza three presents other homosexual suggestions ("There's gay powder'd coxcombs and proud dressy tops/ Who with very small fortunes set up in great shops" - coxcombs were an eighteenth century form of *dandy). Homosexual aspects of this poem are possible. Botto (also spelt Boto), Antonio Author of a famous gay poetic *sequence Os Cançôes (The Songs), published in 1920 (enlarged edition of 26 poems, 1922, with a fine photograph of the author tipped in). It was defended by *Fernando Pessoa, the most famous Portuguese poet of the twentieth century, in a famous article: "Antonio Botto e o ideal estetico em Portugal" (Antonio Botto and the *Aesthetic Ideal in Portugal), in Revista Contemporanea vol. 1 no. 3, 1922. The sequence is one of the finest gay love sequences in a modern European language and received its definitive form in the 1932 edition of Botto's poetry (which includes all his volumes from the 1920s, as the titles of the sections make clear). He seems to have been influenced formally by *Whitman in continually expanding Os Cançôes (just as Whitman continually expanded Leaves of Grass, though Botto's works is not nearly so long). The title contrasts with Portugal's national poem the epic Os Lusiads (The Lusiads) by *Camöes. A translation into English of his Songs which is stated on its title page to be by Pessoa was published in Brazil in 1948 (no place of publication, 170 pp.; fine line drawings). The poems here are in a different order to those of the second Portuguese edition and appear to be based on a much expanded text, probably the 1932 edition. The translation is of outstanding importance (a copy is in the library of *Paul Knobel). It is in eight sections Section 1, *Boy (20 poems), 2, Curiosity (20 poems), 3, Small Sculpture (20 poems), 4, Olympiads (5 poems), 5, *Dandyism (12 poems), 6, Birds in a Royal Park (3 poems), 7, Motifs (3 poems), 8, Sad Songs of Love (6 poems). He is believed to have left Portugal because of a law case against him regarding homosexuality (it was reported in the newspapers; information from a source in the National Library, *Lisbon). He lived in *Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1947-59, where he was a founder of Brazilian *post modernism, but died in poverty. He wrote an *elegy for Pessoa and a series of *sonnets titled simply Sonetos (1938). The volumes Curiosidades Esteticas (1924), and Dandismo (Lisbon, 1928, unpaginated), are also of major importance as is Odio e Amor, 1947 ("I love and I hate"; the title is from *Horace). All his poetry was openly gay. He was called by Pessoa "the only *aesthete in Portugal". Text: see Os cançes, Lisbon, 1980, 272 pp. (his collected poems). Biography: his entry in Dicionario biografico de autores (Lisbon, 1966), is the fullest account of his life and work to 1966 and states the translation of Os Cançôes into English is definitely by Pessoa. Criticism: see José Regio (pseud.) for a major study. Translation. English: The Songs, Brazil, 1948, almost certainly by *Pessoa is the only English translation to date - see discussion of this translation above. Welsh: see the entry in the National Union Catalog re the volume Leabhar na H-oige, 1941, 70 pp., possibly in Welsh. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 647: trans. of *E. A. Lacey. Drobci stekla v ustih, 48. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 358-53; biog. note p. 330. "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen ", 124-27. Criticism. Gay Books Bulletin vol. 1 no. 2 (Summer 1979), 21. Poet from the United States writing in English and translator from Latin to English. Active 1985. Book of poems: Epitaphs for the Plague Dead, New York, 1985, 47 pp. See the poem in James White Review vol. 4 no. 1 (Fall 1986), p. 7: fine trans. of *Catullus's poem 50. Poet from Belgium writing in Flemish or Dutch. Active 1992. Book of poems: Wie legt er mee patience (1992), 46 pp. - poems influenced by United States *gay liberation poetry. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Active 1878. The * British Library General Catalogue reveals he published a long series of books of poems 1878-1917. See also *lilies. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reade, Sexual Heretics, 146-53, 303-04: long poem "The Legend of the Waterlilies", from Among Flowers and other poems, 1878 (*bathing poem). Hidden Heritage, 190-91. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1985. A former teacher who writes for the cinema. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Not Love Alone, 11-15: powerful poems of alienation, not specifically gay; biog., 140. Poet and critic from Spain writing in Spanish. Born 1924. See Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1241: states he was a protege of *Aleixandre who wrote poems with homosexual themes. He has taught at Wellesley College in the United States and the University of Madrid. Author of a critical work on Vicente Aleixandre. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Spanish Literature. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History, 7: stated to be a friend of *Aleixandre. Poet from the Netherlands who wrote in Dutch; translator from Greek to Dutch. 1870-1943. A noted Dutch poet and classical scholar of a mystical bent, active as a poet from 1898, and the leading Dutch literary critic, who edited the journal De Beweging (1906-19). He never married. He translated the * Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, 1913 into Dutch (this may have been from a French or German translation). In Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature, vol. 2, p. 184, he is described as a "*Platonist lyrical genius" and called a *symbolist close to *Stefan George. Criticism. See Ernst van Alphen, "Unacknowledged but Elect: Homosexual Desire in the Poems of P. C. Boutens", Dutch Crossing vol. 46 (Spring 1992), 62-79; not a particularly inspiring article despite its title. Translation. English.Two Dutch Poets (trans. Herbert Grierson, 1936). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Naar vriendscaap zulk een mateloos verlangen, 23-28: seven poems from Verzamelde Lyriek I en II, Amsterdam: Athenaeum-Polak & Van Gennep, 1968 (book cited, 115). Het huis dat vriendschap heet, 39-46: seven poems 1903-32. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 274; 262 - biog. note states he translated relevant poems from ancient Greek. Poet from the United States writing in English. 1920-2000. His Collected Poems were published in 1996 Gay Poetry Anthologies. Word of Mouth, 57-60. Poet and writer from the United States writing in English and French; he lived in Morocco for most of his life. 1910-1999. Paul Bowles has had a cult following as a writer of short stories, some with gay interest, from 1950. He has written four novels, the first being The Sheltering Sky (1949), made into a film ca. 1993. He has lived mainly in Morocco for many years. The Moroccan painter Ahmed Yacoubi was a protegee as was the novelist Mohammed Mrabet (with whom he collaborated). Edouard Roditi, in Leyland, Gay Sunshine Interviews, volume 2, 182, states "He was a gay being very open" (ca. 1950) and, on p. 186, states his wife Jane Bowles "had some very easy relationships with Moroccan women." Text of his poems. Next to Nothing: Collected Poems 1926-1977 (Santa Rosa: Black Sparrow, 1990), 73 pp., is the latest collection of his poems. Only a few poems are relevant in the book (e.g., "Taedium Vitae", p. 28); several show the influence of *surrealism. He wrote the musical score and text for Green Songs (New York, 1935). He has also been a composer. French poems: see Collected Poems, pp. 48-49. Not all the relevant poems Bowles has written may have been published. Autobiography. Without Stopping (1972). Biography. Christopher Sawyer-Laucanno, An Invisible Spectator (New York, 1989); this states he never admitted gayness due to the political situation in Morocco - see pp. 295, 353. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10477: The Thicket of Spring: Poems 1926 1969, Los Angeles: Black Sparrow, 1972, 59 pp. Poet and critic of Greek poetry from Great Britain who wrote in English; translator from Greek to English. 1897-1971. He was an *Oxford don and warden (i.e., person in charge) of Wadham College from 1938 (Wadham is known in Oxford folklore as *Sodom, with which word Wadham rhymes; see the poem * College Wit Sharpen'd based on a homosexual incident in the College). He was a fellow of Wadham from 1922 and Vice Chancellor of *Oxford, 1951-54. Unmarried, he wrote some thirty books, mainly on ancient Greek literature. For biographical information see Hugh Lloyd-Jones, Maurice Bowra: a celebration (London, 1954) and especially the editor's article "A Brilliant Oxford Figure", pp. 9-13. In openly gay *Francis King's article in Lloyd-Jones's book (ibid., pp. 146-51), Bowra is quoted as saying about himself, regarding the possibility of *marriage: "buggers can't be choosers'"(p. 150), thus effectively *outing himself. C. M. Bowra was a major Greek scholar and a very meticulous one without being pedantic. He wrote books entitled Ancient Greek Lyric (1936; revised edition 1961), Early Greek Elegists (1938) and * Pindar (Oxford, 1964) which openly discuss the homosexual elements in ancient Greek poetry: see, for example, the section on *Anaceron in Ancient Greek Poetry (1961), pp. 277-85. In Early Greek Elegists (Cambridge, MA, 1938) see the chapters on *Theognis (pp. 137-70) and *Simonides and the Sepulchral *Epigram (pp. 171 ff.). In Greek Lyric Poetry (second edition, 1961), the chapter "Attic Drinking Songs", pp. 277-79 (on Anacreon's male loves) and, regarding Pindar, pp. 106-07 (on Pythian Ode 6 and Thrasybulus), pp. 166-67 (re beauty in athletes) and pp. 274-76 (re poem to Theoxenus with translation). These books include translations of homopoems. Hugh Lloyd-Jones, Professor of Greek at Oxford, calls Pindar (1964) "a masterly performance, rivalling the standard work of *Wilamowitz" (op. cit., p. 15). Maurice Bowra also published a translation of Pindar's Pythian Odes (1928) and Pindar's complete poems, The Odes (Penguin, 1969). Lloyd-Jones mentions his "gifts of swift *epigram" when young, apparently referring to poems in English (op. cit., p. 10); these poems have not so far come to light (if they still exist). Bowra's The Creative Experiment (1949; repr.), on twentieth century poetry discusses *Cavafy (see the chapter "Constantine Cavafy and the Greek Past") and *García Lorca (his book of poems Romancero Gitano) amongst others. There is a chapter on the gay German poet *Stefan George in The Heritage of *Symbolism (1943). Bowra's own attitude to life seems to have been remarkably carefree and epicurean (compare *Norman Douglas); for instance, in Lloyd-Jones's book he is described as "a free thinker, an *epicure and an uninhibited advocate of pleasure" (op. cit., p. 14), something he may have gained from his reading of ancient Greek homopoetry. Bowra's importance lies in the fact that he does not shrink from open and honest discussion of homosexuality in ancient Greek poetry, something passed over by many Greek scholars in their public writings and avoided totally by, for instance, *Sir John Beazley and *A. E. Housman in the early part of the twentieth century. His autobiography, Memories 1898-1939 (1966), is dedicated to John Sparrow. The poem *"Oh, for the sofas of Sodom" has been ascribed to him. See also *Sappho. Obituary. See Proceedings of the British Academy vol. 58 (1972), 392-408. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography: by John Sparrow. Bibliographies. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, items 468-69. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 29-30, 44-45, 321. Boy love in English usually means *pederasty but may sometimes mean *pedophilia. Relevant poets survive from 544 B.C. in ancient Greek. The word "boy" can be ambiguous in English. Sometimes "boy" simply means a younger man, though its most common usages refer either to a male who has not reached puberty or to a socially and sexually immature male, usually a teenager. Sometimes older adults use it in referring to younger males, even adult males. This ambiguity makes the use of the word "boy" in homopoetry difficult to assess: it may refer to pre-pubescent boys, adolescents and even grown men, so its individual connotation must be taken into account. It is most commonly used simply to mean a young man and frequently a teenager. Age differentiated homosexuality is sometimes used to define this type of homosexuality. *Edward Brongersma has written the most detailed study of boy love, though his work in fact barely mentions poetry and concentrates on *pederasty and *pedophilia. *Singing and dancing boys - who can be quite young - are a major locus of boy love in the middle east, in *Islamic languages. The *Cupbearer tradition, *Ganymede, *Eros, *wine drinking, *Endymion, *gazelle and especially the *coming of the beard are other major tropes. See also *erotic poetry. English: see *Uranian poets (there are many), *Men and Boys, *S. Cottam, *Ralph Chubb, *Byron, *Whitman, *Shakespeare, *Wilde. A major anthologist is *Anthony Reid. *A. E. Housman used the word with ambiguous meaning (mainly meaning "younger man"). Criticism in English: see *Walter Breen, *Timothy d'Arch Smith, *Charley Shively. Arabic: *Abu Nuwas, *1 bn Sa'id al-Maghribi, *1 bn Sana al-Mulk, *ln Praise of Boys (English translation from Spanish of an Arabic work). Criticism: see *Maarten Schild. German: *Peter Baschung. Greek: see *Theognis, * Mousa Paidike (one of the greatest anthologies of relevance), *Nonnus. Hebrew: see *Norman Roth. Hindi: see *Raskhan. Italian: see *Mario Stefani. Latin: see *Martial. Persian: see *Cupbearer, *Omar Khayyam (pseud.). The whole Persian tradition up to the twentieth century is based on boy love. Pashto: see *Afghan Love Song. Portuguese: see *Botto. Swedish: see *Nils Hallbeck. Turkish: see *Singing Boys - Turkish, *Nedim, *Mesihi. Urdu: see *Abru, *Mir Taqi Mir. Criticism: *Ralph Russell. Uzbek (in German): see *Baldauf. Chinese. Japanese: see *Emperors, *Actors. Criticism. Woods, History of Gay Literature, 321-333: Chapter 28, "Boys and Boyhood" (centers mostly on novelists). Poet and novelist from Australia who wrote in English; he also lived in Great Britain and Italy. 1893-1972. He is mainly known as a novelist but wrote two volumes of poetry: see Verses [by M. A. B. B.] (London, ca.1918), 12 pp.; Retrospect (Melbourne, 1920), 45 pp. All poems have come to light (Brenda Niall, his biographer, to the author, June 1986). Retrospect has an ambience of Cambridge and charts a love affair in *non-gender specific terms as well as lamenting the deaths of young men in the war. Women are not present and the book shows considerable homoerotic feelings: e.g., see "Cassell, 1918", p. 17, "Memory" p. 22, "Dinner Time" p. 24. See also the last poem: "Requiem," pp. 40-45, which uses the Greek *Endymion myth. The biography by Brenda Niall, Martin Boyd (Melbourne, 1988), discusses a lost homosexual novel, The Shepherd of Admetus. Chapter Eleven of her biography, "The Italian Boy", charts a late affectional relationship with an Italian youth, Luciano Tromboni, who is believed to live in Milan and to have married a woman; however there is no suggestion of any sexual relationship between them. Brenda Niall states, p.100, "There is no evidence of homosexual acts on his part, but he does not seem to have thought them wrong". Brenda Niall [born 1920] is a *Catholic and this needs to be taken into account in reading her biography which, nevertheless, deals with homosexuality with some candour. Niall's statement is borne out by the discussion of the homosexual scandal in the Anglican Franciscans in Boyd's second autobiography Day of My Delight, 1965, Chapter 15, "Evangelical Counsels", in which Boyd states that he saw no harm in a homosexual relationship which split the Anglican Franciscans; he states he told Brother Claude, regarding "the *boy" who was the cause of it: '"I thought he looked rather nice"' (p. 125). Joanna Mendelssohn in her book on the artistic Lindsay family Letters and Liars (1996), states letters make clear Martin Boyd was a lover of Robert Lindsay (see article on the book in The Australian Weekend Review, 30 November-1 December 1996, 6). Homosexuality has not been adequately discussed in relation to Martin Boyd's life and work, especially with regard to his religious beliefs which were high church Anglican (more accepting of homosexuality than the more *Puritanical sections of the church). Dominic, in the novel A Difficult Young Man (1955), has been seen by some readers as homosexual. Other novels have been interpreted homosexually e.g. The Tea Time of Love (subtitled The Clarification of Miss Stilby) (1969). He used the pseudonym Martin Mills for novels until 1934. Autobiography. He wrote two. The first was A Single Flame (1939), the second, Day of My Delight (1965). An unpublished diary from his later years in *Rome, where he died, exists in the National Library, Canberra. This shows that the relationship with Luciano Trombini, whom he met aged thirteen was a passionate friendship; there is no evidence of any sexual act between them though the Italian word "giocci" (games) occurs frequently (information from a source who has read the diaries); Luciano Trombini stated in an interview with the Australian journalist Desmond O'Grady (source not traced) that this referred to card games ("giocci" can also have sexual references in Italian; *Giovanni Dall'Orto to the author, 1995). An excellent bibliography was compiled by Brenda Niall: Martin Boyd (Melbourne, 1977). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Australian Dictionary of Biography (by Brenda Niall): states "it has never been demonstrated that any one of a series of sentimental friendships with young men amounted to an affair". Hurley, Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born ca. 1970. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gents, Bad Boys, and Barbarians, 37-41; biog., 36. Poet from New Zealand who wrote in English. 1843-1898. Author of a famous poem in New Zealand (and Australia), "Not Understood", first published in 1879. It was endlessly reprinted especially from 1905 in Bracken's volume Not Understood and other poems (eighth edition, 1928). It was continuously recited on stage, in music halls in vaudeville performances; it was usually performed by a man who pleaded before his wide that he was not understood (thereby allowing him roister - mainly drink - without allowing him to feel guilty; information from a person who saw such performances). It appeared in many collections of recitations. It was also printed in Australia in *broadsheet form. The poem has obvious applicability to homosexuality in a society where it was illegal - as it then was - in New Zealand: homosexuals could claim that they were "not understood". Bracken was a non conformist involved with the New Zealand Labour Party who married in 1883, aged 40, and had one child; he converted to *Catholicism in 1896 and died in poverty after being member of parliament for Dunedin Central (Dunedin is the largest southmost city on the south island of New Zealand). He wrote the New Zealand national anthem, "God Defend New Zealand". Biography: see G. H. Schofield, A Dictionary of New Zealand Biograph y (1940), vol. 1, 84-87. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to New Zealand Literature. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1936. The Lilly Library, Indiana University, Bloomington, has manuscripts of his 1965-1990. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A True Likeness, 228-41. Son of the Male Muse, 35; biog. 186-87: two books published, Constellations of Clover, 1973, and Duplicate Keys, 1977; he lives in *San Francisco. Fine poems about relationships, carefully crafted. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1850-1944. A poet who wrote poems on *pedohphile themes and whose work may have influenced *Ralph Chubb. A selection, To Boys Unknown: Poems (London, *Gay Men's Press, 1988), was edited by *Paul Webb with an introduction by him; see "The Kiss", pp. 18 19, "To Boys Unknown", p. 48. Educated at *Cambridge, he was ordained a minister of the Church of England, serving in *St Petersburg, *Paris and *Eton. His verse is *Uranian and was favorably reviewed in the Times Literary Supplement. He is included in N. T. Parsons, The Joy of Bad Verse (1988), pp. 292-99. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Murray, Catalogue of Selected Books, items 7-14: same books as Bullough. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 1048091: Boyhood, London: Kegan Paul, 1930, In Quest of Love, London: Kegan Paul, 1913, The Kingdom within You, London: Kegan Paul, 1927, Lays of Love and Life, London: Kegan Paul, 1916, The New Chivalry, London: Kegan Paul, 1918, Passing the Love of Women and Other Poems, London: Kegan Paul, 1913, Ralph Rawdono, A Story in Verse, London: Kegan Paul, 1922, The Romance of Youth, London: Kegan Paul, 1920, Sonnets, Songs and Ballads, London: Kegan Paul Trench Trubner, 1908, Strangers and Pilgrims, London: Kegan Paul 1929, The Tree of Knowledge, London: Kegan Paul, 1925 and The True Aristrocracy, London: Kegan Paul, 1923. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 395-406: same books as Bullough. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 48-49. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 244-49; note the poem *"Platonic *Friendship" 244-47. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 81. Criticism. Smith, Love in Earnest, 240-41 (bibl.); see also index. He published some twelve books of poems 1908-30. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1950. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Take Any Train, 13-14: a poem on *Cavafy and two poems on recently deceased friends; biog., 61 - born of *Irish Catholic parents, he supports *gay liberation. Editor from the United States of works in English. Born 1897. The general editor, with *Gay Wilson Allen, of the New York University Edition of The Collected Writings of *Walt Whitman, 22 volumes, New York, 1961-84. This is the most comprehensive edition of Whitman ever and is edited to the highest standards and includes notes (Whitman's journalism has been published separately). He is the editor of Leaves of Grass: Comprehensive Reader's Edition (1965), with *Harold W. Blodgett which is part of The Collected Writings of *Walt Whitman. See also *Horace Traubel. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors, vol. 89-92. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1995. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Badboy Book, 63; biog. 383: lives in *San Francisco. Poet and anthologist from Australia writing in English. Born 1942. Co-editor of *Edge City, the first Australian gay anthology. An openly lesbian poet who worked in the English Department at the University of New South Wales. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Hurley, Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Love and Death, 15; biog., 52. Further biographical information: see Edge City, 221. Bradstock, Peter Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1975. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10492: "Soliloquy" in Gay News no. 64 (13 February 1975), 13. His name appears to be spelt incorrectly as Bradock in Bullough, Annotated Bibliography. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gay Verse. Poet from Australia who wrote in English. 1869-1952. A writer of sea ballads and mate of *Henry Lawson. See "Comrades" in Bells and Hobbles (Sydney: George Robertson, 1911), pp. 165-66. Lawson lived with him 1909-1910, during a period of great difficulty. See also *mateship, *Roderic Quinn. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Brahman Figure from myth and religion from India appearing in Sanskrit, Hindi and Cambodian from ca. 1,100 B.C. (The date, from the date of the*Vedas is very uncertain.) The name given in the *Vedic hymns and the *Upanishads to the supreme being of the universe. The term bráhman is neuter in Sanskrit (compare *God). The masculine form brahmán denotes the priest who knows and speaks Vedic utterances. In Hindu religion the Brahman (neuter) is personified as the creator god Brahma (masculine) with a trio of divine functions: Brahma the creator, Vishnu the preserver and *Shiva the destroyer. As a neuter god Brahman also embodied femininity in sculptures - e. g. in the Caves of Elephanta near Bombay where his face is 'androgynous. The cult of Shiva shows this androgynous aspect strongly. Bengali. See *Rabindranath Tagore. Cambodian. His cult existed in earlier Cambodian civilization and stone statues of him exist at Angkor Wat temple. The cult spread as far as Java in Indonesia. References. Encyclopedia Britannica. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Poet and lover from the United States who wrote in English. 1942-1994. He illustrated *The Platonic Blow and also did strong homosexual illustrations for Gay Sunshine (see no. 23, p.14) and for Jonathan Williams's gay poem gAy Bcs (Champaign, Finial Press, 1976). He died of *Aids. For an article discussing his work see Boston Gay Review no. 3, 1977, 6-7. He shared his life with *Kenward Elmslie (see *Schuyler, Dairy, p. 304). The pair wrote Sung Sex (1989), together. He died of *Aids (see Schuyler, Diary, p. 301). Manuscripts are in the Manderville Special Collections Library, Geisel Library, University of California, San Diego. He has an internet homepage. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors, vol. 65-68 and Contemporary Authors New Revision Series, volume 12. Bibliographies. Bullough. Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10493: "Selections from the last I remember" in Gay Sunshine 20:13, January-February 1974 and I remember, New York, 1974. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 416, 416-21: I Remember, New York: Angel Hair, 1970, revised and enlarged edition New York: Full Court Press, 1975, More I Remember, New York: Angel Hair Books, 1971, More I Remember More, New York: Angel Hair, 1973, New York, Los Angeles: Black Sparrow, 1973, Selected Writings 1965-1971, New York: Kulchur Foundation, 1971. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Angels of the Lyre, 25-29 (*prose poems); biog., 237. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 741-43. Word of Mouth, 225-33. Braithwait, Richard Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Active 1615. Criticism. Bredbeck, Sodomy and Interpretation, 14-15, cites references to *Ganymede cited in the dedicatory epistle to A Strappado for the Devil, (London, 1615); see also 35-36. Brand, Adolf Poet from Germany who wrote in German. 1874-1945. A German gay activist and poet and an *anarchist inclined to the right politically. He was the compiler of the third German gay anthology * Die Bedeutung der Freundesliebe für Führer und Völker (which he published). In contrast to *Magnus Hirschfeld, Brand belonged to the group of German gays, such as *Benedict Friedlaendler, John Henry Mackay and *Gustav Wyneken who believed in the revival of the ancient Greek *pederastic eros (Hirschfeld thought of homosexuals as an intermediary sex). He was the publisher of the major gay journal * Der Eigene from 1896, which title he also used as a publishing imprint. He published gay material under the imprint Adolf Brand Verlag. He also published a journal * Eros (1926-31) - see Herzer, Bibliographie zur Homosexualit ät, p. 215. On his life see John Lauritsen, The Early Homosexual Rights Movement in Germany (1974), pp. 19-21. He is usually regarded as being in the right wing of the German gay movement. Not in Oxford Companion to German Literature. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Hafkamp, Pijlen van naamloze liefde, 147-54. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 161-62: brilliant overview of his career (unsigned). Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 43: six works cited including poems "Kahnfahrt/ Nach dem Gewitter/ Waldfrei" and *Die Bedeutung der Freundesliebe für Führer und Völker (no date given). Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10494: Inseln des Eros [no place], 1907. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 175-76; biog., 175. Die Bedeutung der Freundesliebe, 26. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 221; 188 and 194-95 (biog.). Criticism. Weindel, L'Homosexualité en Allemagne, 284: cites two books of poetry including Inseln der Eros. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 9 (1908) 585: review of Inseln der Eros. Goodbye to Berlin?, 49-54. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Active 1934. Pseudonym of *Eva Mudocci. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1971. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10495: poems in *Gay Sunshine 5: 3, January 1971. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1995. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Badboy Book, 65; biog., 384. Critic in German from Germany of Greek poetry; translator from Greek to German. 1875-1929. He wrote in two sections, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung" (Love of *boys in Greek poetry) for the * Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen: 8 (1906), 627-73, the first part published under his real name, and the second, 9 (1908) 213-312, under the pseudonym *Paul Stephanus. This is the first modern study of male homosexuality in ancient Greek poetry specifically aimed at a gay audience. The 1906 article deals with *lyric and *bucolic poets and the 1908 article the poets of the *Palatine Anthology. The 1908 article is still the most important study of the *Palatine Anthology in gay terms; reference has been made to these articles in this Encyclopedia under the poets Brandt discusses. He studied at the Universities of Bonn and Leipzig before working in various schools in Sassonia in Italy, according to Aldo Mieli who states he later became professor of classics at Leipzig: see Mieli's brief death notice in his review of Sittengeschichte Griechenlands in Rassegna di studi sessuali 10 (1930), 149-50. His major work was Sittengeschichte Griechenlands (3 volumes, Dresden, 1925-28) published under the pseudonym Hans Licht (Licht means light in German). The 1925 volume was also published under the title Lebenskultur im alten Griechenland. The second (1926) volume contains (pp. 115-210) a long study of homosexuality in ancient Greece, with special coverage of the poets. It incorporates - but does not supplant - the Jahrbuch articles which are more detailed. The work was translated into English as Sexual Life in Ancient Greece (1926; repr.) which work was also published under the name Hans Licht. He also translated into German poems from the Palatine Anthology and other poems in the 1906 and 1908 articles; poems in translation also appear in Sittengeschichte Griechenlands. The rare third (Erganzungsband) volume (1928) of Sittengeschichte Griechenlands includes a study of eroticism in Greek art and supplementary notes to the first two volumes (literary homonotes: pp. 234-37). With their sumptuous plates - many homoerotic - and fine design, these books remain masterpieces of German gay book *design, in which the homosexual aspect of Greek culture is rightly emphasized (the cover features a line drawing of the homoerotic Narcissus of Pompeii). Significantly, the books were produced just before the Hitler period, and at the end of a long period of German efflorescence in classical studies. Brandt's partner was Baron Werner von Bleichroder, from an old German banking family; he was the author of a famous German novel, entitled Ein Roman aus Berlin W (Vienna, 1908), featuring homosexuality which was published under the pseudonym James Grunert There were other articles by Brandt published in journals of the time: for instance on *Homer in Anthropophyteia no. 9 (1912), 291300 and also Greek tragedians in relation to homosexual poetry (*Aeschylus 301-05, *Sophocles 305-10 and *Euripides 310-16) in the same issue pp. 300-316 and on Homer in Zeitschrift fur Sexualwissenschaft no. 9 (June 1922), 65-74 (all under the pseudonym Hans Licht). He and Bleichroder published a Register zum Hermaphroditus des Antonius Panormita (Leipzig: Weigel, ca. 1910, 56 pp.): this is a bibliographical study of editions of the work of *Beccadelli relating to the 1908 German edition (rare: a copy is in the library of University of California, Los Angeles). He also published Beitrage zur antike erotik (Leipzig,1924) (Studies on Ancient Erotics) and wrote a study of the philosopher *Lucian in homosexual terms: Die Homoerotik in der Griechischen Literatur: Lukianos von Samosata (Bonn, 1921). No scholar has done more to reveal ancient Greek homosexual poetry to the twentieth century reader than Paul Brandt (although, at the same time, *Georges Herelle was working in French on ancient Greek). Brandt's later achievement is a far cry from the subject of his 1898 Ph. D. dissertation: the subjunctive in *Pindar. His and Bleichroder's books were sold ca. 1930: see * Bibliographisches Verezeichnis which is the first known catalogue of a collection of German gay books. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 44, 76-77 (under his pseudonym *Hans Licht); articles cited above in the Jahrbuch and the book Sappho, Leipzig: Rottbarth, 1905. Hayn, Gotendorf, Bibliotheca Germanorum Erotica, volume 9, 292 and 349: lists articles and books by him. Hezer, Bibliographie zur Homosexualität: see Index. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, items 531-35. Poet from theUnited States writing in English. Born 1957. A *black poet involved in theatre and dance in *San Francisco. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 18-19: poems "T'ain't Nobody's Business"; biog., 173. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1991. A *black poet who has toured nationally and internationally with Fierce Love: Stories from Black Gay Life and appeared in *Marlon Riggs' films. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Here to Dare, 144-56; biog., 143. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1976. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 431:The Story Teller, London: Sheldon, 1976. Poet from Germany who wrote in German; editor relating to works in Latin. 1457-1521. Author of the *satire Das Narrenschiff (The Ship of Fools), a poem published in 1494 ridiculing vice and folly, which was an attempt to rejuvenate the Latin satires of Juvenal and *Horace. The work quickly became popular especially because of its woodcut illustrations and was translated into several European languages. Section ten, "On True Friendship", contains reference to the tropes of *David and Jonathan, *Achilles and Patroklus, *Orestes and Pylades, *Damon and Pithias, *King David and *Laelius. He was born in Stasbourg on the border of France and Germany and lectured in law in Basel. He also wrote Latin poems and married in 1489. He edited the Latin poet *Virgil. Translations. The *British Library General Catalogue to 1975 was consulted. Only major translations are listed. Dutch. Jan van Ghelen (1584), A. B. (1610). English. 'Alexander Barclay (1509; very free version with additions by the translator; repr.), Thomas Watson (1517), Edwin H. Zeydel (1944), William Gillis (1971). On the early English versions see Fr. Aurelius Pompen, The English Versions of "The Ship of Fools" (1925). French. Pierre Rivière (1497; trans. from Latin), a different translator (1499; repr.). Low German. Translator not known (1497), Carl Schroder (1892). Latin. Jacob Locher (1497). Russian. A translation exists made in the twentieth century. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopedia of World Literature. Oxford Companion to German Literature ; see also the entry Das Narrenschiff. Dictionary of Literary Biography, volume 179; notes p. 15 he was "emotionally dependent on friends". Kindlers neues Literatur Lexikon. Brasch, Charles Poet and editor from New Zealand writing in English; translator from Russian to English. 1909-1973. He founded and edited the important New Zealand literary journal Landfall in the period 1947-66. His homosexuality was first discussed by *Bobby Pickering in 1982. He was of Jewish background from a rich family in Dunedin in the south island of New Zealand, studied at *Oxford from 1927, and lived in Europe until 1947 when he returned to New Zealand living in Christchurch, the largest city on the south island. His Collected Poems, 1984, edited by Alan Roddick, his literary executor, give no hint of homosexuality; but the love *sequence "In Your Presence" (1964) was written to his companion, Harry Scott, (Collected Poems, pp. 94-103) as was the love sequence, "The Estate" (dedicated to Scott; written 1948-1952), which was first published in 1957 (see Collected Poems, pp. 61-83). "Physics of Love" is a fine short poem. The article "Charles Brasch" by Bobby Pickering in Gay News 232 (1982), 31, discusses these works and cites a poem on *Charles Brasch by the New Zealand poet Denis Glover ("He was/ a non-recurring comet"); this notes that the New Zealand poet Wystan Curnow once referred to him as an *"anal" character. He took up the study of Russian and translated *Esenin's poems with Peter Soskice (published as Poems by Esenin, Wellington, 1970). His autobiography, significantly entitled Indirections: A memoir 1909-1947 (1980), was cut heavily by Brasch's close friend James Bertram (the published version is only half the total length of the original manuscript). His manuscripts, including that of the autobiography, are in Dunedin in the Hocken Library, University of Otago, where his diary and private correspondence are deposited under seal. For information on his life see his Collected Poems, pp. xi-xiv. He has an internet homepage. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Penguin Companion to World Literature. Oxford Companion to New Zealand Literature. Criticism. Best Mates: Gay Writing in Aotearoa New Zealand, 8, 11-12 (quotes from the poem "Ergo Sum"). Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1947. Fine *gay liberation poet. Latest volumes of poems: Works, (1991); Sex-Charge (1991). For more recent works, see poems in Christopher Street vol.14 no. 6 (issue 172), 36-37. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10496-97: poems in Gay Sunshine 5:3, January 1971 and Gay Sunshine 13:5, 9, 16, June 1972. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Male Muse, 17-18; biog., 118. Angels of the Lyre, 30-31; biog., 237. Rosen, Gay Life and Gay Writers, 56-57. Orgasms of Light, 38-39; biog., 249. Gay Poetry, 2, 7. Amerikanike homophylophile poiese ,13: trans. into Greek; biog., 69. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 377-78. Badboy Book, 6778; biog., 384: lives in *New York. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 735-37, 817. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1971. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 433: Bad Land, Penland, NC: The Jargon Society, 1971. Historian from Great Britain writing in English. Born ca. 1950. His Homosexuality in Renaissance England (London, 1982), is the most comprehensive social study of the 'Renaissance period since *Rictor Norton, with detailed reference to poetry, much social detail and references sourced. Despite its title, Chapter Four deals with the 'eighteenth century. The work was a ground breaking work whose bibliography shows extensive research. See 'Nicholas Breton, 'William Dunbar, 'John Fletcher, "The He-Strumpets", 'James I, 'W. Kennedy, 'John Marston, 'Richard Middleton, Thomas Middleton, '"Of the Horrible and Wofull Destruction of Sodome and Gomorra", R. C. (pseud.), 'Thomas Shadwell. His article "Homosexuality and the Signs of Male Friendship in Elizabethan England", History Workshop 29 (Spring 1990), 1-19, is the text of a paper at the 1987 conference in 'Amsterdam, Homosexuality, Which Homosexuality? The article is on the image of the male friend and the sodomite; it was reprinted in 'Jonathan Goldberg, Queering the Renaissance (1994), pp. 40-61. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Poet in English and translator from Greek to English from Australia. 1912-1995. An actively homosexual poet who translated poets from the Greek * Palatine Anthology: *Archilochus, *Alcaeus, *Ibycus, *Theognis, *Anacreon, *Simonides in Seventy-Seven (Adelaide, 1990), pp. 40-70. These translations are repeated in Satura: Selected Poetry and Prose, Adelaide, 1988 (with, in addition, p.118, *Rufinus). None of these poems is homosexual. See also "Lines to *Hadrian", ibid., pp. 106-07, re the gay Roman Emperor. Other unpublished poems from the Palatine Anthology may exist. One unequivocably gay poem was published by John Bray before his death: "Bi-sexual Indifference: Anonymous P. A. 5.65", in Friendly Street No. 18, edited by the poet, Adelaide, 1994, 13 (about *Ganymede; it is a translation of * Palatine Anthology, Book 5, poem 65). The writer was the grandson of a South Australian Premier and is the former Chief Justice of South Australia (1967-78). He was the Chancellor of Adelaide University (1968-83) and lived in Adelaide. An oral interview (citing bohemian interests) is in the De Berg Collection, Australian National Library. He was in the circle of the Adelaide homosexual poet *Charles Jury. Obituary: Adelaide Review, July 1995, 4 (by William Fleming); this makes no mention of his homosexuality but states that "during the 1940s, he came under the charismatic influence of *Charles Jury". The nine essays on his life in Wilfred Prest, editor, A Portrait of John Bray (Adelaide: Wakefield Press, 1997) reveal little about his personal life. The writer Christopher Pearson, editor of the Adelaide Review, has written: "Bray, who had all his adult life abstained from sexual relations with men until the law was changed, became a neighbour friend and lover in 1973": see Peter Coleman, editor, Double Take: Six Incorrect Essays (Port Melbourne, 1996), p. 144 (this quotation is from Christopher Pearson's essay "The ambiguous business of coming out", ibid., 139-161). John Bray's papers - occupying 10 metres of shelf space - are in the State Library of South Australia, of which he was the Chairman of the trustees. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1953. Born in Birmingham he has completed a Ph. D. thesis on the depiction of gay people in twentieth century theatre and runs a small theatre training company. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Not Love Alone, 16-17; biog., 140. Take Any Train, 15: about *cruising; biog., 61. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1978. Gay Poetry Anthologies. We Bumped Off Your Friend the Poet, 8. Poet and dramatist in German and translator from English to German from Germany. 1898-1956. A prolific *Marxist poet and dramatist. In exile from 1933, he returned to East Berlin in 1949. He translated *Marlowe's gay play Edward II from English to German. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 240: "Togetherness", a poem about two naked youngsters in a boat. Critic from the United States writing in English. Active 1991. Author of the critical study Sodomy and Interpretation: Marlowe to Milton (1991). Unfortunately this work suffers from obfuscation and a lack of clarity in attempting, as the author states, "to read Renaissance sodomy". Chapter 2 deals with *Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida and *Marlowe's Edward II, Chapter 3 with the sonnet sequences of *Barnfield and Shakespeare and Chapter 5, John Milton's Paradise Regained; bibliography pp. 241-55. The work is of value in uncovering little known passages in *Renaissance writers referring to homosexuality. It takes the *social construction view. Gregory Bredbeck is the author of "*Milton's *Ganymede: Negotations of homoerotic tradition in Paradise Regained ", PMLA no. 106 (March 1991), 262-76. He teaches English at the University of California, Riverside. Poet from the Netherlands writing in Dutch. Born 1906. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Naar vriendscaap zulk een mateloos verlangen, 67-68: poem "De jonge priester" from Lyriese portretten, Maastricht/ Brussels, 1932 (book cited p. 115). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 298-99: translation into English of the preceding poem "The Young Priest" (about a virgin). Historian and critic from the United States writing in English. 1928-1993. The real name of *J. Z. Eglinton (pseud.), author of * Greek Love (New York: Oliver Layton Press, 1964), 504 pages. (Note: the British edition of London, 1971 has additional notes in the Preface). His real name was written by him in a copy of the book in the possession of *Anthony Reid; the book was sighted by the author in Anthony Reid's library in 1988. Section 2, History and Literature, is actually a study of *pederasty which the author maintains, p. 4, is the dominant form of homosexuality throughout history. There is extensive reference to poetry and the book constitutes perhaps the most wide-ranging reading of gay European poetry to date and contains a defacto anthology of poems. The book is most important for its comparative perspective and brilliant insights about poetry (even if there are mistakes - and according to Anthony Reid, the book contains "about 200" mistakes). Valuable footnotes, index of names pp. 490-94, general index pp. 495-504. "Boy Love in Ancient Greece", pp. 230 75, relies on earlier authors including *J. A. Symonds and *Hans Licht (pseud.) (ibid., p. 230). It includes a selection from ancient Greek poetry translated by himself (ibid., p. 230). An outstanding survey of homosexuality in Europe with much reference to poetry. Translation: German. A translation titled Griechische Liebe was published in Hamburg by Kala Verlag, 1967. Obituary. See Coin World (Sidney, Ohio) 17 May 1993, p. 3 and continuation (page not known): this reveals that he was a noted author on numismatics and that he died in a prison hospital in Chino, California, of cancer, where he is stated to have been serving a ten year sentence "for his 1992 conviction on child molestation charges" and a three-year sentence for a parole violation of a 1990 conviction on similar charges. It states he is survived by two adult children. Another obituary is by Jim Kepner in One-IGLA Bulletin no. 1 (Spring 1995); this states he was married to the lesbian writer Marian Zimmer Bradley. Criticism. International Journal of Greek Love vol.1 no.1 (1965), 24-30: article "Shakespeare's Boyfriend and "Sonnet XX"". Brender à Brandis, Gerard Poet from Canada writing in English. Born 1942. Interview: Body Politic 33 (May 1977), 22-23: states he solicited the material for a gay anthology which was chosen by a professional editor (this is apparently * Larkspur and Lad's Love). The openly gay owner and publisher of the *private press Branstead Press, who lives in the country near Carlisle, Ontario. See also * Larkspur and Lad's Love and *Alan V. Miller re illustration. Bibliographies. Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (1984), 137: book Lines for the Crocuses: Poem and Wood Engraving by G. Brender a Brandis, Carlisle, Ontario: Branstead Press, 1977. Critic writing in English. Active 1997. Author of the article "Erotic and Homoerotic Writing" about Spanish writers from South America in Encyclopedia of Latin American Literature, 294-95 (with a bibliography). This article mainly concentrates on prose and women writers; the poet *Porfirio Barba-Jacob is the only poet mentioned. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Latin American Literature: see "Erotic and Homoerotic Writing". Poet and critic from Australia who wrote in English. 1870-1932. An explicit homopoem, "I mean to tell the public of the way I was undone", was written in the Mitchell Library copy of Lord *Alfred Douglas, Oscar Wilde and Myself (London, 1914), owned by *J. J. Quinn (the Mitchell Library is the Australiana section of the State Library of New South Wales, *Sydney); the poem is reproduced in Campaign no. 29, 16. J. J. Quinn later became the executor of Brennan's estate and the co-editor of Brennan's Verse (Sydney, 1960) and Prose (Sydney, 1962) with A. R. Chisholm (who however, did most of the editing). This poem is a spoof pretending to describe passive *anal sex with *Oscar Wilde as the perpetuater or fucker from the point of view of *Lord Alfred Douglas as fuckee. It is the first known Australian gay poem describing *anal intercourse and is more explicit than the only known English poem prior to 1914 (by *Rochester). *Martin Smith, Campaign 29 (February 1978), "Our Australian Gay Heritage: Christopher Brennan", 15-16, 44, first discussed Brennan from a gay point of view. The critic *Dorothy Green, The Music of Love (1984), 113 has commented on another poem "Aubade", from Twenty One Poems, 1897: "There is nothing in the poem to make it certain that one of the partners is a woman..." His *modernist poem Pocket Musicopoematographiscope (Sydney, 1981), edited by Axel Clark, has sexual puns in the wording. The poem, written in 1897 for Dowell O'Reilly (see *J. Le Gay Brereton entry), can be read homosexually. There is an obscene pun on the word "come" (which is written "CUM" in the poem; though the M is never written) which can mean "ejaculate". "See you tomorrow", which Axel Clark says is the poem's basic meaning (p. 5), read in conjunction with the pun on come, is possibly an invitation to an assignation or could be read as such; on the other hand it could be entirely innocent. Brennan wrote extensive criticism of Greek, Latin, *decadent and 19th century French poets, as well as *Edward Carpenter and *Oscar Wilde: see The Prose of Christopher Brennan, edited by A. R. Chisholm and J. J. Quinn, 1962. (Not all prose has been collected in this volume however: see the review by G. A. Wilkes, Meanjin 22, March 1963, 80-84.) As his prose shows, he was very interested in the writers of the *eighteen-nineties and his familiarity with French and German writers of this period stems from the fact that he had lived in Berlin 1892-94, where he read *Verlaine, *Rimbaud and very probably *Stefan George: see Robin Marsden, "Christoher Brennan's Berlin Years 1892-94, In the Decadence", Quadrant, November1977, 37-46; see also *G. A. Wilkes. He was certainly the person in Australia who knew most about European non-English eighteen-nineties writers. His liking for Stefan George is discussed in Noel Macainish, "Brennan and Berlin - Some Circumstances", Southerly 49 (1989) 8395, where his acquaintance with *Karl Wolfskehl, one of George's *disciples is discussed and where Brennan is compared to *Cavafy. His library survives, a rare example of a poet's library being kept together his death: the classical section is in Rare Books, Fisher Library, University of Sydney and the modern books are in the Moran Collection, Menzies Library, Australian National University. Biography: see Axel Clark, Christopher Brennan (1980); see p. 238 for an anecdote by *Hugh McCrae, about suggested *anal sex by Brennan. Brennan married the daughter of his German landlady whom he had met in Germany. He worked as a Cataloger at the Sydney Public Library from 1895 to 1909 and as a lecturer in French and German at the University of Sydney from 1908 to 1925 when he was dismissed by the University when he divorced from his wife and because of his generally unconventional behavior; he was a heavy drinker and later lived in poverty with another woman who died when she was hit by a tram. He had two sons. Text of his poems. Verse, edited by A. R. Chisolm and J. J. Quinn (1960), does not include all published poems: see the review by G. A. Wilkes Southerly 23 (1963), 164-65. (The papers of A. R. Chisholm who finalized the editing from work which was commenced by J. J. Quinn are in the Baillieu Library, University of Melbourne.) Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Poet from Germany who wrote in German. 1900-1981. *Hubert Kennedy in Journal of Homosexuality, volume 38, numbers 1/2, 2000, 61, states twenty-seven poems of his appeared in * Der Kreis from 1948. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 44: two books of poetry Akkorde des Lebens and Musik des Herzens, both Munich, 1928. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10498-99: same books. The * British Library General Catalogue lists further books of poetry 1961-63. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born ca. 1960. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gents, Bad Boys, and Barbarians, 43-47; biog., 42 . Poet and songwriter from Gremany who wrote in German. 1778-1842. With *Achim von Arnim, his lifelong friend, he collected the folk songs Das Knaben Wunderhorn (1805-08). Twice married he was one of the *Heidelberg group of Romantic writers with von Arnim and J. J. von Gorres. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 44: poems "Der Jäger and den Hirten", "Durch den Wald mit raschen Schritten"; no other details given. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10500-01: Der Jäger an den Hirten and Durch den Wald mit raschen Schritten - cited incorrectly as books (no other details supplied). Poet from Australia who wrote in English. 1871-1933. The only Australian poet to be in two gay anthologies published outside Australia (both originating in Great Britain). His The Song of Brotherhood (1896) was the first Australian book of poems showing strong overt homoerotic content: see the title poem, pp. 1-13, and "Rouge et Noir" pp. 155-61. "We Meet", pp. 165-66, is *non gender specific and see p. 135 re use of the word *fairy in a possible homosexual sense. Not included in this volume, and unpublished in Brereton's subsquent volumes, is the poem "To a Boy", Hermes (9 July 1894), 2; this poem has not been included in any of his published volumes. "The Limits of Love", Hermes vol. 3 no. 4 (13 August, 1897), 11 is non-gender specific. Strongly influenced by *Whitman (at one time he marketed a brand of tea called Calamus tea named after Whitman's homosexual Calamus Poems), Brereton also may have been influenced by the British *Uranian poets though this seems unlikely. He was assistant librarian from 1902 and later Librarian at the University of Sydney and the first Professor of English at the University from 1921 to 1933. His copy of the Poems of Whitman (Canterbury Poets edition, ca. 1886), was in the possession of his family in 1984 and his copy of Whitman's last book, Good-bye My Fancy (1891), in Rare Books, Fisher Library, University of Sydney, is signed "J. Le Gay Brereton, 1892". A work without an author titled Walt Whitman: The Man, 189 pp., with Brereton's signature and the date "Sept. 97" in his handwriting is in the possession of *Denis Gallagher (annotations by Brereton are on p. 114 and 128). His copy of *A. E. Housman's A Shropshire Lad (London: *Grant Richards, 1904) survives also in Rare Books, Fisher Library, signed on the first page. Other surviving books show an interest in homosexuality - e.g., his signed copy of *J. A. Symonds' A Problem in Modern Ethics which is also now in Fisher Library. His novel Landlopers (Sydbey, 1899) is a novel about a trek through the bush by a man named Knight and "The *Boy" and has homoerotic undertones; it is actually a *prosimetrum with poems throughout, many non gender specific - e.g., p. 53 "Fling off the threads that bind" (the author mentions leaving behind his girlfriend Marjorie). The book is illustrated. His poem "Vigil" ( Australian Magazine, 30 March, 1899, 57) was homoerotically illustrated - with the back of a naked man facing the reader - by D. H. Souter. A close friend of *Henry Lawson, *Christopher Brennan and *Dowell O'Reilly, he was involved in initiating the concept of *mateship. He was also a critic: in 1894 he published in Hermes, the Universtity of Sydney student magazine, 25 July, 10-12, and August 14, 89, "Hints on Walt Whitman's Leaves of Grass" (reprinted in *Alan McLeod, Walt Whitman in Australia and New Zealand, Sydney, 1964, pp. 65-74); this work appears to be the text of a lecture he gave at the University of Sydney extolling Whitman and sexuality as a positive force. He also wrote on *Christopher Marlowe and other *Elizabethan writers, writings collected in Writings on Elizabethan Drama (1948). The Sydney bachelor bibliophile, *David Scott Mitchell, influenced his reading, lending him a copy of Marlowe (a risqué writer) and lent him Walt Whitman's Leaves of Grass. Memoirs of his relationship with *Henry Lawson and other *eighteen-nineties Australian poets exist in Knocking Around, Sydney (Sydney, 1930) (see pp. 1-40) and in Henry Lawson By His Mates (Sydney, 1931), edited by Brereton and Bertha Lawson. *Martin Smith discusses homosexual aspects of Brereton in Campaign 24 (September 1977), 17-19; reprinted in *Gay Sunshine 34/35 (Summer/Fall, 1977). A paper on Brereton, *Bernard O'Dowd, Whitman and mateship was given by *Paul Knobel at the 1985 Gay History Conference, Toronto (a copy was deposited in the *Canadian Lesbian and Gay Archives). Brereton was a bushwalker and pioneer nudist who, in later life, took young men bushwalking with him and apparently on nudist expeditions to a place called The Cave, five miles up the Nepean river from the Nepean bridge (near Wallacia Weir). These males were younger than university students and his later married life was not particularly happy (information from his daughter-in law, Elaine Le Gay Brereton). His papers are in the Mitchell Library, Sydney, which has published A Guide to The Papers of John le Gay Brereton (1981). His poems and criticism have not been collected. After 1896, his published poetry is heterosexual in ambience, as in the sonnet sequence Perdita (1896). In Sea and Sky (1908), see, however, "Open Speech" p. 12, "Secret Thoughts" p. 35, "Vigil" p. 49, "Cling to Me" p. 50, "Stunned" p. 52, "Shoreless Sea" p. 53, "From the Courts of Love" p. 69 (*Eros trope) and other poems. A *bookplate of his featured *Cupid with a swag and billycan and the words "luf ond vin" (love and wine). Compare *Bliss Carman. His father, John Le Gay Brereton, a Sydney doctor who founded its first Turkish bathhouse, was also a poet who wrote vague poems about love: see his The Triumph of Love (Sydney, 1887). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Hurley, Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia.. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 442: The Song of Brotherhood and other Verses, London: George Allen, 1896. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reade, Sexual Heretics, 428-29: poem "Rouge et Noir". Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 268. Dessaix, Australian Gay and Lesbian Writing, 20-21 : "Rouge et Noir". Poet from France who wrote in French. 1899-1966. French *Surrealist poet who founded the surrealist movement and was, prior to this, one of the *Dada group; he was a member of the *Communist Party 1927-35. The surrealist discussions on sex have recently been published: see José Pierre, Investigating Sex, 1993 (reviewed in Times Literary Supplement, 13 August, 1993, 3-4). *Edward Roditi in an article "The Homophobia of *Andre Breton" (in Christopher Street no. 113 [1987], 17-24), has argued that Breton's close friendship with Jacques Vaché (who committed suicide in 1919) had a homosexual element (see also an article in Masques, ca. 1985). The article in Christopher Street refers to Michel Carassou's book, Jacques Vaché et le Groupe de Nantes (Paris, 1986). See Leyland, Gay Sunshine Interviews, volume 2, 164-65, regarding Breton's *homophobia (which typical for the time). Biography. Mark Polizzotti, Revolution of the Mind (1995). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Ca. 1555-1626. He had a large poetry oeuvre and was involved in the *pastoral movement: see his The Passionate Shepherd (1604). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Criticism. Bray, Homosexuality in Renaissance England, 142. Brett, Reginald, Viscount Esher Poet, diary, letter writer and biographer from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1852-1930. The * British Library General Catalogue reveals he edited Queen Victoria's Letters with *A. C. Benson (1907), wrote on British history, and published Ionicus, a biography of *William Cory (pseud.) (London, John Murray, 1923, 272 pp.) and The Tragedy of Lord Kitchener (1921) - Kitchener is believed to have been gay: see F. M. Richardson, Mars without Venus (1981), p. 122. It also lists extracts from his Journals 1872-1881, 2 volumes (1908) and Journals and Letters, edited by Maurice V. Brett, 4 volumes (1934-38). Biography: Peter Fraser, Lord Esher: A political biography (1973); bibl., pp. 465-75. Bibliographies. Murray, Catalogue of Selected Books, items 15 and 22: states Foam, 1893, was by him. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10502: Foam, London: Macmillan, 1893 (states it was published anonymously). Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 433: same book. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 234: poem "Ay Swindon", a conventional poem of the *eighteen-nineties - "You touched my sleeve, and quickly spoke my name,/ I turned, O friend, O love of long ago". Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 64; biog., 118. Art of Gay Love, 29: poem "Briseis" (1893). Criticism. Smith, Love in Earnest, 90-92: discussion of life and poems. Editor from Germany of works in Latin. 1860-1915. No German book called Cambridger Lieder (as listed below) has been found and the *National Union Catalog lists him as editing The Cambridge Songs, a *goliardic book of the XIIth century in Latin, Cambridge, 1915. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 44. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10503. Both refer to Cambridger Lieder (*Cambridge songs), (no place of publication), 1915. (This reference is probably to a text Cambridger Lieder published in Abhandlungen der München Akademie XIX, 301 [1915]: see under "*O admirabile Veneris idolum" in Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 86.) The Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, entry may have been taken from Welter whose entry may have simply been a translation of the English title into German. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1952. Collection of gay poems: Fantasy Man (1984). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Black Men/ White Men, 84; biog., 233. Poem in Sanskrit from India. Dated 200 B.C., or earlier (possibly as early as 650 B.C.). This Upanishad like the otherUpanishads is deeply *mystical and can be read on several levels: it expresses, overall, the identity of the self with the universe and the embracing of all things in one universe and is one of the best-known Upanishads. It seems to be the earliest expression of an *androgynous view of the universe which later appears in the myths of *Krishna and *Siva (see Peter Webb, The Erotic Arts, 1975, p. 74 - states it can be read *allegorically; spelt Brihadaranyaka). It deeply pervaded *Hinduism and *Islamic mysticism in India. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion, vol. 1, 277: in *androgyne article. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures vol. 1, 68: probably the oldest * Upanishad (see this entry for text and translations); it may be in prose. Bridges, Robert He was editor of the poems of *Digby Dolben and *G. M. Hopkins, whom he met at *Oxford and who became a close friend (Hopkins's letters to Bridges survive). He was responsible for ensuring the text of Hopkins was published. As a person he seems very prurient. He was also a minor poet and doctor of medicine. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Lover from Great Britain. Ca. 1606-1674. The *National Union Catalog entry states he wrote legal books. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Men and Boys, 36: states he appears to have been the lover of *Traherne. Poet from Australia who wrote in English. 1905-1967. A poet who achieved prominence in the 1940s; he was art and music critic of the Brisbane newspaper The Courier Mail and seems to have been something of an *aesthete. Some emphasis on comradeship appears in his volume of poems The Undying Glory (Brisbane, 1954). There are many references in *Austlit to poems published in Meanjin (1940s and 1950s) and in Southerly: e.g., "I know you come to me" (translation from *Stefan George), Meanjin, 1944 no. 3, 102. His first book The Merciless Beauty (1943), showing the influence of the *aesthetic movement, was published by Meanjin, when *Clem Christesen was editor. He is believed by oral tradition to have been gay though no direct proof exists at this date. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Poet from Australia writing in English. Born 1967. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Pink Ink, 242-43: poem "The Hangover *Fairy"; biog., 295 - states he lives in *Sydney and is "the only 13 stone masseur who actually owes money to drug dealers in Perth". Poet from Spain writing in Spanish. Active 1986. Bibliographies. Cuaderno bibliográfico gay, 13: Anthologia poética, Madrid: Alianza Editorial, 1986. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 363. Criticism. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1241: states he wrote homosexual poetry. Poet from South Africa who wrote in Afrikaans. Active 1916. *Hennie Aucamp in Wisselstroom: Homoerotiek in die Afrikaanse verhalkuns (1990), pp. 13-14, states he is the first Afrikaans poet whose work can he read homosexually and cites two poems from his books of 1916 and 1921. Books: Nationale en Afrikaanse gedigte in Kaaps-Hollands, bundel A. (Pretoria: De Bussy, 1916). Die reis na Kaapstatad van oom Gysbert van Graan en sy ondervindinge aldaar (Pretoria: De Bussy, 1921). Critic from Germany writing in German about Latin poetry. Active 1925. Author of a German history of Latin love poetry in the *Middle Ages, Geschichte der Lateinischen Liebesdichtung im Mitteralter (Halle, 1925); see pp. 93-96 on poems to beloved boys. This is one of the first gay discussions in the modern period of Latin poetry of the Middle Ages; he discusses *Marbod of Rennes and others. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 44: cites the preceding book. Poet and historian from the United States who wrote in English. 1916-1998. A poet who is best known as the author of the book * Dylan Thomas in America. He wrote a book on the lesbian writer Gertrude Stein, The Third Rose (1960) and the gay writer Truman Capote, Sextet (1982). Obituary: The Australian, 27 July 1998, p. 14 (reprinted from The Times ): states "John lived with Bill Read who survives him" and he was "a committed sybarite" who enjoyed crossing the Atlantic in style on the great liners. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors, New Revision Series, Volume 1. Editor, translator and critic from Spain of works in Greek. Active 1970. An editor and translator of the Greek * Anacreontea into Spanish titled Anacreónticas, texto revisado y traducido (Madrid, 1981). Anacreontea: Un ensayo para su datacion (Salamanca, 1970) is an important discussion of the date of the works. City in Australia in which English is the main spoken language. Relevant poems date from ca. 1940. It was founded as a city in 1824 and is the capital of the state of Queensland. See *Ernest Briggs, *Clem Christesen, *Ross Fitzgerald, *Val Vallis. Poet from Australia who wrote in English, 1928-1991. See his collection of *bawdry Gough and Johnny were Lovers (Ringwood, Australia: Penguin Books, 1984). The title poem (pp. 4-7), a *ballad springing from the tradition of *bawdry, refers to the dismissal of the Australian Federal Labor government of Gough Whitlam in 1975 by the Governor-General Sir John Kerr. The cover shows Sir John Kerr, the former Governor-General, dressed as a woman, drinking at a piano being played by Gough Whitlam, the former Prime Minister, whom he dismissed. He was an academic in the English Department of the Australian National University, Canberra, who wrote several volumes of poetry. See also *mateship. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Library in Great Britain in *London whose holdings are mostly in English. The library dates from 1753 and, despite having outstanding holdings in English, is perhaps the most comprehensive library overall for works in *European languages, housing many rare works (e.g., see *Digte om Mends). The library contains copyright works for Great Britain (*Oxford and *Cambridge universities also have copyright priviliges as do the national libraries of Wales and Scotland). Rare British books are held e.g., * College Wit Sharpen'd, *Love in the Suds. The library is rich in British manuscripts and has a collection of erotica, the *Private Case (see *H. S. Ashbee). Rare periodicals are held in the original (see *Der Eigene). The catalog can be accessed on the internet for books added from 1975. The catalogue to 1975 has been retrospectively converted to machine readable form. The * British Library General Catalogue to 1975 is a printed catalog of books in the library which claims to be the most comprehensive library catalog for European languages to 1975 (this work does not include non European language material; there are separate catalogs for such works which are housed in the Oriental Reading Room). References. Steele, Major Libraries of the World. British Library General Catalogue to 1975, also called BLC Bibliography in English from Great Britain. 1979-87. A catalog of all books published to 1975 held by the British Library and cataloged manually to 1975. Published in book form in 360 volumes, London, 1979-87, it is now available on computer. It is called here the British Library General Catalogue. Sometimes it is simply called the British Library Catalogue but this gives a false wrong impression of what it contains since it is not the complete catalog. The shortened title, initialised BLC, appears, on the spine of the volumes - a mistake as this should had been BLGC; this in turn has also led users and librarians to believe the work is the whole catalog of all books owned by the library, which it is not. The British Library General Catalogue, unlike the * National Union Catalog, does not include *oriental books or Indian books in non-English languages, for which see the catalogues of the Department of Oriental Manuscripts and Printed Books. Its pre-eminence lies only in the field of European languages. It is a major bibliographical reference tool which is very comprehensive for European languages to 1970. There is also a Supplement of 6 volumes (1987), which consists of "books published before 1971 which were cataloged by the British Library too late for inclusion in the British Library General Catalogue, or are reprints" (see Introduction). D. T. Richell claims the British Library General Catalogue "has represented .. an approximation to that persistent aim of scholarship - to possess a universal bibliography of printed material (albeit the material of European languages)": see the Introduction. It is the largest printed catalog for pre-twentieth century books in *European languages (compare the National Union Catalog ). It is weak on United States English language books and books from such overseas English speaking countries as Australia, Canada and India. Its great strength is its English material from Great Britain and its European language material (German and French books are particularly well representated). The British Library's General Catalogue was published in 1881 and it has been continuously udated. Items "with imprints of 1971 and later have, since 1975, been catalogued in machine-readable form" (Introduction to Supplement) which is available on *computer on Blaiseline, the British Library's computer catalog, and in microfiche at the library itself and in hard copy in two sequences (for books 1976-82 and 1982-85). The real names of *pseudonyms are frequently given in British Library General Catalogue catalog entries which are valuable records of the activities of poets and writers and give an indication of their interests. Though it is not as comprehensive as the National Union Catalog; the British Library General Catalogue is easier to use as entries are not as detailed as the National Union Catalog and do not include annotations (as many National Union Catalog entries, being photo reproduction of library cards, do); nor are holdings statements given since all items are in the British Library. Its smaller size as a book and comparative lightness makes it easier to use than the National Union Catalog. For British poets and writers to 1975, the British Library General Catalogue needs to be checked for a bibliography of the poet's published work; for more certainty, the National Union Catalog may be consulted. For non-English languages the British Library General Catalogue needs to be supplemented by individual national library catalogs (e.g., for French, the catalog of the *Bibliothèque Nationale) and cross checking carried out with the National Union Catalog. After an entry for a writer listing his or her published works, the British Library General Catalogue lists works of criticism associated with the writer to 1975. This is an especially important feature not present in the National Union Catalog. Under "Encyclopaedias", a special section of over one hundred pages lists all encyclopedias held to 1975; similarly, "Bible" lists the British Library holdings of Bibles. Manuscripts. The British Library is expecially rich in British literary manuscripsts (it holds the original of *Oscar Wilde's De Profundis, for instance). To locate manuscript catalogs in the British Library, consult the British Library General Catalogue under "London - Department of Manuscripts", and "London - Department of Oriental Printed Books and Manuscripts". Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1951. He has a Ph. D., lives in New York City and has published one book Italy (*Little Caesar, 1981). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Son of the Male Muse, 36-37: two poems including *Sonnet (photo p. 36); biog., 187. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1962. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10504: poem "Child of Darkness" in One Magazine 10: 10, 16-18, October 1962. Broadsides, also called broadsheets Broadsides, also called broadsheets, are publications of poems in a single page format. Relevant material in English from Great Britain, the United States and other countries and in Greek, German, Italian and Spanish dates from 1684. Broadsides are works usually printed to be distributed to an audience quickly. Though broadsides date only in English from the *Elizabethan period, homosexual poetry broadsides date in English from 1684 (see * The Sodomite or the Venison Doctor). On defining broadsides see Fine Print 13 (July 1987), 118-119. Broadsides are usually printed on fairly thick paper. Early ones have only been inadequately catalogued and researched as have *ballads (many of which were printed in this form). They have sometimes not been entered in library catalogs with separate titles (as they should be) and may be entered in libraries in manuscript collections. Famous collections exist and were formed of English material by *Samuel Pepys (a facsimile of his collection exists), Narcissus Luttrell (whose collection is in the British Library) and by James Orchard Halliwell Phillips (active 1852) whose collection is available in a microfiche collection Proclamations, Broadsides, Ballads and Poems 1357-1830. Many libraries contain such collections (e. g. Nottingham, Bristol and Bath Universities and the University of *Manchester in Great Britain). Again such collections may only be catalogued in libraries under the title of the collection and individual works not entered in library catalogues. Some ballads got into printed form in various collections (however, J. S. Farmer's Merry Songs and Ballads [1890, reprinted 1964], one such collection, does not appear to contain any gay material). Probably little of the above material has homosexual content. Homosexual broadsides in English. *Women's Complaint to Venus (1698) followed soon after *The Sodomite or the Venison Doctor; The *Women-Hater's Lamentation (1707), is also a notable early work. Illustrations showing homosexuality, as in The Women-Hater's Lamentation, may also be relevant; some illustrations were woodcuts. * Dr Collyer, Piper and the Baths (1823), describes experiences in a London gay *bathhouse. Broadsides have, in the twentieth century, become an art form with publication in limited signed editions on high quality paper. English: see *Gary Alison, *Oswell Blakeston, *Javant Biarujia, *"Botany Bay", *Laurence Collinson, *Roy Cooke, *Daniel Diamond, *"Dick the Joiner", *Robert Duncan, *Five x Four, *Allen Ginsberg (there are at least forty two poems by him published in this form), *Thom Gunn, *Paul Knobel, *Manroot, *Paul Mariah, *Thomas Meyer, *Frederick L. Morey, *Steven Nash, *Aaron Shurin, *David Emerson Smith, * Sodomite, or the Venison Doctor, *"This is not the thing: or molly exalted", *Ivor Treby, Jonathan Williams, *Donald W. Woods. The earliest English broadsides date from 1509: see Carol Rose Livingston, British Broadside Ballads of the Sxteenth Century (New York, 1991, p. 31). German. See *Detlev Meyer; for information on broadsides see the entry "Flugblatt" in Lexikon des gesamten Buchwesens, second edition. Greek. See *Cafafy, *Seferis. Italian. *Cesare Picchi. Spanish. *"Los 41 Maricones" was published in Mexico, * Poesia gay de *Buenos Aires in Argentina. See also *Postcards. Poems printed on single sheets of paper exist in China in east Asia as a printed from the seventh century; there may be relevant poems in Chinese, Japanese and other languages such as Korean and Vietnamese. Poet from Austria who wrote in German. 1886-1951. He is best known as a novelist, especially the novel The Death of Vergil(1945), and as an essayist. Jewish background. He has a large oeuvre. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Bibliographies. * Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen, item 124: Die Heimkehr. Prosa und Lyrik(edited by Harald Binde), Frankfurt: Fischer, 1962 - a selection of his prose and poems. Biographer of Arabic writers writing in German from Germany. Active from 1898. The 1938-42 Supplement of his Geschichte der arabischen Literatur (History of Arabic Literature), (1898-1902), in 3 volumes, and the second edition of Geschichte der arabischen Literatur, 2 volumes, (Leiden, 1943-49) are some of the most important bibliographic sources for Arabic *manuscripts (most of which are unpublished) and for biographical information on little known Arabic writers whose work is in manuscript. There is an index in Volume 3 of the Supplement. (See Jean Sauvaget, Introduction to the History of the Muslim East [1965], pp. 49-51, Chapter 7 "Literary sources", for a description of this difficult to use work). See also *Manuscripts - Arabic, *Biography - Arabic. T ranslator from Germany from Persian to German and editor of Persian works. 1806-1877. A famous editor of *Hafiz: Die Lieder des Hafis, 3 volumes (1854-60), with the commentary of *Sudi. He also translated Hafiz into German: this edition makes the homosexuality clear and was used by *Anthony Reid. A noted Indologist and Iranist in his lifetime. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Neue deutsche Biographie. Translator from Latin to German from Austria; biographer in German. 1884-1968. He translated the Latin poet *Catullus into German: Gedichte (Leipzig and Munich, 1914). He saved his friend *Franz Kafka's manuscripts from destruction (the friendship of the two men was very close). He was also a poet and Jewish (he emigrated to Israel in 1939). He is most famous for his biography of Kafka. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Critic in English and Russian from Russia; he also lived in the United States. 1940-1996. Widely regarded as the finest Russian poet of his time, he won the Nobel Prize in 1987. See the essay in Less Than One (New York, 1986), "Pendulum's Song", pp. 53-68, on *Cavafy which shows he had no problems with Cavafy's homosexuality ("What matters in art are not one's sexual affiliations, of course, but what is made of them", p. 61). As a Russian poet he was a protege of *Akhmatova. He was imprisoned for writing poetry and in 1972 exiled to the west where he was befriended by *W. H. Auden. Obituary: New York Times, 26 January 1996. Sexologist from the Netherlands writing in Dutch. 1911-1998. Author of Loving Boys, two volumes (New York, 1986-1990), written in English. This is the longest study of *pederasty and *pedophilia so far with a detailed bibliography in volume two, pp. 283-331. It has the most detailed and up to date bibliography on its subject ever compiled, though it is weak on literary items, especially poetry. In volume one see especially "History and Ethnology of *Boy Love" pp. 77-91 and "Rites of initiation" pp. 158-71. The work was reviewed in Paidika vol. 2 no. 3 (Spring 1991), 62-66. An abridged version of the first volume was published in Dutch in 1987, titled Jongensliefde; a second volume was published in 1993. A shorterned version of the work in English titled Boylovers and Their Influence on Boys (13 pp.) is available on the internet. The author, a Senator in the upper house of the Dutch parliament, was imprisoned for ten months in 1950-51, at the age of 39, for homosexual relations with a sixteen year old youth under a law he helped repeal in 1971. At the time of his imprisonment he was a well known jurist and member of the Upper House. He was later knighted by the Dutch queen in 1975. He used the pseudonym O. Brunoz under which he wrote a book in French, Pedofilie, 1960, not listed in his bibliography above; the pseudonym is disclosed in *Rob Tielman, Homoseksualiteit in Nederland (1982) p. 306 and the work is translated into English in Paidika no. 12. He held a Ph. D. awarded in 1940 whose subject was the development of a corporatist society in Salazar's Portugal. In 1970 under his own name he published Das verfehmte Geschlecht (The outlawed sex). He co-edited Male Intergenerational Intimacy: Historical, Socio-Psychological and Legal Perspectives, 1991 (also published as volume 20, numbers 1-2 of the Journal of Homosexuality, 1990). He had to go into hiding at the age of 85 due to public hysteria over *pedophilia. He was a noted collector of gay books and set up the Brongersma Foundation. He wrote a series of articles on *boy love in the journal OK (formerly Martijn), 1986-87. The fact that he is not particularly interested in poetry (*Anthony Reid; letter to the author 1994) explains the scarcity of poetry references in his works, which nevertheless remain very important bibliographically, historically and sociologically. Obituary: Journal of Homosexuality, vol. 37 no. 4 (1997), xxi-xxiv (by Jan Schuijer, former member of the Committee on Legislation of The Netherlands Society for Gay Integration, COC). In failing health, he ended his life in the spring of 1998 with the help of his doctor. Bronk, William A poet hailed as a major poet late in his lifetime. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Literary Biography, volume 165. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Word of Mouth, 13-19. Critic from the United States writing in English. Born 1949. Author of Culture Clash: The Making of *Gay Sensibility (1983), a work which is an attempt at defining gay sensibility. The book refers to *Noel Coward, *Harold Acton, *Cole Porter, *Edward Carpenter, *Oscar Wilde. He is the longtime lover of the poet *Walta Borawski (see his entry). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Poet from the United States, writing in English. Active before 1967. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10505-07: refers to a typescript of his Collected Poems in the James Kepner Archives and poems in Pursuit and Symposium 2: 29, 39, June 1967, and 1: 21, 22, 35, 36, MarchApril 1966 (two poems are reprinted in One Magazine 15: 2, 15 March-April 1972). Poet from Italy writing in Italian. 1503-1572. An Italian artist whose male nudes are homoerotic. See Deborah Parker, Bronzino: Renaissance painter as poet, Cambridge, UK, 2001. Text: see the edition of the burlesque poems by Franca Petrucci, Rime in buria(Rome: Instituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, 1988). There are nineteenth century editions of the lyric poems. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 290. Gay Histories and Cultures. Criticism. Mayne, The Intersexes, 392. See Emmanual Cooper, The Sexual Perspective (1988), 16 regarding *sonnets inspired by the homosexual artist Pontormo's death; Bronzino was a favorite pupil of Pontormo. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1614. A close friend of *William Browne and *George Wither and a *pastoral poet. Criticism. Norton, Homosexual Literary Tradition, 210-11: re his * Eclogues (1614), where he sings a paen to "My loved Willy". Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1928-1961. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 462: Six Poems, Oxford, privately printed, 1928. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 455-61: the same book and lists several novels. Poet and letter writer from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1887-1915. Rupert Brooke, blond and goodlooking, was regarded as the most handsome man in Great Britain and died in Greece of blood poisoning en route to Gallipoli in Turkey in World War One. He became a cult figure after his death: the handsome poet who had given his life for his country - but more than this he characterized the youthful glory that a nation sacrificed in war (lack of preparedness had seen many young men killed since their leaders were antiquated military men who had not forseen the havoc machine guns would cause). Educated at 'Cambridge, he was a leading member of the 'Georgian school from the publication of his Poems in 1911. These were immensely popular and had a photograph of the poet on the cover in later editions. A famous poem is "The Old Vicarage, Grantchester", which expresses quintessential feelings about Englishness. There is a brilliant homosexual parody of his poetry by 'Philip Bainbrigge (in particular the fifth sonnet from the sequence 1914, titled "The Soldier " and beginning "If I should die think only this of me", a work which made Rupert Brooke very famous). His Collected Poems (1918), were edited by 'Edward Marsh and were immensely popular going through many reprintings. His relations with women were unsatisfactory and he had sex with men. His Letters were published in 1968. Especially important is a letter to James Strachey, the brother of 'Lytton Strachey, admitting he had anal sex with a man (James Strachey, who later married a woman but was then homosexual, had fallen in love with him: see Michael Holroyd, Lytton Strachey: The New Biography, 1994, pp. 179, 184, 212). The letter to James Strachey is not in the Letters but is quoted in Paul Delany, The Neo-Pagans: Love and *Friendship in the Rupert Brooke Circle (1987), pp. 77-81. The correspondence is in Friends and Apostles: The correspondence of James Strachey and Rupert Brooke 1905-1914, edited by Keith Hale, 1999 (reviewed in Gay Times, March 1999, 73, by Philip Hoare - cites a letter of 1912 when Brooke states he first had homosexual sex at the age of twenty-two). He has been accused of homosexual dilettantism and was certainly narcissistic. Michael Holroyd, in Lytton Strachey: The New Biography (1994), pp. 238-40 discusses his sexuality, including the fact that he "found it easier to have erections with men than women" (p. 240). There is evidence he may have had sexual relations with a woman in the South Pacific and had a child by her. His exact sexuality is hard to determine. In Letters (1968), see pp. 172-73, letter to Erica Cotterill; on p.173 he states "As for people in love with people of the same sex as themselves, I know all about it, & will tell you sometime." Biography: two earlier biographies by 'Christopher Hassall and 'John Lehmann are not satisfactory and material has been omitted from scrutiny: see the review by 'Peter Parker in ' Gay News no. 198 (1980), 21. 'Edward Marsh published a sentimental memoir of the poet in 1918. Nigel Jones, Rupert Brooke: Life, death and myth, 1999, is more satisfactory in dealing with Brooke's 'bisexuality. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 66, 74 ("Fragment": noting the "link'd beauty of bodies" in his male friends); biog., 229. Criticism. Caesar, Taking it like a man: Suffering, sexuality and the War Poets, 14-59. Poet from Canada writing in English. Active 1971. See *East West Passage. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, first edition, item 323: Ranyi Virshyi, Toronto: Pellmell Press, 1971. Homosexuality in Canada, first edition (1979), 7: noting the sex of subject is unclear in Ranyi Virshiy. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 463. Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (1984), 137. All four entries refer to the same book. Poet from the Unted States writing in English. Born 1947. He has travelled extensively and in 1974 lived in *San Francisco where he was helping *Harold Norse with his journal Bastard Angel. He has published in *Fag Rag and *Gay Sunshine. A review of his book Limbo Palace appears in Boston Gay Review no. 7-8 (1980), 16-17. He writes open erotic gay poems. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Angels of the Lyre, 32-34; biog., 238. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 743-44. English poet and translator from Greek to English from Great Britain; he also lived in Italy. Ca. 1860-1929. John Ellingham Brooks spent his life translating Greek *epigrams into English. The translations never appeared and the manuscript seems to have been *lost. However, some epigrams were published in *Norman Douglas's Birds and Beasts of the *Greek Anthology (1937; repr. 1974); with bibl., p. 135. This work has poetry translations by Brooks scattered throughout to whom Norman Douglas dedicated it; most refer to birds or mammals but two, on pp. 44 and 122, are homopoems. See also *Richard Aldington, Pinorman, 1954, p. 177, for a poem from Birds and Beasts of the Greek Anthology with some applicability. He was known to be gay and was married to the lesbian artist Romaine Brooks, spending much of his life on the Italian island of *Capri, near Naples, where he died. See James Money, Capri (London, 1986), p. 54, on his affair with *Somerset Maugham and p. 129 regarding Greek epigrams and sonnets of the French symbolist poet Heredia. *Giuseppe Orioli has a portrait of him in Adventures of a Bookseller (London, 1938), 258-60; this mentions various books he had published as well as translations from Moschus, from *Meleager, "from a dozen Greek writers" (p. 259) and from Latin, Italian and French. His affair with *Somerset Maugham occurred when Maugham was sixteen and Brooks was 26: see Ted Morgan, Maugham, (1980), pp. 23-24 and the index. On Brooks's life, see Meryle Secrest, Between Me and Life: A Biography of Romaine Brooks (London, 1976), pp. 127 (his early life), 300 (his death and the final rejection of the Greek epigrams by a publisher), 414 (text of "Poem: Festival of San Costanzo - An Island Carnival" - about Capri). Brother Songs: A Male Anthology of Poetry Anthology in English from the United States. Minneapolis: Holy Cow! Press, 1979, 118 pages. Compiled by Jim Perlman. There are four sections: Section 1, Poems about Fathers, 2, Poems for Sons, 3, Poems about Brothers, 4, Poems for Friends and Lovers. Contributors to Section 4, Poems for Friends and Lovers are: Jon Anderson, Barney Bush - possibly relevant (*Cowboys), Stephen Dunn, *Rafael Jesus Gonzalez, S. Lewandowski, *Paul Mariah, Ralph J. Mills, Peter Mladinic, James Moore, *Moses Ibn Ezra, *Robert Peters, *Carl Rakosi, *"Song for Meeting a Friend" (from the Náhuatl language), Gerald Stern, James L. White. Only those poets or poems have been cross referenced when the poet is known to be gay or the poem is a homosexual poem. This is a popular anthology which has gone into four printings; it explores the boundaries between homoeroticsim and the non homoerotic and in Section 4 these boundaries are not clear: see Jon Anderson's poem pp. 95-96. The work was a significant book for the emerging *men's movment. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 3001. Anthology in English from the United States. Boston: Alyson, 1991, 274 pages; bibliography of contemporary black gay writings, pp. 263-69; biographical notes on contributors, pp. 270-74. It was compiled by *Essex Hemphill who wrote the important introduction, pp. xv-xxxi. It is an anthology of poetry and prose with important critical essays. The poems are interspersed with the fiction. Overall it is outstanding in the choice of both literary works and essays. Poets (see entries): Carlyle R. Black pp. 187-88, Rory Buchanan pp. 7-8, Don Charles p. 60, Melvin Dixon pp. 145-47, David Frechette pp. 61, 119-20, D. Rubin Green pp. 62-63, Craig G. Harris pp. 148-54, Essex Hemphill pp. 57-58, 75-83, 110-12, Alan Miller pp. 28-30, 72-73, Craig Reynolds pp. 142-43, Marlon Riggs pp. 200-05, Lamont B. Steptoe p. 51, Adrian Stanford pp. 2, 74, 84, 166 (prose poem), Donald Woods pp. 64-67, 87-89, 162-64, Vega (pseud.) p.106, Wrath (pseud.) pp. 108-09. Section 4, The Absence of Fear, pp. 166-262, contains several essays and interviews notably, pp. 174-180 Essex Hemphill interviewing *Isaac Julien on his film Looking for *Langston [Hughes], pp. 181-83 Essex Hemphill's essay "Undressing Icons", pp. 184-86 Joseph Beam on James Baldwin, pp. 189-99 *Ron Simmons, " Tongues Untied: an Interview with *Marlon Riggs", pp. 21128 Ron Simmons, "Some thoughts on the challenges facing black gay intellectuals (including a major discussion of *Amiri Baraka pp. 217-21)", pp. 229-52 *Charles I. Nero, "Toward a black gay *aesthetic", pp. 261-62 Joseph Beam, "Making Ourselves from Scratch", pp. 263-69 *Robert Reid-Pharr, "Books, journals and periodicals by black gay authors and publishers". There is a note on Joseph Beam on p. vii. See the article in Lambda Book Report vol. 2 no. 10 (1991), 8-10, which is an interview with Essex Hemphill. Poet, diarist, film maker and autobiographer from the United States writing in English. Born 1913. A gay poet who believes in the sacredness of the body. His gay poetry from Graffiti for the Johns of Heaven (1982) onwards is outstanding (this book was reviewed in The Advocate no. 353, 14 October, 1982). Hooplas (1989), is a series of festive tributes to friends. His lover from 1983 is Joel Singer. Four tapes of him reading have been made. Later books and tapes are reviewed in James White Review vol. 5 no. 2, 15, by Bryan [Brian?] *Monte. Packing up for Paradise, 1997 reprinted seventy percent of his published poetry (review: James White Review, no. 56, summer 1998, 22, by *George Klawitter). He lives in *San Francisco and has made some twenty-two films. His selected poems are titled Special Deliveries: New and Selected Poems (1990); reviewed in James White Review vol. 9 no. 1, p. 16, and in Lambda Book Report vol. 2 no. 7 (1990), 22. Autobiography: Coming Unbuttoned, San Francisco, 1993 (review: James White Review, vol. 11 no. 3, spring 1994, 21 by Jim Cory). Diary. See The Androgyne Journal (1977): a selection from his journal for a few months. Manuscripts are in the *San Francisco Public Library. Interviews: Advocate no. 379, 27 October, 1983, 49-51 and no. 486, 24 November 1987, 54-58, and Leyland, Gay Sunshine Interviews, volume 2, pp. 23-38. Criticism: see *Neeli Cherkovski. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Dictionary of Literary Biography. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Gay Histories and Cultures. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 47576: A Long Undressing: Collected Poems 1949-1969, New York: Jargon Society, 1971 and Odes for Odd Occasions: San Francisco: *Manroot, 1977. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Fra mann til mann, 55-56. Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, 60-64; biog., 60. Badboy Book, 79; biog., 384. Eros in Boystown, 53; biog., 59. A Day for a Lay, 59-63. Word of Mouth, 7-12. Poet from New Zealand writing in English. Active 1999. He lives in Auckland. Gay Poetry Anthologies. When Two Men Embrace, 11-12: a poem about being in bed with a lover; biog., 47. Poet, biographer, book collector and editor from Great Britain who wrote in English; he also lived in Italy. 1854-1926. His poetry, notably the poem "Bored", makes clear he was openly homosexual: this poem, about a social gathering, concludes "I liked their footman, John, the best." His only volume Drift, published in *Venice, in 1900 - in a country where male homosexuality was legal at a time when homosexual acts were illegal in Great Britain - was only circulated privately in a few copies. (There appears to have been a London printing also of 1900: see Bibliographies below.) He was a close friend of John Addington Symonds who stayed with him in his house in Venice at 560 Zattere when he made his yearly visit to Venice (see *Robert L. Peters, Letters of John Addington Symonds, 1967, vol. 1, p. 46). The literary executor of Symonds, he wrote a life of Symonds based on Symonds's autobiography, published in 1895 in two volumes, which he censored; he also edited Symonds's Letters and Papers (1923). See *Phyllis Grosskuth, John Addington Symonds (1964), regarding his being executor of the papers of Symonds. He was responsible for an embargo on the publication of Symonds's autobiography, the text of which was not published until much later. As a collector, see the sale catalog of his books at Sothebys 21 February, 1927: this included books by authors such as *Alfred Douglas (e.g., the 1896 *Mercure de France edition, Poems, with manuscript material). He wrote several books on Venice including a work on the history of printing in the city, The Venetian Printing Press (London, 1891). He appears to have lived in *Venice from about 1880. Bibliographies. Murray, Catalogue of Selected Books, item 16: Drift, London: Grant Richards, 1900. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10514: same book. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 485: Drift: Verses, London: *Grant Richards, 1900. Read, Sexual Heretics, 453: poem "Bored" (from Drift). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Hidden Heritage, 198. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 236-37. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 72; biog., 118: notes Drift was published in Venice in an edition of 60 copies; the book is very rare. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 105. Criticism. Smith, Love in Earnest, 107-10; bibl. 241-2. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1893. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reade, Sexual Heretics, 306-07: poem "We Have Forgot", from Verses, 1893; *non gender specific. Criticism. Bartlett, Who Was That Man?, 116. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Born ca. 1898. Book of poems: Dies Heroica: War Poems: 1914-1918 (1918). Educated at *Cambridge, he was an officer in the war. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 64-65, 173-74, 176 ("The Dead Lover" - strongly homosexual if addressed to a man, which it seems to be); biog., 231. Poet from Australia writing in English. Born 1944. In Selected Poems (Mackay, Queensland: Seaforth Press, 1984), see the poems "Midday Sunlanding Special", p. 30, "I want to be straight", p. 36. Reference: *Austlit records 124793, 124803. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active before 1992. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 555. Critic and historian of Persian and Turkish poetry from Great Britain who wrote in English; translator from Persian to English. 18621926. E. G. Browne was the foremost British authority on Persian literature of his time. He visited Iran 1887-88, then was appointed lecturer in Persian at Cambridge in 1888, where he remained until his death, becoming Professor of Arabic in 1902. He is most famous for his A Literary History of Persia until the time of Firdausi, 4 volumes (London, 1902-24), and was equally proficient in Arabic, Persian and Turkish. He wrote the travel book A Year Among the Persians (1893); see this work (Cambridge, UK, 1927 edition), p. 96 where he speaks of *Shiraz as a hotbed of vice where *dancing boys are greeted with rapturous applause; see also pp. 319-21 where a guest tries to kiss one. He published two volumes of translations from Perisan poetry: A Persian Anthology (1927), 168 pages, and Poems from the Persian (1927), 31 pp. In relation to Turkish poetry, he completed *E. J. W. Gibb's History of Ottoman Poetry, 5 volumes, after the publication of Volume 1, which was written by Gibb in 1901; his volumes openly deal with homosexuality - e.g. see his discussion of *Fadil Bey. He married in 1906. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography. Encyclopedia Iranica. Philosopher from Great Britain writing in English. 1605-1682. Famous English prose writer and sometime philosopher. His well-known Urn Burial and other works were written for close friends. He married. See *friendship. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Iolaus (1902), 144: "I never yet cast a true affection on a woman; but i have loved my friend as I do virtue, my soul, my God..." (from Religio Medici, 1642). Iolaus (1935), 231-33: essay on friendship. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 192-94. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Ca. 1590-1643. A *pastoral poet of the school of *Spenser. He attended Oxford. See also *Michael Drayton. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Handbook of Elizabethan and Stuart Literature. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 488: Britannia's Pastorals, London: for Geo. Norton, 1613. Criticism. Norton, Homosexual Literary Tradition, 206-10: re descriptions of beautiful youths in Britannia's Pastorals and states his elegies in The Shepherd's Pipe with *George Wither. Poet, letter writer and autobiographer from Great Britain writing in English; he also wrote poems in Italian, French and Latin. 1B37-1923. A teacher at 'Eton who was dismissed for homosexuality with a pupil, George Curzon (later viceroy of India 1B9B-19Q5, Chancellor of 'Oxford and foreign secretary 1919-1924; see his entry in Encyclopædia Britannica). Oscar Browning then became a don at King's College Cambridge where he significantly reformed and reorganized the college, lectured and wrote books on European history and taught *Robert Ross; his portrait by Ignazio Zuloaga is in the dining hall. A huge volume of his letters survive, since he was a prolific letter writer; he also kept all letters sent to him (about 50,000 letters sent and received are in existence). His papers are at King's College Cambridge. He wrote many books on history and died in Rome, having left Great Britain to live in Italy. Biography: see Ian Anstruther, Oscar Browning: a biography (1983); bibl. pp. 198-203; see Chapter 5, "Greek love and George Curzon" on his dismissal from Eton; pp. 175, 178-79 quote from poems (on p. 179 the author states he wrote of love in Italian, French and Latin, and his Latin poetry includes "an ode in Horatian *Alcaics to The Penis", here partly translated). On p. 175 the draft poem "To F. W. Cornish: Vice Provost of Eton College" is an openly gay poem ("We strove and quarrelled, fought and kissed,/ And not a fount of joy was missed. ") These poems were previously unpublished. Richard Ellmann, Oscar Wilde (1987), p. 17 refers to poems written as a child. He was a friend of *Oscar Wilde and one of the most prolific letter wrters ever. His autobiography, published in 1910, was titled Memories of Sixty Years at Eton, Cambridge and elsewhere; this features a frontispiece portrait of him by *Simeon Solomon and a photograph of him with George Curzon. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English; he later lived in Italy. 1812-1889. A *Victorian poet married to Elizabeth Barrett Browning in spite of her father's overwhelming objections. Their elopement in 1846 from her father's control was a famous incident in Victorian literary life; she was at the time much better known as a poet than he was. They lived in *Florence until her death in 1861. Browning was renowned for his devotion to his wife but "May and Death" is a strong poem of loss addressed to a man, Charles. The Charles of this poem is his cousin James Silverthorne, who died in 1852 shortly before the poem was written (see The Poems, 2 volumes, edited by J. Pettigrew [New Haven, 1981], volume 1, 1160). The lyrics "Meeting at Night, Parting at Morning" and "Two in the Compagna" are *non-gender specific; "Parting at Morning" may be written in the persona of a woman but there is nothing to indicate this in the poem. *Alfred Domett's friendship with Browning was very close and strongly affectional and Browning wrote two poems "Waring" and "The Guardian Angel" about it. Browning's poetry is extensively concerned with Italian subjects. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Ioläus (1902), 174: the poem "May and Death". Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 240: "May and Death". Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 51: from "Waring" and "May and Death"; biog. note, 116 - about the poem "Waring" being "about a romantic friend" and the poem "Saul" (on the Hebrew figures *David and Saul). Songwriter from France who wrote in French. 1851-1925. A collector of French street songs: see Dans la rue (In the street), 2 volumes (Paris, 1889 and 1895; reprinted as Chansons et monologues, Paris, 1896, 120 pp.). In the 1976 Paris reprint titled Dans la Rue, see volume 1, 17-19 "Chanson des Michetons" (illustration of dandy type males), 144-45 and volume 2, 45-46 (male bonding). See also Jesus Christ. Not in Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1010: states he refers to songs about boy *prostitutes sung in the Moulin Rouge (in the article "Poetry"). Editor from Great Britain of works in English. Born 1871. Bibliographies. Murray, Catalogue of Selected Books, item 52: Oxford Verses, edited by Rosslyn Bruce, 1894. Criticism. Smith, Love in Earnest, 52-53 and 242: editor of Oxford Verses, Oxford and London, 1894, xviii, 80 pp., which included four poems by *George G. S. Gillett. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1906. The pseudonym of *Richard Bruce Nugent, a *black poet from *Harlem whose fine homoerotic *prose poem, "Smoke *Lilies and Jade" was published in the rare journal Fire! (1926) (which journal appeared for one issue only). A copy of this issue is held in the Humanities Research Center (source: The Advocate no. 378, 13 October 1983, 35 and footnote 3 p. 65). The journal was also reprinted in facsimile in 1982. This is the first fictional portrayal of black homosexuality in the United States. The piece is sometimes referred to as a story; it is also reprinted in Voices from the Harlem Renaissance, edited by Nathan Irvin Huggins (1976). See also *Eric Garber. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Black Men/ White Men, 17-29: "Smoke, Lilies and Jade"; biog., 235: notes he was still living in 1983 (called Bruce Nugent). Poet from Norway who wrote in Norwegian. 1914-1988. A close friend of *Tor Jonsson, he wrote a love poem to him after his suicide Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity, p. 233. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active 1992. Bibliographies. Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen, item 137: 12 cornischee Gedichte (illustrated by Guido Sommer), privately published Siegen, 1992. Editor from Germany of works in Greek and critic writing in Latin. 1729-1803. An important editor of *Anacreon (1778; repr.). He was the editor of the second edition of the Palatine Anthology from manuscript (after J. J. *Reiske): Analecta veterum poetarum Graecorum, 3 volumes (1772-76). In this edition he put all poems by each poet together and then arranged the poets chronologically (with anonymous poems, fragments and epigrams at the end) omitting, however, the Christian and later poets: see the introduction to *Beckby's edition Anthologia Graeca, 2nd edition (1964), p. 100. The edition contains useful indexes e.g., of the first lines of the poems. For its grouping of the poets together, this is a valuable edition: compare the edition of F. Jacobs. He also edited *Theognis (Leipzig, 1815; with Latin notes). Biographical information: Sandys, History of Classical Scholarship, Volume 2, pp. 395-96. See also Wilamowitz-Moellendorf, History of Classical Scholarship, pp. 87-88. Poet from Italy writing in Italian. 1377-1446. The Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, p. 173, states he wrote *Burchiellesque poetry. A noted Renaissance architect. Philosopher from Italy who wrote in Italian, 1548-1600. He was burnt at the stake as a heretic by the *Catholic Church. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Iolaus (1902), 130: he stated all physical love is good (from Gli Eroici Furori, dialogue iii 3, trans. English by L. Williams). Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1962-1992. See James White Review vol. 10 no. 1 (Fall 1992), 20: a biog. note; in same issue on p.16, see the fine poem "Judgment Day" (homosexual *incest). His seventh book of poems Poems New and Selected 1962-1992, was due to be published by The Smith, in 1993. Poet from South Africa writing in English; he was born in Zimbabwe. Born 1924. See the *prison poems in Letters to Martha and other poems from a South African Prison (London, 1968): the title sequence refers powerfully to homosexuality in prison. The author was president of the South African Non-Racial Olympic Committee. He was imprisoned in South Africa from 1963. In 1968 he was Professor of English at Northwestern University in the United States. He was served with banning orders on release from prison making it criminal to write anything, including poetry for publication, so the poems were written in the form of letters to his sister, Martha. *Gregory Woods in Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage, 7, states Letter to Martha speaks of "love, strange love" between men in prisons. Criticism. Woods, History of Gay Literature, 310-11. Poet from the United States writing in English; translator from Greek to English. 1794-1878. A poet whose works showed the influence of *Romanticism in a north American setting. See poem "The Greek Boy" in Poems, New Yotk: A. L. Burt (no date; ca. 1920), pp. 192-93: somewhat homoerotic. "Thanatopsis" (1811-21), the poem which brought Bryant fame, was modelled on *Gray's Elegy and was regarded as the first important English language poem from the United States: see the entry in Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. In later life he was to become a leading citizen of *New York. He married. He translated *Homer's Iliad (1870) from Greek. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in Welsh. Active 1100-37. See The Oxford Book of Welsh Verse in Translation (1977), pp. 20-21: "Poem on His Death Bed". An example of a religious poem to Jesus Christ and *God with underlying homoerotic sentiment Büch, Boudewijn Maria Ignatius Poet from the Netherlands who wrote in Dutch. Active 1976. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Naar vriendscaap zulk een mateloos verlangen, 109-11: three poems from Nogal droenvige liedjes voor de kleine Gijs, Arbeiderspers, 1976, and De sonnetten, Amsterdam, Amsterdam: Arbeiderspers, 1978 (books cited p. 116). Mannenmaat, 52-55. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 317. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in Latin. 1506-1582. See in I. D. McFarlane, Renaissance Latin Poetry (1980), pp. 58-59, the poem *"Amor" (with English trans.); biog., pp. 231-32. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1883. The Ballad of Judas Iscariot, Old Stile Press, 1982, has sixteen woodcut illustrations by J. Martin Pitts (rare: cited in Elysium Books catalog Spring 2000 and may be the same poet as sited below. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 499: A Poet's Sketchbook: Selection from the Prose Writings, London: Chatto and Windus, 1883. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1956. A *black poet who is an *Aids educator. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Road Before Us, 20-21: "Barbecues", a Tine poem on non conformism and being gay; biog., 173: states he lives in *New York with his son. Brother to Brother, 7-8: a brilliant poem "Daddy Lied"; biog., 270. Buchverleih "Andersrum", formerly Magnus Hirschfeld Centrum Library Archive and library in Germany of material in German. Dating from 1980. This is the gay library and archive of Hamburg with a large collection of periodicals; the name was changed from Magnus Hirschfeld Centrum to Buchverleih "Andersrum" in 1982. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Directory of the International Association of Lesbian and Gay Archives and Libraries, 112-16. Verzeichnis der Schwulen und Schwul-lesbischen Bibliotheken, 20-21. Translator from Greek to English from the United States. Born 1887. Author of The Greek Anthology (Palatine MS): the amatory epigrams completely rendered into English for the first time ([Philadelphia], privately printed, 1916; repr. New York: Blue Faun, ca. 1925?), 142 pp. The first United States translation of the complete love poems from the Greek *Palatine Anthology. Biographer, editor, critic and letter writer from Canada who wrote in English. 1837-1902. A Canadian doctor who practised an early type of psychiatry and who was a *disciple of Walt Whitman. He read Whitman in 1872 and from then on regarded Whitman as a new type of man. In 1883 he published the second biography of Whitman (for the first see John Burroughs), called simply Walt Whitman; this work was written partly by Whitman himself. Bucke was one of the three literary executors who edited the The Complete Works of Whitman in ten volumes in 1902, the other two being *Horace Traubel and *T. B. Harned (as *Gay Wilson Allen has pointed out, the edition is not complete). It contains in volume 1, pp. xiii-xcvi, the last "official" biography by the three executors and an important bibliography at the end. The same three also edited an anthology of poems and prose on Whitman. Bucke was the editor of Calamus: A Series of Letters to *Peter Doyle (by Whitman), published in 1898. He was much influenced by *mysticism and wrote the book Cosmic Consciousness: a study of the evolution of the human mind (Philadelphia, 1901); this consists of a statement of his views, followed by writings by various persons embodying them, concluding with Whitman and *Edward Carpenter. This work prefigures some of the ideas of *Ginsberg and the *Beats as well as *gay liberation. For his letters to Whitman, see Artem Lozynsky, Richard Maurice Bucke, medical mystic: Letters of Dr Bucke to Walt Whitman and his friends (1977). Manuscripts are in the University of Western Ontario which has published a catalog compiled by Mary Ann Jameson. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Canadian Literature. Dictionary of Literary Biography. Poet and songwriter from Australia writing in English. Died ca. 1993. He wrote a *leather song "Ya gotta be rough!" for a number of men to sing in a leather bar; a copy exists in the collection of *Paul Knobel. An *S/M practitioner who died of *Aids. Some of his writings are in the *Australian Gay and Lesbian Archives. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1965. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Beyond Paradise, 10, 21; biog. 78 - lives in Preston. Poet and critic from Australia who wrote in English. 1925-1988. A *Melbourne *Catholic poet and critic. See poem xiii in Golden Builders (Sydney, 1976), p. 62, about "Walter/ aging harmless male *prostitute". See also "Nightmare of a Chair Search Committee" in Last Poems (1991), p. 43: "Do you think we could get an American/ Someone not too *queer?". As a critic, see remarks on *Laurence Collinson in his Essays in Poetry: Mainly Australian (1957). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Poet from Australia writing in English. 1951-1972. In Collected Poems, Brisbane (1989), see p. 132"two years passing (to Peter)" - homoerotic sentiment - and p. 134 "to T.E.L. (a tribute)" (T.E.L. is 'T. E. Lawrence). A close friend of 'Michael Dransfield, he was one of the poets of the 'Generation of 68 and committed suicide. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Genre in Greek, Latin and west European languages. From ca. 280 B.C. Bucolic is Greek and means shepherd. Bucolics, which survive from *Theocritus (active 280 B.C.) - in whose poetry homosexual sentiment is strongly present - are usually dialogues between shepherds, though some are *dramatic monologues. They were also called idylls and in Latin * eclogues. See *pastoral poets where this movement is discussed in more detail. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10688: citing *A. S. Gow (translator) The Greek Bucolic Poets, Cambridge: University Press, 1953. Buddha, Buddhism and Buddhist religion Religion with texts in Pali, Sanskrit, Chinese, Tibetan, Mongolian, Japanese, Burmese, Cambodian, Thai, Vietnamese and other languages. The religion started in India and spread to Sri Lanka (formerly called Ceylon), Nepal, Tibet, China, Mongolia, Korea, Japan, southeast Asia as far as Indonesia, and to other parts of the world. It is now a world religion. It dates from ca. 500 B.C. Buddhism was founded by Gautama *Buddha. Winternitz, History of Indian Literature, volume 1, 23 states: "it is.. certain that Buddhism was born in India by about 500 B.C." Later writers put the Buddha's life between 500 and 350 B.C. and no absolute date is possible. As one of the world's major religions, Buddhism has had a huge influence in East and South-East Asia on all aspects of life and among world religions is notable for not condemning homosexuality. Leonard Zwilling has recently examined homosexuality in relation to Buddhism; see his article in José Ignazio Cabezon, Buddhism, Sexuality and Gender (1992), pp. 203-214: "Buddhism as Seen in Indian Buddhist Texts" (see p. 210 re Tibetan and Mongolian). Winston Leyland, Queer Dharma (San Francisco, 1998), is a collection of essays which approaches Buddhism from a homosexual viewpoint. In general see Bernard Faure The Red Thread: Buddhist Approaches to Sexuality (Princeton, 1998). M. O'C. Walshe, Buddhism and Sex (Kandy, Sri Lanka, 1975) gives the view of one Buddhist sect on sex. There are now many sects of Buddhism and two major schools, the Thervada (also called Hinayana), in Sri Lanka and southeast Asia and the Mahayana (in i ibet and east Asia). i he i heravada sect bases its teachings on the Pali canon which had come into existence in Sri Lanka by 100 AD; this sect places great emphasis on monasticism and all males attend monasteries for a period of their lives. The canon of Buddhist texts in the Mahayana schools, which occur from Tibet to Japan, varies from language to language and sect to sect; more emphasis is based on individual enligntenment in the Mahayana schools and less on monasticism though monasteries still exist and exert a powerful influence on Buddhist life. There is thus no generally agreed number of books for the religion as a whole as with the * Bible. The Tibetan canon differs from the Chinese and Japanese canons which in turn differ from the Pali Tripitaka accepted by the Hinayana school. On this issue see Mizuno Kogen, The Beginnings of Buddhism (Tokyo, 1983) and his Buddhist Sutras: Origin, Development, Transmission (Tokyo, 1982). The article on Buddhism in the Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics also has an excellent discussion of the texts of Buddhism overall. *Tantric Buddhism is an esoteric form involving sexual rituals influenced by Hindu Tantrism (it occurs in many schools - notably Tibetan, Chinese and Japanese but also in Burmese and other southeast Asian langugages). The Chinese Buddhist canon includes some 139 Tantric works dating from the eighth century (see the entry "Buddhism" in Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics at page 426) and there are many Tantric works in the Tibetan canon. *Zen Buddhism is a special form emanating from China and now domiciled in Japan. The Buddha was born in Nepal and lived and preached in north east India in Bihar and in West Bengal; he lived approximately between 563 B.C. and 483 B.C. His disciples were all men and his aim was enlightenment (which he received when sitting under a bodhi tree from where his name comes); he also preached various sermons. He had a *beloved disciple *Ananda, who reputedly wrote poetry. The earliest Buddhist texts are in Pali, a Prakrit or vernacular form of Sanskrit, from western India (formerly, incorrectly, believed to be close to Maghadi, the language spoken by the Buddha). Pali became the language of the ancient Buddhist sacred texts used by monks in the Theravada sect in Sri Lanka and southeast Asia. On Pali, see the Encyclopædia Britannica entry and Winternitz, History of Indian Literature, vol. 2, 576-99, "What is Pali?": on p. 14 he calls Pali "the literary language of the Buddhists of Ceylon". In the Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics article on the language it is called "a Middle Indo-Aryan dialect or 'Prakrit'" and stated to be a predominantly western dialect close to the Buddhists inscriptions of the third century B.C. Emperor Asoka but at the same time to be classified as "a literary language". Ancient Buddhist texts in Sanskrit were largely destroyed when Bengal was conquered by Islam from the twelfth century. The ancient Buddhist university at Nalanda was completely destroyed at this time and many Sanskrit Buddhist texts survive only in translation in such languages as Tibetan and Chinese. For two major texts (or sutras as Buddhist texts are normally called), The Diamond Sutra and The Heart Sutra, see Edward Conze, Buddhist Wisdom Books, London, 1958, The Buddha's dates are uncertain. He appears in art as *androgynous or asexual and frequently as feminized (e. g. in Chinese, Thai and Japanese art). In Women East and West (1935), a record of a world journey which took him to Asia, *Magnus Hirschfeld wrote of the figure of the Buddha: "is it conceived of as asexual, heterosexual or bisexual?... The more Buddhas I looked at.. the more difficult grew the answer" (p. 31). There were many ancient schools of Buddhism and there are many modern ones. John Snelling, The Buddhist Handbook (London, 1987) is an excellent introduction by the former editer of The Middle Way, the journal of the British Buddist society. Frank E. Reynolds, Guide to Buddhist Religion (1990), is also an excellent introduction. The World of Buddhism, edited by Heinz Becherdt and Richard Gombrich (1984), is a brilliant survey by leading scholars with a good bibliography. Edward Conze, A Short History of Buddhism, London, 1980, is an excellent discussion of the history of Buddhism; bibl. 133-35. Christmas Humphreys, Buddhism, 1951 is also a good introduction. For homoerotic poetry, see *hymns and chants by males addressed to the Buddha, especially by monks in monasteries, a major Buddhist insititution. *Buddhist hymns and chants have been put on tape recordings, compact discs and records. In becoming enlightened, Buddhists aspire to become a Buddha; with the Buddha being *androgynous, Buddhists may be seen to embody him. This cosmological conceptualization needs to be considered in relation to all Buddhist poetry. Kuan-yin is the Chinese form of the Indian Buddha Avalokitesvara, a feminized Buddha. No Buddhist has written poetry condemning homosexuality so far as is known though Buddhist monks are supposed to remain celibrate. Chinese. Texts were translated into Chinese from 150 onwards. The Chinese Buddhist canons (there were many schools of Buddhism in China and hence many accepted canons of scripture) included both translated works and those written in China. In the Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature , pp. 1-13, the articles "Buddhist Literature", deals with translations and original works and is an excellent concise introduction to Chinese Buddhist works in all genres. For discussion of translations into Chinese see Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, vol. 1, "Translations of Buddhist literature". A huge library of Buddhist works was discovered at *Dunhuang in the early twentieth century including at least one gay poem. As already noted, there are 139 Chinese Buddhist texts which deal with *Tantrism (see "Buddhism" in Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, at p. 426). Much Chinese poetry in general was influenced by Buddhism, which has the largest body of all religious literature written in Chinese: see, for example, *Han-shan, *Wang Wei. Poetry written in Buddhist monasteries where homosexuality occurred is relevant but little is known of this. Chinese *Zen Buddhism has not been examined for homosexual poetry which is very likely. References. Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature, 1-12: "Buddhist Literature in Chinese" (with bibl.). Japanese. *Kobo Daishi (or Kukai), who allegedly brought Buddhism to Japan according to some, is traditionally accepted as being homosexual. Hence homosexuality was condoned in monasteries following his example and much poetry emanated from Japanese monasteries (see, for instance, *Gozan literature). Buddhism pervades the whole Japanese culture and has intermingled with *Shinto the Japanese animist religion whose origins predate Buddhism. Genshin (942-1017) author of the Pure Land Buddhist school treatise Ojoyoshu refers to homosexuals being punished in hell in this work. Japanese *Zen Buddhism (which form originated in China) has influenced Western nations. See *Yoshida Kenko, *Chigo Monogatori, *Takahashi Mutsuo, *Miyazawa Kenji. References. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan: see "Buddhism and Literature". Princeton Companion to Classical Japanese Literature, 368-76: see "Buddhist sects"; 376-93: "Sutras". Leyland, Queer Dharma: voices of Gay Buddhists, 91-126 and 359-74 (stories concerning homosexuality and Buddhism). Korean. See *Yi Che-hyon, *Great Master Kyunyo, *Han Yong-un. Korean *Hwarang dancing boys modelled themselves on Maitreya Buddha (see *Richard Rutt). Mongolian. Ninety per cent of all men attend monasteries during their life; *hymns and *chants need to be considered. Mongolian Buddhism was introduced from Tibet and Tibetan is the language of the liturgy and sacred texts. Mongolian is a *Turkic language and Tibetan is *Sinitic. Tibetan. See *Tenzin Gyatso. Homosexuality has been widely reported in monasteries which have been severely repressed under Chinese control from 1950 when Tibet was occupied by China. On Tibetan Buddhism see Leyland, Queer Dharma, pp. 335-47. Thai. See Leyland, Queer Dharma, pp. 55-90. Bhutanese. See Michael Aris, Bhutan: the early history of a Hmalayan kingdom, 1979. English. Recent gay poets such as *James Kirkup, who lived for many years in Japan, have been influenced by Zen Buddhism. *Allen Ginsberg is largely credited with the contemporary promulgation of Buddhism in the United States (*Whitman and *Thoreau were earlier much interested). An anthology of poems "Queer Dharma Poetry" is in Leyland, Queer Dharma, pp. 392-416: poets are John Giorno, *Allen Ginsberg, *Trebor (pseud.), *Richard Ronan, *David Chura, *Christian Huygen and Jim Everhard. See also *Don Maynard, *Harold Stewart, *Kovida (pseud). The *Beats were much influenced by Buddhism. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopedia of Religion. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 168-71. Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics : the article on Buddhism contains an excellent up-to-date general introduction. Cassell's Encyclopedia of Queer Myth, Symbol, and Spirit. Gay Histories and Cultures. Other References. Basham, The Wonder That Was India: see the chapter on Buddhism. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, vol. 2: "Buddhist Literature of India". De Bary, Guide to Oriental Classics: see Sections 2 and 3. Leyland, Queer Dharma: voices of Gay Buddhists : the whole book is relevant. Homosexuality and world religions, 81-102: article by José Ignacio Cabezon. Songs and oral poems based on *Buddhist teachings in Sanskrit and Pali from India and Sri Lanka and later in other *Indian languages and languages of Buddhism. From ca. 100 in Pali. Buddhist hymns and chants date from the first writing down of the Buddhist scriptures, ca. 100. The Sanskrit *"Om mani padme hum" is an example. These songs when sung by males to the *androgynous *Buddha - as he is usually depicted in artand who is in any case male - are relevant (for an explicit homosexual example, see the Korean poet *Great Master Kyunyo). Homosexuality has been widely reported in Buddhist monasteries e.g., in Japan and Tibet. In Mongolia, ninety percent of males attend monasteries at some time in their lives. A large proportion of all males attend monasteries in Tibet, Burma, Thailand and Laos. See also *Chants, *Mantras. (Compare Christian *Hymns.) Depictions of the Buddha in art in mural painting and in sculpture and in illustrations accompanying poems (e.g. in manuscripts) are relevant since he was *androgynous; in addition, these works were mostly created by monks where strong homosexual traditions exist in monasteries. Languages of relevance. India and countries to the north east of India: Sanskrit. Pali. Kashmiri. Nepalese. Bhutanese. Sri Lanka: Sinhalese. East Asia: Chinese. Korean. Japanese (see also *Zen Buddhism), Mongolian. Manchu. Uiohur. Tibetan. On Uighur see "Uighur Literature" in Great Soviet Encyclopedia] the language is Turkic and is spoken in Turkestan. Southeast Asia: Cambodian. Laotian. Thai. Burmese. Vietnamese. Publisher of works in Latin and Greek with French translation. Relevant works date from ca. 1920. The Budé series is the most famous French series of classical Greek and Latin texts and has been published in Paris from ca. 1920. See Jean Carrière (re *Theognis), *P. Legrand (re *Theocritus), *Horace, *Martial, * Palatine Anthology, *Tibullus and *editions of classical Greek and Latin texts. City in Argentina in which Spanish is spoken. Material of relevance dates from ca. 1920 - see *La *Bella Otero (pseud.) The city is the capital of Argentina and has important *libraries and *archives. It has been an important publishing center of Spanish books in South America - see *Whitman. The city has enjoyed a gay renaissance since the overthrow of the generals in 1984 and the return of democracy. For earlier poets see *Rafael Alberti and - especially - Jorge Luis Borges. For contemporary poets see *Tullio Carella, *Miguel Angel Lens, *Claudio Lerena, *Claudio Navarro, *Oscar Vitelleschi. The gay historian *Alberto Nin Frias lived for a time in the city and *Luis Gregorich has written a work of criticism on homosexuality and literature. A gay song of a drag queen is *"Verás que todp es mentira". In 1996, the city passed an ordinance forbidding discrimination against homosexuals. Poesia gay de Buenos Aires is a *broadside which is apparently an anthology. A private gay archive owned by Marcelo Ferreyra may be publically consulted. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Brittanica Historian and critic of Greek poetry from France writing in French. Active 1970. Author of a major study of *pederasty in ancient Greece, Eros adolescent: la péderastie dans la Grèce antique (Paris, 1980); bibl., pp. 673-79. The book is marred by a *homophobic approach but is nevertheless a major study with extensive discussion of poetry (Part Two, pp. 239-91). It is comparable in scope to *Paul Brandt's work but does not supplant Brandt for detailed discussion (the important journal articles of Brandt are not cited in the bibliography); list of ancient authors pp. 660-71. He lists *epigrams discussed pp. 68082. After the work of *Georges Hérelle, this is the major study in French of ancient Greek homosexual poetry. The author is one of the editors and translators of the *Waltz edition of the * Palatine Anthology (e.g. Books 13 to 15) and is working on the * Mousa Paidike (Book 12 of the Palatine Anthology) with *Robert Aubreton: see the note in Buffière, Eros adolescent, p. 295. A Professor at the University of Toulouse, France (1970-ca. 1980). Bugger: An Anthology of Anal Erotic Pound Cake Cornhole, Arse-Freak, & Dreck Poems Anthology in English from the United States. New York: Fuck You Press, 1964, 19 pages. Compiled by *Ed Sanders as the title page states (the handwriting, apparently that of Ed Sanders, is the same as that on the first edition of The *Platonic Blow). The contents are not listed in Young, Male Homosexual in Literature. Very rare. Copy sighted: *Kinsey Institute. This is a typed and stapled work of 19 pages, text 1-18 and has notes on contributors p. 19. The tone is predominantly heterosexual, as are the poems, but there are some poems of relevance by *Alan Ginsberg pp. 2-3, *Ted Berrigan pp. 6-7, *Ron Padgett p. 9 (a tantalizing poem with the lines "Ted and I/ ... didn't bugger that day"), *Al Fowler p. 10 (about a man who watches males having sex through a keyhole) and *Harry Fainlight pp. 15-18 - a gay sequence about picking a man up in a *toilet and going home with him. The tone of the work is light hearted and witty. Biographical notes at the end state Harry Fainlight is a "famous English closet queen" and Al Fowler is "the greatest scholar of bugger lore in the history of western civilization". Though this anthology had limited circulation it was the first in the United States to deal with homosexual *anal sex. Poems are well written. Bibliography. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 3410. Word in English used initially in Great Britain. From ca. 1644. The most common legal term for *anal intercourse and by extension used as a synonym for homosexuality (though it does not necessarily refer to homosexual anal sex). It was used by Samuel Pepys ca. 1663 (see *Sir John Mennes). The word was used synonymously with *sodomy. Buggers meaning "homosexuals" was a favourite word of the *Bloomsbury group. See also *Bawdry, *Limericks, *Philip Larkin, *Bugger: An Anthology. References. Oxford English Dictionary. Katz, Gay/Lesbian Almanac, 88-89: buggery is stated to have first been commonly used by Edward Coke in the United States in 1644. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 171-73. Howes, Broadcasting It. Dictionnaire Gay: see "Bougre-Bougerie" pp. 210-12. Ullstein Enzyklopädie der Sexualität. Gay Histories and Cultures. Poet from Vietnam writing in Vietnamese. Active 1300. See Huynh Sanh Thong, The Heritage of Vietnamese Poetry (1979), p. 4: "Elegy for Prince Hung Dao" - strongly homoerotic, though the feelings expressed may have been manufactured; biog. note, 275. Nothing is known about the poet's life. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1920-1994. See "Pretty Boy" in Dangling in the Tournefortia (Los Angeles: Black Sparrow, 1979), pp. 109-115: homoerotic reference. A bohemian poet famous for his hard living. He is heterosexual in *Neeli Cherkovski's life of him Hank: The Life of Charles Bukowski (New York, 1991). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Poet from Germany writing in Germany. Born 1933. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Schwüle Lyrik, schwüle Prosa, 17-21; biog., 18, photograph p.17: active 1953 as poet and also a translator and editor. Bibliographer and historian from the United States writing in English. Born 1928. One of the four authors of *An Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality (1976), the most detailed bibliography of homosexuality to date. Items 10417-11111 cover poetry, i.e. 700 entries, including lesbian. He is also the author of Sexual Variance in Society and History (1976), which is a study of sexual "variances" such as homosexuality, transvestism and prostitution. This work is the most comprehensive international survey of homosexuality in English to its date, though there are some problems in the references in the footnotes; each chapter has a section on homosexuality within the structure of the chapter. (The work supercedes *Arno Karlen's 1971 Sexuality and Homosexuality.) Homosexuality: A History (1979) is a concise introduction concentrating on Europe. He works at the New York State University. He is also the author of Science in the Bedroom (1996), a history of sex research and has edited Human Sexuality: An Encyclopedia (1994). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Biographer from Germany writing in German. Active 1990. Author of August Graf von Platen: eine Biographie (Paderborn, 1990), 711 pages; excellent bibliograpy pp. 692-94. A very detailed biography of the most famous openly gay German poet and a major gay biography. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1900. In his major sequence Briggflatts (London: Fulcrum Press, 1966) see p. 25 of the edition: "One/ plucked fruit warm from the arse/ of his companion" (this is a reference to a painting in the Prado, *Madrid, by Hieronymous Borsch). Brigflatts is a very difficult poem in the *modernist mode. The poet lived in Persia for several years. He has a cult following and is regarded as a major *postmodernist. Biography: see Keith Alldritt, The Poet as Spy: The Life and Wild Times of Basil Bunting (1998); the dust jacket notes his lifelong interest in "pretty young girls". Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Contemporary Authors. Dictionary of Literary Biography . Poet and letter writer from Italy who wrote in Italian. 1475-1564. Michelangelo, the most famous sculptor of the Italian *Renaissance, painted the frescoes in the Sistine Chapel in the *Vatican, Rome, including two depictions of two men kissing (on the fresco above the altar in the top right hand corner). He wrote homosexual poems including *sonnets to various men: *Tomasso de' Cavalieri, Cecchino Bracci (whose death inspired some fifty epitaphs - see James Saslow, The Poetry of Michelangelo ,1991, poems 177 to 228) and others. For homoerotic letters to Cavalieri and Poggio see Rictor Norton, editor, My Dear Boy; Gay Love Letters through the Centuries, 1998, pp. 57-60. His manuscripts were inherited by his family who censored the homosexual nature of the poetry. They changed the pronouns from the masculine to the feminine in the love poems in editions published for over 300 years after his death. This started with the first edition of the Rime published by the author's grand-nephew in 1623; the texts were freely altered. Some poems were written to a woman, Vittoria Colonna, to whom he had a strong attachment (there is no evidence of a physical relationship with her). He was strongly influenced by *Neo-platonism. On his sexual identity see James Saslow "'A Veil of Ice Between My Heart and the Fire': Michelangelo's Sexual Identity" in Genders 2 (1988), 77-90; this deals with the question of whether he was sexually active. *Benedetto Varchi was the first person to refer to Michelangelo's homosexuality. The best introduction in English to his poetry is the introduction of James Saslow's very fine English translation: see Saslow's The Poetry of Michelangelo: An Annotated Translation, 1991. The nineteenth century gay writer and poet *J. A. Symonds wrote a life and edited seventy-five of the poems (about a quarter), railing against the falsification of the text by the altering of the pronouns. The gay British composer Benjamin Britten set some sonnets to music in 1940. Michelangelo also wrote letters which have survived. Text. *Ludwig von Scheffler in 1892 and *Carl Frey in 1897 were responsible for establishing in northern Europe that amorous poems were written to men, following the first Italian critical edition of Cesare Guasti of 1863. The Frey edition, which became standard, was succeeded by that of *Enzo Girardi in 1960 and this is now the standard text (the editor is also a noted critic). On the editing of the text see James Saslow, The Poetry of Michelangelo: An Annotated Translation, 1991, pp. 53-57. See Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, p. 86 re Professor H. Grimm, Robert-Tornow, L. von Scheffer (1892), J. A. Symonds, Carl Frey and late nineteenth century discussion. Criticism. Robert Clements, The Poetry of Michelangelo (1965), is a basic study which deals with homosexuality in his poetry: see Chapter 5 "The fifty poems for the truffles, turtle and trout ", pp. 134-53, Chapter 10 "Michelangelo Inamorato" pp. 184-215 and Chapter 12, *"Platonism" pp. 228-37. This is the major discussion of homosexuality in his poetry to date. A concise overview is *Rictor Norton, "The Passions of Michelangelo", Gay News no. 65 (1975), 13-14. In German. Walter RobertTornow wrote on his poetry: Die Gedichte des Michel Angelo Buonarroti (cited in Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, p. 95). See *Robert Schalek for a relevant German poem. The twentieth century gay Italian poet *Giovanni Testori has written on Michelangelo's homosexuality in an introduction to his poetry. Translation. Translations listed here are only of the Sonnets. Note that many editions of the Sonnets before 1897 are not reliable. Translations of the Sonnets are known from 1860. Only major or complete translations of poems are included. His letters are also relevant. Dutch: Michael Engelhard (1992). English: J. A. Symonds (1878), Joseph Tusiani (1960), 'Elizabeth Jennings (1962), James Saslow (1991). The James M. Saslow edition of his poems, the best English translation to date, lists, at pp. 53-57, the most common translations into English. French: A. Lannau-Roland (1860), Marie Dormoy (1935), Pierre Leyris (1983). German: Sophie Hasenclever (1875), Hans Grasberger (1872), Carl Frey and others (1897), Henry Thode (1914). See Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, under Michelangelo for a list of German translations. Polish: Lucyan Siemienski and others (1861), Leopold Staff (1922). The *British Library General Catalogue was checked. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Encyclopedia Britannica: excellent introduction with fine bibliography. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 258-64. Dictionary of Italian Literature. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 807-09. Howes, Broadcasting It. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Tyrkus, Gay and Lesbian Biography. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 81: poems "An Febo di Poggio", "An Messer Luigi del Riccio", "An Tommaso", "An Tommaso del Cavalieri", "Auf den Tod des Cecchino Bracci" apparently in the Teubner edition, details not clear. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10515: The Complete Poems of Michelangelo, London, 1978; also New York: Noonday Press, 1960 (trans. Joseph Tusiani). Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 2694-95: The Complete Poems of Michelangelo, London: Peter Owen, 1961 and Sonnets, New York: Crown/Gramercy, 1949. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 86-89. Ioläus (1902), 12933. Die Bedeutung der Freundesliebe, 19. Men and Boys, 22. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 10, 139-47. L'amour bleu, 96-98. Hidden Heritage, 136-37. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 138-40. Les Amours masculines, 72-74. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 223-24. "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen", 63-65. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 319-26. Name of Love, 67; biog., 75. Art of Gay Love, 8-9: "To Tommaso de'Cavalieri" trans. *J. A. Symonds. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 135-36; trans. J. A. Symonds. Pour tout l'amour des hommes, 46-52: Pierre Leyris translation. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 143-48; poems and letters translated by James R. Saslow. Criticism. Raffalovich, Uranisme et unisexualite, 310-12. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 2 (1900) 254-67: "Michael Angelo's Urningtum" by *Numa Praetorius Jahrhuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 10 (1909-10), 431-33: review of the literary work Michelangelo by Abel, 1908. Mayne, The Intersexes, 391-92. Hirschfeld, Homosexualität, 668. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active before 1989. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 228: poem with a *pedophile theme, "Confession". Burchiellesque poetry Genre written in Italian in Italy. From ca. 144Q. See Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, pp. 173-74 where it is defined as a type of Italian poetry using coded language with obscene double meanings (compare *Villon). The leading practitioner was *Domenico di Giovanni, known as *Il Burchiello (pseud.) from the Italian word meaning "haphazardly". The *Renaissance architect *Leon Alberti wrote Burchiellesque poetry. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1908-1986. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 550: two Tine gay poems. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1992. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Of Eros and Dust, 12: "Courier" (homoerotic mental bonding), 18, 46, 82-83; biog., 85 - lives in *London. Burggraf, Waldfried Poet from Germany who wrote in German. 1B95-195B. An actor who became director of the Bavarian state theaters in *Munich (1933-38); he used the pseudonym Friedrich Forster. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 45: Flammen - Patroklus, Szenische Dichtung, Berlin, 192Q - poems on 'Achilles and Patroclus. Burhanettin, Kadi Ahmed, also spelt Burhan-ud-din Poet from Turkey who wrote in Turkish. 1344-139B. Kadi means judge. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, vol. 3: see "Burhaneddin". Penguin Book of Turkish Verse, 61-3: strongly homosexual poetry with a *mystical side; biog., 7. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 363. Criticism. Gibb, History of Ottoman Poetry, volume 3, 204-224: see Ahmed Burhan-ud-in. Editor from Great Britain of works in English. 1759-1796. The best known *Scots poet, he was the editor of a collection of Scottish *bawdry, The Merry Muses of Caledonia, published ca. 1800. The collection has deep roots in Scottish oral traditions as *Gershon Legman has pointed out (see below). The manuscript was collected by Burns from a men's drinking circle and convivial society, only being published after the poet's death. The only reliable editions are The Merry Muses of Caledonia (Edinburgh, 1959) edited by Professor de Lacey Ferguson and Sidney Goodsir Smith and The Merry Muses of Caledonia, edited by James Barke and Sidney Goodsir Smith (London, 1965); almost all poems are rigorously heterosexual but in the 1965 edition see "Ye'se Get a Hole to Hide It In", pp. 175-76, which is *non-gender specific and does not make specific where the "hole" could be - the vagina or the anus - while the sexuality of the insertee, possibly a *prostitute, is also non gender specific, so that the hole or anus could be a man's. (This poem also appears in earlier editions e.g., The Merry Muses, privately printed, 1827, p. 53.) There is an edition of this work reproducing in facsimile the first printed edition (which survives in only two known copies): Burns' Merry Muses of Caledonia (1965), edited by *Gershon Legman (see pp. 55-57 and pp. 181-82 for the above poem); this edition is the only edition which reproduces the first (ca. 1800) edition in full. See Legman, The Horn Book, 1964, pp. 131-169, "The Cunningham Manuscript" (of Burns), including the interesting poem "Ode tae a Penis" (*Ode to a Penis) and "The Merry Muses as Folklore", pp. 170-236. Burns, who seems to have been heterosexual, wrote bawdy erotic poetry. His song "My love is like a red, red rose" was sung in a homosexual context in the film Jubilee: see the entry in Howes, Broadcasting It. See also *Alan Bold. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Criticism. Legman, Horn Book, 170-236: "The Merry Muses as Folklore" see also 138-39 and 142-43. Biographer and poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1837-1921. An intimate friend of *Walt Whitman who wrote the first biography of the poet, Notes on Walt Whitman as Poet and Person (1867). Much of the book was written by Whitman himself and it was later expanded into Walt Whitman: A Study (1896). Burroughs met the poet on a street in *Washington. He was influenced by *Thoreau and *Emerson and was something of a homespun philosopher; see the selection John Burroughs' America (1951). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of American Biography. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature: see re his poem "Waiting", 1862. Novelist and lover from the United States writing in English. 1914-1997. An intimate friend of *Allen Ginsberg who was in love with him in the early 1950s (see Ginsberg's Journals 1954-1958, 1995). He was involved in the beginnings of *gay liberation and he and Ginsberg were lovers: see the *Barry Miles biography of Ginsberg, Ginsberg: A Biography, 1989, p. 155: "They slept together a lot..." William Burroughs was a *Beat novelist - notably of The Naked Lunch and Queer - who shot his wife by accident in Mexico, when he Tired with a gun at a glass of water balanced on her head. He was primarily homosexual and later lived in *Tangier. He may have written *prose poems. See also *Brion Gysin. Interview: Leyland, Gay Sunshine Interviews, volume 1, 9-33. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Dictionnaire Gay. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 710-21 (extract from The Naked Lunch). Poet from Great Britain writing in English and translator from French to English. Active 1979. He translated the book of poems Plain-Chant by Jean Cocteau from French. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 459-50: A Book of Poems, Bath: Paris Garden Press, 1979 and Plain Song. A Free Translation of Plain-Chant by Jean Cocteau, Bath: Paris Garden Press, 1979. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 177. Burton, Richard, Sir Historian, anthropologist, book collector and poet from Great Britain writing in English; translator from Sanskrit, Arabic, Latin to English and editor of works translated from Persian. 1821-1890. Burton was an early English anthropologist and linguist (he reputedly spoke some twenty-five languages). He wrote numerous travel books but is most famous for his translation of the * Arabian Nights. His first homosexual articles, "Notes on the Population of Sind" (1847), and "Brief Notes on the Modes of Intoxication" (1848), were an examination of boy brothels in Karachi, Pakistan, published in Selections of the Government of India, Bombay, New Series, 17, part 2, 1855. He wrote the first essay in English on the history of homosexuality to reach a general audience. This was the so-called "Terminal Essay" to his unexpurgated translation from Arabic of the Arabian Nights, published with the imprint Benares: Kama Shastra Society, 1885-88. It is actually one of a number of such essays included at the end of the work, and the first to deal with homosexuality from the viewpoint of *anthropology; it occurs in volume 10 of the Burton Club edition, 1903, pp. 178-219, as Section D of Part 1 of the "Terminal Essay". The actual text of the Arabian Nights includes translations of homopoems of *Abu Nuwas and other poets as well as many erotic tales. The work has many notes by Burton on individual tales which give information on homosexuality. It is suspected that many homopoems were translated into English by Burton himself (see *Allen Edwardes). See the Appendix at the end of volumes 10 and 16 (the last volume of the Supplement) of the Burton club edition for references to sodomy and to *Abu Nuwas and the index under other relevant words. (Compare *J. A. Symonds who corresponded with him and *H. S. Ashbee whom he used in the essay for information and whose pseudonym he disclosed: see the Ashbee entry for the reference.) He translated the Latin poems of the *Priapeia titled: Priapeia, or the Sportive Epigrams (London, 1890; the first publication of the Erotika Biblion Society) and a verse translation of the Latin poet *Catullus: Catullus, The Carmina, posthumously published in 1894 (with prose translations by *Leonard Smithers). This was the first unexpurgated version of Catullus in English. From Sanskrit he translated The Kama Sutra of *Vatsyayana (1883) and The Ananga Ranga (1885; though a previous issue of 4-6 copies only in 1873 is known: see Penzer's bibliography below) both with F. F. Arbuthnot and both published by the Kama Shastra Society (a publisher set up by Burton with headquarters allegedly in Benares, India, but almost certainly in London or Paris). From Arabic he also translated (from a French translation), *Nafzawi: The Perfumed Garden ofCheikh Nefzaoui, which bore the imprint Cosmopoli (a made up name for a city from two Greek words meaning "world" and "city"), for the Kama Shastra Society, 1886. He was working on an enlarged translation of this work apparently directly from Arabic, which his wife destroyed, along with his diaries, when he died. Burton also published the *long poem The Kasidah of *Haji Abdu el-Yezdi, London: privately printed, 1880 (repr.), an alleged Persian work in the manner of * The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, with an alleged life of the poet (also by Burton); this went through many editions and was very popular. The Kasidah was in fact an original poetic work by Burton. For the significance of the title see *qasida. (Burton did not translate the Persian poets Jami and *Sa'di only editing the translation by *E. Rehatsek.) In 1865 he published the poem Stone Talk by Frank Baker (pseud.), a *satire on England. It is a work showing the influence of *Sufism and similar in theme to The Rubaiyat. Although he married, his great interest in homosexuality leads to the suspicion that he may have been homosexual; the various biographies make clear there were compelling rumours to this effect in his lifetime. He may have had affairs with women in India. His relationship with his wife has been viewed as unhappy and seems to have been sexually unsatisfactory. His relationship with John Hanning Speke, with whom he explored East Africa, has been seen as a repressed homosexual one. He was British consul in Brazil and Damascus, worked in India, travelled extensively in Africa and lived from 1871 in Trieste, Italy. These travels enabled him to compare customs and appreciate the role of homosexuality in other societies apart from Great Britain. Biographies exist by Lady Burton (1893; unreliable, but the basis of all subsequent works); by Byron Farwell (1963); by Fawn Brodie, The Devil Drives (1986) - with a valuable list of Burton's works 371-73; by Frank McLynn, Snow Upon the Desert (1990) - see review Times Literary Supplement, 12-18 October, 1990, 1089 (see p. 52 of the book regarding his homosexuality). Mary S. Lovell, A Rage to Live: A Biography of Richard and Isabel Burton (1999) claims the Burton marriage was happy and worked. N. Penzer, An Annotated Bibliography of Sir Richard Francis Burton (1923; repr. 1970) is an excellent annotated bibliography. His library was split up after he died. Richard Burton: A Catalogue of His Books (London, Spink and Sons, 1976), may be the catalogue of his books in the Royal Anthropological Society, London, sold to the Huntington Library, San Marino, California, about 1990; books in this collection are believed to be annotated. Other books from his library, with personal annotations, are in the Kensington Central Library, London, including his annotated copy of The Arabian Nights. The library is discussed in Bernard Quaritch, Contributions towards a Dictionary of English Book-Collectors (London, 1891). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 176-77. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 552: * Arabian Nights translation of Sir Richard Burton - The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night, London, 1885-88. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 13 (trans. of *Catullus), 21. Reade, Sexual Heretics, 158-93: text of "Terminal Essay". Criticism. International Journal of Greek Love vol. 1 no. 2 (1966), 3-11: re "Terminal Essay". Crew, Gay Academic : see *S. W. Foster, "The Annotated Burton", 92-103 (an examination of some mistakes in Burton's text). Murray, Islamic Homosexualities, 211-17: re essay on Sotadic zone. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1927. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 22-23: poem "Remember Me"; biog., 173: a *black poet who is professor of sociology at Southeastern Massachusetts University. Poet from Russia writing in Russia; he lives in Great Britain. Born 1969. A collection of poems Usad'ba (Country Estate) was published in Yaroslavl in 1991. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Out of the Blue, 401 (also prose 402-12); biog., 410 - states he studied in *Moscow but now lives in Great Britain. Buson, also called Yosa Buson and Taniguchi Buson Poet from Japan who wrote in Japanese and Chinese. 1716-1784. A noted haiku poet, second only to Basho, who composed some 3,000 haiku. He married and was also a painter. His Chinese works have attracted increasing attention. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan: Princeton Companion to Classical Japanese Literature. Criticism. Henderson, Introduction to Haiku, 104 "somewhat pornographic suggestions...can be found"; see poems pp. 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 113. Poet from Germany writing in German. 1876-1915. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Neue deutsche Biographie. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 45: poem "Liebe (Von jedem verkündet)" and "§ 175" in Zwischen Himmel und Hölle (about the Paragraph 175 law: see *Law - German). Poet from the United States writing in English. Active from 1974-died 1986. See James White Review, vol. 1 no. 2 (Winter 1984), 12: Tine gay poem; biog., 16: states he lives in *San Francisco and has had three poems published in James White Review 1983-86. His death of *Aids is recorded in the James White Review vol. 4 no. 1 (Fall 1986), 2. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 554: Painless Surgery, privately printed, 1974. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Voices Against the Wilderness, 2; from San Francisco. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1967. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 555: The Discovery of America, New York: Interim Books, 1967. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1954. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 24: "Bourgeois at Twenty" (about a beautiful sexy young man); biog., 173: a *black poet from Atlantic City involved with the theater. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1968. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 25: "After the Fuck"; biog., 173 - *black poet. Poet and critic in English and translator from Greek to English from Great Britain; he is best known as a novelist. 1835-1902. A novelist who lived in New Zealand from 1860 to 1864 and wrote a noted Victorian novel The Way of All Flesh (1903) with homosexual aspects; he wrote some poems. He wrote a comic pastoral oratorio * Narcissus (1888) with his friend and companion, Heny Festing Jones. In 1899, he published the critical work * Shakespeare's Sonnets Reconsidered. He lived with numerous men and wrote a poem on Hans Faesch with whom he was emotionally involved when Faesch died: "In Memoriam H. R. H" (1895). He translated *Homer's *Iliad (1898) from Greek to English. He was emotionally involved for thirty years with Charles Paine Pauli (see Peter Raby, Samuel Butler, London, 1991, 92-95). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Oxford Companion to New Zealand Literature. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Criticism. Best Mates: Gay Writing in Aotearoa New Zealand, 14. Critic from the United States writing in English. Active 1967. Criticism. Ruitenbeck, Homosexuality and Creative Genius, 140-80: article titled "A Study of Sublimation in *Walt Whitman"; on *Narcissism in Whitman. Oral poems in Russian from Russia. From ca. 1760. Byliny are *epic folk songs dating from the eleventh century from Kievan Russia but first written down in the 1760s (they are known popularly as stariny); they were sung until recently in northern Russia. These poems need to be examined for male homoaffectionalism directed towards men by men, e.g. the figures of Prince Vladimir in the earliest poems and in the cycle around Il'ia Muromets. They show the influence of *courtly love and are part of the huge oral literature of Russian. For a modern parody of the older ones see *Sergei Rybikov. See also *"Heroic poetry" in Robert Auty, Introduction to Russian Language and Literature (1977), pp. 75-79. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Other references. Oinas, Heroic Epic and Saga, 236-57; discussion with annotated bibl., 254-57, listing texts. Poet and songwriter from Great Britain writing in English. 1893-1987. See Gay Times no. 97 (October 1986), 6: a photograph of him aged 94 with Billy Milton aged 81 - states the two are in the theater and tour Great Britain in a show Those Thirties Memories with *ballads, songs and stories. Many of these were published as Byng Ballads (London, 1932). More Byng Ballads, ca.1935, is another work by him (rare; a copy: is in the *Kinsey Library) - see, in this work, the ballad "Mexican Minnie". The book has an llustration of Byng himself showing him in drag on the title page. Obituary: Gay Times no. 109 (October 1987), 26. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Howes, Broadcasting It. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10516: Byng ballads, London: John Lane, 1932, 56 pp. Bynner, Witter Poet and autobiographer in English; translator from Chinese to English from the United States. 1881-1968. Witter Bynner was one of the most famous translators from Chinese in the twentieth century. His The Jade Mountain is a translation of the Chinese anthology Three Hundred *T'ang Poems. Published in 1929, it was a landmark in Chinese poetry translation (it was translated in collaboration with the Chinese Scholar Dr Kiang Kang-hu; Kiang did the translation, Bynner put them into English poetry). It is one of the masterpieces of translation from Chinese to English (compare *Arthur Waley). A graduate of *Harvard, he was also involved with *Arthur Davison Ficke in the publication of a hoax volume in 1916 of the so-called Spectrist school titled Spectra: A Book of Poetic Experiments, published under the pseudonyms Emanuel Morgan (Witter Bynner) and Anne Knish (Arthur Davison Ficke). The volume is a *parody of *modernist schools of poetry (see Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature entry "Spectra"; see also William J. Smith, The Spectra Hoax, 1961). Compare the Australian hoax around *Ern Malley (pseud.). He wrote recollections of *D. H. Lawrence and his wife Frieda in Journey with Genius: Recollections and Reflections Concerning D. H. Lawrence (London: Peter Nevill, 1953); see especially Chapter 42, "Comrade", pp. 281-86, on homosexuality in Lawrence's life and writings. Bynner, who was a close friend of D. H. Lawrence and his wife Frieda, when they lived at Taos, New Mexico, states, p. 285, "To the end he imagined and craved and feared and dodged the male mate". A character in D. H. Lawrence's novel The Plumed Serpent (1926) is based on him. Text: see Witter Bynner, The Works, 5 volumes, edited by James Kraft (New York, 1978). (However, this only contains a selection of his poems in the poetry volumes.) In Grenstone (1917), see *"Angel" p. 247, "Little *Pan", pp. 254-55. In The Beloved (1919), see pp. 4-5. In A Canticle of *Pan (1920), see *"Pan" p. 119 and *"Whitman" pp. 154-55. These poems were fairly open for the time. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Dictionary of Literary Biography, vol. 54 (1987): very Tine critical and biographical discussion which discloses his homosexuality p. 19 (he had a lover called Robert Hunt from 1930). Poet, letter writer and diarist from Great Britain who wrote in English; translator from Latin and Greek to English; he travelled extensively and later lived in Italy and Greece. 1788-1824. A British *Romantic poet, he lived in exile from Great Britain from 1816. He attended Harrow school as a youth (where he studied Greek and Latin) and later Cambridge where, aged seventeen, he was attracted to a choir boy, John Edleston, aged fifteen. He was a *dandy and his exile contributed to the rise of Byronism and of the concept of the necessity of the poet as alienated from his society (taken further by *Rimbaud). Byron, who was immensely handsome, had a club foot, an important feature in his makeup; he married and had heterosexual relationships with innumerable women. A final judgement on his sexuality is very difficult. Overall he is *bisexual. His reasons for leaving England may have been because of the then crime of sodomizing his wife, of incest with his half sister Augusta and also because of male homosexual relations with men; or possibly all three. (Compare *Beckford and *Norman Douglas who also fled Britain and *Oscar Wilde who did not flee and was tried for homosexuality and imprisoned.) He lived mainly in Italy and died in Greece in the struggle for independence. Byron's bisexuality was first aired in English criticism in detail by *G. Wilson Knight and *Doris Langley Moore. It had previously been discussed and his relationships were revealed in the 1866 published poem * Don Leon. *Peter Quennell raised the issue in 1935 and there is a reference in Mayne, The Intersexes, published ca. 1911(see references below), though Mayne's work was little known since it was published in an edition of only one hundred copies. Basically there was no public discussion of his homosexuality from Don Leon to Peter Quennell in 1935. His travels in Albania, Greece and Turkey made him aware of the vastly different customs prevailing there (see *Law - Islamic) and would have shown the arbitrariness of British law and customs. In 1970 *Bernard Grebanier, in The Uninhibited Byron: An Account of His Sexual Confusion, discussed frankly Byron's relationship with *Edleston. *Louis Crompton, in Byron and Greek Love (1985), has thoroughly discussed his homosexuality, mainly relating to the years 1807-16. At least four men figure in Byron's love life: the choirboy *John Edleston (a lock of whose hair Byron carried with him), his page, Robert Rushton, and the pages *Nicolo Giraud and *Loukas Chalandritsanos who inspired his last poems (see *Leslie Marchand's biography for information on these males). Lvric poems of aav relevance. "The Cornelian" (inspired by a precious stone given to Byron by Edleston when Byron was a teenager), "To E_" (that is, Edleston), the "Thyrza" elegies of 1811 (all to Edleston), and his three last lyric poems (all to Loukas Chalandritsanos): the poems now usually entitled "On this Day I Complete my Thirty-Sixth Year" (first line: "Tis time this heart should be unmoved"), "Last Words on Greece" (first line: "What are to me those honours and renown") and "Love and Death" (his last poem; first line: "I watched thee when the foe was at our side"). The poems to Loukas may sometimes appear under different titles as they were given the above titles when first printed in 1887 in Murray's Magazine no. 1, February 1887, 145; the text of these poems is most accessible in the anthology Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, cited below, pp. 224-26. *Louis Crompton discusses the last three poems in Byron and Greek Love, pp. 320-29, where he gives the texts as supplied to him by Jerome McGann as they appear in the final volume of Byron's complete poems edited by McGann. The reason the last two poems remained in manuscript until 1887 may have had to do with their reference to a man; censorship on these grounds seems very likely. In the Thyrza elegies Byron changed the sex of the addressee from female to male (see *gender bending). Childe Harold 's Pilgrimage (four cantos, 1812-1818) begins with the author visiting Portugal and the house of the exiled gay writer *William Beckford; the first canto was suppressed in its original form. In Canto 2 stanzas 95-96 deal with Edleston's death. Don Juan (16 cantos; 1819-24), his most famous *long poem, is about a rake but is vigorously heterosexual. It needs to be examined from a gay point of view: e.g. Canto 1, stanza 42, contains a famous list of classical authors not to read because of sexuality including *Ovid, *Catullus, *Sappho, *Virgil's "Second eclogue" (all except Ovid have significant homosexual material). It is now believed the original Don Juan was gay (see Theodore Zeldin, An Intimate History of Humanity, 1997, p. 120); his main pleasure was in the seduction of women. (Though to call Don Juan gay seems mistaken; a more accurate label is bisexual. On Don Juan see the entry in Great Soviet Encyclopedia.) A crucial problem in the long poems is how Byron's sensibility permeates the works and how homosexuality relates to his sensibility as expressed in the works; and further, how does this transfer itself to poets Byron influenced (especially Pushkin)? He translated from the Latin of *Virgil the gay *Nisus and Euryalus episode from the ninth book of The Aeneid, *Catullus's "Poem 48" and a poem by *Hadrian. He translated some of the * Anacreontea from Greek in Hours of Idleness] see Complete Poetical Works, edited by Jerome J. McGann, vol. one (1980), pp. 8-11. His autobiographical Memoirs 1818-1821, is a *lost work and was destroyed by his publisher *John Murray who had purchased it from Byron's friend *Thomas Moore for 2,000 guineas; it may have revealed a great deal about his homosexuality. An adequate reading of Byron's oeuvre in homosexual terms has still not been attempted. The most important recent gay critic is *Louis Crompton who has especially dealt with classical influence on Byron. Text of the poems. The edition of Jerome McGann, 7 volumes, is the most reliable edition (however it has been criticized). The edition of E. H. Coleridge, The Works of Lord Byron, 7 volumes (1898-1904) is still worth consulting. See William Beckford for an interesting work owned by the exiled writer: Works Including the Suppressed Poems, Paris, 1827 (not sighted and possibly a *fake; this work may be very rare). Letters and diarv. Byron's Letters and Journals, 12 volumes (1973-1982), edited by *Leslie Marchand constitutes a valuable repository of material about his homosexuality, besides being amongst the greatest letters in English. The letters are amongst the most enjoyable surviving letters by an English language poet. Some letters refer to homosexuality in a coded way (e.g. those to Skinner Matthews [died 1811]: see the Marchand edition volume 1, pp. 206-07, letter of June 22 1809, as an example - where he uses the word *hyacinth in a homosexual context); for homosexuality, see especially the letters to John Cam Hobhouse and letters to *Thomas Moore. The index in Volume 12 under "homosexuality" gives references. A thirteenth volume includes letters which came to light after the publication of the edition. Biographers. The first biography was by his close friend *Thomas Moore (1830); this biography alluded to Romantic friendships with men. (Moore, however, destroyed the manuscript of Byron's memoirs.) *Leslie Marchand has written a three volume biography (which nevertheless considerably underplays homosexuality in Byron's life). *Doris Langley Moore and *Peter Quennell have dealt with segments of Byron's life. *Stephen Coote has written a biography. *Phyllis Grosskurth has written the finest recent one volume biography, a work which adequately deals with his gayness. See also *Roden Noel, *André Maurois. Influence. Byron's influence in Europe was enormous: see Paul Graham Trueblood, Byrons's Political and Cultural Influence in Nineteenth-Century Europe: A Symposium (1981), for his effect in French, German, Greek, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Russian, Polish. His influence on the Russian poet *Pushkin was incalculable; Pushkin's *long poem Eugene Onegin was directly modelled on Byron's Don Juan. Byron influenced the early *Whitman who adopted a Byronic pose in early photographs. He also heavily influenced Polish poets. Translation. Byron's complete works were extensively translated into all the major 'European languages, initially into French by Amedée Pichot and Eusebe de Salle, 1821-24. The French translation was extensively read on the continent (especially in the mediterranean countries) and in Russia. Consult the * British Library General Catalogue and * National Union Catalog for translations of selected works. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 568-576. Encyclopædia Britannica ; by *Leslie Marchand. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 179-80: by *Louis Crompton. Howes, Broadcasting It. Dictionnaire Gay. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 45: poems "Ode" and *Don Leon. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10517-20: Don Leon and Leon to Arabella, London: Fortune 1866/1934 (this appears to be the reprint of the 1866 edition by Fortune Press in 1934); Hours of Idleness, London 1807 ("Juvenile homophile poems, later self-censored"), The Poems and Plays, New York: E. P. Dutton, [no date], volume 2, and Poetical Works, 1837 ("Homophilic elements in many poems such as 'To Thryza', less apparent in later editions"). Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, 562: The Poetical Works of Lord Byron, London, Oxford, 1904. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 132-33. Ioläus (1902), 160-65. Ioläus (1906), 217-18: citing "Death of Calmar" and "Orla: an Imitation of Ossian". Die Bedeutung der Freundesliebe, 22. Men and Boys, 41. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 83, 212-26. Rosen, Gay Life and Gay Writers, 19-20. Hidden Heritage, 180-82. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 192-93: "The Cornelian" and Canto 2, stanzas 95-96 (to *Edleston), from Childe Harold's Pilgrimage. Les Amours masculines, 207-09. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 47-48; biog., 115 16. "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen ", 80-81. Art of Gay Love, 10-11: letter re Edleston. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 191-92: the lyric poem "When we two parted". Pour tout l'amour des hommes, 127-28: extracts from poems trans. Gabriel Matzneff. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 219-26. Criticism. Raffalovich, Uranisme et unisexualité, 308-09. Mayne, The Intersexes, 167-69: sees his poem "Manfred" as a homosexual allegory, 356-60. Hirschfeld, Die Homosexualität des Mannes und des Weibes, 660. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1941. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Orgasms of Light, 40; biog., 249: published in gay journals he is a film reviewer. Voices Against the Wilderness, 19; from *Los Angeles. Byzantine period poets and editors Period relating to works in Greek from Greece, Turkey and Egypt. 324-1453. The Byzantine period is usually taken as beginning with the moving of the capital of the Roman Empire to *Istanbul (called by the Greeks Constantinople after the then emperor Constantine) in 324. It ended with the capture of the city, the largest Greek city of the period, by the Turks in 1453 (*Athens had fallen into eclipse at this time). See *Agathias Scholasticus, *Anacreontea, *Constantine Cephalus, *Eratosthenes Scholasticus, *George of Pisidia, *Konstantinos of Sicily, *Nonnus (a major poet from the early in the early part of the period), *Planudes, *Rufinus. These writers continue the tradition of *Alexandrian and *Hellenistic poets though they were heavily influenced by *Christianity. Much literary material was destroyed or lost after the Turkish conquest but some was saved: see Janus Lascaris. The Byzantine historian Michael Psellus has some references to homosexuality. Laws against homosexuality were especially harsh at this time - see *Laws - Greek. On eroticism in the Byzantine era see Hans-Georg Beck, Byzantisches Erotikon (Munich, second edition 1986); this deals with erotic poetry but there is no erotic poetry at all from the sixth to the ninth centuries. References. Queneau, Histoire des littératures, volume one, 697-740. Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium: see "Homosexuality" (overview for period). Poet from the United States writing in English. Active before 1992. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 555. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1970. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Name of Love, 27-28; biog., 70 a member of the Writer's Community at the Writer's Voice, New York. Badboy Book, 81 ; biog., 384. Eros in Boystown, 18; biog., 59 - published in journals. The World in Us: Lesbian and Gay Poetry of the Next Wave, 15-21; biog., 358-59. Critic from Cuba writing in Spanish. Born 1929. Raised in Cuba, he left the country in 1965 and lives in *London. Translation: English: in Mea Cuba (My Cuba), New York, 1994, a series of essays - see the essays on *Reinaldo Arenas pp. 412-16, *Virgilio Pinera and *Lezama Lima pp. 331-360, *Nicholas Guillen pp. 376-82 (he states Nicholas Guillen was not a *pederast, p. 376). Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1938. The poems in A True Likeness (cited below) are a *sequence of nine poems based on his life, called "Destruction"; some were published in American Poetry Review. The title poem "Destruction", about gay relationships, is very powerful. He taught literature at the New School in 1980, is a psychotherapist and is working on a critical study of gay literature of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A True Likeness, 187-94; biog., notes 187. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 740-41. Critic from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1993. Author of Taking it like a man: Suffering, sexuality and the War Poets, Brooke, Sassoon, Owen, Graves (London, 1993). This book is a major reading of these poets in terms of masculinity, discussing homosexuality, bisexuality, dominance of mothers and *sado-masochism. He states Brooke was bisexual (p. 55) and candidly discusses *Sassoon's complex sex life, discussing *Wilfred Owen's neuroticism as it is linked to his homosexuality and the complex question as to whether or not *Robert Graves was homosexual (see pp. 177-78). The book is the first detailed discussion of the poets which adequately discusses homosexuality in relation to their lives and their work. There is a discussion of homosexuality pp. 10-11. Note that the title is a witty reference to homosexual *anal sex. He works in *Canberra at the Australian Defence Force Academy. Pseudonym of a poet from Switzerland who wrote in German. 1972-1942. Pseudonym of *Elisar von Kupffer. The word means "little caesar" and usage probably comes from a poem by *Frederick the Great of Prussia which von Kupffer translated. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 46, 73: the pseudonym of *Elisar von Kupffer (spelt Caesareon). Poet from the United States writing in English. 1912-1992. A *New York *postmodernist classical composer who also wrote poetry. He lived with the dance choreographer Merce Cunningham and worked at *Black Mountain College. The Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 292, states he "shared his life with Merce Cunningham". In Silence: Lectures and Writings (1968), it is difficult to know whether some pieces in this book are prose or *prose poems but there are some definite poems: see pp. 96-97, 102-27 ("Lecture on Nothing"), 128-45 ("Lecture on Something"), 146-93 ("For a Speaker"), 194-259 ("Where Are We Going? and What Are We Doing?"). Richard Kostelanetz, John Cage (1970), contains poems on pages 111 (*"Robert Rauschenberg"), 120, 149 ("Poem for *Edwin Denby"). See also Christopher Felver, The Poet Exposed (1986), p. 133 for a poem. *Open form is relevant to his work. He is known for his piano work "4 minutes 33 seconds" in which the pianist sits at the piano for this length of time without playing a note on the piano, a work which has elements of *Zen. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gay Histories and Cultures. City in Egypt in which the main spoken language is Arabic; Hebrew was spoken by the city's Jews and in ancient times Greek . Material of relevance dates from ca. 1200. Cairo, the capital of Egypt, is an ancient city dating back to before Jesus Christ and has a rich homosexual history. *Ibn Sana al-Mulk compiled the first known Arabic homosexual poetry anthology in Cairo around 1200. The city is rich in Arabic manuscripts (see *al-Nafzawi). *Ibn al-Farid was a famous *Sufi poet. The * Arabian Nights was first published in Cairo and many stories in it refer to the city. See Rudolph Patpai, Sex and Family in the Bible and the Middle East (1959), pp. 172 73, re *singing boys and dancing boys and transvestism in plays in Cairo. Hebrew: see 'Manuscripts - Hebrew re the Cairo Genizah, a repository of Hebrew manuscripts found in the twentieth century. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition: "al-Kahira" (brilliant history of the city). Poet from India who wrote in Bengali. 1486-1533. A *Vaisnava saint from Bengal who wrote poems to *Krishna (compare *Candidas). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, vol. 2, 33. Group from Great Britain relating to poetry in English. Ca. 1880-ca. 1910. Calamites were *disciples of Whitman in Great Britain who wrote homosexually orientated poetry in the late *Victorian period and early twentieth century. The name comes from the Calamus Poems section of Whitman's Leaves of Grass, the most openly homosexual section. Compare *Uranian poets. Foster, "Beauty's Purple Flame: Some Minor American Gay Poets", Gay Books Bulletin no. 7 (1982) 15, states the name was only used in Great Britain. Mythical figure in Greek from Egypt and later in English. From ca. 450. Calamus is first mentioned in the work of the Greek poet *Nonnus from Egypt (fifth century; the date is uncertain), in Dionysiaca xi 369-481. He was a beautiful youth loved by *Apollo who turned into a reed on his death. He also had a gay relationship with Carpus. English. The Calamus Poems are a famous section of the American poet *Walt Whitman's Leaves of Grass, so named because the calamus reed is suggestive of the erect penis; the poems in this section of Leaves of Grass are explicitly homosexual. It is not known whether Whitman was aware of the reference in Nonnus; but it is difficult to think he was not aware of it. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Liddell and Scott, Greek-English Lexicon, 865-66. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality. Editor from Italy of works in Latin and critic writing in Latin. 1446-ca. 1478. An Italian *humanist who wrote a commentary on *Martial, presented to *Lorenzo de' Medici in 1473. He was also an editor of Martial's poems with a very extensive and famous commentary, first published in Venice in 1474, in Latin (it is the second printed Latin commentary on Martial); for printings see his entry in the *British Library General Catalogue and consult Brunet, Manuel du libraire. His name in Latin - used in some library catalogs - is Domitius Calderinus. See also Robert Balay, Guide to Reference Books, Chicago, 1996 under "Early and Rare Books" for ways of locating early editions. His edition of Martial was very popular and went through many editions. It was a reply to the commentary in the edition of Martial of *Perotti and is one of the most frank commenatries before the twentieth century. It openly discusses sexuality in Martial. Copy consulted: the copy of *David Scott Mitchell (Incunabula cupboard, Mitchell Library, Sydney: the edition, published in Venice, 1485, contains the Latin commentary printed round the text). He also wrote a commentary on Juvenal, published in 1475; Mario Salmi, Italian Miniatures, London, 1957, Plate 67, shows *satyrs on the title page of this commentary, dated by the author 1474 (there is a strong homosexual element in this work). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dizionario biografico degli Italiani: long article (his name also spelt Caldarinus or de Caldarinus); with a detailed bibliography. Poet from Canada who wrote in English. 1878-1956. Acanthus and Wild Grape, 1920, is one of the earliest books of gay poetry from Canada. He was a Professor of French at Bishop's College, Lennoxville, Quebec. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Canadian Literature, 688: states he was Professor at Bishop's University, *Québec and used *free verse. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, first edition, items 389-91: Acanthus and Wild Grape, Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1920, In a Belgian Garden and Other Poems, London: Erskine MacDonald, 1917 and Sonnets for Youth, Toronto: Ryerson, 1944. Homosexuality in Canada, first edition (1979), 7: same books as preceding (with comments citing poems) and Blue Homsepun, Toronto, ca. 1924; Sonnets for Youth, Toronto, Ryerson Press, 1944, 8 pp. (highly rated by Ian Young). Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 570-72: same books as in first edition. Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (1984), 137: same books as preceding. Callimachus Twelve epigrams in the *Mousa Paidike are ascribed to him. He was an *Alexandrian poet who had a celebrated quarrel with his pupil *Apollonius Rhodius in which he took the view that it was better to write short fine poems than long *poems or epics (see also *epigrams). He compiled a catalog of famous Greek writers and their works for the library of *Alexandria. Sometimes spelt Kallimachos. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary,194-6: Callimachus (3). Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10521-22. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Garland of Meleager. Palatine Anthology xii 43, 51, 71, 73, 102, 118, 134, 139, 148-50, 230. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 33. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 24, 58-59. Orgasms of Light, 99: trans. by *Winston Leyland. Les Amours masculines, 40. Reid, The Eternal Flame, volume 1, 133, 134. Criticism. Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung" Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 9 (1908), 263-65. Brandt Sittengeschichte Griechenlands, volume 2, 199. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 484-85: stating he is "by far the most important epigrammatist of the Alexandrian period". Buffiere, Eros adolescent, 296-97. Courouve, Ces petits grecs, 12: citing fragments 68, 195 and 49 and epigrams 25 and 28. Poet possibly from Greece who wrote in Greek. Active before 399. See *J. M. Edmonds, Lyra Graeca, vol. 3, 1927, p. 569, poems 14-16 (three important poems; the apparent ascription to Callistratus on p. 567 may imply that they are by Callistratus though they appear to be anonymous). The Encyclopedia of Homosexuality reference below may be to the fifth Oxford Classical Dictionary entry, in which case his date is between 200 and 399 and the date in the Encyclopedia of Homosexuality is wrong; the text of this poet is published in the Loeb edition, edited by A. Fairbanks, with the poet *Philostratus, Cambridge, Mass., 1931. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 196-97: 5 entries, though none refers to a poet in the Hellenistic period (323-146 B.C.). Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 500: stating he wrote several epigrams and lived in the *Hellenistic period. Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. Active 50-60. A *pastoral poet and imitator of *Virgil. The poem cited in Criticism is about two shepherds finding a poem cut into a tree. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary. Criticism. Courouve, Ces petits grecs, 12: re I in Minor Latin Poets (this is the full reference), edited by J. Wright Duff, Cambridge: Loeb, 1934. Translator from Greek and Latin to English from Great Britain. 1831-1884. He translated *Theocritus' Idylls (1869) from Greek and *Virgil's Eclogues (1908) from Latin into English. Calvin, John and Calvinist religion, also called Calvinism Religious reformer from Switzerland writing in French. 1509-1564. A Protestant reformed theologian whose Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536), were his major theological work. He was born in France and settled in Geneva, Switzerland. His religion was strongly anti-gay in tenor though he was accused of homosexuality by his enemies. The idea that Jesus Christ died only for the elect was a central tenet in his religion. As homosexuality was condemned in the *Sodom and Gomorrah story, homosexuals did not constitute the elect. His teachings were very popular in Germany and very influential in the United States (he greatly influenced *Puritanism). Attempts to link him to homosexuality, especially in relation to his close friendship with *Théodore de Bèze (who did write a relevant poem), seem more like attempts by his opponents to blacken his name - and consequently the new religion - and to *libel him. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopædia Britannica : see "Calvin and Calvinism". Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 100: under Schouten-Haag cites Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 6 (1904), H. J. Schouten-Haag, "Die vermeintliche Paderastie des Reformators Johann Calvin" (The alleged homosexuality of Calvin); translated into French in Arcadie no. 105 (September 1962), 478-86. Duroc, Homosexuels et lesbiennes illustrés, 71. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1064. Poet from Italy writing in Latin. 82 B.C.-ca. 47 B.C. He wrote an *epigram attacking Julius Caesar and calling him a passive homosexual or pathicus: see the *Suetonius entry of the Oxford Classical Dictionary for details. The lines are: "Bithynia Quicquid/ et pedicator Caesaris umquam habuit" ("Whatever Bithynia and the fucker of Caesar ever had.") Bithynia refers to Nicomedes, the king of Bithynia who is later alleged to have anally fucked Caesar. Only a few lines of his poetry survive. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary. stated to be an orator and poet. City and university in Great Britain where English is the main spoken language; Latin was formerly the language of instruction in the University. From ca. 1209. The University, the second oldest in Great Britain, began when a group of students migrated from *Oxford ca. 1209; it was not incorporated until 1571. Instruction was formerly in Latin and the University consists of a number of residential colleges where dons (fellows of colleges) tutor students in a semi rural setting. The first college, Peterhouse, was founded ca. 1300. King's College has been long associated with homosexuality and is called in local parlance "Queens"; *Lord Byron and *Patrick White attended it and *Oscar Browning reformed it. The *Cambridge Apostles was an undergraduate group which contained many homosexuals; it dated from before *Tennyson and included *Lytton Strachey, especially influential in the group in the early part of the twentieth century. Until 1874, dons were required to be unwed and in the earlier centuries colleges were patterned on monasteries. Like Oxford, the city has, since the *Renaissance, been a centre of *publishing. The University has a long connection with homosexuality and homosexual poets: see *Rupert Brooke, *Stephen Coote, *Erasmus (he taught Greek from 1511), *A. S. F. Gow, *Thomas Gray, *A. E. Housman, *Royston Lambert, *Sir John Leslie, *Martin Boyd, *Cambridge Songs, *Cambridge Platonists. The Russian and English language novelist and poet *Vladimir Nabokov studied there. The University Library, one of the largest in Britain, is a British deposit library and has an erotica collection (some books in the field of erotica were left to the library by A. E. Housman). See M. Mason, Oxford and Cambridge (1958), and Peter Searby, A History of the University of Cambridge (in progress; volume 3, 1750 to 1870, published in 1998). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 187-89: "Cambridge and Oxford". Movement in Great Britain in English. Occurring ca. 1624. A group of Anglican divines at *Cambridge University who tried to promote a more rational form of Christianity. The most important poet was *Henry More (active 1647). They influenced *William Penn in the United States where *Harvard University was founded in 1636 as an offshoot of Cambridge, just prior to the emergence of the Cambridge Platonists. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Howes, Broadcasting It: see "Oxford and Cambridge". Collection of songs in Latin from Great Britain. Ca. 1050. The Cambridge Songs is a collection of Latin poems of the 11th century, some pages of which have been erased in the manuscript and thus some poems are *lost. It is thought this has been done because they were regarded as being obscene at one time. Editions: see *Karl Breul. An edition exists edited by Karl Strecker published in 1926. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Medieval Latin Poems of Male Love and Friendship, 147, states the manuscript preserves the gay poem *"O admirabile Veneris ydolum". Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. 1845-1905. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amicizia amorosa, 171-72: poem "A Lorenzo Delleani"; biog., 169. Translator from Greek to Latin from Germany. 1500-1574. Translator of the Greek poet *Theognis into Latin: Theognidis Megarensis Sententiae graecolatinae (Leipzig, 1603); he also translated *Theocritus into Latin (1596; repr.). A close friend of P. *Melanchthon. For information on him see Sandys, History of Classical Scholarship, volume 2 (1908), pp. 266-67. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active from 1975. He was associated for many years with the Hot Peaches theater company in *New York. He wrote several books of poetry including The Poems & Lyrics of 'Play Genet (New York: privately printed, 1997) and Poems for Drag Queens (NYC: Hot Peaches Productions, 1997). Probably his most important book of poems is The Divas of Sheridan Square written uner the pseudonym of Jimmy Centola (New York: privately printed, 1975). Poet and novelist from Brazil who wrote in Portuguese. 1867-1897. Famous for writing a gay novel Bom-Crioulo, he started as a poet: see the introduction to the English translation of Bom-Crioulo: The Black Man and the Cabin Boy (1895), San Franciscso: Gay Sunshine, 1982, 5. It is not known if his poems were published. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Brazilian Literature. Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. 1436-1500. See Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, p. 173: states he is a writer of *Burchiellesque poetry who "wrote many compositions on homosexual themes". The author of Italian poems accusing, in juicy detail, the poet *Niccoló Cósmico of homosexuality. Dictionaries and Encycloepdias. Dizionario biografico degli Italiani. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity, p. 105. Poet from Portugal who wrote in Portuguese. Ca. 1524-1580. The Portuguese national poet who wrote the epic Os Lusiadas (The Lusiads; 1570). Little is known of his life though he lived a violent life and he lost an eye in north Africa. His love poems are influenced by *neo-platonism. His life and poetry have not been assessed for homosexuality. There are some classical homosexual references in The Lusiads in which he states Venus, the goddess of love, favors the Portuguese; in The Lusiads translated by William C. Atkinson, Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin, 1952 see, for example, pp. 80 (Lusus as companion to *Bacchus) and 93 (Sancho II compared to *Sandanapalus for effeminacy). Compare *Cervantes, the Spanish novelist who lived at sea for many years where, in all male company, both writers, like *Herman Melville, must have encountered homosexuality. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Concept in English from Great Britain and other languages. From ca. 1881 in English but earlier in other languages. English. Camp is a style that has been defined by Susan Sontag as "love of the unnatural; of artifice and exaggeration... someting of a private code, a badge of aestheticism" (in her "Notes on Camp", in Against Interpretation, New York, 1967, p. 275). There is a considerable *parody and burlesque element in camp. *Christopher Isherwood, The World in the Evening, 1954, p. 125, has a discussion of the word. Camp dates at least to nineteenth century music hall traditions; it also comes out of theater traditions in general, especially musicals (in the twentieth century see *Lorenz Hart and *Cole Porter). See Philip Core, Camp (1984). Moe Meyer, The Politics and Poetics of Camp (1993) has several articles but no poetry reference and important bibliographies. David Bergman, editor, Camp Grounds: Style and Homosexuality (Amherst, 1993), is a series of essays on camp style. Great Britain and the United States: see *William Gilbert (whose opera Patience, 1881, is an early work), *Cole Porter, *Lorenz Hart, *Noel Coward, Jonathan Williams, *David Bergman, *Michael Bronski, *Bawdry, *Minstrel Show, *"The elevators in fairy town". *Frank O'Hara's poetry has an especially camp ambience as does *James Merrill's and the work of many of the poets in the *New York School of ca. 1955-1970. *Lita Hornick (pseud.) is a recent United States camp poet. Australia: see *'Banjo" Paterson, *C. J. Dennis (especially regarding the journal The Gadfly), *Barry Humphries (the outstanding Australian contemporary writer of camp poems). Other languages. In poetry, *parodies show camp elements and these date back to parodies of *Homer in Greek. *Satires have a camp element. Sanskrit and Hindi. There are considerable camp elements in the cult of *Siva, especially in representations of him. See illustration of manuscripts - Indian languages. Chinese and Japanese. There are camp elements in parody works about *Confucianism (especially of the *Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove) and in artistic depictions of the *Buddha. Oral cultures. See *Singing and dancing in tribal cultures and Songs - Kukatja for Kukatia. an 'Australian Aboriginal language. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 189-90. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Dictionnaire Gay. Gay Histories and Cultures. Criticism. Woods, History of Gay Literature, 301: states "Camp signals the existence of a gay subculture." Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1978. Gay Poetry Anthologies. We Bumped Off Your Friend the Poet, 4. Poet from Australia who wrote in English. 1915-1979. *Geoffrey Dutton, The Innovators (Sydney, 1986), pp. 80-81 states he knocked people to the ground for calling him a "bloody poofter" (i.e. homosexual) because he had long hair: an example of *homophobia amongst poets. He wrote a sequence about *Sappho in Collected Poems (Sydney, 1989), titled "Fragments from Marble", pp. 260-63. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Editor of works in Greek, translator from Greek to English and critic in English. Born 1927. Editor of the *Loeb series Greek Lyric, which is the latest edition of the text of the ancient Greek *lyric poets (with English translation), in five volumes. Volume 1 (Cambridge, US and London, 1982) consists of *Alcaeus (of Mytilene) and *Sappho; Volume 2, 1988, includes the fragments of *Anacreon and the * Anacreontea; Volume 3, 1991, is Stesichorus, *Ibycus, *Simonides and others; Volume 4, 1992, *Bacchylides, Corinna and others and Volume 5, The new school of poetry and anonymous songs (1993), also includes *Skolia. These texts supersede *J. M. Edmonds's edition in the same series and are now the standard edition with English translation. His criticism of ancient Greek poetry provides a balanced view of the subject. In his The Golden Lyre: The Themes of Greek Lyric Poets (London, 1983), Chapter One, "Love", discusses homosexuality in *Archilochus (pp. 4-5), *Solon (p. 18), *Ibycus (pp. 18-19), *Anacreon (pp. 20-24) and *Theognis (pp. 25-26); on p. 26 he states "The theme of Greek lyric poets is sexual, usually homosexual desire." He worked at the University of Victoria, Canada, 1977-87. Poet from South Africa who wrote in English and editor in Afrikaans; he later lived in Great Britain. 1901-1957. In 1924-26, he edited the Afrikaans satirical journal Voorslag with the homosexual *William Plomer. The Wayzgoose (London, 1928), is a poetical satire on South African society; language is used very subtly in this work, indeed cunningly. Possible gay references occur: e.g., on p. 9 "It is accounted learned to the *green"; p. 38 Freud and Plomer's "smutty Tilth"; p. 40 *Pre-Raphaelite reference regarding *androgyny; p. 44 "A bottle-nosed *Narcissus of the Press". A wayzgoose is a dinner of printers. At Oxford he experimented with homosexuality and had an affair with the composer William Walton (information from his biographer *Peter Alexander, 30 September 1993; this information could not be included in the biography of Peter Alexander as William Walton was then alive). The Georgiad (1931) is a poetry *satire attacking the homosexual *Bloomsbury group after his wife Mary had a lesbian affair with Vita Sackville-West: see *Peter F. Alexander, Roy Campbell, 1982, pp. 87-99. In 1935 he became a *Catholic and in 1952 he published a study of *Garcia Lorca. He coined the term MacSpaunday poets describing *MacNeice, *Spender, *Auden and *Day-Lewis. Biography: Roy Campbell by Peter F. Alexander (1982). See also *Aleister Kershaw. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, vol. 2, 1007, states he was "known to have been homosexual". Anthologist from Germany of works in German. Born 1949. The compiler of the anthologies * Andere Lieben and *"Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen". Author of Der programmatische Roman: von Wielands 'Agathon' zu Jean Paul's 'Hesperus'' (1979), 258 pages - a discussion of the German romantic novel. Anthologist from the United States of works in English. Active 1981. One of the anthologists who compiled * Walt Whitman; The Measure of his Song. Poet and songwriter from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1567-1620. An English poet noted for his lute songs. Text: The Works, edited by Walter R. Davis (London, 1969). See "All Lookes Be Pale", an *elegy for Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales (1594-1612), showing considerable homoeroticism. (He also published in 1613 Songs of Mourning based on Frederick's death and which were set to music by John Coprario.) His poems are heterosexual in ambience influenced by *Petrarchism but lacking real conviction in respect of the portrayal of women. Several poems of his are based on the trope of *Cupid. He also wrote Latin poems. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Poet from Cuba writing in English; he lives in the United States. Born 1964. Book of poems: The Other Man Was Me - A Voyage to the New World (1994) - see the note in *Prinz Eisenherz catalogue 1995/3, p. 4. This book details his life from Cuba to the United States and the last section explores his gay American identity particularly the doctor-patient relationship in the age of *Aids (he is a doctor). What the Body Told, 1996, is his second book of poems (review: James White Review vol. 13 no. 3, summer 1996, 20) and Diva (1999) his third book. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gents, Bad Boys, and Barbarians, 49-54; biog., 48. Badboy Book, 83; biog., 384. Eros in Boystown, 23; biog., 59 - a graduate of *Harvard Medical School. The World in Us: Lesbian and Gay Poetry of the Next Wave, 22-25; biog., 360. Word of Mouth, 425-29. Canada, Michel Poet writing in French. Active from 1960. He frequently appeared in * Arcadie as a poet ca. 1960-ca. 1971, e.g. in no.110 (February 1963). Possibly the name is a pseudonym and possibly he is from Canada. Canadian Lesbian and Gay Archives Archives and library in Canada with works in English and French and journals in many other languages. In existence from 1973. The archives has published *Our Own Voices compiled by Alan Miller, the largest and most comprehensive list of gay journals in the world, which is a computer based listing. It lists over 7,200 gay journals, newsletters and guides including some 3000 held by the archives in at least one copy. This work is also available through the archives' site on the internet. In 1980, it published a thesaurus of gay terminology for library entries: A Thesaurus of Gay Terminology for the Canadian Gay Archives by Robert Trow (copy sighted: Australian Gay Archives, Melbourne). The archives held over 2,100 journals and over 3,000 books by 1987. By late 1988, material on *Aids had reached equal proportions to that on other holdings. Many rare Canadian books are held. Its initial guiding spirit was James Fraser (1946-85: obituary in * Body Politic no. 114, May 1985, 15). Significant material is held in *manuscript (44 papers of individuals in 1987). It is the most impressive national gay archive and a major resource for research. It publishes the journal Gay Archivist (1977+), which has a description of the holdings in the first issue. See the articles describing the archives and its history, "Stashing the Evidence", by Rick Bebout, in Body Politic, August 1979, 21-22 and 26 and in Body Politic no. 108, November 1984, 35-36. There is a 38 page finding guide by Rick Bebout. The archives collective organized the 1980 conference *Whitman in Ontario, the 1982 Wilde '82 gay history conference (marking the centenary of Wilde's visit to America) and the 1985 gay history conference, Sex and the State, all held in Toronto. The name was changed to Canadian Lesbian and Gay Archives in the first half of the 1990s. Two brilliant bibliographies entitled * Homosexuality in Canada have been compiled based on holdings in the archives. Originally it was called the Canadian Gay Liberation Movement Archives (1973-75), and later the Canadian Gay Archives. It is housed in *Toronto. References. Directory of the International Association of Lesbian and Gay Archives and Libraries, 23-28: description as at 1987 (this description has been used for this entry). Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (1984), 275-340: Vertical Files (a list of vertical Tiles to 1984) lists material from organizations and individuals. Miller, Our Own Voices: list of journals held (the largest in the world). City in Australia where the main spoken language is English. From 1912. Canberra is the capital of Australia, in existence as a city from 1912 when the site was chosen. The city is an artificially created one, designed by Walter Burley Griffin. The Australian National Library, in Canberra, is Australia's largest library with much contemporary manuscript material; it is responsible for *Kinetica (formerly the *Australian Bibliographic Network), a combined computer catalog of Australia's major research libraries. The Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies in Canberra - known as AISTSIS - houses *Australian Aboriginal language material. The Defence Force Academy produces *Austlit which indexes Australian literature including for homosexuality in poems. See also *Adrian Caesar, Don Laycock, *Manuscripts, *Mark O'Connor, *Donovan Clarke, *Laurence Collinson, *Robert Cumming, James Griffyth Fairfax, *Harry Hooton. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1976. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 580: Offbeat Boston Bicentennial Blues, Allston, MA: privately printed, 1976. Candidas, also spelt Chandidas Poet from India who wrote in Bengali. Ca. 1380-died before 1450. A *Vaisnava saint from Bengal who wrote poems to *Krishna; many poems are written in the persona of Krishna's consort Radha (see *Love poems written in the persona of a woman). He was heterosexual and had a famous lover called Rami. He was involved with *Tantra. Compare *Caitanya. Translation. English: see Love Songs of Chandidas, trans. Deben Bhattacharya, 1967 (with excellent introduction; see also illustrations pp. 17 and 18). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, vol. 1, 33. Publisher from Great Britain of works in English. Active 1749. Thomas Cannon was the author of a *lost book: * Ancient and Modern *Pederasty Investigated and Exemplified. The book was banned and no copy has been found to date. It may have been an anthology. See also Randolph Trumbach, "London's Sodomites", Journal of Social History, 11 (1977), 14 and footnote 55, p. 31: this reveals that Cannon was forced to flee abroad after the book was prosecuted at John Cleland's instigation. Cannon had previously had Cleland thrown into *prison for debt. Whether copies of this book reached the European mainland is not known. See Notes and Queries, Series 2 vol. 8 (1859), 65-66. References. Smith, Love in Earnest, page x. *David Foxon, Libertine Literature in England 1660-1745, 1965, 54-55, discusses Cannon and the printer John Purser. Historian from Italy writing in Italian. Born ca. 1940. Author of the first study of *bisexuality in ancient Greek and Latin: Secondo Natura: La Bisessualita nel mondo antico (Rome, 1988), translated into English as Bisexuality in the Ancient World (New York, 1994). Despite its title the work is more about homosexuality. Part One of the Italian edition discusses, in Chapter 1, pp. 17-28, *Homer, *Solon, *Alcaeus, *Theognis, *Ibycus and *Pindar, and in Chapter 3, pp. 79-106, the philosophers *Socrates, *Plato, *Aristotle, *Plutarch and the * Palatine Anthology. Part Two, Chapter 2, pp. 157-98 discusses the Latin poets *Catullus, *Ovid, *Propertius and *Lucretius as well as the * Priapeia, *graffiti and *satire. Genre in Portuguese and Galician from Portugal. In existence ca. 1300 to ca. 1500. There are three types of cantiga, of which around 2,000 in all are extant: those addressed by a man to a lady, those involving vilification and satire (and sometimes obscenity) and those which are religious. They were written 1300-1500 and survive from manuscripts of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. They exist in Portuguese and Galician, relate to the poetry of the *troubadours and emerge out of Arabic poetic conventions (see influence - Arabic and *Debate on Love Arabic). The Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, vol. 2, p. 1006, refers to Cantigas de Amigo (Ballads of friendship) as "poems written by men in which a female persona describes her love for a man; some of these poems must have been written by homosexuals"; the word "cantigas" is misspelt in the Encyclopedia of Homosexuality where it is spelt "cantigos". See also D. Alonso, "Cancioncillas 'de amigo' mozarabes", Revista de filologia espanola, xxxiii (1949), 247-394. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics: see "Cantiga" (with important bibl). Singers in Hebrew from Egypt and other countries in which Jews lived and live. Active from before 1500. A fragment from the *Cairo Genizah in Egypt relates the story of a cantor (a singer in a Jewish temple) who was enamoured of a youth and sold his books for the youth's favours but the youth did not respond; see Afaf Lutfi al-Sayyid-Marsot, Society and the Sexes in Medieval Islam (1979), pp. 58-59. This fragment probably dates from before 1500. Cantors were traditionally suspected of suspect morals in Jewish custom. Songs in Italian from Italy. They date from 1450-1600. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10523: three fifteenth and sixteenth century Tuscan songs translated into English by *W. I. Scobie in Gay Sunshine 20: 13 January/Februaary 1974. Cao Xueqin, also spelt Ts'ao Hsueh-ch'in Novelist and poet from China who wrote in Chinese. Ca. 1715-ca. 1764. Author of a famous novel The Dream of the Red Chamber, also called The Story of the Stone. A homosexual poem occurs in Chapter 9 of The Story of the Stone translated into English by David Hawkes (Penguin, 1973), volume 1, p. 208: "Bum-cake!/ Bum-cake!/ Let's all have a/ bit to eat" (said by Jokey Jen one of the school companions of the hero). The novel is basically a heterosexual love story and has an autobiographical basis. His name is spelt Cao Xueqin (in *Pinyin) and Ts'ao Hsueh-ch'in (in *Wade Giles) Translation: see the Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature entry Hung-lou men. Translations date from 1958. English: David Hawkes and John Minford (1973-82); French: Tche-Houa Li (1967); Japanese: Ito Sohei (1969); Russian: V. A. Panasyuk (1958; complete translation). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature: see "Ts'ao Hsueh-ch'in". (His formal name was Ts'ao Chan.) Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature: see Hung-lou men (The Dream of the Red Chamber). Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. 1671-1745. A Neapolitan dialect poet from *Naples whose works contain homosexual poems making fun of *Petrarchism. See Valerio Petrarca, "L'osceno letterario nella lirica dialettale di Nicola Capasso" in Sociologia della lettertura no. 4-5 (1979), 191-203. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dynes, Homoexis, 160. Poet and critic from Greece, who lived in great Britain and wrote in English and Greek. 1912-1944. A selection of his poems and prose was published in Demetrios Capetanakis: A Greek Poet in England, London: John Lehmann, 1947 (no editor is given, but it seems to be John Lehmann); biog. note, p. v. His poems, written in English, are *non gender specific and there is no female presence; see "Friendship's Tree" p. 30, "American Games" p. 31 (both with strong homosexual suggestions), *"Cambridge Bar Meditation" p. 20, "Angel" p. 32 and "The Isles of Greece" p. 33. This is a collection of poems and prose with an introduction by John Lehmann pp. 9-18 and "A Recollection" by *William Plomer, pp. 181-83, which traces his biography. There are essays in English by Demetrios Capetanakis on the French poet *Rimbaud pp. 53-71 and the German poet *Stefan George pp. 7289 whom he saw as a precursor of Hitler; there are also essays on *Proust (whom he read fourteen times), *Thomas Gray and *Horace Walpole. He studied political science and economics at *Athens University before becoming a Doctor of Philosophy at *Heidelberg and learnt English only in 1939, when he came to Great Britain with the aid of the British Council. See *Peter F. Alexander, William Plomer (1989), p. 243: this states Plomer met him at parties of Lehmann's and they were close friends. Translation. His poems have been translated into Greek by Nanos Valaoritis and Manolis Markakis and were published in Athens in 1988 in their selection Mythologia tou Oraiou (Mythology of the Beautiful) which also includes prose; a selection of poems (including "Friendship") is on pp. 274-72. In Greek he published several philosophic studies, including "The Struggle of the Solitary Soul" and "The Mythology of Beauty" (see *aestheticism). He moved in a homosexual ambience and was greatly attracted to homosexual writers and poets of the *symbolist and *decadent type. He is believed to be homosexual by oral tradition and to have been a lover of John Lehmann (he also knew Stefan George personally in early life). City and island in Italy where the spoken language is Italian. Gay poetry reference dates from ca 1890. Capri, an island near *Naples, has one of the longest documented homosexual histories in the world: see James Money, Capri Island of Pleasure (London, 1986) - reviewed in the German language journal Capri, no. 2, 1991, p. 45-47 by *Paul Knobel (translated into German by *Manfred Herzer). Capri's connection with gay poetry so far is only documented from the 1890s on, when an extensive foreign colony, fleeing persecution in other European countries, developed; on this point see, however, *Tiberius below. See A. Sper (pseud. of *Hans Rau), Capri und die Homosexuellen (Capri and homosexuals) (Berlin, 1903), 26 pages, for the first discussion of this group. English. *Norman Douglas was made an honorary citizen; see also *Compton Mackenzie. French. Jacques d'Adelswärd Fersen built a beautiful home on the highest point of the island where he lived. German. Two poems on the German industrialist Friedrich Krupp (1854-1902) are in Capri und die Homosexuellen (these works have not been sighted). On Krupp, a rich German business man who committed suicide while holidaying on Capri after the German press exposed his homosexual behavior, see the pamphlet by A. T. Fleischmann, Der Fall Frupp und der Caprese (1903) and the obituary in Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen vol. 5 Part 2, (1903), 1303-1321; see also his entry in Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. See *Friedel Thiekotter regarding poems on Tiberius and von Gloeden. A gay journal in German titled Capri has been edited by *Manfred Herzer in Berlin from the late 1980s. Greek: see John Ellingham Brooks. Latin: see *Tiberius. The town library of Capri has an important archive of the city's history and manuscript material including a few manuscripts of *Fersen's poems. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Pauly, Wissowa, Paulys Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft: see "Capreae" (cites all references in ancient Latin and Greek sources). Enciclopedia italiana. Poet from Romania who wrote in Romanian. 1885-1936. Matei Caragiale has been thought to be possibly homosexual (a source in the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, to the author, 1987.) Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Everyman Companion to East European Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 417: influenced by *Oscar Wilde and re his *sonnets; ascription to Matei Caragiale is only provisional as the first name is not given. Editor of works in Greek and translator from Greek to Italian. Active 1788. Editor of the * Palatine Anthology: Raccolta di varj epigrammi, 6 volumes, *Naples, 1788-96: "The collections of Planudes and Cephalas united." This work consists of the Greek text, with Italian translation, of the poems of the Palatine Anthology, divided into seven books (as the *Planudean Anthology was divided). It contains the first Italian translation of the homopoems of the * Mousa paidike. The manuscript was in the Vatican library at this time (see the Palatine Anthology entry); the * National Union Catalog reveals only two copies are in the United States. This is the only work by this author listed in the * National Union Catalog. Not sighted. Pseudonym of a poet from France who wrote in French. 1886-1958. A bohemian poet of Montmartre and Montparnasse whose real name was François Carcopino Tusoli. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Les Amours masculines, 351-52. Addressee of love poems in German from Germany. Active 1822. Eight *sonnets of Platen were addressed to him: see *R. B. Cooke for English translations of these. Critic, historian and poet from Spain writing in Spanish. 1948-1992. The author of Guerreros, Chamanes y Travestis: Indicios de homosexualidad entre los exóticos (Fighters, Shamans and Drag queens: records of homosexuality amongst exotic peoples), Barcelona: Tusquets, 1984. This work consists of an anthology of passages about homosexuality from history and anthropology in three sections, Fighters, *Shamans and Drag *queens. It is important for material about tribal peoples and especially those in South America, these being previously peoples little known; however its coverage is world wide. There are poems scattered throughout (e.g. Juan de Castellanos, p. 69, *Ibn Kuzman and Al-Moramid, pp. 68-69, * Gilgamesh, pp. 107-08). Non Spanish material is translated into Spanish. There is a list of tribal peoples by contintent pp. 232-43. The book is the most widespread study of homosexuality in relation to *anthropology in Spanish. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Bibliographies. Cuaderno bibliográfico gay, 13: book Despojos, Valencia: Pre-Textos, 1981; see also pp. 16 (work of fiction, Detrás por delante, Barcelona: Laertes, 1986) and 23 (Guerreros Chamanesp y Travestis) Translator from German to Italian from Italy. 1835-1907. Translator of a selection of the German homopoet *Platen into Italian (Bologna, 1880). Professor of Rhetoric at the University of Bologna 1860-1904, he was also a poet who saw Italy as being weakened by *Christianity and Romanticism. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Poet and diarist from Argentina who lived in Brazil and wrote in Spanish; he apparently also wrote in Portuguese. Active from 1962 to 1979 when he died. From *Buenos Aires, Argentina, he left his wife in 1962 to plunge into gay life in Recife in Brazil. An edition of his poems is dedicated to the Brazilian city of Recife; apparently this edition is in Portuguese. Criticism. Trevisan, Perverts in Paradise, 24-32: states he is an important contemporary gay writer, who wrote poems "dedicated to the city of Recife"; p. 32 states he wrote a diary in Spanish which was translated into Portuguese. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1951. Book: Desire (1996). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gents, Bad Boys, and Barbarians, 57-60: fine poem about an alcoholic gay priest Father Bob; biog., 56. Word of Mouth, 286-93. Journal in English from Australia. 1987-1994. The first Australian journal devoted exclusively to the publication of gay poetry and prose; it commenced in December 1987. Fourteen issues were published to January 1994, each issue being of approximately 40 pages. Issues alternated between gay male and gay female issues with issue nine being a combined male and female issue. Male issues have been mostly edited by *Laurin McKinnon and all issues were published by him under the imprint BlackWattle Press, based in *Sydney. Issues 1, 3, 5, 7, 11, 12 and 14 are gay male issues. Poetry has varied in quality. Issue 14 has excellent gay poems. Poets: Javant Biarujia, John Dawson, Wilbur Force, *Denis Gallagher, D'mitri Kakmi, Karl Karlsen, Ian Kember, *Paul Knobel, *Ian MacNeill, *Don Maynard, Donald Moss, Torsten Page, Tim Reeves, Georges de Sarre, Neil Stuart, *Ivor C. Treby, *Richard Turner, *Stephen Williams, *Xalid Abd-Ul-Wahid. Pseudonyms are used by some authors (confirmed by Laurin McKinnon to the author, 1991). Poems published have been very uneven in quality with the best issues edited by Laurin McKinnon. The journal has been indexed by *Austlit. Carlsen, Carl Lover from the United States relating to works in English. Active 1932. The lover of *Hart Crane and *Lincoln Kirstein, the latter of whom discusses him in his autobiography Mosaic: Memoirs (New York, 1994), which has a photograph of him allegedly by George Platt Lynes, taken in 1932, on p. 49 (however David Lddick in Naked Men, 1999, has shown it is not Carl Carlsen but Harvey Easton, a Hollywood gym owner, and it was taken in the 1940s). Carl Carlsen was a handsome sailor. There is also an essay on him in Kirstein's By, With, To and From, edited by Nicholas Jenkins (New York, 1991), pp. 38-71and the George Platt Lynes photograph, p. 49. Poet from Canada who wrote in English; he later lived in the United States. 1851-1929. Bliss Carman had a strong bohemian streak, was influenced by *eighteen-nineties poets and collaborated with his close friend, the United States poet *Richard Hovey, on Songs from Vagabondia (Boston, 1894; repr.): in this book see the title poem "Vagabondia" pp. 1-4 (espousing complete freedom) by Hovey, "The *Faun" by Hovey (slight reference only) pp. 14-16 and *"Comrades" by Hovey pp. 54-55. The volume was much reprinted. The figure of *Pan haunted his poetry of 1900-1910: see the title poem of The Pipes of Pan (1903), pp. 16-44, also *"Hylas" pp. 10406 in this book. (The University of Sydney copy was owned by * J. Le Gay Brereton.) He lived in the United States in later life, though he was regarded as Canada's greatest poet and in 1928 was made Poet Laureate. He wrote over fifty volumes of poetry. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Canadian Literature. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Bibliographies. Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (1984), 137: A Vision of *Sappho, no place no date and Sappho: One Hundred Lyrics, London: de la Mare Press, 1906 and Chatto and Windus, 1921. Criticism. Mayne, The Intersexes, 382: called Bliss Carman by Mayne who states his poetry shows "psychic uranianism". Editor and translator of Hebrew works from the United States and critic of Hebrew writing in English; he later lived in Israel. 19251986. Compiler of The Penguin Book of Hebrew Verse (1981): see pp. 13-55 (this Introduction is a fine overview of Hebrew poetry in general), p. 302 Joseph ibn Hisdai, p. 313 (*Solomon Ibn Gabirol; poem "The testimony of beauty") and pp. 361-63 (trans. of *Anonymous non gender specific *boy love poems with *gazelle, *cup-bearer and *fawn motifs); bibliography pp. 581-86. He translated all the poets into English. He wrote the critical work Hebrew Poetry of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance (Berkley, 1991); see pp. 64-68 regarding homosexuality. Biography: see the first page of The Penguin Book of Hebrew Verse; states he was born in the United States and emigrated to Israel in 1947 and is a poet. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Judaica. Collection of poems in Latin and German from Germany. Ca. 1230. The largest collection of medieval Latin verse extant; it contains some homosexual poems (see below for details). It belonged to the Benedictine monastery of Benediktbeuern, in Bavaria, Germany, is in both Latin and German, and is now in *Munich. It features several bawdy poems. It was first published in 1847 in an edition edited by J. A. Schmeller. There are several later editions, including a facsimile edition of the manuscript edited by B. Bischoff (New York,1967). The edition of A. Hilka and O. Schumann, 2 volumes, is thorough and critical but does not include all poems. Some of the poems were set to music by Carl Orff. Translation. English: J. A .Symonds (1884), see Boswell and Stehling as listed below; French: O. Dobiache-Rojdestvensky (1931); German: R. Ulrich (1927), M. Hofmann (1937), E. Brost (1939 1954), E. Buscher, (c. 1950), L. Laistner (1879; repr.), Carl Fischer (1975); Italian: L. Vertova (1949). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance and Homosexuality, 378-80: translation of "Iam mutantur animus" (I am already changing my mind). Medieval Latin Poems of Male Love and Friendship, 120-29: three poems, "Quocumque more motu", "Cur suspectum me", "Deus pater, adiuva"; notes 160-61. "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen", 53-55. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 185-87: trans. of "Quocumque more motu" (described as "a deliberately obscure song of homosexual love") by Wilhelm. Oral poems sung at carnivals, especially before lent (the forty days before the Christian festival of Easter) in Italy in Italian and in Brazil in Portuguese. From ca. 1530. Carnival is the celebration held in Christian countries prior to Lent, the forty days of fasting before Easter (which marked the death and rebirth of Christ). It was a time of hedonism before the austerities of lent and ribald behavior was tolerated. It is still extensively practiced in *Catholic countries; the carnival in *Rio de Janeiro is famous and it is still celebrated in *Venice. Italian. See *Bernesque poetry. Compare * Carmina Burana in Latin. See entry "Canto Carnascialesco" in Dictionary of Italian Literature. Portuguese. See *Anonymous poem - Portuguese for a song from Brazil about a gay *prisoner. Material is other *European languages is likely. Critic and historian in Portuguese from Austria who later lived in Brazil. 1900-1978. Author of Historia do literatura ocidental (History of western literature), 8 volumes, 1959-60 (reprinted). This is one of the finest surveys of European literature ever. Homosexuality is discussed in the history: see *Hans Christian Anderson vol. 5, p. 1238, and *Michelangelo, vol. 2, p. 323. The author was an Austrian who fled to Brazil in 1939 to escape the rise of the Nazis. His real name was Otto Maria Karpfen. He did not marry. Biography: see his entry in Enciclopedia Barsa, vol. 5 (1991), published by Encyclopedia Britannica do Brasil. Poet, anthologist, critic, autobiographer writing in English from Great Britain; translator from Greek, Latin and German to English. 1844-1929. The compiler of the first homosexual anthology of poetry and prose in English: Ioläus (1902). Strongly influenced by 'Whitman, whom he greatly admired, Edward Carpenter was a clergyman who became a 'socialist and the leading homosexual activist in Great Britain 1894-1929 - though his homosexual activism was only carried on in a guarded way. He published a defence of homosexuality in Homogenic Love (1894). Love's Coming of Age (1896; many later printings) which included Homogenic Love in the 1906 edition, is a series of essays on sexuality. The Intermediate Sex (1908), is a discussion of homosexuality (trans. into German as Das Mittelgeschlecht, 1907); it was translated into Russian in 1915 by Peter D. Ouspensky. In Urdu *Firaq Gorakhpuri (pseud.) was influenced by him. He visited Whitman in the United States and wrote about it in Days With Walt Whitman (1906), which includes accounts of two visits to the poet in 1877 and 1884. He claimed to have had sex with Whitman: see 'Gavin Arthur. Ioläus (1902), is a work showing indebtedness to the anthology of 'Elisar von Kupffer and remained in print continuously from then on (though it appeared under different titles, such as An Anthology of Friendship). He translated many works in Ioläus where he states (p. vi) all translations where no reference is given are by him. An important pamphlet written by him discussing Whitman's homosexuality is Some Friends of Walt Whitman: A Study in Sex-Psychology (1924), 16 pages, a paper read before the British Society for the Study of Sex Psychology, a group believed to contain many homosexuals (the group subscribed to homosexual journals and its papers ended up in the 'Humanities Research Center). In this work Carpenter states: "There is no doubt in my mind that Walt Whitman was before all a lover of the male" (p.14) - some of the most direct evidence of Whitman's homosexuality. Carpenter's poetry also shows the strong influence of Whitman. Poems. Carpenter published several volumes of poetry. His first volume, published in 1873, was entitled ' Narcissus and Other Poems. Towards Democracy, his best known work, is a series of Whitmanic 'free verse poems, modelled on Whitman's Leaves of Grass, first published in 1883 and then in successively enlarged editions in 1885, 1892 and 1905; Part Four, Who Shall Command the Heart, was first published separately in 1902. The poems in Towards Democracy are typical mystical love poems of the time showing the influence of 'Sufism and 'The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam. They have been very underrated and are much better than contemporary homosexual verse of the 1890s. He collaborated with 'George Barnefield to write The Psychology of the Poet *Shelley (New York, 1925), 126 pages, which discusses feminine - and specifically homosexual - elements in Shelley. This is the most brilliant reading of homosexuality in Shelley so far and one of the finest gay readings of any poet (e.g., see pp. 9-10). The work is discussed in detail in the Shelley entry. Autobiography: see My Days and Dreams (1916). Biography: by 'Chushichi Tsuzuki (1980) - though this work does not deal adequately with the poet's homosexuality. See also Edward Hartley: Edward Carpenter (1979), 16pp., published by Sheffield City Libraries and the life in J. M. Bellamy and J. Saville, Dictionary of Labour Biography, 1974, volume 1, pp. 85-93 (with an excellent bibliography), the best general introduction. Sheila Rowbotham and Jeffrey Weeks, Socialism and the New Life (1977), pp. 25-138, contains a biography by Sheila Rowbotham. He knew 'Magnus Hirschfeld and corresponded with many gay figures all over the world. His papers are in the City Library, Sheffield, deposited in 1958. He was viciously attacked in a pamphlet by M. D. O'Brien titled Socialism and Infamy: The Homogenic or *Comrade Love Exposed (Sheffield, 1909), 24 pages, 1909, and could have been arrested for homosexuality so he showed considerable courage. Carpenter greatly influenced 'D. H. Lawrence, his fellow northcountryman. Carpenter discussed the Japanese gay anthologist 'Saikaku in 1911, showing he knew of his existence in this year: see the Saikaku entry. See also ' Upanishads. An excellent concise summary of his views and achievements is Mrs Havelock [Edith] Ellis, Three Modern Seers, 1920, pp. 193-227 (Edith Ellis was a lesbian). Tony Brown, editor, Edward Carpenter and Late Victorian Radicalism, London, 1991, is collection of essays. Translation. His prose works were widely translated into 'European languages like French and German and into such languages as Russian and Japanese: see A Bibliography of Edward Carpenter (Sheffield City Libraries, 1949), 83 pages for details; this is the most thorough list of the poet's translations. The German and Russian translations of The Intermediate Sex are listed above. Japanese: a selection of poems was published in the translation by 'Tomita Saiko in 1920. See ' British LIbrary General Catalogue and *National Union Catalog for further translations. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 671-73. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 199-200. Howes, Broadcasting It. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 46: Ioläus, An Anthology of Friendship, 1904. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, item 10524: Towards Democracy, London, 1902 - "especially 'Who shall command the heart'" (which is part IV of Towards Democracy, 1902). Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 598, 600-601: Iolaus: An Anthology of Friendship, London: Allen and Unwin, 1902, Towards Democracy, London: Allen and Unwin, 1905, Who Shall Command the Heart Being Part IV of Towards Democracy, London: 'Swann Sonnenschein, 1902. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Ioläus (1902), 59-61, 78, 79, 83-85 (trans. from the Greek of 'Xenophon, 'Plato, 'Meleager and 'Theocritus respectively), 76 (trans. from the Latin of Catullus) and 151-53 and 157-59 (trans. from the German of 'Platen and 'Ulrichs). Ioläus (1906), 189-90: trans. of 'Sa'adi (trans. from the German, from Von Kupffer's anthology), Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 327-30. Reade, Sexual Heretics, 142-43: a poem from Narcissus and other poems (1873), 324-47 (text of Homogenic Love, 1894). Hidden Heritage, 193, 225-54. Digte om mends kerlighed til mend. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 228-32. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 58-59: excellent choice of poems; biog., 117. Art of Gay Love, 41. Poems of Love and Liberation, 21. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 290-91; 298-304 (prose). A Day for a Lay, 5-8; biog., 5. Criticism. Gai Saber vol.1 no. 2, 99-103: article by Bishop Mikhail Itkin (with Carpenter bibl.). Smith, Love in Earnest, 242 (bibl.). Woods, History of Gay Literature, 178-80. Biographer in English from the United States. Born 1946. The author of *W. H. Auden: A Biography (London, 1981). This biography candidly discusses Auden's homosexuality though there is little discussion of his poetry. The work is more searching than the biography of *Charles Osborne and was followed by that of *Richard Davenport-Hines, the most detailed work to date. Reviews: Body Politic 82 (April 1982), 37 by *Robert K. Martin; Gay News 219 (1981), 19. His massive and near definitive biography of *Ezra Pound, A Serious Character: The Life of Ezra Pound (1988), raises the issue of Pound's unsatisfactory love life with women, including both his wife Dorothy and his mistress Olga Rudge; it quotes a psychiatrist at St Elizabeth's Hospital, Washington, where Pound was incarcerated as saying "His character structure is essentially anal-erotic, his attitude to women is contemptuous and he displays some homosexual trends" (p.731). He has also written a biography of the gay composer Benjamin Britten (published in 1992). Critic in French, editor of works in Greek and translator from Greek to French. Active from 1948. He is a major writer and expert on Theognis. The translator and editor of the Greek poet *Theognis into French: Poemes elegaiques (Paris, Budé edition, 1948; revised edition 1975); it includes a commentary. See *Douglas Young, Theognis (1961), pp. xxii-iii: list of articles by Carrière on Theognis. Pseudonym of a publisher in French and other languages from France. Active 1890. Pseudonyn of *Paul Ferdinando. Book collector of works in English and Latin and bibliographer in English from Great Britain. 1905-1975. A bibliophile, book collector and book dealer, he formed collections of *Housman and *Catullus. He is the author of * A. E. Housman: A Bibliography (1982) written with John Sparrow in 1952 (revised edition, 1982, with William White); this work was originally published in The Library in 1940. This is a detailed bibliography of 135 items including contributions to periodicals. It is the standard bibliography. He is most famous for his work ABC for Book Collectors. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography: notes he formed major collections of the work of Housman and Catullus. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born ca. 1970. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gents, Bad Boys, and Barbarians, 63-66; biog., 62. City now in Tunisia, North Africa; formerly the capital of Carthage. Gay poetry in Latin dates from ca. 60. Homosexual poetry reference relating to the city dates from *Silius Italicus (26-101). *Luxorius (active ca. 500) and *Nemesianus (active ca. 283) lived in the city as did *Tertullian (active 190). The Carthaginians who founded the city and came from the Lebanon area and spoke Phoenician, opposed the Roman empire and were famously defeated. The city was subsequently razed in 146 B.C. and all habitation of the site forbidden. *Tunis, the capital of Tunisia arose beside the site of the city. Poet from Brazil writing in Portuguese. Born 1935. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poemas do amor maldito, 61-65; biog., 60 - he has had a varied career in radio, journalism, and popular music. Poet from the United States writing in English. 1938-1988. A popular writer of the early 1990s who also wrote prose. See Fires: Essays, Poems, Stories (New York,1984; repr.): "Luck", p. 11, states "I was nine years old... I slept all night in the fort/ with my best friend./ We *kissed on the lips/ and touched each other." Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors. Poet from Spain writing in Catalan. Active 1900. An intimate Catalan friend of the Spanish painter Pablo Picasso - the two shared flats for eighteen months. Casagemas committed suicide and was apparently sexually impotent with women (and possibly homosexually attracted to Picasso); see John Richardson, A Life of Picasso (London, 1991), volume 1, pp. 118-21: includes an English translation of a poem with homosexual undercurrents. His poetry relates to the *decadent movement. His death greatly affected Picasso. His poems appear not to have been published in book form; it is unknown whether any were published in journals. Poet from Cuba who wrote in Spanish. 1863-1893. Homosexuality appears in a subdued way in his verse: see, for instance, the physical description of Prometheus in the poem "Las oceánidas" (The Oceaniads). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Foster, Latin American Writers on Gay and Lesbian Themes. Poet and autobiographer from Italy writing in Latin. 1725-1798. Casanova is known for his memoirs which detail his sexual experiences which are of a heterosexual nature, The History of My Life. They were written in the last years of his life in a mixture of French and Italian with parts in Latin. They estensively detail his sexual conquests of women especially in *Venice, from where he famously escaped from the prison, *Paris and *London and show him as a classic libertine. The original text was first published in Paris in twelve volumes 1960-62 as Histoire de ma vie(all prior texts are defective). He seems to have had homosexual experiences with his schoolmaster Doctor Gozzi (see Lydia Flem, Casanova or the art of happiness, 1997, p. 43) and possibly while in minor church orders (ibid., pp. 43, 83, 116). The memoirs mention lesbianism throughout. He wrote some poems in Latin when young (ibid., p. 37). See his Saggi, libelli e satiri(Milan, 1968), edited by P. Chiara. The Memoirs have been translated into English. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dizionario biographico degli Italiani. Aay Gay Poetry Anthologies. Pour tout l'amour des hommes, 108-111. Poet from Ireland who wrote in English. 1864-1916. Casement was an *Irish patriot who was knighted for exposing the conditions of slave labor in Africa. When he took the part of the Irish side in the Irish Civil War in 1916 and tried to get the Germans to help the Irish cause, he was arrested when he returned to Ireland, tried for treason and hanged. A diary of his showed he was actively homosexual. It was regarded as a *forgery by many at the time and said to have been forged to blacken his name (the diary became known as "The Black Diary"); it was published in 1959. As a poet, see the very Tine poem quoted in Rowse, Homosexuals in History, pp. 259-60. Text: see Some Poems of Roger Casement (Dublin and London, 1918), 26 pp. Biography. Brian Inglis, Roger Casement (1973), quotes a poem about love pp. 381-83 noting "Even allowing for an element of fantasy... Casement was a practising homosexual" (p. 381). See also the article about him in Gay Times no. 85 (with the poem "The Nameless One"). Poems were also written about him. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 705-12. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 200-202. Howes, Broadcasting It. Gay Histories and Cultures. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Les Amours masculines, 289. Poet from the United States writing in English; later resident in *Amsterdam. Born 1924. Author of the book of poems A Breviary of Torment (San Francisco, 1991): hardcore *S/M poetry overall with poems on *Saint Sebastian pp. 11-17; illustrated with etchings by Piranesi. See pp. 3-8 re *flagellation litanies from the *Middle Ages with parts in Latin in the genre called macaronic verse. Three poems have been posted on the internet including "Sebastian Glorification". Poet from the United States writing in English. Active before 1982. See The Advocate 13 May 1982, 26; a *West Coast gay poet. Book of poems: Coming Attractions, *Little Caesar, before 1982 Editor and archivist writing in Italian from Italy. Active from 1985. He is a leading figure in the gay archive in *Bologna and edits the occasional journal series Quaderni de critica omosessuale (see e. g., no. 2, Cupo d'amore, 1977, on *Pasolini). Editor of the book Desiderio di Pasolini: omosessualita, arte e impregno intelluale, Torino, 1990, a work of criticism on *Pasolini; translated into French as Desirde culture, ca. 1992. See also Journals - Italian. Cassady, Marsh Gay Poetry Anthologies. Badboy Book, 95; biog., 385: author of thirty-nine books in a variety of genres, he lives in southern California. Lover from the United States relating to works in English. 1926-1968. The *lover of *Ginsberg, Neal Cassady was a *bisexual footballer and had several relationships with women. He was a close companion of Jack Kerouac for seven years. See Barry Miles, Allen Ginsberg (1989), pp. 82-84 for details of his early life and the index for his later life; death pp. 410-11. Ginsberg's great gay poem "Many Loves" was inspired by him as also were *"Elegy for Neal Cassady" and "On Neal's Ashes". He died in a car accident. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 611: The First Third, San Francisco, 1972 (his autobiography). A Cassells, David (also called Cyrus) Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1957. A biographical note in James White Review vol. 8 no. 3, p. 20, states he is the author of a book of poems The Mud Actor (1982), and the forthcoming Down from the Houses of Magic (he is called David Cassells here); see p. 11 of this issue for a poem. As Cyrus Cassells, he is the author of the book of gay poems Beautiful Signor (Copper Canyon Press, 1998), winner of the *Lambda Literary Award for poetry for 1988. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros in Boystown, 19. The World in Us: Lesbian and Gay Poetry of the Next Wave, 26-31; biog., 360. Word of Mouth, 357-67. Poet from Italy writing in Latin and historian in Italian. 147B-1516. He was a famous Italian courtier whose II Cortegiano (The Courtier) written in Italian defines the perfect courtier. Homosexuals were in a perfect position to be courtiers at this time. They were in a situation which led to them having to conceal their real nature. This made them perfect for the position of courtier, which entailed considerable double facedness. For a Latin poem see Penguin Book of Latin Verse, p. 3Q3: a poem showing considerable homosexual feeling. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopædia Britannica. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 224. Criticism. Saslow, Ganymede in the Renaissance, 73: alludes to homosexuality in the work II Cortegiano (The Book of the Courtier) (written 1513-1B; published in 152B) "in contexts that suggest it was prevalent". Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, vol. 2, 11Q4: states he treated homosexuality "quite nonchalantly: in II Cortegiano. Pseudonym of a poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Pseudonym of 'Charles Philip Kains Jackson. Active 1924. Myth in Greek poetry from Greece and later trope in poetry in Latin, French and German. From 484 B.C. Called the *Dioskouroi (sons of Zeus) in Greek (in Latinized form, *Dioscuri), they are famous for their mutual love as brothers and later came to be seen as a trope for homosexuality. One, Pollux (Greek: Polydeukes), was immortal and the other, Castor, mortal. As a reward for their brotherly love, *Zeus set them in the heavens as the stars, the Gemini (the twins). Temples are known to have been dedicated to them in *Athens, *Sparta and *Olympia. Their cult was introduced into Italy at an early date, traditionally 484 B.C. They had a temple in *Rome in the Forum, the civic centre, and are early examples of a quasi gay religious cult (as occurred later in Europe with *Saint Sebastian). *Hymns and prayers to them would be relevant though none appears to have survived. It is clear from the Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium entry that their cult survived at least until 492; this cult influenced the *Catholic and *Orthodox church to create cults of pairs of saints, e.g. Peter and Paul. See the entry in Pierre Grimal, Dictionary of Classical Mythology (1976). Greek. They are referred to as having a homosexual relationship with their father Zeus in *Xenophon's Symposium vii: 30. See Liddell and Scott, Greek-English Lexicon, 435: "Dioskoreion". For the artistic depiction see * Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae, vol. 3, Part 1, 537-635 ("Dioskouroi") and the plates in vol. 3, Part 2. They offered a perfect excuse for artists to depict homosexuality under the guise of a myth - two naked men with arms around each other - and several depictions survive, most notably in the Prado, Madrid (where one figure holds a lighted piece of burning wood signifying the stars Gemini, which also refers to their role in guiding sailors safely home). Latin. See *Martial. French. An opera in verse in 1737, was written by *P. J. Gentil-Bernard with music by Jean Philippe Rameau. German. See *Stadion-Thannhausen, *Ludwig Derleth. Compare *Amis et Amile. Spanish. *Leopoldo Maria Panero. See *Salvador Dalí for a drawing of him by the poet *Federico García Lorca in relation to Federico García Lorca falling in love with Dalí. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Graves, Greek Myths, volume 1, 245-52. Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium: noting a religious cult around them in the time of Pope Gelasius I (reigned 492-96). Poet from Portugal writing in Portuguese. 1869-1944. He was an *eighteen-nineties poet with a huge oeuvre who introduced *symbolism into Portuguese poetry and was Professor of Portuguese at the University of Coimbra. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Criticism. Gomes Viana, O homosexualidade no mundo, volume 2, 187: cites his poem "Hermaphrodita" about sexual ambiguity (see *hermaphrodite). Catalogue of Selected Books from the Private Library of a Student of Boyhood, Youth and Comradeship, A Bibliography in English from Great Britain. [London?: the author], 1924, 16 pages. Compiled by *F. E. Murray, this is the catalog of a sale collection of *Uranian books, apparently the library of one person, possibly *J. G. F. Nicholson or *Charles Kains Jackson or possibly F.E. Murray himself. Only the year of publication of books is given and no place of publication or publisher is cited. Murray's name does not appear on the title page and there is no publisher given; prices were not included but a note on the second page indicates the items are for sale. 454 items are listed in three categories: Section 1, "Poetry and Drama", 2, "Belles Lettres, Essays, Biography etc", 3, "Fiction". 87 items pertain to poetry and drama but poetry is not separated from drama; all 87 items are in fact poetry except for Marlowe's play Edward II but as this in in poetry, in effect all items are poetry. Some sixty-three poets are cited in all. Pseudonyms are disclosed in brief annotations to some items and there are some brief comments on works, mostly in relation to publishing details. This is the first English language gay bookseller's catalogue known. It was the basis of much of the research for the book Love in Earnest: Some Notes on English Uranian Poets (1970), by *Timothy d'Arch Smith (confirmed by a letter from Timothy d'Arch Smiith, June 1994). Many of the books appeared in a catalog of the Timothy d'Arch Smith's collection sold in 1972. The work constitutes the first bibliography of British and United States English gay books of poetry (and indeed gay literary works). Listed is a copy of the first United States anthology * Men and Boys (1924), though the title is given incorrectly in item 5 as Boy and Man, An Anthology, 1924; many poets in the anthology are also listed. It should be especially noted that as United States poets are included, Murray must have had some links with United States gay poets or collectors of the period. A copy is in the Newberry Library, *Chicago; a photostat of this edition has been used in compiling this entry. Publisher from Canada of works in English. In existence from 1968 to 1980. It was the first Canadian *gay liberation press and originally started as a journal (1968-ca. 1970). The press published mostly poetry and some fiction and was edited by *Ian Young in Scarborough, Ontario. * Ian Young: a bibliography (1962-1980) lists twenty-nine titles and lists poets published 1969-80 on pp. 57-58. The first book published was Ian Young, White Garland: 9 Poems for Richard (i.e., *Richard Phelan). Male poets published by the press include *Oswell Blakeston, *Dennis Cooper, *Gavin Dillard, *Kenneth Hopkins (translation of *Martial), *Graham Jackson, *E. A. Lacey, *Wayne McNeill, *Tom Meyer, *George Whitmore, *Ian Young. One woman, Judith Crewe, was published. Many books were slim chapbooks of up to 20 pages though E. A. Lacey's Path of Snow (1974), apparently the longest book, is 129 pages and had a hard copy edition as well as a paper edition. Most poets went on to publish books and have substantial careers as poets. Many titles were reviewed in the * Boston Gay Review. Categories in the Encyclopedia Addressee, Anthologist, Anthology, Anthropologist, Anthropology, Archive, Archivist, Aural, Autobiographer, Bawdry, Bibliographer, Bibliography, Biographer, Biography, Bookseller, CD ROM, Censorship, Character, City, Collection, Collector, Concept, Critic, Criticism, Design, Diary, Dictionary, Drama, Dramatist, Editor, Film, Genre, Group, Historian, History, Illustration, Illustrator, Journal (i. e., Periodical; Serial), Language, Law, Letters, Lexicographer, Library, Lover, Manuscript, Meter, Movement, Myth, Novelist, Oral Poem, Partner, Patron, Period, Philosopher, Philosophy, Place, Poem, Poet, Pseudonym (entered as Pseud.), Publisher, Religion, Scribe, Sex, Sexologist, Sexology, Singer, Sociology, Song, Songwriter, Tape (this refers to cassette or other tape recordings), Taste, Translation, Translator, Trope, University, Word. 76 categories. nm, Catholic Church and Catholicism Religion with headquarters in Italy in the Holy See, an independent state situated in Rome sometimes referred to as Vatican City. From ca. 33. Catholicism was the only form of *Christianity in western Europe until the *Renaissance. See Bailey, Homosexuality and the Western Christian Tradition, pp. 82-120 for the period of the *middle ages. The major theologian of Catholicism was Saint *Thomas Aquinas who stigmatized homosexuality (compare *humanism). Priests did not marry and swore a vow of celibacy from the late middle ages but many have been homosexual, while some kept and keep mistresses. The leader of the church, the Pope, lives in *Rome (because of this the Catholic Church is called by some the Roman Catholic Church). Some popes were gay or bisexual, especially in the *Renaissance and later including allegedly in the twentieth century. The Catholic church has been and remains strongly anti-gay; in European countries and their colonies it has been responsible for *censorship of books with local bishops being responsible for approval of works relating to theology, which had to have an approval written in by the bishop. Until recently the church maintained a list of books which Catholics were forbidden to read, the * Index librorum prohibitorum, which included such authors as John Milton. The reasons for the church's anti-gay attitudes go back to Saint *Paul and struggles within the early church. Church law was strongly anti-homosexual with penances prescribed in the penitentials in the middles ages and homosexuals being burnt at the stake from the *Renaissance onwards in some countries (see *Law - Latin). Catholics were frequently told that they could be gay but must not have sex with a person of the same sex. Despite this, Catholic *mystical poets such as the Spanish poet *St. John of the Cross have written strongly homoerotic poetry. Dutch: see *Harry Oosterhuis. French: see *Max Jacob. English. The poet *Gerard Manley Hopkins was a Catholic priest; *Eddie Linden is a twentieth century poet. In the late nineteenth century the church played a strong part in the *decadent movement: see Ellis Hanson, Decadence and Catholicism (Cambridge, MA, 1997). See *Cardinal Newman, *Digby M. Dolben, *Huysmans, John Gray, *Raffalovich, *R. H. Benson, *Lionel Johnson. About 1900, some homosexuals turned to the church for "comfort", ceasing sexual activity and giving up their "sinful" ways: *Oscar Wilde was given conditional baptism into the Catholic Church on his deathbed; however it is uncetain whether he was aware of what was happening (see Richard Ellmann, Oscar Wilde, 1987, pp. 548-49). *Dom Sylvester Houedard was a gay Benedictine monk who wrote poetry in the twentieth century. *David Hilliard has written the most thorough study of homosexuality and British Catholicism to date. The gay historian, John Boswell, was perhaps the best known United States Catholic in the contemporary period See also *Neoplatonism, *Hymns. The Catholic church exercises enormous authority on sexual mores in South America, Africa, Europe and the United States. The *age of consent in Vatican City is twelve. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality: see "Christianity". Gay Histories and Cultures ; see also "Papacy", "Patristic Writers". Other references. Homosexuality and world religions, 135-48: article by Denise Carmody and John Carmody. Publisher of works in English from Great Britain. 1897-1971. He was the owner of The *Fortune Press (1924-70) which published many gay poetry titles. The press specialized in modern poetry and over 600 titles were produced: a list of the 182 titles in print was compiled by *Timothy d'Arch Smith and published in 1969. See Smith, Books of the Beast, pp. 58-7, "R. A. Caton, *Montague Summers and The Fortune Press", for discussion of Caton's life and the press. Caton lived a solitary, miserly life and died owning ninety-one houses. See also Smith, Books of the Beast, pp. 61-74. Poet from Italy who wrote in Latin. B4 B.C.-ca. 54 B.C. Catullus came from 'Verona, in northern Italy and, as poem 31 states, had a property on the island of Sirmio in Lake Garda nearby. Only 116 poems of his have survived but they include poems about sexual experiences with both women - his mistress Lesbia - and his male lover 'Juventius (see poems 24, 4B, B1,99). Most of the love poems are to Lesbia. Poems which deal explicitly with male homosexuality are: 9, 16, 21 ,23, 24, 25, 29, 33, 37, 4B, 56, 57, 61 (see lines 126-5Q), 74, 7B, BQ, B1, BB, 93 (re 'Julius Caesar being gay), 99, 1QQ and 1Q6; there are insinuations of homosexuality in others e.g., 11, 2B, 47, 9B. The homosexual love poems of Catullus are, with the poems of 'Tibullus, the major group of homosexual love poems in Latin of the 'Roman period. Although Catullus writes poems about his love for the man Juventius (usually centering on jealousy), his poems - for instance, poem 25 - frequently express extremely hostile and negative emotions about homosexuality (like 'Martial's epigrams). Two rivals, Furius and Aurelius, vie for Juventius (Latin spelling: Iuventius) - for example in poem 16 - and Catullus is fierce in imputing all sorts of homosexual vices and punishments on them - see poems 21 and 23. So, although Catullus does write about loving and 'kissing Juventius (see 99), he is quite confused, and his feelings in relation to homosexuality expressed in his poems are mainly negative except for Juventius. His sexuality overall seems 'bisexual. In the twentieth century Catullus has been seen as a poet of special relevance to readers; his self division and bisexuality may be reasons. The 'editio princeps was in Venice in 1472 and Catullus has been continually popular since then, although not nearly as popular as 'Horace. The text derives from a manuscript known to be in Verona in the 13th century, the Veronensis manuscript. There are seven surviving manuscripts. Editions: see the bibliography of Lilja, Homosexuality in Republican and Augustan Rome, 'W. Kroll and 'Kenneth Quinn. Brunet, Manuel du librarire, lists earlier editions; some have critical comment. Earlier editions by Emil Bahrens (1BB5; with Latin commentary), Robinson Ellis (1B76; 2nd edition 1BB9) and C. J. Fordyce (1961) remain important. A collector of editions of Catullus in the twentieth century was 'John Carter. Critics discussing homosexuality in the poetrv of Catullus. See the bibliography in Lilja, Homosexuality in Republican and Augustan Rome. For the earliest critics in mechanically printed books consult Brunet, Manuel du libraire. Consult also the list of critics at the end of his entry in the 'British Library General Catalogue for criticism to 1975. There has been a huge volume of criticism especially in English, French, German, Latin, Italian. See also "Criticism" below and Brian Arkins, Sexuality in Catullus (Hildesheim, 19B2). Translation. Catullus, although never as popular as 'Horace, has been extensively translated into the major European languages: firstly into French in 1653, then German in 169Q and Italian in 1731. Only the first and major translations - those reprinted several times or known to be by important translators - are listed for the languages French, German and Italian (where many translations are known). There has been censorship of the texts in relation to homosexuality in translations. Afrikaans: T. J. Haarhoff (1837; repr.). Catalan: Joan Petit (1928). Czech: V. Klepla (1928). Danish: Axel Juel (1937). Dutch: A. Rutgers van der Loeff (1937), A. G. Toellenaere-Blonk (1950). English. Catullus was first translated into English in 1795. Translation of his work has been very popular in the twentieth century as he has been felt to express the twentieth century temperament. Because his works are very explicit sexually, only close analysis of each translation will reveal its accuracy as regards homosexual content - for instance, in 'F. W. Cornish's Loeb edition, lines have been omitted in the translation. The Burton/Smithers translation is a landmark in uncensored translations. Translators. John Nott (1795), George Lamb (1B21), Robinson Ellis (1B71), 'Sir Richard Burton and 'Leonard Smithers (1B94), 'F. W. Cornish (19Q4, 1913+; Loeb edition), 'Horace Gregory (1931), 'F. A. Wright (1926), 'Robert Gathorne-Hardy (1934), 'Jack Lindsay (1929, 194B), Frank O. Copley (1957), 'Peter Whigham (1966; repr.), 'C. H. Sisson (1966), C. and 'L. Zukofsky (1969), 'James Michie (1969; repr.), Carl Cesar (1974), Charles Martin (1979), 'Joseph Salemi (19B4; Catullus poem 16 only). French: M. de Marolles (1653),*François Noël (1803), C. Héguin de Guerle (1837; repr), Eugène Rostand (1879; repr.), Maurice Rat (1931), Georges Haldas (1954). German: Joachim Meiers von Perlberg? (Leipzig, 1690; see British Library General Catalogue ), K. Schmidt (1793) *K. W. Ramier (1793), T. Heyse (1855; repr.), *Max Brod (1914), Carl Fischer (1957). There have been many twentieth century German translations. Greek: P. loannou (1874). Hungarian: Csengeri Janos (1880), Kerecsenyi Karoly (1942). Italian: Parmindo Ibichense (pseud, of F. M. Biaccha - see British Library General Catalogue; 1731), T. Puccini di Pistoya (1815), *Salvatore Quasimodo (1945+), G. B. Pighi (1961; repr.), Alberto Buda (1974). There have been many Italian translators in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Polish: S. Baranowskiego (1839), A. Swiderkowna (1956). Portuguese: A. da Silva (1933). Russian: *A. Fet (Moscow, 1886), M. Chernyavsky (1957), F. Petrovsky (1963; commentary by E. Berkova). Serbo-Croat: *N. Sop (1950). Spanish: Manuel N. Perez de Camino (1878), Juan Petit (1950); Cuaderno bibliográfico gay, 13: (no translator given), titled Poesías de Cátulo, Barcelona: Los Libros de la Frontera, 1986. Swedish: trans. not known (1850), G. E. Westergreen (1856), E. Janzon (1889-91). Ukrainian: T. Franko (1913). The National Union Catalog and *British Library General Catalogue were consulted. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 97-99. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 2Q6-Q7. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 46-47: Carmina Catulli, Leipzig: Teubner, 1B92, Catull's Buch der Leider, Halle: Hendel, 1BB9, Liebesgedichte, trans. Carl Fischer, Weisbaden: Vollmer, 1957 and the poems "An Juventius", "An Veranius". Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 1Q525-2B: Carmina. Various editions [the only information given], The Complete Poetry, Ann Arbor Paperbacks, 1969, trans. by Frank O. Copley, Poésies, Paris: J. Tallandier, 19QB, Love poems and other works, New York: Covici-Friede, 1933, trans. by Horace Gregory. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 617-19: Carmina, London: Oxford, 195B, Catullus Translated by C. H. Sisson, London: McGibbon and Kee, 1966, Catullus and 'Tibullus, London: Heinemann, Loeb Classical Library. Cuaderno bibliográfico gay, 13: Spanish translation - see details above. Gay Poetry Anthologies. 'Forberg, Manual of Classical Erotology. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 3B-39. Ioläus (19Q2), 76: trans. by 'Edward Carpenter; 91-93 (trans. 'J. Lamb and 'Edward Carpenter). Men and Boys, 13. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 91. Orgasms of Light, 167 (poem modelled on Catullus). Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 7B-B2. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 16B-17Q; 163-64 biog. note. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, B7-9B. Name of Love, 5. Art of Gay Love, 49 (trans. Hon J. Lamb). Powell, Gay Love Poetry, B9-9Q: poems 15, 4B and 99 trans. 'C. H. Sisson. Gaio verso: poesia latina per I'altro amore. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 64-65 (trans. Eugene O'Connor). Criticism. Mayne, The Intersexes, 2B4-B5. Kiefer, Sexual Life in Ancient Rome, 1B5-92; p.1B6 he states: "Catullus was naturally bisexual, although... the heterosexual side of his nature predominated." Arcadie no. 129 (December 1963), 57Q-76: article by D. Constandiou. Lilja, Homosexuality in Republican and Augustan Rome, 51-62; index 149-5Q. Courouve, Ces petits grecs, 13: cites poems 15, 16, 24, 25, 29, 4B, 56 57, 61, 99, 1Q6, 112. Trypanis, Greek Poetry, 6B9-94. Translator from Greek to Latin from Italy. Active 102 B. C.-died 85 B.C. See E. J. Kenney, The Age of Augustus (Oxford, 1982), p. 113: states he translated Palatine Anthology book xii poem 73 into Latin from Greek (one of the classics of the genre of love poems written to boys). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 217: Catulus (2), stating he married twice, was consul 102 B. C., and was a cultured man and a link between the friends of Scipio and the generation of *Cicero. Language group and language family extending over Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan. Material of relevance dates from before 1200. The Caucasus is an area between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea. *Islam is the dominant religion but *Orthodoxy is strong in Georgia which was converted to Christianity in the fourth century; the Georgian Orthodox Church is self governing. *Christianity also came early to Armenia ca. 300 which has two branches, an Orthodox church and a *Catholic rite. The area is very rich in languages and language families. Caucasian languages is an ambiguous term which refers both to the languages spoken in the Caucasus and a language family spoken there. *Indo-European, *Turkic and *Semitic languages are spoken as well as the Caucasian language family. In all thirty-eight languages are spoken. The Indo-European language *Armenian and the *Turkic language *Azeri are the most widely spoken languages. The Caucasian language family. The Caucasian language family includes Georgian (or Grusinian), Abkhazian, Laz, Mingrelian and Svanian (or Svanetian). See W. K. Matthews, Languages of the USSR (Cambridge, UK, 1951), Chapters 5 and 6. See the entry "Kartvelian" (the name for the family) in Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. *Dancing boys are suspected in all these languages from the Caucasus. They are known in Azeri. The tradition may have died out in some languages. On the literatures see Queneau, Histoire des littératures, volume two, pp. 1743-48. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica; see also "Caucasian peoples". Parlett, Short Dictionary of Languages, 29. Katzner, Languages of the World, 4. International Encyclopedia of Linguistics . Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1917. See *Hamdija Demirovic for an important homosexual poem. In Collected Poems 1951-75 (London, 1975), see the *ballad "Nelson Gardens" pp. 198-99 and "Autobiography", p. 33. In Secret Destinations (London, 1984), "New Year's Eve" p. 24 and "Glen Helen", p. 54, are *non gender specific love poems; "The Dancers" is slightly homoerotic (pp. 45-49) and deals with Australian Aboriginal dancers. A native of Cornwall, he has travelled widely and has published widely. He is well known for his writing in the *ballad form. In Poems for Charles Causley, edited by Michael Hanke (1982), see *David Gascoyne's poems "Two Free Adaptions of Late *Hölderlin Poems", p.13. For criticism on him see Contemporary Literary Criticism. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Contemporary Authors New Revision Series, volume 5. Dictionary of Literary Biography. . Cavafy Poet and letter writer from Egypt who wrote in Greek; he also lived in Great Britain and Turkey and wrote some poems in English and French. 1B63-1933. A major Greek language poet of the twentieth century and regarded by many as one of the greatest homosexual poets. Only a few poems were published individually in his lifetime and then only in small printings which the poet gave away. Cavafy was born in Alexandria, Egypt, of a rich family of Greek merchants. As a child he lived in Great Britain where he learnt English and where he and his brothers were unable to carry on a family business when his father died. He then moved to 'Alexandria, which city forms the background to and setting of his poetry. Cavafy's poems are openly gay and he wrote about gay assignations in Alexandria. In line with his Greek Orthodox religious background, which stigmatized male homosexuality (see 'Law - Christian), his poems have a coloring of 'sado-masochism and are very negative and full of self pity. They may not appeal to modern gays and in this respect his poetry contrasts with the great love of life expressed by the poets of the 'Mousa Paidike and the 'Anacreontea. He was one of the first twentieth century European language poets to write openly of male homosexual experience. In addition, he expressed the feelings of negativity many felt in oppressed cultures such as in Great Britain, the United States and Greece itself. Cavafy was well aware of the ancient Greek gay traditions and, especially, living in Alexandria, the 'Alexandrian poets. His poems employ various homosexual tropes from ancient Greek: e.g., 'Endymion ('Memas Kolaitis edition and translation, vol. 1, p. 7Q: "Facing the Statue of Endymion"), 'Dionysus (ibid., p. 24: "The Procession of Dionysus") and 'wine (ibid., p. 145: "In the Tavernas"). He had also read the English and French 'Decadent poets who greatly influenced him. He wrote his first poems in English and French and lived in 'Istanbul for three years, 1BB2-B5, which put him in touch with the Greek past of that city; his family had been in the Ottoman administration and had close links with Istanbul. He published a paper bound volume of poems written before 191Q and a number of 'broadsheets after that. After 1911, his poems become more revealing and he began to freely express his gay sensibility (male homosexual acts were not illegal in Egypt at the time). Cavafy himself identified only two love affairs during his lifetime and his one longstanding friendship was with Alexander Singopoulos, his heir and literary executor (see Edmund Keeley and Philip Sherrard, editors, Collected Poems, 1975, biog. note pp. 247-51). Text of the poems. The first substantial publication of his poems was in Athens in 1935, 306 pages, but the complete text of all poems written by Cavafy has only been slowly published due to the efforts of his editor 'G. P. Savidis (on the early poems see also 'Memas Kolaitis). Biography. Biographies in Greek have been written by Timos Malanos, O poetes K P Kavafes (The Poet C. P. Cavafy) Alexandria, 1933 (new edition Athens, 1957), by Michael Peridis, Ho bios kai to ergo tou Konst. Kavafe (The life and work of Constantine Cavafy), Athens, 194B, and by 'Stratis Tsirkas (1964). A biography has been written in French by G. Cattaui titled Constantin Cavafy (Paris, 1964) and in English - in which language the most complete biography to date has been written - by 'Robert Liddell. In French there is a biography by 'G. Cattai (1964). Bibliographies have been compiled by 'G. C. Katsimbalis (1943; supplement, 1944) and G. P. Savidis (1966); see also 'Edmund Keeley. Since 1951 the English translations of Cavafy (see below) have acted as a significant body of homosexual verse available to be read in English, especially relevant before 'gay liberation. Letters. Letters to 'E M Forster survive (see Liddell's biography, p. 214) and also to Marios Nainos: see Epistoles ston Mario Vaianos (Athens,1979, 233 pp.; in Greek). Cavafy has significantly influenced the major Greek homopoet 'Dinos Christianoloulos. 'Andreas Angelakes and 'Yannis Ritsos have written sequences based on his life. Criticism. There has been critical discussion since 1917: see the *Keeley and Sherrard Collected Poems (1975), pp. 252-57, the Liddell biography, pp. 214-16 and 'Stratis Tsirkas who has written three books on the poet in Greek. The gay novelist 'E. M. Forster was initially responsible for bringing his poetry to the attention of English language readers, following a visit he made to Alexandria where he met the poet. Articles. 'Mario Molegraaf "'Ich ging in die geheimen Kammern': Erotik bei Konstantinos Kavafis", Forum 7 (19B9), 25-49; see also Sodoma no. 3 (19B6), 39-46 (article by Christopher Whyte) and Stephen Watson, "Cavafy and Eroticism", London Magazine new series, vol. 31 no. 7-B, 56-77. 'Margaret Alexiou and Gregory Jusdanis have written The Poetics of Cavafy: Textuality, Eroticism, History (19B9); bibl., 1B1-B9. See also 'C. M. Bowra, 'D. J. Enright, 'John Taylor. Illustration of his poems. In 1966, an edition of English language translations of Cavafy was illustrated by the gay artist David Hockney (see below under translation). There is a United States edition of his poems illustrated with homoerotic photographs by Duane Michals (197B) - see below for details. A selection was illustrated with photographs by Giorgos Tourkovasiles, published in Athens, 19B4. A curious work is Hommage a Konstantinos Kavafis, an exhibition of paintings by five artists (with poems printed in the catalogue) in the German city of Olzheim, about 19BQ, 32 pages. See also Translation below, where other illustrated editions are discussed. Translation. Cavafy, who has been enormously popular in translation in 'European languages, was first translated into English in 1919, when a few poems were translated by the poet himself (see below). He was translated into German (in a publication of 25 pages) in 1942, then French in 1947. Catalan. *Joan Ferrate (1975; enlarged edition 1978). Dutch. G. H. Blanken (1955; repr.), *Hans Warren and *Mario Molengraaf (1984; complete). English. Cavafy has been continuously translated into English in book form in translations which reveal his homoeroticism since 1951 and into English from 1919 (see below); see 'Peter Bien for discussion of the tradition. The Keeley and Sherrard translation is generally the most widely read, complete and reliable to date though that of 'Memas Kolaitis is the most recent. Translators: 'John Mavrogordato (1951), 'Rae Dalven (1961), 'Nikos Stangos and 'Stephen Spender with illustrations by the gay British artist David Hockney who lives in 'Los Angeles (1966), 'Edmund Keeley with 'George Savidis (1961) and with 'Philip Sherrard (1975; repr.), George Khairallah (Beirut, 1979: fine gay translation; see 'Peter Bien), 'Memas Kolaitis (199Q). See also 'Kimon Friar, 'Ian Young. J. L. Pinchin "Cavafy and His English Translators" in Alexandria Still (1977), pp. 2Q9-22 is a thorough analysis of the difficulties of translating Cavafy, listing all known English translators to 1976 (including translations in manuscripts, books and journals). This article reveals that Cavafy was himself the first translator of a few poems (p. 21Q) and 'E. M. Forster introduced Cavafy into English in an essay in The Athenaeum, 23 April 1919 (reprinted in Forster's Pharos and Pharillon, 1923) with a few poems included in the article, including a homopoem, translated by 'George Valassopoulo (pp. 211-12). Cavafy highly approved Valassopoulo's translations but Valassopoulo "felt incapable of translating the 'lurid' love poems" (p. 213). The Keeley and Sherrard translation was published in an edition with fine photographic illustrations by the gay artist Duane Michals, as Homage to Cavafy, Addison House, Danbury, New Hampshire, 1978: this consists often poems with photographs opposite. French: Theodore Griva - with critical study by Edmond Jaloux (1B7B-1949) (Lausanne, 1947; repr. Paris, 1947), 'Marguerite Yourcenar and 'Constantin Dimaras (195B; repr. 197B), Georges Papoutsakis (195B), G. Ortlieb and P. Leyris (197B), Ange S. Vlachos (Athens, 1983). German: Walter Jablonski (1942; Jerusalem, 25 pp.), *Edouard Roditi (a selection of poems in 1947 for a German journal), Der Wein der Gott, Maastricht, 1947, BQ copies only, 'H. von den Steinen, Adolf Endler, Karl Dietrich (1979), 'Helmut von den Steinen (19B5 - complete poems; for details see Bibliographies below), Helmut Schwabl (6 poems in the German edition of Calamus, edited by D. Galloway and C. Sabisch, 19B1 and 19B5), 'Wolfgang Josing and Doris Gunert (19B3; second edition 19B7), Michael Schroder (19B9: titled Konstantinos Kavafis with 13 illustrations by David Hockney), Mario Mariolea (19B9), translator not known, 55 pages with illustrations by Andreas Karayan (1993), translator not known, titled So unverwandt betrachtet, published in Switzerland, 1997, 49 pp. with illustrations by Dieter Hall, translator not known titled Das Gesamtwerk (Complete Works) (1997), 576 pages, probably Helmut von Steinen reprinted from his 19B5 edition (see Bibliographies below). See also Forum 7 (19B9), 26, footnote 2, listing and discussing translations by Wolfgang Cordan (pseud, of Heinz Horn). Italian: *Filippo Maria Pontani (1961, 1974), Trans, not known Constantino Kavafis - Poesie erotiche, with 15 drawings by Yannis Tsaruchis and introduction by Vittorio Sereni, Milan, ca.19B3 (see review and illustrations in Babilonia no. 6, 1983); Portuguese: Theon Spanudis (Säo Paolo, 1979, second revised edition); Romanian: Aurel Rau (1971); Spanish: José Maria Alvarez (1976; repr), Trans, not known, 65poemas, Madrid: Hiperión, 1979, and Poesías completas, Madrid: Hiperión, 19B1 (information from Cuaderno Bibliografico Gay, 13), Miguel Castillo Didier (Caracas, Venezuela, 1983; complete poems translated); Swedish: *Nils Hallbeck using the pseudonym *Jan Hogan (1960), Gottfried I. Grünewald (1984). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 2Q7. Howes, Broadcasting It. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Dictionnaire Gay. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 1Q529-31 : The Complete Poems of Cavafy, London: Hogarth Press, 1961, trans. Rae Dalven, The Poetry of Cavafy, New York: Grove, 1952 and Collected Poems, Princeton University Press, 1974, trans, Edmund Kelley and Phillip Sherrard. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 623-27: The Complete Poems. Expanded Edition, New York: Harvest, 1976, Homage to Cavafy. Ten Poems by Constantine Cavafy. Ten Photographs by Duane Michaels, Danbury, NH: Addison House, 197B, Passions and Ancient Days, New York: Dial, 1971, Poems, London: Hogarth, 1951 and Selected Poems, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1972 Cuaderno bibliográfico gay, 13: see under Translation above for details. Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen, item 5BB: Gedichte. Das gesammelte Werk (Complete Poems; trans. into German by Helmut von Steinen), Amsterdam: Castrum Peregrini Presse, 19B5. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 321-27 (trans. 'John Mavrogordato). Orgasms of Light, 41-42; biog 249-5Q. L'amour bleu, 26B-7Q. Digte om mænds kærlighed til mænd. Frà mann til mann, 23. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 243-49: same trans. as Eros. Les Amours masculines, 2B7-BB. Drobci stekla v ustih, 5-7. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 143-47. Name of Love, 42-43. "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen ", 99-1Q1. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 47. Pour tout l'amour des hommes, 167-6B. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 469-71. A Day for a Lay, 9-17 (trans. by 'Gavin Dillard); biog., 9. Criticism. Arcadie no. 129 (December 1963), 57Q-76: article by D. Constandiou. Trypanis, Greek Poetry, 6B9-94. Woods, History of Gay Literature, 1B7-91. Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. Ca. 1260-1300. A close friend of *Dante, whose Vita Nuova was a product of this friendship. The leader of the Florentine dolce stil nuovo (sweet gentle style) movement. He married. Criticism. Sodoma no. 5 (1993), 23-25: article by Yorik (pseud.) on the homosexuality of Cavalcanti - cites Domenico de Robertis, editor, Rime (1976), pp. 178 and 182: the poem "In un boschetto trova' pasturella" and a sonnet by Lapo Farinatat Degli Uberti in reply. Movement in English from Great Britain. Ca. 1625-ca. 1650. The Cavalier Poets were *seventeenth century poets of the time of King Charles I (1625-49) who celebrated the pleasures of the senses. See *Robert Herrick, *Sir John Mennes, *Richard Lovelace, *Thomas Randolph. *Ben Jonson's poetry marks the beginning of the style and most considered themselves *sons of Ben. The poets were reacting to the growing *Puritanism of the time. Later poets such as *Cowley show their influence. They were contemporaries of the *metaphysical poets. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature.: "Cavaliers". Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics Addressee of poems in Italian who was from Italy. 1509-1587. Michelangelo's sonnets were addressed to him; whether the two were lovers is not known. *Benedetto Varchi especially mentioned him in his oration at Michelangelo's funeral. He did not reciprocate Michelangelo's passion for him dates from their meeting in 1532 to ca. 1545. He was heterosexual and married. On his life see James Saslow, The Poetry of Michelangelo, 1991, p. 16; see also poems 57 to 109 in this work. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 22. Ioläus (1902),131-35 Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1927. Author of two books of poems, Paradise Stairway (Manchester: Carcanet Press, 1977), and Elegy for St Anne's (1982). In Elegy for St Anne's see the poem based on gay advertisements. Nothing of relevance was found in Paradise Stairway. A fine poet and a disciple of *Charles Williams, about whom he has written a detailed study: Charles Williams: Poet of Theology (1983); bibl., pp. 190-92. An academic in the Cambridge University English Department and a clergyman in the Church of England. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors New Revision Series, volume 29. Publisher of English language books from Great Britain. 1923-1930. A list of items the press published is in G. S. Tomkinson, A Select Bibliography of the Principal Modern Presses (1928), pp. 28-43; additional items are in William Ridler, British Modern Press Books, new enlarged edition 1975 (from 1971 edition), pp. 38-43. The press published The *Rodiad, *Philip Bainbrigge and works by *E. P. Warren. Although a significant amount of works were gay related, by no means the majority were. It was a *private press founded in 1923 by Philip A. L. C. Sainsbury. References. Smith, Love in Earnest, 113-14; see also the "Hand-list of *Uranian Verse", 240-55. Poet from Brazil who wrote in Portuguese. Ca. 1960-ca. 1990. An openly gay poet who died of *Aids (information from *Joâo Silvério Trevisan). Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. Active 1320-50. Born in Perugia. See the poem "A Messer Ugolino da Fano" in Mario Marti, Poeti giocosi del tempo di Dante (Milan, 1956), p. 22. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dizionario biografico degli Italiani. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 140 (trans. Jill Claretta Robbins). Biographer from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1902-1986. *Francis King in his autobiography Yesterday Came Suddenly (1993), pp. 203-04, implies David Cecil had a homosexual relationship while living in a palazzo in *Venice with a man named Leslie who described Cecil as "the love of my life" to Francis King. See also Adrian Wright, Foreign Country, (London, 1996), pp. 91-113 in Chapter Four, "The Venetian Years". Lord David Cecil was the author of The Stricken Deer (1929), a biography of the poet *William Cowper. The book was nicknamed "The stricken deer by the stricken peer" by *Oxford University students (Richard Wilson, lecturer in English, University of Queensland, ca.1961, to the author). Educated at *Eton David Cecil was Goldsmith's Professor of English at *Oxford 1948-69 and married . Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionary of National Biography 1986-1990; states he was happily married. Translator from English, Portuguese and Russian to German who was from Romania; he lived in Austria and, for most of his life, in France. He is best known as a poet. 1920-1970. He translated from English into German *Shakespeare's sonnets (twenty-one only, published in 1947), *Esenin from Russian to German (1961) and, from Portuguese, poems of *Ferdinand Pessoa (with Georg Rudolf Lind, published 1989-1990; titles not known). He was very close to his mother but married. He was born in Romania of Jewish parentage and moved to Vienna in 1947, after losing his parents in a concentration camp in the war. His poem "Todesfuge" (Death fugue) is one of the most famous German poems about the Second World War. He moved to Paris in 1948 and committed *suicide there in 1970. Biography: see John Felstiner, Paul Celan: Poet, Surviver, Jew (1995). Celan is an anagram of his name in Rumanian, Ancel. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature . Poet from the Unted States writing in English; he lives in Great Britain. Born in 1949. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Take Any Train, 16-17; biog., 61: raised in California, he lives in London. Poet and autobiographer from Italy who wrote in Italian. 1500-1571. An Italian sculptor, author of a few poems, who was *bisexual and whose sculptures, such as the "Perseus" (Florence), reveal fascination with the male form. He is the author of a famous Autobiography (1562) which was translated into English by John Addington Symonds and details his love life. Records survive of charges of *sodomy against him in Florence: see Luigi Greci "Benvenuto Cellini nei delitti e nie processi fiorentini", Archivio di antropologia criminale 50 (1930), 342-85 and 509-42. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 208-09. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Criticism. Saslow, Ganymede in the Renaissance, 12: states he left some poems. Poet from Turkey who wrote in Turkish. 1459-1495. The younger son of Mehmed II. He fled Turkey after Mehmed's death and after an unsuccessful attempt to take the throne. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, vol. 3. Mitler, Ottoman Turkish Writers. Penguin Book of Turkish Verse, 69-70: a *non gender specific love poem; biog., 8. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 364: "Banquet Boys" (homosexual poems about *sakis). Poet from Switzerland who wrote in French; he also lived in France. 1887-1961. Cendrars led a nomadic existence, was friends with *Apollinaire and *Max Jacob, and was involved with the Cubist movement as well as writing over twenty books. In English translation, see "Young Man" in Selected Poems, trans. Peter Hoida (Penguin, 1979), 48: features a *dandy with a valet; possible homosexual subtext. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Poet, critic and editor from France writing in French. Born 1961. A poet who has published critical works in the French press and edited the works of *Raymond Radiguet. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionnaire Gay; photo between pp. 336 and 337. Censorship - refusing to allow a book to be read or circulated - dates from 1559 in *European languages, initially in Latin (and later Italian) in Italy and later in other languages. This date is taken from the Latin * Index of the *Catholic Church. Censorship of homosexual poetry seems absent in ancient Latin and Greek perhaps because books were only hand written and circulation was limited. Censorship became a problem with the rise of mechanical printing which, through the cheap reproduction of books, allowed them to be widely circulated. The place to start on this difficult topic is the bibliographies in Besterman and Toomey cited in Bibliographies below. Self censorship by gay writers also needs to be considered (for instance much writing of the *decadent movement); this occurs when writers deliberately avoid expressing gay feelings. The effect on poets of anti-gay laws (including censorship of published texts) has undoubtedly contributed to this. The poetry of *Byron, for instance, may have taken a different course without censorship. Censorship in translation is also a major issue (see *Cavafy regarding the English translations by Vassapoulo). Censorship operates in the form of taboos in *oral cultures. See also *Erotic Poetry. Overall the effect of censorship on the writing of gay poetry has been very negative: for instance, in English, very little erotic gay poetry was written before 1970 due to censorship. Censorship in English and under the *Catholic Church included destroying banned books; the Catholic church until recently insisted that every theological book be approved by a local bishop and the work in question had to have this approval written in. English. See the separate entry 'Censorship - English. The journal New Yorker, 4 April 1994, 84 published a special list of subject headings for use in searching libraries by Virginia Pratt of the University of California, Berkeley, library school. Arabic. Most works were in manuscript until ca. 1850 so censorship was not applicable; it now depends on the individual country. Czech. Censorship was relaxed 1918-28; it is fairly free from 1990. Danish. Dutch. Norwegian: see Besterman citation below. French: see *Pascal Pia, *Enfer, *Les Livres de l'Enfer (a catalog which includes books at one time or another censored in France). German. Greek. Italian. Latin: see the separate Censorship entries for these languages. Hebrew. Censorship has usually depended on the country in which speakers lived .though orthodox Judaism is strict on what one reads. Polish. The *Catholic church has exercised the dominant role. Portuguese: see Graca Almeida Rodrigues, Breve historia da censura (Brief history of censorship), Amadora, Portugal, 1980. Russian: see 'Censorship - Russian. Spanish: see * Censorship - Spanish. Swedish. Censorship has been lenient, especially from 1945. Denmark and, to a lesser extent Sweden, have been noted centers of erotic books. While censorship has been strong in 'European languages it has also occurred in Chinese and Japanese - see separate entries. See also the entry *Terence J. Deakin. References. Hastings, Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics: see "Obscenity". Encyclopaedia of Sexual Behaviour: see "Censorship". Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, pp. 47-51. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Besterman, A World Bibliography of Bibliographies, 1455-1465: see "Condemned books" (in three sections, General, Countries, Roman *Catholic Church); some items are in Latin and some have Latin titles. See, in the General section, M. Iversen and A. Henriksen, Forbudte boger, 1948 (in Danish) re Norwegian and Swedish. Toomey, A World Bibliography of Bibliographies 1964 - 1974 : see "Condemned Books". (These two works by Besterman and Toomey list references only for *European languages.) Ellis, Encyclopedia of Sexual Behavior, volume 1, 235-46: "Censorship of Sexual Literature" by Alec Craig. Kearney, Private Case: the whole book is a catalog of books at one time or another censored in Great Britain. Censorship in China of Chinese works starts with attempts to destroy the *Confucian classics in 200 B.C. Succeeding dynasties rewrote Chinese history and created their own forms of censorship (each regime depended on the character of the individual *Emperors and hence there was a certain capriciousness). In the early *Republican period, 1909-11, censorship became lax. indirect language has been the usual way of referring to homosexuality in Chinese poetry. Censorship has been very rigid since the *Communist takeover in 1949 (control has been exercised over all forms of literature and art) and also in Taiwan though homosexuality in literature has not been as censored in Taiwan as it has in mainland China However in Taiwan emphasis in social life has been on Confucian values and the family. Heterosexual family values have similary been emphasised on the Communist mainland. Many books and scroll paintings with poems written on them were destroyed during various Maoist campaigns on the mainland in the 1950s and 1960s. Censorship has occurred in translation - e.g., the homoerotic poems in New Songs from a Jade Terrace (1982) were first translated in an uncensored version only in 1982 by *Anne Birrell; indeed censorship in translation is a big issue in relation to knowledge of Chinese homosexuality. Even *Van Gulik in his history of Chinese sexual customs underplays homosexuality. See also *Law - Chinese. Censorship in English dates from 1539. Great Britain. Various censorship laws have existed in Great Britain involving licensing of publishing and outright banning of books. There are also laws against receiving or sending prohibited books through the mail. Censorship began effectively with the licensing act of 1538 (though in the *Elizabethan period openly gay poems such as the sonnets of *Barnfield and *Shakespeare were published). In 1689 *Rochester's Poems on Several Occasions and *Sodom were found obscene. The licensing act was allowed to lapse in 1695. In 1727, the publisher *Edmund Curll was convicted. The Obscene Publications Act of 1857 operated to inhibit any erotic writing concerning sexuality in Great Britain and its overseas colonies (unlike in France where erotic writing was perceived as less dangerous to the state). In 1866, *Swinburne's Poems and Ballads were published by *Hotten after refusal by another publisher and this caused an uproar (they were never banned). *Ellis's Sexual Inversion (1897), with its history of homosexuality, was prosectuted for obscenity and was banned, denying British gays a sense of gay history. In the twentieth century *D. H. Lawrence suffered under British laws. The current act governing books is The Obscene Publications Act (1959). *Libel needs to be considered as inhibiting discussion about homosexuality. James Kirkup and * Gay News were prosecuted under laws of obscene libel or publishing a poem about Jesus Christ written by James Kirkup (in the poem, the Roman centurion at the Crucifixation of Jesus expressed homosexual longing for him). (On the issue of blasphemy or impious talk, which resulted in this law, see Richard Webster, A Brief History of Blasphemy, 1990; bibl. pp 151-52.) In 1982 *Anthony Reid's translation of *Mario Stefani, No other gods, was banned. The London bookshop *Gay's the Word was prosecuted in 1984 for sending gay books through the mail but this prosecution was withdrawn in 1986. These laws have had a severe effect on the publication of openly gay poetry before the contemporary period (from *gay liberation in 1969 on) and, to a lesser degree even since. English censorship laws operated in British colonies such as - initially - in the United States from 1620, and in Australia, Canada, South Africa, India and other colonies; they formed the basis of such laws in these countries. Norman St John-Stevas, Obscenity and the Law (London, 1956), discusses the law to 1956. See also * Index, *Law - English. References. Oxford Companion to English Literature : see article at the end, "Censorship and the Law of the Press" pp. 1101-1112. Hyde, History of Pornography, pp. 154-182. European Gay Review vol. 1, 75-81. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, pp. 210-12. United States. British laws were transferred to the United States in 1620. Laws differ from state to state - e. g., they are more lenient in California than in many other states. Amongst cities, *Philadelphia was traditionaly more lenient (e.g., *Whitman was published there when publication in *Boston was refused by the printers). Until 1970 laws were particularly restrictive. In 1958 *One Inc. won a historic Supreme Court case which finally allowed gay material to be sent through the post (see Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, re One's test case; see also Brother *Grundy). *New York, *Washington, *Los Angeles and *San Francisco have been centers of erotica and pornography from the 1960s (see * The Platonic Blow, *Ed Sanders). The Presidential Report of the Commission on Obscenity and Pornography (New York, 1970), was influential in relaxing the laws. Until recently, United States laws have generally followed British law but from the 1960s they have influenced British, Australian and Canadian laws. For the period 1967-86 see the section "Censorship" in *Robert B. M. Ridinger, The Homosexual and Society: an Annotated Biobliography (1990), pp. 211-235: a detailed list of articles almost all from * The Advocate. The laws in the United States are at present fairly lenient on sexual material with debate turning to hardcore and very violent material, as distinct from non-violent erotica. The controversy over restrictions on the display of Robert Mapplethorpe's photographs in 1995 galvinized support for freedom for what seems a new struggle centred mainly on the Nation Endowment for the Arts which funds artists with public money and may withhold it for works deemed obscene. James Elias and others, Porn 101: eroticism, pornography and the First Amendment, 1999 discusses recent law. For a bibliography to 1980, see Greg Byerly and Rick Rubin, Pornography: The Controversy over Sexually Explicit Materials in the United States: An Annotated Bibliography (New York, 1980). References. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 210-12. Canada. British law forms the basis of Canadian law and United States trends have influenced Canada which has been a federation since 1867. English. Peter Birdsall, Mind War: Book Censorship in Canada (1978) discusses censorship from 1930 to the 1970s (most titles are heterosexual). D. Schneiderman, Freedom of Expression and the Charter (1991) discusses the Charter of Civil Liberties which guarantees sweeping civil rights; see 129-35 on the law 1920-1990. It notes, p. 132, a "distinction has been drawn by the courts between material portraying violent, degrading or dehumanizing sexual activity (mostly directed against women) on the one hand .. and that which, while explicit, lacked those elements and was apparently consensual." The law is also now not to be invoked for works of artistic merit. The journal *Body Politic from 1977 fought a number of cases over censorship. French. For French material see 'Censorship - French and Jacques Hebert, Obscénité et Liberté, 1970 (on book censorship in Canada). Australia. As in the United States and Canada, British laws formed the basis of Australian laws, though United States trends have recently influenced Australian law. From 1788, with British settlement (or invasion from the Aboriginal point of view), until the granting of self government in the various Australian states (from 1843 in New South Wales), all power in the British colonies lay initially with the Governors and then State legislatures. After Federation in 1901 a new federal (that is, national) Parliament came into existence. Censorship laws were normally modelled on British law. The laws were of two kinds: firstly, the outright banning of books and secondly, laws against receiving or sending such works through the post. Laws operated at both Federal and State level. Books were taken off the Commonwealth list in 1966 and the laws were drastically reduced in keeping with western democratic trends from 1971. The postal laws operated at federal level and the banning laws at both state and federal. This led to a situation where a book could be banned in one state but not in another (as in the United States). These laws were challenged by *Wendy Bacon and others (including publication of the erotic homopoem * A Day for a Lay) in 1970. Before the early 1970s, any publication of sexually explicit poems relating to homosexuality would have risked prosecution for obscenity and no published homosexual poems in printed form are known. The censorship laws thus had a severely inhibiting effect on the writing of homosexual poems in this period, as in the United States. They channelled homosexual expression into the form of *friendship or *mateship. For a history of censorship see Peter Coleman, Obscenity, Blasphemy, Sedition: 100 Years of Censorship in Australia, revised edition, Sydney, 1974. The first edition of this book, Sydney, 1961, was a plea for less censorship. Recent developments in Australia have turned on censorship of the internet with some sites being banned from 2000. India and other countries under British dominance. Censorship was strong after British control became widespread after 1800 and continued to the time of independence in 1947 and afterwards. Former British colonies also suffered from censorship imported from Great Britain. Bibliographies. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 13-16. Censorship in French in France dates from 1559 with the Catholic Church's * Index, the first censoring instrument of note, France being a *Catholic country. Several poets were put on trial for writing licentious verses including homosexual ones (e.g., *Theophile de Viau). For the eighteenth century see Robert Danton, The Corpus of Clandestine Literature in France 1769-1789 (New York, 1995) and the same author's The Forbidden Best-sellers of Pre-revolutionary France (New York, 1995). After the French Revolution, the publishing situation was easier as the Church's power decreased. *Baudelaire's poems were censored as well as *Rimbaud and *Verlaine. On censorship 1881-1914 see L'Enfer de la IlIe République: Censeurs et Porhographes (1881-1914) by Annie Stora-Lamarre (Paris, 1990). Jean Genet suffered from censorship. The present position is relaxed. For French speaking Canada see Jacques Hebert, Obscenité et Liberté, 1970 (on book censorship). Censorship in German in Germany was based on the *Catholic church's * Index (1559+) which operated in Germany in the Catholic south; the north was *Protestant from the sixteenth century. From 1890 to 1933, censorship was less severe than in Great Britain and a great deal of homosexual material was published, as well as sexological material. Perhaps the greatest act of quasi-censorship was the *Nazi destruction of the *Hirschfeld Institute and the burning of its books in 1933. The Nazi period was the worst period for censorship when gay material of any kind disappeared. The Berlin police list from 1920 contains material. Nachtrage I-III.., Berlin (1936) is the Nazi censorship list issued 1936, Berlin: Gestapa, 30 pages. Liste des schädlichen and unerwunschten: Stand vom 31 Dezember 1938 und Jahreslisten 1939-41, Leipzig, [1939] (repr. Vaduz, Lichtenstein, 1979), 181 pp. and 56 pp. are Nazi censorship lists 1938-41; the latter included erotica and *Magnus Hirschfeld was on it (see *Terence J. Deakin). *Berlin has been the city most free of censorship after 1945. Generally non violent erotica is not highly regulated. See Germanic Review vol. 65 no.3 (Summer 1990), 98-102: "The Many Faces of Censorship in the Federal Republic of Germany" for an overview. Censorship relating to works in Greek from Greece, Turkey and Egypt dates from ca. 330. The most blatant act of censorship of Greek homosexual poetry has been the probable destruction of large amounts by the *Orthodox Church from the beginnings of the *Byzantine period (ca. 330), though wars and time have also taken their toll. The attitude of the Orthodox church was hostile to pagan culture and to male homosexuality and the great body of material on homosexual love it contained. The destruction of the holdings of the library of *Alexandria may have involved censorship, as indeed does the wilful destruction of any library's holdings. The monk *Planudes was probably working from another manuscript than the surviving manuscript of the * Palatine Anthology when he compiled the *Planudean Anthology (which lacks the large number of homopoems of thePalatine Anthology manuscript): it cannot be ruled out that he censored the homopoems by refusing to include them. Under the Turks (15th century to 1821) in Greece and Turkey, censorship as regards literature is difficult to determine. Speaking Turkish, they were probably less interested in Greek literature though the Greek Orthodox Church unquestionably was; the attitude of the Turks to minority cultures was to allow them to flourish provided they paid taxes to the *Ottoman empire. *Pope Paul II banned the study of Pagan poets by Roman children ca. 1470; besides banning Latin writers and poets this also included Greek. School editions of Greek poets for British and United States students, dating from the eighteenth century (of which many are listed in the *National Union Catalog), censor all mention of homosexuality in their selections. The translation of the poems of the * Mousa Paidike into Latin and not the vernacular language, as has frequently occurred, is a defacto act of censorship. This happened with the first French translation - see *F. D. Deheque - and with the English translation of *W. R. Paton. Before the twentieth century translations in almost all cases censored poems dealing with homosexuality (see e.g., *J. W. Mackail). Censorship in contemporary Greece has varied with the government. It was bad for gays under the period of the Colonels 1967-74 (see Gay Books Bulletin 9 [Spring/Summer 1983], 17) when both *Elias Petropoulos and the *journal Amphi were prosecuted. At present, it is fairly free. There has been open publication of homosexual poems by *Cavafy (from 1935, published in Athens) and *Christianopoulos (from 1950). See also *Law - Greek. Censorship in Italian from Italy, which was severe, was in the hands of the church from 1559 with the promulgation of the *Catholic church's Index. Open erotic writing was effectively stopped after this date. See *Baffo, *Michelangelo, *D'Annunzio (who was put on the Catholic Church's Index), *Umberto Saba, *Mario Stefani (re banning of the English translation of his work by *Anthony Reid). The present situation is fairly relaxed. The *Catholic Church, which disapproves of homosexuality, still plays a big role in Italian politics. See also *Censorship - Latin. Censorship in Japan of Japanese erotic books starts with an edict by Ooka Tadasuke in 1723. Japanese censorship has tended to push literary works, engravings and paintings into the direction of suggestion rather than explicitness: a most important consideration in reading Japanese poetry such as *haiku where suggestion rather that outright depiction of sexuality is largely the norm. The tradition of hinting at sexuality also emerges out of use of indirect language in Chinese. Censorship is still very strong but erotic works are freely available and there is a huge market. A novel by *Mishima was censored. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan : Censorship in Latin in Italy, France, Great Britain and other European countries occurred with the rise of Christianity from the death of Christ, ca. 33, and the exclusion of the erotic from the sphere of literature: see *Debate on Love - Greek. It dates from the writing of the *New Testament ca. 60. Erotic poems from the Greek *Palatine Anthology have frequently been translated into Latin instead of the vernacular language from the *Renaissance onwards which is a form of censorship. For examples, see *F. D. Deheque, *W. R. Paton. Latin was the language of the Catholic church and of much European scholarship until the late nineteenth century. Use of Latin was itself a form of censorship which kept the classical texts - such as the ancient *Roman homopoetry - from ordinary readers after publication in the *Renaissance. Pope *Paul II banned the teaching of the ancient pagan poets to Roman children ca. 1470, an act of censorship which was gradually extended to other countries, so that school texts came to completely censor all mention of homosexuality. The church maintained in Latin an * Index of forbidden writers (e.g., *Beccadelli) though not many poets were on it. Work in *manuscripts was known to scholars and church clerics but not the common people (e.g., 300 manuscripts of *Martial survive). The rise of *Neoplatonism in the *Renaissance saw emphasis turn away from the homosexual element in Plato and is probably a form of self censorship by scholars. The Latin *friendship tradition also reflects self censorship: or rather, because of the severe strictures of the church against homosexuality, homosexual sentiment came to be expressed in this way. (This is not to deny that some poets express simple feelings of friendship.) Translation of the more overt homopoets such as *Catullus has been strongly censored before the contemporary period: see *F. W. Cornish, who, in translating Catullus into English, in the Loeb edition, left out lines referring to homosexual acts. *Martial has similarly suffered, as has Juvenal. School editions of the Latin poets in the * British Library General Catalogue and National Union Catalog reflect censorship. See also *Cambridge Songs. Censorship in Persian in Iran and surrounding countries where Persian was and is spoken dates from at least ca. 1880. Strong censorship of the press and books has existed since the late nineteenth century. This seems to have inhibited any writing of gay poetry; the situation has been particularly repressive since the late 1970s with the rise of *Islamic fundamentalism. References. Encyclopedia Iranica; discusses the situation since 1850. Censorship in Russian in Russia dates from ca. 1500. Censorship was formerly very strict and was carried out by the *Orthodox Church from the *middle ages (to stop heresies developing): for instance, "In 1840-41, a third of all the books banned in Russia was stopped from publication by ecclesiastical censors" (A. Preobzrazhensky, The Russaian Orthodox Church 10th to 20th Centuries, Moscow, 1988, p. 137). 1905-17 was a period free of censorship. Censorship continued under the Soviet regime, e.g., *Kuzmin was not able to publish and *Gennady Trifonov suffered imprisonment for poems in manuscript. The situation from 1989 with glaznost is that erotic publications are increasingly appearing; for instance, *Eros Russe has been published in Russia. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Great Soviet Encyclopedia: "Censorship" (excellent to 1917). Censorship in Spanish occurred initially in Spain and then in its colonies. It dates from 1559. Spain. Censorship in Spain was carried out initially by the *Catholic Church through the * Index Librorum Prohibitorum, first promulgted in 1559. Censorship occurred in Spain by the Catholic church and until recently all works of theology had to contain a mark of approval from the church (printed on the back of the title page). Spain never had non-Catholic Christian religoins and due to the influence of the Catholic Church which was very puritanical, little erotic poetry, apart from translations of the classics was printed before the Republic in 1932 (when some material briefly appeared). Censorship was especially severe in the period of the Franco dictatorship 1936-75 (e.g., Jaime Gil de Biedma's book of poems was censored and remained unpublished). The situation following the return of democracy is fairly relaxed. Central and South America. The *lndex was transferred to the countries colonized by Spain. Censorship has varied from country to country depending on the political conditions: e.g., it has recently been particularly severe in Cuba, while it was very severe in Chile under the Pinochet regime from 1973 and in Argentina under the Colonels until the emergence of democracy in the 1980s. Generally it has been severe. The Philippines was a Spanish colony until the late nineteenth century. Figures from myth from Greece occurring in Greek poetry from ca. 500 B. C. Centaurs are mythical male creatures which are human from the waist up; from the waist down they are joined to the body and legs of a horse. They are not differentiated from *satyrs in early Greek vase painting. The most famous artistic representation of centaurs is the very homoerotic Battle of the Lapinths and Centaurs in the metopes of the Parthenon in the British Museum (between 447 B.C. and 420 B.C.). Pindar refers to them in fragment 166. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary. Graves, Greek Myths, volume 1, 360-62: citing *Pindar (active 500 B. C.), fragment 166. Central and South American languages These languages divide into introduced and indigenous languages. Material of relevance dates from ca. 1600. The introduced *Romance languages, Spanish and Portuguese, are the most widely spoken (Spanish is also the second most widely spoken language in the United States due to Mexican and other south American emigrees: see for example *Chicano poets). Spanish is spoken in Mexico, Argentina, Chile and Peru and Portuguese in Brazil. Research on homosexuality has been done mainly in Spanish and Portuguese (see the Overviews for each language for further information) with some research in English in the United States (see *Stephen Murray). For Central and South American Indian languages see Mary R. Key, The Grouping of South American Indian Languages (1979). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 678-81: see "Latin America". Journal in English from Great Britain. Published from 1884 to 1894. The first British journal of the modern period with significant gay content, it was edited by *Herbert Horne 1886-94. However, homosexuality is only apparent in some poems, articles, illustrations, essays; some issues have stronger gay content than others. Some issues are strongly heterosexual. It was one of the first journals of the *aesthetic movement in Great Britain and was an example of a periodical devoted to art. (In 1893-94 it was called The Hobby Horse.) The journal espoused the position that art permeated everything: "the Century Guild seeks to emphasize the Unity of Art; and by thus dignifying Art in all its forms, it hopes to make it living, a thing of our century, and of the people" (statement on contents page). It will be seen from this statement that there are elements of *socialism in the credo of the Century Guild and that the credo shows the influence of *William Morris. However, aestheticism was also present: "Art is our queen" stated *Arthur Galton (No. 2, p. 45 "Sonnet: To the Century Guild"). Poems with homosexual content or tropes were published: e.g., in no. 2 "Vanitas" (*Eros trope) by *Selwyn Image, pp. 5-6; "To the *Apollo Belvedere", "To John of Bologna's Mercury" by Arthur Galton pp. 43 and 45; "Sonnet from an Unfinished Drama", with *Pan trope, by Herbert Horne p. 88; in no.7, July 1887, *"Narcissus' Flower" by *J A Symonds. (Not all issues were assessed as the microflm consulted at the University of Melbourne, from the Victoria and Albert Museum copy of the journal, did not include all issues since the Museum's collection is not complete.) The poets *Lionel Johnson and *Michael Field (pseud.) were published. *Simeon Solomon illustrated issues in 1888 and 1891 (vol. 6, 1891, p. 81 has a reproductoin of his painting *Bacchus). *Oscar Wilde wrote an essay on Keats' "Sonnet on *Blue" (no. 2, pp. 8386). Books reviewed included *Whitman's November Boughs (no. 4, p. 37 by Selwyn Image) and John Gambril Nicholson's Love in Earnest (see no. 7, pp. 128-38, "A New Poet" by *Charles Edward Sayle). As can be seen, the journal had a strong homosexual side. The *British Library General Catalogue lists a complete set (under the Herbert Horne entry), volumes 1-2 edited by A. H. Mackmurdo and Herbert Horne, volumes 3-6 by Horne. Anthologist in Greek from Turkey. Active 917. He compiled an anthology on which the * Palatine Anthology was based, the *Anthology of Constantine Cephalas; this anthology has been *lost but represents an important link in the transmission of the text of the Palatine Anthology from the ancient world to the modern. He is known to have been in the Palace at *Istanbul in 917. Cernuda, Luis Poet and critic from Spain who wrote in Spanish; translator from English and German to Spanish. He later lived in France, Great Britain, the United States and Mexico. 1903-1963. Born in *Seville, he taught at the University of Toulouse 1928-29, fled Spain for Great Britain in 1937 after the Civil War, lived in the United States from 1947 and moved to Mexico in 1952. He came out in Los placeres prohibidos (Forbidden pleasures), 1932 (though this is a *surrealist work): see Gay Sunshine no. 42/43, p.19 (comment by *Gil de Biedma). He was openly gay from 1932. His second book La realidad y el deseo (Reality and desire), 1936, was republished in expanded editions bearing the same name (like Whitman's Leaves of Grass); the second edition, published in Mexico, was republished in corrected editions, with the text being fixed from the fourth edition of 1964. He was greatly influenced by *Surrealism and in Mexico had a love affair with a younger man which inspired the series Poemas para un cuerpo (Poems inspired by a body; 1957). He translated the German poet *Hölderlin into Spanish and *Shakespeare's drama Troilus and Cressida from English to Spanish. He is a major Spanish gay poet, more important than *García Lorca as a gay poet by volume of works. Cernuda also wrote a considerable amount of criticism. Text. A three volume Obra completa (Complete works) was published in Berlin 1993-1994 by Ediciones Siruela, edited by Derek harris and Luis Maristany; volume one was poetry and volumes two and three prose. Criticism. See Salvador Jimenez-Fajardo, Luis Cernuda (Twayne Publishers, 1978); bibl., pp. 165-67. Salvador Jimenez-Fajardo has also edited a series of critical essays: The Word and the Mirror: Critical Essays on the Poetry of Luis Cernuda (1989; with bibl., pp. 225-28); this discusses his homosexuality in the introduction and in various essays. See also Rupert C. Allen, "Luis Cernuda: Poet of Gay Protest, Hispanofila 83 (1985), 61-77, an article which is, however, something less than inspiring. See further Derek Harris, Luis Cernuda: A Study of the Poetry (London, 1973), and Luis Cernuda in Spanish, 1977 (with bibl. pp. 336-38 listing translations). The best discussion of him as a homosexual poet is by *Octavio Paz. See also the entry on him in Germán Bleiberg, Dictionary of the Literature of the Iberian Peninsula, London, 1993. Lovers. See Gay Sunshine no. 42/43, p. 20: this states lovers included Serafín (who inspired one of his best known poems "Donde habita el olvido" [Where oblivion dwells]), the English gay poet *Stanley Richardson who inspired "Por unos tulipanes amarillos" and Salvador, a Mexican who inspired "Poemas para un cuerpo". Translations. English: Anthony Edkins and Derek Harris (1971), Reginald Gibbons (1977; includes critical introduction and notes), *Rick Lipinski (1986; gay poems only, the best selection in English); French: Robert Marrast and Aline Schulman (1969; trans. of Realidad e el deseo), Jacques Ancet (1972; with critical study; repr.); Italian: Francesco Tentori Montalvo (1962; Realidad e el Deseo , 1971). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 212-13. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 633: Poetry, London: University of London Press, 1972. Cuaderno bibliográfico gay, 13: La realiad y el deseo, Madrid: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1986. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Orgasms of Light, 44-45: English trans. "Birds in the Night" by *Erskine Lane (the poem is about *Rimbaud and *Verlaine as lovers and is from Poesía mexicana 1950-60, Mexico City, 1960); biog., 250. Now the Volcano, 54-63; trans. into English by *Franklin D. Blanton; biog., 52-53. Digte om mends kerlighed til mend. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 316-17: "Birds in the Night". Les Amours masculines, 410-11. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 602-05: trans. by *Rick Lipinski. Drobci stekla v ustih, 5759. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 354-56. "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen", 134-36. Pour tout l'amour des hommes, 247. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 476-82: trans. Rick Lipinski. A Day for a Lay, 34-35; trans. *Mañuel Ruiz. Criticism. Contemporary Literary Criticism volume 54; very good on his homosexuality. Novelist and poet from Spain who wrote in Spanish. 1547-1616. Cervantes is the most famous Spanish novelist; his longest work, the novel Don Quixote (1605-15), tells the story of an intimate *male bonding relationship between the main character Don Quixote and his squire Sancho Panza (see the Cervantes entry in the Encyclopedia of Homosexuality). Their love is non sexual (see *Platonic love). The work starts out by parodying the medieval romances in which the two central characters were a knight and his lady whom he adored: the central relationship in Don Quixote thus parodies in a homoerotic way that of the romances as seen also in *troubadour poetry. Cervantes wrote poems at all stages of his life including satirical poems. After fighting in the Battle of Lepanto, which stopped the Turks from taking Europe, his ship was captured by Turkish pirates and he was held as a slave. On returning to Spain in 1580, he settled in Madrid where he was involved in the theatre and had a liason with an actress, producing a daughter. In 1484, he married Catalina de Salazar but the marriage was not happy and there were no children. See P. E. Russell, Cervantes (1985); includes a bibliography. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Spanish Literature. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 213: see "Cervantes" (hints at his being possibly homosexual). Cesariny de Vasconcelos, Mario Poet from Portugal writing in Portuguese. Born 1923. He was involved in *Surrealism. His book O Virgem Negra (The Black Virgin), Lisbon, 1989, contains poems with homosexual themes in a surealist vein; see also his book Pena Capital, 1957. The review of his book 19 Projectos, in Books Abroad, vol. 46 (1972), 46869, is by *Edouard Roditi. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Drobci stekla v ustih, 84-85; biog., 180. Poet from Spain writing in Spanish. Active 1986. Bibliographies. Cuaderno bibliográfico gay, 13: books James Dean... amor que me prohibes [no other information provided] and La noche y sus consejos, Pamplona: Pamiela, 1986. Poet from China who wrote in Chinese. Active ca. 1700. Eric Chou, The Dragon and the Phoenix, 1971, p. 90, states: "At the beginning of the *Ch'ing Dynasty, the eminent poet Ch'en Ch'i-nien even wrote a poem to publicise the homosexual relationship with the book-carrying *boy Chih-yung (Purple Cloud), of his friend Mao Pi-chiang, a scholar as well as a wealthy man. The poem was written to celebrate Chih-yung's marriage to a girl." No information has been found on this poet. Poet from China who wrote in Chinese, 1626-1682. China's most influential *tz'u writer who was a friend of *Na-lan Hsing-te. See Irving Yucheng Lo and William Schulz, Waiting for the Unicorn: Poems and Lyrics of China's Last Dynasty 1644-1911, 1966, pp. 102-03: a poem with "obvious overtones of homosexual love" (p.103) about *Hsu Tzu-yun, a boy *actor in the singing troupe of Mao Hsiang (1611-1693). See also the anthology * Yun-lang hsiao-shih. His name, Ch'en Wei-sung, is spelt in *Wade Giles romanization. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature. Hummel, Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period (1644-1912). Poet from China who wrote in Manchu and Chinese. 1711-1799. The fourth Manchu (*Ch'ing) emperor of China, he was Emperor 1735 to 1795. He had a homosexual *lover: see Journal of Homosexuality, vol. 14 no. 33/4 [1987], 26. He had two wives and seventeen sons and ten daughters by his concubines. He wrote "Ode to Mukden", one of the few original poems in Manchu. As emperor he had to learn to write Chinese poetry as part of the traditional education of a *scholar and frequently wrote poetry in the afternoon; some 40,000 poems are ascribed to him. He was a patron of the arts and ordered the compilation of a "Complete Library in the Four Branches of Literature" which came to 36,275 volumes. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica. Ch'ing period, also spelt Qing period Period in Chinese literature in China from 1644 to 1911. This period saw the emergence of erotic book publishing in China; there were also a large number of novels which mentioned homosexualtity, some including poems. For general literary and social discussion see Vivien Ng, "Homosexuality and the State in Late Imperial China", in Duberman, Hidden from History, pp. 76-90. *Tuan-hsiu-pien was the first collection of texts of Chinese homosexuality (no poetry included). The spelling Ch'ing is in *Wade Giles and Qing is in *Pinyin. Poets: see *Ch'en Wei-sung, *Yuan Mei (outstanding poet and *aesthete), *bisexuality, *Chan Zhiling, *Mao Chaomen, *Wu Lanxian, *Wu Meicun, *Zheng Bao Qiao. *Tuan-hsiu-pien was the first survey of Chinese homosexuality. See also the important literary critic: *Zhao Yi. References. Shasha, History of Homosexuality in China, xxiv and 202: lists poets. Poet from China who wrote in Chinese. Ca. 340 B.C.-278 B.C. He wrote a *long poem Li sao (On Encountering Trouble) which deals with homosexuality and committed *suicide by drowning in the Mi-lo River. By *Han times he had become an exemplar of *Confucian resistance to the oppressive state and a model of the scholar's duty to criticize injustice. The Li sao is a very complex poem with elements of *shamanism; in the second and third stanzas the poet imagines himself as a woman who loves the King (see note on line 20 in the David Hawkes' translation below p. 82); later affairs with women are mentioned. Ch'u Yuan is his name in *Wade Giles and Qu Yuan is his name in *Pinyin. Translation. English. Lim Boon Keng (Shanghai, 1929), *Arthur Waley, The Nine Songs (1955), Yang Hsien-yi and Gladys Yang (1955), David Hawkes, The Songs of the South (Penguin, 1985). Russian. *Valery Pereleshin (1975): see Terras, Handbook of Russian Literature, p. 336. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, vol. 1. Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature, 352: see "Ch'u Yuan". Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, vol. 1, 22-4: says he is the earliest known Chinese poet. Criticism. Shasha, History of Homosexuality in China (called Chu Juan), xx and 32-38. De Bary, Guide to Oriental Classics, 244-45. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1956. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Voices Against the Wilderness, 9-11; black poet from Unalaska, book The Dream Horse, Seal Press, [no date]. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 557: poem "Re-making the Myth" re *Sodom and *Achilles. Poet from India writing in Bengali and Sanskrit. Born 1486. A famous *Vaisnavite saint who embodied within himself *Krishna and Radha; paintings show a woman with hair shaved off (he looks very effeminate). (Information from Dr Boulton, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, to me 1987.) See Dinesh Chandra Sen, History of the Bengali Language and Literature (1954), pp. 360-384. He married and wrote poems in Sanskrit as well as Bengali. Possibly a poet in Persian or Arabic. Active before 1908. See Mayne, The Intersexes, p. 292: stated to be an Islamic homosexual writer in Persian or Arabic, possibly a poet. No information has been found on this person. Addressee of love poems in English who was born and lived in Greece. 1809-ca. 1825. He was *Byron's Greek page in 1824 and Byron addressed his last three poems - poems of unrequited love - to him before his death in 1824. A handsome Greek youth from Ithaca, he came from a wealthy family who were reduced to poverty in the struggle for Greek independence from the Turks. As a page in Byron's household his position did not involve menial work. For what is known about him see *Phyllis Grosskurth, Byron (1997), pp. 447-55. Byron fell in love with him but Loukas did not return the poet's feelings. The poet gave him a receipt for money the poet had lent to the town of Missolonghi and a bag of Maria Teresa dollars before he died (this amounted to well over 1,000 British pounds at the time). He died young about 1825 leaving his mother and sisters in poverty (they appealed to Byron's heirs in England for money); on his death see Grosskurth, Byron, p. 469. For a brief resume of his life see pp. 213-14 of Byron's Letters and Journals, edited by Leslie A. Marchand, volume 12 (1981); Marchand states that the situation between him and Byron has been best described by *Doris Langley Moore in The Late Lord Byron (1961), pp. 175-83. See also *Leslie A. Marchand, Byron: A Portrait (1971), pp. 427, 435, 438-39 (second last poem), 450-51 (last poem), 459, 474 for details of his life and the three poems inspired by him. The three poems he inspired are most commonly called: "Lines Written on His Thirty-Sixth Birthday", "Love and Death" and "Last Words on Greece" (the last two were only published in 1887; in E. H. Coleridge's edition of Byron the last poem was given the title "Love and Death". See the text of the poems and the footnotes in Marchand, Byron: A Portrait, pp. 450-51 and on pp. 510-11; other sources of the texts and first lines of each poem are given in the *Byron entry. These are poems of unrequited love. There is no evidence of physical intimacy between Byron and Loukas; whether this occurred may never be known. His first name is also spelt Lukas. Poet from Canada writing in French. Born 1939. A *Québec literary figure involved in the counter culture of the seventies. Love is explored from various angles in his work including the homosexual. He studied under *Roland Barthes and was involved with the student uprising in Paris in 1968. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Canadian Literature. Bibliographies. Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (1984): Emergence de l'Adultenfant, *Montréal: Jean Basile éditeur, 1982 and Le Prince du Sexamour, Montréal: Editions de l'Hexagone, 1976. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1901-1961. Donald E. Bower, Sex Espionage (1991), pp. 62-64; states the poet wrote homosexual verse ca. 1931: the poems "Lothrop, Montana" and "Quag-Hole" (and also his story "In Memory of R G"). Born Jay Vivian Chambers, Whittaker Chambers as he was later known, was a senior editor of Time magazine involved in a sensational espionage scandal. Chambers became a member of the United States *Communist Party in 1925, but later defected after being a Soviet agent. At Columbia University, he was thought to be capable of becoming a great poet. He accused many officials in the State Department of being Communists in 1948 and instigated a sensational trial when one, Alger Hiss, sued him. This led to Hiss being indicted and after two trials being imprisioned for five years for perjury. Biography: see Sam Tanenhaus, Whittaker Chambers (New York, 1997). Chambers married and had two children. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of American Biography ; see "Chambers, Jay Vivian"; notes p. 114 he "experimented with homosexuality". Encyclopedia of Homosexuality: see "McCarthyism", 786-88. Howes, Broadcasting It. Journal in English from Great Britain. Published in 1894. The Chameleon was a gay journal published in Oxford. Only one issue of the journal appeared, for December 1894. It was printed in *green wrappers and was sixty pages long. (It was reprinted by the British based *Eighteen Nineties Society in 1978; fifty copies only were printed). Some contributions were signed (by *Oscar Wilde, *Alfred Douglas and *J. G. Nicholson); some were anonymous. Included were two poems by Lord Alfred Douglas, that is, "Two Loves" (with the famous last line: "I am the love that dare not speak its name") and "In Praise of Shame", a long *prose-poem "The Shadow of the End" by J. G. F. Nicholson, and the fine anonymous poem *"Love in Oxford". Edited by *J. F. Bloxam, the journal was cited at *Oscar Wilde's trial regarding Douglas's, "In Praise of Shame", Bloxam's short story "The Priest and the Acolyte", a prose piece "Les *Decadents" p.16, *Bertram Lawrence's "At Dawn" and a contribution by Wilde, "Phrases and Philosophies for the Use of the Young". It has claims to be the first English gay literary *journal in the sense of being homosexual in sensibility and directed to a homosexual audience (but see * Spirit Lamp, edited by Douglas 1892-93, and compare * The Century Guild Hobby Horse). The title refers to a creature which is changeable (homosexuals could be seen to be such creatures: ostensibly "straight" - that is heterosexual - but having second lives which were homosexual). It was published by the publishers, Gray and Bird, who also published *Theodore Wratislaw's Caprices in 1893 and *Stanley Addleshaw's Love Lyrics in 1894. After the Wilde trial, the journal was withdrawn from sale. The reprint has an introduction by *Montgomery Hyde and an essay on the journal by *Timothy d'Arch Smith who states "unsigned work... can be given to Max Beerbohm, *Charles Kains Jackson, *Lionel Johnson, J. S. Green.. and Charles Hiatt" (no pagination). Poet from Germany who wrote in German; he was born in France. 1781-1838. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Bibliographies. Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen, item 147: Gedichte. Peter Schlehmils wundersame Geschichte, Offenburg, Mainz: Lehrmittel-Verlag, 1948. (Note: Peter Schlehmils wundersame Geschichte is an autobiographical story. Poet from China who wrote in Chinese. Active before 1850. A *Ch'ing poet who had a book carrying *boy. See Shasha, History of Homosexuality in China, p. xxiv and pp. 219-224. Chan Zhiling is spelt in *Pinyin. Poet from India who wrote in Bengali. Active ca. 1850. For homosexual references in his poetry see the Ph. D. thesis presented at the University of London, ca. 1970, by M. A. al-Azad: Isvar Chandragupta and his short poems (information from Dr Boulton, *School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London,1 April 1987). A copy of this thesis should be in the School of Oriental and African Studies Library. References to the poet have not been found in standard histories of Bengali. Chanted poetry, religious poetry and sung ghazals - India Songs and oral poems in Sanskrit, Hindi, Urdu and Tamil from India. From at least ca. 1500; this date is very conservative. Chanting and religious poetry are major forms of Indian poetry: see *Bhakti, *Vaisnavism. Hindi and Tamil are the major languages; see *Indic languages and *Dravidian languages for other languages. The sung * ghazal is mainly a Moslem form written in Urdu (the date is taken from the ghazal). Sanskrit material (e.g. the * Bhagavad Gita) undoubtedly dates from earlier. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians: under "India, subcontinent of", see Sections 3, "Thumri and *ghazal", 4, "Chanted Poetry", and 5, "Popular Religious music". Songs and oral poems in various languages from ca. 2,175 in ancient Egypt. Chants are a mode of recitation between spoken poetry and song, usually involving the repetition of words or a verbal formula. Chanting is associated with religious rites: see *magic and *mysticism. It may even be an attempt to sublimate sexuality. The earliest chant of relevance is in Egyptian. *"Go forth, and plant thyself on him" (ca. 2,200 B.C.), a work which may also be described as a *spell (see also *Horus and Seth). Akkadian: see *Oral poem - Akkadian. English: see *Victor Neuburg (ca. 1920), *bill bissett. French: *Comte de Lautremont (pseud.). Greek: see *Dionysus. The * Gospels were and are still chanted. Chants in male monasteries in a homoerotic context are relevant. Balonda: see *Oral poems - Balonda. *Bantu languages: see *J. B. C. Laubscher. In "Tribal Languages communal chanting and singing is important in some initiation ceremonies. Chinese and Japanese: see *Buddhism where chants in monasteries in a homoerotic context are relevant. (Other Buddhist religions are relevant.) Latin see Allen Edwardes, Erotica Judaica (1967), 179: cites the words "Pro Judeis non flectant" (Do not bend to the Jews) from a ninth century liturgy which, as he states, contain a double-entendre. Chants of monks in male *Christian monasteries are relevant their all male structure was and is innately homoerotic and there were many homosexuals in monasteries; Latin chants derive from Hebrew chants. Other Christian religions are relevant. Sanskrit: see *Mantras. Urdu: see New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, vol. 9, "Chanted Poetry", pp.143-44. Hindi: see *Bhakti (from 800). nirtinnarioc anrl FnrwlnnoHiac Eliade Encyclopedia of Religion New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics Chants and songs in Afro-Brazilian cults Oral poems and songs in Portuguese from Brazil feature in Afro-Brazilian cults. Material dates from ca. 1982. Homosexual behavior is known to have occurred in some of these cults, hence songs and chants in Brazilian Portuguese are relevant: see the discussion of Umbanda by Peter Fry and Allen Young, in "Gay Gringo in Brazil", in L. Richmond, The Gay Liberation Book (1973). The cults came from Africa and point to similar cults in *African languages; they involve *magic. *Hubert Fichte has written on the cult of Xango. In Journal of Homosexuality, vol. 11 no. 3-4 (Summer 1985), 137-53, see Peter Fry, "Male Homosexuality and Spirit Possession in Brazil", with bibl. pp. 152-53 (this article notes p. 140 "singing of ritual songs"). See also in Peter Fry, Para Ingles Ver (Rio de Janeiro, 1982), the article "Homosexualidade masculina e cultos afro-brasileiros", with important bibliography pp. 84-86 listing references to these songs and oral poems (this article is reprinted in Murray, Male Homosexuality in Central and South America, pp. 55-91). References. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion: Afro-Brazilian cults. Trevisan, Perverts in Paradise, 171-92: re Brazilian candomble and *chants. Oral poems and songs in Yoruba from Nigeria date rom 1966. For chants see S. A. Babalola, The Content and Form of Yoruba Ijala (1966): chants addressed to the male god Ogun, regarded as a great hunter, in western Nigeria. Songs: see Yoruba Poetry, edited and translated by Ulli Beier (1970), e.g., pp. 27-28: homoeroticism directed to a *god. On Yoruba see Part 3 of volume 3 of H. Munro Chadwick and Nora Chadwick, The Growth of Literature, 1932 -1940 (repr.), pp. 640-49. Chapbooks are books of poems usually of less than fifty pages and usually (but not invariably) are printed on cheap paper and therefore subject to conservation problems, coming into the sphere of 'ephemera. They exist for gay poetry in English and German in the United States, Canada, Australia and Great Britain and Germany from ca. 1970. They are frequently self-published by poets and often their first published work. They became especially popular amongst gay poets from 'gay liberation ca. 1970 due to cheaper methods of printing and have been especially popular in the United States. They have become even cheaper to produce with computers and desk-top publishing. English. Australia. *Javant Biarujia, *Denis Gallagher. Canada, ian Young's *Catalyst press published them. United States: see *Jack Spicer, 'Glenway Westcott. Many of the books in ' The Male Homosexual In Literature fall into this category. The large cities have been centers of activity for the production of these works, e.g., San Francisco (see *Jack Spicer). Great Britain: books by *Peter Daniels' Oscars Press fall into this category. German: see *Maldoror in blauen Mond, *Jürgen Baldiga. Poet and dramatist from Great Britain writing in English; he was also a translator from Greek to English. Ca. 1559-1634. He completed Hero and Leander, the *long poem begun by *Christopher Marlowe which Marlowe had left unfinished at his death in 1593. Marlowe wrote the first two sestiads which have a homoerotic episode; Chapman added four sestiads and the edition was published in 1598. In 1611, he published a complete translation of *Homer's Iliad (previously publishing Books 1, 2, 7-11 in 1598 and twelve books in 1609). He died in poverty. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2523: Hero and Leander; item 637 is the play The Gentleman Usher, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1970. Translator from Greek to English from Great Britain. Ca. 1810-1865. Author of Greek *Pastoral Poets (1836), and The Idylls of *Theocritus, Bion and Moschus (London, 1881). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Ioläus (1902), 81-85, 86-87. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1968. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 640: Blue House [: Poems in the Chinese Manner], Honolulu: 9 Beasts Press, 1968 (with co-authors James Liddy and Thomas Hill though they are not cited as poets). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Male Muse, 19-20; biog., 118. His poems show the influence of the Chinese *friendship tradition. Charkianakis, S. S., Archbishop Stylianos Poet from Australia writing in Greek; he was raised in Greece. Born 1935. Author of seventeen books of poems. In his selection of poems in English, Fireworks and Sparrows: Selected Poems (Sydney, 1994), translated into English by *Vrasidas Karales, see the poem "To C. P. *Cavafy" p. 15 on the homosexual Greek poet; biog. note p.73. He is Archbishop of the Greek *Orthodox Church in Australia and has lived in Sydney from 1975. Poet from France who wrote in French. 1394-1465. A well known French poet; his poems speak of love in the abstract and there is no feminine presence. He was a French prisoner of war in Great Britain and wrote some poems in English. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature : see under "Orleans". Criticism. *Herelle manuscript 3188, f. 357-58; homosexual reference not stated. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 196Q. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 27: poem "Pony Boy" re sexual exploitation and prostitution; biog., 174. Brother to Brother, 6Q; biog., 27Q. Here to Dare, 13Q-42; biog., 129 - 'black poet from Kansas City, Missouri; see especially "An Open Letter to Black Men", p. 13B. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1948. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Not Love Alone, 18-20: *free verse poems, not all gay poems; biog., 140: states he lives happily with three gay men in London and speaks Spanish. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1987. Chapbook: Respectively (with *A. W. Mann and *Pat O'brien), London, *Oscars Press, 1987; reprinted 1989: see pp. 20-34; biog., p. 20. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active before 1992. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 559. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1964. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10532: "Tom Hunt" in ONE Magazine 12:7, 1822, July 1964. Poem in French from France. Ca. 850. A poem attributed to Chrestien de Pontoise from a manuscript in the Abbey of Cluny and translated into modern French by Fulcanelli in 1919. An *Arthurian tale in which Sir Galahad is a homosexual. See the text and article by Renald Tremblay in Sortir (Montreal: Aurore, 1978; no editor cited for the poem), pp. 281-97. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1752-1770. A famous forger of poetry, called by *Wordsworth "the marvellous boy", who published the supposed poems of Thomas Rowley, supposedly a 15th century poet. He was taken up by the homosexual *Horace Walpole but later dropped when Walpole realized he was a forger. After this, he wrote the lines "To Horace Walpole" (1769). He also wrote an *elegy to the homosexual *William Beckford (see Complete Works vol. 2, 1971, pp. 713-18); see also his elegy to his friend Phillips. He committed suicide by arsenic poisoning and John Keats dedicated his long poem * Endymion to him. He has been thought to be homosexual by some but no evidence has emerged so far. Biography: John Cranstoun Nevill, Thomas Chatterton (London, 1948); states p. 168 "much of his time was spent in the company of disreputable men". Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Penguin Companion to World Literature. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Ca. 1343-1400. Chaucer is the most famous English poet of the *Middle English period; his poetry is noticeably bawdy, influenced in this respect by *Boccaccio. In his best known work, The Canterbury Tales, a series of tales told by pilgrims on the way to Canterbury Cathedral, the Pardoner is a recognisable homosexual: see the description in the General Prologue lines 669-714 in F. N. Robinson's edition (1933; repr. 1957). This is the first sympathetically portrayed homosexual in English. See *Monica McAlpine, "The Pardoner's Homosexuality and How it Matters", PMLA: Publications of the Modern Language Association 95 (1980), 8-22. The Pardoner is friends with the Summoner who also needs to be considered (see Jill Mann, Chaucer and Medieval Estates Satire, 1973, pp. 145-52). A book length study is Robert S. Sturges, Chaucer's Pardoner and gender theory: bodies of discourse (New York, 2000); bibliographical references pp. 169-224. The Knight's Tale features two strongly *male bonded knights in love with the same woman. *Walter Pater, after comparing the relationship of the knights to that of the two protagonists of * Amis and Amile, commented in The Renaissance: "one knows not whether the love of both Palamon and Arcite for Emelya, or of those two for each other, is the chief subject of the Knight's Tale" (New York, Modern Library Edition, 1965, p. 7). In the Miller's Tale a man pokes another in the backside with a poker. In the Parson's Tale, which is a sermon, the parson states "no man should know his own gender" (line 924 in Robinson's edition). In the *long poem The House of Fame the poet is snatched up and guided by an eagle at the end of Book 1 and in Book 2, an incident which recalls the trope of *Ganymede. Chaucer also partly translated the * Romance of the Rose by Jean de Meung and *Guillaume de Lorris. * Lost lines from the prologue... is a *parody of the poet's style. Biography: the chief facts of Chaucer's life are in Robinson's edition pages pp. xix-xxviii. Chaucer was widely travelled in Europe and knew both French and Italian; he was extremely cosmopolitan with great human sympathy. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 273-76 (re the Pardoner). Criticism. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, item 601. Poet from the Netherlands writing in Dutch. Born 1954. Gay Poetry Anthologies. David heeft ook een achterkant, 52; biog 61. Poet writing in German. Active before 1964. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 47: poem "Das Lied (Einer im Kreise sang ein Lied...)"; no date or source given. No entry in the *British Library General Catalogue. Poet from France who wrote in French. 1752-1794. A *Romantic poet whose verse owes much to the Greeks. He was the son of the French consul to Constantinople and a Greek woman. See "Le poème d'Hylas" (source *Hérelle manuscript 3405); *Hylas trope. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Poem in Javanese from Indonesia. Ca. 1750. References to homosexuality (noticed by the author in travelling around the country) appear in the poem; there are two longish sections. (Professor A. H. Johns, Australian National University, Canberra, to the author, 16 October 1986). Javanese is the main language spoken on Java, the most highly populated Indonesian island where the capital Jakarta is. Other references to homosexuality in Javanese are in popular culture and shadow plays; *oral poems in popular culture may therefore be relevant. For information and manuscripts of Chentini see works compiled by Theodore Pigeaud, e.g., Javanese and Balinese Manuscripts: Descriptive Catalogue (Weisbaden, 1975). The poem is also spelt Centini andTjentini. Old Javanese poems were based on the *Mahabharata and *Ramayana. On homosexuality in Java see *Clifford Geertz, The Religion of Java, 1964, 157, 291, 295, 298 (source: * Human Relations Area Files). Poet and critic from the United States writing in English. Born 1920. He has been a figure on the Californian poetry scene since the late 1970s. His most recent book * Whitman's Wild Children (1988), has the first extended critical discussion on the gay poets John Weiners, James Broughton and *Harold Norse as well as having a section on *Allen Ginsberg. His book Clear Wind was reviewed in The Advocate no. 411, p. 30, by *Steve Abbott. See poems in James White Review vol. 6 no.1 (Fall 1988), 7: excellent gay poems. With *Charles Bukowski he edited the poetry journal Laugh Literary and Man the Humping Guns. He has written biographies of *Charles Bukowski and *Lawrence Ferlinghetti and edited Anthology of L.A. Poets (1972), 64 pages. Poet in English from Great Britain. Acive ca. 1380. Author of the middle English poem *Sir Launful, a *middle English version of one of the Breton lays; see the edition by A. J. Bliss, 1960, p. 276. In this poem at lines 775-80 a man is accused of not being loved by any woman and not liking them; the suggestion of homosexuality is stronger in the version of the story by *Marie de France. The story is from the material relating to *King Arthur. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Poet from Australia writing in English; he was born in Malta. Active 1983. A contributor to the gay poetry journal * Ganymede, he also wrote a biographical contribution to the gay collection of life stories Being Different, edited by Garry Wotherspoon (Sydney, 1986). He arrived in Australia from Malta in 1965 and has helped produce Homosexuals Report Back (on decriminalization of homosexual acts). He has edited two ethnic newspapers and chaired the Victorian Association of Multicultural Writers. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Edge City, 56-8; biog., 221. Love and Death, 40-41; biog., 52. Poet from Portugal who wrote in Portuguese. 1520-1591. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Criticism. Gomes Viana, O homosexualidade no mundo, volume 2, 183-84: an ex Franciscan friar accused of *prostitution with men; he also wrote plays. City in the United States in which English is the main spoken language. Homosexuality is documented from at least 1924. Chicago, at the southern end of Lake Michigan, is the major city of the mid-west of the United States. The state of Illinois, of which Chicago is the capital, was the first state in the United States to decriminalize consenting male homosexual activities in 1962. In 1924, a Society of Human Rights was formed by Henry Gerber to campaign for gay rights. The city is an important publishing centre (see John Boswell, Joseph Pequigney) and has major libraries and the University of Chicago, one of the finest universities in the United States. It has a major gay archives and library, the *Gerber Hart Library (named after a gay man and a lesbian woman). The *black population in now outnumbers the white. Poets: see *Daryl Hine, *J. D. McClatchy, *Stan Persky. See *Frankie and Johnnie for two gay singers of the 1930s. Special articles on the city are in The Advocate 10 June 1982, 27-29, 58 and 18 August, 1983, 28-31 and 58. The city's gay culture was extensively studied by *Alfred C. Kinsey in 1939: see James H. Jones, Alfred C. Kinsey (1997), 371-73. References. Katz, Gay American History, 385-97 and Katz, Gay/ Lesbian Almanac, 418-21: both extracts refer to the founding of the Society of Human Rights, 1924-25 by Henry Gerber, the first United States gay reform organization. Black Men/ White Men, 33-43: prose piece by Ron Vernon about growing up black and gay in Chicago. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 213-15. Poets from the United States who write in Spanish and English but whose primary language is Spanish. Active from 1991. There are many Chicano groups in the United States and an emerging gay Chicano literature. A Preliminary Chicano and Latino lesbian and gay bibliography was published in San Francisco in 1994 by Archivos Rodrigo Reyes for a gay Latino festival held at the Mission Cultural Center. David William Foster, Chicano/Latino homoerotic identities, 1999 is a series of literary essays; bibliographical references pp. 305-52. *Francisco X. Alarcon was one of the first openly gay Chicano poets who has done much to promote Chicano gay literature. *Gil Cuadros has written notably of *Aids. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage: see "Latino Literature". Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Chicano and Latino Gay Cultures". Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Born ca. 1965. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Sugar and Snails, 14-15; biography inside front cover; no birth date given; this state he lives in South Wales so is apparently *Welsh. Chien Chien-I Poet from China who wrote in Chinese. 1582-1664. See Journal of Homosexuality, vol. 14 no. 3-4 (1987), 21: a scholar and poet who praised the beautiful gay man Wang Lang (born 1640-active ca. 1660). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Hummel, Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period (1644-1912). Stories which contain poems in Japanese from Japan. Ca. 1377. The Chigo Monogatori are eight Japanese tales about Buddhist monks and their pages or attendant novices (chigo). They contain some poems. See Margaret H. Childs, "Love Stories or Buddhist Sermons?", Monumenta Nipponica 35 (1980), 127-51: this includes a translation of "A Long Tale for an Autumn Night" 131-51, with poems. *Pederasty is the dominant form of homosexual love in the poems. This form of mixed prose and poems is called a *prosimetrum. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan: Dramatist and poet from Japan who wrote in Japanese. 1653-1725. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 652, lists the play Love Suicides in the Women's Temple - parts of the play are in poetry. A playwright who wrote kabuki and other plays. His real name was Sugimori Nobunori. See Leupp, Male Colors: The Construction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan, p. 30 for a poem from this play. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Active from 1936. In James Kirkup, A Poet could not but be Gay (1991), pp. 120-21, he is stated to be a poet who taught at Leeds University around 1950 and was gay. The *British Library General Catalogue shows several volumes of poems published. Oral poems in English from Great Britain, the United States and Australia. Explicit sexual references occur in these works though homosexual reference is slight and only dates from 1951. Great Britain. *Norman Douglas was the first to collect these oral poems; see London Street Games (1916; revised and enlarged 1931). However the material he published is not homosexual. Australia. Material comes from Great Britain in almost all cases. See Wendy Lowenstein, Improper Play Rhymes of Australian Children, 1988 (first published as Shocking, Shocking, Shocking, 1974). Originally collected between 1967 and 1973 in *Melbourne, the poems may be at least 100 years old. The book contains some homosexual material: e.g., pp. 22 ("The boy stood on the burning deck"; dated 1951-52), 25 "Carlton Bitter" (possible reference), 30 "Down in the valley" (possible reference), 41 B "In days of old" (fucking not depending on the sex of the person or even a person), 46 B "Listen to the story" (anal sex reference), 48 "Way down in Alabama" (homosexual *finger fucking; source: United States), 53 "Not last night", 55 "The old brown bull" (possible reference), 58 "PK chewing gum", 67 "Tiddley winks young man" (explicitly homosexual; compare the Sydney poem: "If you can't find a woman/ Get a Cranbrook man [referring to the *Sydney private school, Cranbrook School] which also has a *Melbourne equivalent "If you can't find a woman/ Get a Grammar man"). See also Ian Turner, Cinderella Dressed in Yella, second expanded edition 1982 (first edition 1969), p. 8 "Bugger bugger bitch bum", p. 45 "When Susy was a poofta"; 93 D - "P K Chewing Gum" - and E - "Yum, yum, bubble gum" (strong reference). See also *Bawdry. Historian and critic from the United States writing in English about Japanese culture. Active 1980. Author of : "Japan's Homosexual Heritage" in Gai Saber vol. 1 no. 1 (Spring 1977), 41-45 - a brilliant survey with bibliography. This work was the pioneering study of Japanese gay culture in English. See *Murasaki Shikibu, *Anonymous poems - Japanese, *Shoguns, *Gozan literature and * Chigo Monogatori. Poet from Malaysia who lives in the United States and writes in English. Born 1969. Books of poems: Bite Hard (1996) and Mongrel (1998). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros in Boystown, 20-21; biog., 60: a writer and performance artist who lives in *San Francisco. A Day for a Lay, 291-94; biog., 291: born in Malaysia and raised in Singapore he now resides in San Francisco. The World in Us: Lesbian and Gay Poetry of the Next Wave, 32-39; biog., 360-61. Word of Mouth, 437-47. Chinese poetry written in Japan, Korea and Vietnam There is a large volume of Chinese poetry written in Japan, Korea and Vietnam which dates from at least 1200 since all *scholars and *Emperors in these countries wrote Chinese characters and invariably wrote poems in Chinese. See also *Scribes, Calligraphy. There have been successive waves of influence but *T'ang poets have been especially influential, especially *Tu Fu and *Li Po. Japan. In the Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan see the article "Poetry and prose in Chinese". See also *Kukai, *Gozan literature, *Buson, *Ryokan, ikkyu. Burton Watson, Japanese Literature in Chinese (1976) is a survey. Korea and Vietnam: *Confucianism and *Buddhism have moulded much poetry. Place in Greece where Greek is spoken. Island and city associated with the poet *Ion of Chios (active 500 B.C.), *Likymnios, and the poet *Simonides (ca. 556 B.C.-468 B.C.). Poet from the United States who wrote in English; he also lived in Italy in later life. 1913-1972. The son of a very rich man, he was a minor poet who wrote six volumes of poetry and was twice married; he seems to have been bisexual (or heterosexual in the earlier part of his life) and in the latter part of his life homosexual, based on letters he wrote during that time. In Lament of the Lovers (New York, 1947), see the title poem. He lived in Europe for much of his life. Manuscripts are in the *Library of Congress including a gay *limerick called "Trade". Gay lover letters addressed to Rolf Anderson written in the last years of his life are held in the Library of Congress, which also holds photographs of his splendid house in Italy. (The author expresses thanks to the manuscript section of the *Library of Congress for drawing my attention to his manuscripts.) Poet from Korea who wrote in Korean. 1553-1627. See Lee, Poems from Korea, pp. 107-08; biog., p. 107. Four poems survive all addressed to a *boy. He was governor of Kangwon Province. Poet and songwriter from Korea who wrote in Korean. Ca. 1536-1594. See Lee, Poems from Korea, pp. 87-106; biog., 87. Strong poems of personal attachment to the king based on *Confucian values; these poems read at times like homosexual love poems. A *sijo poet who was also a musician. Poet from China who wrote in Chinese. 1898-1976. A leading member of the *Communist Party in China and premier and foreign minister after 1949 and later close to *Mao Tse-Tung (the leader of the Chinese Communist Party) Chou en Lai was later Foreign Minister and very popular with the people. In his youth he was an *actor, sometimes taking female roles and, as an educated Chinese, a *scholar. In the Cultural Revolution he was a moderating influence and saved many cultural sites including the Potala Palace in Tibet, now a World Heritage site. At his death there was a spontaneous outpouring of emotion for him in *Beijing when flowers and posters appeared in Tiananmen Square. Though a handsome man, he married an ugly woman in 1925 and they had no children. He is believed to have been gay by some sources; information from a senior Chinese librarian in the *Library of Congress. He was an outstanding diplomat and negotiator. In Quest: Poems of Chou En-lai, translated by Nancy T. Lin (Hong Kong, 1979) is a selection of his poems. Poems in this work are very traditional and reveal nothing of the poet's emotions (possibly relevant is "Bon Voyage to Li Yu-ju 1920", pp. 21 -25); some poems from this work are included in Merrilyn Fitzpatrick, Zhou Enlai (St. Lucia, Queenaland, 1984), p. 11. A volume of poems inspired by his death was published in Peking in 1978 titled Tien-an-men shih chao. (Chou En-lai is spelt in *Wade Giles romanization.) Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Born 1897. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 95-96: poem about "a *boy who had watched me always/ Having great trust in me"; biog., 231: a Lieutenant in World War I 1917, poems appeared in Crimson Stains, 1917, and Memory, 1918. Poet from France who wrote in France. Active 1160-80. His Perceval was the source for *Gottfried von Strassburg's work. His Tristan is lost. Both these works are *long poems. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Criticism. *Herelle manuscript 3188, f. 357-58: homosexual reference not stated. Editor of works in Persian and critic from Denmark who wrote in Danish and French; he was also a translator from Persian to Danish and English. 1875-1945. The most important person to work on the text of the Persian poet *Omar Khayyam from 1900 to 1930. He established the fact that the manuscript tradition was very corrupt with many poems being added to the original stock by other poets . He was a Danish scholar who was the author of Omar Khajjams Ruba'iyat, 1903 (in Danish), Recherches sur les Ruba'iyat de 'Omar Khayyam, 1905 (in French). See also "Critical Studies in the Ruba'iyat of 'Umar-i- Khayyam" in Historisk-Filologiske Meddelelser, vol. 14, 1927. He translated Omar Khayyam into English in 1927 and Danish in 1943 and wrote an article on *'Ubayd Zakani in French (in Acta Orientalia 3 [1924], 1-37). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Iranica; with bibl. citing 327 items. Poet from Australia writing in English. Born 1911. In North Coast (1943) see "Friend of the Crane" (for *Shaw Neilson) p.18 and "My Love is a Golden Bough" p. 20, both *non gender specific love poems. In South Coast (1944), see "Comes an Echo to my Heart" p. 12 (homoerotic *male bonding), "Dream-World of the Haute Bourgeoisie" p. 19, a satire on homosexual *aesthetes ("Bored with the world, with life,/ he turns to *Proust..../ Vicariously he minces from party to party/ With Madame Verdurin"). In Dirge and Lyrics, 1945 - dedicated "For Nina, in memory of Jim" - see "Thus Winter Comes" pp. 3-5 (a non gender specific love poem about an unhappy love affair), "Song" p. 6 and "Affirmation" p. 7. In The Hand of Memory, 1970, see "The Challenge of Your Eyes" p. 76 (non gender specific love poem which seems inspired, however, by his wife Nina). A leading *Marxist who founded the literary journal Meanjin in 1940 and was instrumental in the promulgation of the doctrine of *mateship. He had close links with the Brisbane Barjai poets *Laurence Collinson and *Barrett Reid when he lived in Brisbane 194045. He wrote the poems Having Loved (1979) to his wife Nina. His early books are rare; copies sighted: Mitchell Library, Sydney. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Songs initially in Latin, Greek, Syriac, Coptic, Ethiopic, Armenian and Georgian and in later centuries in *European and other languages of *Christianity. They survive from ca. 300 in Israel, Greece, Italy, Syria, Egypt, Ethiopia, Armenia and Georgia and later all other practicing Christian countries worldwide (for information about languages into which one book of the Bible has been translated see the * Bible entry). *Hymns, which are songs in praise of a *god, exist from ancient Egyptian times: see *Akhenaton. Listed here are only the languages of early Christianity. Greek. For sources to 400 see Queneau, Histoire des littératures, volume one, pp. 576-620. Syrian, Coptic and Ethiopic have strong early Christian religious traditions. Syrian: These hymns possibly emerge from Canaanite religion and worship of the Mother Goddess which had a homosexual component. See Dawes, A Phase of Roman Life, pp. 159-60 (the priests of the mother goddess were vowed to celibacy like Christian priests and castrated themselves). Apulius, Book 8 has a homosexual reference in relation to the priests; see also *Lucian. For Christianity see *Saint Ephraim. Coptic and Ethiopic. These are *Semitic languages spoken in Upper Egypt and Ethiopia. The literary language of Ethiopian is called Ge'ez (modern Ethiopian has several dialects, the main one of which is Amharic). In Coptic, *Gnosticism was strong. Hymns in all three languages continue in existence today. Armenian. See Hovanessian, Anthology of Armenian Poetry, pp. 36-75. A very strong homoerotic component exists in these Armenian hymns. Georgian. Early hymns exist. Religion originating in Israel in Aramaic from ca. 30. The *Gospels, which record the sayings of Jesus, were in existence from 60, written down in Greek. The religion dates back to the oral teachings of Jesus Christ, who spoke in Aramaic, from ca. 30. The Gospels have been extensively translated and are almost certainly the most translated work in the world (the only other contender is the works of Marx and Engels which are the basis of *Communism). Christianity is the major religion of Europe and large parts of the world (except eastern and southern Asia). It is based on the teaching of Jesus Christ and is especially growing in Africa. It has a strong homosexual component is its philosophy of love - in the words of Jesus Christ "Love one another" (Gospel of John chapter 13, verse 34). The Christian church split into western and eastern sections from 324 when the capital of the *Roman empire was moved from *Rome to *Istanbul. The western church became the *Catholic Church and the eastern, the various *Orthodox churches (see *Law - Greek). The crucial issue here from a homosexual point of view is the overthrow of the old Greek culture where homosexuality played a large part with a Christian world view based on heterosexual marriage. *Michel Foucault deals with this issue in his History of Sexuality. The rise of *homophobia in Christian cultures is recorded from the first centuries of Christianity. A study of sexuality and Christianity (despite its misleading title) is William A. Brend, Sacrifice to Attis: A Study of Sex and Civilisation, London, 1936; this work takes the view that the church has caused much misery by taking the position that sex is inherently sinful. The Catholic church was dominant in western Europe until the *Renaissance, when splits led to the rise of *Protestant churches (which emphasized reading the * New Testament as distinct from the religious ritual of attending the Christian service, the Mass, which in the west was conducted in Latin until the 1960s). Christianity has been anti-gay for most of its history: see *Michel Foucault, *Law - Christian and the Hebrew story of *Sodom and Gomorrah from the Old Testament which influenced Christian ideas about homosexuality. Recent trends are towards toleration of homosexuality. Links with other Asian religions. Christianity relates to religions emanating from India which relate to love, such as forms of *Hinduism (especially religious beliefs centered on *Siva and *Krishna); see, for instance, N. K. Devareya, Hinduism and Christianity, Bombay, 1969. These Hindu religions may in turn have been influenced by Christianity and Greek philosophy: see *Debate on Love - Greek. Persian religions such as *Zoroastrianism are also relevant and interconnection between Persian and Indian religions needs to be considered in the emergence of Christianity. *Walter Schubart has written a valuable study of religion and *eros including Christianity. For the relationship of the Christian idea of the resurrection to Egyptian religion see *Osiris and *Sir James Fraser. See *Aelred of Rievaulx, *Angel, *Petrus Berchorius, John Boswell, *Censorship - Latin, *Christianos (pseud.), *Dinos Christianopoulos (pseud.), *Debate on Love, * Gospels, Jesus Christ, *Ganymede, *Hilary, *Humanism, *Hilary, *Istanbul, * Medieval Latin Poems of Male Love and Friendship, Saint *Paul, *Saints, *Thomas Aquinas. Compare *Sufism. By the 1980s there were gay Christian churches, especially in the United States; for example, the Metropolitan Community Church (with branches in other countries such as Australia). An unusual one is the Church of Saint *Priapus, in *San Francisco: see Andy Nyberg, "The Organ-ized religion", The Advocate, 1 September 1983, 35, 36, 52: this notes, page 36, that the service begins with the Priapum in which "a poem about Priapus or the penis is read". Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary; excellent short history of the church to 350. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 221-25: "Christianity"; 954-59: "Patristic Writers" (details the *homophobia of the early church); see also "Anglicanism", 58-60, "Clergy, Gay", 239-42. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Cassell's Encyclopedia of Queer Myth, Symbol, and Spirit. Gay Histories and Cultures. Other. Bailey, Homosexuality and the Western Christian Tradition, 29-63, 82-120. Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance and Homosexuality: the whole work is relevant for the *Middle Ages; see especially 91-166. Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality: Gay People in Western Europe from the Beginning of the Christian Era to the Fourteenth Century Book from the United States which includes an anthology in Latin and English. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1981. This book, by John Boswell, is a major survey of the social and historical background to 1300 A.D., including an anthology of Latin poems in translation, pp. 355-402, the first collection of Latin homopoems; the Latin texts of two poems are included. Poets and poems: *Marbod of Rennes pp. 370-71, *Hilary pp. 372-74, * Carmina Burana pp. 378-80, * Ganymede and Helen (*Altercatio ganimedis) pp. 381-89, "A Perverse Custom" ("*Quam pravus est mos") pp. 389-92,"Ganymede and Hebe" (*"Post aquile raptus") pp. 392-398 (translation and Latin text, 12th or 13th century), "Married clergy" ("Nos uxorati") pp. 398-400 (translation and Latin text, 12th or 13th century), "Ganymede" (13th century?) p. 401, "Triangle" (13th century?) p. 401. Several key Latin prose works are also translated. Christianopoulos, Dinos (pseud.) Pseudonym of a poet, editor of a journal and publisher from Greece writing in Greek. Born 1931. A major homosexual poet of contemporary Greece, who published openly gay poems from his first book, published in 1950 onwards, and lives in *Thessaloniki; he is an expert on the history of the city and has written several books on the subject. His pseudonym, adopted in 1945, means Dinos, son of Christ. He runs an art gallery and is a publisher including of his own poetry. He also publishes the magazine Diagonal. His poetry is in the tradition of *Cavafy, who has greatly influenced him; however, he has gone further than Cavafy in exploring erotic gay sexuality: where Cavafy hinted, Christianopoulos is more explicit. His poems are regularly re-written and his several books of poems were gathered into one volume, Poemata (Poems), 1985, published in an edition of 5,000 copies; this includes his poems from 1949 to 1984 and lists at the end twenty-one books of poems published to 1985 (although several of these collate earlier volumes). In 1995 there was a new edition titled in Greek Poiimata (Poems) (Athens:Odysseas, 1995) also published in Thessaloniki in 1998 His prose works are listed opposite the title page; they include the short stories The Downward Path (1980), and The Rembetes of the World (1986), subsequently published in a single collection, The Downward Path(in Greek I kato volta), 1991 (all books are in Greek). His essays were published in 1999 as Dokimia (Athens: Bilieto) and autobiographical articles were published in this year in Thessaloniki with a Greek title meaning "In Thessaloniki where I was committed". His booklet of poems Nekri Piatza (Piazza of Death), 1983 (repr.), features a coloured wood cut on the cover with a youth shining the shoes of a man in army uniform displaying overtones of *sado-masochism. His later poems such as those in Small Poems (1975) owe much to the ancient Greek *epigram tradition. Overall, his work is equal to that of the best ancient Greek homopoets and Cavafy. He studied philosophy at Thessoloniki and his poetry has philosophical depth. He was adopted as a child and has never traced his parents. Both John Taylor and Kimon Friar are said to be working on books on the poet (information from the poet and the Gay Sunshine article above). See *Kimon Friar, "The poetry of Dinos Cristianopoulos: An Introduction", Journal of the Hellenic Diaspora, vol. 6 no. 1 (Spring 1979), 57-58; includes a selection of English translations. A photograph appears on the internet on a page devoted to him as a guest of the Frankfurt Bookfair 2001. Translation. See * Gay Sunshine 42/43 (1980), 7: English translation by Kimon Friar of several poems and a biographical note. Christopher Street no. 200 (April 1993), 11-13, has a translation of a selection by Nicholas Kostis of Boston University who is said to be completing a book of translations of Christianopoulos's poems (see biographical note on the journal's title page); a biographical note on the poet is also on the title page. Poems (Athens: Odysseas, 1995) is a selection translated by Nicholas Kostis, a professor of French and Modern Grek at Boston University (information from his internet homepage); this states a translation of The Naked Piazza, which consists of poetry and prose of Dinos Christianopoulos, is complete. Swedish: a translation was titled Jag Faller Oavbrutet Ner I Natten (ca. 1990, trans. not known, possibly *Nils Hallbeck). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Drobci stekla v ustih, 105; biog., 182. Criticism. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 502-03. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 673-75: trans. *Kimon Friar. Gay Books Bulletin no.12 (Spring/Summer 1985, 11-13): John Taylor, "The Poetry of Dinos Cristianopoulos", with translations and containing the most up to date list of his books. Christianos (pseud.) Poet from Australia who wrote in English. Active 1B47. Author of a *ballad, "Hail! Sons of Freedom, Hail!", quoted in J. Syme, History of Van Diemen's Land (London, 1848), 200-201. The poem was first printed in the Launceston Examiner, 5 May, 1847. The eighth stanza reads: "Shall Tasman's isle so fam'd/ So lovely and so fair,/ From other nations be estrang'd - / The name of *Sodom bear?". This is the first known direct reference to male homosexuality in Australian English language poetry so far. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active before 1982. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Keine Zeit für gute Freunde, 82: poem "Heimkehr". Oral poem in English from the United States. First documented ca. 1892. Famous erotic *ballad with a strong homosexual streak. See *Immortalia, *Vance Randolph, *Mark Twain (discussing the poem's recorded history), *Ed Cray. Journal in English from the United States. 1976-1997. A *New York monthly journal of great gay cultural importance. Poems are regularly published and articles written on poetry; many articles are primary sources of information on gay poets and are excellent. It is owned and edited by the poet *Charles Ortleb. The journal is discussed in The Advocate no. 508 (27 September 1988), celebrating issue 120: the founder is supposed to have said "No one will ever masturbate over this magazine" which differentiates the journal from *pornography. Issues have tended to be uneven. Over 200 issues have appeared. The magazine has been quite daring, for instance early issues featured three articles *outing the gay and bisexual dancer *Rudolf Nureyev. See the selection in M. Denneny and others, The View from Christopher Street (New York, 1983 and London, 1984), which contains many cultural articles including several on *Gennady Trifonov. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gay Histories and Cultures. Poet from Greece writing in Greek. Active from 1973. See his Ta Archaia Vrephi (Athens, 1983), 208 pages; fine gay photographic illustrations, many of sailors and the naked torsos of men. This book collects several previous books of the author. He has written two books of biographies on women singers of Greece. Transliteration is taken from the *Library of Congress catalog. Criticism. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 503; his name spelt Khronas. Poem from Greece in Greek. Ca. 1350. An anonymous account of the Frankish conquest of the Morea. Close *male bonding occurs. The author express thanks to Professor Elizabeth Jefferies, Professor of Byzantine and Modern Greek, University of Oxford, for help with this entry. There are French, Italian and Aragonese (i.e. Spanish) versions as well. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium . Figure in myth from Greece in Greek poetry from ca. 451 B.C. First mentioned in a fragment of *Praxilla (active 451 B.C.), Chrysippus was *raped by *Laius, the first king of Thebes. Traditionally this occurred sometime before 600 B.C. when Laius was banished. For the artistic depiction see * Lexicon Iconograhicum Mythologiae Classicae, vol. 2, Part 1, p. 287 and the plates. He appears in art in Italy as early as the Etruscan period, ca. 350 B.C. on the Chrysippus Cista (see Otto Brendel, Etruscan Art, 1978, pp. 352-54); this is an important work of Etruscan art. For possible relevant works in Etruscan see *Songs - Etruscan. Criticism. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 463. Sergent, Homosexuality in Greek Myth, 60-67. Poet, publisher and illustrator from Great Britain writing in English. 1892-1960. Living in poverty, Ralph Chubb was the most open homosexual poet in Great Britain from 1924 to 1960; he was on one occasion threatened with exposure for being gay. He published his books from 1924 to his death and was most active as a gay poet from 1928. The books were published in small editions, lithographically reproduced from 1930, with only limited circulation. Before 1930, his works were made on a hand press and illustrated with woodcuts. He made only a few copies of each work, reusing piece of wood to redo the next page and thus destroying the page. As a poet, he is in the tradition of *William Blake who also engraved his books in small editions. He studied art at The Slade School in London. He is one of the most fascinating of all homosexual poets but his poetry is very uneven in quality. It has poems on *pedophile and *pederast themes and the poet evolved a mystic philosophy of *boy love. A critical evaluation has been attempted by *Tariq Rahman; however, Chubb's work has been inadequately assessed so far. His works were saved by his sister, Muriel, and many were acquired by *Anthony Reid. The Child of Dawn, 1948 (30 copies only) and Flames of Sunrise, 1953 (25 copies only), are major works. The Child of Dawn is regarded by Anthony Reid as his masterpiece. Copies of his books are in the major British deposit libraries and are also believed to be in the *Humanities Research Center, sold to them by Anthony Reid. Biography: see *Anthony Reid (who is working on a definitive biography), *Timothy d'Arch Smith. The best published bibliography of his works, apart from the seventeen works listed in the references below, is by Anthony Reid who has compiled a brilliant annotated bibliography in his article on Chubb published in The Private Library (1970), 141-56 ("His Life") and 193-213 ("His Work"); this also has a bibliography of articles about Chubb, 211-12. The bibliography of nineteen published books and fifteen published articles by Chubb is on pp. 194-211 and there is an "extensively expurgated" biography of the poet which includes illustrations of pages from his books; the articles have been reproduced in an offprint. Compare *Frederick Rolfe. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 227: Tine account by *Stephen Wayne Foster. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10533-45: The Book of God's Madness, Newberry, printed for the author, 1929 "A poem of paiderastic love", The Child of Dawn or, The Book of the Manchild, Newberry, privately printed, 1927, The Cloud and the Voice, Newberry: privately printed, 1927, A Fable of Love and War, Curridge, printed by author, 1925 "Poetic tale of paiderastic love", The Golden City with Idylls and Allegories, "Lithographed by Chubb and posthumously published, 1961. Mostly poems of boy love", The Heavenly Cupid, Newberry, 1934 "Lithographed by Chubb", Manhood, Curridge, privately printed, 1924, The Secret Country; 1939, "Lithographed by Chubb", Songs of Mankind, Newberry, printed for the author, 1930, "Paiderastic poems", Songs, Pastoral and Paradisal, Brockweir: Tintern Press, 1935, The Sun Spirit: A Visionary Phantasy, 1931, "Lithographed by Chubb", Treasure Trove, 1957 "Lithographed by Chubb", Water-cherubs: A Book of Original Drawings and Poetry, "Lithographed by Chubb". Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 658-75: An Appendix: A Random Collection of Original Ideas noted down at odd times in varying personal moods and circumstances in an old Bombing Note-book..., Ashford Hill: privately printed, 1929, The Book of God's Madness, privately printed, 1928, The Child of Dawn or, The Book of the Manchild, Newbury, privately printed, 1948, The Cloud and the Voice (A Fragment), Newbury: privately printed, 1927, The Day of St. Alban, Pinner: Middlesex: Cuckoo Hill Press, for *Anthony Reid, 1965, A Fable of Love and War. A Romantic Poem, Curridge: privately printed, 1925, Flames of Sunrise: A Book of the Man Child Concerning the Redemption of Albion, Newbury: privately printed, 1954, The Golden City with Idylls and Allegories, Newbury: privately printed, 1961, The Heavenly Cupid: or, The True Paradise of Loves, Newbury: privately printed, 1934, Manhood. A Poem, Curridge, Berkshire: privately printed, 1924, The Sacrifice of Youth. A Poem, Curridge, Berkshire: privately printed, 1924, The Secret Country; or, Tales of Vision, Newbury: privately printed, 1939, The Shipboy's Tale, Sub Signo Libelli Press, 1977, Songs of Mankind, Newberry: privately printed , 1930, Songs, Pastoral and Paradisal, Brockweir, Gloucestershire: Tintern Press, 1935, The Sun Spirit: A Visionary Phantasy, New bury: privately printed, 1931, Treasure Trove: Early Tales and Romances with Poems, Newbury: privately printed, 1957, Water-cherubs: A Book of Original Drawings and Poetry, Newbury: privately printed, 1937. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 299-304. Drobci stekla v ustih, 41-42. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 156-58: excellent choice of poems. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 391-97. A Day for a Lay, 20-25; biog., 20. Criticism. Arcadie, no. 111 (March 1963), 137-44: article in French by *Timothy d'Arch Smith (trans. by Marc Daniel: see The Private Library, 1970, 212). Eglinton, Greek Love, 404-05. International Journal of Greek Love, vol. 1 no. 1 (1965), 5-17: article by *Oliver Drummond (pseud. of *Timothy d'Arch Smith; see The Private Library, 1970, 212) with bibliography of Chubb's books and discussion of his life. Gay Sunshine no. 35, pp. 26-27: "The Naked Torchbearer" by Enrico Donati (pseud?). Smith, Love in Earnest, 219-32; bibl. of his books 242-44. Smith, Books of the Beast, 75-88. Translator from Russian to English from Russia. 1882-1969. A famous literary figure in the Soviet Union, he was of peasant background (which perhaps saved him from the Stalinist purges); he lived in Great Britain, 1903-04, and was head of the English language translation section of the Moscow publishing house World Literature from 1918. He was a translator of *Whitman: Walt Whitman: Anarchist Poet (the title is in Russian) (1907; later editions exist). He also translated *Oscar Wilde into Russian. In later life he became a much revered literary figure. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Terras, Handbook of Russian Literature. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1979. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 675a: book of poems Cloud Nine, London: Pluto Press, 1979. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1731-1764. Author of The Times, a satire on vice and homosexuality in the manner of Juvenal: the author is familiar with the relevant literature and the main character Apicius recalls *Trimalchio in *Petronius's Satyricon; as well, the tropes of *Ganymede and *Hylas (lines 33234), *Corydon (line 430) and *Patroclus (lines 513-18) are used. The character Stone (line 476) is known from a letter of *Horace Walpole to be George Stone, Archbishop of Ireland. who was accused of sodomy in 1752 (see "Stone in Churchill's Times", Notes and Queries no. 30, February 1983, 60-61 by James Walton). The letter in question is in Walpole's Letters edited by W. S. Lewis, vol. 20, pp. 315-316. He also wrote The Rosciad (1761), a *satire on contemporary *actors, including *Samuel Foote and *David Garrick. See also the poem "Not spare the man I Love, not dare to feel", in Poetical Works, edited by D. Grant (1956), p. 451: this sarcastically implies *Pope might be homosexual. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionary of National Biography: noting, p. 311, The Times is "on a revolting subject". Dictionary of Literary Biography. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 176-77: extract from The Times (1764), lines 293-334. Hallam, Book of Sodom, 131-34: text of The Times (1764). Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 185-85: from The Times. Criticism. Karlen, Sexuality and Homosexuality, 144. Novelist and poet from Australia. Born 1964. Of English-Maltese descent, he lives in Melbourne. Distractions, 1992, is his first novel. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Dessaix, Australian Gay and Lesbian Writing, 221: poem "The Ecstasy" from Distractions; biog., 375. Philosopher from Italy writing in Latin. 106 B.C.-43 B.C. References to homosexuality in Cicero are important because they reveal to us Roman knowledge of ancient Greek homopoetry, much of which - for example the work of *Ibycus - has subsequently been lost. His Laelius de amicitia (Laelius on friendship) is a discussion of *friendship which continues from the tradition initiated in Greek by *Plato in his dialogue Lysis. It strongly influenced *Aelred of Rievaulx who refers to it in his work. In English, the poem * Cicero's Laelius, supposedly a translation of Laelius de amicitia, is a brilliant work. See also *Friendship - Latin, *W. Kroll. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 234: see "Cicero" (1). Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 231-32. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 78-82. Criticism. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 470: re the Greek poet *Ibycus. Dover, Greek Homosexuality, 195: cites Tusculan Disputations iv, 71, referring to the Greek poet *Alcaeus "singing of the love of youths". Lilja, Homosexuality in Republican and Augustan Rome, 88-97: re Cicero's Orations; index 150-52. Cicero's Laelius: A Discourse of Friendship Poem in English from Great Britain. Published in 1691. This is a long *pastoral dialogue on the nature of love based on *Cicero's Laelius de amicitia. No author is given. The title page continues: A Pastoral Dialogue Occasioned by the death of the Honourable J T. Two shepherds have lost their loved ones: *Lycidas has lost his female lover and Alcon his male friend *Daphnis. They debate whether love or friendship is best, and especially how friendship is related to love. In the end they decide to join together. It is preceded by a long prose discussion on the topic and is sixty-nine pages in length. Laelius appears as an exemplar of friendship in German in *Sebastian Brant. Criticism. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, item 3064. Courouve, Ces petits grecs, 13-14. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 231-32. Poet from Cuba who lives in the United States and writes in English. Born 1922. He is the author of the book of poems The Colors of Love: Memories of Young Love, ca. 1993, 62 pp. Cited in *Prinz Eisenherz (editors), Lyrik (Poetry) list of 1993 (no pagination but alphabetical listing). The author was born in Cuba which he left in 1960, how living in the United States where he obtained a Ph. D. in history. He has written many books and articles in the field of law and history; the book deals with his travels and experiences with young males. Cinaedic songs - Greek and Latin Songs in Greek from ancient Greece and in Latin from Italy. From ca. 380 B.C. Greek. Cinaedic songs are sung by a * kinaidos (Latin: cinaedus), a male prostitute and dancer at a banquet such as *Plato's *Symposium (ca. 380 B.C.). They are generally assumed to be ribald: see *bawdry, *dancing, * skolia, *songs. See Brandt, Sittengeschichte griechenlands, volume 2, p. 202, and Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, p. 488 (referring to *Sotades and stating the earliest meaning ot*cinaedus as "lover of boys" and it was then given to homosexual dancers). Latin. See *Forberg, Manual of Classical Erotology and Brandt, Sittengeschichte griechenlands, volume 3, 237 (this refers to songs from *Petronius from the 1st century A.D.). See also *bawdry, *songs. Cinaedus, also spelt Kinaidos or Kinaedos Word in Greek from Greece from ca. 380 B.C. and later Latin from Italy. A passive homosexual or homosexual *prostitute (who was frequently a dancer at a * symposium). The word passed from Greek to Latin where, in the spelling cinaedus, it usually had connations of a person who was anally penetrated. *Cinaedic songs were songs sung by a dancer at a men's symposium which usually had a bawdy content. Greek. See Pauly, Wissowa, Paulys Real-Encyclopadie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft: "Kinaidos"; Liddell and Scott, Greek-English Lexicon: "Kinaidos". See *Sotades, * Symposium (380 B.C.). Latin: see Oxford Latin Dictionary : "cinaedus" citing *Catullus 16.2, *Martial and Juvenal; *F. K. Forberg (re Manual of Classical Erotology), *Pacificus Maximus, *Petronius. Singer in Turkish from Turkey. Active ca. 1780. A famous eighteenth century dancing boy about whom the poet *Enderunlu Fazil wrote a poem; he was almost certainly homosexual and sang songs. Compare *Gulab Singh. Circle of Agathias Scholasticus Anthology in Greek from Turkey. Possibly ca. 568. It is also called The Cycle of Agathias depending on the translation of the Greek word kuklos (which may mean "circle, cycle, garland"). An anthology compiled by *Agathias Scholasticus which may have included homosexual poems, but in view of the *homophobia of the compiler this seems unlikely, though it cannot be ruled out. The contents are described in the * Palatine Anthology, iv, 3: 113-33, but no poets are named. In *W. R. Paton, Greek Anthology (1916), in Book 1, poem vii, it is called a "strictly contemporary work" made in the age of Justinian. (On Justinian see *Law - Greek). Bookseller and publisher from the United States publishing in English from ca. 1955. A bookshop and publishing house in *San Francisco owned by *Lawrence Ferlinghetti associated with the *Beat poets. It published *Allen Ginsberg's Howl in 1956 and was prosecuted for obscenity. They have also published *Antler (pseud.). The journal City Lights Review no. 2, 1988, 8-56 contains a forum on *"Aids, Cultural Life and the Arts". Other authors published include *George Dowden, *Gregory Corso, *Charles Henri Ford, Jack Kerouac, *Peter Orlovsky, *Pier Paolo Pasolini. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1991. Gay book of poems: Songs of Surrender (Fithian Press: Santa Barbara, CA, 1991), 92 pp.; reviewed in James White Review vol. 10 no. 3 (Spring 1993), 17. Poems of love, fear and sorrow, many dealing with gay relationships in the age of *Aids. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1883-after 1922. A *cowboy poet and writer of ballads who lived in Arizona who wrote a book of poems Sun and Saddle (1915; repr.). The Boston 1922 edition of Sun and Saddle states, p. xviii, "He is thirty-eight years old and unmarried." Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10546: Sun and Saddle, 1915. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 678: Sun and Saddle. With Additional Poems, Boston: R. G. Badger, 1917. Criticism. Katz, Gay American History, 511-12: text of the cowboy poem, "The Lost Pardner", showing strong homoerotic sympathy for a dead cowboy ("We loved each other in the way men do/ And never spoke about it...") from Sun and Saddle (published in several editions 1915-1922). Poet probably from the United States who wrote in English. Active before 1924. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 83: poem "Give Me One *Friend". Poet from Australia writing in English. Born ca. 1925. See the poem "Crete" in Ian Mudie, editor, Australian Poets at War (1944), 44: "the armies clash and wilt,/ And blood, such pretty blood is spilt." Pretty, an adjective usually applied to homosexuals when referring to males, implies homoeroticism. In The Secret Springs (1980), see p. 129, "Why Hast Thou Blinded Me?" - homoerotic sentiment. Several books are listed in the Mitchell Library Catalogue, published from 1944 to 1972. A runner and male nurse at Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Melbourne, he atended meetings of the Melbourne Gay Church, Christ's Community Church (*John Willis to the author). His sexuality is not known. Biographer from the United States writing in English. Born 1941. Author of a candid biography * Charles Olson (New York, 1991), which discusses Olsen's inadequacies as a heterosexual lover and possible latent homosexuality pp. 130-31, 135-36 and 224 (dreams of sexual encounters with male students and "troubles of *Androgyne"). The book stresses his close relationships with *Robert Duncan, *Robert Creeley and *Ed Dorn and *Oedipal elements in his character (see pp. ix-x). Olson was aware of homosexuality in *Melville and wrote on this subject: see pp. 62, 135-36 and 13940. On p. 217 he refers to 'the "muddiness of the underlying homosexuality" that "made *Black Mountain's psychic landscape so ambiguous"; however, in public at Black Mountain, Olson maintained a *homophobic attitude. See also *Edward Dahlberg. Tom Clark is a poet who has published some thirty-six collections of poetry to 1990: see his entry in Ian Hamilton, editor, The Oxford Companion to Twentieth-Century Poetry (1994). Book collector from the United States of works mainly in English. Active from 1920-died 1934. A famous collector of books, manuscripts and photographs of *Oscar Wilde and his circle, who founded the library named after himself in Los Angeles, The William Andrews Clark Library (see Steele, Libraries of the World on the library). The library is now part of the University of California at Los Angeles and concentrates on collecting English language works from 1640 to 1750. There is a catalog of Clark's collection of Wildeiana: The Library of William Andrews Clark, Jr., Wilde and Wildeiana, San Francisco, 1922-34, 5 volumes (very rare; printed in an edition of 50 copies). On the Wilde collection see also the catalog compiled by John Charles Finzi, Oscar Wilde and His Literary Circle (Berkeley, 1957), which is a photographic reproduction of cards of the manuscript collection of Wildeiana (the collection also includes portraits of Wilde). The collecting of the Wilde material is described in William E. Conway, William Andrews Clark (Los Angeles: William Andrews Clark Library, 1981). The broadsheet *"The Sodomite" is in the library. Compare *Mary Hyde. Poet and critic from Australia. 1904-1987. Perhaps more important as a critic and collector than poet, he lectured at The University of Sydney in adult education to 1972 (he was appointed to The University in 1951; information from the University of Sydney Archives). Literary manuscripts in The National Library, *Canberra, contain a typescript of unpublished poems (with some homopoems - e.g., *"Renaissance Piece", [p. 15]). Fisher Library, Rare Books, University of Sydney, has his lecture notes which - as the *Auden folder shows - reveals him to have been searching for evidence of Auden's homosexuality in his poetry. Some papers are also in the Mitchell Library, Sydney. Two books of poems were published in the 1940s: Ritual Dance (1940) and Blue Prints (1942). His article "Seaforth Mackenzie: Novelist of Alienation", Southerly 25 (1965), 75-90, on *Kenneth Mackenzie, discussing the autobiographical basis of the homosexuality of the latter's novel The Young Desire It, is the earliest open discussion of homosexuality in the Australian novel. Known to have been gay (Anthony Bradley, former lecturer at University of Sydney and other sources to the author). Biography: see R. G. Howarth and others, The Penguin Book of Meodern Australian Verse (1961), p. 106. He was also a book collector and known to have had homosexual books - e.g. D. Drew and Jonathan Drake, Boys for Sale (1969) with his ex-libris stamp (now in the collection of *Paul Knobel). Some of his books have homoerotic bookplates featuring a naked man; some are in Fisher Library, University of Sydney, while others were sold after his death. Poet from Australia writing in English. Born 1935. See the poem in GLP: A Journal of Sexual Politics 7 (Mar-Apr 1975), 35, "The Gay Forties", about gay life after forty and including a photograph of the author. (This journal is rare; copy sighted: Mitchell Library, Sydney.) "Diary of a Weekend" in the sequence "The Homing Pigeon", Poetry Australia, ca.1970, is said to be a gay poem by the author; however, a search of Poetry Australia 1969-85 did not reveal the poem. Only two gay poems were written according to the author. *Michael Dransfield wrote the poem, "Is this how whales?/ for Garth" for him (see Michael Dransfield, Collected Poems, St. Lucia, Queensland, 1987, p. 169). Critic from the United States writing in English on Greek poetry. Active 1976-1978. A scholar from Louisiana State University who has written articles on ancient Greek poetry and homosexuality: see *Achilles and Patroclus, *Mousa Paidike, *Straton. Classical music songs in English Songs in English set to music in Great Britain, the United States and Australia from ca. 1900. Great Britain. The gay composer Benjamin Britten set 'Michelangelo's Sonnets to music in 1940 and used *Wilfred Owen's poems in his War Requiem (1962). The works of all openly gay composers who have set poetry to music are relevant: e.g., Peter Maxwell Davies who composed Eight Songs for a Mad King to verse by *Randolph Stow. Operas with libretti in poetry need also to be considered. (Compare *pop songs.) United States. Settings of *Whitman are especially important e.g., the German composer Hindemith has set Whitman's *elegy When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloomed. Over 160 settings of Whitman to music existed to 1925: see *William Sloane Kennedy. The gay composer Ned Rorem has set various songs. Aaron Copland has used *minstrel songs in his works. *Leonard Bernstein, who was a poet as well as composer, wrote an opera West Side Story and set a homosexual Whitman poem to music. Philip Glass has set *Allen Ginsberg's Wichita Vortex Sutra. Australia. Percy Grainger's "Marching Song for Democracy" (1901-16) based on *Walt Whitman is relevant. Richard Meale's Homage to *Garcia Lorca (1964) is a song sequence of poems by the homosexual Spanish poet. Nigel Butterley's Sometimes with One I Love (1976) is a song sequence of poems and prose by *Walt Whitman; the first performance was financed by *Patrick White. Concept from Italy relating to works in Greek and Latin and later other languages. The concept of classicism arose in the *Renaissance from ca. 1450: basically it meant the finest ancient Greek and Latin works, then first being published in printed form. Classical works of poetry are well crafted works which will be read over generations. Classicism was especially admired from the mid-eighteenth century, with the discovery of ancient Greek and Roman sculptures at the buried cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum near *Naples. There was renewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman authors (especially after the visit of *Goethe to Italy in the later eighteenth century and *Byron to Greece). This ensuing revival of interest in ancient Italy and Greece from 1760 to 1820 and consequent imitation and adaptation of such works, especially in sculpture, was referred to stylistically as Neoclassicism, a style in Europe which influenced all the arts from sculpture (Canova) to literature (*Goethe, *Pushkin), though it normally refers to painting and sculpture. In the *Renaissance, ancient authors such as the Latin poet *Horace and the Greek poet *Homer exemplified the elements most admired in their languages: rationality and order (later commentators such as *Nietzsche disputed this view: he saw Greek civilization as more akin to the religion of *Dionysus). The revival of interest in Greek and Latin authors in the Renaissance exposed poets to a large body of literature in which homosexuality was accepted - in Greek such poets as *Anacreon and in Latin *Catullus and *Martial. Compare *Romanticism which emphasized the irrational and was a simultaneous movement emerging in the late eighteenth century (in many cases involving the same poets). Romanticism and Classicism were closely linked (e.g., in *Byron, *Goethe and *Pushkin). In The White Goddess (1948), *Robert Graves linked classicism to homosexuality. Classicism came to refer to poems setting so high a standard in the language in which they were written that they will be read over generations. English: *Byron, *Keats. German: The *Romantic poet *Platen is the most relevant; as is *Goethe. Classicism in German *Romantic poetry was indisputably linked with visiting Italy, as both Platen and Goethe did, and with the rediscovery of the ancient homosexual Greek and Latin poets which validated homosexuality and homosexual impulses in contemporary German poetry. Italian: *Leopardi. Russian: see *Pushkin. Chinese: *T'ang poets, especially *Tu Fu and *Li Po are regarded as classical poets. Turkish: see *Ottoman poets, *Divan poets. Persian: *Hafiz and *Sa'di were regarded as poets who set classical standards. See Dominique Secretan, Classicism (London, 1973). References. Queneau, Histoire des littératures, volume two, 111-39. Poet from France writing in French. 1868-1955. He had a number of religious crises, married and became a reactionary *Catholic. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Les Amours masculines, 521: mentions the poem "Faible *Verlaine" (which poem was not included in anthology as permission was refused). Poet from Egypt writing in Latin; he later lived in Italy. Ca. 305-405. He came from *Alexandria. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 245: states he is the last representative of the classical tradition and was in Italy from before 395. Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium: noting *epigrams in Greek and an attack on *Rufinus. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Medieval Latin Poems of Male Love and Friendship, 23 (poem 37) and p. 148: noting that this poem may be by him. Poet from Denmark writing in Danish. 1865-1931. The greatest Danish *Symbolist poet; he married in 1896. The *British Library General Catalogue reveals a large oeuvre of poetry. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 387: gay poem. Poet and critic from the United States writing in English. Active 1979. Partner of *Louie Crew. He is an *Afro-American and reviewed * In the Life (see James White Review vol. 5 no. 2 pp. 14-15). In 1999 he calls himself Ernest Crew-Clay and there is a photograph of him and Louie Crew on the internet homepage of Louie Crew and further information available on the internet under his own name. Bibliographies. Young, The Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, after item 686 referring to item 852: a *poem card with *Louie Crew, Advent of the Eighties, Stevens Point, Wisconson: Swish Publications, 1979. Poem in English from Great Britain. Ca. 1350. The poem contains a paraphrase of the biblical stories of the flood, the destruction of *Sodom and Gomorrah (lines 557-1156) and the fall of Balshazzar; it links the destruction of Sodom to homosexuality in English literature. Lines 689-95 specifically refer to homosexual love and *anal sex. The poem has passages of great power such as the denunciation of Sodom. It is written in the North West Midland dialect. A modern English translation is by Brian Stone (Penguin Books, 1971). Authorship has been ascribed to the Pearl Poet (see the Oxford Companion to English Literature entry). Criticism: see Allen J. Frantzen, "The Disclosure of Sodomy in Cleanness", PMLA vol. 111 no. 3 (May 1996), 451-64 (with bibl.) and Elizabeth B. Keiser, Courtly desire and medieval homophobia: the legitimization of sexual pleasure in Cleanness and its contexts, New Haven, 1997. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature: "Cleanness". Criticism. *Monica McAlpine, "The Pardoner's Homosexuality and How it Matters", PMLA: Publications of the Modern Language Association 95 (1980), 12: the author quotes lines 787-93 of the poem from the story of Sodom describing Lot's first description of the angels (in which they are beautiful men with beardless chins). Greenberg, Construction of Homosexuality, 291: re lines 689 ff. Historian from Egypt who wrote in Greek. Born ca. 150. Clement was an early church father. He compiled the first surviving list of homosexuals (see below). Many names on the list - cited below - are tropes of gay poetry. The list is in his work the Pedagogicus which appears in his volume in the Patrologiae cursus completus series Graeca (1857-1866), volume 12 (there is an English translation in the PreNicenean Christian Fathers). He was an early Christian writer who promoted *homophobia, a theme later taken up by the two most influential early Christian fathers John Chrysostom (354-407) and Augustine of Hippo (354-4300 (for information on them see Oxford Classical Dictionary). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 238-39; by *William A. Percy. References. Symonds, A Problem in Greek Ethics, 60. Brandt, Sittengeschichte griechenlands, volume 2, 205-06: states he compiled a list of homosexuals. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 464: he used the Erotes of *Phanocles "to prove the immorality of paganism"; on pp. 492-93 he lists the gay relationships Clement ennumerated (though does not state the source which may be the work in which he discusses the Erotes): "Zeus loved *Ganymede; *Apollo Cinyras, Zacynthus, *Hyacinthus, Phorbas, *Hylas, Admetus, Cyparissus, Amyklas, Troilus, Branchus, Tymnius, Par; *Dionysus loved Laonis, Ampelus, Hymenaeus, *Hermaphroditus, and Achilles; Asclepius loved Hippolytus; Hephaestus Peleus; *Pan *Daphnis; *Hermes Perseus, Chryses, Therses, and Odryses; Heracles Abderus, Dryops, Iokastus, Philoktetes, *Hylas, Polyphemus, Haemon, Chonus, and Eurystheus." The spelling of the list in Brandt differs slightly, Brandt using the Greek transliteration, with c being k in some places, and u being o. See Courouve, Ces petits grecs, 14-15. Addressee of a love poem by Anacreon and possibly a lover. Active ca. 55Q B.C. A famous short poem (fragment 3 D) addressed to him survives: "Cleobulus I love, Cleobulus I'm mad for, Cleobulus I gaze at." Criticism. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 472. Poet from Italy writing in Italian. Born 1966. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 271: poems about an unhappy love affair; biog., 470: states he is associated with *Rome University. Poet possibly from the United States who wrote in English. Active before 1924. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 75: poem "The Parting of the Ways" (re *boy love). Poet from Belgium writing in French. Born 194Q. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Drobci stekla v ustih, 119-2Q: "Ballad of Homosexuality"; biog., 1B3. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active before 1992. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 553. Poem in English from Canada. 1971. Ed Jackson and *Stan Persky, Flaunting It: A Decade of Journalism from the Body Politic (Vancouver, 1982), p. 2, cites the poem: "Closet door, closet door,/ I don't need you any more." The poem seems to have circulated *orally. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. 1819-1861. The subtitle of the poem cited in Young, Male Homosexual in Literature below, "The Bothie" (1848) is "An Oxford *Pastoral". It is about a student reading party in Scotland; despite its epigraph in Latin at the beginning of section 2, mentioning *Corydon, this is a world of innocent male camaraderie with Philip falling in love with Elspie and marrying in the end. Clough's long sequence Amours de Voyage is heterosexual. Thyrsis, a famous *elegy by *Matthew Arnold, was inspired by Clough's death. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 696: citing "The Bothie" in Poems, London, 1910. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Active 1919. Not in Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. See Joseph Kling and Hart Crane, editors, A Second Pagan Anthology (New York, 1919). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 491: Tine homoerotic poem "Rivals". Foster, "Beauty's Purple Flame: Some Minor American Gay Poets", Gay Books Bulletin no. 7 (1982), 17, 18: a homosexual poet published in the journal Pagan, edited by *Hart Crane; he quotes from the poem "Nocturne" - "Moonlight, and the sparkle of nude boys/ Dancing like slender *fauns across the sandbar,/ Enchant the night" (see also *bathing). Sexual practice recorded in English poetry from Canada. The sexual practice of lashing the erect cock with a small leather strap until ejaculation. Documented from 1986. See *Ian Young's title poem in Sex Magick (1986), pp. 1-5 (especially p. 3) which describes him performing this on his boyfriend. Poet, diarist and illustrator from France who wrote in French. 1889-1963. A poet who was openly gay from the latter part of his career, especially from 1954 (see below). His homosexuality was known in gay and artistic circles from the 1920s. A friend of *Apollinaire, he was both a *modernist and a *surrealist. He was at the height of his powers in the nineteen twenties when he published over twenty books. His volume Plein-chant contains gay poems. Le Livre Blanc (1928; English trans., The White Book, New York, 1958), published anonymously, is a novel which defends homosexuality and also deals with *homophobia: see "Cocteau's White Paper on Homophobia", Gay Sunshine no. 25, 10-11 by *Rictor Norton. Cocteau never acknowledged authorship but the second edition, 1930, was illustrated by him. Cocteau also illustrated Jean Genet's novel Querelle de Brest (1947). The illustrations, which were unsigned, show sailors buggering each other and the book bears the imprint Milan. A copy is in the *Enfer; for bibliographical details see Richard Coe, The Vision of Jean Genet, London, 1968, pp. 324-25). On these illustrations see Babilonia 15 (1984), 24-27. His diaries were published from 1983 (volume 1, covering the years 1951-52); volume 2 (1953) was published in 1985; English translations exist (see under Translation below). His play La Voix Humaine (The Human Voice), 1930, was based on the ending of his affair with Jean Desbordes. An affair with *Raymond Radiguet began when Radiguet was fifteen. A notable later boyfriend was Jean Marais who starred in his film Le Sang d'un Poet (The blood of a poet) (1930). After long being the enfant terrible of French letters, Cocteau became a member of the prestigious Académie Française. The affair with Marais petered out after 1948 and his place was taken by Edouard Dermit, whom Cocteau adopted as a son and who was called Doudou; both Marais and Edouard Dermit cared for Cocteau in his last illness. He wrote a message of support in the first issue of the gay journal * Arcadie, January 1954 (reprinted no. 233, May 1973, 222-24). Cocteau became addicted to the *drug opium. Biography. Roger Lannes, Cocteau (1945; repr. 1989) is the first of several biographies in French. In English see Frederick Brown, An Impersonation of Angels: A Biography of Jean Cocteau (1969). *Francis Steegmuller has written a brilliant biography (published in 1970). Jean Cocteau and the French Scene (compiled by the French American Foundation), New York, 1984, has an excellent summary of his life and essays on various aspects of his career. For an excellent introduction see "Jean Cocteau" by Roy Busby, Gay News no. 121 (1977), 19-20 and no. 122, 21-22. See also *Oedipus. Translation. English: Jeremy Reed; German: Thomas Plaichinger (1989). Translation of the diaries. English: *Richard Howard (1987 - volume 1; 1988 - volume 2) Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Penguin Companion to World Literature: excellent overview. Contemporary Authors New Revision series, vol. 40. Dictionary oi Literary Biography. Kinuters neues Literatur Lexikon. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 247-48. Howes, Broadcasting It. Dictionnaire Gay. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 47: poems "Ein Freund schläft", "Zueignung an Greco". Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 707: poems in Mid-Century French Poets, edited Eallace Fowlie, New York: Grove, 1965. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amour bleu, 254-63. Digte om mænds kærlighed til mænd. Frà mann til mann, 35-36. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 295-99. Les Amours masculines, 368-71. Drobci stekla v ustih, 33-34. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 441-43: poems "Raymond", "Summer" and from *"Peter Doyle to Walt Whitman". "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen ", 114-16. Eros in Boystown, 38 (*prose poem trans. Jeremy Reed); biog., 60. Pour tout l'amour des hommes, 211-14. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 422-26: from Le Livre Blanc. Criticism. Rowse, Homosexuals in History, 189-93: re his love for *Raymond Radiguet making him produce some of his finest poems in the book Plein-chant. Stambolian, Homosexualities and French Literature, 279-94. Woods, History of Gay Literature, 317-19: on his prose. Law system originating in France in French. From 1791. The Code Napoléon is the French system of law introduced after the Revolution of 1789 by the gay chancellor Cambarcérés (17531824) of the Chancellor Napoléon (see his entry in the Encyclopedia of Homosexuality and Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity); it decriminalized male homosexual acts for adults. The Code Napoléon became the law in various Mediterranean countries and male homosexual acts were thus legalized in the countries in which it was adopted (while being illegal in Great Britain, the United States and parts of Germany). French. The country where the Code originated decriminalized homosexual sex from 1791. Dutch. The Code was adopted in 1811 when male homosexual acts were decriminalized. Greek. Greece follows the Code. Italian. Homosexuality was legalized in 1889 following the code. Spanish. Spain. Male homosexual acts were legalized in 1822 following the code. Mexico. Male homosexuality was legalized following the French occupation of 1862-67. Polish. The Code was adopted in 1932; male homosexual acts are legal for males over 15. Portuguese. Male homosexual acts were legalized in Portugal in 1852 following the Code. As can be seen, the *age of consent varies in these countries. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gay Histories and Cultures. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1976. An American *Indian living with a group of gay men in Charlotte, North Carolina. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 711: Unbeckoned Thoughts, Undressed Fantasies, Charlotte, NC, privately printed, 1976. Poet and critic from Great Britain writing in English. Active before 1968. See *M.-J. Lancaster, Brian Howard (1968), p. xix: cites from an unpublished series of *epitaphs stated to have been written with "the late Professor Dawkins" (see *R. M. Dawkins), one of which is on *Brian Howard: "*Narcissus doesn't miss us./ He looks in the stream,/ And has a wet dream." He was possibly the author of * Lost Lines from Chaucer's Prologue to The Canterbury Tales; certainly no more likely candidate exists. He was an Oxford Don, who tutored *W. H. Auden and published a modern version of the Canterbury Tales. Known to be homosexual: see the *C. S. Lewis entry. As a critic he wrote on *Geoffrey Chaucer and other *Middle English writers. See To Nevill Coghill from friends, edited by John Lawlor and W. H. Auden (1966). Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Ca. 1936-1989. An American dancer, actor, stage manager and teacher of stage movement and creative writing who died of *Aids in 1989. A box of his papers are in the *New York Public Library and include printouts of his poems, which appear to be unpublished. Information from the library's catalog. Poet from Italy writing in Italian. Active from 1975. He published poetry in the *Turin originated gay journal Fuori!, numbers 10-12 and 14. There is also an interview with him in an issue of Fuori! (issue not known). See Babilonia no. 10, 36-37. Sodoma no. 1 (1984), 103-05: poems; biog., 117. Poet from the United States writing in English; he has lived in Morocco and Nepal for extended periods. Born 1935. Born in *New York, he lived in *Tangier, Morocco, for four years and in 1977 lived in Kathmandu, Nepal. His poetry shows the influence of *Dada, *Surrealism and *drugs. Books of poems: Poems from the Cosmic Crypt (1976), and Gilded Splinters (1977), both published Kathmandu, Nepal. Poems are printed in Gay Sunshine no. 24, p. 26. In Leyland, Gay Sunshine Interviews, volume 1, pp. 15-65, Ira Cohen interviews *Charles Henri Ford. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Angels of the Lyre, 35-37; biog., 238. Orgasms of Light, 46; biog., 250. Poet from the Netherlands who wrote in Dutch, 1899-1972. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Naar vriendscaap zulk een mateloos verlangen, 55-56: two poems from books Reflexen, Amsterdam, 1925, and Suggesties, Amsterdam: Em. Querido's uitgeversmij, 1930 (books cited, 116). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 292 - active 1925-30. Poet and songwriter from Canada writing in English. Born 1934. A popular singer-poet in the nineteen-sixties, widely travelled. He is famous for his novel Beautiful Losers, 1966 (listed in Homosexuality in Canada, first edition [1979], p. 8); for possibly relevant poems see below in Bibliographies. Biography: Ira B. Nadel, Various positions: a life of Leonard Cohen, 1987. From *Montreal he has a Jewish background and has practiced for thirty years *Zen Buddhism; he has had tumultuous relationships with women, been subject to severe depressions and used *drugs. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Canadian Literature. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, first edition, items 503-04: Let Us Compare Mythologies [Toronto: Contact], 1956; Selected Poems 1956-68, Toronto [: McClelland and Stewart], 1968. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 714-15: same books as preceding. Homosexuality in Canada (first edition), 1979, 8: the same books as in the preceding noting poems in Let Us Compare Mythologies, 1956 (repr.), as being relevant, "possibly 'Elegy', 'Friends' and 'Song'". Poet from Great Britain writing in English. 1889-1959. *Uranian poet. Bibliographies. Murray, Catalogue of Selected Books, item 17: New Beginnings, 1914. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10548: New Beginnings and The Record, Oxford: B. H. Blackwell, 1914 (note: this appears to be the full title of one book). Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 718: same book. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 151. Criticism. Smith, Love in Earnest, 141: noting Uranian content is not obvious; 244 (bibl.). Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1956. He teaches at *Harvard in the English Department and has written several books of poems: The Marble Queen (New York, 1986), The Zoo Wheel of Knowledge (1989), and The Look of Things, (1995). Information is available from an internet homepage. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poets for Life, 51-53; biog. 233. Eros in Boystown, 54: poem "The Roman *Baths at Nimes"; biog., 60. Editor from Great Britain of works in English. Active 1963. Editor of Erotic Poetry (London, 1963), a collection of erotic poems. Love is heterosexual if this volume is to be believed; nevertheless, a few homosexual poems are included in the final section "By-paths and Oddities": see pp. 420 (*Shakespeare, "Sonnet 20"), 435-36 (*Cavafy), 452 (*Erich Kastner, "Ragout fin de siècle"), 455 (Francis [pseud.], a *parody of Shakespeare's sonnets), 467 (*Edwin Denby, "Dishonor"), the final poem 478 ("Lip" by J. V. Cunningham, about bisexuality). *Paul Blackburn's "The Proposition" is also in this section (it features lesbianism and *bisexuality). Some gay poets are included e.g., *Verlaine, *Thom Gunn. There are indexes of poets, translators and titles. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 721 : Erotic Poetry; the Lyrics, Ballads, Idylls and Epics of Love, Classical to Contemporary, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1963. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Active 1889. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 75: from the poem "Giton"; biog., 119. Giton is a character in *Petronius's Satyricon and the 28 stanza highly homosexual poem appeared in Harpers Monthly for July 1889. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1953. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 28: poem "When I Write to Godmother"; biog., 174: *black poet from *Washington. Biographer from Australia writing in Englsh. Born ca. 1935. Author of a biography of *Frederic Manning titled The Last Exquisite (Melbourne, 1989). It is one of the few biographies of an Australian poet to mention homosexuality, though the subject is only inadequately dealt with in relation to Manning and Galton; on p.105, Manning is referred to as Galton's "close companion". The author felt she had gone as far as she could go in her discussion of homosexuality (Peter Coleman, her husband, to this author). Whether the relationship between Manning and Galton was physically homosexual may never be known. The book gives considerable background on the British *eighteen-nineties. See also *Arthur Galton, *Lionel Johnson. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1977. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 728: Art in the Court of the Blue Fag, Santa Barbara, CA: Black Sparrow Press, 1977. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. 1796-1849. The eldest son of 'Samuel Coleridge. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Ioläus (1935), 275: poem "Friendship". Poet from Great Britain writing in English. 1772-1834. A 'Romantic poet, Coleridge's strong 'male bonding with Wordsworth produced a seminal volume for English Romanticism, Lyrical Ballads (1798); the two poets were especially intimate 1797-98. Their relationship at this time has been discussed in homoamative terms by 'Wayne Koestenbaum. He was a close friend of the poet 'Robert Southey. The two poets Coleridge and Southey married two sisters. Coleridge took opium and became addicted to this 'drug; his married life was unhappy and his life itself became increasingly unhappy. Lesbianism is referred to in his poem "Christabel". Jim Mays, head of the English Department, University College, Dublin claimed in 1995 he had discovered 300 poems by Coleridge including some with homosexual themes: see International Herald Tribune (Hong Kong edition), 14 February 1995, 26. These poems have not been published so far. Coleridge's son, 'Hartley Coleridge, was included in the gay anthology 'Ioläus (1935 edition). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10549 citing "Christabel" ('lesbianism). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 183-4: "Christabel", lines 236-277. Poems of Love and Liberation, 35: "In the Moonlight Wilderness". Criticism. Ellis, Sexual Inversion, 41: citing Table Talk, 14 May 1833, in which Coleridge states male homosexual love is a possibility in human beings as evinced in 'Sidney (see entry). Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1989. He has published three books, Good Luck, No and Pleasant Attitudes towards Art - see James White Review vol. 6 no. 4 (Summer 1989), p.16; poem, same issue, p. 4. Genre in English and German poetry in Great Britain, the United States and Germany. From ca. 1922. Collage in art consists of mixing medias, for instance pasting newspaper onto paintings. In poetry, collage techniques consist in placing poetry beside quotations from other literature, newspapers etc, as in *T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land (1922). It has been a major technique in the twentieth century in poetry and is especially applicable to *modernist and *postmodernist poets. Sometimes it is called cut up technique. English: see *W. C. Williams, *Charles Olson, *Harold Norse. Compare *Dada, 'Surrealism. German: see poets in *Milchsilber and other *gay liberation *anthologies. Poet from France writing in French. 1709-1983. Erotic poems were published after his death. Not in Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Les Amours masculines, 168-70; with biog. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 414; biog., 387, Pour tout l'amour des hommes, 104: *Chansons. Collectors and collecting - English Collectors of English language gay poetry were initially in Great Britain and later in the United States, Canada and Australia from ca. 1780. The first known gay collection of poetry books dates from ca. 1780 when the gay poet *William Beckford was forced into exile; Beckford's poetry collection formed part of his general library. *Horace Walpole and *Byron were also book collectors - see Sotheby's Catalogue of the Library of the Late Lord Byron, 1827 (repr. 1929, edited by Gilbert H. Doane). *Richard Heber, one of the greatest of all English book collectors, fled London because of a homosexual scandal. Many *eighteen nineties poets collected gay poetry including *Oscar Wilde. One such collection by *F. E. Murray formed the basis of the first English language bibliography. Not all collectors of gay material have been gay and because such material has been collected is no reason to assume the collector was gay. *Libraries and archives are important sources for rare gay books, manuscripts and special collections; many of these have been donated by collectors. The collections of all gay *poets and *scholars are relevant. Collections in South Africa and New Zealand undoubtedly exist. Noteworthy gay collectors. Australia: see *D. S. Mitchell, *Libraries and Archives, *Paul Knobel, J. J. Quinn (regarding *Christopher Brennan), John Willis. Great Britain: see *H. S. Ashbee, * Catalogue of Selected Books from the Private Library of a Student of Boyhood, Youth and Comradeship, *C. R. Dawes, *Mary Hyde, *Private Case, *Anthony Reid, *Timothy d'Arch Smith. United States: see *William Andrews Clark, *Ed Drucker (pseud.), *Donald J. Kaufman, *Donald H. Mader, *Donald Weeks, *E. P. Warren. Canada: see *Henry S. Saunders, *Ian Young. References. Hyde, History of Pornography, pp. 180-82. Collectors and collecting - German The major gay German language gay book-collectors have come usually from Germany and have been *Magnus Hirschfeld (active from 1895 but whose collection was destroyed by the Nazis), *Elisar von Kupffer (some of whose collection survives in Minusio, Switzlerland, where he mainly lived), *Paul Brandt and *Baron von Bleichroder (see * Bibliographisches Verzeichnis). *Leo Schidrowitz, who formed a sexological institute in Austria before World War II, undoubtedly had relevant books. The contemporary gay library of *Wolfgang Popp has 2,105; a listing of the books has been published and there are many poetry books (the library, which is mainly of German contemporary books, also includes material from the nineteenth century). German material is in Dutch gay collections such as *Homodok and was in the collection of the Dutch collector *J. A. Shorer. The Danish gay archive *Forbunbet af 48 holds materials. The *Kinsey Institute has rare German material as, it is rumored, does the *Vatican library. See also *Archives and libraries - German. Collectors and collecting - Greek and Latin Collections of homopoetry in Greek and Latin undoubtedly date from ancient times when Greek and Latin poetry contained much homoerotic material. The poet *Persius (43-62), who lived in Italy and may have been gay, had a library. Books were in the form of scrolls and manuscripts in earlier times (many of these scrolls and manuscripts have decayed). From the *Renaissance on (ca. 1450), collections of books of *poets and *scholars are relevant as many contained homosexual material in Latin and frequently Greek, e.g. the * Palatine Anthology. Janus Lascaris rescued the manuscript of the * Palatine Anthology. *William Beckford's library contained homosexual material. College-Wit Sharpen'd: or, The Head of a House with a Sting in the Tail: Being a New English Amour of the Epicene gender done into Burlesque Metre from the Italian addressed to the two famous Universities of S-d-m and G-m-rrh. Poem in English from Great Britain. First published in 1739. A *satire on the homosexual scandal concerning John Swinton and Robert Thistlethwayte of Wadham College, *Oxford. (It is not a translation as the title states; this is only teasing the reader and throwing him off the scent.) Wadham rhymes with sodom. The background is explained in the booklet A Faithful Narrative of the Proceedings in a late Affair between The Rev. Mr. John Swinton and Mr George Baker.. .to which is prefix'd a particular account of the Proceedings against Robert Thistlethwayte ... Warden of Wadham College for a sodomitical Attempt upon Mr. W. French Commoner of the Same College (Oxford, London, 1739), 31 pp. (reprinted in Sodomy Trials, New York, 1976). See Foxon, English Verse 1701-50: item C286 (lists copies in US and UK libraries). Rare. Copy consulted: *British Library. *C. M. Bowra was a later warden of Wadham. Editor from France of works in Latin. Active 1680. Editor of the so-called Delphin Edition of Martial, M. V. Martialis Epigrammatum libros xv, which printed the so-called obscene epigrams at the end (see *Martial - Editors), thus making them easily accessible. The first printing was in Paris in 1680 followed by London in 1701; later printings (e.g. in 1720) exist. See Brunet, Manuel du libraire under "Martial". Collignon, Albert Bibliographies. Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (1984), 137: book Flowers of the Imagination or (Perversions and Castrations) and Dedicated to the City Police Department, [Winnipeg, Manitoba?], privately printed, ca.1976 [note: the title is exactly as given]. In Homosexuality in Canada, first edition (1979), 8, the book is called a miscellany and pagination given as 27 pages. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Larkspur and Lad's Love. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1985. See "The Last Pastoral" in his Naked to the Sun: Dark Visions of the Apocalypse (Mercer Island, WA: Starmont House, 1985), pp. 5860: a parody of *Christopher Marlowe's "Come Live with Me and Be My Love" in the form of a science fiction work. Partner from the United States relating to works in English. Born 1923. The partner of *Robert Duncan: they lived together from 1951. He is a painter who has illustrated Duncan's books. See Michael Auping, editor, Jess: A Grand Collage (Buffalo, 1993); this work cites from Duncan's poems. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1963. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Beyond Paradise, 44-45, 54-55; biog. 77. Poet from New Zealand writing in English. Active 1999. Gay Poetry Anthologies. When Two Men Embrace, 13-16: Tine poems about a friend who had *Aids; biog., 47. Poet from Australia who wrote in English; he later lived in Great Britain. 1925-1986. Born in Leeds, Great Britain, he emigrated to Australia. He was involved in left-wing politics but was expelled from the Australian *Communist Party for declaring himself gay: see the taped interview with Hazel de Berg, in the De Berg Collection, National Library, Canberra. His lover in Australia at this time was Rod Anderson (noted by him in his papers in the Australian National Library). He left Australia in 1964 to live in London and was co-founder of Gay Sweatshop (a gay London playwrights group), for which he wrote the play Thinking Straight for its first 1975 season; the London based writer *Roger Baker was a colleague and later the literary executor of his will. Thinking Straight marked an important change in his consciousness from "thinking straight" to a *gay liberation approach and a new approach in his writing. See his article "Gay Phobia: Fear of Liking Oneself" in The Gay Journal no. 1 (1978), 51-55. For gay poems, see the books Hovering Narcissus (London/ Melbourne, 1977), and Eleven by Two (London, 1985): a folio of eleven gay love poems in *broadsheet form, each illustrated by Peter Niczewski. There were two editions of Hovering Narcissus, a limited signed edition of 150 copies and an ordinary edition (see Gay News no. 103 (1976), 28; includes a photo of the author). He was the British correspondent of the Australian journal Overland (edited by his friend *Barrett Reid). An account of his funeral in Overland, March 1987 (106), 48-54 by Alan Seymour does not mention his gay background. His papers to ca. 1970 are in the Australian National Library, Canberra and contain letters from *Patrick White. Papers after ca. 1970 are in the Mitchell Library, Sydney. A pioneering writer of the *gay liberation period who has written enduring work. His lover in London, 1964-1973, was James Corbett (noted in his papers in the Australian National Library). Criticism: see *Vincent Buckley. Obituary: Gay Times no. 99 (December 1986), 18, by *Roger Baker. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Howes, Broadcasting It. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10550: "Subterfuge" in Gay News 34, 18 October, 1973. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 736-38: Cupid's Crescent, London: Grandma, 1973, Hovering Narcissus, London: Grandma, 1977, Who Is Wheeling Grandma?, Melbourne: Overland, 1967. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gay Verse. Not Love Alone, 21-24; biog., 140. Pseudonym of a poet from Canada writing in English. Active 1966. Pseudonym of John Glassco. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1762-1836. In Poetical Vagaries see "Two Parsons or the Tale of a Shirt " in the 1812 edition (reprinted New York, 1976) - about two priests who end up in bed together (though it has only very slight gay interest). Colman was a dramatist in London. As *H. S. Ashbee has made clear, *The Rodiad, once ascribed to him, cannot be by him: see The Rodiad entry. Nor is the ascription of * Don Leon to him any longer accepted. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10551: Poetical Vagaries, London: Longman, 1814. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 739: same book; also notes this is the pseudonym of John Glassco. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 45-46; biog., 115. Poet from Ireland who wrote in English. Acvtive ca. 800. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 116: translation into English of the Latin poem, "Written by Colman the Irishman to Colman returning to his own land", by *Helen Waddell. Colors linked with homosexuality date from the Latin poet *Martial, active ca. 85, who lived in Italy. As a trope they exist in English, Arabic and other languages. Color references have mostly been found in English poetry. See *Blue, *Green (also used in Latin in *Martial, ca. 85), *Lavender, *Lilac, *Pink, *Purple, *Mauve. See *grey hair for its gay significance in Arabic poetry. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 249-50. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1962. Pseudonym of Joseph Hansen: see Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, p. 428. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10552: "Three poems" in ONE Magazine 10:3, 26-27, March 1962. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature: Readings from Western Antiquity to the Present Day Anthology from the United States in English. New York: Columbia University Press, 199B, B29 pages. A combined poetry and prose anthology which contains a generous selection of poetry; the title comes from the name of the publisher. It was compiled by 'Byrne R. S. Fone. Bibliographical Note pp. xxxv-vii (this is a brief but thorough listing of important books on homosexuality). There is no index of the writers. With the exception of Gilgamesh and excerpts from the Bible, the work consists only of European and American gay poets, one of the largest gay anthologies ever of European and American gay poetry. English poetry from 1B4Q is only represented by poets and prose writers from the United States. United States poets occupy the last third of the anthology. For the first time in English there are translations of little known poets and poems (e.g. 'René Crevel, 'Benedetto Varchi, 'Pasquinades); it includes the texts of many hard to come by works in English. Overall this is one of the best anthologies for gay poetry in English. Poets, poems and anthologies (see entries): Addaeus (see the entry Adaios), Amis and Amile, Anacreon, Clement Andrews, Anononyous Greek poets, Antipater, James Baldwin, Emilio Ballagas, Porfirio Barba-Jacob (pseud.), William Barber, Richard Barnfield, Baudri of Bourgueil, Walta Borawski, Joe Brainard, Perry Brass, Michelangelo Buonarroti, Lord Byron, Joseph Cady, Edward Carpenter, Catullus, Constantine Cavafy, Marino Ceccoli, Luis Cernuda, Ralph Chubb, Alfred Corn, William Johnson Cory, Hart Crane, René Crevel, Aleister Crowley, David and Jonathan, Diodes (this is a mistake: Diocles is meant), Melvin Dixon, Don Leon, Lord Alfred Douglas, Michael Drayton, Robert Duncan, Sergei Esenin, Euripides, Jim Everhard, Edward Field, Salih Michael Fisher, Charles Henri Ford, Federico García Lorca, Jean Genet, Gilgamesh, Giles de Gillies, Allen Ginsberg, John Giorno, Glaucus, Greek Anthology (see entry Palatine Anthology), D. Rubin Green, Thom Gunn, Hebe and Ganymede (see entry Post Aquile raptus), Essex Hemphill, Hilary, Daryl Hine, Walter Holland, Homer, Gerard Manley Hopkins, A. E. Housman, Hrabanus Maurus, John Iozia, George Ives, Juvenal, Nikolay Klyuev, Elisar von Kupffer, Mikhail Kuzmin, Michael Lassell, George Lesly, John Henry Mackay, Donald Malloch, Christopher Marlowe, Marbod of Rennes, Martial, Pacifico Massimi, Meleager, Men and Boys, Carl Morse, Musa paidike, Nonnus, Harold Norse, Cecco Nuccoli, Bruce Nugent, Frank O'Hara, Ovid, Wilfred Owen, Pasquinades, Paulinus of Nola, Sandro Penna, Petronius (mainly prose; two poems included), Pindar, Kenneth Pitchford, Angelo Poliziano, Ralph Pomeroy, James Purdy, Alexander Pushkin, Marc André Raffalovich, Craig Reynolds, Arthur Rimbaud, Michael Rumaker, Filippo Scarlatti, Scythinus, William Shakespeare, Solon, Stephen Spender, Edmund Spenser, Strato, John Addington Symonds, Bayard Taylor, Tennyson, Henry Thoreau, Torquato Tasso, Theocritus, Theognis, Parker Tyler, Benedetto Varchi, Paul Verlaine, Xavier Villaurrutia, Virgil, Walafrid Strabo, Edmund White, Walt Whitman, Oscar Wilde, Sidney Wilmer, Donald Woods. See also the following prose writers included in this Encyclopedia (some wrote poetry but poems by them are not included in The Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature): J. R. Ackerley, William Burroughs, Jean Cocteau, D. W. Cory (pseud.), Havelock Ellis, Marsilio Ficino, E. M. Forster, Benedict Friedlander, André Gide, Heinrich Hössli (spelt in Hoessli), Christopher Isherwood, K. M. Kertbeny, King Arthur (re Lancelot-Grail), D. H. Lawrence, José lezama Lima, Lucian, Xavier Mayne (pseud.), Plato, Marcel Proust, Antonio Rocco, Sade, Tobias Smollett, Charles Warren Stoddard, Karl Heinrich Ulrichs, Gore Vidal, Xenophon, Heinrich Zschokke. Poet from the United States (from the Virgin Islands) writing in English. Born 1924. The Virgin Islands is a territory of the United States in the Carribean. Ceremonies in Mind (St Thomas, Virgin Islands, 1959), seems the main book of interest to 1982; see p. 51 (a gay poem) and p. 54 (rare; the copy used was from the *Library of Congress). Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, p. 654, states he had a manuscript copy of * The Platonic Blow and supplied the publisher *Ed Sanders with it. He was a bookseller in the Virgin Islands from 1952. The Contemporary Authors entry (see below) states he is working on a history and bibliography of *San Francisco poetry 1941-65. Saint Thomas (Middleton, 1965), takes its name from the capital of the Virgin Islands where he lives; see the gay poem "Love" p. 51. Briefs (Franklin, New Hampshire, 1966), is a Tine gay volume, e.g., see, on pp. 6-8, the poem "Suite on Boys" (copy used: *Library of Congress); a note at the end states that since 1951 he has lived in St Thomas, Virgin Islands. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10553-56: Ceremonies in Mind, St. Thomas, Virgin Islands: My Trammels, 1959, "Love poem, sort of" in ONE Magazine 7:1, 21 January 1959, Pilgrim's Terrace, San German, P. R.: Editorial La Nueva Salamanca, 1957, Saint Thomas: Poems, Middleton, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1965. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 750-51: Ceremonies of Mind. Artists, Boys, Cats, Lovers, Judges, Priests, St. Thomas, Virgin Islands: Mind Trammells Printed, 1959 and Saint Thomas, Middletown CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1965. Poet from Canada writing in French. Active 19BQ. Bibliographies. Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (19B4): Entre Amours et Silences, Moncton, New Brunswick: Editions d'Arcadie, 19BQ. Commentators and commentaries on Greek and Latin Classics Critics of Greek and Latin poetry come mainly from Italy, France, Germany and Great Britain. Commentaries survive from ca. 1470 in Latin; from the nineteenth century they began to appear in vernacular languages. Most commentaries, however, remained in Latin until the twentieth century. Before the invention of mechanical printing they were written on manuscripts or attached to them. There is a tradition of comment since the *Renaissance when poets were first published in mechanically printed editions and commentaries were added to editions. Poets and works especially relevant are, in Greek. *Anacreon, *Homer, *Nonnus, the * Palatine Anthology, the *Mousa Paidike and *Theognis, and in Latin. *Martial (who is especially important), Juvenal, *Virgil, *Catullus, *Tibullus and *Horace. See also *editors since most wrote commentaries. In both Greek and Latin there are a huge number of commentaries on the * Bible. English, German, Italian, French and Spanish are other major languages in which commentaries on Greek and Latin homopoets have been written. Communism and Communist Parties Movement and political ideology, especially influential in Russian and Chinese but also many other languages. It was the ruling ideology in Russia from 1917, later in the former countries called the USSR, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and in China from 1948. Censorship of gay culture was extreme under Communism. Communism holds that property should be held by the community and wealth shared. Sometimes it is referred to as *Marxism after its founder Karl Marx. Communism was a strong force in western Europe and the United States from the 1930s to after the Second World War (Russia was an ally of the west European nations and the United States in this war). Overall, Communism has been severely repressive of homosexuality; *censorship has also been strict. There were Communist parties in western European countries and countries which were formerly their colonies; France and Italy had large Communist parties. The countries of eastern Europe (Poland, east Germany, Czechoslovakia, Hungary) were under Russian control from 1945 to 1989, when the Russian Communist empire split apart; homosexual acts were legal in Poland and east Germany during this time (for other countries see the Overview for the languages spoken; see *Languages of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics for languages). English: see *Claude McKay, *Earle Birney, *Laurence Collinson, *Tom Driberg, *Will Inman, *Tom Kennedy, Jim Kepner, *Eddie Linden, *Hugh Macdiarmid, *Harry Hay. French: see *André Breton, *Louis Aragon. German: see *Ludwig Renn. Italian: see *Pasolini (the most famous gay Communist cultural figure in Italy). Russian and Chinese: Communism in Russia and in China has severely repressed homosexuality from 1922 to 1990, in Russia from 1917 and in China from 1948 when the Communist Party came to power. Changes in Russia from 1989 led to decriminalization of male homosexuxal acts in 1993 by Presidential decree of President Boris Yeltsin, a former Communist. A more open situation seems to be emerging in China from the mid 1980s. For Russian, see *Kuzmin, *Ryurik Ivnev (pseud.) and 'Overview - Russian. For Chinese see *Lu Hsun, *Chou en Lai, *Mao Ze Dong, *Rewi Alley. Spanish: *Neruda, *Vallejo. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica . Computer databases and networks Bibliography in English and other *European languages and Japanese and Chinese and other languages from the United States and other countries from 1967. Computer listings of library holdings constitute the largest bibliographical source for locating books of gay poetry and biographical information on poets. They are mostly excellent for books published from 1975. In addition, libraries all over the world are converting their card catalogs to computer form and huge data banks are coming into existence. Computer library networks result when catalogs in one place are linked to others (this is called a union catalog: see the * National Union Catalog as a book based example). The largest computer network is the internet where the library catalogs of many research libraries may be found (e.g., the *Library of Congress, *New York Public Library and the *British Library). *Manuscript holdings are on computer systems such as the *Research Libraries Information Network (RLIN); *broadsides also are listed in such databases. Computer catalogs can be checked for exact bibliographical details of books and *subject checks can be made for homosexuality and literature since subject cataloging is invariably part of records. Such catalogs also offer the possibility of locating rare books and possibly the works of what have been thought of as *lost poets. English language. United States. Holdings of the *Library of Congress have been computerised since 1967; the * National Union Catalog, published by the Library of Congress, is computer based since 1968. The *Online Computer Library Center (called OCLC) and Research Libraries Information Network (called RLIN for short) are two other United States library computer databases; the Research Libraries Information Network is based on over 100 academic libraries and for practical purposes has succeeded the National Union Catalog. Both it and OCLC should be searched for the works of a little known writers; however by 2000 both were weak on works catalogued before 1970 since these works are still mainly cataloged on cards. United States libraries have rich holdings in materials in Spanish and Portuguese from South America. *MLA, published by the Modern Language Association is a huge data base published by the Modern Language Association indexing journal entries in European languages; it is now available on CD ROM. The libraries of *Harvard University, the largest library in the United States and such universities as *Yale are available through the Internet as well as major public libraries such as the *New York Public Library and many smaller public libraries. Great Britain. The *British library's catalog is computer based from 1975 and is called BLAISE. A CD ROM exists of the catalog to 1975, the *British Library General Catalogue to 1975. The entire corpus of *Old English literature is being put into machines readable form in Toronto. Australia. *Austlit is a database indexing Australian literature. The 'Australian Bibliographical Network (now called *Kinetica) is an Australian database based in Canberra linking the catalogs of research libraries across the country and listing holdings of major libraries (it also includes the records of such other library catalogs as the Library of Congress Computer Catalog, the British National Bibliiography and the National Bibliographies of New Zealand and Canada). This Australian database in 1999 contained over 22 milllion holdings records relating to over 11 million items, and is one of the largest national computer based union catalogs. Australian libraries hold rich materials in Asian languages. Canada. *Our Own Voices, the catalog of the journal holdings of the 'Canadian Gay and Lesbian Archives is computer based and is available on the Internet. Recent trends in computer catalogs include the inclusion of the contents page of a book and/or a summary of the book. * English Poetry Full Text (Chadwyck Healey, 1993), is a massive data base which has the text of poets in English listed in the New Cambridge Bibliography from 600 to 1900; however, the texts used are not always those which are most reliable, since, due to copyright reasons, no text later than 1900 has been included. French, German, Spanish, Danish, Dutch and other European languages. National library and university library catalogs are appearing in large numbers on national databases some of which are appearing on CD ROMS and online on the Internet. The holdings of German, French and Spanish libraries are being progressively put into computers; these are in turn being added to other super databases e.g. the Research Libraries Information Network. The *Bibliothèque Nationale's catalog is available on the Internet. Languages like Italian, Russian and Polish as well as many other languages are likely to be added. A Dutch database exists devoted to homosexuality in the catalog of the the *Homodok center; this is available on the internet. Chinese and Japanese. CJK (that is, Chinese, Japanese and Korean) catalogs are emerging (for instance in Australia). In these catalogs Chinese, Japanese and Korean books may be accessioned in their own scripts as well as the Latin alphabet. Latin and Greek. Phi CD-ROM #5.3 contains virtually all Latin literature to 200 A.D. Thesaurus Linguae Graecae contains the text of more than 700 works of Greek Literature from 750 B.C. to 600 A.D. Access to many libraries including university libraries is available though the Internet; some African and South American libraries can be accessed. Concept and trope in English and German poetry. From ca. 1855. English. The idea of close male 'friendship, *male bonding and loyalty (which comradeship implies) is especially associated with *Walt Whitman. (Compare *friendship in *Elizabethan poetry: comradeship implies a much closer form of bonding.) The word comrade also has a homosexual sense in Whitman and comrade and comradeship were used by *Edward Carpenter as coded words for homosexuality. See also *socialism (which arose in the late nineteenth century and with which Edward Carpenter was much involved; socialists frequently call each other "comrade"). Great Britain. The words were used by poets of World War One (see *M. McClymont, *R. Heywood) and especially in the anthology *Lads; see also * Catalogue of Selected Books from the Private Library of a Student of Boyhood, Youth and Comradeship, *Noel Grieg. *Richard Aldington in his novel Death of Hero (1929), 26-27 denies there was a physical homosexual element in *war comradeships. United States: see *G. E. Woodberry, *Bliss Carman and *Scott Giantvalley regarding Whitman. Australia. The word was especially used by *J. le Gay Brereton with homosexual undertones; see also *Bernard O'Dowd, *E. J. Brady, *E. Briggs; compare *mateship. German: see *"Mein Kriegsfreiwilliger", *"Mein Kamerad", *Erich Makowski (re war poems from World War I). Chinese: see *Rewi Alley. The word "tongzhi" means *comrade and is now used to refer to same sex love: see *Historical and social background - Chinese. Concrete Poetry, also called Visual Poetry Genre in poetry in French, Spanish and English existing from ca. 1965 as a movement. Influenced and growing out of the experiments of *modernism and *postmodernism and especially the concept of *open form, concrete poetry is poetry relying on reshaping the printed words of a poem into something pictorial. It goes back to the * Palatine Anthology where some poems are shaped in pictorial ways. Sometimes it is called visual poetry. The first modern text was the French poet *Mallarme's poem Un Coup de Des. *Apollinaire was also a pioneer of the style. Spanish. See *Glauco Mattoso (pseud.). For poets with homosexual reference in English see, for Great Britain, *Edwin Morgan, *Dom Sylvester Houedard. In Australia, *Christopher Brennan wrote a visual poem modelled on Mallarme's; see also *Barrett Reid. In Canada, *bill bissett is the main poet of interest. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Princeton Handbook of Poetic Terms. Translator from Greek to Spanish from Spain. 1765-1820. He was the foremost authority of Muslim Spain before R. Dozy and was the librarian of El Escorial, the Royal palace near Madrid, and later the Royal (now National) Library, *Madrid. He translated the Greek poets *Anacreon and *Theocritus into Spanish: Poesías de Anacreon, Teocrito, Bion y Mosco (Madrid, 1796), 2 volumes. An edition of *Meleager with translations was published in 1884. He wrote a histroy of the Arabs in Spain in Spanish, Historia de la dominacion de los arabes en España, 3 volumes (1820-21). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Spanish Literature. Gay history and literary conferences have proliferated from 1983. The papers of these conferences are important documents for gay literature; some are in gay 'archives. Dutch. A gay writer's conference took place in Amsterdam in 1984 ('Harold Norse, 'James Broughton, 'Dennis Cooper and 'James Holmes read poetry at a poetry reading: see the report in The Advocate no. 411, 8 January, 1985, 26-27). Two history conferences have occurred: Among Men/Among Women (1983) and Homosexuality, Which Homosexuality? took place in Amsterdam in 1987 with many literary papers (see The Advocate no. 492, 16 February 1988, 28-31). Abstracts from the papers were published in the conference proceedings and some in books - the 1983 conference in Among Men, Among Women (1983), and the 1987 conference in a book Homosexuality, Which Homosexuality?, 1988, edited by 'Denis Altman. English. Great Britain. A gay writers conference is believed to have taken place in London in 1987. See Forum 2 (1987), 117-21, "European Lesbian and Gay Writers Conference" by 'Ron Mooser. The British Library has a CD ROM listing all British conference proceedings published from ca. 1993; two items dealing with homosexuality were found in a check but none relating to gay poetry. United States. There have been a large number of literary conferences. Outwrite (also called Out Write), a gay writer's conference, took place in 'San Francisco 3 and 4 March 1990. It was organized by Kevin Killian and 1200 people attended: see James White Review vol. 7 no. 3 (Spring 1990), 2; the conference was sponsored by Outlook journal. There was another Outwrite conference in 1992 (James White Review vol. 9 no. 4, 2) and one for 1993 was announced for Boston in November 1993 in James White Review vol. 10 no. 3 (Spring 1993), 2 as the fourth conference. OutWrite Seven was held in Boston 20-22 February 1998: see report in Lambda Book Report, May 1998, 8-12. Conferences on gay studies were held annually at 'Yale University from 1986 and one at 'Harvard in 'Boston was held 24-30 October 1990 (see Chronicle of Higher Eductation 24 Oct 1990, A6, A8). Ten essays from the Fifth Annual Lesbian and Gay Studies Conference at Rutgers University (in New York state) in 1991 were published as Negotiating Lesbian and Gay Subjects (1995), edited by Monica Dorenkamp and Richard Henke; subjects include 'Oscar Wilde and 'Aids. "Inside and Out: The Third National Graduate Conference on Queer Studies" was to be held 15-17 April 1993 in Minneapolis (see James White Review vol. 10 no. 1, p. 2). There is also a gay caucus of the 'MLA (Modern Language Association) which publishes a newsletter 'Lesbian and Gay Studies Newsletter which lists upcoming conferences. See also 'Queer. Canada. A gay history conference was held in "Toronto in 1985 with some literary papers (see *Paul Knobel). Australia. A Queer Literature conference was held in 'Sydney in July 1993 with proceedings published as A Cold Collation: Papers from the Inaugural QueerLit Conference (Sydney, 1993, unpaginated). In Hurley, Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia, see under "Queerlit Conference" for further information. French. See Les gays savoirs, edited by Eduardo Mendicutti, Paris, 1998. There were several gay colloqiums at the Sorbonne, Paris, in the 1990s. German. The University of Siegen had a conference on homosexuality and literature in 1990 and proceedings were published in 1992 in Berlin by 'Verlag rosa Winkel verlag, edited by Gerhard Härle, as Erkenntniswunsch und Diskretion, 445 pp. (copy seen: Yale University Library). In 1991 the literary proceedings of the 1987 Amsterdam History Conference, Homosexualitaten, literarisch, edited by Maria Kalveram were published (Essen: Die Blaue Eule, 146 pp.). Hebrew. A conference was held in Kibbutz Givat Haviva, between Tel Aviv and Haifa, in June 1994 with a paper, "Homoerotic Poetry in Hebrew", listed (source: Capital Q Weekly, Sydney, 6 May 1994, p. 85). Spanish. A conference titled "Questions of Homosexuality" was held at the Institute of Romance Studies, University of London, June 1991. A literary conference was held at New York University in 1999 following one in 1994 (see report in Lambda Book Report, June 1999, 10-11). Estonian and Russian. The Soviet Union's first ever international conference on homosexuality was held in May 1990 at Tallinin in Estonia with researchers from all over the world expected to attend ( Sydney Star Observer, 9 March, 1990). The proceedings were published in a book Sexual Minorities and Society, edited by Teet Veispak, Tallinn, 1991. No papers dealt with literature but Siegfried Tornow touches on it in "Homosexuality and Politics in Soviet Russia", pp. 78-93. (Rare; copies: University of Sydney Library donated by 'Paul Knobel who also has a copy). Philosopher in Chinese and founder of the Confucian religion in China. 551 B.C.-479 B.C. For many periods of Chinese history the philosophy of Confucius was the guiding principle of action. Humaneness, i.e. kind heartedness, was a central part of his philosophy, which was strongly *patriarchal. Male *disciples figured strongly in Confucius's life. The poetry of China - which emerges from a Confucian context - is strongly male centered. Confucianism was the dominant religious philosophy in China for much of the last 2,500 years. It was the state ideology in China at various times and is still ideologically strong in Taiwan (though it was ousted by Communism in mainland China after 1949). Five Confucian classics are traditionally ascribed to Confucius including the poetry collection * Shih Ching (though this ascription is doubtful). The Ta-hsueh (Great Learning) is his central work. Confucianism, despite its male centeredness, has strongly emphasized the family and family values. It does not condemn homosexuality but emphasis on the family meant that all males were supposed to marry; within that context homosexual activity could (and did) occur. Other east-Asian languages which are relevant are Korean, Japanese and Vietnamese all written in Chinese in earlier centuries (this tradition continued with scholars in these countries learning Chinese until the twentieth century). Korean. Confucianism was and is the central religious ideology in Korea. Vietnamese. Confucianism has been a strong influence on the poetry and was a dominant ideology until Communism replaced it after 1945 in the north and after the Vietnam war ended in the south. Japanese. See the entry in Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan: "Neo-Confucianism". Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, vol. 1. Encyclopedia Britannica. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Cassell's Encyclopedia of Queer Myth, Symbol, and Spirit, 12. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1924. First published in One magazine in 1957, Kirby Congdon is a *leather poet who lived in New York with *Jay Socin (1914-68) and published several books in the 1970s. His book of poems Dream-Work (New York, 1970, 500 copies; printed in Great Britain as Chain Drive, 1976) was an underground classic and centers on the male image, motorcycles, *S/M and *suicide. The book, which is illustrated with photographs of the author in *leather, is concerned with hardcore violence (see e.g., "The Orgy", pp. 39-40). It is stated to have been composed in 1966 and to be *prose poems (rare; copy sighted: Australian National Library, Canberra). He published "Notes on Dream-Work" in Boston Gay Review no. 4-5 (1978), 10-11. As a work of literature Dream-Work is impressive. "Horse-Opera" (Angels of the Lyre, p. 41) links the *cowboy trope with leather. He edits the journal Magazine. Criticism. See the assessment of his work in Gay Sunshine no. 42, p. 28, by *Rudy Kikel; with bibliography of published works and criticism. Interviews: Gay Sunshine 28 (1976); reprinted in Leyland, Gay Sunshine Interviews, volume 2, pp. 39-54 (photo p. 39, biog., 40). Bibliography. See Ray C. Longtin, Kirby Congdon: A Bibliography of His Poems and Prose-Poems. Privately printed by the author, 1993. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10557-60: Black Sun, Grand Rapids, MI: Pilot Press, 1973, Dream Work, Brooklyn, New York: Cycle Press, 1970, Figure, New York: Interim Books, 1967 and notes his work featured in Mouth of the Dragon no. 7, 1975; 10774 (using the pseudonym *Alden Kirby): three poems in ONE Magazine 5:8, 5-6 October,-November 1957. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 755-61: same books as in Bullough plus Chain Drive, Llanfyndd, Wales: Unicorn Bookshop, 1975, Fantoccini: A Little Book of Memories, Los Angeles: *Little Caesar Press, 1981, Figure, New York: Interim Books, 1967, Juggernaut, New York: Interim Books, no date and Shirt Poem, Brooklyn, NY: Cycle Press, 1974. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Male Muse, 21-22; biog., 118-19. Angels of the Lyre, 38-41; biog., 238. Orgasms of Light, 47-49; biog., 250. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 392. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 653: two *prose poems. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 543: poem "The Flame"; birth date given as 1929. A Day for a Lay, 82-87. See 'Hartford Wits. Active 17BQ-1B1Q. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1991. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Unending Dialogue, 21, 28-29 (prose poem), 34-35, 40, 75. Fine poems by a gay man on having *Aids. Poet and journal editor from Great Britain writing in English. 1903-1974. He founded the influential *journal Horizon with *Stephen Spender in 1939 and was its editor until 1950; the journal was paid for by the homosexual Peter Watson. His autobiography Enemies of Promise (1938), describes homosexual experiences in his life - see pp. 148, 169-71 (including a poem); Chapter 23, pp. 216-225, describes homosexuality at *Eton. He seems to have written no poems of note as an adult. See Michael Sheldon, Friends of Promise: Cyril Connolly and the world of Horizon (1989): this describes his pursuit of women in adult life. He was three times married; see the life by Jeremy Lewis, Cyril Connolly: A Life (1999). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Poet from France who wrote in French. 1150-ca. 1220. See *Thomas Stehling's article, "To love a medieval boy", Journal of Homosexuality vol. 8 no. 3/4 (Spring /Summer 1983), 169: in the poem L'autrier avint en chel autre pais a lady uses an accusation of homosexuality to insult a knight. *Troubadour poet. Poet from Sweden who wrote in Swedish. Active 1905-1950. Bibliographies. Hansen, Nordisk Bibliografi, 14: cites Samlade dikter (Collected Poems), Stockholm: LTs förlag, [no date], 206 pp. States he wrote four books of poems dealing with homosexual themes 1905-50: Skyarne (1906), Friska sorgens källa (1907), Hjärtats frid, den blödande (1907) and Dikter ur tre samlingarna (1950) and states a biography exists by Carl Magnus von Seth i Conradsons titled Om kristendomens betydelse i mänsklighetsödet. Conservatism and conservatives Concept in English in Great Britain, the United States and other countries, dating from ca. 1789. Conservatism may be defined as an attempt to keep the status quo; that is to keep things the way they are; as such it is undoubtedly a very ancient ideology and the date here is mainly in relation to modern Europe. It became a leading ideology after the French Revolution (1789) and at the emergence of *Romanticism. It has been a strong force in United States politics and in the *Catholic church. United States: see *Hartford Wits, The *Advocate. Australia: see *James McAuley. Compare *Anarchism, *Socialism. Conservatism can be applied equally to social, political and religious concerns. Poet and archivist from Italy writing in Italian. Born 1945. Author of "The Homosexual Movement in Italy" in Gay Books Bulletin vol. 1 no. 1 (Spring 1979), 24, 26. He is the founder of *Massimo Consoli's Gay International Archives also called OMPO. There is also a journal called Ompo which he edits. Bibliographies. Leggere omosessuale, items 342-43: La porta delparadiso, Rome: OMPO, 1980, and Viva l'omosessualita, Rome: OMPO, 1980. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amicizia amorosa, 233-35; biog., 283. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 268-70; biog., 245 and 470 (re 20 contemporary gay Italian poets not in Reid, The Eternal Flame ). Constantine (or Konstantinos) of Sicily Poet from Italy writing in Greek. Active as a poet BQQ-9QQ . From 'Sicily, he wrote 'Anacreontic verses. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium : see "Constantine of Sicily". Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 72: "Versch. Gedichte" [selected verses; no other information]. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 73: a poem trans. by Elisar von 'Kupffer. Spelt Konstantinos in Welter and Kupffer. Critic from Spain writing in Spanish about Arabic poetry. Active 1978. See his "Aproximacion al estudio del tema de amor en la poesía Hispano-Arabe de los siglos xii y xiii," in Awraq vol.1 (1978), 12-28, a study of poems in Arabic written in Spain, addressed to young men and written in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, with many examples included. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1964. Book: Blood Poisoning, 1995, 32 pp. (review: James White Review vol. 13 no. 3, summer 1996, 20). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gents, Bad Boys, and Barbarians, 69-73; biog., 68. Eros in Boystown, 14-15; biog., 60 - author of one *chapbook Blood Poisoning. Plush. The World in Us: Lesbian and Gay Poetry of the Next Wave, 53-60; biog., 362. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1951. Book: The Tranquil Lake of Love: Love Letters (1993), 70 pages. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 29 - poem "Love Letter #25"; biog., 174 - *black poet from *Philadelphia. Songwriter from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1968. See *Took, Barry. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Active 1919. Possibly a pseudonym. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 497. Criticism. Foster, "Beauty's Purple Flame: Some Minor American Gay Poets", Gay Books Bulletin no. 7 (1982), 17, 18: quotes from the poem "Rivals" published in the journal Pagan edited by *Hart Crane (for publication details see *A. A. Coates entry). "Rivals" is about male *prostitution. Translator from German to English from the United States. 1887-1946. The first translator of the gay German poet *Platen's sonnets into English. His works were a daring translation for their time, first published as Sonnets from Venice (Madison: Tracy and Gore, 1914). Successive volumes of translations of Platen - such as To *Cardenio (Ithaca, 1919), with a note about the composition, and To *Karl Theodor German (Ithaca, 1920), with two page introduction discussing their genesis - were collected in The Sonnets of K. A. G. M. Graf von Platen-Hallermunde (Boston: Badger, 1923); p. 136 of this latter work lists the few known English translations to 1923. He published a book of poems: Some Sonnets of a Passing Epoch, Portland, Maine (1925). Biography: see Men and Boys, pp. xvii-viii; with bibl. Cooke was born in Great Britain. His family moved to the United States in 1898 and he was educated at Berkeley. He took a doctorate at University of Wisconsin, Madison, later lecturing in philosophy at *Cornell 1920-22. After 1922, he seems to have moved to Maine and in 1933 was admitted to Farrington Hospital, Portland, a hospital maintained for the poor. He died of cancer in 1946. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 194-98: trans. of *Platen into the *sonnet form. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active before 1982. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 782: A Poem for Liberation (*broadside), privately printed, no date, but circa 1969-82 (see *gay liberation). Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1965. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Beyond Paradise, 25, 27, 36, 49 - poems dealing with gay male themes; biog. 78 - lives in *Manchester. Poet, publisher and journal editor from the United States writing in English. Born 1953. Publishing as a poet in book form from his 1973 *chapbook, The Terror of Earrings (published with the aid of *Catalyst Press), he was also the publisher of * Little Caesar journal and owner of the Little Caesar Press 1976-82. An outstanding poet of the *gay liberation period, his poems celebrate life in the fast lane, *prostitution and *drugs: see, for instance, "My Past ( Gay and Lesbian Poetry, pp. 84-85). He was born in Pasadena, California, and raised in a boys' school. Amongst his influences he cites the *Marquis de Sade, *Arthur Rimbaud and the artist David Hockney. Books of poems: The Terror of Earrings (Kinks Press, 1973); Tiger Beat (Little caesar, 1978); Antoine Monnier (Anon Press, 1978); Idols (Seahorse Press, 1979; biog., p. 80); The Tenderness of Wolves (Crossing Press, 1982) - poetry and short prose, with an introduction by *Edmund White ix-xi; biog., 76; Wrong (poetry and short prose, 1988); Idols (1989), poems. He has also written a novel, Closer (1988). His selected poems is The Dream Police: Selected Poems 1969-1993, New York, 1995 (reviewed James White Review vol.12 no. 3, Fall 1995, 21-22). He has edited the anthology Coming Attractions: American Poets in Their Twenties and lives in *Los Angeles. Interview: The Advocate No. 381, 24 November, 1983, 57-59: notes he has moved to *New York, he feels his work is amoral and De Sade is a major influence on him; Outlook no. 6 (Fall 1989), 82-85. See also interviews in The Advocate no. 582, July 30 1991, 6668 and no. 656, 8 March, 1994, 59-60. Translation. Dutch: Dichterbij, Amsterdam, Prometheus, 1992 (translator not known). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 785-91: Boys I've Wanted, privately printed, 1976, Idols, New York: Seahorse Press, 1979, The Secret Lives of Teen Idols, privately printed, 1978, The Tenderness of the Wolves, Trumansburg, New York: Crossing Press, 1981, The Terror of Earrings, Arcadia, CA: privately printed, 1973 (revised and enlarged edition, Arcadia, CA: privately printed, 1973), Tiger Beat, Los Angeles: *Little Caesar Press, 1978. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Orgasms of Light, 50-54 - "Four Poems" from Boys I've Wanted; biog., 250. Amerikanike homophylophile poiese, 15-16: translated into Greek; biog., 69. Fra mann til mann, 98-99. Son of the Male Muse, 38-45 (with photo 38): includes a *prose poem; biog., 187. Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, 83-84 (with photo p. 83); biog., 83. Drobci stekla v ustih, 165; biog., 187. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 543. Name of Love, 10-11; biog. note 70-71. Eros in Boystown, 10-11. A Day for a Lay, 225-231; biog., 225 - lives in southern California. The World in Us: Lesbian and Gay Poetry of the Next Wave, 53-60; biog., 362. Word of Mouth, 326-333. Cooper, James Fenimore, Junior Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Possible birth and death dates: 1892-1918. Note: "To a Friend" cited below, which is not dated in * Men and Boys, is by the grandson of the novelist James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851): see entry in Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature from where the dates have been taken. He has also been identified as James Fenimore Cooper's grandson by Byrne S. Fone in the *Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 82: "To a Friend". Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 194: "To a Friend". Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 493. Cooper, Wayne F. Author of * Claude McKay: Rebel Sojourner in the Harlem Renaissance (1987). This biography openly discusses McKay's homosexuality - see pp. 30, 75, 131. He states that, though McKay was married and had affairs with women, "evidence indicates his primary orientation was towards the homosexual" (p. 30). He states, p. 75, that the person whose unexpected death is reflected on in the poem "Rest in Peace" was "my [that is McKay's] friend and lover" (this poem is in Home to Harlem, New York, 1928, p. 57). He has edited a selection of McKay's work: The Passion of Claude McKay (1973). Anthologist, critic, historian and biographer writing in English and translator from Latin, French and Spanish to English from Great Britain. Born ca. 1940. He compiled the *The Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, one of the most wide ranging surveys of gay poetry ever. His Introduction is a short but very Tine history of gay poetry. Translations not assigned in The Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse are stated on p. 49 to be by him (however, he is not listed in the index of poets and translators pp. 399-401). As Latin translator see entries (all relating to The Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse) for *Statius, *Juvenal, *Ausonius, *Bernard of Morlas, *Beccadelli, *Aretino; for French translations, see *Aubigne, * Epitaph for Jean Maillard, *Rimbaud, *Cocteau; for Spanish see *Garcia Lorca. The dust jacket of The Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse states that he was educated at Magdalene College, *Cambridge, and the University of London. He is a doctor, though whether of medicine or philosophy is not known and he lives in *Oxford. He is the author of several critical books on *T. S. Eliot, *Chaucer and *Shakespeare and wrote the first substantial critique of James Kirkup in gay terms: see "James Kirkup and the Poetry of Gay Love", Gay News no. 238, page 37. His *Byron: The Making of a Myth is a biography of the poet, published in 1988. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 29-50 (Introduction) and see above. Poem in Spanish from Spain. Ca. 1474. The first documented *long poem referring to homosexuality in Spanish (at the court of Enrique IV). It was first published in Revue Hispanique (1896). A. D. Deyermond describes the poem thus: "The Provincial represents Castille as a corrupt monastery. It was probably composed ca. 1474 at the end of Enrique's reign, and refers to events of the previous nine years. Almost every kind of vice and perversion is included (some of the accusations were no doubt correct)" - see his A Literary History of Spain: The Middle Ages, 1971, p. 195. The background is given by the sexologist Gregorio Maranon in Ensayo Biologico sobre Enrique IVde Castilla y su Tiempo (1941); on this last work see also *Daniel Eisenberg, "Enrique IV and Gregorio Maranon", Renaissance Quarterly 29 (1976), 21-29 and the entry on Enrique IV in Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. The text of the poem was publised in Antonio san de *Velilla, Sodomas y lesbos modernas, Barcelona, 1932 (very rare; the *Library of Congress copy could not be found in 1989; a copy is in the collection of *Paul Knobel). Another poem based on Enrique is Coplas de Mingo Revulgo (text not seen; it may be the same poem); see entry in . Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 640-41: re Juan II and Enrique IV. Sexual practice recorded in English from Great Britain. Ca. 1900. Sexual pleasure in eating or playing with faeces (that is, in simple English, shit). It is also called coprophagia. For English poetry see *Aleister Crowley (active 1900). Drinking urine, a related practice, is called Urophilia or Urolagnia (see volume 7 of *Havelock Ellis's Studies in the Psychology of Sex). Poet from Italy writing in Italian. 1887-1907. One of a group of crepuscolari poets influenced by *decadent poetry; active 1904-07. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amicizia amorosa, 191-92: poems "A Carlo Simoneschi" and "A Gino Calza". Pseudonym of a poet from Germany who wrote in German; he later lived in Mexico. 1909-1966. *Hubert Kennedy in Journal of Homosexuality, volume 38, numbers 1/2, 2000, 67-68, states he was was born in Berlin as Heinrich Wolfgang Horn, was best known for his travel books on Mexico where he lived from 1953, was known as a Maya researcher and six poems of his were published in *Der Kreis as well as three photographs of nude Mexican youths. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1986. The author of at least two books of poetry. Bibliographies. Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen, item 157: lists a photcopy "Elegy for John, my student dead of Aids", Poetry vol. lxlix, no. 3 (December 1986), 143-44. City in Spain where Arabic was the main spoken language until 1492 when the Moors were expelled; Spanish has been the spoken language in the city since then. Gay poetry in relation to the city is documented from ca. 975. One of the most famous cities in southern Spain which, under the Arabs, had a huge mosque now converted into a cathedral. The city had a large number of *bathhouses (an Arab historian stated there were 900 at one time; see entry on the city in Encyclopaedia of Islam). The city was under Muslim control 711-1236 and was the capital of Muslim Spain 756-1013. In the tenth century it was the largest city in Europe with a population up to one million. Latin was spoken under the Romans Arabic: *'Abdallah, *Ben Jaruf of Cordoba, ibn Kharuf (possibly Ben Jaruf), *1 bn Kuzman, ibn Zaydun, *1 bn Hazm. Hebrew: ibn Khalfun (active 975.; the earliest known poet), Joseph Ibn Abitur, *Samuel Hanagid, *Yosef Ibn Saddiq. Spanish: see *Yosef Ibn Saddiq re *Muwashshah, Journals - Spanish, re the journal Cantico; *Góngora lived in Cordoba. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition: see "Kurtuba". Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1995. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Badboy Book, 87; biog., 385 - this is his first published poem and he lives in *New York. Poet from the Netherlands writing in Dutch. Active 1988. Book of poems:Vanitas (Amsterdam, 1988), 53 pages: thirty poems dealing with love. Source: * Vrolijk's Boekbulletin 1989/1 page v. "Cormac Mac Airt Presiding at Tara" Poem in Irish from Great Britain or Ireland. Possibly ca. 800. See the poem with the above title in John Montague, editor, The Faber Book of Irish Verse (1974), p. 50: a description of a beautiful man, presumably written by a man. The date is uncertain, it may be later. The exact place of writing is not known. Critic from the United States writing in English; he lives in Japan. Born 1924. A Tine United States *postmodernist poet whose poetry is much influenced by Japanese verse since he left the United States to live in Japan. In the journal Origin (volume 8, January 1963) which Cid Corman edited, see his discussion of *Basho which includes a section, Section 10, "Homosexuality"; this discusses "poems referring to good looking boys" by *Basho, the alleged homosexual relationship between Basho and his disciple the rice-merchant Tokoku (1665?-1690) and states "Looking back on the sexual life of our younger days even we who were born in the twentieth century can recall being entranced once by a goodlooking boy." A Tine poet whose small poems show the influence of *haiku and who has written a huge epic in two volumes Of (Venice, CA: Lapis Press, 1990), consisting of short poems. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Literary Biography. Contemporary Authors, New Revision Series, volume 44. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1943. Born in Georgia in the United States *south he has received numerous awards. Other books of poems, apart from those in the bibliographies below, include The Various Light (1980), Notes from a Child of Paradise (1984), The West Door (1988). Criticism: The Metamorphoses of Metaphor (1987); Autobiographies (1992). His 1978 A Call in the Midst of the Crowd is a *long poem in four parts on New York. Notes from a Child of Paradise is about a heterosexual relationship. He lived in New York in 1995 and teaches at Columbia University. His latest book of poems is Present (1997); review: James White Review, no. 54, winter 1998, 22 by George Piggford - includes a poem "A Marriage in the Nineties" about Alfred Corn's relationship with his longtime lover Chris Corwin, to whom the book is dedicated. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 805: A Call in the Midst of the Crowd, New York: Viking, 1978. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, 86-87 - poem "Older Men"; biog., 86 (with photo), stating he lives in *New York with *J. D. McClatchy. Poets for Life, 55. Badboy Book, 89; biog., 385. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 746-47. The World in Us: Lesbian and Gay Poetry of the Next Wave, 68-73; biog., 362. Criticism. Martin, Homosexual Tradition in American Poetry, 208-17; he states: "Corn announces the development of a gay poetry which can transcend its gayness" (p. 217). Word of Mouth, 234-40. Poet from Germany writing in German. 1824-1874. The Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 19 (1919), 144-74, has an article on him by *Numa Praetorius (pseud.). A composer, painter and poet with whom *Eduard Kulke was in love. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, vol. 9, pages 320-22, prints poems to him by Kulke. His *British Library General Catalogue entry lists several works of art criticism. University in the United States. Relevant especially from ca. 1985. Situated at Ithaca on a lake in upstste New York, Cornell is one of the best endowed Universities in the United States, with an outstanding library containing some rare gay material. It has an important archive of sexuality, called the Human Sexuality Collection, given by the Mariposa Foundation, formerly controlled by Bruce Voeller, and collected by David Goodstein (the former owner of * The Advocate) and given to the university following David Goodstein's death in 1982 (he also left the University an endowment for the study of sexuality). The University library has purchased half of the poetry book collection of *Ian Young; it also has good gay manuscript collections. See James Hutton, *R. B. Cooke, *George Stambolian, *Vladimir Nabokov. For an article on the library see "Gay at Cornell", The Advocate 13 May, 1982, 20-21. References. Steele, Major Libraries of the World. Translator from Latin to English from Great Britain and editor in English. 1839-1916. He translated the Latin poet *Catullus in 1904 and translated Catullus for the widely read *Loeb edition (1913; repr.). The Loeb edition contains censorship: for example, explicitly homosexual lines are omitted (see Catullus 16) or mistranslated (e.g., "darling" for "boy" in Poem 15). He was the editor of the Letters and Journals (1897) of the *Uranian poet *William Cory. He was vice-provost of *Eton and formerly fellow of King's College, *Cambridge. A poem written by *Oscar Browning states he was gay. Poet from Italy writing in Italian. Born 1953. Born in 'Milan, he has published Poesie per amare. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amicizia amorosa, 247-4B; biog., 2B3. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1930. One of the *Beat poets who included *Allen Ginsberg. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10561-64: Elegaic Feelings American, New York: New Directions, 1970, Gasoline, San Francisco: City Lights, 1968, The Happy Birthday of Death, New York: New Directions, 1962, Long Live Man, New York: New Directions, 1962. Pseudonym of a poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1860-1930. The pseudonym of *Frederick Rolfe. Corvo means "raven" in Italian, a bird which is black. Pseudonym of a historian who wrote in English. The pseudonym of *Edward Sagarin, born 1913. Poet and critic from the United States writing in English. Born 1953. Book of poems: Crossing the Street in the Rain (Gypsy Press, 1982); the title poem of this book which is in Son of the Male Muse, pp. 47-48, is *non gender specific. His chapbook Wife (Philadelphia, 1993), is reviewed in James White Review vol. 10 no. 3 (Spring 1993), 17. Wife contains excellent uncompromisingly gay poems. The Redheads, 1997, is his fourth book of poetry (review: James White Review, no. 56, summer 1998, 22 by *George Klawitter). He reviews poetry for * James White Review (e.g., *The Road Before Us ). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Son of the Male Muse, 46-48; biog., 187 (photo 46) - states he lives in West *Philadelphia where he is a *socialist. A Day for a Lay, 232-37; biog., 232 - a founding member of Insight to Riot, a poet's press based in Philadelphia. Cory, William (pseud.), sometimes called William Cory Johnson Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English, Latin and Greek. 1823-1892. William Cory was the name used by 'William Johnson after his dismissal from 'Eton in 1872. (Sometimes he is called William Cory Johnson.) In the 'British Library General Catalogue his works are entered under William Johnson (in the same cataloge see the entry under Ionica which was published anonymously). The name Cory recalls 'Corydon, the homosexual lover in 'Virgil's "Second Eclogue". His book of poems, Ionica, like 'Whitman's Leaves of Grass, was first published anonymously in 1858 and reprinted in various editions until 1891 with some poems were removed and others inserted in these later editions: see Smith, Love in Earnest, pp. 24647 for a list of editions. It was published under the name William Cory in 1905 in an edition edited by 'A. C. Benson with a memoir, the first time the author's name was on his book; this 1905 edition includes all poems published in all the previous editions of Ionica. It became a favourite of the 'Uranian poets. For the title's possible significance see 'Ion of Chios; see also 'Ion Ionicos (pseud.). Homosexuality appears in his work is a guarded way. "Heraclitus" is his most famous poem with the typical tragic tone of its time, a time of intense repression of gays ("They told me, Heraclitus, they told me you were dead"); many love poems are 'non gender specific. He was a Fellow of King's College, 'Cambridge, and the author of the 'Eton Boating Song and strongly influenced by 'Tennyson. His poems are dreamy and nebulous and there is considerable heterosexual interest. He also wrote in Latin: see Frederick Britain, editor, The Penguin Book of Latin Verse (1962), p. xlvii (biog.) and pp. 354-55 (a poem with strong gay overtones). He wrote a volume with original Latin poems intended for the teaching of Latin lyrics titled Lucretilis (Eton, 1871). Poems exist also in Greek: see Ionica (1905), pp. 210, 218-20. His Letters and Journals were edited by *F. Warre Cornish (1897). Biography: see 'Reginald Brett, 'Faith Mackenzie (who also edited unpublished poems); A. C. Benson's 1905 edition, as already noted, contains a life. Bibliographies. Murray, Catalogue of Selected Books, item 35: Ionica, states it was "First issued in 1858 under his original name of Cory" though the first edition was published anonymously. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10760: Ionica, London: Allen and Unwin, 1858 (repr. 1905) noting "especially" the poems "Heraclitus", "Preparation" and "Parting" (entered under William Johnson). Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 812-13: Extracts from the Letters and Journals of William Cory, Oxford: printed for the subscribers, 1897, and Ionica, London: Allen and Unwin, no date. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Ioläus (1935), 286. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 241-44. Reade, Sexual Heretics, 68-70. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 206-07: "Heraclitus". Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 53; biog., 116. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 274-76. Criticism. Smith, Love in Earnest, 246-47 and discussion 4-12. Trope and lover in Greek, Latin, Italian, English and French from ca. 40 B.C. Corydon is a shepherd in the Latin poet *Virgil's "Second Eclogue" (ca. 40 B.C.) who loves another, *Alexis; he appears also in "Eclogue 5" and "Eclogue 7". He is the most famous exemplar of gay love in Latin poetry. Originally, in Greek, spelt Korydon, he is a character in the "Fourth Idyll" of *Theocritus where he holds a homoaffectional dialogue with Batto and where, in the last two lines, he is called a *satyr. See the entry "Coridone" in Enciclopedia Virgiliana, Rome, 1984, for an exhaustive study with a bibliography. English. The name first appears in 'Alexander Barclay (1515) then *Abraham Fraunce and *Edmund Spenser (it is a common name for a shepherd in 'Elizabethan *pastoral poetry); see also *Charles Churchill, *Arthur H. Hallam, *L. M. Beebe. French: see Courouve, Vocabulaire de l'homosexualité masculine, 91-95 for a discussion of the word and trope in French. The French writer *André Gide wrote a famous series of essays called Corydon (1924) discussing homosexual love. Italian: see *Poliziano, *Sannazaro. Trope in Greek from Greece and Turkey. From ca. 1000. These *saints appear in Greek church art and are depicted on icons. *Hymns and prayers in the form of poetry are relevant. They were early Christian martyrs killed in Syria but nothing is known of their lives. There was a famous basilica in *Constantinople erected in their honor. For information see Catholic University of America, editor, New Catholic Encyclopedia (New York, 1967), vol. 4. (with illustration from an 11th century manuscript). Compare *Sergius and Bacchus, *Amis and Amile. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium: see "Kosmas and Damianos". Poet from Italy who wrote in Latin. Ca. 1420-1500. A homosexual and *Humanist who wrote poems to two males: "Ad Adrastum puerum" (To the boy Adastrus) and "Ad Ianum" (To Janus). He lived in Italian cities from Ferrara to *Rome. Poems in Italian accusing him of homosexuality were written about him by a certain *Antonio Cammelli. Song in Yagwoia from Papua New Guinea. From before 1985. Yagwoia is a member of the Angan family of New Guinea languages. The "Cosmogonic Song", about the creation of the universe, is sung at the first initiation rituals. The initiation rituals of the Yagwoia involve male-male *anal sex. The "Cosmogonic Song" was first recorded by Dr Jadran Mimica (Department of Anthropology, University of Sydney, 1990), ca. 1985, who is making a translation into English; the initiation rituals have now been discontinued. In Yagwoia mythology the first man had a penis in his mouth. Books on the Yagwoia have been written by Michael Allen and Ian Hogbin (known to be a gay anthropologist). Initiations stopped in the mid 1980s. City relating to works in English. A fictitious city used as the town of imprint for many erotic books, ca. 1900. This was done so as to give the impression the books were not published in Great Britain and thus not subject to British law. See *Aleister Crowley, Translator from Latin to English and critic from Great Britain. Active 19B4. Translator of the Latin poet 'Beccadelli into English (from the 1791 text ' Quinque illustrium Poetarum): Antonio Beccadelli and the Hermaphroditus (Liverpool, Janus Press, 19B4), 6B pages. It contains a fine introduction, life of Beccadelli and discussion of the textual history of the 'Hermaphroditus. This is an excellent English translation of a world formerly known only in its original language. Critic from Brazil writing in Portuguese. Active 1992. Author of A inocencia e o vicio: estudos sobre o homoerotismo (Rio de Janeiro, 1992), 195 pages, study of homosexuality and literature. Not seen. Poet from Brazil writing in Portuguese. 1901-1968. Author of Obra Poetica (1954). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poemas do amor maldito, 113: sonnet to an *angel; biog., 112. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Born 1863. An Anglican clergyman who wrote New Sermons for a New Century (London, 1909) along with poetry. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10566-67: Cameos of Boyhood, London: Arthur H. Stockwell, 1930, Friends of My Fancy, * Eton: Shakespeare Head Press, 1960. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 818-19: same books. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, x, xii-xiii: about an unpublished *manuscript of translations from the Greek * Palatine Anthology and a modern homoanthology, The *Golden Flame, submitted to the *Fortune Press, which is *lost. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 249: "To G R"; a Tine poem. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 83: re Agathon, lover of *Plato. Criticism. Smith, Love in Earnest, 85-87 (re connection with *Wratislaw) and see index; 244 (bibliography of works). Poet from Germany writing in German. Active before 1964. No entry found in the *British Library General Catalogue. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 47: poem "Die neuen Kamaraden" ("Die Sonne schimmert golden...") from Afrika singt. No other information given. Countries in the Encyclopedia and countries in the world The country names are taken from the list US State Department list of Independent States in the World which lists 190 states with which the United States has diplomatic missions (with Serbia and Montenegro and Taiwan being two others). This is available and updated yearly on the internet. As countries have changed names during history, the name of the country as at 21 January 2000 is used for country names. Boundaries have also changed and boundaries are taken at this date. In addition, not all countries are recognized by other countries and the United States does not recognize some countries (e.g. for some 30 years it did not recognize the Republic of China). Short forms of a country are used (e.g. Australia for Commonwealth of Australia) and spelling is based on the United States State Department spelling. Concise information on countries and a list of current countries is given in the Encyclopedia Brittanica Yearbook, Chicago: Encyclopedia Brittanica. This has information for the year before that in the title (e.g. 1997 Encyclopedia BrittanicaYearbook deals with information for 1996 under "Nations of the World"). This information may not be as up to date as that of the US State Department which however is defective as it only lists countries with which the United States maintains diplomatic missions. Some parts of the world are under United Nations control (e.g., the Caroline Islands are a United Nations protectorate under the control of the United States as is East Timor) and there overseas colonies still exist (e.g., France has colonies in the Pacific, including Tahiti) so not all parts of the world are separate countries. Some areas have an ambiguous status: for example, Puerto Rico, an island in the Caribbean, is an autonomous political entry in voluntary association with the United States which is the country of sovereignty (entries referring to Puerto Rico state "United States" but the area is noted within entries as Puerto Rico). The US State Department maintains a list of Dependencies and Areas of Special Sovereignty (e.g. East Timor). This list is available on the internet. On the United Nations site there is a section of Unrepresented Nations and Peoples (UNPO) which lists peoples claiming to be nations. The number of countries has increased since World War Two ended in 1945. Not all countries are members of the United Nations (e. g. Switzerland and Taiwan are not members) so the list of United Nations members, also available on the internet, cannot be taken as a definitive list of countries. 118 countries are referred to throughout the Encyclopedia: Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burma, Cambodia, Canada, Central African Republic, Chile, China, Colombia, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Estonia, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Holy See (sometimes called *Vatican City) Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kirghizstan (alternative spelling: Kyrgyzstan), Korea (this refers to both North Korea and South Korea), Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Libya, Lithuania, Macedonia, Madagascar, Malaysia, Malta, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Saint Lucia, Samoa, Saudi Arabia, Serbia and Montenegro (formerly Yugoslavia), Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka (formerly Ceylon), Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Taiwan, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine, United Kingdom (also called Great Britain; full title: United Kingdom of Great Britain), United States of America, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuala, Vietnam, Yemen, Zimbabwe. For the countries of the former Yugoslavia see Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Serbia and Montenegro. George Peter Murdock, Outline of World Culures, sixth edition (New Haven, CT: Human Relations Area Files, 1983), is a concise guide to the *cultures of the world based on the * Human Relations Area Files (publication commenced in 1954). There are more cultures than languages though in many cases culture and language coincide. For information on the cultures of the world consult David Levinson, editor, Encyclopedia of World Cultures, 10 volumes (Boston: G. K, Hall, 1993) and Amiram Gonen, Encyclopedia of the Peoples of the World (New York: H. Holt, 1993). See also *Cultures. Poet and novelist from the Netherlands who wrote in Dutch; he also lived in Indonesia. 1863-1923. The foremost Dutch novelist of his time who wrote novels based on upper middle class life in The Hague and which are now regarded as classics; he wrote some poetry. His first novel Noodlot (1891) had a strong homosexual theme. The novel De berg van licht (1905; English trans. The Mountain of Light) is about the bisexual and androgynous Roman Emperor Heliogabalus; other novels have homosexual characters. He wrote some poems and translated the Greek poet *Theocritus's "Second Idyll " into Dutch (published in 1973). He married but *Gerard Reve has maintained he was a virgin when he died. He lived in Indonesia for a decade of his youth. See F. L. Bastet, Een zuil in de mist (Amsterdam, 1980). Biography: Frederic Bastet, Louis Couperus (1987). There is a Louis Couperus Foundation Museum in The Hague. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Penguin Companion to World Literature: states he wrote some poems early in his career. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 271-72: by *Gert Hekma. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Naar vriendscaap zulk een mateloos verlangen, 17-19: four poems from Nagelaten Werk, Amsterdam/ Assen: Van Gorcum, 1975 (books cited 116). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 270-71: four *sonnets, one called *"Eros"; 262 - biog. note and note on 54 sonnets titled * Endymion. Bibliographer and lexicographer of French material from France writing in French; bibliographer of material in Greek and Latin. Born 1943. An outstanding bibliographer who compiled the first French gay bibliographies, Fragments 4: 1478-1881 (Paris, 1981 [24 pages]), Bibliographies des homosexualités ii 1882-1924 (third edition, Paris, 1981 ; unpaginated, about 24 pages), and Bibliographie des homosexualités 1924-77 (Paris, 1978) - which includes additions to the earlier works but fails to list whether literary works are poetry, novels or dramatic works. These bibliographies are partly annotated lists of books and articles covering literature, sociology and history in French. (Compare *Manfred Herzer for German and Giovanni Dall'Orto for Italian.) They were published by the author from 1977 in expanded editions and are rare. He is the author of the first study of the French homosexual vocabulary: Vocabulaire de l'homosexualité masculine (Paris, 1985), 248 pages; bibl. pp. 241-44. This is one of the most detailed studies of a gay vocabulary in any language. Greek and Latin. He is the author of a bibliography of Greek and Latin writers on homosexuality, Ces petits grecs ont un faible portes gymnases...: l'amour masculine dans les textes grecs and latine (Paris, 1988), 50 pages; it is in progress but is being periodically published. This is an annotated list of references to male homosexuality in Greek and Latin authors to 1200; it also lists homosexuality in the *Old Testament and *New Testament. He cites homopoems by poets and has brief comments. It is available from the author who lives in *Paris. He has studied the manuscripts of *Georges Hérelle and has made an annotated summary of their contents on computer. He is editing the diaries of *André Gide. In Gay Books Bulletin no. 7 (Spring 1982), 13-14, his article "Aspects of Male Love in the French Language". Poets associated with the court of a particular ruler; documented from 502 in Chinese in China and after in other languages. In the middle east and formerly in India, in some feudal kingdoms, rulers employed a poet. This tradition spread as far as Japan and probably to Indonesia. Such poetry may contain a strongly homoerotic component (though sometimes this is in the form of flattery directed at the ruler and the feelings expressed cannot be accepted as genuine). The entire Persian tradition was strongly associated with such poets as was the Arabic (see *Abu Nuwas, *al-Mutannabi, *Saif al-Daula) and the Turkish tradition (where some bisexual or homosexual *Sultans wrote poetry). The rulers in these languages acted as patrons for poetry. The tradition also spread to Urdu speaking India. Such poetry is associated with *wine drinking and 'epicureanism (frequently in an all male setting). Persian *manuscripts were illustrated with scenes of strong male homoaffection and Persian poets frequently wrote an *elegy for their ruler on his death. Other *Islamic languages such as Pashto and Tajik may be relevant. Poems addressed to rulers may have a homoerotic element. Though many of these poems show flattery, some undoubtedly exhibit genuine sentiment. Persian. In Encyclopedia Iranica under "Courts and Courtiers", see "Court Poetry" in vol. 6, pp. 384-88. See, too, Yarshater, Persian Literature, 75-95. See also illustration - Persian, *Zuhuri. Chinese: see *Orchid Terrace (active ca.502). Japanese: see *Waka (a tradition closely associated with the court). See also *Emperors for Chinese and Japanese. Korean: see *Chong Ch'ol. Burmese. Poems directed to rulers are a feature of early poetry. They are likely in Thai. Cambodian. Vietnamese and Javanese. Latin: see *Castiglione. English. Many 'Elizabethan poets such as *Sir Philip Sidney were closely associated with the court of Queen Elizabeth I. Russian. Rulers can censor poets as was the case with *Pushkin whose work the Czar Nicholas I took a personal interest in. For *African languages see *Praise poems. Courtly Love, also called Amour courtois Movement in France in French and in Italy, Spain, Germany, Great Britain and Russia in *Romance languages and German and Russian. From ca. 1100. Courtly love (in French Amour Courtois) was a convention involving the writing of love poems to a distant lady. Roger Boase, The Origin and Meaning of Courtly Love (1971) is a major study which traces the convention centrally to Arabic poetry in Spain (p. 3) - see especially Chapter 11, "Theories of the Origin of Courtly Love", pp. 62-99; he states it "grew out of the Cathar or Albigensian heresy", a heresy which relates to the word *buggery, that it was fostered by *Neoplatonism (p. 81) and that it was "a collective fantasy or an institutionalisation of neurotic values"; fine bibl. pp. 140-66. F. X. Newman, The Meaning of Courtly Love (1968), has one of the best general bibliographies. Andreas Capellanus (active 1175-80) wrote the major document in Latin Tractatus de amore (Thesis on love); this work has been translated into various Romance languages and English; in English, see the translation by John Jay Parry (New York, 1941; repr.). See also *Irving Singer, *Clive Staples Lewis. The reality of the lady has been doubted in some cases and the "lady" addressee could provide a mask for homosexual writing; "she" is addressed in the masculine form in still other poems (Boase, Origin and Meaning of Courtly Love, p. 63). So it cannot always be assumed in the poetry that the lady is a female. Love in this tradition is unconsumated. At this time homosexuality was being enforced as a heresy by death and open homosexual love poems could not be written (see Law entries in the languages listed). The *troubadours are the main poets involved in relation to homosexuality. The whole convention could obviously provide a covered way of writing about homosexuality at such a time. The convention died out ca. 1400 and, as yet, there has been no study of homosexuality in relation to courtly love (though see *Reni Nelli). *Petrarchism emerged from the idea as did the poetry of *Dante. See in French, Denis de Rougement's study, L'amour et l'Occident (1939; trans. into English as Passion and Society, 1940), shows the influence of *Freud, linking *Eros with death. See also *Platonic Love and *Debate on Love - Arabic (the convention of Courtly Love undoubtedly owes much to Arabic poetry and Arabic poetic conventions, in turn influencing Spanish and Provençal poetry), *Ibn Dawud, influence - Arabic, *Slavery. French. The *Roman de la Rose is the most important poem. German. The concept influenced the *Minnesingers. Italian. Through *Petrarch the idea of courtly love became a major concept behind the ideas about love expressed in the *sonnet form. Provencal: see iroubadours. Russian: see *Byliny. Spanish: see *Alba. See also in general iroubadours. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature: see the entry "Minnesang". Critic writing in English about Latin poets from Great Britain. Active 1980. Author of A Commentary of the Satires of Juvenal (London, 1980), 650 pp.: a major commentary on Juvenal with extensive discussion of homosexuality, especially in Satires 2 and 9 (pp. 120-150 and 424-45). It extends the commentaries of *Gilbert Highet; see the Index under *Effeminacy and *Homosexuality (p. 634) and also *Baths (p. 631) and Education, morals (p. 634). The title page states the author is Professor of Latin, King's College, London. Review: Liverpool Classical Monthly vol. 6 no. 3 (March 1981), 83-86. Poet from Brazil who wrote in Portuguese. Active from 1910. See Arcadie no. 72 (December 1959), 711: re his poem "Cancioneiro de Amigo" in his book Cancioneiro de Dom Alfonso (Lisbon, 1939). Poet from New Zealand writing in English. Active 1994. Book of poems, I Know, which is gay inspired poetry; see the review in Man to Man (Auckland) 4 August 1994, 15. This is also listed in the Bibliography on Homosexuality in New Zealand (1995), by *A. P. MIllett, item 655. He lived in *London for a short period and now lives in Auckland; he has made three experimental short films. Gay Poetry Anthologies. When Two Men Embrace, 17-24; biog., 47. Poet, diarist, autobiographer, song writer and dramatist from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1899-1973. Best known as a playwright who wrote *camp plays such as Bitter Sweet (1929) and Private Lives (1930), Noel Coward was also a poet. Besides his original poems, some song lyrics written for his plays, such as the lyric "Mad About the *Boy" (1933), are relevant. His *long poem Not Yet the Dodo is one of the finest long poems in English on the theme of male homosexuality: it deals affectionately with an upper-class English couple who accept their son (Barry's) homosexuality when he goes on the stage. Text. Collected Verse (1984). His longtime companion Graham Payn wrote a book of reminiscences. He lived as a tax exile in later life in Switzerland and Jamaica and had a nervous breakdown in middle age. Autobiography: Noel Coward Autobiography, edited by Sheridan Morley (1976). Criticism: see the study of his songs in Robert F. Kiernan, Noel Coward (1986), Chapter 5, "The Revues, Operettas and Songs", 13955. Biography. Cole Lesley, The Life of Noel Coward (1976) was written by his secretary from 1936; Noel Coward asked for details of his homosexuality to be removed. Clive Fisher, Noel Coward (1992), deals openly with his homosexuality. *Philip Hoare, Noel Coward (1995), is the most candid biography to date and openly deals with his homosexuality with listings of homosexuals in his circle. Diary. The Noel Coward Diaries (1982), were edited by Graham Payn and Sheridan Morley and cover his life 1940-69. A television film of his life was made in Great Britain: Noel Coward (1992). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionary of National Biography 1971-80 : openly refers to his homosexuality. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 277-78. Howes, Broadcasting It. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10568-69: The Lyrics of Noel Coward, London: Heinemann, [no date], and Not yet the dodo, London [no date]. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 826: Not Yet the Dodo and Other Verses, Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1968. Criticism. Bronski, Culture Clash, 69-71 and 112-13: re the lyric "Mad About the Boy", quoted in full. Cowboys, called in Spanish gauchos Cowboys are males who look after cattle which are later sold to be killed and eaten. Material in English dates from ca. 1915; there may be some relevant material in Spanish where they are called gauchos. English. The all male society of cowboys may involve homosexuality, either repressed or active. See entries: *Charles Badger Clark (active ca. 1915), *Ed Dorn (an important *sequence), * Brother Songs (re Barney Bush), *Donald Friend, *Kirby Congdon, *Ian Young (re his poem, "Home on the Range" in Not Love Alone, pp. 136-39). A major *sequence is the Billy the Kid sequence of Jack Spicer. See also References below, *Bawdry (though cowboy bawdry seems completely lost), *Leather and *S/M. Spanish. Homosexual reference in South America is quite likely: see Arturo Torres-Rioseco, The Epic of Latin American Literature (Berkeley, 1959), Chapter 4, "Gaucho Literature", pp. 133-67. A large volume of gaucho literature exists, especially in Argentina; a gaucho epic was written by José Hernandez. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gay Histories and Cultures. Other references. These references are all to English language material. Katz, Gay American History, 508-11 ; includes pictures of cowboys dancing together. Woods, Articulate Flesh: Male Homoeroticism and Modern Poetry, 77-80 and f. 107, page 240: cites *Vernon Scannell, *Ed Dorn, *Dennis Kelly, Jack Spicer, *Thomas Meyer, *Michael Ondaatje. Peters, Hunting the Snark: A Compendium of New Poetic Terminology, 36-38: see "Billy the Kid Poems" (cites *Jack Spicer, *Michael McClure and *Thomas Meyer), and "Cowboy Poems", 84-87. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English; translator from English to Latin. 1618-1687. There is considerable homosexual interest in his poetry. His *epic poem Davideis tells the story of the biblical *David and Jonathan. A supporter of the Royalist cause, he was a noted lyric poet. In his lyric poem "Platonick Love" he states to his lover: "I Thee, both as Man and Woman, prize/For a perfect love implies/Love in all capacities"; the poem also compares the lovers to *Narcissus and is a major expression of English *Platonism. He wrote imitations of the Greek poet *Anacreon and also Pindarique *Odes published in Poems (1656). Poems (1656) contains the first use of the word "Anacreontiques" in English so far known (see Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics entry "*Anacreontics"); the poem "Underneath this Myrtle Shade" in this volume has the *cupbearer trope from ancient Greek and "The Grasshopper" contains the *Ganymede trope. His epigrams show the influence of *Martial. His Anacreontics were reprinted in the 1683 edition * Anacreon done into English in a bisexual context. *Bisexual interest, though most poems are heterosexual in ambience. He translated Book 1 of the Davideis into Latin as Davideidos. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 168-69: from his epic Davideis , Book 2. Cowper, William A poet remembered for his long poem The Task (1785). In The Works, edited by *Robert Southey (London, 1854), vol. 6, p. 185, in "Tirocinium" he refers to "*Fops at all corners, lady-like in mien,/ Civeted fellows, smelt ere they are seen" at Westminster school when he attended it. These lines are from "Tirocinium" ii, lines 827-30. He was a contemporary of *Charles Churchill at Westminster (compare *Leigh Hunt as regards homosexuality at school). On "Tirocinium" see the note pp. 347-48 in B. Spiller, editor, Cowper: Poetry and Prose (1968); this refers to a suppressed letter of 27 November 1784, about a surgeon being kept to treat the boys at Westminster for venereal disease. Criticism. On the poem, "On the Receipt of My Mother's Picture", see Albert Mordell, The Erotic Motif in Literature (1919; repr. 1962), pp. 37-39 on Cowper and the *Oedipus Complex. Mordell states the poem is "The best example of the Oedipus complex in English literature.." (p. 37). (This author's reading of the poem is simply that it represents a sentimental approach to its subject.) Cowper translated *Homer's * Iliad from Greek (published in 1791; worked on 1785-91). A very depressive and neurotic person (he attempted *suicide several times), Cowper's sexuality is very problematical. Asexuality or a low sex drive cannot be ruled out and changes in his sexuality, including from being sexually active to non-activity, may have occurred. He has been suspected of being homosexual. The homosexual theory was put forward by H. K. Gregory in The Prisoner and His Crimes: A *Psychological Approach to William Cowper's Life and Writings, unpublished *Harvard Ph. D. 1951. See also the comments on this work by Charles Ryskamp in his William Cowper (1959), in Chapter 9, and by James King in William Cowper (1986), p. 28 and footnote 19, p. 292; they both come to different conclusions. James concludes that Cowper "was an active heterosexual until 1763; after that, his diminution of self-esteem seems to have led to an eradication of sexual urges" (p. 28). Cowper wrote Olney *Hymns (1779) which could be read to show sublimated homosexuality. He wrote an autobiography, Memoir (ca. 1767; published in 1816), and letters. A biography was written by *David Cecil. His Letters were edited by Charles Ryskamp and James King, 4 volumes (1979-84). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1926. Raised a Catholic, he was in the United States navy and has worked in various public projects in *Washington. His book of poems Waking (*Gay Sunshine, 1977), 48 pages, contains striking gay poetry - see the title poem p. 37; biographical notes on the poet are on p. 48 (with photo). Waking has a fine cover drawing by Ed Aulerich and is an outstanding book of gay poetry in *free verse style (reviews: Gay Sunshine no. 33-34, 53; Boston Gay Review no. 4-5, Fall 1978). Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10570: Blocks, Washington, DC: Some of Us Press, 1973. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 836-37: Blocks and Waking, San Francisco: *Gay Sunshine Press, 1977. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Angels of the Lyre, 42-46; biog., 238. Orgasms of Light, 55-57; biog., 251. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 638-39. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 534. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1754-1832. His *long poem The Borough (1810) is based on the town of Aldeburgh, Suffolk. One story in the poem, that of Peter Grimes, was used as the basis for the opera Peter Grimes by the gay composer Benjamin Britten (first performed in 1945). The opera has been interpreted on stage as being deeply homosexual (see the Britten entry in Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, pp. 164-65); it was a favorite work of *Leonard Bernstein. The Borough is written in *heroic couplets. Homosexuality is only implicit in the Peter Grimes story as told here: see The Borough, Letter 22. Crabbe led a varied life becoming successively the parish doctor, destitute, and then the parish vicar of Aldeburgh; he married in 1785. The novelist Sir Walter Scott called him "the English Juvenal". Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 187-89: from Peter Grimes. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1970. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10571: " My confession" and "This morning will last forever" in Gay Sunshine 4:12-13, December 1970. Poet from the United States who wrote in English; translator from Latin to English. 1813-1892. Book of poems: The Bird and the Bell with other poems (Boston, 1890) He translated *Virgil's Aeneid from Latin, 1872. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature: a clergyman of ample means, essayist, poet and painter he "lived for many years in Rome and Paris [and] was definitely a dilletante". Criticism. Foster, "Beauty's Purple Flame: Some Minor American Gay Poets", Gay Books Bulletin no. 7 (1982), 15, 18; on p.15 Forster states late in life he wrote a poem "Iapis" about a shepherd youth whom Phoebus loved based on an episode in the Aeneid, Book 12, where the boy's name appears as "Iapix"'. Poet and letter writer from the United States who wrote in English. 1899-1932. A *modernist poet who probably committed *suicide by jumping off a ship (though he may have fallen). His work develops out of the poetry of the *eighteen-nineties. His first published poem, in the journal The Pagan, in 1916 was called "C 33" (*Oscar Wilde's prison number). *Philip Horton, Crane's first biographer first pointed out his gay nature in 1937. "Voyages 2" from the Voyages sequence is usually regarded as a homosexual love poem; however it is not openly homosexual since the sex of the *"you" in the poem is not made clear. Open homosexual poems do not exist as such in his oeuvre. He was an immensely complex person whose work and style relates to the *surrealist movement. His last love affair was with a woman, Peggy Baird. Her letters as quoted in John Unterecker's biography, Voyager: A Life of *Hart Crane, 1969 - for instance on pp. 716-17 - reveal that the relationship was consummated and Hart Crane may thus be described as *bisexual. A documented lover was the sailor *Carl Carlsen. Text. The first complete text is Complete Poems, edited by Brom Weber (1958). His Letters were edited by Brom Weber in 1952. The publication of the letters confirmed Crane's homosexuality - e.g. see pp. 26-27 (letter to Gorham Munson 27 December 1919); see also *Allen Tate and *Waldo Frank. An expanded selection of his letters was published in 1999, O My Land, My Friends: The Selected Letters of Hart Crane, edited by Langdon Hammer and Brom Webber (review: Lesbian and Gay Studies Newsletter, Spring/ Summer, 1998, 61-63 by David Jarraway). Not all letters have been published. Criticism in general. As a major poet of *modernism there has been a large volume of criticism on him. An adequate gay reading of his major long poem The Bridge (1930) has not yet been attempted though *Thomas Yingling has attempted a gay reading of Crane overall; see also *Hunce Voelcker. An overview of the latest research on him in relation to homosexuality is "The Reinvention of Hart Crane" by Samuel R. Delany in Harvard Gay and Lesbian Review, Fall 1999, 9-13. For other gay criticism see "Criticism in homosexual terms" below. Biography. *Philip Horton disclosed his homosexuality in 1937, as already stated. John Unterecker wrote a major biography of a gay poet and discusses the homosexual aspects candidly. The Broken Tower: A Life of Hart Crane by Paul Mariani, 1999, is the latest biography and deals candidly with his sexuality (see the review in the London Review of Books, 30 September, 1999, 45-46). Bibliography: see Joseph Schwartz and Robert C. Schweik, Hart Crane: A Descriptive Bibliography (1971). Translation. Dutch. Translated by Lloyd Haft (titled GefluisterdLicht [Whispered Light]; 1997). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Dictionary of American Biography: by *F. O. Matthiessen. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 727-28. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 278-79. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10572-73: Complete Poems, Garden City: New York: Doubleday, 1966 and White Buildings, New York: Liveright, 1925. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 843-44: Complete Poems and Selected Letters and Prose, Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1966 and The Letters of Hart Crane, 1916-1932, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1965. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 312-13: the poem "Voyages II". Digte om mends kerlighed til mend. Fra mann til mann, 43. Les Amours masculines, 390. Name of Love, 23-34: poem "Episode of Hands"; biog., 71. "Matrosen sindder Liebe Schwingen", 120-21: German trans. of "Voyages 4". Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 678-84. Criticism in homosexual terms. Martin, Homosexual Tradition in American Poetry, 115-63. Foster, "Beauty's Purple Flame: Some Minor American Gay Poets", Gay Books Bulletin no. 7 (1982), 17: re editorship of the *journal Pagan. Woods, Articulate Flesh: Male Homo-eroticism and Modern Poetry, 140-67: a close reading of his poetry. Short story writer and poet from the United States writing in English. 1871-1900. A journalist and major writer of realist short stories especially known for his American Civil War novella, The Red Badge of Courage (1895). Stephen Crane also wrote poetry. He led a bohemian existence and lived with a woman Cora who was the hostess of a night club brothel. He started a homosexual novel after seeing a boy with purple eyes on Broadway in 1894 but Hamlin Garlin found the manuscript so shocking that Crane abandoned the work: see John Berryman, Stephen Crane (1950), p. 86. He is believed to have shared lodgings with the poet George Cooper. He lived in Great Britain for the last three years of his life where he was a close friend of Joseph Conrad. He wrote some poetry. Homosexual elements in his character may never be adequately known. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1954. Book of poems: Salt and Honey (London: Gay Men's Press, 1989 - shared with *Martin Humphries); biog. opposite title page and photo on back cover. Cranfield's poems ocupy pp. 5-41 and are called "Music for the Soviet Minister of Culture"; they include a selection of *sonnets. Born in London, he read English at the University of York then trained as a general and psychiatric nurse. He lives in *London. Poems have appeared in the journal Square Peg. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Not Love Alone, 25-27: a poem about the Soviet composer Shostakovich (the poem is not obviously gay); biog., 140. Take Any Train, 18; biog., 61. Language of water, 37-38; biog., 78. Of Eros and Dust, 11-12, 23-24: a fine poem on the gay writer Joe Orton and his lover Halliwell, 79; biog., 85: states he is editing an anthology of *Aids poetry. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 125, 163-64, 229. Poet and critic from the United States writing in English. Born 1944. Author of a major book of poems about the United States, The Revisionist (1981), examining how the country may be restored to its native beauty (e. g., by removing all foreign plants and works of art). In The Revisionist see "Pultneyville", pp. 37-39, dedicated to John Ashbery. He is a poet liked by *Richard Hall and John Ashbery (stated in the interviews in The Advocate cited in their entries). He has been greatly inspired by Ashbery and has written a brilliant essay on James Schuyler. His lover is *Frank Polach (born 1944) - see Schuyler, Diary, p. 312. Schuyler, Diary, p. 303, states " he and his lover, Frank Polach, appear in the [James Schuyler] poem 'Dinging Out with Doug and Frank'". He has also published AMERIFIL.TXT: a commonplace book (1996). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors, vol. 106; notes he is divorced. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Ca. 1612-1649. Educated at Cambridge he became a *Catholic: see his poem "The Flaming Heart". He wrote religious mystical poetry addressed to Jesus Christ. He also wrote in Latin, though nothing of relevance was found in the L. C. Martin edition of his works. Compare *Digby Dolben. See the essay by Richard Rambuss, "Pleasure and Devotion: The Body of Jesus and Seventeenth Century Religious Lyric" in Jonathan Goldberg, Queering the Renaissance, 1994, pp. 253-79, an essay mainly on *Crashaw. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1923. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 846: The Carrying of the Ghost, Boston: Brimmer, 1923. Bibliographer from Canada of works in English and French. Active 1984. He compiled * Homosexuality in Canada. Editor of bawdry oral poems in English from the United States. Active from 1965. He compiled Bawdy Ballads (London, 1975), with a bibliography pp. 266-67; the ballads are texts put together from several sources (with notes). Homosexual reference in most cases is slight and negative but see "The Tinker" p. 11, "Samuel Hall" p. 12, "The Monk of Great Renown" p. 25, "O'Reilly's Daughter" p. 28, "The Ball of Kirriemuir" pp. 34-35, "The Sexual Life of the Camel" p. 49, "I-Yi-Yi-Yi" pp. 74-79, "Abdul the Bulbul Emir" pp. 70 (important), "Life Presents a Dismal Picture" p. 85, "Fuck em all" p. 146-147. The Erotic Muse: American Bawdy Songs (1992), is a revised edition which includes forty more songs and gives variant texts; it is more scholarly than the first edition; important bibliography pp. 415-24. The poems are emphatically heterosexual and homosexual reference is slight. See the poems listed above in the second edition and in particular "The Darby Ram" pp. 23-28, "The Monk of Great Renown" pp. 37-42, *"Christopher Columbo" pp. 308-315 (the most important gay work). There are British versions of some of these poems: see *Alan Bold, *Vance Randolph. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10574: The Anthology of Restoration Erotic Poetry, Los Angeles: Brandon House, 1965, 165 pp. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1967. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 847: Apple Pie, San Diego: Greenleaf Classics, 1967. Translator from Greek to English from Great Britain. 1659-1700. The second English translator of Theocritus; the first was the author of *Sixe Idyllia (1588). The title page of his translation reads The Idylliums of Theocritus, with Rapin's discourse of Pastorals done into English Oxford, 1684, L. Lichfield for Anthony Stephens (see *Anthony Stephens); it was reprinted by *Edmund Curll. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 75-78: trans. of *Theocritus, Idylls 23 (dedicated to Mr Rily, painter to His Majesty) and 26 (To Charles Viner of Wadham College [*Oxford], Esquire) - 1684. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 3-5: trans. of Theocritus "Idyll 23". Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1926. In The Collected Poems 1945-75 (Berkeley, 1982), see pp. 23 "Hart Crane 2", 71 "For a Friend", 109-110 "Hart Crane", 156 "Please" (for *James Broughton) and 288 "Messengers" (for *Allen Ginsberg). The Australian poet *Robert Adamson dedicated a homosexual love poem to him. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poets for Life, 56: poem "Plague" about *Aids (not a gay poem). Biographer from Great Britain writing in English. Active from 1940. His biographies of * Horace Walpole (1940) and *Thomas Gray (1955) touch on homosexuality in guarded terms. His Dictionary of National Biography entry states that he "came to terms" in his two biographies with the fact that Walpole and Gray were "natural celibates". Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography 1961-70: states he never married and was a practising Christian. Pseudonym of a poet possibly from the United States writing in English. Active 1978. Pseudonym of *Frederick Morey. Poet and letter writer from New Zealand who wrote in English; he lived later in Great Britain. A homosexual incident with the mayor of Wanganui and leading lawyer in the town, Charles Evan Mackay, in 1920, leading to a court case, is described in Michael King, Frank Sargeson: A Life, 1995, pp. 161-62. Charles Mackay, though married, was known to he a homosexual and citizens wanted to get rid of him; they hired D'Arcy Cresswell as an agent provocateur. The lawyer shot and wounded Cresswell in the chest after Cresswell threated to go to the police; Mackay was convicted and sentenced to fifteen years in prison. Cresswell was friends with Sargeson whom he met in 1935 (see King, Frank Sargeson, p. 160). Cresswell married in *London in 1925 but abandoned his wife and son the following year. The Forest, a verse play written in the 1930s but only published in 1952, is about the primacy of homosexual love. Poems: see "To L - / After we had fought" in Poems, 1921-27, London, 1928, p. 71. In Sonnets, Christchurch, 1976, see "To - " and "To L - " (Numbers 10 and 11), pp. 22-23; this volume shows the influence of *Shakespeare. Letters of D'Arcy Cresswell was published in Christchurch in 1971. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to New Zealand Literature. Criticism. Best Mates: Gay Writing in Aotearoa New Zealand, 15-16. Poet from Spain writing in Catalan. Active before 197B. See also 'Anna Gil Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poemes Gais, 7-1Q. Catalan poet; also trans. into Spanish in Poemes Gais. Poet from France who wrote in French. 1900-1935. French *surrealist novelist who wrote some poems. He was the only self proclaimed homosexual in the surrealist group and committed *suicide. Text and general criticism: see Claude Courtot, René Crevel (1969); includes a selection of poems. Biography. In French see Michel Carassou, René Crevel (Paris, 1989) and François Buot, René Crevel (1991), 489 pp.; bibl., pp. 271-79. A special issue of the journal Masques no. 17 (Printemps 1983) was devoted to him. Manuscripts are believed to exist in a library in Paris. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 281-82. Dictionnaire Gay. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amour bleu, 238: the poem "Nighttime" about *cruising; includes a biographical survey. Les Amours masculines, 399-401. Drobci stekla v ustih, 56. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 447: "Night". "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen ", 122-23. Pour tout l'amour des hommes, 240-41. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 422-23. Criticism in homosexual terms. Woods, History of Gay Literature, 231-35: deals with his novels. Crew, Louie English poet from the United States; he lived in China for a time. Born 1936. Born in *Alabama in the *south, in 1974 he edited The Gay Academic, a pioneering work (including two essays by him on gay history). In the same year he edited with *Rictor Norton the special issue of College English, November 1974, titled The Homosexual Imagination (this issue has a selection of gay poems pp. 337-49). His partner is the *black Afro-American *Ernest Clay (who in 1999 calls himself Ernest Crew-Clay) and together they founded Identity, the association of gay Episcopalians. He has published an enormous number of gay poems and related articles (over 475 items by 1995 and over 1,300 by 1999), several poetry *chapbooks, several *postcard poems and lived and worked in *Hong Kong when it was a British colony. He taught in the mid 1990s in South Carolina in Chaflin College. In his book of poems Sunspots (1976), see especially "Hymn to Gay Brotherhood" pp. 5759 (a biographical note is on the last page). In Midnight Lessons, (1987), 12 pages, see "Surveillance Twenty Years Ago" p. 10 and "Quem Quaeritis", p. 11. These two books are his most noted gay books. A Tine gay poet, he has an elaborate homepage on the internet. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 849-52:The Gospel Truth, Fort Valley, GA: Swish Press, Publications, no date (poem card), Queer Power, no place: Swish Publications, 1979 (postcard), Sunspots, Detroit: Lotus Press, 1976 and poem card with Ernest Clay published in 1979 (see Ernest Clay entry for details). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, 88-90; biog., 88 (disclosing he uses the pseudonym *Li Min Hua). Poet from the United States writing in English. Active before 1976. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10575: You Mark Anthony: Navigator on the Nile, privately printed, no date. Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. Born ca. 79 B.C. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 298. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 133: re *Eros. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1992. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Language of water, 42-44: very Tine poems about life after his lover Brian's death; no biog. note. Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. 460 B.C.-403 B.C. One of the Thirty Tyrants of *Athens who was an early associate of *Socrates. He wrote tragedies (fragments of which survive) and *elegaic poetry. Xenophon in Memorabilia i 2 states his best loved *boy was Euthydemos. No certain poems survive (see *lost works). Cited as being homosexual in Hirschfeld, Die Homosexualität des Mannes und des Weibes, 653. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 35-36. Critics and Historians - Italian Critics and literary historians of gay poetry in Italian from Italy and in other *European languages of Italian poety date from at least 1897. Criticism on *Michelangelo Buonarotti's sonnets constitutes the largest body of gay poetry criticism in Italian and dates from at least 1897 with the German edition of the poet by *Carl Frey: see the main Michelangelo entry for editions and *James Saslow (in English') and *Enzo Girardi and *Giovanni Testori in Italian for critics of the poetry. There has been significant comment on homosexuality in *Dante (for instance, by *Richard Kay) while *Pier Paolo Pasolini, the filmmaker who was also a poet, has had a significant body of criticism written on his poetry and the Tine poet *Sandro Penna has had criticism written on him by *Elio Pecora. *Giovanni Dall'Orto is the outstanding critic and historian of the *gay liberation period. Prior to this, *Mario Praz wrote on *Decadent poets. Italian critics have written on homosexuality in ancient Greek and Latin poetry: e.g., see *Filippo Maria Pontani. *Anthony Reid has written a concise historical overview in English of Italian gay poetry while earlier in the century *E. I. P. Stevenson critically listed Italian gay poets. In French *Georges *Herelle wrote on Italian poets and the journal * Arcadie carried criticism; *Dominique Fernandez has written essays. See Critics and historians - Turkish, - Persian for works in Italian on the poetry of these languages. Quando le nostre labbra siparlana, edited by Giovanni Delfino, Turin: Edizioni Gruppo Abele, 1986, is a general work of criticism. Critics and literary historians - Arabic poetry Critics of Arabic gay poetry date from 1000, initially from Spain. Male homosexuality has been extensively discussed in relation to Arabic poetry; however, earlier critics in European languages - e.g., R. A. Nicholson in English - have censored sexuality in their histories and only recently has the full extent of homosexuality begun to become known. The tradition of discusssion of homosexuality (which can hardly be avoided: see *Abu Nuwas) is one of the richest of all languages. Because homosexuality appears so prominently in the *Abbasid period (when Abu Nuwas wrote and which was a major period of Arabic poetry), probably all literary historians are relevant to some extent. Critical comment dates from *Ibn Hazm (active 1000 in Spain); see *Debate on Love for other earlier sources. *Taha Husayn wrote a notable article this century. The contemporary critics *Muhummad Mustapha Haddara and *Yusuf Husayn Bakkar have both written noteworthy books dealing with homosexuality in the poetry. In Hebrew see *Jefim Schirmann and *Arie Schippers (re comparison of Arabic and Hebrew). Relevant criticism in Hebrew about Arabic may also date from the *Middle Ages. European languages. Published discussion of homosexuality in Arabic probably starts in European languages with *Hammer-Purgstall in German: see also, in German, *Karsch-Haack. French. See *Henri Peres (1937), *R. Blachère (1939), *J. Rikaki (1949), *Tahar Djedidi (1979), *Marc Daniel (pseud.) and *Charles Pellat, one of the editors of the * Encyclopedia of Islam. In English, criticism dates from *Richard Burton. Other critics who have taken up the theme of homosexuality in Arabic poetry include *A. R. Nykl, *Allen Edwardes, James Monroe, *Arthur Wormhoudt, *Norman Roth (discussion in relation to Hebrew poetry), *Paul Sprachman and *Arie Schippers, all of whom have contributed outstandingly in one way or another. Marc Daniel (pseud.) has written one of the most comprehensive surveys of homosexuality in Arabic poetry (translated into English from French). *Maarten Schild and *Wim van Wiggen have recently written extensive critical studies in Dutch. For Spanish, see *Emilio Garcia Gomez, *J. M. Continente Ferrer, *Henri Peres (trans). *José Antonio Condé possibly refers. In Spanish (or Catalan') J. Vernet, Literatura araba (Barcelona, 1968), is a scholarly survey of Arabic literature. Italian: see *Francesco Gabrieli. Russian. See, in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia , "Arabic Culture" and the bibliography at he end, *Krymskii possibly refers. Compare *Critics - Hebrew. Critics and literary historians - Dutch Critics and literary historians relating to gay poetry in Dutch from the Netherlands. Material dates from ca. 1900. Critics of gay poetry include *C. van Emde Boas who has written on Shakespeare and *Hans Hafkamp who has written a overview in the introduction to the anthology * Naar vriendscaap zulk een mateloos verlangen. *Anthony Reid has written poets in English. concise on Dutch gay 'Wim van Historians discussing gay poetry include *H. J. Kuster for the *Middle Ages and *Harry Oosterhuis for the modern period. Wiggen has written in Dutch on Arabic gay poetry and *Maarten Schild on Arabic and Persian poetry. Critics and literary historians - French Critics of gay poetry in French from France and in English from the United States and Great Britain date from 1897. Critics. French has a significant volume of critical writing on gay poetry. *André Raffalovich wrote the first book length study in 1897. The later writers *Andre Gide, *Jean-Paul Sartre and *Dominique Fernandez have made notable contributions. The journal * Arcadie published much gay criticism. *Semiotics and *Deconstructionism were basically French movements. There is a significant body of criticism on such major gay poets as *Rimbaud and *Verlaine. French writers (e.g., *Georges Hérelle) have written on homosexuality and Greek and Latin poets from the nineteenth century and on Arabic poetry - see *Marc Daniel (pseud). English language critics. See *Walter Pater, *E. I. P. Stevenson, *Edouard Roditi, *George Stambolian (compiler of the first major collection of gay essays on French writers in English). See also Lawrence R. Schehr, The Shock of Men: Homosexual Hermeneutics in French Writing, 1995 (essays on *Proust, Barthes, Renaud Camus and Michel Tournier) and the same author's Alcidiades at the door: gay discourses in French literature, 1995 (essays on *Crevel, *Sartre, *Barthes and Hervé Guibert). Literary historians of gay poetry. André Raffalovich's work is a study by author which is historically based. Most *anthologies have critical and historical material (e.g, that of *Cécile Beurdeley). General essays are in Rommel Mendès-Leite and Pierre-Olivier de Busscher, Gay Studies from the French Cultures, 1992, which is also volume 25 no. 1-3 of the Journal of Homosexuality). For old French see Karen J. Taylor, editor, Gender transgressions: crossing the normative barrier in Old French literature (1998). Critics and literary historians - German Critics and literary historians of gay poetry in German from Germany date from at least 1896. German has one of the richest traditions of critical comment on gay poetry. *Magnus Hirschfeld wrote the first work in 1896 while in 1990 *Paul Derks published a major study of the eighteenth century; *Platen is the outstanding gay poet before the twentieth century but there has also been significant gay comment on *Goethe, including the brilliant reading of his life and writings in homoerotic terms by *Karl Hugo Pruys published in German in 1997. *Hans Dietrich Hellbach published the first extended discussion of homosexuality and German poetry in 1931 (the work also dealt with prose writers). The bibliographer *Manfred Herzer has also been at times an astute critic and historian (e.g, in * Eldorado). Outstanding gay critics include *Hubert Fichte who was engaged in reconceptualizing the subject of gay literature and criticism. In the period since gay liberation, too, *Marita Keilson-Lauritz has written a major study of *Stefan George, a poet who has attracted much critical attention from the publication of his first works in the 1890s. *Wolfgang Popp is the editor of the serious journal * Forum. German writers have written on homosexuality and Greek and Latin poets from the nineteenth century: see, for example, *F. K. Forberg, *Otto Kiefer, *Ulrich Wilamowitz-Mollendorf. German Journals have been outstanding from 1896 with a huge volume of as yet mainly unassessed criticism. *Friendship has been a major issue. See also Critics and literary historians - Arabic, - Japanese, - Turkish for German critics in those languages. See also Rainer Guldin, Liebe ist mir ein Bursch, Berlin, 1995. In French see *George Herelle, *Henri Weindel. In English *E. I. P. Stevenson wrote ca. 1910 and *Anthony Reid has written a concise overview of German poetry. David Jackson, Taboos in German Literature, Providence, RI, 1996, is a general work. Critics and literary historians - Greek Critics and historians in Greek from Greece and later other languages. There is a huge and ancient tradition of discussion of homosexuality in Greek poetry in *European languages dating from ca. 470 B.C. Homosexuality cannot be avoided in ancient Greek poetry, occupying as it does such a prominent position from *Homer through the *Palatine Anthology to *Nonnus. In the modern period the homosexual *Cavafy has been central and *Dino Christianopoulos more recently. The tradition commences with a comment by *Aeschylus (active 470 B.C.). Written literary criticism probably starts from * scholia (comments on texts) which date from 300 B.C. All *editors (who made critical choices in choosing the text which survived), *scholars and, especially, *commentators are relevant; see the separate Greek entries for these categories. Latin: see *commentators (there is a huge unexplored tradition dating from ca. 1470 associated with the editing of manuscripts for publication). The first editor of the Palatine Anthology - which contains much homopoetry - *Friedrich Jacobs, wrote a commentary in 1819. *Friedrich Forberg's 1824 commentary De Figuris Veneris is important for its discussion of homosexuality in ancient Greek (though more important for Latin homopoets). *J. Jarry's thesis in Latin of 1868 discussed the depiction of beautiful boys in the poetry. English. John Addington Symonds wrote what is still the finest concise study of homosexuality and ancient Greek culture in English, a work which had a special literary emphasis (it was first published in 1897). *E. F. M. Benecke first referred to homosexuality in poetry in the *Achilles and *Patroclus relationship in Homer. *J. Z. Eglinton (pseud.) has written a fine study. *David Robinson and *Edward Fluck's study of the Greek love names is a major study of an obscure topic and James Hutton spent his entire life studying the influence of the Palatine Anthology on later European poetry. *Thomas Figueira and *G. Nagy have written the most detailed study ever of the background of the ancient homopoet *Theognis. *C. A. Trypanis's recent history of Greek literature is the most detailed overview yet, though disussion of homosexuality could have been more candid. *W. M. Clarke is a recent scholar of note. *Kimon Friar has written on modern poetry, while *Rictor Norton's eccentric critique of gay literature starts with ancient Greek writers. *Louis Crompton in 1985 related *Byron to ancient Greek poetry. The gay *Oxford don *C. M. Bowra, *Kenneth Dover and *David Halperin are other recent critics of note. French. *Georges Hérelle who translated Meier has left valuable unpublished manuscripts with far-ranging discussion. *Félix Buffière's 1980 work is a landmark. The brilliant *Marc Daniel (pseud.) had something to say. German. *Meier surveyed homosexuality in ancient Greece in 1847 while *Paul Brandt's surveys of homo poetry (1906-08; published in book 1925-28) are still outstanding. In the early part of the twentieth century, the great classical scholar *Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff touched on the subject; as did, more directly, *Wihelm Kroll. More recent scholars of note include *Hermann Frankel who has written on the earliest Greek poets and *Werner Krenkel who has written some fine articles directly of relevance. Greek. *Mary Koukoules is a brilliant critic of contemporary *bawdry. Italian. The recent scholars *Filippo Pontani (on Cavafy) and *Massimo Vetta are noteworthy. A study of homosexuality in ancient Greek mythology was published in 1910 as a thesis by *Rudolf Beyer. Critics and literary historians - Japanese Criticism in homosexual terms In Japanese from Japan dates from *Saikaku (active 1687) and indirectly from the first anthology *Iwatsutsuji (1676); the famous critic *Kamo no Mabuchi may have implied that sublimated homosexuality pervaded Japanese literature. Literary historians and critics, iwata Jun'ichi was the twentieth century pioneer. *Kazuyoshi Mori appears to have written the first historical literary survey. Saeki Junko, Bishonezzukushi (Tokyo, 1992) discusses homosexuality and literature; not seen. See also *Ryosen Hiratsuka, *Hajime Shibayama. In English, see *Maggie Childs and *Paul Schalow; in German *Friedrich Karsch-Haack, *Tamio Satow. *Suwa Yu in 1975 published a critical work on *Allen Ginsberg. *Zeami may have been the first Japanese gay critic as such. See also *Historical and social background - Japanese. Critics and literary historians - Persian Historians and critics in Persian from Iran and later in *European languages from 1861. A large number of people have written literary histories of Persian in which language the entire tradition of poetry until the contemporary period is *pederastic; therefore all histories of literature and criticism are relevant. Material dates from at least 1861 and probably well before in manuscript. In Dutch see *Maarten Schild - an important recent study of homosex. English: see *E. G. Browne (1906-08) - author of a history of Persian literature in six volumes and which openly discusses homosexuality although not in any great detail; see also *A. J. Arberry, *Annemarie Schimmel, *Robert Surieu, *Reuben Levy (open discussion of homosexuality in a recent general literary history). Julie Scott Meisami, Persian Court Poetry (Princeton, 1987) discusses homosexuality in the * ghazal pp. 245-51. French: see Barbier de Meynard, Histoire et Literature de la Perse (Paris, 1861). Italian: i. Plzzi (1894), *Alessandro Bausani; see also *Francesco Gabrieli. Czech. German. English and Russian: see Jan Rypka whose great History of Iranian Literature has been published in all of these languages; it openly discusses homosexuality. Russian and Persian: see Great Soviet Encyclopedia vol. 10 p. 398. For Russian see *Krymskii (1914-17) and *Bertels. Serbo-Croat: see Becir Dzaka, Historija perzijske knjizevnosti od nastanka do kraja 15. vijeka (History of Persian Literature from te beginnings to the 15th century), Sarajevo, 1997; bibl., 447-49. Urdu. See *Shibli Nomani. Persian literary historians who have written literary histories of Persian include Reza-zadeh Shafaq (1942), Salim Neysari, a history in 2 volumes (1949), and Zabihollah Safa, in 3 volumes (1956-62). Al-Rami (active 1423) is the author of a treatise in nineteen chapters on the common poetical terms for describing the different parts of the human body, from head to foot (see his entry in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition). See also *Ali Dasthti. *Jan Rypka, History of Iranian Literature, pp. 767-68, has a fine bibliography of historians of Persian. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition: "Persian Literature" p. 1065 (with bibl.). Critics and literary historians - Portuguese Critics and historians writing in Portuguese from Portugal and Brazil and also in English. Works exist from at least 1922. Critics of gay poetry include *José Regio (pseud.), author of a major work on *Antonio Botto, *Joao Gaspar Simöes, who has written on *Pessoa, and *Irwin Stern. Literary history in relation to gay poety has usually been written in the context of general gay histories: for example, *Arlindo Camillo Monteiro (author of the seminal work published in 1922), *Asdrubal Antonio d'Aguiar, *Joao Silverio Trevisan and Julio Gomes Viana. These historians have inevitably been critics when they dealt with poetry. A general work on homosexual literature has been written by *Mara Lucia Faury. Paulo Hecker Filho, Uma tema crucial (A crucial theme), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande du Sul, Brazil, 1989, discusses homosexuality in literature; bibl., pp. 149-51. See also *Luiz Mott and in English. *Wayne Dynes. Critics and literary historians - Spanish Critics and literary historians of gay poetry in Spanish from Spain and south American countries date from at least 1932; some criticism has been written in English and French. Spanish has a rich tradition of criticism and gay literary history which has grown dramatically in the 1980s and 1990s. Spain. *Antonio San de Velilla from Spain published the first historical gay survey, with some critical comment on poetry, in *Barcelona in 1932. The poet Jaime Gil de Biedma gave a notable critical interview and the contemporary poet Jaime Manrique Bautista has written on *Reinaldo Arenas. *Angel Sahuquillo has written a thesis on *García Lorca. *There has been much writing on Arabic poets from Spain in Spanish: for instance by *Emilio García Gomez. A significant amount of criticism of ancient Latin and Greek poets has also been written in Spanish: see, for example, *F. R. Adrados. The 1990s saw a growing volume of criticism in the liberal atmosphere that followed the overthrow of the Spanish dictatorship of Franco in 1975. Critics include *Antonio Manzanero Bautista who published a work in 1993 and Juan Vicente Aliaga, author of Identidad y diferencis sobra la cultura gay en España, Barcelona, 1997. Alfredo Martínez Expósito, Los escribas furiosos, New Orleans, 1998, deals with twentieth century narrative literature. Josiah Blackmore and Gregory S. Hutcheson, Queer Iberia: sexualities, cultures and crossing from the Middle Ages to the renaissance, Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1999, is a series of essays including ones on the Libro de buen amor, *Ramon Llull and one on "Poets of Sodom" by Josiah Blackmore. Central and South America. The Uruguayan *Alberto Nin Frias in 1932 wrote the first survey of Spanish gay poetry, a work published in *Madrid; he published a large volume of gay criticism. *Luis Gregorich, from Argentina, wrote a series of essays published in 1985 and *Fernando Alegria from Chile has written on *Whitman. *Alberto Cardin has compiled a work mostly dealing with gay tribal cultures, consisting of extracts from literary works. *Ana Maria Brenes-García has written a concise essay on Spanish South American gay writing. For Mexico see *Octavio Paz. English. *Paul Binding has written a major study of *Federico Garcia Lorca in gay terms, one of the few individual volumes of gay criticism on a gay poet. *Anthony Reid has written a concise overview. Volumes of essays in English on Spanish gay writers have been edited by *Paul Julian Smith and Sylvia Molloy and Robert McKeel have edited Hispanisms and Homosexuality (1998) which includes and essay by Daniel Balderston on the Mexican gay poets *Xavier Villarutia and *Salvador Novo. *Daniel Eisenberg has written a concise general overview of Spanish gay culture, including literary works. In French see *Henri Peres. Critics and literary historians - Turkish Critics and historians of Turkish gay poetry from Turkey have written in Turkish and German and other 'European languages from at least 1836. In European languages criticism and literary histories have been written mainly in French, German and Russian. The discussion of Turkish *Ottoman *Divan poetry in European languages, with consequent discussion of homosexuality, commences in German with 'Hammer-Purgstall (from 1836) whose translations appeared in the first German gay anthology of 'Hössli. Works appeared in Russian in 1891 by V. D. Smirnov who established Turkish studies in Russian (see his entry in Great Soviet Encyclopedia). He was the author of Ocherk istorii turetskoi literatury (St Petersburg, 1891), the first history of Turkish literature in Russian (source: Great Soviet Encyclopedia, vol. 26, p. 477). A history was published in 1901 by 'Krymskii (for Russian works see the bibliography at the end of "Literature" in Great Soviet Encyclopedia vol. 26, p. 477, in the article "Turkey"). There is a huge literature in Russian on Turkish literature and the literatures of 'Turkic languages. A recent work on poetry is V. S. Garbuzova, Poety srednevokovoi Turtsii (Medieval Turkish Poets; Leningrad, 1963), a work of history and criticism. In English. *E. J. Gibb started a 6 volume study finished by *E. G. Browne which openly dealt with homosexuality. Walter G. Andrews is the author of a recent study Poetry's Voice, Society's Song: Ottoman Lyric Poetry (Washington, 1985); bibliography pp. 211-25. This work deals with secret knowledge (insiders versus outsiders) in Turkish poetry. The book, whose style is difficult, does not discuss the crucial question of homosexuality in detail. See also Turkish poetry entries in ' Encyclopaedia of Islam. In Italian *Alessio Bombaci (translated into French and published in 1968) has written a history which also touches on the subject (with an excellent bibliography). See *Fahir Iz for candid contemporary comment in English. In Turkish consult Türk ansiklopedisi (Ankara, 1946+; 33 volumes); see also Islam ansiklopedisi. 'Fuat Koprulu wrote the first major literary surveys in modern Turkish. For bibliographical sources of histories and criticism to 1934 (including in Turkish) see Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition, in the article "Turks", after discussion of "Ottoman Literature", p. 958, in "General Works"; see also the bibliographical references in 'Overview - Turkish and the bibliography in Bausani's Italian history above. Material undoubtedly exists in Turkish in 'manuscript. Critics and literary historians - Urdu Critics and historians of Urdu poetry in Urdu from Pakistan, Hindi from India and in *European languages including French, English and Russian, date from 1870. Because of the strong homosexual character of Urdu poetry where the *beloved is male almost invariably (see *gender switching) all literary histories are probably relevant and it is difficult to see how any historian could avoid covering homosexuality. Urdu. In 1893 *Altaf Hussain Hali prudishly opposed the reality of homosexuality in Urdu poetry. *'Andalib Shadani wrote the first essay in modern Urdu on homosexuality in the poetry, ca. 1950 (scattered references exist in nineteenth century works: *Ralph Russell to me, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 1987). *Shibli Nomani discussed it in 1970 and *Abdul Haleem Sharar also. See also Aligarh tarikh-i adab-i Urdu, Aligarh (1962) (source: Great Soviet Encyclopedia - see below). For the latest discussion of Urdu poetry, see Annual of Urdu Studies, edited by C. M. Naim (six issues to 1993). English. Ram Babu Saksena wrote the first History of Urdu Literature in English (1927); see entries *Mohmmad Sadiq (active 1964), author of a magnificent history which openly discusses homosexuality; *Annemarie Schimmel; *Ralph Russell. *C. M. Naim has written the pioneering survey in English on homosexuality and the poetry which was published in a journal article. D. J. Matthews and others, Urdu Literature (London, 1985), underplays homosexuality; bibl. of English works pp. 133-35. *Tariq Rahman has written the most comprehensive study of homosexuality and the Urdu ghazal. a work which is a major piece of gay criticism. French. *Garcin de Tassy, Histoire de la litterature Hindouie et Hindoustanie, 3 volumes (1870), is a detailed study still useful. Russian. Great Soviet Encyclopedia Vol. 27, p. 668 lists histories (1961+) - see S. Ikhtisham Husain, Istorii literatury urdu (Moscow, 1961; trans. from HindD and N. V. Glebov and A. S. Sukochev, Literatura urdu (Moscow, 1967). Criticism. Rahman, "Boy love in the Urdu ghazal", Paidika vol. 2 no. 1 (1989), 11-13: history of the discussion of homosex in the Urdu ghazal in Urdu and in English. Critics, commentators and literary historians - Chinese Critics and editors in Chinese from China and latterly Taiwan; works also exist in *European languages, Hebrew and Arabic. Chinese has an old and large tradition of commentators on poetry with homosexual reference from at least 1790. *Allegory and *indirect language occur: poems that appear simple on the surface are often capable of many levels of meaning, helped by the fact that a Chinese written character may have several meanings and the fact that there are four tones in Mandarin Chinese (see *Tu Fu) and six in Cantonese. Chinese. *Zhao Yi (active before 1790) is the first critic of importance. *Kuo Mo-Jo wrote in the early twentieth century. *Sam Sha Sha (pseud.) who has provided a comprehensive concise reading; see also * Wei hsing shih. *Mao-feng chu published in Taiwan a history of homosexual literature in 1996 and a work on the 'aesthetics of homosexuality. Japanese: Hinsch, Passions of the Cut Sleeve, 205-07. Criticism in European languages. German. See *Karsh-Haack. Herbert Franke, Chinesische erotische Literatur (Chinese Erotic Literature) in Guther Debon, editor, Ostasiastische Literaturen, 1984, pp. 100-106 (with bibl. 105-06), discusses poetry (but not homosexual poetry). English. See *Hans Frankel (notice of homosexuality in Chinese poetry by a fine scholar); see also *Hsieh Hui-lien re J. D. Frodsham, *Achilles Fang, *Louis Crompton, *Brett Hinsch (a brilliant gay reading with a fine bibliography), *Fang-fu Ruan. See *Yin and Yang regarding conceptualization. See also *Bibliography - Chinese. Hebrew and Aramaic. There are a huge number of commentaries on the *Old Testament. All commentaries on *"David's Lament for Jonathan" are relevant; commentaries on this latter work exist in all languages in which commentaries on the Old Testament and the Bible exist. *Arabic. Commentaries on the * Koran may be relevant. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature: see index under commentaries for possible works of relevance. Criticism in English of English language gay poetry dates from 1579; most critics have come from the United States and Great Britain. Great Britain. Criticism of English poetry in homosexual terms dates from the glosse of *Spenser's Shepherds Calendar (1579) by *E. K. (pseud.) - almost certainly Spenser himself. *William Webbe followed closely in 1586. Criticism of *Shakespeare's sonnets discussing the homosexuality dates from 1790; *Oscar Wilde and *Samuel Butler are especially relevant amongst later critics of the sonnets. The critical reception of *Tennyson's In memoriam (1850) and of *Whitman in Great Britain needs to be considered. It was in the *eighteen-nineties that the first gay reading of European literature overall, including English literature, on historical lines occurred by *Marc-Andre Raffalovich (in French). In 1891, *J. A. Symonds published his A Problem in Greek Ethics giving a homosexual reading of Greek literature. *C. R. Dawes touches on poetry in his unpublished manuscript on erotic literature now in the *Private Case in the *British Library. *G. Wilson Knight was an important critic before the *gay liberation period and in 1970 *Brian Reade brilliantly covered the nineteenth century in the introduction to his anthology * Sexual Heretics. *Rictor Norton has written a thorough study of the *Elizabethan period and *Alan Bray relates the works of this period to its social background. *Timothy d'Arch Smith on the *Uranian poets is outstanding and *Gregory Woods has written on the early twentieth century poets while *Adrian Caesar has written an outstanding analysis of homosexuality in relation to the war poets. *Stephen Coote's introduction to The *Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse gives a Tine concise overview of its subject. The writers of literary histories in English should not be overlooked (see *E. G. Browne and Jan Rypka on Persian poetry). Due to *Puritanism there has been much hostility to any verbal discussion of homosexuality before 1969 and there has been intense hostility to homosexual writers by major critics in some quarters: see, for instance, *F. R. Leavis. John Fuller has compiled outstanding readings of the poems of *W. H. Auden which can have hidden meanings. United States. Critical comment on poetry in homosexual terms starts with the reception of *Whitman's Leaves of Grass from the second (1860) edition. The United States writer *E. I. P. Stevenson published the first thorough literary analysis of United States poetry in English around 1911 (possibly published in *Rome or *Naples): this book, The Interesexes, remains to this day one of the most detailed literary studies of homosexuality ever published. *Puritanical hostility to discussion of homosexuality may have resulted in *F. O. Matthiessen omitting discussion of Whitman and *Melville in homosexual terms in his groundbreaking work of the 1940s. In the first two-thirds of the twentieth cenury, major literary critics such as *Allen Tate and *Ivor Winters were hostile to homosexual poets: criticism even mentioning homosexuality was unlikely to be published at that time. *Walter Breen, not attached to a university as *Allen Tate and *Ivor Winters were, produced a comprehensive reading of gay literature in 1964 - but it had to be published under the pseudonym J. Z. Eglinton. The *gay liberation period has produced outstanding critics such as *Rudy Kikel, *Charley Shively and *S. W. Foster and the first reading of United States poetry in gay terms by the Canadian academic *Robert K. Martin. See also *Louie Crew and Jonathan Katz. Readings of *Whitman in homosexual terms following Robert Martin have recently been outstanding: see the Whitman entry and Charley Shively, *Byrne S. Fone and *M. Jimmie Killingsworth. Major recent critics are *G. S. Rousseau for *eighteenth century British poets and Joseph Pequigney on *Shakespeare's sonnets while *Neeli Cherkovski has written on three recent gay poets. Academic critics include *Wayne Koestenbaum, *Bruce R. Smith and *Gregory W. Bredbeck. *Alice C. Parker has attempted the first book length homosexual reading of *Frank O'Hara. *Brett Hinsch, writing in English, has produced an outstanding reading of Chinese literature as has *C. M. Naim on Urdu poets. By 1998 homosexuality had been accepted in the general discourse as *Clifton Fadiman shows in his New Lifetime Reading Plan but in this same year the eminent critic *Harold Bloom argued against a homosexual poetic in his introduction to The Best of the Best American Poetry 1988-1997. Canada. *Robert K. Martin has written outstandingly of United States gay poetry. Australia. A detailed survey of Australian gay poetry has been carried out by *Paul Knobel. See also *Historians - English since literary historians Critics of Hebrew gay poetry in Hebrew and English from Israel and the United States exist from 1955 though they possibly date much earlier. A critical tradition elaborating homosexuality in Hebrew poetry exists at least from Jefrim Shirmann (1955 active); see also *Davil Gil (active 1981), *Norman Roth (active 1982) and *Arie Schippers. Consider *Hermetic readings (especially of * Song of Songs), *Allegory, *Kabbala. A secret tradition of homosexual interpretation in Hebrew is suspected and, if this is so, criticism ultimately probably dates from the *Middle Ages. See also Aaron Citron, "Aspects of love in the Hebrew poetry of Spain", Literature East and West vol xi, 1967, 119-25 (source: *Arno Schmitt, Bio-bibliography of malemale sexuality and eroticism in Muslim societies, 1995, 66); whether this is an article or book has not been traced. Material undoubtedly exists in *manuscript from the *middle ages. Critics of Latin poetry in relation to homosexuality date from ca. 1470. Italy, France, Germany and Great Britain have been the main countries they came from. Most criticism concerns writers of classical Latin from the *Roman period. The earliest critics of classical Latin were the *Editors and *Commentators of Latin and Greek poets of the *Renaissance, active from ca. 1450 - e.g., *Perotti and *Domizio Calderini on *Martial. Almost all early commentaries of classical writers were in Latin. *P. Meniere discussed Juvenal and Martial in French in 1858. Recent candid critics include *C. R. Dawes, *Otto Kiefer, James Hutton and *Sara Lilja in English. In the last few years criticism has tended towards increasing candour, e. g., *E. Courtney on Juvenal and *J. P. Sullivan on Martial. *Thomas Stehling has begun the task of unravelling *medieval Latin homopoems but little criticism has appeared relating to Latin poetry written after 1450. Biographer and autobiographer from Great Britain writing in English. 1903-1979. Author of the biography Bosie: Lord *Alfred Douglas: His Friends and Enemies (1963). His Feasting with Panthers (1967), deals with *Swinburne, *J. A. Symonds, some of the *Uranian poets and *Oscar Wilde. The Unrecorded Life of Oscar Wilde (1972) discusses the biographers of Wilde and presents some new material and new insights on Wilde the homosexual. As Feasting With Panthers revealed, he is an important researcher into homosexuality in the late *Victorian and *Aesthetic periods, His autobiographical work The Verdict of You All (1955), describes the author's imprisonment during the 1953 anti-homosexual furore in Great Britain. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Critic from the United States writing in English about poetry in English, Latin and Chinese. Active from 1985. English. His work Byron and Greek Love (1985), is the major work on *Byron's homosexuality. Byron died in 1824 and the work concentrates only on the years 1807-16. It is a detailed study of the various texts written in these years, though much of the work concerns Jeremy Bentham's defence of homosexuality. In this work, with regard to Latin, he deals with Byron's translation of the Nisus and Euryalus episode from *Virgil's Aeneid, translation of *Hadrian, translation of *Catullus's Poem 48, and reference to the phrase "Horatian way", coming from *Horace, and in Byron's Letters referring to homosexuality. The index has extensive references under homosexuality and *homophobia. See also * Don Leon. He wrote a paper "Byron and Male Love: The Classical Tradition", in The Making of Masculinities, edited by Harry Brod (1987). Chinese. He is the author of a paper given at the 1987 Amsterdam Gay History Conference, "Homosexuality in Imperial China" (the paper was published in the proceedings). He is reputedly working on a book on Chinese homosexuality. He was co-founder of the Gay Caucus of the *Modern Language Association and is Professor of English at the University of Nebraska. Editor possibly from Canada of a work in English. Active 1995. She edited with *Michael Holmes, the collection of the work of five poets, *Plush. Critic from Great Britain writing in English. 1865-1924. He worked for *Alfred Douglas as a journal editor and was violently opposed to *Robert Ross. The * British Library General Catalogue reveals he was also a poet who published a number of books. He appears to have been heterosexual and was a moral crusader. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 862: The First Stone: On Reading the Unpublished Parts of "De Profundis'" [by *Oscar Wilde], London: the author, 1912. Publisher in the United States publishing in English from ca. 1973. A publisher who became active in the early *gay liberation period in Trumansberg, New York State. The press was owned by John Gill and has published * The Male Muse, *Son of the Male Muse, *Harold Norse (The Love Poems 1940-85) *Dennis Cooper, *Ian Young, *Michael Lally, *Robert L. Peters and Erotic Poems from the Greek Anthology translated by John Gill (with Tine drawings). The books of the press have frequently featured erotic illustrations. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active before 1982. See The Advocate, 13 May 1982, 26 - stated to be a *West Coast gay poet. Book of poems: Geographies, Red Hill, before 1982. Poet, philosopher, diarist and journal editor from Great Britain writing in English and French. 1875-1947. Aleister Crowley is responsible for the largest volume of poems in English referring to gay male sexual acts before the poetry of the *gay liberation period. His poetry, which was banned along many of his other works, is only slowly reaching a wider audience. There is as yet no overall critique of his poetry in gay terms. This is not helped by the inaccessibility of his texts and the complicated issue of knowledge of the full extent of his oeuvre. There is also as yet no comprehensive bibliography of his works. Most famous as a practitioner of *magic and the occult, Crowley was known as "the most wicked man in Britain" after a press campaign against him (see *P. R. Stephenson). This campaign was associated with his magical practices and The Abbey of Thelema near Cefalu, *Sicily, where he lived with his followers for a time and where his motto was: "Do What Thou Wilt" (from *Rabelais). (Note: this phrase replaces the *Christian "Thy Will Be Done" of the "Lord's Prayer". As well as showing the influence of *Nietzsche, the phrase may also be seen to point to *gay liberation.) His real name was Edward Alexander Crowley, Aleister being the Gaelic spelling of Alexander which he preferred. A magician and occultist, he practised ritual homosexual acts with his *disciples and lovers such as *Herbert Pollitt and *Victor Neuburg as part of his magic (with Neuburg, Latin poems composed by *Walter Duranty were used in the ritual). He joined the Order of the Golden Dawn in 1898, where he had a major conflict with the *Irish poet *W B Yeats. He wrote two key books on his beliefs, The Book of the Law - a *prose poem (see Dictionary of National Biography entry) - in 1904, and Magick in Theory and Practice, in 1929, (there are also several other works by him describing his beliefs). He travelled extensively in India and was influenced by *Tantrism, *Sufism and ancient Egyptian beliefs. He wrote at least three volumes of poetry featuring explicit reference to homosexual sex (all published privately); all three were seized by British customs and most copies destroyed. The first was Snowdrops from a Curate's Garden (first published by *Leonard Smithers in 1904; repr. 1986); this works includes *parodies and *limericks. The second is White Stains: The Literary Remains of George Archibald Bishop (George Bishop was an uncle of Crowley's whom he disliked); it was published by *Leonard Smithers in 1898 with the imprint "*Cosmopoli, 1881" and features explicit sexual homopoems and illustrations (e.g., two sets of two crossed erect penises, each set being tied together with ribbon and with a vagina between them; however most illustrations are heterosexual). This is a major volume of his poems (repr. London, 1973; copy of the original seen: *Kinsey Library). The third book containing homosexual poems is Bagh-I-Muattar (1910) - discussed below. In White Stains (reprinted London, 1973, with an introduction by John Symonds) see especially "A *Ballad of Passive Pederasty", pp. 67-69 and "Go into the Highways and Hedges" p. 73 (*non gender specific but the reference to "My bright-eyed Arab" makes this work seem male orientated; the poem is about drinking urine and what is commonly called eating shit - *coprophilia in medical terminology); some poems are in French e. g. pp. 21, 55-56, 84-86. Aceldama (London, printed by *Leonard Smithers, 1898), was dedicated to Herbert Pollitt. The Winged Beetle (1910), contained "A Slim Gilt Soul" (on *Alfred Douglas). See Smith, Love in Earnest, p. 259 for other relevant volumes. His "Hymn to *Pan" (written 1913, published 1918) is one of his best known homopoems and concerns *bestiality; see Selected Poems, 1986, pp. 61-62. Practically every known homosexual variant is referred to in his poems (especially in White Stains) and his poems frequently have an element of exhibitionism and sometimes are hard to believe; sometimes an astute reader might think he is even making things up. *Androgyny is also a theme in his poetry. He also wrote seventeen obscene *limericks: see The Limericks (Cambridge, privately printed, 1990; edition of 150), 16 pp., also printed in Selected Poems. One limerick, from 1920, on *Leadbeater ("Holy *theosophist Leadbeater...") is in his diaries (unpublished: Keith Richmond, Melbourne, who is working on a bibliography of his works, to the author). A famous *acrostic read "The Virgin Mary I desire/ But arseholes set my prick on Tire" (poem not traced; possibly "Hymns to the Virgin Mary"). He was greatly influenced by French *decadent poets, especially *Rimbaud, and tooks various *drugs. Bagh-I- Muattar, The Scented Garden of Abdullah the Satirist of *Shiraz (Paris, 1910), allegedly translated from Persian by the late Major Lutiy - the Arabic word for homosexual - "and another", is a brilliant *forgery showing great knowledge of Arabic and Persian poetry. It is modelled on the work of *Richard Burton (especially his Kasidah) but is also a *parody of *Edward Fitzgerald's * Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam. The title, written in Arabic script on the title page, is actually Persian (which language is written in Arabic script) and means "scented garden" (compare *Sa'adi). The phrase may be an inverted reference to the smell emanating from the anus (Crowley was fond of such inversions). Though pretending to be a work of homosexual mysticism, its use of the word "habib" (Arabic for friend but here meaning homosexual lover) and obsession with "podex" (i.e., anus) make it clear that the poems celebrate *anal sex. (See also *Sufism.) The work was inspired by his relationship with Herbert Pollitt and the last two poems are each in the form of an *acrostic and spell out Pollitt's and Crowley's names in the first letters of the first lines of each stanza. Poem xli, suitably titled "The *Riddle", spells Herbert Charles Jerome Pollitt (pp. 133-35) and the last poem, poem xlii, spells Aleister Crowley backwards. Review: Gay News no. 177, p. 23 (by *Timothy d'Arch Smith) - this reviews the reprint by Morton Press, ca. 1978. The World's Tragedy (1910; repr. 1985) is a verse play reviling *Christianity which Crowley came to hate following his strict upbringing in the Plymouth Brethren. He refers to homosexuality in schools in the preface and various homosexual tropes appear as characters (such as *Antinous); see also the essay "Sodomy" in the Preface, pp. xxvi-viii. Poems composed by Crowley for his magical rituals are part of his poetic oeuvre; these, in many cases, involved homosexual sex. Copies of rare works are in the *Private Case and *Enfer. The British Library and *Humanities Research Center, Texas, have large collections of his books as does the University of Sydney; consult the * British Library General Catalogue and *National Union Catalog for bibliographical details and works in public collections (though these are not exhaustive). Crowley had a *bookplate designed by *Aubrey Beardsley (copy: University of Michigan). His Selected Poems, edited by Martin Booth (no place but published in Great Britain, 1986), is very unsatisfactory as it omits many homosexual erotic works. A complete works is urgently needed; this has been hampered by the complications in his bibliography. Crowley's ideas owe much to *Nietzsche, except that he went further. He is at the extreme of the *decadent movement as well as the *eighteen-nineties: most poetry of the eighteen-nineties looks tame besides his. However, much of his life and poetry is an attempt to shock the staid and *Puritanical British of the late Victorian period and this element in his work should not be overlooked (many poems daring for their time look tame after some of the works of *gay liberation poets). His published works are very difficult to locate and much remains unpublished (e.g., manuscripts exist in the Warburg Institute, London, and *Humanities Research Center, Texas). "The Loving Ballad of John Anthony Long" is an unpublished homopoem ca. 1945 (copy from Keith Richmond, Melbourne - see below). Magical groups descended from him still exist in the United States, Great Britain and Australia and works have circulated in typescript among his devotees. Criticism. See Sunny Shah, Sexual Imagery in the Early Poetry of Aleister Crowley, Holmes Publishing Group, [no place], 1997, 24 pages; includes a biblography of Crowley manuscripts, editions of poems and list of biographies pp. 22-24. This work deals with the early poetry to 1900 and states "Union, whether sexual, mystical or spiritual, was one of Crowley's most recurrent images"; it discusses his homosexuality. For specific gay criticism see "Criticism in homosexual terms" below. Diarv. Various magical diaries have been published. His The Diary of a Drug Fiend (1922; repr.) is actually a novel. Biography: see *P. R. Stephensen, John Symonds - the major biographer of Crowley and also his literary executor, whose life of Crowley has been continually revised (latest edition 1992). *Gerald Suster's biography has a chronology of his life. Crowley published the eleven issue journal Equinox (1909-19) which was largely written by him and contained poems; there were also some later issues sporadically issued. Criticism: see *Rictor Norton, Gay News no. 132 (1977), 20, for an important discussion of his homopoetry. Autobiography. In his autobiographical work, The Confessions (1929; repr.), he denies his homosexual poems were based on real experience (this could have been to forestall the possibility of prosecution for illegal acts, since male homosexual acts were then illegal in Great Britain). Bibliography. *Timothy d'Arch Smith has written an important essay on the very complex problems of his published (and unpublished) oeuvre: see Smith, Books of the Beast, pp. 13-48 (the starting point for Crowley bibliography). This was published in an expanded edition by Mandrake Press in 1995. The Collected Works, vol. 3 (1907), pp. 233-39 lists works to 1907. Gerald Yorke, a British collector of Crowliana, compiled a check-list of Crowley's publications which is appended to John Symonds's biography, The Great Beast, in the New York, 1951 edition, pp. 301-10. Keith Richmond of *Melbourne is working on a definitive bibliography. In the absence of an adequate bibliography, it is difficult to get an overall view of his poetry. Finding all the poems with homosexual reference is even more difficult. Crowley was *bisexual, certainly for periods of his life, and had female disciples as well as males; he appears to have been homosexual for other periods and perhaps heterosexual for still others. There is contention as to what his exact sexuality is. The poetry in his three volume Collected Works of 1907 is heterosexual and the homosexual volumes are not listed in the bibliography in the third volume. Overall he was one of the most daring and original homosexual poets ever. Collectors of Crowley material include the New York based John Quinn and Gerald Yorke (whose collection is in the Warburg Institution, University of London). Francis Regardie, his sometime secretary, has written books of note on him. Films based on Crowley's beliefs have been made by Kenneth Anger, an underground film maker; Fireworks (1947), is the earliest film in circulation; see also Scorpio Rising (1962-63). (On Kenneth Anger see Richard Dyer, Now You See It: Studies in Lesbian and Gay Film, 1990, pp. 117-29. ) Kenneth Grant became the leader of Crowley's magical order on his death (see his entry in Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology). See also *A. E. Waite, a contemporary of Crowley also involved in magic. Translation. German. Translations of many magic prose works exist - e.g., Magick in Theory and Practice, emanating from Switzerland from ca. 1950 - see *Francis King, Sexuality, Magic and Perversion, 1974, pp. 194-95. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology; notes that in 1909 he established a homosexual relationship with *Victor Neuburg. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 283-84. Dictionary of National Biography: Missing Persons. Dictionnaire Gay. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature; by *Warren Johansson and based on my entry here at an earlier stage. Bibliographies. Murray, Catalogue of Selected Books, item 18: The Winged Beetle, privately printed, 1910. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10576: same book. Pia, Les Livres de l'Enfer, vol. 2, column 1237: Snowdrops from a Curate's Garden, Cosmopoli, 1881. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 865: Liber LDCLXXI vel Pyramidos, S. Stukely, Que.: 93 Publishing, no date; 867-72: (next three books published anonymously) The Scented Garden of Abdullah the Satirist of Shiraz, London: privately printed, 1910, Snowdrops from a Curate's Garden, "Cosmopoli, 1881" (that is, Paris, ca. 1904), White Stains, London: Smithers, 1898, The Winged Beetle, privately printed, 1910. Kearney, Private Case, items 510-12: 510 is The Scented Garden (London: 1910), a copy printed on japon and part of the bequest of *C. R. Dawes with his *bookplate (he states *Gershon Legman suggests the work was printed in Paris: see Gershon Legman, Oragenitalism, London: Duckworth, 1972, p. 186); item 511 is a photocopy of this work; item 512 is White Stains, 1898 [with the note by Kearney "London: Leonard Smithers"]), no. 98 of 100 copies, on handmade paper and part of the Dawes bequest. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reade, Sexual Heretics, 429-31: poems from White Stains, 1898. L'amour bleu, 192-93. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 27375. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 102-03. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 298-301. Criticism in homosexual terms. Smith, Love in Earnest, 95-99 and 259: bibl. of relevant gay books for poetry. Smith, Books of the Beast, 13-48: an attempt at unravelling the complex bibliography of his works. Cruising Cruising is actively searching in public for a male to have sex with (either walking in the street, on a beat - a public area frequented by homosexuals for the purposes of picking up men for sex - or in a bar or other social meeting place). This sexual practice is documented in poetry in English from the United States from ca. 1930 and later in other *European languages. English. See *Alan Brayne, *Jon Herzstam, *Shelley Jones, *Scott Tucker. French: *René Crevel (ca. 1930). German. *Erich Lifka. Portuguese: *Pessoa. "Cruttwell dog, Cruttwell dog, where have you been?" Oral poem in English from Great Britain. Ca. 1938. A poem composed and said to have been recited at *Oxford by *Evelyn Waugh "just before the Second World War" i.e., ca. 1938, about an Oxford don. It is quoted in Christopher Hollis, Oxford in the Twenties (1976), p. 86: "Cruttwell dog, Cruttwell dog, where have you been?/ I've been to Hertford to lie with the Dean". There is an obvious suggestion of *bestiality in the poem. Dons are employed by colleges at Oxford and Cambridge and may be a head, fellow of the college or tutor. Cuaderno Bibliografico Gay 1987/ Gay Bilduma Bibliografikoa 1987 Bibliography in Spanish and Catalan from Spain. Bilbao: Ehgam, 1987, 34 pages. The only detailed Spanish *bibliography to date. It was published by the Basque gay movement. Titles are in Spanish, with Catalan titles to the sections and Spanish and Catalan introductions. It is somewhat careless as some titles refer to Catalan works or translations and some to Spanish works (though the language is not indicated). As Spanish and Catalan are close, it is difficult to know whether some works are in Spanish or Catalan. It covers, in Section 1, Literature (poetry, theater and fiction pp. 13-21), in section 2 Essays (historical, sociological and literary works pp. 22-27), in section 3 Various pp. 28-29, and there is an Appendix on *Aids, p. 32. Very fine erotic photographic illustrations accompany the text. The poetry section consists mainly of twentieth century Spanish poems and translations of the work of major gay poets such as *Virgil and *Shakespeare; some 40 poets are listed, all included in this encyclopedia. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1952. The author of a book City of God, 1994, dealing with *Aids. He is of *Chicano background. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gay Histories and Cultures. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros in Boystown, 45-46; biog., 60. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1947. New York performance poet who worked in a band. He writes plays and his poetry explores sexuality. A good example of a *gay liberation poet. See also * Mouth of the Dragon. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Angels of the Lyre, 47-48 (very fine poem); biog., 238. Orgasms of Light, 58; biog., 251. Editor from Spain, with *Antonio Alvar, of a collection of poems in Latin. Active 1986. Bibliographies. Cuaderno bibliográfico gay, 14: Antología de la poesía latina (Anthology of Latin Poetry), Madrid: Alianza Editorial, 1985. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1903-1946. A black gay writer of the *Harlem Renaissance, mentioned in the film Looking for Langston. He was very handsome. Color (1925), was his first book. A possible poem "Tableau" (for Donald Duff) is relevant. Text: see the collected edition My Soul's High Song, The Collected Writings of the Harlem Renaissance, edited by Gerald L. Early (1991). He was briefly married. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature Dictionary of American Biography. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 147, 518 (states his homosexuality was hushed up). Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Cultures, ethnic groups and peoples of the world Cultures here refers to culture in the anthropological sense of the total expression of a people or ethnic group. For a discussion of the word culture see Raymond Williams, Keywords, 1976. The exact number of cultures in the world past and present is at present unknown and is related to the total number of ethnic groups and peoples of the world both past and present. The number must be more than 10, 000 since G. P. Murdoch in Outline of World Cultures, 6th revised edition, New Haven, 1983, lists some 10,000 living cultures on pp. 195-259, though this number is far less than those actually known to exist. Cultures date from before 3000 B.C., the time of the first surviving systems of *writing. African cultures are very ancient going back at least 3 million years and *Australian Aboriginal cultures apparently date back at least 40,000 years. Cultures are partly linked to *languages. All languages are relevant but some languages such as English and Spanish each have several cultures (e.g. those the countries of Australia, Canada and Great Britain for English and Spain, Argentina and other American countries for Spanish). About 10,000 living languages are accepted as the total number of spoken languages in the world today: see David Dalby, The Linguasphere Register of the World's Languages and Speech-Communities (preview edition), London: Linguasphere Observatory in association with the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 1997, a 1600 page work. Since the Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics lists some 33,000 known language names possibly more than this number of cultures have existed throughout world history (the figure of 33,000 does not take into account lost languages of which we do not know the name - e.g. *Indian languages from Brazil where a previously unknown tribe was only rediscovered in 1996; for other lost languages in which records have been recovered see *Dunhuang and Turfan). However the figure of 33,000 for the total number of cultures throughout world history is only tentative at this stage; if anything the figure is likely to be higher when a more accurate census is made. George Peter Murdock's Outline of World Culures is a concise guide to the cultures of the world which have documentary files in the * Human Relations Area Files. The first section to p. 190 describes cultures geographically. However this section is not comprehensive: for instance, the section on Australia pp. 142-44 only deals with 26 cultures though some 500 aboriginal cultures are known and there are some 300 introduced cultures, while for Brazil, pp. 180-82, 28 cultures are listed while over 1,000 languages were spoken in the last century and over 200 are still spoken. The last section of this book, as already pointed out, lists the cultures previously listed geographically in alphabetical order. Since many cultures are not listed this list is far from complete. *Sir James Frazer's notebooks published as Anthologia Anthropologia discuss many cultures are are possibly the first effort at a survey of world cultures. For information on cultures consult Paul Hockings, editor, Encyclopedia of World Cultures(New York, 1993) and Amiram Gonen, Encyclopedia of the Peoples of the World (New York, 1993; excellent bibliography pp. 676-82). Timothy J. O'Leary and others, Encyclopedia of World Cultures (New York, 1994), 10 volumes, is also excellent. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica: see "Culture". Poet from Australia who wrote in English. Ca. 1915-1961. Robert Cumming was a close friend of *Harry Hooton. He was a bohemian, a libertarian and a member of the Sydney and Melbourne Push. Although apparently heterosexual, his relationship with Hooton shows extremely close male bonding and he committed *suicide two weeks after Hooton died. His poetry is in the libertarian style of Hooton, written in *free verse. He only published a few poems ca. 1950 (poems have not been located and titles not known - apart from "Extract from Sydney Letter", ca. 1956 [source not known]). Tapes of Hooton exist in the National Library Canberra (made when Hooton was close to death) where Cumming talks with him. His manuscripts are reputedly in the Mitchell Library, Sydney; however the library holds no records of any manuscripts. No records of any poems are on *Austlit. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1894-1962. A poet involved with *modernism and who technically points to *Charles Olson, though his use of pubctuation was more extreme. Some of his most famous love poems are *non-gender specific: "i like my body when it is with your body"; "somewhere i have never travelled"; "All in green went my love riding". Overall the ambience of Cummings' poetry seems heterosexual. See also *Dada . Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10577 cites the novel Him, New York: Liveright, 1927. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 873: the novel Him, New York: Liveright, 1927. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gay Poetry, 6: the poem "on the Madam's best april the" [this poem however, seems to be heterosexual and is in belligerently heterosexual company in the book is 5 ; the use of the word "queer" may have prompted its entry in the anthology]. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1911-1985. An academic as well as a poet. See *William Cole, Erotic Poetry (1963), p.478, the poem "Lip": "Lip was a man who used his head,/ He used it when he went to bed/ With his friend's wife, and with his friend,/ With either sex at either end". For information on the poet see Perkins, History of Modern Poetry, volume 1, p. 388. Cupbearer, in Persian saqi (sometimes spelt saqi) Trope in Greek from Greece and later in Persian, Arabic, Hebrew, Turkish and German. From ca. 323 B.C. Saki (also spelt saqi) is a Persian term for cupbearer. Greek. Poets in the * Anacreontea (ca. 323 B.C.+), written in a 'symposium context and the * Mousa Paidike frequently refer to a *boy beside them, who brings *wine (e.g., Palatine Anthology xii 51) - but the suggestion is also that he might be useful for sexual purposes. Visual evidence of cupbearers appears on Greek vases (see *J. D. Beazley). The convention also occurs in *Anacreontics. It is possible that this convention in life and poetry passed fron ancient Greek to Persian (or even vice versa) and later to Turkish. See *Athenaeus xiii, 601 for a symposium reference. See also Eglinton, Greek Love, p. 254. Persian. Almost all poets are relevant in Persian up to 1945 (e.g. *Omar Khayyam). *Ehsan Yarshater has written a seminal article, "Persian Poetry in the Timurid and Safavid Periods" (see especially p. 975); for the source, see the Yarshater entry. Arabic: see *Ben al-Zaqqaq, * Dar ai-Tiraz, *Khamriyya, *al-Taliq, *Habib, ibn Hamdis. Hebrew: see *Anonymous poets - Hebrew. Turkish. The practice permeates the whole tradition of* divan poetry, e.g. see *Baki, *Mesihi, *Nedim; see *Vehbi, Sunbul-Zade, *Sabit. Urdu. Rahman, "Boy love in the Urdu ghazai", Paidika vol. 2 no. 1 (1989), 24. German. *Goethe composed a major volume involving the cupbearer called the East-West Divan. (All translations of all preceding poets and poetry are also relevant.) See the note on the word in footnote 85 in Wright, Homoeroticism in Classical Arabic Literature, pp. 138-39; the concept is here related to myths in ancient Hittite. though no poems are cited. Myth and trope in Latin and English. From 40 B.C. Another name for *Amor; *Eros was the original Greek name of Cupid (Latin meaning "desire"). Cupid is usually depicted in art as a naked boy with wings who shoots the arrow of love at people and, as he is male, the possibility of homolove is thus allowed for in his life - and especially as he was commonly believed to shoot his arrows indiscriminately. There are *phallic connotations in the arrow, which have been especially brought out in artistic depictions. Latin. He appears in the poetry of *Catullus (Poem 3, line 1) and *Martial (see his entry). See entry "Cupido" in Oxford Latin Dictionary. Italian. *Ariosto. English: *B. Barnes, *Thomas Watson, *Fulke Greville, *Edmund Spenser, *Milton, *Henry More, *Matthew Prior, *Robert Herrick, *Leigh Hunt, *Carl van Vechten, *A. R. D. Fairburn. Boss Cupid is the title of a book of poems by *Thom Gunn published in 2000. *Rictor Norton, "Cupid", in Gay News no. 118 (1977), is a Tine article on the subject. A prose work is Men and Cupid by Harold Matin (London: *Fortune Press, 1965). Compare *angel. Publisher from Great Britain of works in English. 1683-1747. Publisher of the anthology containing homopoems, The Works of Anacreon and Sappho (1713); he also published * Anacreon done into English andThe Idylliums of *Theocritus (1713) by *T. Creech. He published such works as A Treatise of the Use of Flogging in Venereal Affairs and Venus in the Cloister . Curll was the first major English publisher of *pornography (that is erotic works to titillate the reader). Compare *Anthony Stephens, another publisher of mild erotica in the field of poetry. Ralph Straus, The Unspeakable Curll, London, 1927 (repr. New York, 1970), contains a complete list of Curll's publications 1706-46. (For information on Ralph Straus, who was a friend of Norman Douglas, see Mark Holloway, Norman Douglas, 1976, footnote 85 and the index; he wrote a book on *Robert Dodsley and a biography of *George Augustus Sala.) Curll was prosectuted for obscenity 1725-28: see *David Foxon, Libertine Literature in England, 1965, pp. 14-15. On him see Kearney, History of Erotic Literature, pp. 49-52. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Critic and historian from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1975. Author of "Erotic Themes in *Victorian Literature", in Peter Webb The Erotic Arts (1975; repr.), pp. 202-17: discusssion of *Swinburne, *Richard Burton, *Pater, *Hellenism,*Crowley, *Rolfe - an important overview of the period discussing the emergent homosexual voice. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1941. A film Walt Curtis: The Peckerneck Poet has been made of him; he describes himself as a "jerk-off poett therapist" (information from the internet). Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 880-81: Peckerneck Country, The Selected Poems of Walt Curtis, Portland, OR: Mr. Cogito Press, 1978 and The Roses of Portland, Portland, OR: privately printed, 1974. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Son of the Male Muse, 49-58; a very Tine gay love poem; biog., 187: this reveals he lives in Portland, Oregon, where he is the "Unofficial *Poet Laureate" and has published several chapbooks. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1974. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10578: "Sex made simple for classrom use", College English, 36, 339, November 1974. Biographer from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1988. Author of The Legacy of the Beast: the Life, Work and influence of *Aleister Crowley (London, 1988.) An important biography of a difficult subject who is one of the most fascinating gay poets ever. The work is a shorter, and thus more accessible, life of Aleister Crowley that the much larger work by John Symonds. It contains a chronology of Crowley's life pp. 13-16. Editor from the United States of works in English. Active 1974. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 888: editor of Peace and Pieces: An Anthology of Contemporary American Poetry, San Francisco: Peace and Pieces Press, 1974. Trope in Chinese poetry from China and later in Korean poetry. From ca. 90. Chinese. A term for homosexuals. It originated with the *Han Emperor Ai (ruled 6-1 B.C.) who cut off the sleeve of his gown rather than wake his sleeping companion Dong Xian according to a traditional story (see Hinsch, Passions of the Cut Sleeve, 53). Dong Xian was forced to commit suicide by minister Wang Mang on the emperor's death (his name, Dong Xian, is in Pinyin; it is Tung Hsien in Wade Giles.) The term was first used in reference to homosexuality in The History of the Later Han written by 90, but completed by the sister of the writer Pan Ku (lived 32-92: see his entry in Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature ). See *Words - Chinese, *Liu Zun (died 535), *Han-shan, *P. R. Stephensen, *Brett Hinsch. Korean. See *Yi Hyang-Gum. Critic from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1988. His article "The truth untold", New Statesman, vol. 113 no. 2912, 22-24, is a brilliant gay reading of *Wilfred Owen. He argues that Wilfred Owen uses words in a coded way and they have hidden homosexual meanings due to the constraints of his times. He states, p. 23, "The key to Wilfred's later poetry is his *S & M sexuality". Letters in the New Statesman of 30 January, p. 32, and 13 February, p. 32, are relevant. Myth and trope in Greek from Greece and later in Latin. From ca. 10. A youth loved by *Apollo who was metamorphosed into a tree, the cypress. He first appears in poetry in Latin in *Ovid's Metamorphoses (composed 2-17 A.D.), Book 10, lines 106-42; see also the Greek poet *Nonnus's, Dionysiaca xi, 364. For the artistic depiction see * Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 305. Criticism. Buffiére, Eros adolescent, 359. Sergent, Homosexuality in Greek Myth, 81-82 and 282, footnote 6 (citing sources). Poet from Poland writing in Polish. 1903-1939. He was born in 1903 in Lublin. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Gay Poetry Anthologies. "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen", 128-33: poem "Hildur, Baldur and die Zeit"; biog. 174 - states the poem "Hildur, Baldur und die Zeit", published in 1936, is based on his relationship with a youth Stefanek; Baldur was an old god of love and Hildur represents Stefanek in the poem. Poet possibly from the United States writing in English. Active before 1924. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 74: poem "Two Tiny Hands"; annotated in Men and Boys as "a schoolboy to another". Poet from Australia writing in English. Active from 1985. See Cavafy's Room (Melbourne: Nosukumo Press, 1987); the title refers to the Greek gay poet *Constantine Cavafy. There are gay elements in Flowers of Impotence, 215 pp. (privately printed, 1983), and a gay episode in an unpublished novel (not sighted: Javant Biarujia to the author). There is no evidence that this author is a practising gay. He is married (information from Javant Biarujia). Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. 1863-1938. Famous Italian *decadent poet and playwright. His sexuality is very problematical. Homosexuality has not been proved so far, though he appears to have all the signs of having at least had some homosexual experience. He was an *aesthete and *dandy with an elaborate house beautifully decorated, including statues of naked youths such as a copy of the Apollo Piombino (in the Louvre, Paris). He had mistresses and married and was one of the most famous writers in the world in 1900. He was called by Benedeno Croce a dilettante oi sensations . d Annunzio was politically to the right and inclined to rascism. His entire works were put on the Catholic * Index. See J. M. Becker, "Homoeroticism and Nationalism" in Stanford Italian Review vol.11 no.1-2 (1992), 139-54. He wrote a play The Martyrdom of St *Sebastian. Biography: see *Philippe Jullian whose biography, Gabriele D'Annunzio, in the English translation of 1972 (from the French edition of the same title, Paris, 1971), pp. 343-344, deals with homosexuality in his life. His works were widely translated; his French translator was the homosexual *Georges Herelle. See Arcadie no. 64 (April 1959), 193204: trans. into French of a poem "L'Alcyon", 1903 ("L'Enfant" [The Enfant], trans. by *Roger Peyrefitte). See also *ode . Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Dictionary of Italian Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amicizia amorosa, 173-75. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 247: *bathing poem. Poet and philosopher from India writing in English; he lives in the United States. Born 1939. An Indian guru who has a temple in the United States in *Los Angeles. See The Love-Ananda Gita (Clearlake, California, 1989): pp. 155-247 consist of 108 verses about "love-bliss-unity" (p. 169) and the rest is commentary. The work is described as verses on the back cover but in English reads as prose. The works endorse free love. See *Indian philosophies as he was greatly influenced by them and is a pupil of Swami Rudrananda. *Ananda, from whom his name comes, was a pupil of the Buddha and means "joy, bliss". Movement in French, English and Swedish. From 1915. A movement begun in Switzerland in 1915 by Tristan Tzara which consisted of the reduction of sense to nonsense in poetry and the other arts. It flourished from 1915 to 1922. It had close links to *surrealism, a movement in the arts which emerged out of it. It was a reaction to such ideas as *art for art's sake. *Collage was an important Dada technique. English. *E. E. Cummings was especially influenced in the layout of his poems which placed letters and words all over the page; see also *Ginsberg, *Don Maynard, *Imiri Baraka. *Modernism and *postmodernist poets who have written *free verse have been influenced by it. French: see *André Breton. See also 'Surrealism. Swedish: *Gunnar Björling. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature: Poet from India who wrote in Rajasthani. 1544-1603. Greatly influenced by the works of *Kabir, he was an Indian religious saint. (Rajasthani is sometimes regarded as a dialect of Hindi.) See W. G. Orr, A Sixteenth Century Indian Mystic, 1947 (with English translation of poems); ardent poems of love of God strongly influenced by *Sufism with strong homosexual aspects: see pp. 60, 62, 64, 66, 84-85 (re Guru). Some poems ascribed to him may be by *disciples. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Critic and poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1900-1977. His book of essays The Flea of *Sodom (1950), is a satire on the bohemian Greenwich Village, *New York. He was a close friend of *Charles Olson. Indeed, as Tom Clark's biography of Olson makes clear, he was Olson's mentor and their relationship was one of master and *disciple with a strong homosexual undercurrent. He wrote a book of poems Cipango's Hinder Door (1966) which includes *"Walt Whitman". The Sorrows of *Priapus (1957), is prose. In Alms for Oblivion he declared that *Robert McAlmon's marriage to Bryher was a sham. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors New Revision Series, volume 31. Addressee from Turkey of a poem in English by T. E. Lawrence. 1896-1918. *T. E Lawrence wrote the dedicatory poem of his prose work The Seven Pillars of Wisdom (first published in 1926) to him. He may have been a lover of Lawrence who met him in 1911, aged fourteen, when he was working on the excavations at Carchemish in Turkey. Dahoum, who was Lawrence's servant, and whose real name was Salim Ahmed (or Sheik Ahmed) has been identified as an Arab youth by various biographers (see, for instance, Joseph Bean); he may have been from Syria since Syria was then part of Turkey. See the article "Lawrence of Arabia", The Advocate, 11 April 1989, 27-33. *Richard Aldington, in Lawrence of Arabia, first published in 1955, calls him in the London, Four Square edition, with added material, 1957, "probably the great love of Lawrence's life" (see pp. 75-76) and states Lawrence carved an image of him in limestone, leading the Arabs to think him a *pederast (Dahoum's age here is given at the time of meeting as fifteen and he is said to be a donkey-boy or water-boy). For further information see the index of Richard Perceval Graves, Lawrence of Arabia and his World (1976); a photo appears on p. 19. Dahoum died of typhus. He is referred to in Lawrence's letters. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 149: "To S. A." (i.e. Salim Ahmed or Sheikh Ahmed). Poet from Turkey who wrote in Turkish. Died. ca 1430. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Turkish Verse, 77: a love poem to a man; biog., 8. Criticism. Gibb, History of Ottoman Poetry, vol. 2, 368: "Dai of Qastamuni" appears to be this poet. Poet from Japan who wrote in Japanese. Active before 1713. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Partings at Dawn, 107; a reply to Risshi Nin'yu (from the anthology * Iwatsutsuji). Poet from Iran who wrote in Persian. Active ca. 159Q. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A'in i Akbari anthology, 677-7B; biog., 677. Poet from Australia who wrote in English. 1858-1903. Strong homoaffectional feeling occurs in his poetry as with other *eighteen-nineties Australian writers: e.g. in the poem "In a *Wine Cellar" (from At Dawn and Dusk, Sydney, 1898, pp. 37-43). He was symposiarch, i.e., leader - the term is derived from *Plato's *Symposium - of the *Dawn and Dusk Club, a Sydney Bohemian group which met at dusk and parted at dawn. He was a close friend of *Henry Lawson and *J. Le Gay Brereton and a famous photograph of him and Theodore Argles exists suggesting an intimate friendship (reproduced in the Daily Mirror, Sydney, Monday 14 September 1959, 14). He married and had six children. He used the pseudonym Creeve Rowe and his writings under this name were published in an edition edited by *Muir Holborn. A letter in a Mitchell Library copy of At Dawn and Dusk (at catalog entry number A821/141/1A1) has the note to the publisher Angus and Robertson "But - I DO NOT like the colour of the cover, and I think it is out of keeping with the contents. Could you make it *purple or dark *green?" See entries *green and *lavendar for the possible significance. However, green could here refer to the writer's Celtic background, as he and *Roderic Quinn were referred to as poets of the Celtic twilight. Purple could have undertones of bohemianism. Daley was a heavy drinker, perhaps alcoholic. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Addressee of letters in Spanish by Federico García Lorca; he was from Spain. 1904-1988. Dalí was a *Surrealist painter with whom *Federico García Lorca fell in love (see *Ian Gibson's biography of Lorca). Dali's letters to Lorca survive but only two letters from Lorca to Dali. See A. Rodrigo, Lorca-Dali: una amistad tradicionada (Barcelona, 1981), for the text of the surviving letters. Lorca wrote an "*Ode to Salvador Dali". Ian Gibson has written a biography of Dali which deals candidly with Dali's sex life, The Shameful Life of Salvador Dalí (London, 1997): on p. 135 it is noted that Lorca tried to have anal sex with Dali but the painter apparently refused; see also p. 223 (ménage a trois with his wife Gala and another painter showing later homosexual experience). On p. 155 Ian Gibson notes that Lorca did a drawing of himself and Dali as *Castor and Pollux; see also the index of the book under "Dali, Salvador" and, under this, see "sexual problems" and "personality - anal fixation" and the index under "Garcia Lorca". Some works of Dali contain homosexual elements such as his painting Narcissus and there is a considerable *Freudian element in his life and work. In Ian Gibson, Federico García Lorca: a life(1989), p. 164, Dali hints here that anal sex on him was at least tried by Lorca ("It hurt, moreover"); he states here Dali repressed his homosexual tendencies. The painter married a woman but there were no children. The film Dali (directed by Antoni Ribas, 1991) features his supposed love affair with Lorca (reviewed in Time, 15 July, 1991, 8). Haim Finkelstein, Salvador Dali's Art and Writing 1927-1942: The Metamorphosis of Narcissus, 1996, discusses his work. An unpublished paper on "Homosexuality and the Question of the Double in Dali's Autobiographical Writings" from the London 1991 Hispanic 'Conference by Vilasca David is listed in *Paul Julian Smith's The Body Hispanic: Gender and Sexuality in Spanish American Literature (1989), p. 228. Bibliographer from Italy of works in Italian; he is also a critic, historian and archivist. Born ca. 1960. He is the author of *Leggere omosessuale, the only Italian gay bibliography to date. It lists books with homosexual themes in Italian from 1800 on. The work deals with sexological and sociological material as well as literary material; it omits to list the anthology * L'amicizia amorosa. It is in five sections: Literature pp. 111-44, Poetry pp. 45-51, Movement pp. 52-56, Scholarly and sociological pp. 57-78 and Early medical, psychiatric works etc. pp. 79-99. The work has been supplemented by a computer index on Giovanni Dall'Orto's personal computer of subsequently found works. He founded the *Milan gay archives and writes for * Babilonia of which he is a part owner. He has collected many little known gay poems in Italian, French and other Romance languages from research in European libraries. He wrote a series of articles on Italian gay poetry in Babilonia no. 101, June 1992, pp. 56-69, no. 102, July-August 1992, pp. 58-60 and no. 103, September 1992, pp. 6668. These articles are the most detailed survey of gay poetry in Italian so far. Biography: see opposite the title page of Leggere omosessuale. He did not complete his university education but is the finest living gay scholar in Italy of male homosexuality and one of the greatest living gay scholars. For a work of literary criticism see Sodoma no. 3 (1986), 13-37: homosexuality in Italian poetry before *Dante; see also in the same issue, pages 81-95 - article on gay *words in Italian. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1892 to 1927. Some poems in his 1900 volume published by Grant Richards in London, Flower and Leaf, are relevant. Minuti& (Poems) (London, 1892) may contain relevant material. Translator from Greek to English. Born ca. 1923-died ca. 1993. She assembled the second translation of a large number of *Cavafy's poems into English: The Complete Poems of C P Cavafy (1961). However, despite its title, the text is not complete: see the main Cavafy entry. She has also translated *Yannis Ritsos. Dean Kostos, in "The Writing Life", in Lambda Book Report, April 1999, 18, has some reminiscences of her. She lived in New York. Poet from Greece writing in Greek. Active before ca. 217 B. C. He has ten poems in the * Palatine Anthology. No entry Oxford Classical Dictionary. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Der kleine Pauly, volume 1, 1368. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Garland of Meleager. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 132. City in Syria where the main spoken language is Arabic. Damascus is a very ancient city which was the capital of the Islamic empire in the Umayyad period from 661-750; in 750 the capital was removed to *Baghdad. The city has been much occupied by many different nations, e.g. in 1076 by the Seljuk Turks. It is an important publishing center (see *Ibn Sana al-Mulk) and is the capital of Syria. It houses the National Library of Syria. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition: "Dimashk". Pseudonym of an anthologist from Brazil who wrote works in Portuguese. 1918-died ca. 1985. Coeditor of the poetry anthology * Poemas do Amor Maldito, Gasparino Damata is a pseudonym based on his real name, *Gasparino da Mata e Silva. He was a pioneer of gay publishing in Brazil and one of the editors of the first Brazilian gay journal * Lampiao. He writes stories (see Now the Volcano, pp. 98-144) and has written a novel with a homosexual theme, Queda em Ascensao (1951). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poemas do amor maldito (anthologist). Now the Volcano: biog., p. 97. Figure from myth and trope in Greek from Greece and in English from Great Britain. From 1494. A pair of friends in ancient Greek who were later taken as gay lovers. For the ancient artistic depiction see * Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae, volume 3, part 1. English: see *Richard Edwards, the first reference in English (his only extant play, printed in 1571, was called Damon and Pithias), John Milton, *Edmund Spenser, *Philip Roberts, *Charles Jury. German. 'Sebastian Brant (1494). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Ioläus (1902), 36-37. Hidden Heritage, 67. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active from 1957. A lover of James Kirkup from the United States. They met in Spain and wrote poems together: see James Kirkup, A Poet Could Not But Be Gay (London, 1991), pp. 54-76, "A Fatal Encounter" (which includes poems they wrote); see also the remainder of this book (other poems are included). James Kirkup states that, though he felt obliged to break the relationship off, he has thought about him every day since. He saw Dana from a distance in *Washington in 1974 (when he found his name in a United States poets' directory) but could not bring himself to speak to him (see pp. 231-33). The poems of "Suite Salmantina" were written to him (printed in James Kirkup's The Prodigal Son: Poems 1956-59, London, 1959); see also A Poet Could Not But Be Gay, p. 176. The name may not be - and probably isn't - his real name. Poem in Igbo from Nigeria. Framo about 1971. See pp. 41-42 in Igbo Traditional Verse, edited and translated by Romanus Egudu and Donatus (Nwoga, 1971): a poem addressed to the *god Igbo. Igbo is an African language, one of the Niger-Congo group and one of the most important in Nigeria. Editor from Canada of a collection in French. Active 1954. Compiler of Poètes bucoliques (Québec, 1954), 151 pages: an anthology with a linked commentary on *pastoral poetry from the Greek *Theocritus to the French writer *Gide, including Italian and English pastoral poets. There is a strong homosexual flavor to the choice of poems. Rare. Copy: *University of Sydney Library. Poem in English from Great Britain. Recorded in 1904. About a man who appears to be an *aesthete and never takes his pants off when in bed with his wife and "sleeps in women's stays" (he seems to also be a *transvestite). Text. James Reeves, The Idiom of the People (London, revised edition 1959), p. 101 (from the C. J. Sharp manuscripts, possibly in the *British Library). Dandyism and dandified behavior Movement in Latin from Italy and later in French, English and other 'European languages. From ca. 50. Dandyism is excessive attention to style in clothes. It is perhaps best exemplified in gay circles by the homosexual 'Oscar Wilde (famous for wearing a 'green carnation, which symbolized artificiality as opposed to the natural just as homosexuality was seen to be artificial and "against nature"); it was very strong in France from the 1880s (see 'Jacques d'Adelswärd Fersen) and swept Europe from this time. However, earlier in the nineteenth century, 'Byron was a dandy and even influenced 'Whitman to adopt a dandified pose in his early period as a poet. It dates from the Latin author 'Petronius (active ca. 50). A dandy is not necessarily a homosexual though dandyism may be a coded way of recognizing a homosexual (necessary in a time when laws were against homosexual acts or any behavior seen as homosexual); however, the ambiguity of dandyism precludes absolute indentification. So, as a coded way of showing and recognizing homosexuality, dandyism is ambiguous. (Some dandies were, of course, both heterosexual and homosexual, as in Wilde's case.) Dandyism became a cult amongst homosexuals in the arts from the 1880s. See 'Aesthetes, 'Effeminacy, 'Fop, 'Taste. Jessica R. Feldman, Gender on the Divide: The Dandy in Modernist Literature (1993), is a detailed study; see also Ellen Moers, The Dandy: Brummell to Beerbohm (1960) and Jules Barbey D'Aurevilly, Dandyism (1988), 78 pp. English: see 'Vanburgh, 'Botany Bay, 'Walt Whitman, 'Muir Holborn, 'Brian Howard, 'Alistair Kershaw, Julian Sturgis, 'Wallace Stevens. French. 'Blaise Cenders, 'Huysmans, 'Proust were all dandies. See Marylene Delbourg-Delphis, Masculin singulier (Paris, 1985). Italian: see 'D'Annunzio. Latin: see 'Petronius. Polish: 'Cyprian Norwid. Russian. Dandyism occurred amongst poets from 'Pushkin onwards (Pushkin modelled himself on Byron). This was especially a pose poets took up in Russia from the 'eighteen nineties onwards based on Pushkin: see 'Ivnev and 'Marienhof. See also 'Aestheticism. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 292-94. Gay Histories and Cultures : see "Dandy". Poet from France who wrote in Provençal. Active 1180-1220. He was a 'troubadour poet. Goodich, The Unmentionable Vice, p. 6, states he is placed by Dante in the seventh circle in Purgatory (among whom there were sodomites); on p. 7 Goodich says a poem by him "describes an oral-anal encounter between his two poetic rivals, 'Raimon de Derfort and 'Turc Malec" (this poem is in Arnaut Daniel, Poetry, edited by 'J. J. Wilhelm, New York, 1981, poem no. 18, "Sirventes"; see also footnote 11, p. 128, for sources). The Dante reference is to Purgatorio, Canto 26. See also Kuster, Over Homoseksualiteit in middeleeus West-Europa, 596, f. 39. This interpretation is disputed by 'Edourard Roditi in De l'homosexualité, 1962, p. 143. Poet and journal editor from Australia. Born ca. 1950. Editor of * Ganymede: A Journal of Gay Poetics. Several poems by him appear in the three issues published. He wrote reviews of gay art exhibitions and was also a writer for the *journal Campaign. Daniel, Hal J. A poem in the James White Review vol. 3 no. 4 (Summer 1986), 4, is about a male nurse and titled "David"; a biographical note, p.12, states he is a Professor of Language and Auditory Pathology at East Carolina University and has published two collections of poetry and seeks a publisher for the third. His full name is Hal J. Daniel III (III means "the third" and means he is the third person in his family in direct linear descent with this name). Pseudonym of a critic from France writing in French. Active from 1955-1968. Stated to be the pseudonym of Michel Duchein by sources in France. However, in Paris in 1995, Michel Duchein denied that he and Marc Daniel were one and the same; he said Marc Daniel was a friend now dead (telephone call with the author). The *National Union Catalog reveals Michel Duchein published two books on archival materials in French, one, Catalogue des microfilms de securité (Paris, 1955), where his occupation is given as archivist for the archives of France, and another, Guide des Archives de la Haute-Vienne, Limoges, 1954 (where his occupation is given as chief archivist of "Haute-Vienne"; Vienne is near Lyon and Haute Vienne is the upper part). A book Jacques Premier, Le roi d'Angleterre (ca. 1980) by Michel Duchein discusses the homosexuality of James the first, King of Great Britain, and a photograph of Michel Duchein appeared in * Gay News (*Claude Courouve to the author, 1995). French. Marc Daniel (pseud.) regularly wrote articles for * Arcadie and was the author of * Shakespeare et Gide en correctionelle (1959) and, with Andre Baudry, of Les Homosexuals (1975). He - whoever he was - seems to have been a gay activist at this time. "A Study of Homosexuality in France during the Reigns of Louis XIII and Louis XIV" in One Institute Quarterly no. 14, vol. 14 no. 3 (Spring 1961), 77-214 (trans. from the French text in Arcadie December 1956-September 1957) includes discussion and translation of French homosexual poems of the seventeenth century by *Théophile de Viau, pp. 80-83, *Des Barreaux, pp. 81-83 (including an anonymous *song of ca. 1640 about him), *Saint Pavin, pp. 83-84, the poet Charles d'Assoucy (about whom Chapelle and Barchaumont wrote a homopoem) and *Anonymous French poems accusing others of homosexuality, pp. 88-93 (including a *Song of ca. 1621, p. 89). This is a very scholarly article. See Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, item 640 for studies on homosexuality in England. Arabic. Marc Daniel (pseud.) was the author of "La civilisation arabe et l'ampir masculin" in French in Arcadie, issues 253-55, 257-59, 261, 263, 266-67 (1975-76). This is the finest survey of Arabic literature and homosexuality in a *European language. There is an English translation by *Winston Leyland in *Gay Sunshine 32 (Spring 1977), 1-11 and 27, titled "Arab Civilization and Male Love". This is a seminal article for the study of homopoetry in Arabic and probably the most detailed survey to its date in any language. It is in fact one of the finest articles ever written on gay poetry in any language (it was reprinted in Gay Roots as cited below). An article by Arthur Wormhoudt "Classic Arabic Poetry", cited below, supplements it. Akkadian: see Arcadie no. 316 (avril 1980), 209-214, "Notre Ancêtre Gilgamesh", a review of a French translation of Gilgamesh by Abed Azrie from an Arab text which is an adaptation of Sumerian and Akkadian texts. Bibliographies. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, item 649: states his real name is *Michel Duchein. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, item 486: citing Des dieux et des garçons: etudes sur l'homosexualité dans la mythologie grecque, Paris: Arcadie, 1968, 38 pp: a study of homosexuality in Greek gods. Criticism. *Arthur Wormhoudt, "Classic Arabic Poetry", *Gay Books Bulletin, no. 4 (Fall 1980): the whole essay supplements Duchein's earlier work. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 33-76: reprint of the essay "Arab Civilization and Male Love". Translator from Sanskrit to French; poet and autobiographer from France writing in French. He lived in India for much of his life and later in Italy. 1907-1994. One of the most famous Indologists of the twentieth century. He was gay and lived with Raymond Burnier, an heir of the Swiss Nestlé fortune, for fifteen years in Benares, India from 1937 where he converted to *Hinduism. They later separated when they both moved to Italy. He is the author of a book on *Hindu myths Shiva and Dionysus (1984), a very thorough coverage of the cult of Shiva in India, and the author of the only complete translation of the Sanskrit * Kamasutra into French (translated into English as The Complete Kamasutra, 1993). Gods of Love and Ecstasy: The Traditions of *Shiva and *Dionysus (1982) is a famous work comparing east and west myths of these two gods and finding much in common. His autobiography, The Way to the Labyrinth (French edition 1981; English translation, 1987) is a major gay autobiography; as a poet see pp. 54-55. See also L'erotisme divinisé (Eroticism made holy), 1962. Obituary: Guardian Weekly 27 February 1994, 26; discusses his gayness and relationship with Raymond Burnier. An article in Gai Hebdo no. 290 discusses his life with Raymond Burnier (by Jacques Barozzi). After 1945 he worked for Unesco as head of the world music program where he was the creator of the Unesco record collections of traditional music. In 1971 he donated his library to the Cini Foundation. Information is available from a homopage on him on the internet. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors New Revision Series, volume 31. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1954. Compiler of the anthology * Take Any Train: An Anthology of Gay Men's Poetry (1990). He was born in Birmingham, educated at Reading University and has lived in London since 1982. He is the owner and publisher of The *Oscars Press (1987+) which has published several *chapbooks of gay poetry. He selected the poetry in a special isssue of the * James White Review , vol. 9 no. 3, Spring 1992. Book of poems: Breakfast in Bed (with *Kieron Devlin and *Kenneth King), London, Oscars Press, 1987; see pp. 5-19. Other books of poems: Peacock Luggage (1992) and Be Prepared. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Sugar and Snails, 7, 13, 31; biog. inside front cover. Take Any Train, 19-21 ; biog., 61. Language of water, 46-47; biog., 78. Of Eros and Dust, 10, 16, 29, 58; biog., 85. Badboy Book, 91-94; biog., 385. Eros in Boystown, 22. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 62, 165. Poet from Germany who wrote in German. Active 1932. The *British Library General Catalogue entry reveals he was active as a writer in 1932. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 48: poems "Die Brücke", "Erhoffer Tag", "Geleit gen Abend", "In Einer Nacht", "Peregrinus", "Serenade", "Spätes Fest", "Vermachtnis an den Morgen". No other information given. Poet and critic from the United States. Active 1972. Poet who co-authored an article on Effeminism with *Kenneth Pitchford. Poems: see Double-F no.2 (Spring/Winter 1973), 15-18. Poet from Italy writing in Italian. 1265-1321. Dante is the most famous Italian poet thought by some equal to *Homer in Greek and *Shakespeare in English. His poetry emerges from the *troubadour and *courtly love traditions. He wrote in the Florentine dialect which became the standard Italian literary dialect and he was famous for his love of the woman Beatrice whom he met and fell in love with when both were nine years of age (see Dante La Vita Nuova, translated by Mark Musa, 1957, p. ix). He was expelled from his native city *Florence. His major work, the *long poem The Divine Comedy, is divided into three books, Hell, Purgatory and Paradise. His most famous reference to homosexuality is in Hell, Cantos 15 and 16, which deal with sodomy, and where he places his teacher the poet, *Brunetto Latini, who greets him. This placement follows the doctrine of the *Catholic Church of the time. Inferno, Canto 9, refers to the gay trope of *Ganymede and he also refers to *Achilles and Patroclus in the Inferno. Purgatory, Canto 26, refers briefly to sodomy in relation to two poets: *Arnaut Daniel and *Guinicelli. For some other references to homosexuality in The Divine Comedy see Anthologies below. Criticism. There has been detailed commentary on Dante's Divine Comedy almost from its inception with many editions of the work containing detailed commentaries. There are thus many commentaries on Canto 15 and other sections referring to homosexuality. While there have been a large number of these commentaries in Italian (e.g., one by *Boccaccio), some exist in English (e.g., by *Dorothy Sayers, John D. Sinclair and a detailed commentary by Charles S. Singleton, published in 1970, all of whom translated the poem). For sources of Italian commentaries consult the Enciclopedia Dantesca, an encyclopedia entirely devoted to Dante (second edition 1984); see especially the articles "Achille", "Sodoma", "Sodomiti" in this work. A major study of Canto 15 in English is by *Richard Kay, a work which seems strongly influenced by Andre Pezard's 1950 study in French of the canto: Dante sous la pluie de feu. Giuseppe Aprile, Dante, inferno, dentro e fuori (Palermo, 1977), 206 pages, is a slight study of homosexuality and *S/M in Dante's Divine Comedy. (These books are discussed in the Encyclopedia of Homosexuality entry below by *Giovanni Dall'Orto.) *Edourard Roditi in De l'homosexualité, 1962, pp. 141-43, discusses Canto 15. See also "Criticism in homosexual terms" below. Translation. English: see *T. W. Parsons, *Dorothy Sayers (1949), John D. Sinclair (1971), Charles S. Singleton (1971). Dante has been extensively translated into most European languages. Consult the * British Library General Catalogue and * National Union Catalog for translations. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 294-96. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 48: Göttliche Komödie. Hölle 15 und 16, Fegefeuer 26 (Divine Comedy, Hell 15 and 16 and Purgatory 26). Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10579: The Divine Comedy. "Many references, as in 'Inferno', Canto XV". Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 900: The Divine Comedy, New York: Basic Books, 1962. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Ioläus (1902), 69: re his Inferno referring to *Achilles and Patroclus, but ambiguously as to their relationship. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 131-35. Les Amours masculines, 63 64. L'amicizia amorosa, 45-47. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 214: trans. of Inferno xv. Hallam, Book of Sodom, 135-38: Purgatory, Canto 26 (re Julius Caesar and Arnaut Daniel), trans by Henry Francis Cary. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 265-71: Inferno vx and xvi. Criticism in homosexual terms. Raffalovich, Uranisme et unisexualité, 300. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 4 (1902) 871-73: Dante and homosexuality (in German). Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 8 (1906), 351-64: article on homosexuality in The Divine Comedy by Undine Freiin von Verschuer. Poet from Canada writing in French. Active 1982. An English translation of his poetry exists, Black Diva Poems 1982-86, trans. Daniel Gloate, Montreal, 1991. Bibliographies. Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (1984): Poèmes de Babylones, Trois Rivières: Ecrits des Forges, 1982. Figure from myth and trope in Greek from Greece and later in English. From ca. 270 B.C. Greek. In "Idyll One" of Theocritus, Daphnis is a Sicilian shepherd who will love no one, and in whom Aphrodite, the goddess of love, inspires a desperate passion. He dies of unsatisfied longing rather than yield. Daphnis is thus the prototype of the unhappy lover, not necessarily heterosexual. The name Daphnis is extensively used in *pastoral poetry in *European languages. Pan was said to love him in *Alexandrian poetry: on this point see *Meleager in Palatine Anthology vii: 535. The Greek writer Longus wrote a pastoral romance, Daphnis and Chloe, in prose, in which Daphnis falls in love with the female Chloe. In English see *Cicero's Laelius. For the artistic depiction see * Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae, vol. 3, part 1, pp. 348-52 and the plates, most of which are homosexual. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 313: citing Theocritus * Idylls i, 66 ff. Criticism. Buffière, Eros adolescent, 364-65: Daphnis and *Pan. Poet from Iran who wrote in Persian. Ca. 930-975. He began the epic poem the Shahnamah completed by *Firdawsi and is reputed to have been murdered by a slave. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 329: *fawn trope; biog., 326. Criticism. Rypka, History of Iranian Literature, 153-54. Dar al-Tiraz, also spelt Dar at-Tiraz Anthology in Arabic probably compiled in Egypt. Compiled ca. 1200. The first and, so far, only, Arabic gay poetry anthology. It was compiled by *Ibn Sana al-Mulk who was from Egypt but later possibly lived in Syria; the work may even have been compiled in Spain. It consists of * muwashshah, thirty-four from Spain and thirty-five composed by Ibn Sana. Poems feature the tropes of the *cupbearer and the *gazelle and are mainly gay love poems. It is one of the finest gay love anthologies. See *Emilio García Gómez, "Estudio del Dar al-Tiraz", Al-Andalus 27 (1962), 28-104. Text. *Dar at-Tiraz was published in *Damascus edited by Jawdat Rikabi in 1949 (second edition, Damascus: Dar al-Fikr, 1977, 217 pages; this appears to be a reprint and has a two page unpaginated Preface dated Paris, 1947 by E. Lévi-Provencal, Professor at the *Sorbonne). There are two known manuscripts in Leiden and the National Library of Egypt in Cairo. Translation. English. *Norman Roth, '"Deal Gently with the Young Man': Love of Boys in Medieval Hebrew Poetry of Spain", Speculum 57 (1982), p. 27, footnote 29, states some of the less explicit poems are translated in Linda Fish Compton, Andalusian Lyrical Poetry and Old Spanish Love Songs, New York, 1976 (see pp. 9-44; the work has a biblliography, pp. 139-41). Poets included in Compton's selection: *al-A'ma al-Tutili, *Anon, *Hatim ibn Sa'id, *Ibn al-Labbana, *Ibn Baqi, *Ibn Sana al-Mulk, *Ibn 'Ubada, *1 bn Zuhr. Spanish. A complete translation appears in Garcia Gomez's article cited above. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1237. Critic from Russia writing in Russian; he lives in Israel. Active from 1978. The first critic to write of an openly homosexual poet in contemporary Russia. See his article in Christopher Street, January 1979, 6667: "About *Gennady Trifonov's Poetry" (translated from Russian into English). He was married to the Russian novelist and playwright Vera Panova until her death in 1973 and later emigrated to Israel. He formerly lived in *Leningrad. Poet from India writing in Urdu and Persian. 1721-1785. His penname, Dard, means pain. He wrote poems about *anal sex and his name possibly refers to pain in being penetrated in the anus by the penis. He wrote a huge amount in Persian but his fame rests on a small amount of Urdu *mystical poetry and he was essentially a *Sufi. He lived in *Delhi. Translation. English: see Angus and Robertson Book of Oriental Verse (formerly The Elek Book of Oriental Verse, 1979) edited by Keith Bosley, 1979, pp. 149-50. Criticism: see *Annemarie Schimmel. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Criticism. *C. M. Naim, "The Theme of Homosexual (Pederastic) Love in Pre-Modern Urdu Poetry", in Studies in the Urdu Gazal and Prose Fiction, 1979, 130. Sadiq, History of Urdu Literature, 139-42. Rahman, "Boy love in the Urdu ghazal'', Paidika vol. 2 no. 1 (1989), 24. Poet from Australia writing in English. Born 1960. Book: Death as Mr Nice Guy (Canberra, 1989). This is a *long poem in the manner of *Allen Ginsberg's Howl about such issues as sex, *bisexuality, *drugs and fear of *Aids; it is based on the idea that being a "nice guy" was the way he was brought up. A journalist based in Canberra in 1994 who works for The Glebe newspaper in Sydney. Pseudonym of a poet from Nicaragua who wrote in Spanish. 1867-1916. Regarded as the founder of *modernism in Spanish poetry, he was strongly influenced by the *decadent movement and *symbolism. Widely travelled, he was three times married. His real name was Felix Ruben García Sarmiento. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, vol 2, 1240: stated to be interested in homosexuality. Translator from Latin to English. Active 1720. The first English translator of the Latin poet *Tibullus. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 87-88: trans. of *Tibullus (Odes I, 4 lines 11-20, 53-72). Poet who wrote in Persian. Active ca. 159Q. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A'in i Akbari anthology, 649-51 ; biog., 649 - of Turkish extraction, he renounced the world and became a water carrier. Critic from Iran writing in Persian. 1901 - ca. 1980. An important recent writer on *Omar Khayyam. Author of In Search of Omar Khayyam, New York, 1971 (translated from Persian); bibl., pp. 267-70. The book is a detailed analysis of all issues relating to Omar Khayyam and his text; however, Omar Khayyam's sexuality is not discussed. A famous man of letters of Iran, Ali Dashti has written on classical Persian poets, e.g. *Hafiz (Naqshi az Hafaz, Tehran, 5th edition, 1970) and *Rumi. He wrote a work on the prophet Mohammad, Twenty Three Years: A Study of the Prophetic Career of Mohammed (1985) in which he questioned traditional accounts of the Mohammed's life as mythmaking. He died mysteriously shortly after the Iranian revolution of 1979. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures . Poet from Germany who wrote in German; he later lived in Indonesia. 1B67-191B. Best known as a painter, he died in Java, Indonesia. He was a Romantic and solitary who also wrote poetry and was a member of the 'George Kreis. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Neue deutsche Biographie. Bilder-lexikon. Lover from Great Britain. Active ca. 1595. He was not a writer; there is no entry in the * British Library General Catalogue. He was possibly related to *William Davenant. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 25: states he used to boast of the frequency with which *Shakespeare "*kissed him" and that his brother is stated as being William Davenant (source not cited). Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1606-1668. A playwright who contracted *syphilis, he does not appear to have married. He was also *poet laureate. Poems appear to be heterosexual in inspiration. He was possibly related to *Robert Davenant. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature: states he was rumoured to have been the natural son of *Shakespeare. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 25: states Shakesepare was so fond of him that he was thought to be his son (source not given). Poet and critic from the United States writing in English and translator from Greek to English. Born 1927. Guy Davenport is a very difficult, learned and obscure author who reads several languages and who has been hailed as a writer of genius. He is a translator of ancient Greek poetry. Carmina Archilochi: The Fragments of *Archilochus (Berkeley and LA, 1964), is a fluently translated attempt at making *Archilochus, who survives only in fragments, available to the modern reader (it has fine woodcut illustrations with homoerotic undertones). He has also translated Sappho from Greek * Sappho: Poems and Fragments (Ann Arbor, 1955), and Archilochos, Sappho, Alkman: three lyric poets of the late Greek Bronze Age (Berkeley, 1980). Thasos and Ohio: Poems and Translations 1950-80 (1985), includes, besides works from the above books, translations of homopoems of the Greek poet *Anacreon, pp. 69-72. He has also written short stories of gay relevance such as Eclogues: Eight Stories (San Francisco, North Point Press, 1981): see, for example, *"Idyll" pp. 137-46 and "On Some Lines of *Virgil" (about sexual awakening in French youths). "The Death of *Picasso", from this volume, has been called by George Steiner "among the few masterpieces of homosexual sensibility after *Proust" (quoted in Stephen Murray's review in The Advocate no. 364, 31 March, 1983). The genre of these pieces could be described as *prose-poems and the author is best described as a *postmodernist. He is the author also of * Jonathan Williams, Poet (1969). He appears to be a close friend of Jonathan Williams. His book The Bicycle Rider (1985), is a novella about boys making love. His essays, The Geography of the Imagination: Forty Essays (1981), are Tine works in the essay genre. It is very difficult to know exactly what genre he is working in in many of his volumes. He lives in France after retiring in 1991 from the University of Kentucky where he was Distinguished Alumni Professor. He is a Rhodes scholar with a doctorate from *Harvard awarded in 1961. Bibliography: see Guy Davenport: A Descriptive Bibliography 1947-1995, compiled by Joan Crane with the assistance of Richard Noble (1996). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors New Revision Series, volume 23: a very thorough assessment. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Active 1908. Mayne, The Intersexes, p. 382, quotes from a *hellenic poem in the manner of *Whitman, "The Parting", "recently published in a *New York Magazine". Biographer from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1996. Author of the most detailed biography of *W. H. Auden so far published, titled Auden (New York, 1996). It scrupulously records everything the author could find out. Review: Lesbian and Gay Studies Newsletter, Summer 1997, 18-20 by David Jarraway. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Active 1920. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 906: Desiderium MCMXV-MCMXVIII (title means: Desiderium 1915-1918), Cambridge: Heffer and Son, 1920. Myth and trope in Hebrew and later a trope in Latin, English, Dutch and Norwegian; he also appears in some works as an archetypal gay lover. From 300. Hebrew . See the entry *David, King and *"David's Lament for Jonathan". "David's Lament for Jonathan" (ca. 300), a Hebrew poem, has long been taken as an expression of homoerotic sentiment and possibly the first *elegy (it may date before 200 B.C. and as early as 1000 B.C). David and his companion Jonathan have been considered archetypal gay lovers. See also *Allen Edwardes. David appears as a trope of the beautiful male lover in the poetry of the Hebrew poet *Isaac ibn Mar Schaul (see Jefrim Schirmann, "The Ephebe in Medieval Hebrew Poetry", Sefarad I5 (1955), 58). English: *Edmund Spenser, *J. A. Symonds, *Abraham Cowley, *Byron, *David Jones, *G. A. S. Kennedy, *D. H. Lawrence, *Stephen Schecter. German. *Sebastian Brant. Latin: see *Peter Abelard. Norwegian: see *Bjorneboe. The trope will also be in all translated editions of the * Old Testament and the *Bible. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 296-98. Howes, Broadcasting It. Dictionnaire Gay. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 429. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 9-10. Criticism. Bailey, Homosexuality and the Western Christian Tradition, 56-57. Arcadie no. 63 (March 1959), 155-65: article by A. d'Aunis. David heeft ook een achterkant: Nieuve Nederlandse homo-erotische poezie Anthology in Dutch from the Netherlands. Amsterdam: *Corydon/ De Woelrat, 1985. Compiled by *Mark Thornton. Introduction by Mark Thornton pp. 5-9; biog. notes pp. 59-61. The title is a reference to *Michelangelo's sculpture of David and means "David also has a backside"; it refers to the fact that while many have admired David from the front (including the sight of his penis) he "also has a backside": that is, David could be attractive from the point of view of gay *anal sex. The subtitle means "New Dutch homoerotic poetry". A collection of contemporary gay Dutch poems. Poets (see entries): Uw Chauffeur, Joop van Gilsdonk, Johan Hanssen, Jos van Hest, H. H. D., Ben ter Hoogh (pseud.), Wim Huetink, André Koch, Han Kop, Hans Kroesen, Gerard Laan (pseud.), Leo Mesman, N. N., Ludo J. Nagelkerke, Bram Rebers, Jan Rijnsberger, Jan Seegers, Roger Thomas, Michael van der Voort, Guus Wakelkamp. Very little is known about these poets apart from the information in the biographical notes; most have not published in other Dutch gay anthologies. Rare. Copies are in the *Homodok library and collection of *Paul Knobel. Poet from Israel writing in Hebrew. Traditionally accepted as being alive ca. 1000-died ca. 970 B.C. A legendary king of Israel alleged to have composed *"David's Lament for Jonathan". If the date of 1000 B.C. is correct, he is the first homosexual poet known by name. See, in the * Old Testament, 2 Samuel 1, 17-27. Some * Psalms are attributed to him. The date of the earliest surviving manuscripts of the * Old Testament is 100 B.C. though the Greek Septuagint translation of it dates from 200 B.C Biography: see Steven L. McKenzie, King David: A Biography (2000). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia Judaica. Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Dictionnaire Gay. Criticism. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 2 (1900), 288 ff: "David und der Heilige Augustin, zwei Bisexuelle" (David and Saint Augustine, two bisexuals); repr. in Schmidt, Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen (1984), vol. 1, 159-66. Poem in Hebrew from Israel. Possibly from 1000 B.C. but a more reliable date is 300 from when the Greek Septuagint translation of the Old Testament survives in the Codex Vaticanus. The first homoerotic *elegy to survive. It was supposedly composed by *King David, the legendery King of Israel (active traditionally 1000 B.C.); the text is in 2 Samuel 1, 17-27 and there are many commentaries on this book in many languages as on all books of the Bible. David refers to his relationship with Jonathan in a famous phrase: "thy love to me was wonderful: passing the love of women" (Authorised Version of the Bible, 1611). As a trope of gay love, the poem is discussed in the entry *David and Jonathan. See Tom Horner, Jonathan Loved David (Philadelphia, 1978). Chapter 2, "David and Jonathan", pp. 26-39 which discusses the relationship. Compare * Gilgamesh, *Achilles and Patroclus. For the date of 200 B.C. see Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature, vol. 1, p. 60. Translation and commentaries. *Christian and Jewish Commentaries on this work are relevant and are some of the most ancient: a huge exegitcal literature exists in Aramaic (which has an early paraphrase of the poem in the Targums), Greek (where the poem was translated in the Septuagint of ca. 250 B.C.) and Latin (where the poem cilculated in the Vulgate translation of *Saint Jerome). The poem exists in all translations of the Old Testament of which there are more than 350 complete translations. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 7: see "Jonathan". Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 19, 183: trans. into German by *Martin Luther. Ioläus (1902), 6-7: "David's Lament". Men and Boys, 5: citing "David's Lament for Jonathan" from the authorised version of the * Bible. Die Bedeutung der Freundesliebe, 18. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 15-16. Hidden Heritage, 120-21. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 432. Art of Gay Love, 38. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 10. Critic from Australia writing in English. Born ca. 1945. See his fine review, "A Walk on the Wilde Side", of *Richard Ellmann's biography of *Oscar Wilde and of *Neil Bartlett's, Who Was That Man? (also on Oscar Wilde) in Meanjin 48 (1989), 785-95 (the article discusses the search for a gay tradition in literature). This article also discusses the search for a gay tradition in literature. His The *Sydney-Melbourne Book (1986), has discussion on the gay community in each city and their impact on each other. He is the former editor of Meanjin. Anthologist from Great Britain in English and Gaelic. Born 1976. Compiler of the first Scots anthology * And Thus Will I Freely Sing. He lives in *Glasgow. Gay Poetry Anthologies. And Thus Will I Freely Sing, 187-88 (biog. information). Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1922. In The Shires (New York, 1975), see "Cambridgeshire" ("Housman came, savage recluse/ Lover of *boys"); this volume has no pagination. This poem is on the gay poet *A. E. Housman. He was a pupil of *F. R. Leavis and has written a history of British poetry. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1969. See John Hunter, The Gay Insiders (New York, 1972), p. 84: re gay poetry inspired by visits to Fire Island, a gay holidaying place near *New York and other gay spots. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10580: Cherry Grove Cantata, New York: Barton, 1969. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 933: the same work. Note: Cherry Grove is a gay area on Fire Island. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1960. Books: The Tyrant of the Past, the Slave of the Future (1989) and The Patriot (1998). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Word of Mouth, 389-99. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1973. He used the pseudonym *Haviland Ferris. A *Washington DC poet. Bibliography. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10628: Poems of a Love Affair, New York: Vantage, 1973 (published under the pseudonym Haviland Ferris). Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 1231-32: Poems of a Love Affair, New York: Vantage, 1973, Runes for Faring Forth, Champaign, ILL: The Finial Press, 1975 (both published under the name Haviland Ferris); item 1231 discloses that John Davis used the pseudonym of *Haviland Ferris. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Son of the Male Muse, 87: a Tine poem on *Cavafy; biog., 188. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 549: poems including *Ganymede. Songwriter from Australia writing in English. Born ca. 1950. A left-wing gay activist involved with The Gay Solidarity Group, he has composed songs in the songbook * Songs of the Gay Liberation Quire. Addressee from Italy of love poems in Italian. Born 1948. A young star of Pasolini's films. Pasolini fell in love with him in 1963 when he was 15 and he inspired many poems. Ninetto Davoli later married a woman. He was from Calabria in southern Italy and the son of peasants who had moved to *Rome. See *Enzo Siciliano, Pasolini, translated by John Shepley (1982), pp. 283-86, 294-97 and 336-37 and also the index; photos of Ninetto Davoli appear between pp. 246 and 247. Critic and historian from Great Britain writing in English; he was also a book-collector. Ca. 1880-1964. Author of a typed manuscript on *Roman homosexuality, A Phase of Roman Life, ca. 1914, now in the *Private Case, British Library, London (at pressmark Cup 363. ff. 4). He also wrote the typescript manuscript A Study of Erotic Literature in England (completed ca. 1943) (at pressmark Cup 364. d. 15 in the British Library). (See Kearney, History of Erotic Literature, p. 187 on the details of the Study.) Both are unpublished. A Phase of Roman Life is a detailed study of homosexuality lacking, unfortunately, for the most part, references (so sources cannot be checked). This is the most complex and far ranging discussion of Roman homosexuality in any language, concentrating on the early imperial period from Julius Caesar to Elagabalus (ca. 50 B.C.-222 A. D.). Poetry is extensively discussed (pp. 273-335) but the opinions expressed are conventional. The book's achievement lies in detailing the extent and background of Roman homosexuality. A Study of Erotic Literature in England is 350 pages long and discusses homosexuality mostly in novels; some poetry is discussed and references have been incorporated in this encyclopedia: see *Francis Bacon, *Martial, *Edward M. Slocum. It is reasonably certain that he would have included all references found and the work is very thorough. He was a major collector of homoerotica and left a collection of erotic books to the British Library, the second largest bequest after the bequest of *H. S. Ashbee. He was known to be homosexual (Timothy d'Arch Smith to the author). Dawes's homosexuality was also confirmed to this author by *Gershon Legman with whom he corresponded for several years (meeting 4 April 1989). On his death his companion, A. J. Gordon-Hill, was allowed to choose a hundred books, before the collection went to the British Library, which he promptly sold. Dawes's catalogue of his book collection is kept in the Placer's Room of the British Library. The latest dates of books added are ca.1950. There is a significant homosexual content to the collection. Dawes published two books: The Marquis de Sade: his life and works (London, 1927; repr.) and The French Pornographer: Restif de la Bretonne, 1734-1806 (New York: Ballet des Muses, ca.1943; London, 1946). As a book collector Dawes sometimes included rare photographs or other illustrations in his copies of books: see *Edward Slocum, * Le Livre d'Amour des Anciens (this practice was later followed by *Anthony Reid). Criticism. Dawes, A Phase of Roman Life: relevant for Latin poets. Dawes, Study of Erotic Literature in England: relevant for English writers. Poet, critic and biographer from Great Britain writing in English. 1871-1955. Author of a significant work on *Norman Douglas, published under his name, R. M. Dawkins, which summed Douglas up as a modern *hellenist: Norman Douglas (London, 1952); the work was reprinted from the study published Florence, 1933, under the name Richard MacGillivray, the first two names of Dawkins. This work was a guarded attempt at justifying Douglas by someone who well understood the Greek homosexual tradition and who was Professor of Byzantine and Modern Greek at *Oxford from 1920. He wrote some poetry *epitaphs with *Nevill Coghill and one on *Brian Howard. Donald Weeks, * Corvo (London, 1971), p. 274, notes he and Rolfe had a six week holiday in *Venice together; there were also letters between the two and he helped Rolfe financially (see p. 268-76). He was a close friend of Frederick Rolfe and seems to have been homosexual; see the index of Corvo under his name. Biography. A forthcoming article on his life by Peter Mackridge is to be in Through the Looking Glass, edited by Robin Cormack (papers of the Taylorian Institute, Oxford). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography; states "He never married". Poet from Canada writing in English. Active 1972. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, first edition, item 664: Ceremonial: Poems 1961-67, Toronto: Coach House Press, 1972. Homosexuality in Canada, first edition (1979), 8. Young, Male Homosexual in LIterature, second edition, item 940. Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (1984), 138. All four entries are to the same book. Poet from Australia writing in English. Active 1991. He is also a playwright. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Pink Ink, 203-11; biog., 295-96. Poem from the United States written in English. Ca. 1971. An alternative title for the poem * The Platonic Blow: see this entry for full details. The poem was published under this name in Australia ca. 1971 by *Wendy Bacon and others. Day for a Lay, A: a century of gay poetry Anthology in English from the United States. New York: Barricade Books, 1999, 303 pages. A fine anthology of poets from *Edward Carpenter onwards, which was compiled by *Gavin Dillard. Introduction pp. 1-2; Alphabetical index of poets p. 303. Most poets are from the *gay liberation period onwards and the selection is excellent with emphasis on erotic homosexual works. The Greek poet *Cavafy, the Italian *Sandro Penna, the French poet Jean Genet and the Spanish poets *García Lorca and *Luis Cernuda as well as the Japanese poet *Takahashi Mutsuo are included as well as the English language poets. Most poets are from the United States; *Ian Young from Canada is the only contemporary poet not the United States. Translator from Latin to English from Great Britain. 1904-1972. Author of a Tine translation of the Latin poet *Virgil's complete works, The Aeneid in 1952 and The Eclogues in 1963. A *disciple of *Auden in his early poetry, he was heterosexual through his adult life. He edited Oxford Poetry with Auden in 1927, and is regarded as one of the *MacSpaunday group of poets. See the * Gay News review of the biography of him by Sean Day-Lewis written by Hallam Tennyson in Gay News 189 (1980), 24; Tennyson states Day-Lewis was "the only one who was firmly heterosexual throughout his adult life". Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Poet from Italy writing in Latin. 1473-154B. See in his Poemata (Florence, 1549): the 'epigrams "Ad Ang. Politianum" (To 'Angelo Poliziano), p. 4Q and "Ad Jacobum" (To Jacob) pp. 36-37. These poems, accusing humanists of homosexuality, belong to a climate of fierce controversy centering on 'humanism. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, vol. 2, 1Q22: states he accused 'Poliziano of homosexual tastes in a poem. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active ca. 1926. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 948: The Sublime Boy, New York: Seven Arts, 1926. "De façon qu'on ne vit jamais" The first line of a poem cited in Moll, Berühmte Homosexuelle, p. 36; the author cites the poem in relation to Cardinal Mazarin (16021661) and gives the source as Joannis Meursii Elegantiae latini sermonis Colloquium vii p.122. The next three lines are: "Dans toute la ville de Rome/Un plus habile a la Sodome/Que vous y fustes desormais." *Rome as a city of *sodom. Poet from the Netherlands who wrote in Dutch; he later lived in Israel. 1881-1924. A noted Dutch poet and novelist. Although he married, his three books of poems, 1914-27, have gay content; some poems are on *Oscar Wilde. He became Jewish and was murdered in Israel where he lived 1918-24. The Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature entry states "neglect and the recent revival... of his work is linked with its homosexual nature" ( Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature, vol. 2, p. 609). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 513-14; by *Gert Hekma. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity ; by *Gert Hekma. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Naar vriendscaap zulk een mateloos verlangen, 29-38: poems "Aan eenen jongen visscher", "Kwatrijnen" and "Aan Iwan Iwanowitsj (from Verzamelde gedichten, Amsterdam: G. A. van Oorschot, 1952) (books cited p. 117). Het huis dat vriendschap heet, 55-59: sixteen poems 1904-24. Drobci stekla v ustih, 23. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 275-81 : very fine quatrains of major importance modelled on the Rubaiyat of *Omar Khayyam; see *rubai. "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen ", 111-113. Poem in Latin from Germany. Ca. 900. The title means "About Lantfrid and Cobbo." Criticism. See *W. Leonhardt, "Homosexualität in der ältesten deutschen Dichtkunst", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 12 (1911-12), 154-157: discussion of homosexuality in the poem based on a manuscript in *Cambridge (with German translation); states Cobbo is homosexual and Lantfrid *bisexual. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1980. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 985: Budkristmarx: The Three Are One Voice, New York: Vantage, 1980. The title is an amalgamation of *Buddha, Jesus Christ and *Karl Marx. Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. 1896-1956. Author of Poesie (1942): see pp. 21, 45, 65, 120, 142-45, 161. His real name was Luigi Tibertelli. A fine Italian homosexual painter who was also a poet. Biography: see Babilonia no.14 (1984), 28; reprinted from Lambda (February 1983). A full length biography was written by *Domenico Naldini using the shortened form of his name Nico Naldini and titled De Pisis: Vita solitaria de un poeta pittore, Torino, 1991. In 1946 he did lithographs based on *Catullus. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Leggere omosessuale, item 322: Poesie, Florence: Valleccchi, 1953; his poetry called banal. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amicizia amorosa, 195-96; biog., 193. Drobci stekla v ustih, 46-47. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 249; discloses his real name. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born ca. 1944. *Black poet who is Professor of Theater at Southern Methodist University in Dallas, Texas. An interview with Andre de Shields from *Gay News no. 167 is included in the collection of Gay News interviews by *Keith Howes, OutSpoken (London, 1995), p. 78. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 30-31: "His (Blues) Story", a Tine poem about famous homosexuals in history (e.g., *Caesar, *Achilles, Jesus and *God); biog., 174. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1887-1965. Educated at Oxford, he was an officer in World War I. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 205: poem "Envoie" (slightly homoerotic); biog., 231. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1814-1902. Of *Irish background he was a prolific author. In 1851 he became a *Catholic following *Cardinal Newman. In The Infant Bridal and other poems (London, 1864), see "Song", pp. 42-43 (possible *pedophile theme, *non gender specific). A prolific poet and author of Mediaeval Records and Sonnets (1893). See also *Edmund Gosse who wrote a poem on him. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 52. Apparently the pseudonym of a bibliographer and critic from Great Britain writing in English who is also a translator from Egyptian, Latin and Greek to English. Active 1964. Believed to be the pseudonym of Terence Duquesne, of Oxford (information from 'Gershon Legman; personal meeting 1989). Author of Catalogi Librorum Eroticorum: A critical bibliography of erotic bibliographies and book-catalogues , London, 'Cecil and Amelia Woolf, 1964, 29 pages. 400 numbered copies were published; but some unnumbered copies were also sold. It is an annotated list of bibliographies of erotica with index of titles pp. 23-25 and index of names pp. 26-29. This work is one of the great works of erotic bibliography, though it only covers western 'European languages. Author bibliographies are not included but it cites some rare erotic books in four libraries: the 'British Library, 'Cambridge University Library, Bodleian Library (University of 'Oxford) and 'Kinsey Institute (University of Indiana, Bloomington, United States). It does not cite the Catholic Church's 'Index though the list of banned books of the Nazis (including banned erotica), Liste des schädlichen and unerwunschten: Stand vom 31 Dezember 1938 und Jahreslisten 1939-41, Leipzig, [1939], is included on. p. 13 (this latter list included the works of 'Magnus Hirschfeld). Besides listing the bibliographies, its major importance lies in the actual descriptions of the works listed. References to these listed works have been entered in this encyclopedia. As a poet see Testament of a Roach Eating Saint: Poems and Translations, London, Cecil and Amelia Woolf, date not known (note: his name is given here as Terry Deakin). See the first poem, "Curricul Vitae", pp. 7-9, a series of 'prose poems: 'I'm a square parttime lover of 'decadence' (p. 7); "I've had love letters from a man I never met sent love letters on hand-made paper to girls and boys (p. 8)". Included are translations from Egyptian (including *Akhenaton's "Hymn to the Sun", p. 52) and from the Latin poet *Catullus and the Greek poet *Nonnus. Egyptian. See his article "Evidence for Homosexuality in Ancient Egypt" in International Journal of Greek Love vol.1 no.1 (1965), 3138: a brilliant summary covering published discussion to 1965 (with extensive bibl.). The author gave his address as Exeter College, Oxford in 1963, at the end of the introduction; he was an undergraduate there from 1962-65 but afterwards did not keep in contact with the college (information from the college when enquiring about him under the name Terence J. Deakin). Library of books in English, French, German and other *European languages in Australia. Formed from ca. 1965. The Deane Erotica is a collection of erotic books housed in Rare Books Fisher Library, University of Sydney. There are some homosexual items but almost all material is heterosexual. It was assembled ca. 1965-1984. A printed shelf list exists and the collection is on computer in a preliminary form in the University of Sydney Library's Special Collections database which can be accessed on the internet. A large volume of material is in French and German though a significant amount is in English. The collection is outstanding and compares with the *Private Case and the *Enfer in thoroughness for basic erotic reference material (though it lacks the rare items of those much older collections); there are also many very rare items. An obituary of W. H. Deane (1901-1984) exists in Fisher Library Rare Books at Call Number RB 1684.10 by the University Librarian Neil A. Radford. He was a graduate of the University of Sydney who was wealthy and travelled extensively before settling near *Sydney in the Blue Mountains (later after a fire in his house he is believed to have moved to Sydney). He was given a special room for his collections by the the university librarian Dr. Andrew Osborne and assembled two major collections, the Deane Erotica and a collection of first editions of books of the major books of western science (also given to the University). He assembled the collection from 1957 and left an endowment for the purchase of rare books. He also formed another collection of rare scientific books which he also donated to the University. He had a Bachelor of Science. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Born 1893. *Oxford educated, he was an officer in World War I. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 166: "The Dead Turk" (re his beauty); biog., 232 (two books of poems). Debate on homosexuality in German A huge discussion on the nature of homosexuality took place in German in Germany from 1896. The debate basically saw 'Magnus Hirschfeld (who saw homosexuals as "intersexuals") opposed to 'Adolf Brand and 'Benedict Friaedlander who adopted the view that homosexuality was equal to heterosexuality and took an approach akin to 'gay liberation. 'Hans Blüher in his work related homosexuality to close male bonding which is an added complication to the debate. This debate ceased in 1933 with the rise of the 'Nazi regime. See also 'Homosexual emancipation movement - German, - Dutch, 'Historical and social background - German. Compare 'Debate on homosexuality in Japanese and 'Debate on homosexuality in Greek. Debate on homosexuality in Greek A debate in English on Greek homosexuality emanating from Great Britain occurred from 1964 at least. This debate centers on whether the basic type of homosexuality in ancient Greece was *pederasty and to what extent *androphilia and *pedophilia were involved. The issue was raised in the work of the historian *Walter Breen (pseud.) in 1964. A recent noteworthy addition to the debate is *William A. Percy in his book Pederasty and Pedagogy. Other *European languages may be involved. See *Literary critics and historians - Greek for writers who touch on this subject. Note: there was no word "homosexual" in English before ca. 1900, and the *words used need to be considered. Compare *Debate on homosexuality in German, *Debate on homosexuality in Japanese and *Debate on Love - Greek. Debate on homosexuality in Japanese Debate in Japanese in Japan. From at least ca. 1931. This debate, about the prevalence of *pederasty in Japanese culture, occurred in letters between *Iwata Jun'ichi and Minakata Kumagusu (1867-1941) from 1931 to 1941; they were published and have been translated into English (see Iwata Jun'ichi entry for details). *Pederasty was very common from 1600 in Japan and has been seen by some as the dominat form of gay male love especially amongst *samurai warriors and monks. Compare *Debate on homosexuality in German, *Debate on homosexuality in Greek and also *Debate on Love - Japanese. Debate on love in Arabic and Hebrew Debate in Arabic and Hebrew in Spain, Egypt and other Arabic speaking countries. This debate was on whether it was better to love boys than girls. It occurred from ca. 800 to ca. 1450. Arabic. Several treatises in *Arabic discuss whether it is better to love a youth or a woman, e.g. those by ibn Daoud, ibn Hazm, *al-Nafzawi, *al-Tifashi. The debate occurs also in the * Arabian Nights and dates from *Abu Nuwas (active 800). See *Richard Burton's translation of the Arabian Nights, 1885, vol. 5, pp. 154-63. These writers and the works listed below are all sources of homosexual poets and poems. The sources seem to point to a high incidence of *bisexuality amongst Arabic speakers. The *Debate on Love in Greek and *Platonism undoubtedly influenced the debate since *Plato was translated into Arabic and reached the language through Syrian (see Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, vol. 2, p. 988). *Aristotle (who deals with *friendship) was also translated (see *Philosophers - Arabic). Compare the Latin poem * Altercatio Ganimedis. References. *Marc Daniel, "Arab Civilization and Male Love", Gay Sunshine 32 (Spring 1977), 5: lists several works. Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance, 19 (re *al-Jahiz) and 256-57: re *Arabian Nights and noting, p. 257, "the majority of arguments are quotations from poetry". Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, item 1058, re al-Jahiz and Amr ibn Bahr. Hebrew. See ibn Hisdai and *Samuel Nagrillah re two poems from medieval Spain emerging from Jewish contacts with Arabic speakers there. Debate in English in Great Britain. From 1594. The question of whether it is better to love a man or a woman starts with the Elizabethans in 1594: see *Richard Barnfield. It becomes a dramatic poetic focus in *Shakespeare's Sonnets. *Cicero's Laelius (1691), is a crucial work discussing love versus friendship. Severe laws until 1967 in Great Britain and its former colonies (where law followed British law) have tended to create a situation where homosexual versus heterosexual love was not the issue, but rather gay love was simply asserted as not being valid. *Edward Carpenter's anthology * Ioläus was a veiled defence of homosexual love (as have been many subsequent anthologies). *E. P. Warren wrote a defence of *Uranian (i.e., homosexual) love continuing the ancient Greek tradition and *Oscar Wilde heroically defended homolove in a speech at his third trial. *Alfred Douglas wrote a defence of gay love in the form of a poem, "Two Loves". Gay poetry *anthologies alone have asserted by their very presence the validity of gay love. The English translations of *Foucault's History of Sexuality have again raised this issue. Debate involving philosophy in Greek in Greece. From ca. 450 B.C. This debate begins in *Plato's *Symposium (ca. 450 B.C.) where five men give their views on love, including homosexual contrasted with heterosexual love - homosexuality here meaning largely *pederasty or * paiderastia in ancient Greek. As *Foucault has noted in The Care of the Self: The History of Sexuality, volume 3, (1986), p. 195, in Plato there is hardly a debate, "the noble, masculine *Eros being clearly seen as superior by the speakers", and it is only in the Latin writer *Plutarch that a choice is seen in love "between boys on the one hand" and heterosexual marriage on the other. The debate continued in Greek in a work formally attributed to *Lucian (2nd or 4th century A.D.). This debate may have passed into Arabic where it occurred at length and Plato was translated (see *Platonism and Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, vol. 2., 988 on Arabic philosophers). The Greek debate was certainly known by the Latin speaking Romans, where Greek was spoken by the upper classes and where the language was read by many (see the discussion in *Foucault, Care of the Self, Part Six, "Boys", pp. 187-240). See *Debate on Love in Arabic and *Debate on Love in Latin. The debate forms the background against which the ancient Greek homopoetry up to *Nonnus was written. As is clear from the texts, not only was homosexual love accepted as normal but some writers even regarded it as superior; the main question was whether youths or women were to be preferred. The four * Gospels of Jesus Christ contribute to this debate and likewise Indian religions such as *Krishnavism and ancient Persian religions such as *Zoroastrianism. There was growing opposition in the Christian church to homosexuality in the early Christian centuries. This led to the stigmatization of homosexuality after the fourth century by the Emperor Constantine. By the sixth century extremely negative feelings were being expressed in poetry in relation to homosexuality: see *Agathias Scholasticus, *Eratosthenes Scholasticus, *George of Pisidia. By this time homolove was completely disregarded and heterosexual love or celibacy were the two alternatives; due to the *Orthodox religion, this has remained the case in Greek up to the contemporary period. Debate in Japanese in Japan. From ca. 1624. This debate, from ca. 1624, turned on discussion of whether it was better to love males or women. See Schalow, The Great Mirror of Male Love, p. 7 (re Dembu monogatori 1624-ca. 1643) and p. 9 (re *Saikaku). Debate in Latin from Italy and later other European countries. From ca. 80 B.C. Beginning with *Cicero (106-43 B.C.) there was a debate in Latin about *friendship and love (which continues in the *middles ages with *Aelred of Rievaulx and later *Bernard of Cluny). Love was discussed in detail in the work of *Ovid and *Lucretius. Ovid's Metamorphoses, for instance, depicted the homosexual love of male gods on equal terms with heterosexual love, which is a significant feature of Roman thinking about love. Under the influence of *Christianity, the debate on love turned from discussion of love in sexual terms to discussion in non-sexual terms, in which much was made of *friendship. (See also *Platonism and *Debate on Love in Greek since the Latin debate owes much to the prior Greek debate.) The medieval poem * Altercatio Ganimedis et Helene (ca. 1250.) contains a debate on whether it is better to love a boy or a woman. Influence from Arabic is strongly suspected in this period through Spain: see *Debate on love in Arabic. The debate took a new turn with the publication and translation of *Plato's * Symposium into Latin by *Marsilio Ficino in the *Renaissance. Ficino also wrote a commentary on Plato's Symposium, De Amore (About Love), published in 1484 in Latin and later translated into Italian. The rise of *Neo-Platonism at this time was a coded way of discussing homosexuality in Europe in a period of intense repression by the *Catholic church. See also *Gnosticism. Decadent movement and decadence Movement in French from France and later in English, German and other *European languages. From ca. 1857. The decadent movement originated in France and dates from the publication of *Baudelaire's poems Les Fleurs du Mal (Flowers of Evil), 1857, and in English from the poetry of *Swinburne which was influenced by that of Baudelaire. It should be noted that the word "decadent" broadened in meaning (from about 1920 it became simply a word to describe poetry of which the writer disapproved). English. Great Britain. The word was first used in 1884 to denounce *Huysmans' novel A Rebours (Against Nature) (see M. Amaya, Art Nouveau, 1966, p. 16). The main concept of decadent poetry was of life as failure and decay; of "moral and spiritual depravity" (Karl Beckson, Aesthetes and Decadents of the 1890s ,1981, p. xii). This concept came largely from *Christianity, which condemned any behavior not in accord with heterosexual marriage; in this Christian world too, male homosexuality was forbidden. Decadent poetry, however, promoted the idea that formerly forbidden subjects such as homosexuality and extra-marital sex should be subjects of poetry. As homosexuality was believed to be immoral and the mark of a spiritually depraved person, it is easy to see the links between decadence and homosexuality at this time. Compare *art for art's sake. *Arthur Symon's article, "The Decadent Movement in Literature", in Harper's magazine, 1893, was a seminal article in English. *Lionel Johnson is a key poet as is *Theodore Wratislaw. *Oscar Wilde was the supreme decadent while *A. E. Housman's poetry owes much to it in mood. (For reaction to the movement see *William Ernest Henley.) The decadent model was a powerful model operating in gay poetry as late as *gay liberation (but some poets influenced by *Walt Whitman, such as *Edward Carpenter, were not influenced by it). In the *nineteen-nineties, the concept again took hold in gay poetry: see, for instance, *Marc Almond. In design and illustration *Beardsley characterises the earlier period. See *Ian Fletcher, editor, Decadence and the 1890s (1979), Linda Dowling, Language and Decadence in the Victorian Fin de Siecle (Princeton, 1986); Albert J Farmer, Le mouvement esthétique et "decadent" en Angleterre (1873-1900) (1931 ; repr. 1978). See also Richard Jenkyns, The Victorians and Ancient Greece (1980), pp. 293-97. United States. British concepts of decadence travelled across the Atlantic. *Yvor Winters opposed it and attacked *Hart Crane. The concept has in 1990 been taken up by *Camille Paglia: see her book Sexual Personae: Art and Decadence from Nefertiti to Emily Dickinson (New Haven, 1990). See also Bram Dijkstra, Idols of Perversity (1989), 483 pages. Poets who went to *Harvard in the 1890s were influenced by the movement. French. See *Lautreamont, *Rimbaud, *Verlaine, Jean de Bosschère. *Huysmans is a crucial figure and very influential. *Proust and *Montesquiou were later exemplars in their poetry, though neither was a major poet. German. See the *Munich group. Max Nordau's Degeneration (1892), was a major critical book (attacking Baudelaire, Ibsen, Tolstoy and Zola as degenerates and *Oscar Wilde is mentioned in the chapter "Decadents and Aesthetes" as the chief representative); an English translation was published in London in 1895 (for its influence in Australia where it was eagerly sought and read, see Humphrey McQueen, Tom Roberts, Sydney, 1996, pp. 403-04). *Stefan George's * Blätter für die Kunst is the main journal; George was later attacked by the *Nazi regime and fled Germany for Switzerland. Greek. See *Cavafy. Italian. See the entry "Decadentismo" in Dictionary of Italian Literature (with bibl.). See *Corazzini, *Palazzeschi, *D'Annunzio (a crucial figure) and *Mario Praz. The movement was denounced by the philosopher Benedetto Croce. Walter Binni, La poetica del decadentismo italiano (Florence, 1949), is a study of Italian poetry in relation to decadence. The decadent movement was also very influential in Spanish and Portuguese poetry in the work of *Botto and *Pessoa. The crepusculario (darkness) movement in poetry in Italian, Spanish and Portuguese relates to decadence; see entries in dictionaries (e.g. Dictionary of Italian Literature) under this word. The word is loosely used sometimes simply to imply poetry with which the user of the word disagrees. For Spanish and Catalan see Lily Litvak, Erotismo Fin de Siglo (Barcelona, 1979). Portuguese: Joao do Rio, *Poemas do amor maldito. Spanish: *Garcia Lorca's poetry emerged from it and was hindered by it. Czech: *Karasek was a gay decadent poet. Russian: see Terras, Handbook of Russian Literature. The movement was hugely influential in Russia (see for example *Kuzmin). Polish: it was also very influential in Poland - see poets active from 1890. Romanian: see *Arghezi. It was influential in other *Germanic languages apart from German and in Hungarian and Georgian. See also 'Aesthetic movement, *Art for art's sake. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 299-306: "Decadence". Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Deconstructionism and Deconstructionist Theory Movement in French, German and English from France, the United States and Germany and other countries. From ca. 1970. Deconstructionism was a major French critical movement, which spread to the United States and other parts of the world. The French philosopher Jacques Derrida was the main founder of the movement. It emphasized the taking of an opposite approach to the interpretation of literary works to what might be expected. It also emphasized unusual interpretations of works as being valid in contrast to the generally accepted view of a work; in short opposing the status quo in interpretation of a literary work. A homosexual element in the movement has yet to be elaborated. Deconstructionism was strong from 1967 and especially in the 1970s but has been a continuing interest. Its rise parallels the rise of *gay liberation. French. Jacques Derrida and Jacques Lacan are the main thinkers; Derrida's thought relates to that of the German philosopher Martin Heidegger. On Derrida see his entry in Encyclopedia of World Literature in the 20th Century: Supplement (1994); De la Grammatologie (1974) was a key work (English trans. Of Grammatology, 1976). Lacan inspired the title of a book by *Bink Noll. *Michel Foucault was greatly influenced by Deconstructionism. German: see *Hubert Fichte. English. The *Yale school of English literature was strongly influenced by Jacques Derrida who taught at there (the main Yale figures were J. Hillis Miller and Paul de Man). See the articles in Stuart Sim, editor, The A-Z Guide to Modern Literary and Cultural Theorists, 1995, under the various persons mentioned above and *Harold Bloom, Deconstruction and Criticism(1979). An excellent dicussion is in Irena R. Makaryk, Encyclopedia of Contemporary Literary Theory(1993). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of World Literature in the 20th Century: Supplement. Translator from Turkish to French from France. 1844-1914. The translator into French from Turkish of *Fadil Bey's Le livre des femmes (Zenan Nameh) (Paris: E. Leroux, 1878). This appears to have been the first book to make homosexual poetry in Turkish available in French; rare: a copy is in the *Library of Congress and another in the *British Library. He compiled the catalog of Arabic, Persian and Turkish manuscripts in the *Bibliothèque Nationale and his entry in the * National Union Catalog reveals he wrote several books on Turkish and other oriental subjects. Poet best known as a novelist from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1660-1731. An English novelist who produced some 560 works including the famous novel Robinson Crusoe, about a man shipwrecked on a desert island. His poem "The True-Born Englishman", 1701, is a *satire attacking the prejudice against the foreign birth of the homosexual king William III (on whom see Garde, Jonathan to Gide, pp. 385-90); it is published in Novels and miscellaneous works (Oxford, 1841), vol. 20, 12: "LUST chose the torrid zone of Italy,/where blood ferments in *rapes and sodomy/... There nature ever burns with hot desires,/fann'd with luxuriant air from subterranean Tires..." An example of attributing homosexuality to another country apart from the native country of the writer to express the view "we aren't homosexuals, but they are". Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Translator from Greek to Latin from Germany. 1511-1587. Translator of the Greek poet *Theognis into Latin: Theognis megarensis Sententiae, Basil, 1550 (repr.). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Allgemeine deutsche Biographie - reveals he was a philosopher, legal scholar and doctor of medicine who worked at the University of Tubingen; with bibl. - including a life by G. Liebler cited as Oratio de vita et morte J. Sch., Tubingen, 1584. The entry reveals he used the pseudonym Jacobus Schegkius. That Schegkius is a pseudonym for Degen is also disclosed in the * National Union Catalog entry for this book for the Antwerp, 1582 printing. Translator from Greek to Latin and from Greek to French from France. Active 1825 to 1863. French translator of the Greek * Palatine Anthology titled Anthologie grecque (Paris, 1863); however his Book 12, the * Mousa Paidike, is in Latin. This is the only known complete Latin translation of the Mousa Paidike. See *Censorship - Greek, - Latin. Criticism. Buffière, Eros adolescent, 295 (his name misspelled Duheque). Poet from Germany who wrote in German; he was also a translator from French to German. 1B63-192Q. A German dramatist strongly influenced by 'Nietzsche. See his homoerotic novel in verse Zwei Menschen (Two men), 19Q3. His Lieder der Bilitis (Songs of Bilitis), 1923, is translated from the French of *Pierre Louys; he also translated *Villon. Influenced by 'Whitman (see 'Frederik Schyberg's book). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Neue deutsche Biographie. Bilder-lexikon. Criticism. Schyberg, Walt Whitman, 2B1-B3. Poet and dramatist from Great Britain who wrote in English. Ca. 1570-1632. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2548 (with *Philip Massinger): The Virgin Martyr: A Tragedy, London, 1622, a play in verse. City in India. Known from ca. 1300 in relation to homosexual poetry. Hindi is the spoken language and Persian, Turkish and English have been the spoken languages of its rulers and inhabitants at various times. Urdu, close to Hindi, was spoken by Muslim rulers. Delhi, the capital of India, is one of the most ancient cities of India and is at least 2,000 years old. Situated on a plain in north India, it has long been a major trading center. It was formerly the capital under the Persian Muslims who ruled India before the British and following them Urdu speaking Muslims. Persian: see *Amir Khosrou (1300 fl.). Turkish: *Babar. Urdu: *Vali, *Abru, *Dard, *Gazal-e muzakkar, *Mir, *Jan Janan Mazhar, *Shadani. See Sadiq, History of Urdu Literature, pp. 96-153, "The Delhi School of Urdu Poetry", a major Urdu school. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica. Criticism. Rahman, "Boy love in the Urdu ghazal", Paidika vol. 2 no. 1 (1989), 14 - ghazals written in the city between 1730 and 1830 dealt with boys and pederasty; 16 - a memoir of the city in Persian, Muraqqa-e-Dilli, written by Dargah Quli Khan who stayed there from 1738 to 1741 "makes it clear that boy-love was an institution in Delhi at that time"; 16 - *dancing boys named. Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian and Latin. 1503-1556. An Italian *Bernesque poet. He is believed to be the author of the licentious Italian poem Il capitolo del forno, describing the sex act as similar to baking a loaf of bread (a common use of the food metaphor in Bernesque poetry) and including some stanzas referring to homosexuality. He is also supposed to have written the Latin poem, now *lost, In Laudem Sodomiae (In Praise of Sodomy); however it is now believed that this poem did not exist. See Eugenio Donadoni, A History of Italian Literature (1969), vol. 1, pp. 222-23. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 289-90. Duroc, Homosexuels et lesbiennes illustrés, 115-16. Dictionary of Italian Literature. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 306. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 46: poem "Auf den Tod des M. N. Antonio Soranzo (O mein Soranto...)". Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 96, 202-03: Italian poem "An Soranzo" (To Soranzo). L'amicizia amorosa, 109-11. Criticism. Hirschfeld, Die Homosexualität, 660. Arcadie no. 79-80 (July-August 1960), 401-06: article by Ettore Mariotti. Eglinton, Greek Love, 469-70, and note p. 265. Bullough, Sexual Variance, 420 and footnote 30, 452. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 131: a writer of *Bernesque poetry with homosexual themes. Critic and historian from Canada writing in English. Active 1990. Author of Masculine Desire: The Sexual Politics of Victorian Aestheticism, Chapel Hill and London, 1990 (with important bibl.) This is a major study of the *Victorian period. Chapter 1, *Tennyson, 2, *Hopkins, 3, *Pater, 4, *Swinburne (Hopkins, Swinburne and Whitman), 5, *Arnold, *Winckelmann and *Pater, 6, Ruskin. The author is Professor of English and Cultural Studies at Trent University, Ontario. Review: Journal of the History of Sexuality vol. 2 no. 2 (October 1991), 306-09. Victorian sexual dissidence was published in 1999. City in Greece where the main spoken language is Greek; Turkish was spoken under the Turkish occupation from the fifteenth to the early nineteenth centuries. The city dates from ca. 700 B.C. Delphi was the most famous city in the ancient Greek world, famous for its Temple of *Apollo. The god Apollo, who had homosexual affairs, was linked with the founding of the city. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Poet and critic from France writing in French. Born 1931. He is also a critic: see books listed in the *British Library General Catalogue. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 462: poems include two fine prose poems and one about a *beat in Holland Park, *London. Poet writing in English; probably from the United States. Active before 1982. His pseudonym Demian comes from the name of a novel by Herman Hesse (English translation: New York: Holt, 1978). Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 976: Newsprint Short Stories. 150 Characters for One Dollar. Recesssion Love Songs, privately printed, no date. Poet from Bosnia and Herzegovina writing in Serbo-croat. Born 1954. See the poem translated into English by *Charles Causley "Untitled", in Charles Causley, Secret Destinations (London, 1984), p. 38, with the *Nisus and Euryalus trope; this is a strongly homoerotic poem about the artist Raphael and a male model. An English translation also appears in Twenty Five Poems by Hamdija Demirovic (1980), also translated by Charles Causley. His name indicates he is probably a Moslem from Bosnia. Concept in English from the United States and other counties. From ca. 1850 on in material of relevance. Democracy is the belief that governments should be elected by all persons living in a country with one vote for each person. It is linked with *Whitman whose Leaves of Grass (1855) was called "the bible of democracy" and who mystically linked homosexuality with democracy: see also *Bernard O'dowd, *A. McLeod, *Edward Carpenter. See *Comradeship, *Socialism. Compare *Conservatism. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1903-1983. In his Collected Poems (New York, 1975), see "A Sonnet Sequence" pp. 17-38 (not sexually explicit, except p.17) and the *sonnet "Athens" for implicit sexual reference ("a boy of fourteen/ Looks deeply at a soldier"). There is an essay on his poetry on pp. 175-77 by *Frank O'Hara (who pronounces his volume Mediterranean Cities Proustean); a list of his works appears on p. 185. His poems present a dark view of life. He was a gay *New York dance critic; friends included John Ashbery and *Frank O'Hara. A homosexual love poem, "The Dishonour" (not in the Collected Poems), is on p. 467 of William Cole, Erotic Poetry (1963) - in the section "By-paths and Oddities". His 1956 volume, Mediteranean Cities, was illustrated with photographs by his friend Rudolph Burckhardt. In 1986 a Collected Poems edited by *Ron Padgett was published. Review of Collected Poems: see Gay Sunshine no. 31, 27-30, by *Rudy Kikel. James Schuyler, Diary, p. 302, cites "a romantic relationship with Schuyler" in the early 1950s. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Literary Criticism, volume 48; the first page, p. 80, gives an outline of his life. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Word of Mouth, 1-3. Poet from Canada writing in English. Active 1994. Book: Tender Agencies, Vancouver, 1994; homoerotic back cover. Poet from Australia who wrote in English. 1876-1936. He is best known for The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke, published in 1915, a very popular work in its time. This work is a series of *dramatic monologues in rhymed verse of the "sentimental bloke", a shy bachelor just married. Humphrey McQueen in his essay "Sentimental thoughts of 'A moody bloke': C. J. Dennis" in Gallipoli to Petrov (Sydney, 1984), pp. 22-34, implies that Dennis was homosexual and states that the sequence "above all ... is autobiographical" (page 25); see especially pp. 25-29; the influence of *Shakespeare's Sonnets is also noted. Dennis published photographs of a naked swimmer who was visiting Adelaide in his journal The Gadfly (1906-09) published in that city (on this journal see the entry in Oxford Companion to Australian Literature, second edition, 1994); he contributed some two hundred articles to the journal which has a *camp tone in parts (there are many photographs with such elements, especially photographs of theater personalities). He was an alcoholic who married, aged forty-one (there were no children). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Australian Dictionary of Biography, vol. 8 (1981) Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1970. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10582: Exotics, poems of the Mediterranean and middle east, New York: Vanguard, 1970, 82 pages. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1884-1916. He studied theater design in *Florence with Edward Gordon Craig and died in the Battle of the Somme. War poems appear in There is no Death (1917). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 67, 135; biog., 232. Sexual practice from Italy recorded in Latin from Italy from ca. 64 B.C. Depilation is normally removal of hair from anywhere, face, beck, legs etc. Here it refers specilically to the removal of hair from the buttocks and the crotch, supposedly to make them more sexually attractive. Forberg, Manual of Classical Erotology, Chapter 2, pp. 98-127, is a long excursus of the subject in relation to Latin homopoetry from *Catullus (84 B.C.-54 B.C.) to *Ausonius (see *Forberg). See also *Martial. Poet from the Netherlands who wrote in Dutch. 1863-1919. He seems to have been physically homosexual (see pp. 7-8 of Naar vriendscaap zulk). He used the pseudonym Adwaita (see his entry in the * British LIbrary General Catalogue). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Naar vriendscaap zulk een mateloos verlangen, 19-20: poem "K hoor ruischen ons moeras" from Verzamelde Werken III, Amsterdam: G. A. van Oorschot, 1951 (books cited p. 116). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 272. Poet from Austria who wrote in German. Active ca. 1225. See also *Brigitte Spreitzer. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 104: cites "Klage" (Complaint); no other details given. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Andere Lieben, 69-71. Die Stumme Sünde, 208-33; 77-83 (criticism). Criticism. *W. Leonhardt, "Homosexualität in der ältesten deutschen Dichtkunst", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 12 (1911-12), 162-64. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 472: a poet who used references to *Sodom and Gomorrah in his condemnation of homosexuality. Critic and historian from Germany writing in German. Born 1944. Author of Die Schande der heiligen Päderastie: Homosexualität and Öffentlichkeit in der deutschen Literatur 1750-1850 (Berlin, *Verlag rosa Winkel, 1990), 640 pages. The title of this work means "The shame of holy pederasty: homosexuality and publicity in German literature 1750-1850". It contains a bibliography, pp. 650-714 which constitutes the most comprehensive German bibliography for the period. Index of names pp. 717-23. The book is the most detailed study of the German literature of the period and one of the most extensive studies of homosexuality in a literary culture so far. Poets and authors in this encyclopedia discussed in the book are: in Chapter 10 *Winckelmann, in Chapter 11 *Goethe, in Chapter 14 *Schiller, in Chapter 16 *Hölderlin, *Herzog August von Sachsen-Gotha, in Chapter 18 *Heinrich von Kleist, *Iffland, in Chapter 20 *Zschokke and, in Chapter 21, *Platen and *Heine. He is the author of Die sappische Ode in der deutschen Dichtung des 17. Jahrhunderts, Munster (1970), a study of the *sapphic *ode. He works at the University of Essen and is editor of a novel by *August Herzog von Sachsen-Gotha. Review of Die Schande der heiligen Päderastie: see Forum 10 (1990), 93-95. Poet from Germany writing in German; he later lived in Switzerland. 1870-1948. A Roman 'Catholic who founded a new lay order, he was associated with the 'George Kreis and lived in Switzerland from 1935. His belief is expressed in his long poem Der frankische *Koran (1932) See poems in 'Rlätter für die Kunst 8 (1908) 64-81 (including g Desbordes, Jean Poet and novelist from France writing in French. 1906-1944. A French poet who was a resistance Tighter and was cruelly killed while being interrogated by the *Nazis in the Second World War. A lover of *Cocteau (see *Francis Steegmuller, Cocteau, 1970, pp. 381-83, 386-87, 447-50 and the index). He replaced *Raymond Radiguet in Cocteau's affections. See *Ian Young, Gay Resistance (1985), pp. 19-20: states he wrote poetry. The * British Library General Catalogue lists several novels including J'adore (Paris, 1928) with a preface by Cocteau, but no volumes of poetry and a work on *De Sade. He married in 1937. Desnos, Robert Poet from France writing in French. 1900-1945. A *surrealist poet who died in a *Nazi concentration camp. Homosexuality seemed noble and romantic to him. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amour bleu, 237. Les Amours masculines, 402-03. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 448: fine poem "Rue Saint-Martin". Pseudonym of James Giancarlo, a poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1947. Anthologist and critic from Australia writing in English. Born 1944. He compiled the anthology * Australian Gay and Lesbian Writing (Melbourne, Oxford University Press, 1993), with a long critical introduction. See also his article "Feeling a Little *Queer", 24 Hours (journal of ABC Radio), October 1993, 78, 79, 85. A former lecturer in Russian at the University of New South Wales, Sydney, he was the presenter of the program Books and Writing on the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's Radio National. For biographical details see the biographical note on the book jacket. Interview: Star Observer (Sydney), about 29 September, 1994, 8. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Hurley, Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia. Poet from France writing in French. Active before 1992. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 466-67. Devil Figure from myth and trope found in English poetry from Great Britain and other countries from ca. 1900. It is likely in a homosexual sense in the poetry of other languages. A figure in *Christianity who is the opposite of *God: intrinsically evil, and embodying everything that is bad. He is also known as Satan. Lechery is a persistent quality (see in the * Old Testament the book of Genesis, chapter 6, verse 2), enabling some fundamentalist Christians to relate the devil to sexual activity of a so called "deviant" sort. Historically, in *European languages, he is modelled in art on *Pan and *satyr figures and seems to emerge historically from these figures. He usually has horns (e.g., see * Poetry in Australia) and a tail. He has sometimes been linked with the Jews. There has been a decline in reference to the Devil in recent times. William Woods, A History of the Devil, London, 1973, surveys the subject (bibliography pp. 235-37 and numerous illustrations). Poets. See *Aleister Crowley (active 1900), *Daryl Hine, *F. O. Matthiessen. Compare *centaur. Devil figures occur in many other religions apart from Christianity (see the Encyclopedia of Religion article). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Religion. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1987. *Chapbook: Breakfast in Bed, London, *Oscars Press, 1987, pp. 20-47 (with *Peter Daniels, *Kenneth King); biog., 20 - states he moved to London in 1985 and has various jobs. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Take Any Train, 22-23; biog., 62. Editor from the United States writing in English. Active from 1985. The main compiler of the * Encyclopedia Homophilica: Interim Index 1989 (Boston, 1989); this contains about 5000 proposed entries. Poet from India writing in Marathi. Active 1999. A Dalit (that is untouchaable) poet who writes in Marathi. *Surrealist poems. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Yaraana: Gay Writing from India, 72-75 (poem translated by *Hoshang Merchant and the poet); biog., 210. Poet from Iraq who wrote in Arabic. 765-860. *Abbasid poet in the circle of the Caliph Harun al-Rashid. In the edition of his poems edited and translated into English by Leon Zolonek, D'bil b. Ali (Lexington, Kentucky, 1961), see pp. 21, 97 (poem no. 37). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, volume 2, 248: states Dib'il was "famous for *satires, at times of the vilest content." *Norman Roth, "'Deal Gently with the Young Man': Love of Boys in Medieval Hebrew Poetry of Spain", Speculum 57 (1982), p. 27 footnote 28: lists a poem dealing with *anal sex. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Book of Sodom (London, 1993), 110: translation of a poem, "The Sodomites of *Baghdad" by *Stephen Wayne Foster. Di Prima, Diane Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1968. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1018: editor of War Poems, New York: The Poets Press, 1968 - apparently included because the poems feature male homosexuality Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1980 - died 1996. A protege of Ian Young, he was born in Michigan and lived in New York in the 1970s. His Selected Poems (1977-1993) was published in *New York by Jerry Rosco in 1998. Bibliographies and Encyclopedias. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 995-97: Champagne Brunch, privately printed, no date, Dec. 4-8, New York: Sally Press, 1980, Idylls, New York: Sally Press, 1980 (folded *broadsheet). Dictionaries. Gay Bards. A True Likeness, 242-53: a *sequence "True Gesture" dedicated to Isadora Duncan; biog. note, 242. Son of the Male Muse, 59-74; biog., 187. Poet from Brazil who wrote in English. 1923-1864. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Duroc, Homosexuels et lesbiennes illustrés, 123: cites from a poem (title not given) - "My pleasures/ Are my only friends,/ they only/ Will be my loves in this world" (trans. by *Paul Knobel). Criticism. Arcadie no. 57 (September 1958), 525: article on him by Max Jurth. Poem in English from Great Britain. Before 1840. See J. Holloway and J. Black, Later English *Broadsides Volume 2 (1800-1840), pp. 48-49: about a man who leaves a woman who repels his advances to go cruising the streets (possible suggestion that he could be cruising for men). Novelist mainly known as a poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1923. A famous *southern poet whose novel Deliverance features a violent homosexual *rape; the novel was made into a film. He does not appear to have written any relevant poems. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1000: Deliverance (novel), Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1970. Poet from the United States writing in English. 1928-1994. Homosexual themes appeared in his poetry from his 1978 volume The Rainbow Grocery. *San Francisco poet. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Word of Mouth, 132-135. Dickinson, Goldsworthy Lowes Philosopher, autobiographer and poet from Great Britain; translator from Greek to English. 1862-1932. A *Cambridge don from King's College who was a philosopher famous for his book The Greek View of Life (1896); this work influenced the *Bloomsbury group in its philosophy, especially *Lytton Strachey. He had a succession of young male friends. According to *A. L. Rowse (who implies he was homosexual in Homosexuals in History, pp. 276-279) he was a boot-fetishist and liked his young men to put their boot on him as he lay on the floor (op. cit., 279). A biography was written by *E. M. Forster, 1934. Autobiography. The Autobiography and other unpublished works (London, 1973), includes some poems, pp. 229-283, including a *sonnet sequence of twenty-five poems, 1893-94, showing the influence of *Shakespeare and somewhat homoerotic in parts; other poems show the influence of *Platonism. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1002: The Autobiography of G. Lowes Dickinson and Other Unpublished Writings, London: Duckworth, 1973. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Ioläus (1902), 45-46, 74-75. Men and Boys, 7: trans. of the Greek poet *Theognis. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 55; translation of Theognis 242-43. Criticism. Rowse, Homosexuals in History, 276-79. Poet from Australia writing in English. Active 1983. See Michelle Field, editor, Oz Shrink Lit. (Ringwood, Victoria: Penguin, 1983), 104: a poem which is a *parody of the gay novel The Twyborn Affair by *Patrick White. Dictionaries and words - Arabic Arabic dictionaries from Iraq and other Arabic speaking countries date from ca. 1200. Dictionaries are very likely in *manuscript. See also *Liwat (sodomy). References. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition: "Kamus" ("dictionary"; discusses Arabic lexicography). Dynes, Homolexis, 174. Balay, Guide to Reference Books: lists dictionaries. Dictionaries and words - Chinese Dictionaries in Chinese from China date from 121. Chinese dictionaries are discussed in The Cambridge Encyclopedia of China, edited by Brian Hook, 1982, pp. 352-54. indirect language - e.g. "stalk of jade" meaning penis - is much used in Chinese poetry and *"peach sharing" and "cut sleeves" are indirect ways of referring to homosexuality and are also tropes in poetry. See the article by William H. Nienhauser, "Diction and the Translation of Classical Chinese Poetry" in T'oung Pao, 64 (1978), 47-109, on erotic words in poetry. All Japanese, Korean and Vietnamese scholars and some Thai scholars have been able to read Chinese until recently and many still do. References. Dynes, Homolexis, 175 and 39: re *cut sleeves (dates from Emperor Ai-ti, 6 B.C.-2 A.D.). Duberman, Hidden from History, 77: re longyang (peach sharing) and *tuan-hsiu (cutsleeves), dating in poetry from ca. 535. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 443. Hinsch, Passions of the Cut Sleeve, 203. Balay, Guide to Reference Books lists dictionaries. Dictionaries and words - Dutch Dictionaries and words in Dutch from the Netherlands date from 1988. The first dictionary of gay words in Dutch is Arendo Joustra, Homo-erotisch Woordenboek, Amsterdam, 1988; introduction pp. 7-19; bibl., pp. 114-20. This is a scholarly work with dated citations. Supplements appeared in * Homologie no. 4 of 1990, 6-7 and no. 1 of 1991,12-13. Balay, Guide to Reference Books lists general dictionaries. Dictionaries and words - English Words in English from Great Britain, the United States, Canada, Australia and other countries relating to homosexuality date from ca. 800. Dictionaries date mostly from the eighteenth century; a few are earlier. Words. 'Sodomy was the main word for homosexuality from the beginnings of Modern English, ca. 1550, to ca.1920, though this word could also be applied to 'anal sex with women; bugger and 'buggery were also used (though not often in poetry) as was 'pederasty. 'Queen posibly dates from 1600. Molly was an eighteenth century word: see entry in Howes, Broadcasting It and the work of 'Rictor Norton. Perversion and inversion were common from 1890 to 1910 and sometimes euphemisms such as 'Greek Love have been used. The Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen no. 11 (1910-11) 40-41 has the earliest English gay lexis (by Leo I. Pavia [pseud.], on whom see 'Historical and Social Background - English). 'Homosexual only gained currency from ca. 1891 and 'gay, which dates from the 1920s, has only had wide currency from 1965. 'Faggot is known in gay poetry from 1967. In the 1960s and 1970s 'camp was used before the most recent word 'queer (from ca. 1990), though queer dates back in British English from ca. 1920. Homoerotic is a recent word synonymous with homosexual. Words describing homosexual acts were largely taboo in written literature until ca. 1960 in the United States due to censorship (see James Campbell, Talking at the Gates: A Life of James Baldwin, 1991, pp. 146-67) - hence the vocabulary in the main did not exist in print until this time to describe gay sex. Citations in dictionaries used for defining words may be taken from poems. 'Gary Simes has done the most scholarly work on English gay words. 'Maledicta is a noted recent journal investigating so-called obscene language. Words used in a particular homosexual sense (e.g., queer and 'fairy in British English in the twentieth century, molly in eighteenth century) may provide clues to a hidden gay meaning in a poem. Earlier words from the Elizabethan period include ingle (i.e., minion), and bardash from the Italian (also spelt bardach when used later in English when imported from French: see the entry 'bardache). Words like 'friend and 'boy provide great difficulty in gay contexts; they can both mean lover. Friendship also presents special problems - see the entry 'Friendship - English. See also 'dorian, 'ephebe, 'ganymede, 'gay, 'green, 'hellenism, 'lavender. 'Tropes are commonly used (e.g., 'Corydon, 'Narcissus) in poetry. "Baedling", used in 'Old English (ca. 800) to refer to an effeminate man, is the earliest word in English which can have homosexual connotations. Check the CD ROM *English Poetry Full Text for gay words in poems written to 1900. Dictionaries. Despite its great lexicographical tradition, the major English dictionary, the Oxford English Dictionary, the longest dictionary in the world, omits almost all homosexual vocabulary and is guarded on what words it includes. A forthcoming dictionary of sexual words by 'Gary Simes will deal with words from 1800. Great Britain. To 1890, see John S. Farmer and *W. E. Henley, A Dictionary of Slang and its Analogues, 2 volumes (repr. 1987); the 1966 reprint has a fine introduction by 'Gershon Legman. Renaissance and Shakespeare: see 'Gordon Williams and 'Shakespeare (regarding Eric Partridge who wrote on Shakespeare's language though his dictionary is not scholarly). United States. *Gershon Legman compiled the first lexis of homosexual works in 1941 in G. W. Henry, Sex Variants (New York, 1941), vol. 2, pp. 1149-79; see also Bruce Rodgers, The Queens Vernacular (1972), reprinted in 1979 as Gay Talk and including British words (this work is not reliable, however). Australia. There is no Australian dictionary of gay sex words. See Gary Simes, "The Language of Homosexuality in Australia", in Gay Perspectives, edited by 'Robert Aldrich and Garry Wotherspoon, 1992, pp. 31-57 for a general discussion. His A Dictionary of Australian Underworld Slang (Melbourne, 1993) includes many gay words and is the finest lexicographical work yet compiled on gay words in English (see, for example, the entry on queer). No separate list is known for any other English speaking country. References. Dynes, Homolexis, 152-63: annotated discussion of dictionaries and articles; 176-73: brief lexis of major words. Balay, Guide to Reference Rooks lists general dictionaries. Howes, Broadcasting It: see "Slang words for homosexuals". Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 59-67. Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Gay Language". Dictionaries and words - French Words in French from France referring to homosexuality date from 1500; the first dictionary dates from 1864. Dictionaries. A. Delvau, Dictionnaire érotique moderne (1864), was the first to include homosexual material; it cites many poems in illustrating the meaning of words. For other dictionaries see the bibliography at the end of *Claude Courouve, Vocabulaire de l'homosexualité masculine, 1985, 241-44. Words. The early words derive from the word *Sodom. "Inversion" was used in the early part of the twentieth century when "homosexualité" also was used; "gai" is a recent addition. Claude Courouve has written the finest study so far of French gay words. See also *François Villon on gay words in the Renaissance from ca. 1500. References. Anthropophyteia 8 (1911), 231-33 and 410-15: re words in advertisements and toilets. Les Amours masculines, 52328: a list of words century by century. Dynes, Homolexis, 174. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, item 2429: re study by Jean-Claude Feray on the history of the word homosexual in * Arcadie numbers 325-28. Pout tout l'amour des hommes, 371-76: list of words by century from the sixteenth century onwards. Sheehy, Guide to Reference Books lists general dictionaries. Dictionaries and words - German Words and dictionaries of gay relevance in German from Germany date from 1914. German gay words were first discussed by 'Magnus Hirschfeld in 1914. For the standard dictionary of erotic words see 'Ernest Borneman. References. Hirschfeld, Die Homosexualität (1914), 3-39. Dynes, Homolexis, 153-56: cites various dictionaries; 174-75: list of words. Balay, Guide to Reference Books lists general dictionaries. Dictionaries and words - Greek Greek words from Greece, Turkey and Egypt referring to homosexuality date from 570 B.C.; there were also Greek colonies in Italy and other parts of the Mediterranean. Dictionaries. Before the contemporary period dictionaries poorly represented gay words. Definitions are frequently obfuscatory and inaccurate: see entries for * kinaidos (passive homosexual, gay prostitute or in Latin, to which the word passed,* cinaedus). The first dictionary was by *Henri Estienne, Thesaurus graecae linguae, 1572 (enlarged and reprinted in later editions). Ancient Greek to 600 A.D. The standard work is Robert Liddell and H. G. Scott, A Greek-Enalish Lexikon (Oxford, 1843), now in its 9th edition, 1940. Due to its *Victonian origin, his dictionary suffers from outdated conceptions of homosexuality and antiquated definitions of words touching on the subject (e.g., the use of the words catamite and *pederasty). It omits patristic and Byzantine Greek. Gaston Vorberg, Glossarium Eroticum, 1928 (repr. 1965), though mainly a dictionary of Latin sex words, also includes Greek ones (on it see Hayn, Gotendorf, Bibliotheca Germanorum Erotica, vol. 9, 614). See also *F. K. Forberg. New Testament and Patristic Period (ca. 100-600 A.D.). Greek of this period is called "Koine" (common). Dictionaries of W. Bauer (Griechisch-deutsches Worterbuch, fifth edition, 1958) and G. Lampe (A patristic Greek Lexicon, 1961-68) are authoritative. There are an enormous number of Christian dictionaries for the period based on the word stock from the * New Testament and the Church fathers; these have been uniformly hostile to homosexuality so far (compare entries for agape in Liddell and Scott, Greek-English Lexikon, and the above works). Bvzantine and Medieval Period (300-1453). Charles du Fresne Du Cange, Glossarium ad scriptores (1688; repr.) is still authoritative. This period has suffered from a lack of serious scholarship; even existing manuscripts have not been collated. Modern Greek (1453+). See *Elias Petropoulos whose Kaliarda (1971+; fourth edition, 1982) is a specialized lexicon of Greek gay words for the twentieth century. See the entry in Balay, Guide to Reference Books,179-81, for a more complete listing of Greek dictionaries. Words. For individual words in Greek see *Bathyllus (the first word?; active 570 B.C.), *Corydon, *Dorian, *Ephebe, * Erastes, *Eromenos, *Ganymede, Jesus Christ, *Paiderastia, *Pais, Saint *Paul, *Socrates, *Sotades. Kalos (beautiful) usually has homosexual associations, especially in the phrase "Ho pais kalos" (The boy is beautiful) written on vases (see *Love names, *Epigraphy). Heterai in *Homer has a homosexual reference. For Greek words which passed into Latin and French poetry and other languages (e.g., Ganymede) see *Words - Latin, *Words - French and entries for other *European languages. Dictionaries, as noted above, have to date been very inadequate in explaining the meanings of words associated with homosexuality. Ancient Greek. Each of the following references is a brief list of words associated with homosexuality. Forberg, Manual of Classical Erotology, 211 - 35. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 213-14. Histoire de l'amour grec, 302-12. Dover, Greek Homosexuality, 23840, Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance, 411-12. See also Jeffrey Henderson, The Maculate Muse: Obscene Language in Classical Comedy, 1975, with a chapter on homosexuality (reviewed in Gai Saber, vol. 1 no. 2 [Summer 1977], 160-62). Modern Greek: see *Elias Petropoulos re his gay dictionary Kaliarda. References. Dynes, Homolexis, 154, 156; 176: list of words. Collison, Dictionaries of Foreign Languages, 85-98 lists general dictionaries. Balay, Guide to Reference Books lists general dictionaries. Dictionaries and words - Hebrew Dictionaries and words in Hebrew from Israel and other countries where Jews have lived. From 1985. There is no known dictionary of Hebrew sex words. A list exists from 1985. See Dynes, Homolexis (1985), p. 176 for a list of gay words in Hebrew. Balay, Guide to Reference Books lists general dictionaries. Dictionaries and words - Italian Dictionaries and words in Italian from Italy date from at least 1979. For a list of gay words see Tullio De Mauro, "Lessico dell'omosessualita", in Riccardo Reim and others, Practiche innominabili (Milan, 1979), pp. 98-112. *Giovanni Dall'orto has compiled another list. Babilonia 14 (1984) has an article "Vocabulario Nero" (black words) on homosexual words (words include Cock-ring, Bondage, Fist-fucking). In Babilonia no. 40, 18-19, is a list of words. See the article "Lessicografia" in Enciclopedia Italiana for a list of general dictionaries. There is no dictionary of sexual words. References. Dynes, Homolexis, 153-61: various works cited; 175: list of gay words. Balay, Guide to Reference Books: lists general dictionaries. Dictionaries and words - Japanese Words of gay relevance in Japanese date from 683. All Japanese scholars read Chinese until recently and many still do. Chinese words may therefore be relevant, especially in poetry. See *Iwata Jun'ichi for sources of possible dictionaries. References. Dynes, Homolexis, 175 and 99: re *nanshoku, the commonest word for homosexuality. Princeton Companion to Classical Japanese Literature, 397-98: list of Japanese dictionaries. Balay, Guide to Reference Books lists general general dictionaries. Dictionaries and words - Latin Words in Latin referring to homosexuality date from ca. 50 B.C.; the first dictionary dates from 1678. Dictionaries. Dictionaries of Sex Words. These works contain many references to poems and poets. Specific dictionaries dealing with Latin sexual words date from the early nineteenth century and Latin is the *European language with the largest known number of such scholarly dictionaries. Pierre Pierrugues compiled the first: Glossarium eroticum linguae latinae (Paris, 1826), 512 pages (repr. Berlin, 1908; reprinted with 770 additions in *Kryptadia volume 12). Carolus (i. e. Karl) Rambach reprinted the work as his own (Stuttgart, 1833), as Thesaurus eroticus linguae latinae. Nicholas Blondeau's Dictionaire érotique latin-francais (Paris: *Lisieux, 1885), 150 pages, is the first Latin-French erotic word dictionary, edited with notes and additions from the manuscript by *François Noel and proceeded by an essay by *Alcide Bonneau (it states the dictionary was compiled in the eighteenth century by Blondeau and added to by Noel). Gaston Vorberg, Glossarium Eroticum (Stuttgart,1928; repr. 1965) in German, is mainly of Latin erotic words, although many Greek words are also discussed. Illustrations are taken mainly from Greek vases. See *F. K. Forberg for the first discussion of words. Comprehensive Latin Dictionaries. Comprehensive Latin dictionaries are poor on sex words both in regard to illustration and definition. They include, for the classical and early Christian period to 200, the Oxford Latin Dictionary (Oxford, 1982), compiled by P. G. W. Glare, and, for Latin to 600, Thesaurus Linguae Latinae, with supplements (Leipzig,1900-83), though it is only to the Letter P. For the *middle ages see C. Du Fresne Du Cange, Glossarium mediae et infimae latinitatis (1678; repr.). Dictionaries for the middle ages are also being compiled from sources in various European countries e.g., British sources and Dutch sources. A comprehensive dictionary from 200 A.D. to the end of the 13th century is Mittellateinisches Worterbuch (1959-76; in progress; letters A-C). These dictionaries provide sources for homopoetry in the citations for individual words relating to homosexuality (such as *cinaedus, pathicus and *sodomia from the middle ages). There is no dictionary for *Renaissance or modern Latin. Words. J. N. Adams has written the most recent study: The Latin Sexual Vocabulary (London, 1982), 272 pages - see under "Abbreviations" pages ix-xii for a list of dictionaries and articles on words. This is the most thorough study in English of Latin sexual words and includes a Latin index (pp. 257-65) and a Greek index (pp. 266-68) but is still inadequate as it concentrates on ancient Latin and omits the medieval tradition. D. S. Farmer, A Dictionary of Slang and Its Analogues, volume one (revised edition, New York, 1966), pp. i-liv, has an excellent discussion of all known works (listing erotic words) by *Gershon Legman; he states the final volume of the journal *Kryptadia, vol. 12 (1911), contains a combined index to all the Latin erotic dictionaries. Important words in ancient Latin are * cinaedus, pathicus (passive homosexual), *pederastia, *sodomia (only from medieval Latin). In mediaeval Latin see *effeminacy re effeminatus and molles. Almost all work on the Latin sexual vocabulary so far deals only with ancient Latin words. Craig A. Williams, Roman Homosexuality, Oxford, 1999, in Chapter 5, "Sexual Roles and Indenties", pp. 160230, discusses various words including cinaedus. Besides words for homosexuality recorded in *dictionaries, words in Latin may be used in a coded way to refer to homosex. See *Antinous, *Sebastian and *Frederick Rolfe (re corvus); see also *Dictionaries and Words - Greek, as some Greek words have passed into Latin (e. g. Greek kinaedos - see *W. Kroll - became Latin cinaedus). See also *Pederasty. References. Collison, Dictionaries of Foreign Languages, pp. 85-98. Balay, Guide to Reference Books, lists general dictionaries: however, this reference guide omits dictionaries of sex words. Dynes, Homolexis, pp. 154-57: various dictionaries discussed. Dictionaries and words - Persian Words and dictionaries with gay reference in Persian from Persian date from before 1900. For dictionaries see Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition: "Kamus" entry 2. The Miftah ul-Fuzala is a dictionary of the rare words used by the older poets. See * saqi. References. Balay, Guide to Reference Books lists general dictionaries. Dictionaries and words - Polish Dictionaries and words in Polish from Poland date from 1978. Dictionary of Polish Obscenities by Stanislaw Kielbasa (Buffalo, 1978), 28 pages is a Polish-English glossary with many homosexual words. Balay, Guide to Reference Books lists general dictionaries. Dictionaries and words - Portuguese Words and dictionaries in Portuguese from Portugal and Brazil date from 1922. There is a dictionary in Portuguese of erotic words: Horacio de Almeida, Dicionario Erotico de Lingua Portuguesa (Rio de Janeiro, 1980). The first survey was in 1922 by *Monteiro. References. Dynes, Homolexis, 155,160. Murray, Male Homosexuality in Central and South America, 183-191: "Portugayese" by *Wayne Dynes (with bibl. p. 191): a detailed study of words relying on Monteiro (1922). Balay, Guide to Reference Books lists general dictionaries. Dictionaries and words - Russian Words and dictionaries with gay reference in Russian from Russia date from 1900. There is a rich corpus of gay words in Russian which were largely unrecorded until recently; *Vladimir Kozlovskii has made a major study of them. For gay words see the article "L'argot de la subculture homosexuelle en Russie" by Michail Meilach in Spirales 12 (fevrier 1982), 10-11. See also Dictionary of Russian Obscenities, edited by D. A. Drummond and G. Perkins (Berkeley, 1980), first published as Short Dictionary of Obscenities (1971). Another dictionary is Dictionary of Russian Obscenities (Cambridge, Mass., 1971). Words are listed with translations in Charles A. Kauffman, "A survey of Russian obscenities and invective usage", Maledicta, vol. 4 no. 2, winter 1980, 261-89. Stern, Geschichte der offentlichen Sittlichkeit in Russland, volume 2, 588-97, is possibly the first list of erotic words. References. Dynes, Homolexis, 175. Balay, Guide to Reference Books lists general dictionaries. Dictionaries and words - Spanish Dictionaries and words in Spanish from Spain, Mexico, Ecuador, Guatemala and other central and south American countries date from at least 1979. There is a dictionary of South American sexual words by Hernan Rodriguez Castillo, Lexico sexual ecuatoriano y latinoamericano (Ecuadoran and Latin-american sexual dictionary), Quito, Ecuador, 1979; see the section "Homosexual", pp. 321-49 (this lists the most common words in each country). There is no sexual word dictionary for Spain. Most Spanish words have been recorded only in South American usage. For discussion of the etymology of two words in Spain, maricon (fuckee) and bugarron (fucker) see Amerindian Images and the Legacy of Columbus, edited by René Jara and N. (Spadaccini, 1992), p. 251. References. Balay, Guide to Reference Books: lists general dictionaries. Dynes, Homolexis, 155-56; 175: list of words. Murray, Male Homosexuality in Central and South America, 170-82: see "Hispanic Homosexuals: Spanish Lexicon" by *Stephen O. Murray and *Wayne Dynes which is a lexicon of Spanish words mainly from Mexico and Guatemala but also other South American countries; important bibl., 182. Dictionaries and words - Turkish Dictionaries in Turkish from Turkey date from ca. 1400. See Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition: "Kamus" entry, section 3. For the *Ottoman period dictionaries are only recorded in the literary language (not the spoken language). Turkish has an extensive oral literature and a rich vocabulary of obscene words: see the Alternative Turkish Dictionary site on the internet. References. Anthropophyteia 9 (1912), 95 ff. has a list of erotic words in Osmanli Turkish. Balay, Guide to Reference Books lists general dictionaries. Editor from Germany of works in Greek and critic writing in Latin. Active 1925-52. Editor of Anthologia Lyrica Graeca (1925), 2nd edition 1942, 3rd edition, Leipzig: *Teubner, 1949-52. The third edition consists of two volumes, volume 1, Poetae Lyrici and volume 2, * Theognis etc, with Latin notes. Compare *Brunck. Jounal in English from the United States. From ca. 1989. A journal advertising new books published by the bookshop chain A Different Light. It includes listings of some poetry books. The journal gives a limited coverage of new gay books of poetry and other materisl. There is also a newsletter published by the various shops in 'New York, 'Los Angeles (in West Hollywood, the gay area) and in 'San Francisco which is a valuable publishing record of gay books. Digte om mends kerlighed til mend Anthology in Danish from Denmark. Copenhagen: Tiderne Skifter, 1980, 92 pages. Compiled by *Peter Boesen and *Vagn S0ndergaard. The first known gay Danish poetry anthology which consists entirely of poetry by European, United States and British poets translated into Danish. The poems are well chosen. Poets (see entries): Komstantin Berlandt, Carpenter, Cernuda, Cocteau, Crane, Field, Genet, George, Ginsberg, Housman, Kavafis, O'Hara, Kirkup, Kuzmin, Lorca, Norse, Pasolini, Penna, Rimbaud, Spicer, Symonds, Takahashi, Verlaine, Whitman, Wieners. The entry in * Nordisk Bibliografi (see below) does not make it clear that it is in Danish. It consists of poems about men directed to men. Rare. Copy sighted: British Library. The Afterword, pp. 91-92, makes clear the poems have been translated from the anthologies * Eros : An Anthology of Friendship (1961), * Angels of the Lyre and *The Male Muse; however the poem by Konstantin Berlandt, whose English title is "Bring the Beautiful Boys Home" and which was a famous poem of the 1970s based on the Vietnam War, is not in any of these anthologies. The anthology's title means: poems of men's love for men. The title page has the words til maend (to men) in capital letters. The front and back covers are in mauve and the front cover features two men in bed by the gay artist David Hockney. Rare: a copy is in the *British Library. Bibliographies. Hansen, Nordisk Bibliografi, 8. Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. 1919-1987. Relevant poems appear in, in Greek, his Collected Poems (Athens, 1974). Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1953. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 32: poem "Heroes"; biog., 174: *black poet who lives in New York City and is HIV positive. Poet and anthologist from the United States writing in English; translator from Greek to English. Born 1954. He compiled the very outstanding anthology * A Day for a Lay, one of the finest anthologies of the *gay liberation period. The author of seven books of gay poetry. A very Tine poet of the *gay liberation period, The Naked Poet: Poems from 1970-85 (Beverley Hills, 1989), unpaginated, is a collection of his poems from previous collections; the front cover is particularly striking featuring a photograph of the poet with a half erect penis while the back cover features a man with his naked back to the reader. There is a photograph of the poet when young in the front and an introduction by James Leo Herlihy. The poems celebrate *gay liberation and sexual encounters and move between *San Francisco, *New York and *Los Angeles. Review: James White Review vol. 8 no.1, 4, by *George Klawitter. Notes from a marriage (New York, 1983) consists of 135 short poems about a gay relationship. Pagan Love Songs (Beverly Hills, 1987), unpaginated, is a major gay book of poems (review: see *Denis Altman, "Porn Star Poet", Outrage no. 62, July, 1988, 28-29); there is a photograph of the poet at the front and the introduction is by *Ian Young whose *Catalyst Press was Gavin Dillard's first publisher. Themes in his books cover the gauntlet of gay sex and include *incest (see the poem "Frank's father used to take him out in the barn/ and fuck him" in Pagan Love Songs). A Tine poet of *free verse and short poems. He edited Between the Cracks:The Daedalus Anthology of Kinky Verse (1997) which contains some gay poems. He formerly lived in *Los Angeles and is famous for his nude poetry readings and porn movies; in 1999 he lives on the coast of northern California. His books are all handsomely produced with erotic illustrations and usually feature photographs of the good looking poet naked or semi naked. In the Flesh: Undressing for Success, 1998, is his autobiography. Interview: Lambda Book Report, August 1998, 6-7. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10585: Twenty Nineteen Poems, Scarborough, Ontario: *Catalyst, 1975. Homosexuality in Canada, first edition (1979), 9: two chapbooks, Rosie Emissions and Twenty Nineteen Poems, both published Scarborough, Canada: Catalyst, 1975. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 1010-11: same works. Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (1984), 138: same works. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gay Verse. Orgasms of Light, 60-61; biog., 251. Amerikanike homophylophile poiese ,19: trans. into Greek; biog., 69. Son of the Male Muse, 75-81 (photo 75): includes the *sequence "Magic" (with poems on *S/M); biog., 188-89. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 617. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 544-45. Badboy Book, 95-106; biog., 385. Name of Love, 14; biog., 71: "an artist, poet and, in his own word, pornographer" who has written eight books of poems. Eros in Boystown, 48; p. 60 notes he is also an erotic film star as well as poet. A Day for a Lay, 9-16: translation from Greek of *Cavafy; 254-64; biog., 254. Poet and editor from the United States writing in English. Born 1906. The editor of the *Chicago journal Poetry, 1937-50. He translated *Baudelaire (1935). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1012: The Flowering Stone, New York: Viking 1931. Translator probably from Greece of the Greek poet *Cavafy into French in conjunction with *Marguerite Yourcenar: see her entry. Active 1958. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1995. Author of Limericks Naughty and Gay by (the late) Dr. Fey (Mobile, AL, 1995), 60 pp. with illustrations, by the author, of nude youths. A very fine collection of gay *limericks and a rare individual volume on limericks (most appear in collections of limericks). The biographical note on the volume states: "lives, loves and plays in Oregon". In conception compare *Nabokov in Pale Fire. Poet from Greece writing in Greek. Possibly active ca. 80 B.C. Since many poets have this name in ancient Greek, it is difficult to know which one is the poet Diocles of Book 12, poem 35 (the only relevant poem) of the * Palatine Anthology. See also the entry for Diocles as myth and character. It may be possible, granted the generic idea of Diocles as archetypal male homolover, that the name is meant as a pseudonym. If this is the case, this usage of the name is an early use of a *pseudonym. Diocles the poet of Palatine Anthology xii 35 and Diocles the lover of Meleager may be two different people: see *homonyms. The date has been taken from the *Garland of Meleager (see Criticism below). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 345-6: six entries but none pertinent. See also the entries in Pauly, Wissowa, Paulys Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft: "Diokles". Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10586: citing *Musa Puerilis, London: Heinemann, 1918. Book 12, poem 35. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Palatine Anthology xii 35. Criticism. Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 9 (1908), 249, 271-72: lover of *Meleager, who dedicated the Garland of Meleager to him. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 42. Character in myth in Greek from Greece. Active before 279 B.C. Whether this Diocles was a real person is not known; see also the entry for *Diocles as poet and lover. See * Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae, Volume 3, Part i, 395 (spelt Diokles) and the plates for artistic depiction. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Pauly, Wissowa, Paulys Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft: "Diokles". Criticism. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 474-75: mentioned as introducing the boys' *kissing contest in *Megara in the context of referring to *Theocritus's homosexual "Idyll 12" where Diocles is mentioned as the prototype of the ideal lover. Letter writer and possible lover from Italy writing in Greek, Latin and Italian. Ca. 1608-1638. A friend of the English poet John Milton from school days and at Christ's College, *Oxford, and very possibly a lover of Milton at one time. Milton wrote three poems to him and effusive letters in Latin, one letter referring to "our love". Diodati wrote letters to Milton, in Greek, Italian and Latin: see the *Milton entry for details. Milton, in turn, wrote an elegy in Latin about Diodati on his death, Epitaphium Damonis, 1639. See John T. Shawcross, "Milton and Diodati", Milton Studies vol. 7 (1975), 127-163: he states "A reading of [Milton's] Epitaphium Damonis implies a homoerotic relationship" (p.127); he also states, p. 152, that evidence of Diodati's character "would not deny a rather promiscuous homosexuality". Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. Born ca. 250 B.C. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 348-49. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 134. Criticism. Courouve, Ces petits grecs, 16-17. Addressee from Greece relating to works in Greek. Active 400-ca. 347 B.C. Possibly the lover of *Plato. Plato addressed a love poem to him. Criticism. Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 8 (1906), 635. Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. Active before 130. See *homonyms. As he appears in the * Mousa Paidike, he must be prior to 130. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. 10 entries are in Oxford Classical Dictionary, 350-52. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Palatine Anthology xii 108. Criticism. Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 9 (1908), 272. Trope appearing in Greek poetry from Greece and Egypt and later in Latin, English and Polish. From ca. 544 B.C. A Greek god associated with *wine drinking, sexual abandon and, at times, homosexuality; his cult was associated with the cult of Attis in Egypt and first grew in importance in the Roman period, though it relating to the *symposium tradition. Greek. Possibly the first reference in a homosexual context is *Theognis (active 544 B.C.) in fragment 976. He is also referred to in the *Anacreontea in a homosexual context and J. M. Edmonds records a gay *skolia. For the earliest references in Greek poetry see Liddell and Scott, Greek-English Lexicon, 433 (referring to Hesiod Theognia 947, Archilochus 77, Theognis 976). *Nonnus, in his epic The Dionysiaca (fifth century A.D., but possibly earlier), describes the life and deeds of Dionysus in detail, including his gay side which comes out in the Ampelus Idyll (Book Ten, line 175 to the end of Book Twelve) where Dionysus falls in love with the youth *Ampelus. As a god of sexual frenzy, Dionysus contrasts with *Apollo, the god of light and reason: e.g., in *Archilochus fragment 77; though both Apollo and Dionysus had sexual relations with men. Dionysus was also called *Bacchus in Greek (see Palatine Anthology Book Twelve, poem 50, and Liddell and Scott, Greek-English Lexicon, 303) and later in Latin. He frequently appears in a gay context on sarcophagi of the Roman period, notably from 100 A.D. to about 250 A. D. For the artistic depiction see Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae, vol. 3, Part i, 413-566, and the plates; the iconography revived in the sixteenth century (for instance, the bisexual Italian Caravaggio, the probably homosexual *Leonardo da Vinci and the Spanish painter Velazquez did paintings of Dionysus as a young man). Songs, oral poems and chants associated with the Dionysus cult in Greek and in languages of the Middle East are relevant for homosexuality. Poetry references to Dionysus in later European languages must always be considered in the light of possible homosexual or bisexual undercurrents. Karl Kerenyi's Dionysios: Archetypal Image of Indestructible Life (trans. into English from German, and published in English in 1976) is the most exhaustive study to date with illustrations from Greek art; bibl. 393-420. An earlier study was H. Jeanmaire, Dionysos, histoire du culte de Bacchus, Paris, 1951. For Latin poetry references in *Horace, *Ovid and *Virgil see Oxford Latin Dictionary, 223 (under Bacchus). The *cupbearer trope is closely related to Dionysus as is the * saki trope in Persian. *Bacchus is the more usual Latin word for Dionysus; via Latin the word Bacchus entered other'European languages. Modern Greek: see *Cavafy, *Sikelianos, *Embirikos. English: *Edmund Gosse. German: *Nietzsche wrote a study of Dionysus, The Birth of Tragedy (1872), seeing the Dionysiac and the Apollonian as polarities in life. Polish: see Jaroslav Iwaskiewicz. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Pauly, Wissowa, Paulys Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft. Encyclopedia Britannica, eleventh edition. Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 31820 (with bibl.). Gay Histories and Cultures. Criticism. Norton, Homosexual Literary Tradition, 30: re the Dionysiac mysteries. Buffiére, Eros adolescent, 363. Sergent, Homosexuality in Greek Myth, 179-92. Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. Active 220 B.C. Despite the small mumber of poems that survive, he names several homosexual lovers (e.g. in Palatine Anthology xii 169 he names two lovers). He thus appears to have had an abundant love life. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 355: "Dioscorides" (1). Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10587: *Musa Puerilis, London: Heinemann, 1918, Book 12, poems 14, 37, 42, 16971. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Garland of Meleager. Palatine Anthology xii 14, 37, 42, 169-71. Criticism. Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 9 (1908), 266. Brandt, Sittengeschichte griechenlands, volume 2, 199-200. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 485. Buffière, Eros adolescent, 300: notes he wrote at the end of the third century B.C. Figure from myth and trope in Greek and Latin from Italy. The Latin name for *Castor and Pollux who exist from 484 B.C. Dioskouroi is their name in Greek. Poet from Turkey who wrote in Greek. Active ca. 250 B.C. He is associated with the city of *Adramyttium and has eleven poems in the * Palatine Anthology. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 355. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Garland of Meleager. Criticism. Brandt, Sittengeschichte griechenlands, volume 2, 180. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 464: "wrote an epos, The Struggles of Heracles, in which he endeavoured to prove the rather silly idea that the mighty deeds of Heracles are to be ascribed to his love for Eurystheus." Poet and dramatist from Greece writing in Greek. Active 360 B.C. A comic verse dramatist. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary. Criticism. Courouve,Ces petits grecs, 18: re fragments 43 and 50 and re his *lost work The Homosexuals. A person who is strongly emotionally dependent on another, usually older, person. The concept appears in relevant poetry in Greek from Greece from ca. 380 B.C. and later in other languages. Strong *male bonding is implicit in disciple relationships when they occur on an intimate personal level, as, for instance, in the circle of *Oscar Wilde (*Robert Ross was a major disciple of him). They imply a guru, or person who is looked up to (see *Guru Nanak). See also *Beloved Disciple. Compare *male bonding, *Männerbunde. Disciple relationships can be intellectual: see *Foucault. English: see *Christopher Brennan, *Calamites, *Abraham Crowley, *Harry Hooton, *Cecil Day-Lewis, *Ben Jonson, *Charles Olson (see Jonathan Williams and *Gerrit Lansing; see also *Edward Dahlberg), *Mateship, *Sons of Ben, *Walt Whitman (Whitman had many disciples - see John Burroughs, *Horace Traubel for the United States; *R. M. Bucke in Canada; *Edward Carpenter in Great Britain; *Bernard O'dowd and J. le Gay Brereton in Australia), *Oscar Wilde. German: see *Stefan George, *George Kreis, *Karl Wolfshehl. Greek: see *Plato re his * Symposium (ca. 380 B.C.), *Socrates, *Bion, Jesus Christ, * Gospels, John the Disciple. Chinese: 'Confucianism. Japanese: *Pupils of Basho, *Sora, *Masaoka Shiki, *Ryokan, *Zen Buddhism. Persian: strong disciple relationships occurred in *Sufi poetry. Sanskrit and Hindi. All guru relationships and poetry associated with religions in which they occur are relevant if they have a subliminated homosexual element; see *Kabir, *Hymns, *Dadu, *Sikhism, *Guru Nanak. Bengali: see *Ramakrishna. Puniabi: see *Sikhism, *Guru Nanak, *Ramakrishna. For India and all indian languages see *Mysticism - India. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion : see "Discipleship" and "Disciples of Christ". A journal and now CD ROM from the United States in English listing and describing new theses. In existence from 1938. It is possible to search Dissertation Abstracts, called DA in scholarly literature, for theses dealing with homosexuality, including critical works discussing poetry. When published in paper form as a journal it was previously called Dissertation Abstracts International (Ann Arbor, United States; coverage was from 1935). It was called Microfilm Abstracts from 1935 to 1951 and Dissertation Abstracts from 1952 and then Dissertation Abstracts International. A CD called Dissertations Abstracts exists from 1993 which includes material referenced from 1861. The same company also abstracts Masters theses. Dissertations in many European universties were written in Latin up to the twentieth century (see *Rudolf Beyer) and are documented from 1815. A check of library catalogs in Europe in 1989 revealed that many of these Latin dissertations were published in small numbers and some deal with homosexuality: see dissertations at the University of Paris, Sorbonne, *Paris. Some references were found in the papers of *Georges Herelle (see Latin entries below). English. For recently published material see the United States based *MLA (Modern Language Association) annual bibliography now published on CD Rom. * Dissertation Abstracts International is the largest computer database. Latin. See * Anacreontea, *Aristotle, *Ephebe (1815 thesis, the earliest relevant so far), *Ganymede, *Historical and social background - Latin, *J. Hutton, *Pederasty, *Platonic Love, *Shakespeare. Divan poets - Turkish, Persian, Arabic (also spelt diwan) Divan means a collection of the works of a poet; a divan was a couch on the floor and the word comes from the custom of sitting on it to recite poetry. The term is especially employed in Turkish from Turkey but also in Arabic, Persian, Urdu and other written Islamic languages. In the Penguin Book of Turkish Verse, p. 39, a divan (sometimes spelt diwan) is defined as "a collection of works of one poet in a variety of forms". From ca. 1400. Turkish. Poets who wrote traditional poetry under the *Ottoman empire wrote divans and were called Divan poets. Some of these poets were homosexual or wrote love poems addressed to males e. g., *Nedim, *Baki. *Pederasty was a major form of homosexuality exhibited by them in their poetry. See 'Anthologies - Turkish. German: see *Goethe. English: see *Edwin Morgan. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1950-1992. *Black poet who lives in New York and has published two novels and a book of poems, Change of Territory (1983). He contracted *Aids (see James White Review vol. 9 no. 2, p. 2) and died in 1992. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Gay Histories and Cultures. Gay Poetry Anthologies. In the Life 119, 142; biog., 251. Road Before Us, 33; biog., 175. Poets for Life, 61-64. Brother to Brother, 14--47: a *dramatic monologue on *Aids; biog., 271. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 773-74. Poet possibly from Iraq who wrote in Arabic. Active ca. 683. A writer of *satire and one of the great poets of the Umayyad period who wrote 683-84. His love poetry does not reflect any strong emotional attachment to any woman. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, volume 2, 479-80: "Djarir". Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Criticism. *Arthur Wormhoudt, "Classic Arabic Poetry", *Gay Books Bulletin, no. 4 (Fall 1980), 24: re a slanging match of more than a hundred poems in which he accuses his opponent *al-Farazdaq of homosexuality in "explicit, almost pornographic detail". Critic from Algeria writing in French. Active 1979. See his La poésie amoureuse des Arabes: le cas des Udrites (Alger, 1979), a study of Udritic - i.e. non sexual - love poetry; Chapter 2 discusses the trope of Joseph; bibl. pp. 159-61. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1950-1990. Fine sensitive poems about personal relationships. He spent some time with the Christian brothers, and was a freelance writer in New York and a contributing editor to * Christopher Street in the 1970s. Has published several volumes of poetry including Entre Nous (published by *Little Caesar, 1982) and Powerless: Selected Poems. 1973-1990 (1996), edited by *David Trinidad with introduction by *Dennis Cooper (review: James White Review vol. 14 no. 2, Spring/ Summer 1997, 18-19); the latter volume includes poems on *Aids written 1988-1990. Final volume of poems: Strong Place: Poems (New York, 1992); the Introduction by *David Trinidad discusses his life and his death of *Aids. See the appreciation in James White Review vol.10 no. 2 (Winter 1993). He was in the circle of *Dennis Cooper. For a brief note on his life see Schuyler, Diary, 304: states he was studying for the Episcopalian priesthood at the Yale Divinity School in the two years before his death; on p. 318 there is a note on Christopher Wiss (born 1959), a marketing executive who is stated to have become lovers with Tim Dlugos in 1986. His papers are in the Fales Library, New York University (five boxes); they are described on the internet. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10590: High There, Washington, DC: Some of Us Press, 1973. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 1023-26: same book as Bullough; Je Suis Ein Americano, Los Angeles: Little Caesar press, 1979; Outlines for Three Works, Washington, DC: Lucy and Ethel, 1976; Sounding Back, Washington, DC: Dry Imager, 1974. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Angels of the Lyre, 49-50; biog., 238. Son of the Male Muse, 82-86 (with photo p. 82): includes the love poem "Close" (for *Brad Gooch); biog., 188. Poets for Life, 65. Name of Love, 25-26; biog., 71. Word of Mouth, 276-85. Poet from Russia who wrote in Russia. 1760-1837. A statesman and poet who became Minister of Justice in Russia. He wrote sentimental poems and fables; for male homosexuality see the fables "Two Doves" and "Two Friends". He is discussed in an unpublished paper on Russian gay history by *Simon Karlinsky. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Terras, Handbook of Russian Literature. Criticism. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 649: stated to have been gay. Critic and poet from Great Britain writing in English. 1891-1974. When a Professor in the English Department at Leeds University he tried to seduce the poet James Kirkup (unsucessfully). See the latter's I, of all People (London, 1988), pp. 230-31; Kirkup states he refused his advances and a few days later his fellowship as visiting poet was terminated. He wrote many critical works on eighteenth century writers including *Alexander Pope and an essay * Rochester (London: Leonard and Virginia Woolf, 1926). He married but there were no children. See the festshrift, Of Books and Humankind, edited by John Butt, 1964, for a list of his works. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography 1971-1980. Translator from Latin to English from Great Britain; he was also a publisher of works in English. 1703-1764. The most important British publisher of literary works for the period 1735-64. He published Select Epigrams of *Martial (trans. by William Hay with *Abraham Cowley and others) in 1755 and published other translations of Greek and Latin poets as well as the work of such poets as *Akenside, *Gray and *Pope. Robert Dodsley was also a poet. See Ralph Straus, Robert Dodsley (1910); bibl. of works printed pp. 311-83. (For information on Ralph Straus, who was a friend of Norman Douglas, see Mark Holloway, Norman Douglas, 1976, footnote 85 and the index; he also wrote a book on *Edmund Curll and *George Augustus Sala.) Harry M. Solomon, The Rise of Robert Dodsley (Carbondale, Illinois, 1997) is a detailed study. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1848-1868. Digby Dolben, who attended *Eton with the poet *Robert Bridges, was a handsome undergraduate at *Oxford who entered the Anglican Benedictines and drowned in a river aged twenty. His relationship with *Gerard Manley Hopkins was strongly homosexual on Hopkins part, at least mentally, as *Robert Bernard Martin has pointed out in his biography of Hopkins: see Gerard Manley Hopkins (1991), Chapter 5, pp. 80-97. This work also notes, p. 86, his passionate attachment to the *Etonian Martin Le Marchant Gossehlin though "how much physical intimacy there was between the two boys is not certain'"(p. 89). On page 95 he states "It is impossible to know how much of their emotional natures Hopkins and Dolben confided to each other". Most of Dolben's poems were written 1865-68. Text of the poems. His Poems were published in 1911, edited with a memoir by Robert Bridges and letters to Bridges; the memoir is the fullest biography to date. The poems have been re-edited by Martin Cohen as The Poems and Letters of Digby Mackworth Dolben (London, 1981). His manuscripts are in the University of Exeter. There is a strong homosexual element in his verse. In Cohen's edition, almost all poems are relevant; see especially *"Anacreontic" (no. 28, p. 50) which is openly homosexual; poems 4, "Love, we've lived together" and 6, "Come to me beloved" (both good examples of his style). Poem 36, "On the picture of an Angel by Fra Angelico", points forward to *Uranian poetry. See also "Homo Factus Est". Dolben's poems expressed stronger homosexual feelings than Hopkins's and, as the poems show, he was well aware of the homosexual traditions of Greek and Latin. His religious poems have a strong *mystical tone and there are erotic suggestions in his poems to Jesus Christ. They attempt to elaborate an ethos of homosexual eroticism attuned to *Christianity; unfortunately this attempt was stifled in English almost before it began. For criticism, see the chapter on Dolben in Robert Bernard Martin, Gerard Manley Hopkins (1991), pp. 80-97 (with fine discussion of his poems bringing out their homoeroticism). Not in Oxford Companion to English Literature. Compare *Richard Crashaw. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography: Missing Persons: notes the "strong eroticism" of his poetry and also notes Hopkins' "imperfectly suppressed erotic thoughts of him" (written by Robert Bernard Martin). Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, Volume 2, item 10591: The Poems, London: Frowde, 1911. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1027: same book. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 45-46: two love poems to Edward Manning (who was later Cardinal Manning); biog., 45. Reade, Sexual Heretics, 74-76; see also pp. 11-12. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 61; biog., 117. Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. 1508-1568. He lived in *Venice. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amicizia amorosa, 119-21: poem "To a *Boy"; biog., 117. Reid, Eternal Flame, Volume 1, 230-31 about fucking a youth, from the poem entitled "A Boy". Criticism. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 131: states he wrote *Bernesque poetry with homosexual themes. Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. Ca. 1370-ca. 1432. In his "In Condemnation of Philosophy" there is an attack on homosexuality. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 279-80. Criticism. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 173: wrote *Burchiellesque poetry. Poet and diarist from Great Britain who wrote in English; he later lived in New Zealand. 1811-1887. He had close affectional friendships with two men: Joseph Arnould and *Robert Browning (who wrote the poem "Waring" about their relationship). See his Diary (for 1872-85) edited by E. A. Horsham, London, 1953 (on p. 14 he writes of "my real love for you [Browning] - better love than I supposed I was fit for"); the diary has a long introduction on his life. Domett's diary does not reveal much of his personal life. A poet who left Great Britain to settle in New Zealand, where he wrote the long poem Ranolf andAmohia (London, 1872); he later returned to England where he took up his friendship with Browning and the diary covers this later period of his life. Domett is also the Waring in Browning's poem "The Guardian Angel". Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to New Zealand Literature. Poem in English from Great Britain. Written before 1853. Known from an 1866 printing by *William Dugdale with notes which also included the poem Leon to Arabella, it pretends to be by Byron but is a *forgery in *heroic couplets based on Byron's Don Juan. The poem was ascribed to *George Colman by *G. Wilson Knight, who discussed it in detail in his 1957 work Lord Byron's Marriage; *Doris Langley Moore has argued against this. Its exact author is unknown but it is a major gay work. *Louis Crompton (Journal of Homosexuality, 8 [Spring 1983], 53-71 in " Don Leon, Byron, and Homosexual Law Reform", dates it to around 1833 in its earliest form, possibly being added to at a later date). The 1866 printing is a reprint as it is known to have been in print in 1853: see the Crompton article p. 53. In the absence of earlier editions the closest we can date the text as it exists is: between 1833 and 1866. There is a detailed discussion of the poem in Louis Crompton's Byron and Greek Love (1985), pp. 343-64. The poem mentions many homosexual *tropes and famous homosexuals, argues for homosexuality ("I loved a youth; but *Horace did the same;/ If he's absolved, say, why am I to blame?" - lines 271-72), mentions *flagellation and has Byron sodomizing his wife ("Then turn thee round, indulge a husband's wish,/ And taste with me this truly classic dish" - lines 1248-49) which it hints was the cause of their separation (also hinted at in Leon to Arabella which deals with Byron's separation from his wife). One section refers to the famous gay book-collector, *Richard Heber, who fled England in a homosexual scandal involving a man, Charles Henry Hartshorne (see p. 34 of the London, 1866, printing). For a more accessible printing of the text of Don Leon see *Bernard Grebanier, The Uninhibited Byron, 1970 (see below). There is a 1975 reprint (New York: Arno) of a 1934 *Fortune Press reprint which was suppressed. Criticism: see *Byrne S. Fone. Bibliographies. Ashbee, Bibliography of Prohibited Books, volume one, 189-93: stated to be, p. 189, "a poem entirely in defence of sodomy". Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1029: Don Leon in *Bernard Grebanier, The Uninhibited Byron: An Account of His Sexual Confusion, New York: Crown, 1970. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 41. Hidden Heritage, 169-79. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 250-57 (a selection). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 45-46 (under George Colman). Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 226-37 (extracts from the poem). Criticism. Smith, Love in Earnest, 40, f. 15. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1993. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Absolutely Queer, 3-4 (poem about *Aids in Ireland). Biographer and critic from Italy who wrote in Latin. Active ca. 350. He wrote a life of *Virgil in which he stated "he was somewhat inclined to *pederasty" and also that Virgil in *Naples "was commonly called Parthenias (i.e. 'Virginia' [Virgin])". This life of Virgil is the source of beliefs that Virgil was homosexual. This work is the first surviving reference to homosexuality in a major European poet in a biography; some passages come from a life of Virgil, now *lost, by Suetonius. The text is translated into English in W. A. Camps, An Introduction to Virgil's Aeneid (1989), pp. 111-20. Donatus was a grammarian who taught St Jerome (the translator of the * Bible into Latin). He also wrote a commentary on Virgil, largely lost. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary: first "Donatus" entry. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English and Latin. 1572-1631. A lyric poet who is regarded as the founder of the *Metaphysical school (so named because of their use of unusual and scientific metaphors). Donne's love poems - e.g. "The Good Morrow", "The Anniversary", "The Sun Rising" - are in many cases *non gender specific. "A Valediction Forbidding Mourning" in its famous compass metaphor could refer to two erect penises (compare *Andrew Marvell). "A Hymn to *Christ at the Author's Last Going into Germany" is strongly homoerotic and *"Sappho to Philaenis" is supposedly a letter from the *lesbian poet. "To Mr *George Herbert" in English and Latin, published with Donne's accompanying seal in John Donne, The Divine Poems, edited by Helen Gardner (1978), pp. 138-47, is a complex poem moving on many levels and showing strong homoaffectionalism. Donne's Satires and Elegies belong to the 1590s (when *Shakespeare wrote his sonnets); his Songs and Sonnets are difficult to date. A major gay reading of Donne has been attempted by *George Klawitter: he finds Donne penned very explicitly loving sentiments to another man in early verse letters and later love poems can be read homosexually. Married and converted from the Roman *Catholic religion to the Church of England, John Donne became in 1621, under the Duke of Buckingham, the homosexual favourite of James I, Dean of St Paul's, the cathedral church of London, and was famous for his sermons. In 1601 he married Ann More who died in 1617 giving birth to their twelfth child. There was a revival of interest in Donne and the Metaphysical poets in the twentieth century led by *T. S. Eliot and others. Adequate texts of Donne's poems were only published in the twentieth century by Dame Helen Gardner and Wesley Milgate, a bachelor Professor of English at the University of Sydney. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Criticism. Journal of Homosexuality vol. 23 no. 1-2, 85-102: article on his "Verse Letters to T. W." [ i.e. Thomas Woodward] by *George Klawitter (states it shows a homoerotic undercurrent in his friendship with T. W.) Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1886-1961. See *H. D., her initials, and the name she wrote under. Word in Greek from Greece which became a gay trope in English and German from 1830 with gay reference. This word is used with homosexual connotations, originally referring to the idea that the Dorians, who invaded Greece in 1100 B.C. first brought homosexuality to ancient Greece, an idea which first appeared in German in O. Muller's Die Dorien, 1824 - a work which was translated into English as History and Antiquities of the Doric Race (Oxford, 1830): see Chapter 4, pp. 296-313 especially pp. 306-13. See also E. Bethe, "Die dorische Knabenliabe", Rheinisches Museum für Philologie, vol. 62 (1907), 438-75 (later reprinted as a pamphlet). (On Bethe, born 1863, see his entry in Neue deutsche Biographie.) The Dorian concept was used by *J. A. Symonds in A Problem in Greek Ethics. The name was used with homosexual connotations by *Oscar Wilde for the title of his novel The Picture of Dorian Gray (1890), where the first name of the hero was Dorian. See also *Brocard Sewell. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Ioläus (1902), 16-20. Poet from the United States whow wrote in English. 1929-1999. A member of the *Black Mountain Group and a close friend of *Charles Olson. In 24 Love Songs (1969), the love poems are *non gender specific. Poem 8 refers to "the problematic figure of youth/.. of a past love,../ and there he is"; however, Poem 21 refers to "she" and Poem 23 to "Jenny". A charming love sequence of thirty-two pages beautifully printed and dedicated "to J.D." (who could be the Jenny of the cycle). He has written a *long poem Slinger in four books, 1968-77, whose hero is a *cowboy. The poem is called Slinger on the title page and Gunslinger on the spine of the 1975 first complete edition, Wingbow Press, Berkeley. The poem exhibits strong homosexual undertones in the relationship between the narrator and the hero. *David H. Perkins, History of Modern Poetry, volume two, pp. 51214, outlines his career. He married. A close friend of *Charles Olson. Obituary: Sydney Morning Herald, 21 December 1999, 31. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10596: 24 Love Songs, San Francisco: Frontier Press, 1969. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1953. Turtle (published by David R. Godine, 1987) was his first book of poems (review: James White Review vol. 5 no. 2, Winter 1989, 4 by *George Klawitter; see also the letter in reply James White Review vol. 6 no. 4, Summer 1989, 14). "Charlie Howard's Descent", in this volume, is about the murder of a gay Maine man who was thrown into a river by three teenage gay bashers. Bethlehem in Broad Daylight (1991) is his second book. My Alexandria (1993) is a book of poems about the city of *Alexandria which has been well received. The book features poems about the death of a lover, a life companion. Reviews: New York Times Book Review, 5 November, 1995, 25; Times Literary Supplement, 5 January, 1996, 22. A recent Guggenheim fellow, his books have won prizes including the Gay Men's Poetry award in the Lambda Literary Awards for 1996 for Atlantis. James Fenton wrote a review of his books of poetry in the New York Review of Books in 1998. The volume of poems Sweet Machine: Poems was published in 1998 and a memoir of his lover, Wally Roberts, Heaven's Coast in 1997. Sweet Machine: Poems was one of the 25 "Books to Remember" of the *New York Public Library for 1998. In the James White Review in 1999 he had an exchange with *J. D. McClatchy in which he defended the writing of explicit gay poetry. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poets for Life, 66-67: poem "Tiara" about the death of a *transvestite; biog., 234. Name of Love, 60-61: "The Death of *Antinous"; biog., 71. Badboy Book, 107; biog., 385: states he lives in Provincetown, Rhode Island. A Day for a Lay, 238-47; biog., 238: states he lives in Provincetown with his partner Paul Lisicky. The World in Us: Lesbian and Gay Poetry of the Next Wave, 74-84; biog., 362-63. Word of Mouth, 343-51. Poet, critic, autobiographer and letter writer from Great Britain who wrote in English; he was also a translator from English to French. 1B7Q-1945. Famous as the lover of 'Oscar Wilde, Lord Alfred Douglas, the younger son of the Marquis of Queensberry, was also a very fine gay poet up to 1B96. He was educated at 'Oxford where he edited a gay journal The Spirit Lamp (1B92-93). He became intimate with Wilde at this time. Wilde's trial on homosexual charges in 1B95 and subsequent two year imprisonment occurred because of Wilde suing the Marquis of Queensberry (who disapproved of the relationship of his son and Wilde). The Marquis had left a business card for Wilde accusing him of being a sodomite. Douglas's oldest brother Drumlanrig, heir to the Queensberry title, who was suspected of a homosexual relationship with Lord Rosebery, Foreign Minister in the government of Gladstone and later, in 1B94, Prime Minister, had shot himself in 1B94 (see Richard Ellmann, Oscar Wilde, 19B7, 3B1, 423-24). An article by Douglas on his relationship with Wilde appeared in the Revue Blanche, June 1B96. After the Wilde debacle, Douglas married in 19Q2 and had a son. (He and Wilde met in 'Naples after Wilde was released but the renewal of their friendship was not a success.) Douglas's Poems (Paris, 'Mercure de France, 1B96), is the only authortative text of his early poems; it is in English with a French prose translation by 'Eugène Tardieu printed opposite the English text of each poem (reprinted Bruges, 19QB). The volume is rare. Poems in this work are openly gay and the volume is a gay masterpiece, revealing him to have been at his best a finer gay poet than Wilde: see for instance, "Perkin Warbeck" pp. 2B-49, "Jonquil and Fleur-de-Lys" pp. 7B-1Q1 (a very fine 'ballad), "Prince Charming" pp. 1Q2-Q3, "Sicilian Love Song" pp. 121-21, "Rondeau" pp. 136-37, "Rejected" pp. 13B-41 (with 'Apollo trope); see also "In Praise of Shame" pp. 22-23 and "Two Loves" pp. 1Q4-11Q. The poems reveal he loved Wilde deeply and was grief stricken at his imprisonment. His most famous poem "Two Loves" - containing what would become a famous line referring to homosexuality, "The love that dares not speak its name" - was first published in the gay journal The 'Chameleon, December 1B94, later republished in the 1B96 Poems but it was not republished until 1935 when the text was altered. It was quoted at Wilde's trial, as was Douglas's poem "In Praise of Shame". The French translation in this volume opposite the English text made the poems accessible on the continent from Portugal to Greece and Russia to South America (the scandal of the Wilde trial encouraged interest in Douglas everywhere it was reported). Douglas was a high church Anglican 19Q7-191Q, when he edited and later owned the journal The Academy but became a Roman 'Catholic in 1911. His attitude to homosexuality changed after his conversion and he became anti-gay. He also published the following books of poems: The City of the Soul (1B99), ' Sonnets (19Q9), Collected Poems (1919) and Collected 'Satires, 1926 (in this work see especially The Rossiad, inspired by his feud with 'Robert Ross who publicly accused him of being responsible for Wilde's misfortunes). He translated Wilde's play Salomé into French in 1B94. His later poetry is not gay poetry and homosexual themes are only incidental. The seventeen sonnets he wrote after being imprisoned nine months in 1923 for libelling Winston Churchill, "In Excelsis" are amongst the best poems he wrote. A book of criticism, The True History of 'Shakespeare's Sonnets, was published in 1933. He fought several 'libel cases and many feuds, one of which trials landed him in 'prison for six months. It is commonly agreed by biographers that Wilde was infatuated with Douglas and that Douglas treated Wilde capriciously; Douglas was also widely regarded as an unlikeable person, self-centered and shallow. Bibliography: see Montgomery Hyde's biography below for a discussion of manuscripts and a list of published books. Text of poems. Censorship has occurred, and no complete text of the poems exists; the Mercure de France text of 1B96 is still the best for the early poems. The Collected Poems of 1919 omits much; in this volume see "To Shakespeare, "To L--", "Jonquil and Fleur-de -lys", "In Memoriam: Francis Archibald Douglas" (about the death of his oldest brother Drumlanrig, heir to the Queensberry title, who was suspected of a homosexual relationship with Lord Rosebery, Foreign Minister in the government of Gladstone and later, in 1B94, Prime Minister: see Richard Ellmann, Oscar Wilde, 19B7, 3B1, 423-24), "The Dead Poet" (on Oscar Wilde), "Premonition" and "Before a Crucifix". A complete poems is urgently needed. His influence as a gay poet was perhaps stronger on the continent of Europe than in Great Britain. Autobiography. Several works were written - Oscar Wilde and Myself ( 1914), The Autobiography (1929), Without Apology (1938) and Oscar Wilde: a summming up (1940). Letters. Those with *George Bernard Shaw have been published, edited by *Mary Hyde. Wilde wrote a long letter to him from prison, De Profundis, in which he sought to make sense of the tragedy of his imprisonment. Biography. There are several biographies - by William Freeman (1948), *Rupert Croft-Cooke (1963), 'Montgomery Hyde (1984; very thorough, with excellent bibl. pp. 255-5B) and 'Douglas Murray (2QQQ) - the finest to date. There is also much information on him in 'Richard Ellmann's life of Wilde. See also Montgomery Hyde's The Marquess of Queensberry, Oscar Wilde and the Black Douglas (1949). Poems on him were writtern by 'Aleister Crowley and 'George Sylvester Viereck. See also 'T. H. Fokker and 'Christopher Brennan (author of a parody on his autobiography). Translation. Poems. French: trans. in the 1896 Mercure de France edition by *Eugène Tardieu; a work titled Poems was translated by Francis d'Avilla (1937). Translations of Oscar Wilde and Myself. French: trans. Arnold van Gennep (1930); German: trans. Elsie McCalman (1929). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 326-27. Howes, Broadcasting It. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Murray, Catalogue of Selected Books, items 2Q-21: The City of the Soul, 1B99 and Poems, Paris, 1B96. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 1Q597-9B: Lyrics, London: Rich and Cowan, 1935 and Poèmes [sic], Paris: 'Mercure de France, 1B96. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 1Q4Q-42, 1Q45-46: De Profundis and Other Poems, Amsterdam: Sub Signo Libelli, 1976, Hymn to Physical Beauty, Amsterdam: Sub Signo Libelli, 1976, Lyrics, London: Rich and Cowan, 1935, Poems, Paris: Mercure de France, 1B96, The Sonnets of Lord Alfred Douglas, London: the Richards Press, 1943. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 332-35. Reade, Sexual Heretics, 36Q-62, 417 ("Rondeau" from Poems, 1B96). L'amour bleu, 1B7. Rosen, Gay Life and Gay Writers, 46: "Two Loves". Hidden Heritage, 194-96. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 262-65. Les Amours masculines, 1B7. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 93-95. Poems of Love and Liberation, 13. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 295-97: "Two Loves" (1B94). A Day for a Lay, 17-19; biog., 17 - called "an accomplished minor poet". Criticism. Raffalovich, Uranisme et unisexualité, 279-B1. Smith, Love in Earnest, 244 (bibl). Poet from the United States writing in English. Active before 1982. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1048: Gay weather, privately printed, no date (*postcard). Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1920-1944. A *war poet. In William Scammell, Keith Douglas: A Study (1988), see p. 6: notes he was suspected of homosexuality at school where he was something of an *aesthete. States he later had sexual relations with several women in *Cairo. Published poems are heterosexual. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography: Missing Persons: he died unmarried in World War II. Editor, critic, philosopher, poet (though only in a minor way), novelist and autobiographer writing in English from Great Britain who lived mainly in Italy from 1897 but also in Russia and Portugal. 1868-1952. Though best known as a novelist and prose writer of several unusual books, he published a poem in Experiments (1925) and edited a series of bawdy limericks, Some Limericks, which he collected and which achieved an underground notoriety from the 1930s and is his main achievement in the field of poetry. A famous - indeed notorious - homosexual who had a *pedophile side, though it is perhaps more accurate to call him a *pederast. He married and had two children and was famous as a personality becoming a cult figure; many gay book *collectors collect everything on him. Douglas was apparently heterosexual until 1897 (at least in the opinion of *Richard Aldington) when he ostensibly became homosexual; he believed it was possible to go from heterosexuality to homosexuality, but not vice versa. He lived in exile away from Great Britain for most of his life mostly in Italy, especially in *Florence and *Capri, where he was known as an *epicurean - the philosophical side of his personality - who enjoyed Tine company and food. He appears in the work of *Compton Mackenzie (who wrote novels set on Capri in the 1920s). His actual Christian names were George Norman. Norman Douglas wrote twenty-four books: see *Cecil Woolf, A Bibliography of Norman Douglas (London, 1954). Ralph D. Lindeman, Norman Douglas (New York, 1965) also has a list of his published works. He died on Capri, where he lived in the latter part of his life and where he is buried. South Wind (1917), in which he expressed much of his philosophy of life through the three characters, Keith, Count Caloveglia and Eames, has little that is openly homosexual. It is partly based on Capri but also the island of *Ischia and Sorrento on the nearby Italian mainland (see James Money, Capri: Island of Pleasure, 1986, p. 140); the novel was translated into several *European languages. London Street Games (1916; revised edition 1931), which he edited, is the first book to seriously look at children's songs; it has some poems, though none is homosexual. Birds and Beasts of the *Greek Anthology, a study of the * Palatine Anthology from the viewpoint of birds and animals in the Palatine Anthology was privately printed (Florence, 1927) by Douglas and his friend *Pino Orioli (it has been reprinted). It is an example of the curious knowledge which attracted him. It contained poetry translations by *Elllingham Brooks (two homopoems appear) relating to the birds and beasts it discusses and shows the closest acquaintanceship with the * Palatine Anthology. (Douglas's interest in the Palatine Anthology may have come from its homosexual poems and especially the *pederastic ones of Book 12, the *Mousa Paidike.) For his pederasty see *Harold Acton, Memoirs of an Aesthete, 1948, p. 388, who hints at it, and Constantine Fitzgibbon, "Norman Douglas", Encounter 43 (1974), 23-47. Constantine Fitzgibbon wrote a life of Douglas in Norman Douglas: A Pictorial Record (London, 1953). Douglas had to flee England in 1917 after being charged with soliciting a youth in the Natural Science Museum, Kensington, London (see Mark Holloway, Norman Douglas, 1976, 229-32). He also fled from France, Austria and twice from Florence for similar reasons. The persons involved were teenagers around the age of pubescence and at least one was a girl; he has been called by some a pedophile though pederast seems more accurate. Some Limericks (Florence: the author, 1928), though it is mostly heterosexual in ambience, contains several brilliant homo *limericks: in the edition Boston, 1942 (probably identical with the original edition) see, for instance, the limericks on pp. 65-68, 76-77, 85, 9091, 94-96 (others are relevant). The work is a comic masterpiece and each limerick contains a critical commentary which *parodies serious criticism. The work owes much to Italian traditions of bawdy inspired by the rigidity of the Catholic church - such authors as *Beccadelli, of whom Douglas must have known. Many reprints of the book exist. He wrote a celebrated work on *aphrodisiacs Paneros: Some Words on Aprhrodisiacs and the Like (1931). The title is a joining of two words *Pan and *Eros and is printed as *Pan-eros on the spine of some copies. Douglas is most famous as one of the most notorious homosexuals of his time (at least to the British and to English language readers). *R. M. Dawkins in Norman Douglas, London, 1952 (repr. from the study published Florence, 1933, published under the name Richard MacGillivray - his first two names) correctly characterizes him as a latter day hellenist (see *hellenism). (Dawkins, Director of the British School in Athens and later, from 1919, Professor off Byzantine and Modern Greek at *Oxford university was a friend of *Frederick Rolfe and appears to have been gay: see *Donald Weeks, Corvo, 1971, pp. 268-83.) The fascination of the British, and latterly gays in general with him, lies in the fact that he was a homosexual who led a relatively open lifestyle (but not in his own country; he lad to live in Italy, where homosexual relations were legal, in contrast to Great Britain where they were completely illegal during Douglas's lifetime.) His critical works herald deconstructionism: he always took an unusual point of view or presented an unusual perspective of any subject he wrote about and even the form of many of his books is unusual. In espousing epicureanism he highlights the *Puritanism which characterized British and American life of his time. Like *Oscar Wilde he was a forerunner of *gay liberation but, unlike Wilde, he had the sense to flee Great Britain rather than be persecuted under its unjust laws. He was also well known as a gourmet and was a friend of the writer of cookery books, Elizabeth David. Autobiography: Looking Back: An Autobiographical Excursion (1933); in this work Douglas examines the calling cards of people he has met and recalls them. Biography: see *Mark Holloway, Norman Douglas, 1976 - the fullest account of his life, unfortunately lacking a bibliography. His homosexuality was first disclosed by John Davenport in the introduction to the printing of Douglas's Old Calabria (London, 1955), p. xi. There are many reminiscences of Douglas which are biographical, e.g., by *Richard Aldington. See also *Louis Golding. Manuscripts. *Yale University has some of his manuscripts. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionary of Literary Biography, volume 34. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 327-28. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10599: Some Limericks, New York: privately printed, 1928 [the first edition was published by the author in Florence in 1928 in an edition of 110 copies and this date is incorrect: see Mark Holloway, Norman Douglas, London, 1976, 367]; also lists an edition New York: Grove Press, 1967. Pia, Les Livres de l'Enfer, vol. 2, column 1241: Some Limericks, Boston: Nicholson and Whitmey, 1942. Young, Male Homosexual in Literaure, second edition, item 1051: Some Limericks Collected for the Use of Students, and Ensplendour'd with Introduction, Geographical Index, and with Notes Explanatory and Critical, privately printed, 1928. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 24 (trans. of the Greek poet *Straton), 58 (trans. of *Rhianus). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 92. Translator from Greek to English. 1873-after 1937. He translated from the Greek The Songs of *Meleager (1937) with *Frederick Rolfe; the * National Union Catalog says the author is Sholto Osborne Gordon Douglas, born 1873, and this information has been used for his dates. Sholto Douglas and Rolfe corresponded. Criticism. Smith, Love in Earnest, 29, 183-84 (probably the poem from Dawn without Daylight, London, 1926, p. 57), and 199, f. 74. Historian and editor of Greek works from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1920. His book Greek Homosexuality (Oxford, 1978) is a discussion of homosexuality in fifth century Athens based on the speech of *Aeschines at the trial of Timarchus for homosexuality (Italian trans. by M. Menghi, 1985; trans. into Greek in 1990). As the author was an Oxford don, it made male homosexuality, formerly a taboo subject apart from Commentaries on writers, a serious field of research in ancient Greek in academic circles. There is some careful discussion of the literature (see pp. 57-60 on poetry), a lexis of Greek words (pp. 238-40), and it includes reference to many Greek documents (pp. 223-27) as well as a list of vases depicting homosexuality discussed in the book (pp. 205-225) with photographs of Greek vases depicting male homosex including *anal sex in the concluding section. Dover has been influential. He is a careful scholar, widely respected in his field, who has also edited *Plato's Symposium, Cambridge, 1980 (see pp.3-5 of this work for a discussion of homosexuality). He also edited a selection of *Theocritus and has written significant articles listed below (see also Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, below). Although a milestone of sorts, the limitations of this work must be taken into account. Greek Homosexuality, despite its title, deals with only one document in one city, Athens, in one century (the fifth century). Dover's statement that "the reciprocal desire of partners belonging to the same-age category is virtually unknown in Greek homosexuality", for instance, is not supportable. It neglects much evidence from Greek vases of fifth century Athens where *satyr and *symposium scenes are shown in which the partners are of the same age. Ancient Greek poetry, such as the Idylls of *Theocritus also features men of the same age, while in many cases of homopoetry the ages are simply not known. In *Homer's * Iliad even the Greeks themselves were divided on the ages of Achilles and Patroclus in fifth century Athens - see the *Achilles and Patroclus entry. Another weakness of the book is that its argument is based on the analysis of one speech (at a trial where Aeschines seeks to get Timarchus convicted of alleged homosexual offences). Nevertheless, the book was a groundbreaking study. For a critique of Dover see J. R. Ungaretti, "Demoralizing Dover", Journal of Homosexuality vol .8 no.1 (Fall 1982), 1-17. Dover's Greek Homosexuality in its illustrations presented the edidence for homosexuality from the Greek vases cataloged by *J. D. Beazley. This evidence still needs to be assessed in relation to Greek poetry. Marginal Comment: A Memoir (1994) is autobiographical. He also wrote "Classical Greek Attitudes to Sexual Behaviour", Arethusa vol. 6 no.1, (Spring 1973), pp. 59 ff. and "Greek Homosexuality and Initiation" in The Greeks and their Legacy: Collected Papers, volume 2, Oxford, 1988, pp. 115-134. See also *Law - Greek. Interview: see The Advocate, 14 February 1989, 56-58, where he states he had "a lot of sexual play with other boys around the age of 10, 11, 12" but is not a practicing homosexual. He is also the author of Aristophanic Comedy (London, 1972); see *Aristophanes. Dictionaries and Encycloepdias. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Bibliographies. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, items 491-92. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Hidden Heritage, 75-78. Bibliographer from the United States writing in English. Active 1971. Author of A Bibliography of works by *Allen Ginsberg 1943 to 1967, San Francisco: City Lights, 1971, 343 pp. One of the most detailed bibliographies of a gay poet ever, for the period covered. Compare *Michelle P. Kraus who covers the bibliography of Ginsberg 1967-77. Down on the face and coming of the beard Trope in Greek from ancient Greece and later in Arabic, Persian, Hebrew and Urdu. It refers to the first growth of a beard, usually marking the onset of adolescence and making a youth less desirable. From ca. 500 B.C. Greek. First mentioned by *Aeschylus (525-456 B.C.), it is later a motif in the * Mousa Paidike (see *Sonya Lida). Arabic: see Woods, Articulate Flesh: Male Homo-eroticism and Modern Poetry, 35. Poets: see *Abu Nuwas, *Ben Rasiq, *Abd Allah Ibn Sara, *Ibn Abd Rabbihi, *al-lsra'ili. Wright, Homoeroticism in Classical Arabic Literature, 192-209. Hebrew: see *Jefrim Schirmann, "The Ephebe in Medieval Hebrew Poetry", Sefarad I5 (1955), 59 - re *Yehuda Halevi and probably ibn Saddiq. See also *Arie Schippers. Persian: see *Ehsan Yarshater, "Persian Poetry in the Timurid and Safavid Periods", in Peter Jackson, editor, Cambridge History of Iran, volume 6, The Timurid and Safavid Periods, 1976, 973. Poet: see *Obeyd Zakani. Wright, Homoeroticism in Classical Arabic Literature, 192-209. Urdu: *C. M. Naim, "The Theme of Homosexual (Pederastic) Love in Pre-Modern Urdu Poetry", in Studies in the Urdu Gazal and Prose Fiction, edited by M. U. Memon, 1979, 122: states many verses refer to it; see p. 124 re the poets *Hatim, *Sauda and *Qa'im; p. 125 re *Abru's homosexual * masnavi. Rahman, "Boy love in the Urdu ghazal", Paidika vol. 2 no. 1 (1989), 1719: extensive discussion with quotations from poems. See also *Zauq (pseud.). In contemporary television beards have come to symbolize gays: see the entry in Howes, Broadcasting It "Beard". Writer on myth and religion from the United States writing in English. Active 1989. Author of Myths and Mysteries of Same-Sex Love (New York, 1989), an analysis of the ideas of *Freud and Jung in relation to mythology and psychology in the widest sense (e.g. *Ganymede pp. 148-54, *Apollo pp. 154-59, Same-sex love in the age of *heroes pp. 168-83). It also includes discussion of the Greek poet *Sappho in Chapter 14 and the poet and philosopher *Plato in Chapters 15 (The *Symposium ) and 16. The work is a major discussion of *homosexuality in terms of myth - see Chapter 1. Lover from Ireland relating to works in English; he later lived in the United States. Ca. 1845-1907. The companion and almost certainly lover in a physical sense of *Walt Whitman 1866-1873; a famous photograph of them together in 1865 exists (see *Charler Shively, Calamus Lovers, 1987, p. 98). On what is known about him (with an interview in 1895) see *Charley Shively, Calamus Lovers, 1987, pp. 98-121. He was a working class youth whom Whitman met in Washington. He never married and is buried in Washington. For Doyle's letters to Whitman, see Calamus: a series of letters written during the years 1868-1880 by Walt Whitman to a young friend (Peter Doyle), edited by *R. M. Bucke (1897; repr. Folcroft Library Editions, 1972). The text of the letters to Peter Doyle is also in volume 5 of the 1902 Complete Works edited by R. M. Bucke and others; it has also been reprinted separately. John Gill wrote a book of poems on him and John Vernon the novel Peter Doyle: A Novel, 1991. He inspired a poem in French by Jean Cocteau. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 61. Dr Collyer, Piper and the Baths Poem in English from Great Britain. Published probably in London in 1823. About a visit of the clergyman Dr. Collyer to the *bathhouse near Addington Square, Camberwell, where, as the poem relates, he picked up a man and took him to a room nearby and they had sexual relations. The poem seems to have been written by an opponent of Dr. Collyer to discredit him. It is a single page *broadsheet stated to be written "By a Friend of an Eyewitness". The * British LIbrary General Catalogue lists three pamphlets on this affair entered under Collyer, one written by Dr. Collyer, a preacher who went on preaching until 1854. A copy of the poem is in the *Cornell University Library (sold to the library by *Burton Weiss). Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1963. Author of The Night Larry Kramer Kissed Me (New York,1993): a performance sequence in poetry, seemingly about a gay man's journey of self discovery. Larry Kramer is a New York gay activist and dramatist. Illustrated with photographs. Historian and critic writing in English. Active 1966-1975. Author of the book Boys for Sale: A Study of the Prostitution of Young Boys, New York, 1975, (with *Dennis Drew). This study of *pederasty and *pedophilia has much material on *dancing boys in the middle east with critic comment and is a primary source on this material. He is the author of an article in the International Journal of Greek Love vol. 1 no. 2 (1966), 13-27: "'Le Vice' in Turkey" (this discusses homosexuality in Turkey, referring to *Sultans and lewd *songs performed by *dancing boys). Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1795-1820. He collaborated with *Fitz-Greene Halleck on a poem The Croakers (1819). Halleck wrote a moving *elegy on his death. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Dictionary of American Biography. Criticism. See Martin, Homosexual Tradition in American Poetry, 93. Poet from Trinidad and Tobago; he lives in the United States. Active 1991. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 34-35: "Love Lesson #1" (about a former lover who died of *Aids); biog .,175 - *black poet who lives in *New York. Genre in Greek from Egypt and later in *east-Asian languages and English. From ca. 280 B.C. The dramatic monologue is a form of poetry in which the speaker is an invented person (sometimes the poet speaking in his own person); it offers a perfect strategy to disguise homosexuality. *Love poems written in the persona of a woman are a type of dramatic monologue. English: *Surrey, *Tennyson, *C. J. Dennis, *T. S. Eliot (his 'sequence The Waste Land is a series of dramatic monologues), *Geoffrey Lehmann. Greek: "Theocritus's "Idyll 12" (circa 280 B.C.) is the first example; see also *Bion, *Yannis Ritsos. Chinese. Korean. Japanese and Vietnamese: see *Love poems written in the persona of a woman. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics: see "Monologue". Poet from Australia who wrote in English. 1948-1973. Michael Dransfield was the best known poet of the group called the *Generation of 68 and published his first book of poetry in 1970 at the time of the beginnnings of *gay liberation in Australia. While he had relationships with two females he was homosexual at times and may even even have worked as a homosexual prostitute to support his drug habit (information from a person who knew him closely). A Tine biography by Pat Dobrez is titled: The Lives of Michael Dransfield (Sydney, 1999); see discussion of his homosexual experiences pp. 484-85. This autobiography does not satisfactorily deal with his sexuality; while the work makes clear he had sexual relationships with women it does not explain the extent to which he was homosexual (if this can ever be satisfactorily explained). He was also involved with *drugs, notably heroine (which led to his death at the age of 24). As Michael Dransfield told lies or rather obfuscated the truth (Pat Dobrez to the author; see also his Courland Penders poems which are based on a fabulous house allegedly owned by his family) many stories emanating from him cannot be relied on - e. g. one that he was only homosexual and did not have sex with women. He is known to have had sex with other males than those mentioned in Pat Dobrez's biography. For homosexual poems see the poems "Memoirs of a Velvet Urinal" (CollectedPoems, p. 159), "Interjections" (ibid., p. 197), "Is this how whales?/for Garth" (ibid., p. 169) - all first published in the 1975 volume Memoirs of a Velvet Urinal; "King Ludwig's Swans", in Drug Poems, pp. 66-68, based on *Ludwig II the homosexual king of Bavaria (Collected Poems, pp. 154-56). "Peter" (Collected Poems, pp. 287-90) and "Assignation" (ibid., p. 310), both from the posthumously published Voyage into Solitude (1978) are also relevant. "Bi shits revisited", in The Second Month of Spring (St Lucia, 1980, pp. 74 and 83) (Collected Poems , pp 369-70), as the note on p. 83 states, refers to a review by *David Malouf. The Collected Poems gathers the poems only in the published volumes and a complete poems is needed, collating all manuscripts and published works. He was strongly influenced by *Rimbaud, but also by many other poets - e.g. *Swinburne and the United States *Beat writers such as *Ginsberg. A major critical study of the poet has been written by Livio Dobrez, the husband of his autobiographer Pat Dobrez, titled Parnassus Mad Ward: Michael Dransfield and the New Australian Poetry (St Lucia, Queensland, Australia, 1990): see p. 2 re the poem "A Useless Thing" (Collected Poems, p168) and homosexuality. Manuscripts, including poetry, are in The National Library and the Fryer Library, Univerisity of Queensland, and in private collections. His letters to *Tom Shapcott (restricted) are in the Fryer Library. Letters in which Dransfield compares himself to *Rimbaud and Shapcott to *Verlaine are quoted extensively in Pat Dobrez's biography. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Australian Dictionary of Biography vol.14: no mention of his homosexuality (written by Pat Dobrez). Hurley, Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Dessaix, Australian Lesbian and Gay Writing, 347, 356. Language family from India. From 100 B.C. There are four main Dravidian languages, all of which are spoken in southern India. They include *Tamil which has the largest number of speakers and an ancient literature. Tamil has strongly influenced other languages of India such as Sanskrit though in the case of Sanskrit it is claimed that Sanskrit influenced Tamil more than Tamil influenced Sanskrit (see *Overview - Tamil). The other languages are *Telugu, *Kannada (also called Kanarese) and *Malayalam. Other languages with smaller numbers of speakers exist. Tamil and Telugu have the greatest number of speakers. The Dravidian languages all have strong oral traditions (see *hijras) and strong traditions of erotic poetry which have not been investigated for homosexuality. See K. V. Zbelebil, Dravidian Linguistics (Pondicherry, 1990). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Katzner, Languages of the World, 4. Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1563-1631. His most famous *sonnet, "Since there's no help", from his sequence Idea (1593 and 1619), is *non gender specific but little is known of his personal life. Piers Gaveston (1593) is a *long poem which describes the love of Piers and Edward, Prince of Wales (later Edward II), a subject also treated by *Christopher Marlowe; Edward's lament (Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, pp. 146-47) is especially fine. The poem was later revised and shortened. His Idea, the Shepherd's Garland (1593) was inspired by *Spenser's Shepherd's Calendar; it consists of nine eclogues and includes an *elegy for *Sir Philip Sidney in "Eclogue 4". He was homosexual in the opinion of *Gershon Legman (meeting with Gershon Legman, 4 April 1989). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionary of National Biography: by A. H. Bullen stating "he lived and died a bachelor", p. 9; states he is mentioned under the name of good Rowland in *Barnfield's Affectionate Shepherd, p. 12, and in a letter he states the two Beaumonts, *Francis Beaumont and Sir John Beaumont and *William Browne are his "good companions and bosom friends" (p. 12). Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 49: "Liebesgeschichte" [Love poetry]. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10600: The Legend of Piers Gaveston, London, 1593. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1063: same book. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 28-29. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 142-47: Piers Gaveston, lines 211-70, 313-24, 403-44, 469-515. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 137 (sonnet from Idea, "To nothing fitter can I thee compare"), 177 (Sonnet "Since there's no help, come, let us kiss and part - "), 201-02 (Piers Gaveston, lines 469 - 510). Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 163-68; from Piers Gaveston. Criticism. Norton, Homosexual Literary Tradition, 359-61; describing Piers Gaveston, p. 361, as "the first real defense of homosexual love in English literature". Bredbeck, Sodomy and Interpretation, 11-12: re "The Moone-calfe". Poet from Germany who wrote in German. Active before 1964. No entry in the *British Library General Catalogue. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 50: poem "Mein Knabe (Du mein geliebter Knabe)"; no other information given. Historian and critic writing in English. Active 1966. Nothing is known of this man including whether this is his real name. See Jonathan Drake (pseud.) with whom he collaborated on the book Boys for Sale. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1905-1976. Educated at *Oxford where he was an *aesthete and wrote poetry, he was an Anglo-Catholic, later joined the *Communist Party and was subsequently a Labour Party member of parliament. He married briefly and continuously enjoyed a swashbuckling gay lifestyle (e.g., constant visits to public *toilets for sex). He was finally made a life peer. Biography: see Francis Wheen, Tom Driberg, 1991 (Francis Wheen says on the dustjacket he has been a book reviewer for * Gay News.) The biography is entertaining and well written. Poems by Driberg are reproduced in it, pp. 32, 56, 300-01, and poems inspired by Driberg are also included (e.g. by John Betjeman pp. 50-52); see also *Osbert Lancaster. He was the model for the main character in *Compton Mackenzie's novel Thin Ice (1956) and a close friend of *W. H. Auden and John Betjeman. His memoirs are: Ruling Passions, 1977; this work, one of the finest autobiographies of a gay poet in English, is, however, unfinished. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography 1971-80 : by Gerald Irvine and mentioning his homosexuality. Howes, Broadcasting It. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Trope in Hebrew from Spain and Syria. From ca. 1200. The practice is related to the phenomenon known as deep kissing, or soul kissing. In poetry, saliva may be a metaphor for sperm and the practice in poetry of "drinking" the saliva of another person by kissing is thus metaphorically analogous to *fellatio and *oral sex. For Hebrew see references in *Norman Roth. See also *wine drinking. In Persian, *Omar Khayyam and other poets may refer. Poems in Arabic,Turkish and Urdu may contain references. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poems of Love and Liberation, 61. Songs in Latin from Italy and Germany. From ca. 1100. Songs which are homosexual and are associated with all male drinking parties date from the time of *Petronius: see *cinaedic songs (these songs were sung by male dancers at all male banquets). *Student drinking songs with homosexual connotations date from the Carmina Burana (12/13th century); there is a long tradition in European universities of Latin student songs and song books probably exist, unedited in libraries. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 320 - citing *goliardic poets and * Carmina Burana. Anthology in Slovenian from Slovenia. Ljubljana: Aleph, 1989, 187 pages. Afterword by Brane Mozetic pp. 167-71; there is a list poets in the order in which they are printed, with brief biographical information on them pp. 172-87. The first anthology of gay and lesbian poetry in Slovenian. It consists of twentieth century poets only and was compiled by *Brane Mozetic. It is an excellent anthology of gay poems translated into Slovenian, both by gay males and lesbians; there are no Slovenian poets included. Poems are translated from English, Dutch, German, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Greek, Polish and Russian. Only male gay poets have been listed in this encyclopedia. The title means "the crush of glass in the mouth". Editor in English from the United States. Active ca. 1940. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10601: editor of Stag lines, the anthology of virile verses, New York: Phoenix Press, 1940, 396 pp. Poet from the Netherlands writing in Dutch. Active 19BB. Book of poems: Ik rim en dicht als jij je hemdje licht, 19BB, 75pp. Source: 'Prinz Eisenherz (editors), Lyrik . Pseudonym of *George Fisher a bookseller mainly of English language books. Ca. 1945-1990. Drugs as a motif or trope of gay poetry occurs in Arabic, French, English and Greek. References date from 800 in Arabic from Iraq. Ababic. *Hashish is commonly taken in the Arab world and has been associated with poetry from *Abu Nuwas (active 800 in Iraq). English. Australia: see *Michael Dransfield, 'Generation of 68, *Buffy Bright. Great Britain: see *Coleridge, *Count Stenbock. United States. The *Beat poets used drugs (see *Allen Ginsberg); see also *Harold Norse, *Stephen Jonas (pseud.), *Dennis Cooper, *Marc Almond, *Hunce Voelcker. French: see *Rimbaud, *Verlaine, *Jacques d'Adelswärd Fersen, *Cocteau. Greek: *Napoleon Lapathiotis. Drug taking (for instance, amyl nitrate) may have increased the exposure of gays to *Aids. For opium, a drug smoked widely in China, see in English. *Samuel Taylor Coleridge, *Count Eric Stenbock, *Harold Acton and in French. *Count Fersen and *Jean Cocteau. Chinese poets may be relevant as opium was widely smoked, especially from the nineteenth century to 1948. Marijuana is widely taken in the contemporary world (for instance by the Beats, e.g., *Allen Ginsberg). Heroine is a much more strongly addictive drug: see *Michael Dransfield. Cocaine is another drug which has been widely taken in the 1980s and 1990s (*Georg T rakl took it earlier; see also *Lesbian and Gay Archives of New Zealand regarding *Alexande Turnbull, founder of the National Library of New Zealand). Since wine is also a drug see also *Wine drinking. Joseph Long is a poet who works as a nurse in the area of drugs. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 330-34. Poet from Brazil who wrote in Portuguese. 1902-1987. Associated with the *modernist movement and considered by many to be the greatest Brazilian twentieth century poet; active as a poet from 1930. He married and had children. He translated the Spanish poet *Federico García Lorca. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Contemporary Authors, vol.123 (obituary). Contemporary Authors , vol. 132. Dictionary of Brazilian Literature; this entry reveals an unpublished collection of erotic verse. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poemas do amor maldito, 25; biog., 24. Criticism. Trevisan, Perverts in Paradise, 108: stated to be an important poet who wrote poems "inspired or connected with homosexual love" in Poemas do amor maldito. Drummond of Hawthornden, William Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1585-1649. Born at the Manor of Hawthornden near Edinburgh, after education at Edinburgh University he travelled in Europe, acquiring a knowledge of French and Italian. He married in 1632, aged 49, and had nine children. He was the close friend of *Ben Jonson, who walked from *London to Scotland to visit him 1618-19 and also corresponded with *Michael Drayton. A list of his books in Edinburgh University survives, The Library of William Drummond of Hawthornden (1971). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionary of National Biography. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1073: The Poems, London, 1894. Criticism. Norton, Homosexual Literary Tradition, 215-17: re the tropes *Hylas, *Adonis and *Narcissus (see his poem "Iolas Epitaph"), *Ganymede ("Sonnet 49"), *Adonis ("The Rose") and Jesus Christ ("An hymn to the Fairest Fair"). Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English; translator from Latin and Greek to English. 1631-1700. *Restoration dramatist and poet. He translated part of Virgil's Aeneid, including the homosexual *Nisus and Euryalus episode (1697): see Works, edited by H. T. Swedenberg, volume 3, Poems 1685-92, Berkeley, 1969, pp. 19-34. The use of the *Nisus and Euryalus trope in the lyric poem "To the Memory of Mr Oldham" (1684) seems to imply that the poet John Oldham was gay, though the usage is not conclusive; the poem certainly shows close *male bonding between Dryden and Oldham. "On the Death of Amyntas: A *Pastoral *Elegy" (which did not appear until 1704) has homosexual feeling. "*Alexis, A Pastoral", 1697, is the name of his translation of Virgil's gay poem, the "Second Eclogue". He translated the Latin poet Juvenal's Satires 1, 3, 6, 10, and 16 and *Lucretius (beginning with line 1052 of Book 4). The Juvenal translations are in The Works (1974), volume 4. He also translated, with Pope and Congreve, parts of *Ovid's Metamorphoses and Ars Amatoria and the Greek poet *Theocritus. The poem "I feed a flame within, which so torments me", uttered by a woman in the play Secret Love in Act 4 Scene 2 could be read differently in isolation if read by a gay man. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1081: citing the play An Evening's Love, or, The Mock Astrologer, London: T. N. for Henry Herringman, 1671(in prose). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 83-85: trans. of the "Second *Eclogue" of *Virgil (1697). Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 180: "I feed a flame which so torments me". Poet from France who wrote in French. 1522-1560. He wrote the first French *sonnets and defended the French language as a medium for writing. The lady in his sonnet sequence has not been identified. Claude Courouve, Fragments 4: 1478-1881, Paris: the author, 1981, p.11, notes stigmatisation of homosex. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Duroc, Homosexuels et lesbiennes illustrés, 53. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Les Amours masculines, 84-85: three *sonnets on mignons of *Henri III. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 399: "Sonnet 138" (*Ganymede trope) and "Sonnet 139" re minions. Pour tout l'amour des hommes, 54-55. Poet from South Africa who wrote in Afrikaans. Born 1900. Some poems are relevant (two South African sources, including *Stephen Gray, to the author). Poetry not examined. Active as a poet from 1937. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Poem in French from France. Before 1300. Criticism. *Gerald Herman, "The 'Sin Against Nature' and its Echoes In Medieval French Literature", Annuale Mediaevale 17 (1976), 83-85: re sodomy between a priest and knight in this fabliau (the text is in A. Montaiglon and G. Raynaud, Recueil General.. des Fabliaux des XIIIe etXIVe Siecles, ii 220-230). Poem in French from France. Before 1300. Criticism. *Gerald Herman, "The 'Sin Against Nature' and its Echoes In Medieval French Literature", Annuale Mediaevale 17 (1976), 85-86: re negative attitude of knights to *sodomy in this fabliau (A. Montaiglon and G. Raynaud, Recueil General.. des Fabliaux des XIIIe et XIVe Siecles, ii 220-230) Poem from Vietnam writing in Vietnamese. Born 1930. The publication of a book of poems by this poet in 1992 in Ho Chi Minh City (formerly called Saigon) caused a scandal because of a poem referring to homosexuality (sources in Vietnam to the author in 1995). No copy of this book was found in any United States research library in 1995 and no trace of such a volume could be found elsewhere. He appears to have translated plays of Shakespeare into Vietnamese. The *Library of Congress holds a selection of Shakespeare's comedies translated by him into Vietnamese; it also holds another book by him called in Vietnamese, Song of Life, Hanoi, 1962. In 1997 he lived in Hanoi and is believed to be an art critic. Historian and critic from the United States. Born 1930. Author of Black Mountain: An Exploration in Continuity, 1972, which first noted homosexuality and homosexual undercurrents at *Black Mountain College (1933-56) e.g., see pp. 79-8, 330-33; see also *Paul Goodman, John Cage, *Charles Olson. He was the editor with Martha Vicinus and George Chauncey of Hidden from History (New York, 1989), a major survey of recent English language scholarship about gay history; in this work he published a chapter, pp. 153-68, on homosexuality in the United States *South. He was one of the first academics in the United States to be openly gay, a member of the Gay Academic Union and is the director of Gay Studies at City University of New York as well as being a prolific writer. From 1981 he published a column on gay history in the New York Native. Interview: Leyland, Gay Sunshine Interviews, volume 2, pp. 55-75; biog., notes p. 56. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. City in Ireland where the main spoken languages are English and Irish. Material of relevance dates from ca. 1732. Dublin is the capital of the republic of Ireland. It was an important printing center in the eightenth-century (see *William King regarding a 1732 work and Juvenal regarding a 1741 printing). *Oscar Wilde was raised in the city; his trial in 1895 was viewed by some as much as being persecution of an Irish person as persecution of a gay person. His trial made him an Irish martyr as well as being a gay one. The Jesuit poet *Gerard Manley Hopkins was briefly a resident 1884-89. A noted series of gay scandals in 1884 involved men working at Dublin Castle, the seat of British government. James Joyce came from the city (though he lived in Europe for most of his life). The Irish patriot *Sir Roger Casement, who wrote poetry, was born near Dublin. The gay journal Identity has been published there since 1982. See also James Liddy and *Sigma (pseud.). Editor from Germany of works in Greek and possibly a translator from Greek to Latin. 1802-1867. He edited a three volume edition of the Greek * Palatine Anthology, Epigrammatum anthologia graeca, 1864-90, with translations into Latin prose by various translators, titled Epigrammatum anthologia palatina. This was the edition used by *Paul Brandt and James Hutton. It was the major edition of the ninteenth century of the Palatine Anthology. It is not known whether Dubner did any of the translations. The *Mousa Paidike was not translated. Poet from France who wrote in French. 1846-1870. The real name of a poet who used the pseudonym *Comte de Lautreamont (suggested by a novel of Eugene Sue) - see the Lautremont entry. Critic from France writing in French. Active 1954. He used the pseudonym, some think, of *Marc Daniel: see that entry. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1979. She wrote book reviews for Time Magazine. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1089: Memorials of the Quick and the Dead, London: Hamish Hamilton, 1979: see the poem "For Benjamin Britten: A Baroque *Elegy", 66-67 (about the death of the gay British composer). Poet possibly from the United States writing in English. Active before 1982. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1091: Gay Freedom Now!, privately printed, no date (*postcard). Publisher from Great Britain of works in English. 1800-1868. Stephen Marcus, The Other Victorians (1966), pp. 73-76, has a discussion of his life and career. A prolific publisher of erotica, he spent a good deal of time in *prison, where he died. He was the publisher of * Don Leon (1866). Bibliographies. Ashbee, Bibliography of Prohibited Books, volume one (see the index which has extensive reference); volume two, 344: cited for publishing *Rochester's Poems using the pseudonym H. Smith; volume 3 (see Index). Translator from Latin to English living in Australia. Born 1949. A poet of the *generation of 68. He is a translator of The Epigrams of the Latin poet *Martial (Melbourne: Scripsi, 1989): see VII, lXII, "The minister anxious" (p. 32) (*Austlit record 150182). This last reads: "The minister, anxious/ to disclaim homosexuality,/ Turned Queen's evidence." The translations are versions based very loosely on Martial; homosexuality does not figure as highly in the translations as it does in the original. Bibliographies Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Pseudonym of an historian from Germany who wrote in German. 1B72-1922. The pseudonym of 'Iwan Bloch. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 5Q. Hayn, Gotendorf, Bibliotheca Germanorum Erotica, vol. 7, 32: real name disclosed. Pseudonym of a poet and novelist from the United States writing in English. 1909-1988. See Daniel Tsang, The Age Taboo (Boston 1981), p. 170: cites two prose works one of which, Vice Versa (New York: Coltsfoot Press, 1976) is a "chronicle of a man's amorous adventures with male adolecsents" which he states is a sequel to the other work, Dukahz' earlier novel The Asbestos Diary (1966). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 540; 467: makes clear the name is a pseudonym and states free verse poems are scattered through his books. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1872-1906. He is said to have been a lover of one of the Wright Brothers, who made the first aeroplane flight (in 1903) - see Jim Kepner, From the Closet of History, 1984, p. 3. If this is correct, he is therefore the first known black poet linked with homosexuality so far. A writer active as a poet from 1893, he was very famous as the first major *black poet and very popular. In Lyrics of Lowly Life, New York (first published 1896), 1902, see "The Dilettante: A modern Type", p.112 and "We Wear the Mask", p.167. Many poems are heterosexual. He married in 1898. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Dictionary of American Biography. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Ca. 1456-ca. 1513. A *Scots poet who was a Franciscan friar but left the order; some of his poetry is noted for its *misogyny. His rival was *Walter Kennedy. His poem "The Dance of the Seven Deadly Sins", 1507, has homosexual reference. The poem, however, may not be by Dunbar. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionary of National Biography. Criticism. Norton, Homosexual Literary Tradition, 142, citing "The Dance of the Seven Deadly Sins" where Lechery and Idleness "led thay uthir by the tersis" (led each other by the penis). (The next line also states they "fidgeted with their arses"; Norton's translation of the line "fucked with their arses" is incorrect but some of the sense.) Bray, Homosexuality in Renaissance England, 19 (re footnote 24 and Walter Kennedy), 143. Duncan, Robert A gay poet in the *post modernist school from *San Francisco who was strongly influenced by *Charles Olson, a close friend. He was closely associated with the San Francisco renaissance (with Jack Spicer and *Robin Blaser). He has been openly gay since 1944 when he published an article "The Homosexual in Society" in the journal Politics. Major volumes with gay material include Roots and Branches, 1964, and Bending the Bow, 1968. Some *broadsheet poems are known e.g. "My mother would be a falconer" (with *Oedipal undertones). A concise well-edited selection of poems is Robert Duncan: Selected Poems, edited by Robert J. Bertolf, 1993 (review: James White Review, vol. 11 no 4, summer 1994, 16 by Jim Cory). The artist Jess Collins was his partner from 1951. He has been a noted exponent of *open form and has both influenced and been influenced by Charles Olson: see "Towards an Open Universe" and "Notes on Poetics Regarding Olson's Maximus", in Fictive Certainties: Essays (New York, 1985) pp. 76-88 and 68-75. Interviews: The Advocate no. 397 (with *Robert Gluck); The Advocate no. 195, 28 July, 1976, 31. Leyland, Gay Sunshine Interviews, volume 2, 75-94. Bioaraphv: see *Egbert Faas,The young Robert Duncan, 1983 (this reprints "The Homosexual in Society"). He was married in his twenties. He greatly influenced the Australian poet *Robert Adamson. Obituary. The Advocate no. 495, 28 March 1988, pp. 38 and 63; this notes he wrote fourteen books of poetry. Criticism in general: see Robert J. Bertholf and Ian W. Reid, Robert Duncan and the Scales of the Marvellous, 1979; this includes *Thom Gunn, "Homosexuality in the Poetry of Robert Duncan", pp. 143-60. Ironwood no. 22 (1983) is a special Duncan Issue; in this issue see especially "Robert Duncan and the Gay Community", pp. 66-82. See also "Criticism in homosexual terms" below. Translation. A German translation of selected poems by Reinhard Harbaum exists titled Die Gesang des Achilleus und andere Gedichte (1993). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Dictionary of Literary Biography vol. 5. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 334-35. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10603-06: Bending the Bow, New York: New Directions, 1968 ("Strongly influenced later gay poets"), Caesar's Gate, Berkeley, CA: Sand Dollar, 1972, Roots and Branches, New York: Scribner's, 1964, "Poems from the Margins of Thom Gunn's 'Moly'", Manroot 9:32-38, Fall 1973. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 1098-1106: same books as Bullough plus Derivations, London: Fulcrum, 1968, The First Decade, London: Fulcrum, 1968, Fragments of a Disordered Devotion, San Francisco: Gnomon, 1966, The Opening of the Field, New York: Grove, 1960, Poems from the Margins of Thom Gunn's Moly, San Francisco: Ground Work, Supplement 1, 1971, Roots and Branches, New York: Scribner's, 1964 and The Years As Catches: First Poems (1939-46), Berkeley: Oyez, 1966; item 3602 (with Jack Spicer): An Ode and Arcadia, Berkeley: Ark Press, 1974. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Male Muse, 23-27; biog., 119. Angels of the Lyre, 51-53; biog., 238. Fra mann til mann, 64. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 330. Drobci stekla v ustih, 77. Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, 96-98; biog., 96. Book of Sodom, 271-72: poem "This Place Rumord to Have Been Sodom". Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 684-90. A Day for a Lay, 72-76. Word of Mouth, 20-31. Criticism in homosexual terms. Martin, Homosexual Tradition in American Poetry, 170-79. Woods, Articulate Flesh: Male Homo-eroticism and Modern Poetry, 31: states his poem "'The Torso' ranks with the most acute love poems of the century" (for "The Torso", see Bending the Bow, London, 1971, 63-65). Woods, History of Gay Literature, 300. Woods, History of Gay Literature, 300-01. Library in China with works in Chinese, Tibetan and other languages. The library was sealed ca. 1000 but works date from some centuries before. Dunhuang is the site of a major collection of manuscripts discovered in the early twentieth century where several Buddhist libraries were hidden in caves subsequently walled up. The manuscripts were preserved there due to the dryness of the climate and they remain largely unassessed by scholars, though catalogs have been made. They are scattered around the world in China, Taiwan, *Paris, *St Petersburg and *London. One homosexual poem of major importance has been found so far: see *Po Hsing-Chien. Most works are in Chinese and Tibetan and relate to *Buddhism. Between 30,000 and 40,000 manuscripts at least are known. The earliest dated manuscript is 406 and the latest 1002. The British Library is assembling a database of all known works from the site, which is available through its internet site. These manuscripts constitute possibly one of the richest unexplored sources for homosexuality in the *Sinitic languages as well as other central Asian languages. See "Notes on Tun-huang Manuscripts in Paris and London" by Woodbridge Bingham, Far Eastern Quarterly vol. 11 (1951-52), pp. 67-69. Early published books and manuscripts have also been found at other central Asian sites along the Silk Road, such as the Turfan depression. This material is leading to a reassessment of early printing since mechanically produced block books have been found as well as handwritten manuscripts. More homosexual material may be found when it is all assessed. Material from Turfan exists in 17 languages, some *Altaic (for instance, old Turkic), some *Sinitic (for instance, Tangut which is an early form of Tibetan; the language was reconstructed from blockbooks found on the site) and some *Indo-European (for instance, Tocharian A and Tocharian B). See the entry on "Turfan" in Great Soviet Encyclopedia. For information on the languages see entries in the Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Dunhuang (*Pinyin spelling) is spelt Tun-huang in *Wade Giles. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, vol. 1, 185-86: "Tun-huang". Kindlers neues Literatur Lexikon, vol. 18; with very important bibliography. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1978. Gay Poetry Anthologies. We Bumped Off Your Friend the Poet, 16-18. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1942. [*Prinz Eisenherz], editors, Lyrik, cites his book Northlight (1988) with the note that it "includes love poems and political poems as well as a long meditation on the sensorial [sensory?] foundations of art'"; in Northlight the love poem "Love-making by Candlelight", pp. 3 -4, is *non gender specific, the lovers mentioned at the end being women. In Blake Morrison, editor, The Penguin Book of Contemporary British Poetry, 1982, see "Modern Love" p. 52 - non gender specific love poem; biog., p. 201 (states he lives in Hull and has worked as a librarian in Great Britain and the United States). He is married. Poet from Australia who wrote in English. 1895-1963. A figure who moved in *Melbourne bohemian circles. In 1955 he became a *Buddhist priest and wrote the Buddhist poem Into the Radiance. Random Elements, 1943, and No Asterisks: poems, Melbourne, 1944, contain *non gender specific love poems. In "Cafe" (about a bohemian cafe), in Random Elements, the second last stanza, the lines "they pause and fling/ ruttish glances at their table-mate/ or other likely prey" has the possibility of homosexual interpretation as well as heterosexual. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Anthologist, poet and critic from Australia of works in English. Born 1954. Co-editor of the first Australian gay anthology * Edge City. Primarily a writer of short stories, he published some poems, e.g. in the broadsheet Carrionflower Writ published by Javant Biarujia. He had a poem in the journal Camp Inc when he was sixteen, his first published piece. He has also published two collections of gay short stories, If Blood Should Stain the Lino (Sydney: inVersions,1983) and As If Overnight (Sydney: BlackWattle Press, 1990). He has written reviews in the journal Outrage and the *Sydney gay newspaper, The Star, as well as editing the collection of gay stories Travelling on Love in a Time of Uncertainty (BlackWattle Press, 1991). For the imprint, inVersions, see *journals. (inversion was a word for homosexuality in the early part of the twentieth century, especially in French.) Author of "Gay Writing in Australia", Australian Author vol. 23 no. 4 (Summer 1992), 22-25, which discusses prose of the period 1970-1992. He was the literary editor of the Sydney Star Observer, forerunner of The Star. Biography: see Edge City, p. 221. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Hurley, Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia. Poet from Spain who wrote in Hebrew. Ca. 920-ca 980. The first poet in Hebrew known to us in medieval Spain; he brought Arabic meters to Hebrew. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Criticism. *Norman Roth, "'My Beloved is like a Gazelle': Imagery of the Beloved Boy in Medieval Hebrew Poetry", Hebrew Annual Review, 8 (1984), 148-49: poem using *gazelle trope in the *persona of a woman (with English trams.); the poem is capable of several levels of meaning. Bibliographer from France writing in French. Born ca. 1895. The real name of *Pascal Pia (pseud.) under which name he compiled * Les Livres de l'Enfer, a catalog of the *Enfer which is the most important catalog of the Enfer collection compiled so far. The * British Library General Catalogue to 1975 reveals he was a journalist who wrote a book on the sex life of Karl Marx. On his early life see Curtis Cate, André Malraux (London, 1995), pp. 28-29 (on p. 29 it is disclosed that he used the pseudonym Pascal Pia); see also pp. 117-18 and the index. As Pascal Pia he appears in the anthology of erotic poems La Quintessence satyrique du XXe siècle, 2 volumes, [1926] compiled by *André Malraux. Bibliographies. Pia, Les Livres de l'Enfer: for works edited or compiled by him, consult the index of names at the end under Pascal Pia (there are twenty-six references). Poet from Unted States writing in English. Active 1973. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10607: his name spelt Durant, listing The Ages of J, Santa Barbara, CA: Christopher Books, 1973. Young, Male Homosexual in LIterature, item 1116: same book name spelt Durand. Poet from the United States who wrote in Latin. Ca. 1890?-1957. He wrote the Latin poems used in magic rituals involving *Victor Neuburg and *Aleister Crowley. The text of the poems, which must date from 1914, is given in Francis King, The Magical World of Aleister Crowley, 1977, pp. 83 and 86 (with English translation). He was "foreign correspondent of the New York Times [in Paris].. and was probably the 'priest A B' from whom Crowley had 'received the sacrament' " (ibid., p. 83). Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1990. Author of Daddy, Daddy (Blackstaff, Belfast, 1990), 185 pp.: a long *sequence dealing with homosexual *incest or imagined homosexual incest and somewhat satirical. "Daddy and I were lovers" one poem begins and has the lines "... when I was six /We got married" (quoted in the review in London Review of Books, vol. 13 no. 4, 21 February 1991, 15). The book is dedicated to his father, John James Durcan, 1907-88. Biography: see the long note at the beginning of the book. The author is an Irish poet who has published several books. In The Berlin Wall Cafe, 1985, see the poem: "I was a twelve year old homosexual", which is about Ireland in the 1950s (he states "I gave up homosexuality"). Poet from Croatia who wrote in Serbo-Croat. Ca 1575-1632. From Dubrovnik, then also called Ragusa, he was one of the Ragusan *Petrarchists and wrote Petrarchan sonnets in Italian. He also wrote poems in Serbo-Croatian. See Josip Torbarina, The Italian Influence on the Poets of the Ragusan Republic, 1931. Almost certainly homosexual (Dr Zdenko Zlatar, University of Sydney, to the author). His surname is also given in Italian as Giorgi with the pseudonym Stephanus (Latin for Stephen; it also means "garland") for his surname. Biographer and historian from Belgium writing in French. Active 1983. Author of Homosexuels et lesbiennes illustrés: Dictionnaire anecdotique, Brussels: Les auteurs reunis, 1983, 505 pp., illustrated but lacking an index; bibl. pp. 495-502. A dictionary of illustrious gay and lesbian people including some poets; each entry lists the category in which the person fits and lists their birth and death dates, gives extracts from other authors on them and from their own work if they are an author. Information is not always accurate. Novelist and poet from Great Britain writing in English; he later lived in Egypt. 1912-1990. The Greek poet *Cavafy is a character in his novel Justine (1957), one of the four novels of his Alexandria Quartet, 1957-60; the Quartet is, in Durrell's words, "an investigation of modern love". Durrell lived in *Alexandria. In his Collected Poems (London, 1977), see *"Byron", pp. 27-31. Biography: Ian S. McNiven, Lawrence Durrell: A Biography, 1998. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Gay Histories and Cultures. Translator from English and Polish to Slovenian possibly from Slovenia. Active 19B9. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Drobci stekla v ustih, 92-94 (trans. from English of 'Allen Ginsberg), 15Q-51 ('E. A. Lacey), 15B ('Charles Ortleb), 163-64 (trans. from Polish of 'Grzegorz Musiai). Poet from India who wrote in Bengali; translator from French to Bengali. 1882-1922. A famous Bengali poet who wrote the national song of Bengal which is in all the Bengali school books; his name is also spelt Dalta, Dult and Dulta. He translated poets from English to Bengali including *Verlaine, wrote satires and was famous for being independent. He was one of the few Bengali poets to resist the influence of *Tagore. He may have been gay in the opinion of some Bengali speakers (a private source to the author); however no conclusive evidence has been produced. Biography: see Sukumar Sen, History of Bengali Literature, New Delhi, 1971, pp. 304-07; name spelt Datta. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature : see "Dutta, Satyen". Historian from Australia writing in English. 1922-1998. A man of letters, formerly a lecturer in English at the University of Adelaide. In The Innovators: The Sydney alternatives in the rise of modern art, literature and ideas (Melbourne, 1986), see p. 49 regarding homosexuality in the paintings of *Donald Friend and James Gleeson and pp. 80-1 re *Douglas Stewart and *David Campbell being hostile to homosexuality. This book is important for its frank reference to male homosexuality in literature and art by a heterosexual. In his autobiography Out in the Open (1994) he discusses his friendship with *Patrick White. The author, who was twice married, is an example of a heterosexual who has no difficulty accepting homosexuality and had a healthy attitude to homosexuality. Obituary: Sydney Morning Herald, Friday 18 September, 1998, 8. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1752-1817. See his poem The Trial of Faith. Text: in Elihu Smith, editor, American Poems, Litchfield, 1793 (reprinted from the New Haven Gazette and the Connecticut Magazine, 1786); the poem has not been reprinted. Dwight, a clergyman, was President of *Yale 1795-1817, grandson of Jonathan Edwards and, with Joel Barlow, one of the Connecticut Wits (also called the Hartford Wits). He married. The Trial of Faith is a typical embodiment of hom0sexual feeling in a severely repressive society characterized by *Puritanism. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 471. Criticism. Foster, "Beauty's Purple Flame: Some Minor American Gay Poets", Gay Books Bulletin no. 7 (1982) 15, 18: descriptions of beautiful boys, strongly homoerotic, in The Trial of Faith, based on the biblical story of Daniel (quoted p. 15) - a line from this poem gave S. W. Foster the title for his article "Beauty's *purple flame". Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1543-1607. An Intimate friend of the poets 'Sir Philip Sidney and 'Fulke Greville. See the poem "Prometheus when first from heaven" about 'kissing, addressed to Sidney (with strong lecherous implications in the use of the 'satyr trope and also the 'angel trope). See also the reply by Sidney: "A satyr once did run away for dread" (stating he is "thy satyr, dearest Dyer"). His most famous poem, "My mind to me a kingdom is" (1588), which shows the influence of 'Platonism, may not be by him. He also wrote an 'elegy on the death of 'Sir Philip Sidney, "Silence augmenteth grief" ("his life was my spring tide"). Only thirteen poems survive: see R. M. Sargent, At the Court fo Elizabeth: The Life and Lyrics of Edward Dyer, 1935. He wrote ca. 1565-ca. 1585 and despair characterizes his poems. No manuscript poems survive. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionary of National Biography: noting "Ben Jonson told Drummond that Dyer died unmarried". Gay Poetry Anthologies. Ioläus (1902),127: re attachment to Sidney. Bibliographer, biographer, historian and critic from the United States writing in English. Born 1934. One of the greatest living gay bibliographers, he is one of the finest gay scholars since *Magnus Hirschfeld and comparable to him in influence regarding homosexuality. He compiled Homosexuality: A Research Guide, 1987, an annotated checklist of articles, a major reference tool on the social background to homosexuality and the most detailed bibliography to 1987. It does not cover literature. This is the most comprehensive bibliography on homosexuality ever compiled by one person before the bibliography of *Gary Simes, which relies on the work. He works as an academic in New York teaching art history at Hunter College and formerly ran a series of gay seminars at Columbia University; his main field of interest was *medieval Europe. He lived in Europe for some years where he worked on the Encyclopedia of World Art. In Gay Books Bulletin no.10 (Winter 1984), 16-22, see his "A Bibliography of Bibliographies of Homosexuality" which was the starting point for Homosexuality: A Research Guide (reprinted in Italian in Sodoma no. 2, 1985, 39-54 with additional Italian items). He was the main editor and driving force behind The *Encyclopedia of Homosexuality (2 volumes, 1990) which he conceived (the coeditors were *Warren Johansson and *William Percy). He wrote some 200 articles of the 770 in the encyclopedia, including many biographic and critical entries on literary figures, e.g. *W. H. Auden, Jack Kerouac, Jack Spicer, *Marquis de Sade and general articles such as *Middle Ages and *Sadomasochism. The Encyclopedia was the source of some controversy over its treatment of lesbians; it was reviewed in the Journal of Homosexuality vol. 20 no. 4 (1991), 81-9. He is the author also of Homolexis (New York: Gay Academic Union, 1985), a major study of gay words in English (e.g. *gay, *homosexual, *Ganymede) with lists of words in other languages pp. 174-77 and a bibliography of dictionaries pp. 152-63 (this is the most comprehensive list of gay related dictionaries ever compiled). He has edited an eight volume series of articles on homosexuality for Garland Press: see, for example, Homosexual Themes in Literary Studies, 1992, Asian Homosexualities, 1992, and Ethnographic Studies of Homosexuality, 1992 (all edited with Stephen Donaldson [ca. 1950-1996] who died of *Aids), the latter two being collections of anthropological articles. His Major Lines of Investigation in Gay/Lesbian Studies, New York, 1992 (written with Stephen Donaldson), 112 pp., is a major bibliographical research tool; see pp. 41-44 on poetry. Portuguese: see Gay Books Bulletin vol. 1 no. 2 (Summer 1979), 20-22: "The Masks of Consciousness of *Fernando Pessoa" (a critical article). See also *Words - Portuguese. Spanish: see *Words - Spanish. He has an important collection of gay books and journals and a large scholarly library. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature ; by *Warren Johansson. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Translator from French to English from Australia. Active 1927. Translator into English of the Persian poet * The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam (translated from the French of *J. B. Nicholas). It is titled The Songs of Omar the Tentmaker: A Selection from The Quatrains of Omar Khayyam, Sydney: William Brooks, 1916, 56 pp. (includes introduction); there is an enlarged edition of 1927, 138 pp. An example of an Australian imprint of a book capable of being seen as a gay work. No information has been found concerning this author. Translator from Persian to English. Active 1924. Possibly he is *E. C. Lefroy. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 20: trans. of the Persian poet *Hafiz into English ("No tongue can express/ What means the separation from a *friend!") and *Sa'di ("Who shall impute it as a fault/ That I am enchanted by my friend?"). Translator from Greek and Latin to English. Active 1924. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 8-9, 16: trans. of the Greek poets *Anacreon, *Pindar, and *Rhianus into English; 14: trans. of the Latin poet *Tibullus. Possibly *E. E. Slocum the editor of Men and Boys. Pseudonym of a critic from Great Britain who wrote in English. Active 1579. The writer of the "glosse" on The Shepherd's Calendar (1579) by *Edmund Spenser. The glosse constitutes the first work of criticism of English poetry in homosexual terms. E. K. is almost universally accepted as being Spenser himself. See also *William Webbe. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active 1953. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Keine Zeit für gute Freunde, 144-45: poem "Die Zuch thausmauer spricht"; 156-57: poem "Kaleidoskop der Nacht". Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Active 1924. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 68: poem *"Boy". Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 512: same poem. East coast United States poets and entries - English Poets from the north-east states of the United States writing in English. This mainly means poets from *New England, *New York, *Philadelphia and *Boston (founded in 1620) in which cities most east coast gay poetry has originated. Major poets include *Walt Whitman, *Allen Ginsberg and *Frank O'Hara. See the article "In Search of a Muse: The Politics of Gay Poetry: East" by *Rudy Kikel in The *Advocate 342 (13 May 1982) 22, 24, 27. Collection of poems from Canada in English. Before 1982. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1129: Toronto, Cedar Point Press, no date; called an anthology. No poets listed. Homosexuality in Canada, first edition (1979), 17: states *Douglas Brooker is believed to be in this collection. Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (1984), 138: lists the book with no reason. Apparently included in the bibliographies because it contains relevant poems by Douglas Booker. Not sighted. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active 1980. Gay Poetry Anthologies. *Maldoror im blauen Mond. Lover from Germany relating to works in German. Active before 1898. Aparently the lover of *K. H. Ulrichs. The work by Ulrichs in which he is mentioned, Memnon, was originally published in 1898. Eberhard is a Christian name - i.e. first name - in German. See also the biography of Ulrichs by *Hubert Kennedy (though no references to Eberhard have been found in this work). The name may be a pseudonym Gay Poetry Anthologie s. Ioläus (1902), 158-59 ("And lips have learned to meet each other/ And kisses mute exchanged"): two verses quoted from Memnon, 1898. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1904. In Collected Poems 1930-76 see "A New England Bachelor", pp. 248-49 re *Oedipus Complex ("I was killed by my father/ And married to my mother"; "I was/ Always afraid of women"). See also "Centennial for *Whitman", London Magazine vol. 2 no. 10 (October 1955), 37-40; printed in Collected Poems, pp. 160-63. In Ian Hamilton, Robert Lowell (1982), see the letter by *Robert Lowell to the poet quoted on p. 58: "If you mention my relapsing into the soft arms of a Harvard background, I'll ask you about becoming a celibate in a fancy boarding school". Richard Eberhart taught Robert Lowell at school. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Poet and critic from the United States writing in English. Born 1947. Book of poems: What Has Been Lost. As a critic, see *Harold Norse. See *Robert K. Martin for criticism on him. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Angels of the Lyre, 54-56; biog., 239. Orgasms of Light, 62; biog., 251: stating he is an original member of the *Good Gay Poets and lives in Boston. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 646. Badboy Book, 111: poem "Phone Sex"; biog., 385. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1955. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10608: two poems from ONE Magazine 3: 2829, October 1955, "The years are many" and "Song from the Persian". Poet from Germany who wrote in German. 1900-1970. A known homosexual poet who was attacked as a homosexual in the Nazi pres. However he lived with his partner throughout the Nazi era in a chalet in Bavaria. See Lothar Machtan, The Hidden Hitler (2001), pp. 22, 244-46, 236-40. For information on him see his entry in WIlhelm Kosch, editor, Deutsches Literatur-Lexikon, Bern and Munich, 1970. Genre in Latin from Italy, spreading to French, German and English. From ca. 40 B.C. Eclogue is the English word (from the Latin) for * bucolics (or idylls from the Greek eidos, shape, form, literary form) which are *pastoral poems (see this entry for a discussion of what is meant by pastorals). Virgil's "Second Eclogue", an openly homosexual dialogue, was the most influential of the classical poems from a gay point of view, because, while, from the Renaissance, most educated people read Latin, few read Greek. Later eclogues are based on *Virgil's Eclogues in Latin and works by *Theocritus, of which there were many English translations and translations into other *European languages (see *Virgil, *Theocritus). Eclogues contain homosexual episodes; the context can be bisexual overall. English. They exist from 'Alexander Barclay (published 1515) mostly in the 'Elizabethan period. Eclogues in English were usually called idylls in the *Renaissance. For writers see *Pastoral poets, of which the first writer was *Alexander Barclay (active 1515). The movement continued into the seventeenth century with *Marvell and eventually the poetry of *Thomas Gray showed its influence. 'Whitman has been claimed for the tradition, though by his time the eclogue tradition had transformed into nature poetry. French: see 'Louis Grandin. German: see 'Stefan George. Latin: see 'Gottschalk, 'Nemesianus. Poems in Norse from Iceland. A group of poems dating 900-1200 but written down only at the end of this period. Homosexuality is referred to in several edda usually in relation to effeminacy. References are to passive homosexuality (allegations of passive homosexuality in the poems are a way of insulting a man - e.g., in the first song of Helgi Hundingsbani - see *Thorkil Vanggaard). However, *Havamal can be interpreted in a positive way in relation to homosexuality. See also * Thrymskvitha, *Harbarthslioth, *Lokasenna and *K. Friele. English translation: U. Dronke (1969), Caroline Larrington (1997). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature, vol. 1, 187-88: "Poetic Edda". Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Edge City on Two Different Plans: A Collection of Lesbian and Gay Writing from Australia Anthology from Australia in English. Sydney: Sydney Gay Writers Collective, 1983, 223 pages. The first Australian gay anthology, consisting of poetry and stories by both men and women. Edited by *Margaret Bradstock, *Gary Dunne, *Dave Sargent and Louise Wakeling (biog., p. 223). Male poets (see entries): Javant Biarujia, Ian C. Birks, Joseph Chetcuti, Rae Desmond Jones, Jeremy Fisher, Denis Gallagher, Don Maynard, Tony Page, Geoff Pearce, Dave Sargent, John Schwartzkoff, Graham Simmonds, Philip Stevenson. Also included was the British poet *Ivor C. Treby. Review: The Age Monthly Review, July 1984, 5-7 by *Paul Knobel (reply by three of the four editors, August, 1995). See also *publishers. City in Great Britain where the main spoken language us English. From ca. 1620. The largest city and capital of Scotland, the northernmost province of Great Britain which province has its own parliament from 1999, having previously ceded this privilege in the Act of Union in 1707. Homosexual interest dates from *Drummond of Hawthornden (active 1620). See also *Mark Akenside. Edinburgh was an imprtant printing centre in the nineteenth century e.g., see * Anacreon done into English. The writers *André Raffalovich and John Gray lived in Edinburgh from 1900 to 1930. *Tragara Press (1954+) publishes *eighteen-nineties material. The *Scots gay anthology * And Thus Will I Freely Sing was published there. See also *Walter Perie, *Christopher Whyte, *D. S. Bailey, Journals - English, *Scots Poets. First edition of a published work; the phrase is normally used of Greek and Latin works published from manuscript from ca. 1469, initially in Italy and later in other European countries and the United States. The phrase is Latin and is usually taken to mean the first mechanically published edition of a work from the manuscript, normally referring to the first mechanical publication of Greek and Latin authors who circulated prior to publication in manuscript. The editio princeps of an ancient Greek and Latin work in effect made the manuscript available to a wider audience. Books could be reprinted either from the original typeface or from a new typesetting once an author was mechanically printed so editions could meet demand easily. The plural form is editiones princepes. A list of the editiones princepes for ancient Latin and Greek authors, and explanation of the term is in Sandys, A History of Classical Scholarship, volume 2 (1908), pp. 102-05. Up to 1500 many Latin and Greek authors were published in Italy and Sandys's list includes editor, printer and place of publication. For early works in European languages, which can be difficult to access, see Robert Balay, Guide to Reference Books, Chicago, 1996 under "Early and Rare Books". Important dates for poets with gay material are: Latin: Virgil (ca. 1469), Juvenal and Persius (1470), Ovid (1471), Horace, Martial (ca. 1471). Greek: Theocritus (ca. 1480) (Idylls 1-18) Homer (1488), Anthologia Graeca (ca. 1594), Theocritus, Idylls 1-28 (1495), Bion, Moschus with Theocritus (ca. 1496), Pindar (1513), Anacreon (1554), Nonnus (1569). There is some doubt as to the dates of incunabula (European books published before 1500) since early colophons, on which the dates appear are not always accurate due to the fact that publishers sometimes put dates back to make the works more valuable: see A. W. Pollard, An Essay on Colophons, 1910. The editio princeps of the *New Testament a major text in the history of the book was 1516-17. See Janus Lascaris, *Aldus Manutius and *Editions of classical texts. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gustav Brunet, Manuel du libraire and the Supplements lists early editions of Greek and Latin poets. Editions of classical Greek and Latin texts Translations from Greek and Latin to English and other *European languages in specially edited series date from ca. 1860. The best texts of Greek and Latin authors are those published in the *Teubner series (published in Leipzig) and the Oxford Classical Texts (published in Oxford). Texts with parallel translations can be found in the *Loeb Classical Library, London and Cambridge, United States, 1912+ (translation into English') and the Collection des Universités de France (also called the 'Budé series and sometimes Les Belles Lettres), Paris, 1920+ (translation into French'). The Loeb translations have been heavily censored in some instances: see *Catullus, * Palatine Anthology; see also Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance and Homosexuality, pp. 19-20. Some translations in the Loeb series have been the first translations of the homopoems of the poet or work into English, e.g. the translation of the Palatine Anthology of *W. R. Paton (from ca. 1916+). English translations. In the nineteenth century, *H. G. Bohn's Classical Library (ca. 1860+) was the major series for translation and the first systematic series of translations; Bohn was also a publisher. Later Everyman's Library took over this role continuing up to the present, although translations are frequently not reliable. The *Penguin classics series has English translations of Greek and Latin writers from 1945 onwards. The Bohn series involved censorship in *Martial where the poems considered obscene were translated into Italian: this has occurred in the Loeb edition as well (e.g., see *W. Ker). There was less censorship in French and German translations. Editor's choice in Gay Sunshine Anthology in English from the United States. 1980. See Gay Sunshine pp. 44-45 (Summer-Fall 1980), 52: a selection of 25 English poems published in * Gay Sunshine by the editor *Winston Leyland from 15,000 submitted (of which 1,500 were published in various issues of the journal) which he states are his favorite poems. The poems and poets are "A Celebration" by *Robert Peters, "Hustler Joe" by *William Barber, "Autobiography" by *Taylor Mead, "On a White Cloth" by John Wieners, "The Fairies Are Dancing All Over the World" by *Michael Rumaker, "Elegy for Pier Paolo Pasolini" by James Kirkup, "Cinema Verite" by *Felice Picano, "Meson Brujo" by *E. A. Lacey, "Cute" by *Jim Everhard, "Pedro Nel Meija" by *Royal Murdoch, "Enter the Beautiful" by Jack Veasey, "Chicken Goes Hawaiian" by *Dennis Kelly, "Come Sundown" by *Salvatore Farinella, "Invocation' by James Eggeling, "Please Master" by *Allen Ginsberg, "Lexington Nocturne" by Jonathan Williams, "Christmas 1962" by *Paul Mariah, "Exorcism of the Straight/ Man / Demon" by *Aaron Shurin, "Waking" by *Ed Cox, "Immediately" by *Charley Shively, "Mark Clark" by Dennis Cooper, "Three years" by *Richard Ronan, "I sat on his face..." by John Giorno, "Behold the Bridegrooms" by James Broughton, "The Name of My Love" by *Will Inman. These poems are published either in * Angels of the Lyre or *Orgasms of Light with the exception of E. A. Lacey, James Everhard, Jack Veasey, Dennis Kelly, Paul Mariah, Richard Ronan, James Broughton and Will Inman. Translations were not included but the editor states his favorite poets who have been translated and published in Gay Sunshine are *Takahashi Mutsuo, *Xavier Villaurrutia, *Sandro Penna, *Mikhail Kuzmin, *Gennady Trifonov, *Dinos Christianopoulos and the *Mediaeval Arab poets in issue 31. The five poets cited here who are translated poets are included in the anthology * Gay Roots. The person who prepares the text of a poet from a manuscript or manuscripts or collates manuscripts to produce a text published in mechanically produced form and latterly on the internet. Editors are crucially important because they choose what is published in book form and the version in which it is published (this is especially crucial if variant manuscripts exist and one manuscript is chosen as the preferred version). They can censor homosexuality in a poet's work by by omitting it. The first editor of a work of gay rlevance as such was *Aristarchus who edited Homer as we know his text today ca. 180 B.C. Editions of poets' works can frequently contain translation into the native language of the editor as has frequently occurred with *editions of classical Greek and Latin texts. The term can also be used to refer to compilers of anthologies and to persons who edit *journals. See *Editors - Greek, - English etc. Editors of Arabic poetry of gay relevance date from 900 in Iraq and later in other countries. The state of editing of Arabic poetry is very poor due largely to circulation of poet's works in manuscripts for a thousand years until the first book was printed in Arabic in the early nineteenth century. As with other languages, a poet's homosexual works can be highlighted or obscured depending on the editing (see *editors) and an editor can have a major role in revealing homopoetry to readers by making it available. Only in the twentieth century has anything like an adequate edition appeared for some major poets (e.g., *Abu Nuwas, first edited in Iraq) but most poets remain to be edited in adequate editions. *Beirut was an outstanding centre of publication of the texts of poets of the middle ages in the 1960s when its publishing industry was one of the most free in the Middle East, a situation which continued until the civil war in Lebanon (see *Ibn Shuhaid, *Ibn al-Zaqqaq). Outstanding editors who have revealed homopoetry to a wider readership by printing poets in Arabic include *A. R. Nykl for *Ibn Kuzman, *J. Rikabi for *Ibn Sana al-Mulk, *Arthur Wormhoudt and *Ewald Wagner for Abu Nuwas and *Arie Schippers for *Ibn Khafadja (in process). See also *Winston Leyland and *Charles Pellat. For manuscript sources for poets who are not edited see *Brockelmann. *Compare Editors -Persian, -Turkish where similar problems arise. Editors of poets in English have come from Great Britain, the United States, Australia and other countries from 1609. Great Britain. British poets have generally been comprehensively and well edited; however, *censorship of homosexual material has occurred before the contemporary period (when it has been greatly relaxed). During the late nineteenth century a large number of English poets were edited in the Mermaid series which re-edited many earlier poets and some new ones (e.g., *Marlowe, *Whitman). The editors sometimes touched on homosexuality: see John St Loe Strachey, *Roden Noel. Editing of *Elizabethan poets is particularly important. Many editions of *Shakespeare's Sonnets exist from the first edition of 1609 (which was apparently edited by *Thomas Thorpe, the printer). The most famous editon is that of *H. Ryder Rollins (with extensive critical commentary). *Robert Bridges was responsible for the publication of *Gerard Manley Hopkins, a poet who may not have been published without his help. *Ian Fletcher has edited the *eighteen-nineties poet *Lionel Johnson in a Tine edition and *Edward Mendelson is editing *W. H. Auden's poems (not always to universal satisfaction). *Robert Ross edited the first collected edition of *Oscar Wilde. The editing of a poet's letters must be carefully done to reveal homosexuality: outstanding here are *Leslie Marchand for *Byron and *Sir Rupert Hart-Davis for *Oscar Wilde. From 1902, the editors of *anthologies (see *Peter Daniels, *Anthony Reid) become increasingly important as do, from the late nineteenth century, the editors of *journals. *Martin Humphries has been the poetry editor for the leading gay publisher *Gay Men's Press. See also *manuscripts - English. United States. Editing of United States gay poets has generally been good though *Whitman has suffered because of poor editing inflicted by censorship requirements (see *Gay Wilson Allen). The edition of Whitman's works by *Horace Traubel and others is wideranging, though the New York University edition edited by *Sculley Bradley and others is the most complete. *Frank O'Hara was edited by *Donald Allen though not all poems have been published. Publication of letters is important (*Robert Peters has edited the letters of the British poet John Addington Symonds). The editing of *bawdry is crucial because of variant texts: see *Gershon Legman, *Vance Randolph. Editors of important *journals in the gay liberation period include *Andrew Bifrost, *Winston Leyland, *Charley Shively, *Greg Baysans; these editors have been responsible for much gay poetry being published. See anthology entries as editors of anthologies are responsible for bringing together poems from a number of sources. The Library of America is publishing comprehensive editions of major United States writers. See also *manuscripts - English. Australia. The state of editing of Australian English poetry is poor and most poets have not been properly edited, so the full corpus of their work has not been revealed. This is particularly important for poetry dealing with homosexuality (see *Christopher Brennan, 'Michael Dransfield). Editors of journals before the 1980s would generally not publish homopoetry and only a few exceptions are known (see *Don Maynard). Editors: see *Kerry Bashford, *George Daniel, *Dave Sargent, *Michael Heywood, *Barry Humphries, *Don Laycock, *Alan McLeod, *Laurin McKinnon, *Sasha Soldatow, *Harold Stewart. Editors relating to poetry in Greek from Greece and other countries such as Turkey and Egypt; editors have come from Italy, France, Great Britain, Germany, the United States and other countries. *Editors choose the canon of a writer's work, i.e. what is read, from a writer's 'manuscripts. The earliest important editor of Greek homopoetry (and possibly a source of textual problems vis a vis homosexuality) is 'Aristarchus (active ca. 180 B.C.). Editors can also collate critical comment by others and append their own and thus may be the earliest critics of a poet. Editing was carried out in 'Alexandria (in the library) by the 'Alexandrian poets. It is particularly important for ancient Greek poetry as much material survives in 'fragments and new fragments are being discovered - see, for instance, the latest edition of 'Sappho and 'Alcaeus by 'D. A. Campbell. Editions of important homopoetry texts such as the ' Palatine Anthology usually list previous editors and editions (e. g., see 'W. R Paton's edition). The 'Anacreontea and *Mousa Paidike are major anthologies whose editing remains crucial. The text of Theognis is especially difficult and presents enormous problems; he has attracted much editorial attention recently. Douglas Young, the most important recent editor of the major gay corpus of 'Theognis, found that, even in 1949, all the manuscripts of Theognis had not been collated; this may hold for many other poets. The twentieth century poet 'C. P. Cavafy's poetry has only slowly become available in a complete edition due to the efforts of 'G. P. Savidis (see also 'M. Koliatis). The part played by gay scholars in the editing of Greek texts remains to be elucidated: 'C. A. Klotz seems a likely earlier candidate; 'A. E. Housman, who could have contributed much, largely remained silent. There appears to be a secret tradition of homosexuality amongst editors and translators of ancient Greek works; many were single (though 'marriage is no proof of lifetime heterosexuality). Greek texts are now frequently edited with translations and notes in the editor's vernacular language such as English, French, German, Italian, Spanish; in the fifteenth century (from ca. 1469 - see 'editio princeps) when mechanical printing first allowed for the wide dissemination of manuscripts, translation was usually into Latin with commentary or notes in Latin. Only in the twentieth century have commentaries and notes appeared in vernacular languages (there may be some cases of vernacular comments in the nineteenth but these are rare since Latin was then the language of learning in Europe and its overseas colonies). In the case of major gay works this body of criticism awaits collation from a gay point of view. See also 'Achilles and Patroclus, 'F. Adrados (who edited Theognis and also translated him into Spanish), 'Anacreon, 'A. Angelakes (editor of the first modern gay Greek anthology), 'R. Aubreton, 'H. Beckby (the most recent editor of the complete Palatine Anthology; includes a German translation), 'R. P. Brunck (Anacreon and Palatine Anthology), 'F. Buffière, 'J. Carrière (editing and translation of Theognis into French), 'J. M. Edmonds, 'H. Estienne, who was the first editor of Anacreon, 'T. Figueira and 'G. Nagy (important editors of criticism of Theognis), 'A. S. F. Gow re Hellenistic poets and 'Theocritus, 'F. Jacobs (important editor of the Palantine Anthology), 'Peter Jay (English translator of Palantine Anthology), 'C. A. Klotz (the first editor of a separate edition of the Mousa Paidike), 'J. Lascaris (early editor, also a scribe), 'M. Koukoules (important editor of modern bawdry), 'W. Kroll (editor of Pauly, Wissowa, Paulys Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft) 'M. H. E. Meier (encyclopedia editor), 'W. R. Paton (the most influential editor and translator of the Palatine Anthology into English in the twentieth century), 'F. M. Pontani (editor and translator into Italian of the Palatine Anthology), 'K. Preisendanz (editor of a facsimile of the Palatine Anthology manuscript), 'J. J. Reiske (first editor of the erotica of the Palatine Anthology), 'M. Vetta (editor and translation of Theognis into Italian), 'Pierre Waltz. In addition, see 'Alexandrian Poets, 'Byzantine poets and editors, 'Dictionaries, 'Editions of classical texts, 'Modern Greek entries, 'scholars. Editors in relation to Latin poetry come from Italy, France and other European countries and date from at least ca. 100. *Editors establish a poet's text. While handwritten manuscripts existed, editors chose which manuscript to copy and created the manuscripts which were handed down. Editing assumed major importance with the mechanical printing of the ancient Latin classics in the *Renaissance from ca. 1470 since these works were widely circulated and became the accepted text of the poet: see entries for the various poets e. g. *Martial (published ca. 1470+), *Catullus, Juvenal. Editors frequently wrote commentaries on the works they edited: see *F. K. Forberg, *Aldus Manutius, *Mercier de Saint-Leger, *Scholars - Latin, *Thomas Stehling. See also the Greek entry since many editors of Greek texts frequently wrote Latin notes and also edited Latin texts. Editors from Iran and other countries of Persian works date from 1000. The editing of Persian poetry - which presents difficult problems due to the long manuscript tradition - is in its infancy as the problems with *Omar Khayyam show (see, for example, *Edward Fitzgerald). Mechanically printed editions date from ca. 1850: see *Heinrich Blochmann. *Rumi has been edited by *R. A. Nicholson. Persian *manuscripts remain scattered around the world making collation difficult. Probably a lover of Byron from Great Britain; poems in English were written to him by Byron. 1790-1811. A choirboy with whom *Byron was infatuated when he (Byron) was at school and to whom he wrote a famous poem "The Cornelian". Byron was seventeen and Edleston fifteen when they were acquainted. His name is variously spelt Eddleston, Eddlestone and Edleston. The poet carried a lock of his hair in a locket with him on his travels through to his death in Greece. One of the most detailed discussion of his relationship to Byron is by *Bernard Grebanier. See *Louis Crompton, Byron and Greek Love, 1985, pp. 98106 and the index for information on him; see also *Leslie A Marchand, Byron (1957), vol. 1, pp. 107-09 and references to Edleston in Byron's Letters, edited by *Leslie Marchard (1973-82). Byron famously described the relationship as one of "violent, though pure love and passion" in a letter to Elizabeth Pigot (5 July 1807); in this letter, written when Byron was nineteen, he compared the relationship to *Nisus and Euryalus and *David and Jonathan. In the same letter Byron stated: "I certainly love him more than any human being". Edleston was arrested in London for homosexual opportuning and seems to have been a rather *effeminate gay. His death in London affected Byron deeply (see reference in Byron's Letters). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Ioläus (1902), 160-61 (spelt Eddleston). Men and Boys, 41: poem "The Adieu". Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 192-93: re "The Cornelian." Translator from Greek to English who lived in the United States. 1875-1958. He translated The Greek Bucolic Poets (*Theocritus, *Bion, *Moschus), Cambridge, MA and London: Loeb, 1912 (repr.); bibliography pp. xxvii-xxviii. In Elegy and Iambus, 2 volumes (Cambridge, Mass. and London, Loeb, 1931; repr.), volume one contains the text of *Theognis and the * Theognidea with English translation; the title page states he was a lecturer at *Cambridge. Volume 2 contains the *Anacreontea with English translation. Lyra Graeca (Cambridge, MA: Loeb, 1927), 3 volumes, is an edition of the remains of Greek *lyric poets; the title page states he was "Late Fellow of Jesus College". Volume 1 includes *Sappho and *Alcaeus, volume 2 *Anacreon and volume 3 includes *skolia (pp. 548-82; see especially the very important sequence numbers 14-16 on p. 569: "O would I might become a pretty ivory lyre, and pretty lads might take me with them to *Dionysus choral dance" [14] and "O would I might become a pretty great new gold jewel, and a pretty woman might wear me with a mind pure of ill" [15] and the fine *non-gender specific 16); there is also a long "Account of Greek *Lyric Poetry", pp. 583-679. Lyra Graeca is being superceded in the Loeb edition by four volumes of Greek Lyric edited by *D. A. Campbell. Biography. See Jesus College Cambridge Annual Report 1958, pp. 23-24; this reveals that he taught at the King's School, Canterbury, lived from 1908 in Cambridge where he taught classics at Girton and Newnham Colleges from his house in "Storey's Way, "built in 1914, where he devoted many years to scholarship, music and gardening" (p. 232), and later was a fellow at Jesus College, Cambridge. He also wrote Twelve War Epitaphs, first published in The Times and The Times Literary Supplement, in 1917, and suffered from ill health. He was apparently unmarried. Historian from the United States writing in English. Active 1959. Author of a number of studies in English which bring together sexual material, including homosexual material, in middle east and east Asian languages. His books all contain important bibliographies. The pseudonym of a man whose real name is Kinsley (*Gershon Legman to the author; meeting 4 April 1989). Arabic. Turkish. Persian. See The Jewel in the Lotus, New York, 1959, especially pp. 199-239, "Sodomy", and pp. 239-54 "Pederasty". This chapter is of the greatest importance, citing many poems in English from Arabic, Persian and possibly Turkish, unfortunately without sources. Important bibliography pp. 281-93. The work contains many homopoems in English (some sourced to Richard Burton without giving book and page numbers; he lists the * Arabian Nights and Burton's Pilgrimage to el-Medinah and Mecca, 3 volumes, 1856, in the bibliography so some poems must come from these sources.) Arabic. Chinese. Hindi. See The Cradle of Erotica: A Study of Afro-Asian Sexual Expression, New York, 1962, especially Chapter 5 "Anal Intercourse" (both hetero and homo): this cites homopoems but no sources are given. This book dicsusses sexuality in India and China but mostly the Arabic language countries of the Middle East. Chapter 6 deals with *"Masturbation", Chapter 7 with "Oral Intercourse". Bibliography pp. 343-45. See also *Abu Zayd and the poem *"The penis, smooth and round". Arabic. Hebrew. See Erotica Judaica: A Sexual History of the Jews, New York, Julian Press, 1967. This work concisely sums up Jewish beliefs about homosexuality in *Old Testament times: see pp. xii-xiii, pp. 85-87 (*Kadesh), 79-80 (*David and Jonathan), 103-04 (Joseph), 179-181 (re *Chant, *Coingy), 208-09 (Maricones, that is homosexuals). Poet from the United States writing in English; he was born in the Netherlands Antilles (an overseas colony of the Netherlands). Born 1955. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 36: "Going Down" (Tine poem on lovemaking); biog., 175: a *black poet, who is HIV positive and lives in *New York. Poet writing in English. Born 1965. The poem cited mentions Suffolk and he seems from Great Britain. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 130-31; Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Ca. 1523-1566. Associated with Corpus Christi and Christ Church Colleges, *Oxford. Life and poems: see Yale Studies in English LXXIV, 1927 (see especially the song from * Damon and Pithias, "Awake ye wofull wightes" pp. 109-110: "my true *Friend once lost/ no Art can well supply"). This is the earliest use of the Damon and Pithias trope in English. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature and the entry on his play Damon and Pithias (performed ca. 1564, printed 1571). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 26: the conclusion of the play Damon and Pithias (1571), in verse, extolling *friendship. Criticism. Norton, Homosexual Literary Tradition, 333-41: re Damon and Pithias. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1991. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 37: "Fuck Me" (about being fucked with respect); biog., 175 - a *black poet who lives in *New York. Pseudonym of a poet from the United States who wrote in English. Active 1924. Pseudonym of *Edward Mark Slocum. Bibliographer from Belgium who wrote in Dutch and translator from English to French; he was also a novelist, for which he is best known. 1854-1927. He compiled, with *J. A. Schorer, the first Dutch bibliography on homosexuality which appeared in the Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen in 1904. He was a Belgium novelist who wrote novels in French. He lived in Brussels and was a member fo the Jeune-Belgique group. He founded the avant-garde journal Le Coq rouge (1895). Homosexuality figures in his novel Escal-Vigor (1899) which was prosecuted for obscenity in Bruges; see Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 3 (1901), 520-25. An article on him partly prompted by this prosecution, "Georges Eekoud ein Vorwort", appeared in Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 2 (1900), 268-77, written by *Numa Praetorius (pseud.). He wrote an article on the Belgian gay sculptor, Jerome Duquesnoy, executed for homosexuality also published in the same issue (see Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 2, [1900]), 77-87. He translated *Marlowe's Edward II from English into French, 1896. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Duroc, Homosexuels et lesbiennes illustrés, 123. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Herzer, Bibliographie zur Homosexualität, item 0724 (with *J. A. Schorer; see his entry). Effeminacy and effeminate behavior Effeminacy has long been linked with homosexuality but, in itself does not automatically mean a male is homosexual. Material survives in relation to poetry from works in Greek from Greece from ca. 100 B.C. and later in other languages. If effeminate males in poems cannot be unequivocally taken to be homosexual, neither can they be taken to be heterosexual. In most cultures, manliness, characterized by being tough and a good warrior has been stressed in the past as the ideal for men and linked with heterosexuality (though, at the same time, all cultures almost invariably stress close *male bonding which has homosexual aspects). See also *Men's Movement, *Flowers. Greek: see *Priapeia (ca. 100 B.C.+) Latin: see 'Persius (34-62), 'Martial. Effeminatus is a word for homosexuality in medieval Latin and is used in the Latin * Bible, the Vulgate: see McAlpine, "The Pardoners Homosexuality", 11. Norse: See 'Preben Muelengracht S0rensen. The concept of "nith" (insulting a man by calling him effeminate) is crucial and occurs in poems: see T. L. Markey, "Nordic nithvisur", Mediaeval Scandinavia 5 (1972), 7-18. English: see 'Fops, 'Dandy, 'Effeminism, 'Horace Walpole, 'Cardinal Newman. Joseph Bristow, Effeminate England: homoerotic writing after 1885, New York, 1995, is a study. Bengali: see 'Tagore. See also 'Vishnu. Arabic. See "Mukhannath" (effeminacy) in 'Gay Histories and Cultures; on p. 616 the author Frédéric Lagrange claims the effeminate boy is a "cliché in poetry". Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 346-47. Gay Histories and Cultures. Bibliographies. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 353-54. Effeminism and effeminist theory A movement in English from the United States linking *gay liberation with *feminism. Ca. 1973. A manifesto was written by *Kenneth Pitchford and two others: "We must learn to discover and value The Female Principle in men as something inherent". The movement was basically anti-sexist. See also *Men's Movement. Compare *Androgyny and contrast *Amiri Baraka. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1993. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Absolutely Queer, 7. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1977. See Gay News no. 112, 1977, 26: the poem "Menu" about dining and a lover but "real love/ And real sex/ Were never ever/ On the menu". Fine poem. Despite his Scandinavian first name, his first language seems English. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born ca. 1945. A *Chicago poet whose poetry explores sexual fantasies and who has been involved with various *Aids organizations. He lived in 1991 in *Los Angeles where he was executive director of the Aids organization Being Alive. Book of poems: Your Life Story by Someone Else (1989) (review: James White Review vol. 7 no. 4, 16). The book is produced in several colors with many photos from his life. See the article in The Advocate no. 568 (15 January, 1991), 65: this quotes a *prose poem which is intensely sexual. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1934. He gives his biography as variously *pederast, painter of male nudes and *Gnostic priest. Published in gay journals, he is the author of three volumes of unpublished verse and unpublished translations from *Straton's * Mousa Paidike (Boyborne Songs) (* Orgasms of LIght, p. 65-66 gives the text of three poems) and lived in San Antonio, Texas, in the 1970s. His poetry is not conventional *free verse and shows the influence of *Charles Olson structurally. The author of fine poems of tender love. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Male Muse, 28-30; biog., 119. Angels of the Lyre, 57-62; biog., 239. Orgasms of Light, 63-66; biog., 251. Gay Poetry, 3. Amerikanike homophylophile poiese, 21-22 trans. into Greek; biog., 70. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 612-5; his name is also given as J. L. S. E. Gay Roots: An Anthology of Gay History, 264-74; biog., 240. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 526-27; biog. note, 466. Historian and critic from the United States writing in English. Active 1964. Pseudonym of *Walter Breen. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active before 1923. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 51 : two poems "Herbstabscheid (Ein schöner Knabe)" and "Zwischenpausen (Ein ummauertes Viereck)"; no other details. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10610-11 : the same two poems, "Ein schöner Knabe" in Herbstabschied [no other details] and "Ein ummauertes Viereck" in Zwischennausen. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Die Bedeutung der Freundesliebe, 29: poem "Die wilden Marzissen am Genfer See". Poet from Germany who wrote in German. 1905-1986. Using the pseudonym Heinz Birken, he was one of the most published authors in * Der Kreis, with 14 short stories, 23 poems and 4 articles: see Journal of Homosexuality, volume 38, numbers 1/2, 2000, 61 (comment by *Hubert Kennedy). He was known in *Berlin as a boy-lover. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 51: poems "Abscheid von der Campagne", "Badende Jungen", "Hamed", "Junge am Meer", "Knaben", "Knaben am See", "Knabenfreundschaft", "Südliche Bootsfahrt" [no source given] and book, Gesang der Plastik (*sonnets based on the work of the sculptor Georg Kolbe) and possible book Glück des Lichtes. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10613-15: the same two books as in Welter plus Der Trappermatrose, [Bielefeld: Schmidt,] 1949. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Keine Zeit für gute Freunde, 64: the poem *"Freundschaft"; 122-23: poem "Einmal, abends... " - both published under the name *Heinz Birken (pseud.). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 242-43: three poems to men; published under Heinz Birken (pseud). Eichendorff, Joseph von, Freiherr Poet from Germany who wrote in German. 1788-1857. A love and nature poet. Married. Poems have been set to music by Schumann and Wolf. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Neue deutsche Biographie. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 51 : poem "Der Freund (Wer auf den Wogen schliefe...)" set to music by Hugo Wolf; no other details. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10612: Der Freund [no other information given]. Eichler, Johann August Furchtegott Poet possibly from Germany writing in Latin. Active 1859. See * Forum 5 (1988), 42: citing the poem in Latin "Lateinsische *Ode auf Johann Joachim Winckelmann" (with German trans.) in his Altmarkisches Intelligenz- und Leseblatt, 1859 - a poem on the homosexual art critic *Winckelmann. Not in Oxford Companion to German Literature. Poet from Peru writing in Spanish. Born 1924. A plastic artist who writes poetry. His book of poems Noche oscura del cuerpo (Dark Night of the Body), 1983, is based on a trope of *Saint John of the Cross (an edition exists with a French translation published in Paris in 1983). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Foster, Latin American Writers on Gay and Lesbian Themes. Journal in German from Germany. Published 1896-1932. The most famous openly gay German cultural journal emanating from Germany in the early part of the twentieth century. It was published and edited by *Max Stirner and *Adolf Brand 1896-1930 (though the last issue may have been published in 1932). From 1906 it was published as a book for some years. It was founded by the anarchist Max Stirner in 1896 and its title meant "The Self-Owner"; from 1898, it became openly homosexual (see Paidika vol.1 no.3, Winter 1988, 61-62). Many poems were published (see for example John Henry Mackay, *Hans Fritz, *Erich Muhsam). The journal contained gay photographs and reproductions of drawings of the highest quality (e.g., of the homoerotic sculptor Wilhelm Bissen in June 1903). A famous special - and witty - issue of 1925 was called Die Tante (the Aunt; German slang for homosexual). This issue had a man in drag on the cover wearing a hat and veil and looking wicked. A selection of articles from the journal was reprinted as Der Eigene: Ein Blatt fur Mannliche Kultur, edited by Joachim S. Hohmann, Frankfurt and Berlin: Foerster Verlag, 1981, 381 pp. Text. This journal is extremely rare. There is no known complete set in any public library. The * British Library General Catalogue entry lists numbers 1, 2, 4, 7-12 of volume 9, 1921, as held in the *Private Case at Cup. 820.u.19. To locate copies check all gay *Archive entries (there may be a substantial run at *Homodok - see below - or in German, Dutch or Danish gay archives). German holdings are listed in Thomas Dietzel, Deutsche Literarische Zeitschriften 1880-1945 (German Literary Journals 1880-1945), Munich, 1988, p. 373; see also the German *computer database ZBD (Zeitschriftendatenbank [Journal database]) which lists a few other issues apart from those in Dietzel. Swiss, Hungarian, Russian, Czech and Polish libraries are other possibilities. A few issues are held in microfilm by the *Canadian Lesbian and Gay Archives. A volume for 1906 was owned by *Jim Kepner and may be in the *IGLA archive. A selection of articles in English was edited by *Harry Oosterhuis, 1991 (with illustrations from the journal); see note on verso of title page regarding copies in *Homodok and the International Instituit voor Sociale Geschiedenis, Amsterdam as well as the private collection of Paul Snijders, The Hague (see also Preface, p. xix). A complete set has been assembled by *Marita Keilson about 1994; she is working on a study of the journal. In Germany there are some volumes in the Deutsche Bucherei, Leipzig and the Humbolt University, Berlin (available on microfiche). In 1965 United States libraries have only a couple of issues; see the entry in Union List of Serials, third edition, which states that Princeton University has a few issues. A *Research Libraries Information Network (RLIN) search in the United States in 1995 disclosed holdings at four universities. See also John Lauritsen, The Early Homosexual Rights Movement in Germany, 1974, pp. 19-21. Criticism. An exhaustive study of the journal has been published by *Marita Keilson-Lauritz, Die Geschichte der eigenen Geschichte (Berlin: Verlag rosa Winkel, 1997). The journal is contrasted with the * Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen. A list of all issues of the journal is on pp. 366-268 with a list of the associated work published by Adolf Brand Die Gemeinschaft der Eigenen (1904-25) pp. 368-69, There is a list of authors published in early German gay journals, including Der Eigene, pp. 473-80, and a list of literary texts discussed in the journals pp. 481-502 and an overall index pp. 503-30. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 43: special issue "Die Tante" X. Jg. Nr. 9 [1925] listed under *Adolf Brand. Herzer, Bibliographie zur Homosexualität, p. 215: states it was published 1896-1930/32. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 6 (1904), 595-603: reviews the journal for 1903 including a list of poems pp. 596-97. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 9 (1906), 587-94: reviews the journal for 1905. Criticism. Goodbye to Berlin?, 49-54. Collections of poems in Tamil. From 100 B.C. These anthologies were compiled 100 B.C.-250. They comprise over 2,000 poems by nearly 500 poets and were only published in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Love poems by male poets (e.g. the famous poet Kapilar) *written in the persona of a woman can be read homosexually and could well have been inspired in some cases by love for males; however, the names of poets are not known or even whether the poems are by a man or a woman in many cases and it is even possible some poets are women. The poetry is highly *symbolic, being about masculinity and femininity as principles of the universe. Some poems are bawdy. (The real sex and the sex of the addressee also may be doubtful in many cases: e.g. see the poem on p. 71 of Poems of Love and War cited below.) They influenced or were influenced by classical Sanskrit love poetry. See George Hart, The Poems of Ancient Tamil, 1975. Homoeroticism occurs more directly. In A. K. Ramanujan, Poems of Love and War, New York, 1985, see 256 from Purananuru (called Puram 256), p. 177, about a person wishing to die and share the same urn as the just dead man; this poem might be read as being apparently written by a man (information from an internet discussion group on Indian literatures). There appears to be a tradition in ancient India of males committing suicide when a close male friend dies, "companion deaths", in Tamil, anumaranam - compare the sentiment in *Homer's Iliad on the death of Patroclus in Book 18. In later Indian culture the custom occurred of widows throwing themselves on to the funeral pyres of their dead husbands, a custom called sati. Purams 217-19 and 222 in the Purananuru refer to males committing suicide with close male friends on the death of a man. George Hart has written on this subject. Compare *elegy. Translation. English. See A. K. Ramanujan, The Interior Landscape: Love Poems from a Classical Tamil Anthology, 1967. Criticism. Zvelebil, Lexicon of Tamil Literature: see "Anthologies". Eighteen-eighties poets - English Period in English poetry of Great Britain From 1880 to 1889. Though the *eighteen-nineties have been regarded as a major era of British gay culture, the eighteen-eighties set the stage. *Eric Stenbock published openly gay poems in 1881, when *Oscar Wilde's Poems were first published and from this year dates a British gay novel Sins of the Cities of the Plain. Other poets: *Rennell Rodd, *J. A. Symonds, *E. C. Lefroy, *E. C. Lefroy, *M. A. Raffalovich, *A. G. Rensham. *Richard Burton's terminal essay was published in 1885 as well as several translations of relevance with which he was connected. *Walter Pater continued his work. From 1888 *Charles Kains Jackson edited * The Artist and Journal of Home Culture where he published gay poems. *Whitman's impact was considerable (he died in 1882). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reade, Sexual Heretics, 153-226. Eighteen-nineties anthologies - English Anthologies in English from Great Britain for the period 1891-1899. Anthologies of the *eighteen nineties containing poetry contain the works of a large number of poets who were homosexual or in the *decadent mould or involved with the *aesthetic movement. These anthologies start with the selection of work published by the Rhymer's Club in 1892 as The Book of the Rhymer's Club. For anthologies about the period published after the period, see *A. J. A. Symons, An Anthology of Nineties Verse, 1928 (the pioneering anthology covering the period); Martin Secker, The Eighteen Nineties, 1948, 616 pp.; Derek Stanford, Poets of the Nineties, 1965 (selections from *Beardsley, *Dowson, *Plarr, *Arthur Symons, John Davidson, *Lionel Johnson, *W. B. Yeats, John Gray, *Richard Le Gallienne, *Alfred Douglas, *Oscar Wilde with a long historical introduction pp. 17-45); Karl Beckson, Aesthetes and Decadents of the 1890s, 1966 (in this work see John Barlas, *Aubrey Beardsley, Max Beerbohm, Olive Custance, *Alfred Douglas, *Ernest Dowson, *Michael Field, John Gray, *Lionel Johnson, *Richard Le Gallienne, *Arthur Symons, *Oscar Wilde, *Theodore Wratislaw, *W. B. Yeats; the work contains a very important introduction providing much valuable material on the period pp. xi-xliv); C. J. Dixon, * Fin de siècle: Poetry of the Late Victorian Period 1860-1900, London, 1968; R. K. R. Thornton, Poetry of the Nineties, 1970 (a very detailed survey with biographical and bibliographical notes pp. 247-59, index of poets pp. 261-62); Derek Stanford, Writing of the Nineties, 1971, an excellent survey of the whole period. Karl Beckson, * London in the 1890s, 1993, is a survey of the cultural life of the city. See also Ian Fletcher, British Poetry and Prose 1870-1905, New York, 1987. These anthologies have tended to understate the homosexual element in the poetry; compare the anthology * Sexual Heretics, the majority of whose entries date from the period. However, homosexuality is frequently present in a coded way in the works of poets included (e.g. references to *colors and to exotic flowers such as *lilies as in the work of *Theodore Wratislaw and the use of *friend to mean lover). Period in English poetry and the poetry of several *European languages. The period extends from 1890 to 1914. English. Great Britain. For English language poetry, British poetry set the tone of the period. Although the period is from 1890 to 1899, it really extends from 1880 up to 1914 (the year of the outbreak of the First World War). (See *eighteen-eighties since the decade which preceded the eighteen-nineties saw the emergence of openly gay poetry.) Holbrook Jackson's The Eighteen Nineties, 1913, and Osbert Burdett's The Romantic Nineties, 1926, were pioneering studies of the period. *G. Krishnamurti has compiled an outstanding catalog listing over seven hundred English authors who published works 1890-99 (not all relevant to this encyclopedia). Several excellent *Eighteen-nineties anthologies exist. A brilliant reference work is G. A. Cevasco, The 1890s: An Encyclopedia of British Art and Culture, New York, 1993 (see the article by *Wayne Dynes "Homosexuality"). The phrase has also come to stand for a literary movement as distinct from a period. It is one of the most important periods for British gay culture and very complex: on the one hand there is a despairing quality to the poetry, usually labelled *decadent poetry - especially after the 1895 trial of *Oscar Wilde (and especially in the poetry of *A. E. Housman) - while, on the other hand, there is the positive celebration of gay love in the work of many poets (e.g. in the work of *Edward Carpenter, in some of the *Uranian poets, and in some poets in the anthology * Sexual Heretics). This period also saw a revival of interest in ancient homopoetry in translation - e.g. of the Greek poet *Meleager in English. The influence of French homopoetry (e.g. *Verlaine, *Rimbaud) on English was strong. *Symbolism was an important movement which made its presence felt in English in this period. *Aleister Crowley, whose first works belong to this period, took gay poetry to its furtherest acceptable boundaries and beyond; as a philosopher of sorts he is a disciple of *Nietzsche. The most important figure in English literature of the time was undoubtedly *Oscar Wilde whose influence and fate was felt in the United States and Australia (and in *European languages from South America to Russia). On the European continent the publication of *Alfred Douglas's excellent Poems, with English text and translation into French, in Paris in 1896, created great interest in Douglas as gay poet (French was read as far away as Greece, Russia and South America). As the lover of Wilde, interest in him after the Wilde trial was great. Alfred Douglas was in fact one of the the greatest English language poets of the eighteen nineties. The eighteen-nineties was also a period when the positivism of *Whitman made itself manifest. See also *decadent and *aesthete entries as, in this period, these were dominant styles. *Design of books in this period reached great heights in the eighteen-nineties, not usually matched by the contents: see John Gray, *Oscar Wilde, *Charles Ricketts. *Bookplates of note date from ca. 1895. The Yellow Book (1894-97) was the dominant journal and a famous article, "In Defence of Cosmetics", by Max Beerbohm, in 1894. caused a storm of controversy; this article can be seen as a veiled defence of practices such as homosexuality. Overall, much remains to be proven about the homosexuality or otherwise of figures of the period (e.g. *Aubrey Beardsley who may have been asexual). Many texts remain to be edited and republished before a clear view of the homosexual achievement of the period can be seen (though much may never be known). See *Eighteen-nineties anthologies for collections of poems. A number of poets published volumes at this time, especially before the trial of Oscar Wilde in 1895: see * Sexual Heretics (over half of the poets in this anthology are from the eighteen-nineties), * Love in Earnest, *Uranian poets. See especially *E. E. Bradford, *Aleister Crowley, *Alfred Douglas, John Gray, *A. E. Housman, *Lionel Johnson, *J. G. Nicholson, *Count Eric Stenbock, *Frederick Rolfe, *Theodore Wratislaw. There was also a movement called the Counter-Decadence, led by *William Ernest Henley, opposing Wilde. Bibliographical. For a bibliography of works on the eighteen-nineties, see p. xvi of Derek Stanford, Writing of the Nineties, 1971. The "Textual Notes" and "Select Bibliography" in The Complete Poems of Lionel Johnson edited by *Ian Fletcher, 1953, contain much important information. Ian Fletcher was one of the great authorities on the eighteen-nineties as were *Montgomery Hyde and *Richard Ellmann. The Journal of the Eighteen Nineties Society (1976+) has the latest reaearch. The Eighteen Nineties Society was founded in 1972 (incorporating the Francis Thompson society) and also publishes a newsletter, Keynotes. The journal English Literature in Transition 1880-1920 is also relevant. The *Tragara Press has published many pamphlets of relevance. See also Elaine Showalter, Sexual Anarchy: Gender and culture at the 'in de siècle', 1991. Australia: see entries *Ballads, *Christopher Brennan, J. Le Gay Brereton, *Verna Coleman, John Docker, *Victor Daley, *Henry Lawson, *Hugh McCrae, *Will Ogilvie, *Roderick Quinn. The entry, "Nineties" in Oxford Companion to Australian Literature, first edition, covers the period, which in Australia was a time of ferment prior to the country becoming independent from Great Britain when the Commonwealth of Australia was formed in 1901. For other works see G. A. Wilkes, "The Eighteen-Nineties" in Grahame Johnston, Australian Literary Criticism, Melbourne, 1962, pp. 30-53, George Taylor, Those Were the Days, Sydney, 1918, Arthur W. Jose, The Romantic Nineties, Sydney, 1933, and John Docker, The Nervous Nineties, 1991. United States. See *Lazer Ziff for a study of the period. Many gay poets went to *Harvard University during these years: see for example *George Santayana, *Trumbell Stickney. *S. W. Foster has adumbrated many poets working at this time in the United States, a period in United States English language poetry as yet inadequately studied from a gay point of view. References. See Perkins, History of Modern Poetry, volume one, pp. 3-59: an excellent survey of the poetry of the period in general. Non-English languages. French. The influence of French homopoetry (e.g. "Verlaine - whose homopoems were mainly published in the 1880s - and his homosexual lover *Rimbaud) on English, German and other European languages was strong. *Albert Samain, *Proust, *Pierre Louys (pseud.) and *Montesquiou wrote notable poems in French. *Raffalovich wrote the first history in French of gay culture. See the series of articles, "Non-conformisme a la belle époque", by *Marc Daniel in Arcadie issues duplicate numbers 69-71. Dutch. See *Kloos. German. The eighteen-nineties in German was a major period of gay writing. The poet *Stefan George commenced his career in this decade and the publication of the complete text of the poet *Platen's diary in 1896 - which revealed his homosexuality - was a notable event. Important journals were the * Blatter für die Kunst (1892+) published by Stefan George, * Der Eigene founded by *Alfred Brand in 1896, and the * Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen (1899) founded by *Magnus Hirschfeld. The founding of the Scientific-Humanitarian Committee to reform German sex laws (which prohibited male homosexuality) in 1896 by Magnus Hirschfeld was a major event. *Max Spohr, the first gay German publisher, commenced publishing in the period. *Walt Whitman became known in Germany at this time and *Nietzsche was the outstanding philosopher. The decade saw the growth of sexology, beginning with *Kraft-Ebbing in 1886 (with seven editions by 1893). *Havelock Ellis and John Addington Symonds's epoch making Sexual Inversion, which included a history of homosexuality, was published first in German in 1896 before its English edition and *Edward Carpenter was translated into German in 1895. *Sigmund Freud commenced his career in this decade. See also *Capri, *Design - German, *fin de siècle. Greek. *Cavafy's work dates from this time which also heralded a revival of interest in ancient homopoetry in translation e.g. of the Greek poet *Meleager in English and *Theocritus in French translation; translations of ancient Greek homopoetry also spread to *European vernacular languages (previously poets were translated only into Latin). See also *decadent movement, *Art for art's sake. Italian: see *D'Annunzio. Portuguese. The gay literature of the period had a big influence in Portugal; a group of poets in the university city of Coimbra wrote *decadent poetry. For Brazil see *Olavo Bilac. Polish: see *Waclaw Lieder. Russian: see *Kuzmin and *Akhmatova. Eighteenth century poets and entries in English Period in English poetry in Great Britain and the United States from 1700 to 1799. Great Britain. *Satire against homosexuals is especially relevant in this century and a larger number of poems dealing directly with homosexuality survive than in previous centuries; *Laurence Senelick has brilliantly analysed the poems. The * Petit Maître (ca. 1728) is a pamphlet which includes a fascinating poem. The novelist *Tobias Smollett commenced his career in 1746 with a homosexual satirical poem. See *Mark Akenside, *Charles Churchill, * College Wit Sharpen'd, *"Epitaph for Bob Jones", *Samuel Foote, *Thomas Gay, *Thomas Gray, *The He Strumpets, *William Kenrick, *Love in the Suds, *Matthew Prior, *Strawberry Hill Press, *Horace Walpole, * The Women-Hater's Lament. Historical background: see John Bray, *Montgomery Hyde, *Rictor Norton; see also the essays in Robert MacCubbin, Tis Nature's Fault, London, 1987 (reprint of special issue of the journal Eighteenth Century Life). Randolph Trumbach, "London's Sodomites: Homosexual Behavior and Western Culture in the 18th Century", Journal of Social History 11 (1977), 1-33, gives the social background; in 1998 Trumbach published a book Heterosexuality and the Third Gender in Enlightenment London (see review Lambda Book Report, December 1998, 25). Paul-Gabriel Boucé, Sexuality in eighteenth-century Britain, 1982, a series of essays on the sexual background. A historical study dealing with rhetoric is John Thomas Rowland, Swords in myrtle dress'd: towarda a rhetoric of Sodom: gay readings of homosexual politics and poetics in the eighteenth century, Madison, NJ, 1997. The gay critic *George E. Haggerty is a specialist in the period. United States: see "Timothy Dwight. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1927. The author of daring poetry showing the influence of *Charles Olson. A spastic, he has lived almost all his life in Swampscott, Massachusetts, and latterly in Berkeley, California, and is responsible for twenty-one compilations. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Contemporary Authors New Revision Series, volume 6. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10616: Air in the Trees, Los Angeles: Black Sparrow, 1968. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Orgasms of Light, 68-70; biog., 251. Poet from Norway writing in Norwegian. Active 1982. Author of two books with relevant poems: Homofil - Guds barn (1982) and Skapt sànn (1982). Bibliographies. Hansen, Nordisk Bibliografi, 18: citing his book of poems Homofil - Guds barn (Gays: God's children), Oslo, 1980 (religious in basis). Criticism. Gatland, Mellom linjene: homofile tema i norsk litteratur, 259. Critic and historian from the United States writing in Spanish and English. Active from 1976. In the Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, pp. 1236-43, see his entry "Spain" - a very Tine article in English with detailed literary reference and the first overall survey of homosexuality and Spanish literature in English (with a bibl.) His "Reaction to the Publication of the 'Sonnetos del amor oscuro'" (of *Garcia Lorca) in Bulletin of Hispanic Studies no. 55 (1988), 261-71, discusses the controversy over Lorca's homosexual sonnets. He wrote in Spanish, Poeta en Nueva York, Barcelona, 1976, on the text of Lorca's New York sequence. See also *Gregorio Maranon. Poet from Sweden who wrote in Swedish; he was also a translator from French to Swedish 1907-1968. The greatest Nordic poet of the *modernist period, strongly influenced by *oriental *mysticism and the Mediterranean. Though there is a female presence in his poems many are *non-gender specific e.g. those in * Diwan, 1965. Translation. English: Selected Poems, New York, 1971, trans. by *W. H. Auden and Leif Sjoberg (trans. of Diwan and poems to 1968). He translated a selection of the French poet *Rimbaud (1972). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Contemporary Authors, vol. 123: spelt Ekeloef. Criticism. Rossel, History of Scandinavian Literature, 173-76. Poet from Sweden who wrote in Swedish, 1880-1949. Influenced by *Symbolism, *Stefan George, *Aestheticism and *Nietzsche. He was active as a poet with gay themes 1900-1906. Letters: see Brev, 2 volumes, no date (before 1984). Biography: Algot Werin, Wilhelm Ekeland, 2 volumes, 1960-61. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Bibliographies. Hansen, Nordisk Bibliografi, 14: Dikter (Poems), Stockholm, 1980, 484 pp.; refers also to two volumes in candium (1905) and Havets stjärna (1906). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Fra mann til mann, 30-33 Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 397-99: fine poems mainly about *Eros. "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen", 110; see also note p. 175. Criticism. Rossel, History of Scandinavian Literature, 117-18. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1008: in the article Poetry by *S. W. Foster he is stated to be a "minor poet" who is homosexual. Poet from Iraq who wrote in Arabic. Active before ca 1200?. See *Numa Praetorius (pseud.). A poet who lived in *Baghdad and wrote at least one very frank homosexual love poem. The date is very uncertain. Poet from Australia writing in Arabic. Born 1968. He published homoerotic poems in a London Arabic paper al-Hawadeth (Events) in 1989 when he was living in France; a religious fundamentalist wrote to the newspaper and said they should not be published. He lives in *Sydney and was born in Lebanon and formerly lived in France. Nearly thirty poems have been published. A friend of *Vrasdis Karales. See also *Meher Kheir. Elcano, Barrett W. Bibliographer from the United States writing in English. Active 1976. Co-author of *Homosexuality: An Annotated Bibliography. Eldorado: Homosexuelle Frauen und Männer in Berlin 1900-1950: Geschichte. Alltag und Kultur A catalog of the gay exhibition at the Berlin Museum, May-July 1984, on *Berlin gay life 1850-1950. Berlin: Frölich und Kaufmann, 1984, 216 page. No editor is given. It contains many brilliant essays on the cultural, historical and sexual background and is one of the finest works on the gay life of a city; see *Manfred Herzer regarding his article on gay poetry. Meter in Greek and Latin. From ca. 700 B.C. A type of poetic meter based on the epic hexameter used by *Homer and thought to be originally inspired by a flute song (see Oxford Classical Dictionary entry). Used by poets in *songs, *epitaphs and *epigrams and especially popular with *Alexandrian poets and later in Greek in the Roman period, after 146 B.C. It was used initially by *Archilochus (800-700 B.C.) and then *Mimnermus, who are amongst those thought to have founded the meter. It was later used by *Theognis (ca. 544 B. C.) and *Critias. Elegaic became, with *iambic, the dominant meter in ancient Greek lyric poetry. It was taken over by the Romans and used in Latin by *Catullus, *Tibullus, *Propertius and *Ovid; it was the favorite meter of the homosexual *Martial. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary. A poem lamenting the death of another person; here referring to one written by a male of a male. The term comes from the Greek term for the *elegiac meter. Works survive in Akkadian from Iraq and later in other languages. From 612 B.C. Elegies by a male about another male raise the issue of sublimated homosexuality. In addition, the question has to be asked as to why such elegies were rarely written about women. Hebrew: see * David's Lament for Jonathan (surviving from ca. 200 B.C.). The *Psalms are laments in parts but more general laments and not songs directed directly towards a male by another. Akkadian: see * Gilgamesh re his lament for Enkidu (ca. 612 B.C.). Persian: see *Farrukhi. See also *ghazal (an elegy of love). Poets also wrote elegies to princes and rulers. English: Almost all the best known elegies in English are by men about men. The English elegy tradition was based on the tradition in ancient Greek, especially *Bion and *Moschus, who were known, for instance, to *Milton. In the contemporary period *Aids has inspired moving elegies: see * Poets for Life, *Paul Monette *Carol Muske. Australia: see *J. S. Manifold, *Kenneth Slessor. Great Britain: see entries for *M. Arnold, *Thomas Campion, *John Dryden, *Dyer, *Thomas Gray, *Fulke Greville, *Daryl Hine, *James Kirkup (regarding his *Pasolini elegy), *John Milton, *Tennyson. United States: see *Whitman, ivor Winters, *Maureen Duffy, *Paul Monette (a brilliant *Aids elegy for his lover *Roger Horwitz), *Thom Gunn. See also *pastoral poetry. Criticism: see Norton, Homosexual Literary Tradition, 387. French: see *Lucien Letinois re *Verlaine. German: see Theodore Ziolkowski, The Classical German Elegy 1795-1950, 1980. Greek: See *Bion (active 100 B.C.) re his Lament for Adonis and *Moschus (Lament for Bion). An elegy on *Adonis is also ascribed to *Theocritus. See also *epitaph and *Achilles and Patroclus. The death of Patroclus in Homer's * Iliad leads to elaborate funeral games and the whole of Book 23 is elegaic in nature. Latin: see *John Milton (written ca. 1625). Maori. See Sir Apirana T. Ngata, editor, Nga Moteatea: The Songs, Wellington, 1959-70, 3 volumes: a collection of Maori poems collected in the early twentieth century, here republished, which contains many laments, some of men about men (translated into English with the Maori text). See also Ian Wedde and Harvey McQueen, The Penguin Book of New Zealand Verse, Auckland, 1985, pp. 75-77, "Lament for te Heuheu Herea" and pp. 80-81, "Lament". Portuguese: *Antonio Botto. Provencal: see *Sordello. Russian: see *Klyuev. Spanish: see *Garcia Lorca. Turkish: see *Baki. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Poet from the United States who wrote in English; he later lived in Great Britain. 1888-1965. A major *modernist poet, T. S. Eliot's *New England background was deeply *Puritanical and he graduated from *Harvard and later went to Europe to study philosophy, instead becoming a poet. In his *sequence The Waste Land (1922), a merchant from Smyrna asks a man to a "weekend at the Metropole [Hotel]" (lines 209214) with the suggestion of a homosexual assignation; *Tiresias, who appears in the next few lines, is an *androgynous figure (lines 243-48). The poem is in the form of a series of *dramatic monologues, many written from the point of view of a woman and all meant to be read in conjunction with each other presenting overall a single view of the world, with female and male viewpoints merging. The poem was dedicated to his close friend Jean Verdenal, killed in World War I (see the Encyclopedia of Homosexuality entry); letters between the two have not yet been made public. On The Waste Land's relationship with *Edward Fitzgerald's * Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, see Vinnie-Marie D'Ambrosio, Eliot Possessed, 1989. An early relevant poem is "The Death of St. *Narcissus" (Complete Poems, 1969, pp. 605-06); also relevant is the early poem "The Love Song of St. *Sebastian" (see Inventions of the March Hare: Poems 1909-1917, London, 1996, pp. 78-79) - both figures in the poem could be males. His first marriage was deeply unhappy and at its breakdown he wrote The Waste Land. He later remarried but appears to have been largely asexual, certainly for parts of his life. He converted to *Christianity in 1927 and described himself as "classical in literature, royalist in politics and Anglo-Catholic in religion". T.S. Eliot was awarded the *Nobel Prize in 1948. *Wayne Koestenbaum has written of his relationship with *Ezra Pound in homoerotic terms; see also John Hayward with whom he shared a flat for many years. On alleged homosexuality, see *Francis King. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 351-52. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Criticism. Woods, Articulate Flesh: Male Homo-eroticism and Modern Poetry, 4: "The Waste Land is... a consummate love poem whose object is (most of the time) male". Pseudonym of an anthologist from Germany and Switzerland of works in German. 1872-1942. Pseudonym of *Elisar von Kupffer Elizabethan English language poets Period in English poetry of Great Britain. 1558-1603. The Elizabethan period, named after Queen Elizabeth the First, dates from 1558 to 1603 when she ruled England. It is the first outstanding period of homosexuality in English poetry especially the 1590s (compare the *eighteen nineties). *Spenser's * Shepherd's Calendar, 1579, is the first work of importance. Two outstanding gay *sonnet sequences were published: *Richard Barnfield's in 1594 and *William Shakespeare's in 1609 (but written in the 1590s). *Christopher Marlowe is also a major poet. The Spenser-Dyer-Greville-Sidney circle shows strong homoaffectionalism and *Ganymede and *Cupid are homosexual tropes of the period. Other poets of note are *Michael Drayton, *Sir Edward Dyer, *Fulke Greville, *Sir Philip Sidney. Many plays for the theater written in verse (most notably works of Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe) make reference to homosexuality. The genuineness of the women in the many sonnet sequences (which are a feature of the period) has been questioned by scholars; similary with pastoral poets, there is much ambiguity, especially in poems modelled on *Virgil's "Second Eclogue". There has been fairly thorough criticism of the period in homosexual terms: see John Bray (a Tine survey of the social bakground), *Gregory W. Bredbeck, *Rictor Norton (who has extensively discussed the poetry of the period), *Bruce R. Smith. Robert M. Wren gave a paper at the 1987 Gay History Conference in Amsterdam: *"Pederasty in *Elizabethan London". The text is in the History supplement to the conference and the paper focuses on homosexuality in the plays of the minor dramatists and among boy *actors of the Elizabethan stage.. Poet and critic from the United States writing in English. Active from 1991. Author of a critical book, * Frank O'Hara, Ann Arbor, 1994. Book of poems: Sweet Nothings, 1994; not seen. Unpublished gay poems exist in manuscripts (Javant Biarujia to me; these poem were submitted to Nosukomo Press in 1994). An editor of a journal in Ohio, who is an academic. Translator from Greek, France and Italian to English from Great Britain. Active 1969. He translated *Aretino from Italian into English; see also John Whitworth. French. He translated poems of *Verlaine and Rimbaud from French into English titled Femmes/Hombres (Anvil Press, 1979; first published London, 1969) and is called "incomparable" as a translator by Anthony Reid, especially the "Sonnet to the Arsehole" (see Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, p. 388). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 65: trans. of the Greek poet Adaios (from Palatine Anthology x 20) into English. Poet and novelist from Australia writing in English; he later lived in the United States. 1917-1991. A dramatist and novelist who lived in the United States from 1948 where he wrote for television. Openly gay at the end of his life. An obituary in the Sun Herald, Sydney (30 June, 1991, 38) mentions some of his poems read at his funeral service in New York, apparently from manuscript. He was most famous in Australia for his 1948 play Rusty Bugles, set in an all male army camp in the Northern Territory and which shocked people at the time with its use of bawdy language. His 1965 novel Careful He Might Hear You is an autobiographical story of his childhood and in 1991he published the gay novel Fairyland (see Weekend Australian Review, 2-3 June, 1990, 6). Obituary: Sydney Morning Herald, 25 June 1991, 2; Australian Book Review no. 133 (August 1991) 42-3 by Sharon Clarke. Biography: Sharon Clarke, Sumner Locke Elliott: Writing Life, 1996. An obituary appeared in the New York Times. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Sexologist, historian and critic from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1859-1939. Havelock Ellis is most famous for his five volume Studies in the Psychology of Sex. The first published volume was what is now the second volume: Sexual Inversion (1897; repr.). It was written with *J. A. Symonds (who wrote most of it). However, the first publication of Sexual Inversion was actually the German translation published in 1896, titled Das konträre Geschlechtsgefühl (Leipzig: Wigand, 1896, 308 pp.). This work is the pioneering modern study of homosexuality in English and in a *European language. Chapter One, "Introduction" (pp. 1-64 of the third revised edition of 1915) refers to homosexuality in many cultures (including tribal cultures) and in many cultural figures. This chapter is the first history of homosexuality in English and contains discussion of poetry (e.g. reference to *Digby Dolben). It is the basis of later historical works in English and is still, to this day, a brilliant survey. The 1897 British edition was banned after a court case and could only be printed in the United States and is rare. (It was added to and progresssively expanded in later editions after the 1897 edition; e.g. the reference to *Digby Dolben obviously was possibly added after publication of his Collected Poems in 1911.) There were two further editions, the third edition of 1915 remaining the definitive text in further printings. The six volumes of Ellis's Studies in the Psychology of Sex are 1. The Evolution of Modesty, the Phenomena of Sexual Periodicity and Autoeroticism, 2. Sexual Inversion, 3. Analysis of the Sexual Impulse, 4. Sexual Selection in Man, 5. Erotic Symbolism. The mechanics of Detumescence. The Psychic State in Pregnancy and 6. Sex in Relation to Society. Ellis edited the Mermaid series of English dramatists, himself editing *Christopher Marlowe in 1887 (see *J. St Loe Strachey who wrote the introduction). He also wrote poems. His wife Mrs [Edith] Havelock Ellis, who was a lesbian, wrote Three Modern Seers, 1920, under her name as Mrs Havelock Ellis, with a chapter on *Edward Carpenter, pp. 193-227. (After the first year of their marriage all sexual relations ceased and both went on to have affairs with women.) Some of Ellis's library ended up in the *Kinsey Institute (including many books on *flagellation). Manuscripts may yield additional material on homosexuality. Bibliography: for a list of works by Ellis see his My Life, 1940; the edition of My Life edited by Alan Hull Walton, 1967, is especially useful. Ellis also wrote poems. Biography: *Phyllis Grosskurth, Havelock Ellis: A Biography, 1980. Translations. Sexual Inversion is the most important of his works for homosexuality. The Studies was issued in a one volume abridgement in the 1920s which may have been the basis of the text used for the Chinese translation. French: the * British Library General Catalogue lists an edition of Studies in the Psychology of Sex, Etudes de Psychologie sexuelle, 1921+ trans. by A. van Gennep with extra material. This includes an essay on Russian sex life, including homosexual *pedophilia concealed in the section on sexuality during pregnancy in volume 6 and printed in small such small type it is difficult to read it (it was not published in the English edition as the American publisher considered it could jeopardize publication): see Andrew Field, VN: The Life and Art of Vladimir Nabokov, New York, 1987, pp. 317-18. This work is one of the most comprehensive works on Russian sexuality before 1990 and has been published in New York by Grove Press as Confessions of VictorX. German: Sexual Inversion was trans. by Hans Kurella, as Das Kontrare Geschlectsgefuhl, Leipzig: Weigand, 1896, as noted above. This German translation was published before either of the English versions. Italian and Spanish: for translation of the Studies see the notes by Alan Hull Walton in his edition of Ellis's My Life, 1967. Chinese: a translation was published in Shanghai by the Commercial Press in 1947 as Sex Psychology (notes and appendix by G. D. Pan to the Chinese translation, pp. 249-55, 380-406 which contain very valuable historical and critical comment: see references in the article in the Journal of Homosexuality, 1987, by *Fang-fu Ruan). There was also a 1949 printing of Ellis's work in Chinese by Commercial Press in Shanghai (source: Catalogue of Commerical Press Publications, Beijing, 2 volumes, 1981). Note: after 1949, this press split into three parts, one on Taiwan, one in Hong Kong and one in Beijing: all claimed to be the authentic press. Chou Tso-jen (in Pinyin Zhou Zuoren), brother of *Lu Hsun, translated Ellis into Chinese: see Clifton Fadiman, New Lifetime Reading Plan, 1999, p. 249; he may be the translator of these two editions. Japanese: see Alan Hull Walton's notes in Ellis, My Life, 1967, re this edition. Greek: Epitome sexoualikes psychologies, Athens, 1963, 318 pp., is an abridgement of Studies in the Psychology of Sex. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias Dictionary of National Biography. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 352-53. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 51. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Hidden Heritage, 255-71. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 328-334: from Sexual Inversion. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1941. His book of poems The Cherry Boy (1957) is about his infatuation with a boy; cherry may be a transference from Elizabethan poets who frequently referred to women in terms of cherries (referring to *kissing their lips). See also the poetry volumes Rave (Northwood, UK: Scorpion Press: May 1960): see pp. 17 ("Julian...") , 21 ("Grollops"). (Rare; copy sighted: John Willis Collection). He is also the author of two novels (see Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 1153-54). Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1152: The Cherry Boy, London: Turret, 1957. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 361-63: from the *sequence The Cherry Boy. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 176: two Tine poems including one on *prostitution. Biographer and editor in English from Great Britain. 1901-1987. Biographer of Oscar Wilde, London, 1987. The biography has been acclaimed one of the finest in English and is written in masterly prose. It is certainly the best biography of *Oscar Wilde as well as being the most up-to-date. However, Wilde is now thought not to have died of syphilis as described here but of an ear disease. The photograph identified as being of Wilde in drag in his play Salomé (opposite p. 371) is now known to be of an actual actress. Review: see Jim Davidson; Christopher Street no. 118 (1987), 52-58 by Brendan Lemon. The author was Goldsmith's Professor of English at Oxford and one of the experts on *modernism of which he regards Wilde as being one of the chief initiators. He is the editor of The Artist as Critic: Critical Writing of Oscar Wilde (1982) and has edited a major work on the background to *Modernism. Poet and lover from the United States writing in English. Born 1929. A prolific author, he was educated at Harvard and lives in *New York. He has written several forms of theatrical writing (e.g., songs for cabarets) as well as opera librettos (e.g., Miss Julie for the gay composer Ned Rorem). He enjoys collaborating with composers and artists and has collaborated with the artist-writer Joe Brainard on two volumes, The Baby Book, 1965, and Gamebook Calendar, 1967. He and Joe Brainard were lovers (see Schuyler, Diary, p. 304, which states that he "shared his life with Joe Brainard from the early 1960s until Brainard's death in 1994"). He has been influenced by John Ashbery and collaborated with James Schuyler on a one act play. He is usually categorized as one of the *New York School. From 1961 he considers himself primarily a poet and has published several volumes. Motor Disturbance won the 1971 *Frank O'Hara award for poetry. He has made two tapes Rare meat (Poets Audio Centre) and Big Ego (Giorno Audio Systems). In 1989 he and Joe Brainard published the book Sung Sex. In 1999 he published Selected Poems & Lyrics, including poems about the loss of his lover of thirty-one years, Joe Brainard (review: Lambda Book Review, April 1999, 15, 17, 19). Interview: Leyland, Gay Sunshine Interviews, volume 2, 95-108; biog., 96; photograph, 95. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Contemporary Authors New Revision Series, volume 25. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Angels of the Lyre, 63-68; biog., 239. Orgasms of Light, 71-74: brilliant *sequence "Some I Remember" (dedicated: "For Joe"); biog., 252. Amerikanike homophylophile poiese , 23-30; biog., 70: trans. into Greek. Word of Mouth, 147-56. Poet from Belgium who wrote in French. 1862-1931. Belgian poet in the Jeune-Belgique group, a dilettante who wrote in the manner of *Verlaine. The companion of Jean de Bosschère. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1991. Pseudonym of James W. Thompson. A *black poet from *New York who has published several books and conducts poetry workshops. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 38-40: "Earthbound Heavensound" (about attraction to a black youth); biog., 175. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1892-1973. Educated at Oxford, he was later a Labour party member of parliament. Books of poems: Schoolboys and Exiles, 1919, and Years of Peace, 1925. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10617: Schoolboys and Exiles, London: Allen and Unwin, 1919. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1158: same book. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 200: "News" - a poem about a man's death; biog., 232-33. Poet who wrote in Turkish. Active before 1838. *Ottoman poet. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: Die Männerliebe der Griechen, 79-80; born in *Turkestan. "Schejch" means Sheik in English (transliteration is German). Not found in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Bookseller and bibliographer from the United States of works in English. Active 1972-ca. 1990. The catalogs of Elysian Fields, which are undated, were compiled by *Ed Drucker (pseud. of George Fisher) and total forty. Up to 2000 items were included in each catalog. A poetry section was included in every third or fourth catalog - e.g. no. 32, ca. 1985, extends Young's bibliography to ca. 1985. The catalogs after 1982 supplement the second edition of * The Male Homosexual in Literature and provide a reasonably good bibliography of United States gay poetry (and literature) for the period covered. Bibliographies. Herzer, Bibliographie zur Homosexualität, item 3383: commencing 1972. Ian Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, first edition, 1975, states page ix, that Catalogs 4-7, called Homosexuality in Literature, date 1973-74 and he has relied on these catalogs (see also Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, page x). Bookseller from the United States selling works mainly in English. Active 2000. One finely produced catalog of 35 pages is known containing many rare works titled Elysium Books Spring 2000. See entries 'Fersen and 'Jeremy Reed. Rare; copy: 'Paul Knobel Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. 1911-1995. See the English translation of the poem "The Age of *Blue Memory", trans. Nanos Valaoritis, Penguin New Writing, edited by John Lehman and R. Fuller, Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin, 1985, pp. 192-93 (first published 1947): a *non-gender specific poem. He translated the French poet *Rimbaud and the Spanish poet *Garcia Lorca into Greek. Odysseus Elytis never married and lived in Athens in a small flat. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Literary Biography. Poet from Greece who wrote in Greece. 19Q2-1976. He wrote 'surrealist poems dealing with all sorts of sexuality. He was "[The] first ''Dionysiac' poet after 'Sikelianos" according to Trypanis. Criticism. Trypanis, Greek Poetry, 699-7QQ. Poet from the United States who wrote in English; translator from German to English. 1803-1882. A 'New England poet and 'Transcendentalist philosopher best known as an essayist during his lifetime. See also his poems '"Sa'di", '"Eros", '"Bacchus"; see in addition the poem "The Harp" in The Age of Innocence (reference: Foster, "Beauty's Purple Flame: Some Minor American Gay Poets", Gay Books Bulletin no. 7 (1982), 18). He translated 'Hafiz from the German of 'Hammer-Purgstall. He enthusiastically greeted the publication of Whitman's Leaves of Grass hailing it as a work of genius. On later editions of Leaves of Grass Whitman had printed Emerson's words in a famous letter to him: "I find incomparable things said incomparably well... I greet you at the beginning of a great career". Emerson married twice and had a 'mystical outlook, being much influenced by Indian philosophy such as the 'Upanishads and in turn influencing 'Thoreau and Whitman. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Ioläus (1902), 175: from his "Essay on 'Friendship"; states "the only way to have a friend is to be one". Ioläus (1935), 234-60: essay on friendship. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 528-31. Criticism. Mayne, The Intersexes, 38: poem '"Friendship". Katz, Gay American History, 45661: re infatuation with his fellow student Martin Gay at 'Harvard and poem. Philosopher from Greece writing in Greek. Active 459 B.C. A poem of his, the first expression of reincarnation in a European culture, is engraved on the grave of *Hubert Fichte: "I have already become a beautiful youth, a beautiful young woman, and a bush and a bird and a fish from the shining sea". (The word kouros in the poem meaning beautiful youth has strong homosexual associations.) He lived in *Sicily where he was associated with Pythagoras. The idea of reincarnation in ancient Greek philosophy may relate to similar ideas in ancient *Indian philosophy. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary. Emperors - Chinese and Japanese Poets, book collectors and patrons from China and Japan relating to poems in Chinese and Japanese. Emperors of relavance date from ca. 200 B.C. Chinese. Chinese emperors had absolute sexual freedom as emperors had absolute power until the 'Republican period from 1911: who would dare rebuke such a person, even as a child? Since Emperors had freedom to express their sexuality it is likely that the proportion of bisexual emperors is very high in all periods. All emperors wrote poetry, the writing of which was integral to the education system. Being absolute monarchs, the Emperors set the tone for Chinese society which has been tolerant of homosexuality. They are discussed below under the relevant dynasties. See also *cut sleeves, *Law - Chinese, *Libraries and Archives - Chinese. *Han period. This period was 206 B.C.-200 A.D. This is the earliest period from which evidence survives of homosexuality in Chinese emperors. Han China was noted for its great refinement and *aesthetic feeling. From the foundation of the Han dynasty, several emperors were homosexual or *bisexual. See also Van Gulik, Sexual LIfe in Ancient China, pp. 62-63 (*re Han emperors), 93 (re the boy emperor Fei-ti, also called Liu Tzu-yeh; reigned 449-465), 202 (re the Han emperor Ching (reigned 156-141 B.C.) (all names in Wade Giles). See Shasha, History of Homosexuality in China, pp. xx-xxi for other references. For a list of homosexual or bisexual Han emperors see Journal of Homosexuality volume 14 no. 3-4 (1987), 23. Sui period. See Shasha, History of Homosexuality in China, p. xxii: re Yand DI. Five Dynasties. See Shasha, History of Homosexuality in China, p. xxii: re Wang Xingxin and Emperor of Zhu (Szechwan). *T'ano period. See Shasha, History of Homosexuality in China, P. xxii: re Emperors Xi Zong, Ming Wang. *Ch'ina period. Hsien Fong (ruled 1851-61) and Tung Chih (ruled 1862-74) had homosexual relationships (see Journal of Homosexuality, vol. 14 no. 33/4 [1987], 26); *Ch'ien Lung (reigned 1736-95) had a homosexual love (same source). See also references in Shasha, History of Homosexuality in China. *Pu Yi the last emperor, who ruled as a child from 1909-1912, was homosexual. *Mao, called the Red Emperor, had homosexual experiences and wrote poetry. Paintings, which frequently had poems written on them, were part of the imperial collection and especially made for the emperors. The Emperors had important collections of sexual books in their libraries. The Chinese emperor as model influenced Korea, Japan and Vietnam, Burma, Lao and Cambodia (compare *Sultans). Other references. Hinsch, Passions of the Cut Sleeve: various emperors are referred to throughout. Japanese. See the article "Homosexuality" in Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan for the *Heian emperors Emperor Shirakawa (10531129) and Toba (1103-1156); they also have entries in Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan. The Emperor Toba married and had two sons. Several poetry anthologies were compiled for Japanese emperors (some contained relevant poems; see *Imperial anthologies). Some *shoguns (military rulers of Japan who in effect exercised imperial control) were gay. Leupp, Male Colors: The Construction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan, 26, has a list of homosexual emperors. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1960. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10618: poem "The Clown", from ONE Magazine 8: 11(November 1960). Reference work in French and English covering history, biography, criticism and listing manuscripts and bibliographies relating to Arabic, Persian, Turkish, Urdu and other *Islamic languages. From 1913. Encyclopaedia of Islam is a major source of knowledge of homosexuality in Islamic poets writing in Arabic, Persian, Turkish and Urdu and other languages of Islam. Homosexuality was discussed from the first edition and continues to be so in the second edition, begun in 1960. Both editions are published in French and translated into English. The first edition was originally published in German from 1913 in fascicles. Vol. 1, A-D, 1913+, Vol. 2 , E-K, 1927+; Vol. 3, L-T, 1936+; Vol. 4, S-Z, 1934+. Supplement Volume, 1938. The second edition was published in French and English from 1960; it has been appearing in fascicles also. Volume 1, A-B, 1960; Vol. 2, C-G, 1965; Vol. 3, H-IRAM, 1971; Vol. 4, IRAN-KHA, 1978; Vol. 5, KHE-MAHI, 1986; Vol. 6, MAHK-MID, 1991; Vol. 7, MIF-NAZ, 1993; Vol. 8, NED- (in process). Supplement Volume ABBAS-IRAKI, 1980. Index to Vols. 1-6 and Supplement 1-6, 1991. Index of Subjects, Vols. 1-6, 1993. The second edition has claims to be one of the greatest encyclopedias ever published. As attitudes to homosexuality have changed considerably during the course of publication, dates are very relevant and there is more candour in the later volumes. The second edition also includes twentieth century writers. The bibliographies at the end of articles usually cite manuscript sources so entries are an important source for manuscripts. An editor, *Charles Pellat wrote the article *"Liwat" (sodomy) in the second edition; *Arno Schmitt has written a commentary on it. Turkish. A Turkish translation of the first edition, with additional Turkish material, exists titled Turk Islam Ansiklopedisi (ca. 1940); this is in effect the second edition of the encyclopedia. A work called Turkiye Diyanet Vakfi Islam Ansiklopedisi and published in Istanbul from 1988 (volume 14, Gelibolu to Haddesena was published in 1996) is not a translation of the encyclopedia but an entirely separate work. Work of bibliography in English from the United States. The index only has been published, Boston: Homophilics Institute, 1989, 104 pages. It is edited by *Richard Dey (executive editor 1985-90) and consists, in the 1989 Interim Index, of 5000 entries of homosexuals, including many poets. Only the names and birth and death dates are given and no further information. A Directory which expands the information to 1,500 pages is available on Wang Plus Disc or for 50 cents per page. The Encyclopedia itself had 15,000 pages at 1989. According to an internet homepage on the Homophilics Insititute the list of entries is to appear on the Internet. The Insititute was formed in Boston in 1962 and publishes the journal The Gay Review (ca. 1990). Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, The Reference work relating to history and criticism in English from the United States. 2 volumes, New York: Garland, 1990; index pp. 1419-84. Edited by *Wayne Dynes, with associate editors *Warren Johansson and *William A. Percy, the encyclopedia contains a literary index at the beginning (pages xxvi-xxviii) and is the first serious attempt to adumbrate the whole field of homosexuality, male and female, in English or in any other known language. The editors wrote many of the several hundred articles, including entries on poets. The article "Poetry" is by *Stephen Wayne Foster. All relevant articles have been referred to in this encyclopedia. Reviews: Journal of Homosexuality vol. 20 no. 4 (1991), 81-97 (reply by Wayne Dynes in the following issue) and in Forum 11 (1991), 126-30, by *Wolfgang Popp. End of the World Speshul Anthology Collection from Canada in English. 1977. Edited by *bill bissett it is an anthology including a poem by the gay poet *Ian Young. This work is issue 5 of the journal blewointment, published by bill bissett 1963-1968. It is listed in *Ian Young: A Bibliograpphy as item C19. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1162: Vancouver: blewointmentpress, 1977. Homosexuality in Canada, first edition (1979), 17: states '"See Ian Young's "Saskatoon Snow'". Poet possibly from the United States writing in English. Active before 1982. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gay Poetry, 1. Poet from Israel who wrote in Turkish; he lived from childhood in Turkey. 1760-1810. The author of four books of poetry published in 'Istanbul in 1838 which were promptly banned because of their erotic nature. After his parents had been involved in an anti-government conspiracy, he was sent to Istanbul, where he was educated as a child . He has been called Fazyl Bey (see Bibliographies below) and Fadil Bey. He wrote a long poem, Defteri Ask (Book of Love) in which there are 170 couplets praising the eighteenth century dancing boy 'Çingene Ismail. His Çinginame (The book of dancing boys), a book about nineteenth century dancing boys, gives the names and stage names of forty-five performers from 'Istanbul. E. J. W. Gibb in Gibb, History of Ottoman Poetry, vol. 4, pp. 235-36 states his Chengi-Name (The Book of Dancers), is a descriptive list of the principal 'dancing boys in 'Istanbul where "all reticence is cast aside". The Hubanname details the physical charms of 'Istanbul beauties, both male and female, of various nationalities; this work was translated into French (listed in the citation in Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10623 - see below). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, p. 362 states The Book of Dancers lists forty-three boy entertainers and the Khuban Name (Book of Women) lists boys of thirty-six countries. The Zenanname describes a raid made on a women's 'bathhouse. He is also called Enderunlu Fazil Vehbi. In the ' British Library General Catalogue to 1975 see under 'Usman, called Vasif Beg - one work A Mother's Advice to her Daughter, Privately printed, 1881 is listed. His works were published in Istanbul in 1838 and immediately suppressed; as a result they became rare collector's items (a copy of the Turkish text of 1939 is listed in the 'British Library General Catalogue to 1975 - see under Fazil, Beg). He was exiled to Rhodes and went blind on seeing the bloody execution of a fellow exile. He was born in Acca (now Israel) and died in Istanbul. If Gibb is to be believed he was totally homosexual (see below). Note: the suggestion in Kearney, Private Case, p. 25 by 'Gershon Legman suggesting Fazyl Bey is 'Edmond Fazy is wrong. Translation. French. The Zenan-nameh was translated into French by Jean Adolphe Decourdemanche as Le livre des femmes (Paris, 1878). Rare: a copy is in the 'Library of Congress and one is in the 'British Library (see under Fazil, Beg). Le livre des beaux (The book of beautiful men), Paris: Bibliothèque internationale d'édition, 1909 (see criticism below) contains descriptions of forty-three beautiful young men and the translation has been attributed by 'Pascal Pia (pseud.) to 'Edmond Fazy (see Pia, Les Livres de l'Enfer in Bibliographies below); rare: a copy is in the *Enfer. English. The Book of Women (Zenan-Nameh) was translated by *E. Powys Mathers, London, 1927. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Mitler, Ottoman Turkish Writers, 45-46. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition: see "Fadil Bey, Huseyn". Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, Volume 2, item 10623: Fazyl Bey, Le livre des beaux (The book of beautiful men), Paris: Bibliothèque internationale d'édition, 1909; a note states it "has several poems dealing with homosexuality". Pia, Les Livres de l'Enfer, vol. 1, columns 757-58: same book. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 376: trans. from from Zenan-Name (The Book of Women); the only text available to Reid (see 362) biog., 361-62 and two poems p. 362. Criticism. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 11 (1910), 80-82: review of Le Livre des beaux. Der Kreis 12 (8 August 1944), 13: article on Le livre des beaux by C. W. with trans. of poem "Le Beau de la mer Egée". Gibb, History of Ottoman Poetry, volume 4, 220-42; notes 224 "the objects of the poet's love are all youths" (see also p. 230); spelt Fazil Bey. Myth and trope in Greek from Greece and later in *European languages. From ca. 100+. In Greek mythology, Endymion was a beautiful youth loved by the moon goddess, who fell in love with him while watching him sleeping. He is thus an example of the ideally beautiful man. For the ancient artistic depiction see the entry in * Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae, volume 3, part 1. The English poet John Keats wrote a *long poem called Endymion. Endymion appears in sculpture from at least the *Hellenistic period, normally depicted sleeping naked with erotic implications. The most famous sculpture of Endymion is in the Antikensammlungen (Antique Collection) in *Munich (this work was "restored" in the eighteenth century by Vincenzo Pacetti). Another sculptural masterpiece, from the era of *Neoclassicism, is in the Cleveland Museum of Fine Arts. Compare *Adonis, another beautiful youth loved by a god. Dutch: *Gerrit Komrij; English: John Keats, *Oscar Wilde, *Martin Boyd, 'Randolph Stow; German: *Oscar Linke, *Walter Wenghofer; Greek: see *Cavafy; Latin: see *Martial x 4. Swedish: *Verner von Heidenstam. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 384. Oxford Latin Dictionary. Graves, Greek Myths, volume 1, 210 11. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Criticism. Norton, Homosexual Literary Tradition, 39 (re Martial). Poem from France written in French. Ca. 1150. Criticism. *Gerald Herman, "The 'Sin Against Nature' and its Echoes In Medieval French Literature", Annuale Mediaevale 17 (1976), 80-83: homosexuality imputed to Aeneas (quote from Eneas, edited by J. J. Salverda de Grave, Paris, 1929, vv8566-8611 and vv9130-70). Aeneas is the protagonist of *Virgil's Aeneid. Sexual practice recorded in English from the United States from 1989. An enema is a device to remove faeces from the bowel. The insertion of the enema itself is the erotic part. Removal of faeces from the anus can also make *anal sex more pleasurable. In English see *Gavin Dillard, The Naked Poet, 1989, no pagination: the poem "Spivy and me": "lying on the bed.../ giving each other enemas". On the subject of enemas see David Barton-Jay, The Enema as an Erotic Art and Its History, 1984 (reviewed The Advocate no. 395, 29 May 1984). Collection of poems in English from Great Britain. The first anthology of *Elizabethan poets containing 150 poems, first published in 1600. It contains many pastoral poems with homosexual undertones and some openly homosexual poems. The editor is unknown. It was republished in 1614. Text: a convenient text is the Muses' Library edition, 1949 edited by Hugh Macdonald (also reprinted). As examples of relevant poems, in this edition see pp. 7-8 "Astrophel's Love is Dead" by *Sir Philip Sidney, 24 "To Colin Cloute" by Shepherd Tonie, 32 "Coridon and Melampus Song" (see *Corydon) by George Peele, 44-45 "Colin Cloutes Mournful Ditty for the Death of Astrophel" by *Edmund Spenser, 70-75 "Syrenus Song to Eugerius" and reply by *Bartholomew Yonge, 77-79 "The Shepherds Ode" by *Richard Barnfield, 82-83 "The Shepherds Description of Love" by Ignoto (pseud.), 87-89 "The Shepherd Carillo his Song" by Bar. Yong, 11516 "The Shepherds Sonnet" by Richard Barnfield, 192-93 "The Passionate Shepherd" by *Christopher Marlowe and reply. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1986. Book of poems: Loose Change, Alphabeta Press, 1986; listed in new books in James White Review vol. 5 no. 2 (Winter 1988), 17. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Voices Against the Wilderness, 30-36; a *black poet from Evergreen Park, Illinois. Historian and bibliographer from Germany writing in German. 1887-1935. Author of Geschichte der erotischen Literatur (History of erotic literature), Stuttgart, 1927 (repr. 1977), which was translated into French as L'histoire de l'erotisme en Europe, 1932 (an adapted rather than a straight translation). This is a noted history of erotic literature in German which, however, only deals minimally with homosexuality. This work mostly deals with German and French works with smaller sections on Italian, English, ancient Greek and Latin works and brief discussion of Egyptian, Arabic, Persian and Indian literatures. He also wrote Das skatologische Element in Literatur, Kunst und Volksleben (The *skatalogical element in literature, art and folklife), Stuttgart, 1928, and Irrgarten der Erotik (Labyrinth of the Erotic), Leipzig, 1931 (repr. 1965). He edited the ninth volume of *Hayn Gotendorf, Bibliotheca Germanorum Erotica, (1929) which has a long section on homosexuality. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Lexikon des gesamten Buchwesens, second edition. Bibliographies. Hayn, Gotendorf, Bibliotheca Germanorum Erotica, vol. 9, 146-49: detailed contents list of Geschichte der erotischen Literatur. Deakin, Catalogi librorum eroticum, 9. Work of bibliography in English from Great Britain. From 1992. This consists of two CD ROMS which contain the full text of all English poets from Great Britain from 600 to 1900; volume one, 6001800, volume two 1800-1900, Cambridge: Chadwick-Healey, 1992-1995. The whole text can be checked for any word or phrase; e.g. a check for *Ganymede, yielded twenty-three poems for the word in poems to 1800 and 24 for 1800-1900, while a check for *sodom yielded seventy and thirty poems respectively. The texts of 1300 British poets are included; however, due to copyright reasons only texts published before 1900 could be included and many are not the best texts of the poet. Enlightenment, in German Aufklärung Period in French, German and English literature in France, Germany, Austria and Great Britain. Term applied to the movement based on rationalism in the arts and sciences starting from the mid-seventeenth century but reaching its apogee 1750-1800. In relationship to homosexuality, the reediting of the ancient Greek ' Palatine Anthology and the *Mousa Paidike were important in giving validation to homosexuality in poetry and in life in this period. At the end of the period, the French revolution saw the overthrow of monarchical government in France. The enlightenment preceded *Romanticism (which was a reaction to it). French. *Voltaire was the main philosopher of this period. *Libertinism was an active creed. In 1791, male homosexuality was legalized in France following the French Revolution. See also *Jacob Stockinger. German. 1750-1780 was the high point in literature. *C M Wieland and *Lessing were key figures. *Goethe and *Schiller reacted against it in their "Sturm und Drang" period. *Paul Derks has written a brilliant study on German writers of the period. English. See Peter Wagner, Eros revived: erotica of the enlightenment in England and America, 1988 especially Chapter 6, "Poetry and Facetiae". Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality. Poet from France who wrote in Latin. 473-521. He became Bishop of Pavia. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Medieval Latin Poems of Male Love and Friendship, 4-7: epigrams in the vein of *Martial but showing strong interest in homosex; biog., 143. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 139; states he married and then entered the church. Poet from Japan who wrote in Japanese. 1661-1707. A *pupil of Basho. See Henderson, Introduction to Haiku, pp. 55-61; some poems with erotic suggestions - e.g. "snow" may refer to semen. Only slight gay reference is possible. He never married. Not in Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan: Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1920. In Laughing Hyena and Other Poems, London, 1953, pp. 46-47, see "To *Cavafy, of Alexandria"; this poem was omitted from his Collected Poems, 1987. He married in 1949, has a daughter and has worked in East Asia as an English lecturer and has published many volumes of poetry. Antholgoies. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Criticism. Perkins, History of Modern Poetry, volume two, 439-40: outline of career. Poet from Mexico who wrote in Spanish. 1948-ca. 1987. He lived in *Mexico City and was an *actor who died of *Aids. Outstanding gay poems include a brilliant gay erotic *sequence "Story of My Life". Translation. English. See Gay Sunshine 44/45, 1980 (second section) p. 41: fine poem in Spanish with English trans. by *E A Lacey: "Estupendo acompañante (Wonderful companion)". Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10619: the poem in Now the Volcano, "La mia y la historia de algunos amigos..." (The story of myself and some friends) in * Gay Sunshine 23 November-December 1974, 10-12. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Now the Volcano, 70-81: a brilliant sequence about the author's gay life, trans. into English by *Erskine Lane; biog., 65. Drobci stekla v ustih, 141-45; biog., 185. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 694-95, trans. by *E A Lacey; biog., 694. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 366-68. Word now in English, originally in Greek from Greece. A youth or young man at the age of early manhood. The word may have existed from before ca. 200 in Greek. Greek. See Liddell and Scott, Greek-English Lexicon, p. 743 (ephabos) referring to "a young citizen from eighteen to twenty years of age in Athens during which time he was occupied in garrison duty" (i.e. a young man in the peak of manhood and therefore very attractive); this definition has been taken from its surviving usage in Athenian law. The usage is not cited in Greek poetry in Liddell and Scott. See also *J. Oehler and Dover, Greek Homosexuality, p. 238 (slight references). English: *Wallace Stevens. See *Tahriq Rahman, "Ephebophilia: the case for the use of a new word", Forum for Modern language Studies 24 (1988), 126-41. French: see Courouve, Vocabulaire de l'homosexualité masculine, 107 citing *Verlaine. Latin: *Hérelle manuscript 3258 cites Quidde collegiis epheborum apud graecos..., Paris, 1877: a *thesis apparently presented at the *Sorbonne. Compare *Narcissus. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Pauly, Wissowa, Paulys Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft : see "Ephebos" by *W. Kroll. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality: see "Ephebophilia" and "Youth". Ephemera refers to works on paper which are usually thrown away. Material survives in English and other languages from the United States, Great Britain, Australia and other countries. From at least 1882. Here it refers to poems published on flimsy or cheap paper and is to be distinguished from *broadside poems which are usually formally typeset and printed on longer lasting paper (though it is not always possible to distinguish ephemera from longer lasting broadsides). Protest songs which were sometimes photocopied and were sung at gay demonstrations fall into this category. A work on *Oscar Wilde in the United States is compiled from newspaper cuttings from his 1882 tour which are ephemera: see *Lloyd Lewis. The * Songs of Gay Liberation Quire (1986) from Australia were originally given out on one page foolscap sheets. *Bawdry has survived in this form, as have some *ballads. Gay *archives are likely to contain such material. Many volumes of gay poetry and even *anthologies fall into the category of ephemera since they have been published on cheap paper which will not last long; most *chapbooks are in the ephemera category. Photocopying paper frequently used for such publications has an especially short life. Posters from poetry readings are very important for information and rarely survive. Poet from Syria writing in Syrian. Ca. 306-373. The most famous saint of the Syrian church who wrote many works in poetry including *hymns. He was an ascetic who praised virginity and possibly gay. An article by Alan Palmer of SOAS (School of Oriental and African Studies, London) is believed to have been written on him and homosexuality; this has not been traced. It was supposedly given at a conference on Syrian studies prior to 2000. A concise summary of his life is in Herbert Butler's Lives of the Saints (many editions) Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica. Genre in Sumerian, Hittite and Akkadian and later in the *Indo-European and *Altaic language families as well as other languages. Epics of relevance date from ca. 1200 B.C. when the HIttite version of Gilgamesh dates; fragments in Sumerian, possibly relevant, date from 2000 B.C. Epics divide into written and oral works. An epic is a long poem on a serious subject; the usual given example of the genre is *Homer's *Iliad. Epics usually have a *hero who is invariably male (see also *heroic poems). A narrative poem centering on a hero is perhaps the best definition of an epic. In the twentieth century, epics have tended to be replaced by the long *sequence due to the fragmentation of poetic form (e. g. long sequences by *Ezra Pound and *Charles Olson). See overall for oral epics Guida M. Jackson, Encyclopedia of Traditional Epics, Santa Barbara, CA, 1994 (called Traditional Epics for the British edition, London, 1995). The earliest surviving epic is Gilgamesh which survives complete in Akkadian from before 612 B.C. though fragments in Sumerian date from before 2,000 B.C.. A version exists in Hittite (from before 1200 B.C) with homosexual puns which is used here as the earliest relevant date. In Greek. Homer's Iliad dates from ca. 700 B.C. in composition but in its surviving form from 180 B.C. The world's longest literary work is the * Manas Epic. See also *Achilles and Patroclus, *Apollonius Rhodius, *Musaeus, *Nonnus, *Apollonius Rhodius, *Musaeus, *long poems, *heroic poems, *oral epics. Epics have frequently depicted a world of close *male bonding; but see *Achilles and Patroclus, * Gilgamesh and *Firdausi regarding expression of homosexual feelings going beyond close bonding. Many epics touch on male *homosexuality. The discovery by Milman Parry of oral epics in the Balkans in the 1930s, works which had similarities to Homer's poems, led to major rethinking about the oral composition of the Homeric epics; these Balkan epics relate to similar poems in *Turkic languages which stretch across Asia to Mongolia. *lndo-European languages. Serbo-Croat and Albanian (which language is a language isolate and not Indo-European): see John Kolsti, The bilingual singer: a study in Albanian and Serbo-Croatian oral epic traditions , 1990. See the separate entry *Oral epics - Albanian, Macedonian, Montenegrin, Serbo-Croat, Ukrainian. (These languages, apart from Albanian, are all *Slavic languages.) English: *Beowulf, *Abraham Cowley, *John Milton. From the United States poet *Walt Whitman free verse epics were written: especially relevant here are Whitman's Leaves of Grass, *Edward Carpenter, *Horace Traubel, *Charles Olson; see also *Ezra Pound, *William Carlos Williams, *James Holmes. French: see *Scarron. German: *Wolfram von Eschenbach author of Parzival, *Erich Linke. Italian: *Boirado, *Ariosto. Latin: see *Virgil. Persian: *Firdawsi. *Amir Khosrou. See Yarshater, Persian Literature, 96108, for a general introduction. Consult also Rypka, History of Iranian Literature. Sanskrit: *Mahabharata, *Ramayana (both translated into many languages). *Altaic languages. *Turkic languages of central Asia and Turkey. One of the richest traditions of all epic traditions is in these languages. See Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, the article "Hamasa" - a brilliant article by A. T. Hatto - and Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, the article Alpamish (one of the most famous epics of central Asia, in Uzbek, Kazakh, Karakalpak and spread over central Asia in all Turkic languages). In Nora Chadwick, Oral Epics of Central Asia, 1969, Part One by Nora Chadwick deals with the Turkic peoples, Part Two by Victor Zhirmunsky, "Epic Songs and Singers", deals with the Russian scholarship and translation of Turkic epics from the time of V. V. Radlov in 1866 and has a very important bibliography pp. 324-48. Karl Reichl, Turkic Oral Epic Poetry, 1992, is an excellent recent survey. Oinas, Heroic Epic and Saga, pp. 310-335, has a major overview. A huge Turkic tradition exists; there are hundreds of separate poems and works. These epics portray a strong male-centered world and need to be examined for strong *male bonding (necessary for survival in a harsh environment) and *heroic poems centering on heroes; the influence of *Firdausi is likely and he in turn was almost certainly influenced by Turkic poems. *Performance is of interest: Nora Chadwick notes., op. cit., p. 244, they were performed by a *shaman at night in a yurt (i.e. movable house). The Kirghiz * Manas epic is longer than the * Mahabharata and claimed to be the world's longest literary work in its written version; *Kokotoydun is an example of a fragment with some homoeroticism. Yusuf and Ahmed is a tale possibly relevant as is the *Koroglu tale based on the bandit Koroglu (also known in *Caucasian languages). There has been extensive translation into Russian of Turkic epics; critical discussion has been mainly in Russian due to many Turkic speaking countries being under Russian domination (except Turkey) especially 1917-1991. Turkic languages - Uzbek. Karakalpak. Kirghiz. Turkmen - contain the epic tale of Alpamysh (especially in Karakalpak and Tajik) on which see Chadwick, Oral Epics of Central Asia, 292-95, Encyclopedia of Islam, second edition, Great Soviet Encyclopedia (which lists versions in all the languages in the language field) and the entry "Alpomis" in Kindlers neues Literatur Lexikon and for Uzbek A. T. Hatto, Traditions of Heroic and Epic Poetry, London, 1980, volume 2, 94-120. Kirghiz. A huge volumed epic of 4 million lines has been recorded as existing; no text has yet reached *European languages - see the article "Manas" in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, by A. T. Hatto. See also A. T. Hatto, "The Birth of Manas", Asia Minor vol. 14 (1968-69), 217-41. Manas's parents were childless for fourteen years before conceiving him. A. T. Hatto claims (letter to this author) that the only authentic version of the epic is that of *V. V. Radlov of 1869 and that the twentieth century versions are composite versions. Mongolian. A large volume of works exists: see Lang, Guide to Eastern Literatures, 357 (works in Russian published in Moscow by Ts. Damdinsuren, 1957, N. Poppe, 1937 and B. Y Vladimirtsov, 1923, are especially important; see also, in German, I. J. Schmidt, Die Taten Bogda Gesser, Berlin, 1925). Nicholas Poppe, The Heroic Epic of the Khalka Mongols (1979) deals with one; no index or bibliography. Turkish: see *Book of Dede Korkut. *Parody is also relevant. *Dravidian languages. Tamil: see ilankovatikal. *Afro-asiatic languages. Arabic. See The Merchant of Art by Susan E. Slymovicx, 1988: discusses oral epics performed in south Egypt - see review in Oral Tradition vol. 4 no.1-2 (January-May 1989), 267-68: in a performance by a singer "Awadallah father-daughter *incest in the tale is reversed and becomes mother-son sexuality" (see *Oedipus complex). *African languages. See the separate entry *Oral epics - African languages. Isidore Okpewho, The Epic in Africa, 1979 is a study of the oral epics in Africa; includes a bibliography. East Asian languages. Ainu: see *Kutune Shirka. Ainu is spoken on an island to the north of the main Japanese islands. *Sinitic languages. For Tibetan see A. David-Neel, The Superhuman Life of Gesar of Ling, London, 1933, an epic based on *Julius Caesar. This epic exists in other languages. Mongolian, Nepalese and Bhutanese versions are known and several from Baltistan in the northeast of Pakistan in a Tibetan dialect (each valley has its own version). *Austronesian languages. Buoinese: see *1 La Galigo, an epic poem recited by *transvestite priests. Versions of the * Mahabharata and the *Ramayana which have been extensively translated into these languages are relevant. Translations of the above works have led to the wide dissemination of epic poems around the world. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics. New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Epicurus and Epicurean philosophy Philosopher and philosophy in Greek from Greece; as a philosophy it appears in Persian and English. 341 B.C.-270 B.C. Epicurus was a philosopher whose main belief was that the aim of life is to be happy and under his philosophy, the pursuit of pleasure was one of the main human ideals. As a philosopher his work shows the influence of his predecessor *Plato. He founded a school in *Athens which was very influential an influence continuing into Roman times: see *Herculaneum. In poetry is expressed in Greek in the work of the 'Alexandrian poets and later in such poets as *Philodemus and in such Latin poets as *Horace. Little of his writing survives, though his philosophical approach is apparent in much ancient Greek homopoetry with its emphasis on enjoyment and pleasure. His thought was opposed by the early Christians whose aim in life was to earn a place in heaven in the next world. After the fourth century A.D. and the triumph of Christianity his influence dramatically abated. His philosophy may have influenced such Persian poets as *Omar Khayyam. English: see *Edward Fitzgerald, *Norman Douglas. There has been increased emphasis on Epicureanism since *gay liberation. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 390-92. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 69-70. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 363-64. Genre in Greek from Greece and later in *European languages. First known from ancient Greek works from Greece from ca. 550 B.C. Greek. Epigram means inscription, and the form probably started originally as an *epitaph on a grave. It became the dominant lyric form in the *Alexandrian period, of which the best known epigrammatist was *Asclepiades; see Kathryn J. Gutzwiller, Poetic Garlands: Hellenistic epigrams in context, Berkeley, 1999. The most famous gay epigrams are Book 12 of the * Palatine Anthology, the * Mousa Paidike, in which the two major authors are *Meleager and *Straton. The first classical epigrammatist is usually taken to be *Simonides. *Poliziano wrote gay Greek epigrams in the *Renaissance. References. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 392-92. Symonds, A Problem in Greek Ethics, 40. Buffiere, Eros adolescent, 293-324: "La multiple splendour de l'epigram" (The multiple splendour of the epigram); this chapter examines the gay epigram in ancient Greek in detail. Latin. The epigram is the poetic form which has been most used for homopoetry in Latin - continuously from *Catullus onwards. Latin epigrammatists were heavily influenced by the Greek tradition. The influence of the Latin poet *Martial was paramount in inspiring homosexual epigrams in *European languages: he was the crucial poet who brought homosexuality to the fore in the genre. He influenced many later poets such as *Ausonius and the medieval poets in the anthology of *Thomas H. Stehling. The epigram was again used in Italy in the *Renaissance by the *Neo-Latin Poets of *humanism and their opponents, such poets as *Alciati, *Beccadelli, *Dazzi, *Poliziano; see also the poem * Roma quod ab inverso. Anonymous epigrams linking homosexuality and leaders survive from the Renaissance. Translation of Greek epigram writers into Latin (such as the poets of the * Palatine Anthology) is also significant. See also the entries *epitaph, James Hutton, *Pico della Mirandola, *"Let a friar of some order". English Most English epigrams (especially in the 'seventeenth century) are inspired by Martial whom epigram writers looked back to; Latin epigrams were also composed by English poets and educated men. English epigrams are notable for not referring to homosexuality due to *Puritanism and *censorsip. By the time accurate and uncensored translations of Martial became available in the *Victorian period the epigram was no longer a major genre. Other 'European languages. French: Epigrams both pro and contra homosexuality date from ca. 1500 - see *Marolles, *Perceau. See also James Hutton and *L'Estoile. German. *Platen and *Goethe wrote gay epigrams. Italian. See 'Renaissance poets, James Hutton. The epigram tradition has been brilliantly continued by the modern poets *Sandro Penna (much influenced by the form), *Mario Stefani and *Massimo Consoli. Russian: *Pushkin. Spanish: see *Benavente. Works in Dutch are likely - see James Hutton. Epigraphy and epigraphical Inscriptions Epigraphy is the study of written matter recorded in hard or durable form - e. g., inscribed on clay, rock or pottery. Material of relevance dates from before 1200 B.C. from Gilgamesh (some parts of which in Sumerian date from before 2,000 B.C.). See the subject entry "Inscriptions" in library catalogs for information. There is extensive material from West Asia which has not been analysed from a gay perspective (e. g. in cuneiform in *Afro-asiatic languages); epigraphs in Chinese and Japanese, especially in Japanese temples with *phallic statues, and possibly in India in Sanskrit and Hindi in temples with phallic statues could relate to similar practices. Material in ancient Egyptian is also likely. Material in non-literate cultures could also supply evidence of homosexuality (consult Goodland, Bibliography of Sex Rites, for possible sources). Hittite. The Hittite version of * Gilgamesh, the earliest surviving long poem of gay relevance survives on clay tablets dated to before 1200 B.C.; it is written in cuneiform writing. Akkadian: *Gilgemesh survives from the library of Ashurbanipal (668-627 B.C.) in the form of clay tablets; the records are in cuneiform. Greek, some homopoems appear painted on vases from ca. 450 B.C. with kalos inscriptions (inscriptions which name beautiful men) - see *David Robinson. Strictly speaking they are not epigraphs as they are not engraved but some kalos names are engraved. Latin: some homosexual Sgraffiti from *Pompeii are poems. Contrast *manuscripts - which are usually written on paper or other animal material (such as animal skins) and are less durable. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica . Poem in English from France. 1773. Quoted in Albion vol. 9 (1977), 99, in the article by Albert Gilbert, "Sexual Deviance and Disaster". It appeared in a newspaper of 19 July 1773. Bob Jones died in France and the poem refers to *Sodom and Gomorrah. Poem in French from France. Ca 1570. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 157-58: trans. into English by *Stephen Coote; the poem dates ca. 1570. *Hérelle manuscript 3188 f. 374: states the celebrated preacher Olivier Mailliard (1440-1521) was accused of sodomy and Helvetius in his book L'esprit, discours II, p. 184 of the first edition, gives an *epigram written against Maillard. Genre in Greek, Latin, English and French. From ca. 700 B.C. Epitaphs are inscriptions on graves; some are in the form of poetry. They relate to the beginnings of the *epigram tradition (the word epigram comes from epitaphios meaning "a funeral speech"). Many survive in the * Palatine Anthology. That they were engraved on tombs has helped in their survival, stone being longer lasting than paper (see *epigraphs). The surviving epitaphs in poetry on the graves of known homosexuals are relevant. Greek and Latin: see Richmond Lattimore, Greek and Latin Epitaphs, Urbana, 1962 (though nothing of relevance was found on perusal of this book). The homosexual *Oxford don John Sparrow edited several small collections of Latin epitaphs. Greek. See Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 133 (cited below); see also *C. M. Bowra. English. See *Drummond of Hawthornden, *"Epitaph for Bob Jones", *Fulke Greville, *Ben Jonson, John Milton, *N. Coghill. French. See *Villon, *"Epitaph for Jean Maillard". Gay Poetry Anthologies. Ioläus (1902), 80: citing *J. A. Symonds, The Greek Poets, ii, 298 re Palatine Anthology vii 346 (with English translation referring to the man Parthenophil). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 121: two Greek epitaphs ca. 700 B.C. and 6th century B.C.; i 133-35 (sepulchral epigrams). Poet from Germany writing in German. Born 1942. A journalist, bookseller and author. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Schwüle Lyrik, schwüle Prosa, 51-55: two poems; biog., 52, photo, 51. Milchsilber, 40-41, 143-69 (prose); biog., 187: pseudonym of Hans-Peter Reichelt; photo p. 186. Poet and letter writer from the Netherlands who wrote in Latin. 1468-1536. Erasmus was the greatest biblical and classical scholar of the northern *Renaissance and of northern *humanism; he was a member of the Augustinian order and was a priest. His Latin letters to a fellow monk have been responsible for deducing that he had a homosexual temperament. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1170 cites The Collected Works of Erasmus. The Correspondence of Erasmus, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1974. For homoerotic letters to Servantius Rogerus, see My Dear Boy: Gay Love Letters through the Centuries, pp. 49-53. For texts of his poems see The Poems of Desiderius Erasmus, edited by C. Reedijk, Leiden, 1956. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 254-58. Dictionnaire Gay. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Andere Lieben, 69-71: German trans. of the Latin poem "To Servatius Roger". "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen", 61-62: same poem. Criticism. Mayne, The Intersexes, 263: states he "was homosexual". Erastes The word means senior partner, lover (as distinct from beloved) or "dominant" partner, and may have the sense that this person is the insertor in homosexual 'anal sex. Liddell and Scott, Greek-English Lexicon, p. 6B1, defines the word as "lover". The word comes from the word stem 'eros meaning "love". In fifth century 'Athens, the erastes was an older male and is documented in the speech by 'Aeschylus in 'Plato's ' Symposium: at Symposium section 179, 'Phaedrus states that in his view Patroclus was the erastes in the 'Achilles and Patroclus relationship. See also 'eromenos (the junior partner), 'Achilles and Patroclus and Dover, Greek Homosexuality, p. 16. Poet from Turkey who wrote in Greek. Ca. 531-ca. 5BQ. Mentioned in Agathias Scholasticus, "The Erotic and Aesthetic Poetry of Agathias Scholasticus", Byzantion 41 (1971), 212 as a contemporary of 'Agathias Scholasticus. No entry in Oxford Classical Dictionary. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Pauly, Wissowa, Paulys Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, vol. vi, 35B. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Palatine Anthology v 277: urging men not to love males and stating that he loves women only. Publisher from Germany of works in German. From before 1964. The press has published significent gay poetry from before 1964 including: *Uve Schmidt (before 1964), *Felix Rexhausen and *Detlev Meyer (published in 1990). Initially in Stierstadt im Taurnus, in 1990 it was in Dusseldorf. Philosopher and biographer from France writing in French. Active from 1987. A major writer on gay issues and the idea of *homosexuality from a philosophical view: see his Réflexions sur la question gay (Paris, 1998), 526 pp., Les études gay et lesbiennes (Paris, 1998) and Papiers d'identité: interventions sur la question gay (Paris, 2000). He has also written a major biography of *Michel Foucault first published in French in 1989. He has published three books of interviews with Georges Dumezil, Claude Lévi-Strauss and Ernst Gombrich. He is an editor at Le Nouvel Observateur. Pseudonym of two poets from Australia who wrote in English. Active 1944. "Ern Malley" was created by two Australian poets, *Harold Stewart and James McAuley, as a literary hoax. Harold Stewart was homosexual: see his entry. The poem "Sweet William" in The Poems of Ern Malley, edited by Max Harris and J. Murray-Smith (Sydney, 1987), p. 75, contains complicated *Freudian and homosexual undertones. This poem is *non-gender specific but both protagonists appear to be male; see especially lines 8-9 "My toppling opposites commit/ The obscene, the unforgivable rape" (this could be male rape by a male). The possibility of a homosexual reading was raised by the author of this encyclopedia, *Paul Knobel, in a seminar paper on male homosexuality and Australian English language poetry given at the Australian Gay History Seminars, University of Sydney, in 1990, now published. "Night Piece" is a *non gender specific love poem. There are sixteen poems in all. The sequence of Ern Malley's poems called originally The Darkening Eliptic was alleged to be by an unknown modernist poet and motor mechanic. It was first published in the autumn 1944 issue of Angry Penguins, a modernist magazine published in *Adelaide by Max Harris. The poems had been sent to Angry Penguins supposedly by the poet's sister, Ethel. The idea was to discredit modernist poetry, but it has been claimed that the poems were genuine, because, although the two poets claimed to put them together by chance, an element of genuine creativity and of ordering was involved. (Max Harris was prosecuted for obscenity over the publication; found guilty, he was fined a small amount.) The poems were published in book form as Ern Malley's Poems, with an introduction by Max Harris (Melbourne, 1961). The poems have considerable *parody elements. See also *Vivian Smith. Michael Heyward has written the most recent study of the Ern Malley affair, The Ern Malley Affair, St. Lucia, Queensland, 1993 (the poems are reprinted, pp. 241-62); this was reviewed in The UTS Review, vol. 2 no. 1 1996, 191-198 by *Sasha Soldatow (he discusses the homosexuality of Harold Stewart in the "Postscript" pp. 197-98). *Witter Bynner perpetuated a similar hoax in the United States in 1916, the Spectra Hoax. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature: see "Ern Malley Hoax". Word in Greek from Greece from ca. 450 B.C. The word means, according to Dover, "junior partner, boy, youth" in contrast to * erastes (or older partner); it comes from the word stem *eros (love) and the word * pais (boy) has a similar meaning. "Little love" or "darling" is another possible meaning. See *Achilles and Patroclus, *Aeschylus. See also Liddell and Scott, Greek-English Lexicon, p. 695, and Dover, Greek Homosexuality, p. 16, for discussion of the word. The *age of death in the ancient world must be taken into account in relation to the use of the word: people died much earlier and sexual relations generally occurred at a lower age. Myth and trope in Greek from Greece and later in *European languages. From ca. 544 B.C. Greek. Eros as the god of love in ancient Greece frequently appears in *Plato's * Symposium (380 B.C.) in a homoerotic context. Poets in the * Mousa Paidike refer to Eros personified as a boy or youth whom men love (see e.g., Palatine Anthology xii 57, 76, 82, 99, 117, 127, 256); see also *Satyrus, *Crinagoras. In Book 16 of the Palatine Anthology there are a series of poems about statues of Eros: see Palatine Anthology xvi 194-215. On the prevalance of the figure of Eros in the Palatine Anthology see *J. W. Mackail, Introduction to Select Epigrams from the Greek Anthology, London, 1890, 36-38. Eros first appears in Book II of *Theognis which may date from 544 B.C. in compilation (or earlier). He appears in the * Anacreontea in a homosexual context and in *Nonnus's Dionysiaca in homosexual form (e. g., xi, 351, 482). See Francois Lasserre, La figure d'Eros dans la poésie grecque, Lausanne, 1946, a work of 234 pages.; this is a thesis (rare; copy seen: New York Public Library). See also H. M. Muller, Erotische Motive in der griechischen Dichtung (Erotic Motifs in Greek Poetry), 1978, pp. 39-44. This concept of love was taken over by the Latin speaking Romans as *Amor (Latin for love) or *Cupid. For the artistic depiction, which is enormous, see * Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae, Volume 3, Part 1, 850-1049 and the plates. There were famous statues in ancient Greece by Praxiteles and Scopas. From the *Renaissance on, Eros (or Cupid) was frequently depicted in European oil painting with the goddess Aphrodite (a famous example in London at the National Gallery is the oil painting by Agnolo Bronzino [1503-72], An Allegory, in which Eros as a young boy is erotically kissing Venus on the lips while fondling her breast while at the left he pokes his naked bottom out provocatively; reproduced on page 72 of Homan Potterton, The National Gallery of London, 1977). The Italian artist Caravaggio who was probably bisexual or homosexual for periods did several paintings of Eros. The word has been used in the titles of five gay anthologies: the Russian anthology Eros Russe (Geneva, 1879), the first German anthology *Eros: Die Männerliebe der Griechen edited by *Elisar von Kupffer and the English anthology *Eros: An Anthology of Friendship edited by *Edward Carpenter. Both the editors of Eros: Die Männerliebe der Griechen and Eros: An Anthology of Friendship knew and translated ancient Greek and were aware of the full significance of the title. It was also used for the 1992 English anthology *Of Eros and Dust and the 1996 anthology Eros in Boystown. English. See *Barnfield, *Marvell, *Swinburne, *Century Guild (re *Sewyn Image), J. Le Gay Brereton, *Edwin Morgan. Dutch: *Louis Couperus, Jef Last. German: *Adolf Brand founded a journal of the name; see also *Gustav Wyneken. Hermann Glaser, Eros in der Politik, Köln, [no date; ca. 1970], relates eros to the state. There was an Italian sexological journal, Eros, published in 1918. Russian. *Eros Russe is the first Russian poetry anthology containing homosexual material. Swedish. See *Ekelund. Translations of the preceding poets are also relevant. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 407. Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion: defining eros as "the ancient Greek god of sexual (either homosexual or heterosexual) love or desire". Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 22 (poem from *Athenaeus xiii 601). Symonds, A Problem in Greek Ethics, 40: stating "It was common to erect statues of love in the wrestling grounds..." (on this point see also *Theocritus "Idyll 23"). Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 461 : re *Pamphus writing *"Hymns to Eros"; 477 re *Lycidas and Eros. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship Anthology in English from Great Britain. London: *Anthony Blond, 1961. 433 pages. There was also a United States printing titled Eros: An Anthology of Male Friendship, New York: Citadel Press, 1963 (reprinted, New York: Arno Press, 1975). The British and United States editions are identical. It was compiled in Great Britain by *Patrick Anderson from material gathered by *Alistair Sutherland (see the Introduction pp. 7-13 ). This is one of the most wide reaching homosexual anthologies ever compiled, the result of very close and careful reading of texts; selection is outstanding though Asian material is neglected. It consists of both poetry and prose. Chapter 1 "The Great Originals", Chapter 2 "The Greeks", Chapter 3 "The Romans", Chapter 4 "Dark and *Middle Ages", Chapter 5 *"Renaissance", Chapter 6 *"Eighteenth Century and Romantics", Chapter 7 "The *Nineteenth Century", Chapter 8 "The Moderns" (mostly prose), Chapter 9 "Exotic Encounters" (prose), Chapter 10 "The School Story" (prose). See *Eros for the significance of the title. Contributors relating to poetry only and including translators of poetry (see entries): Peter Abelard, Abu Zaid, Abul Hasan, Achilles and Patroclus, J. R. Ackerley, Agathius Scholasticus, Agathon, Richard Aldington, al-Isra'ili, al-Ramadi, al-Taliq, Anacreon, Anacreontea, Patrick Anderson, Anonymous Poets - English, - German, - Greek, - Latin, Saint Anselm, Antipater of Sidon, Marcus Argentarius, Aristophanes, Aristotle, Asklepiades of Samos, Athenaeus, W. H. Auden, Ausonius, Peter Avery, Sir Francis Bacon, George Barker, Richard Barnfield, George Barker, Bathyllus, Baudelaire, Sir Maurice Bowra, Reverend E. E. Bradford, Sir Thomas Browne, Robert Browning, Lord Byron, Callimachus, Edward Carpenter, Catullus, C. P. Cavafy, Charlemagne, Cicero, Colman the Irishman, Condivi, Baron Corvo, William Cory, Hart Crane, Charles Darwin, "David's Lament for Jonathan", Lord Alfred Douglas, Norman Douglas, Dudley Fitts, Edward Fitzgerald, Ganymede, Stefan George, André Gide, William Gifford, Robert Graves, Thomas Gray, Horace Gregory, Habib of Seville, Hafiz of Shiraz, Abul Hasan, John Heath-Stubbs, George Herbert, Hilary, Brian Hill, Homer, Horace, A. E. Housman, Hrabanus Maurus, Thomas Hughes, Leigh Hunt, Joris-Karl Huysmans, Hylas, Ibn Abd Rahhini, Ibn Iyad, Ibn Khafadja, Ibn Muqlana, Ibn Sa'id al-Andelusi, Ibn Sara, Ibycus, Christopher Isherwood, Jami (pseud.), H. M. Jones, Ben Jonson, Juvenal, John Keats, G. Wilson Knight, Andrew Lang, Richmond Lattimore, D. H. Lawrence, Edward Cracroft Lefroy, John Lehmann, Jack Lindsay, F. L. Lucas, Lucian, Marbod of Rennes, Christopher Marlowe, John Marshall, John Mavrogordato, Maximin (pseud.), Meleager, Herman Melville, Michelangelo, Michel de Montaigne, Montesquiou, William Morris, Ibn Muqlana, Moorish Poetry, William Morris, Ernest Myers, Nonnus, "O admirablie Veneris idolum", Palatine Anthology, W. R. Paton, Paulinus of Nola, Petronius, Pindar, Plato, William Plomer, Alexander Pope, F. T. Prince, Marcel Proust, Forrest Reid, Rhianos, Arthur Rimbaud, John Wilmot (the Earl of Rochester), Sir John Sandys, Ibn Sara, Semonides of Amorgos, William Shakespeare, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Sir Philip Sidney, Stephen Spender, Straton, Suetonius, John Addington Symonds, Alfred Lord Tennyson, Theognis, Theocritus, Henry David Thoreau, Tibullus, Henry Vaughan, Paul Verlaine, Virgil, Helen Waddell, Walafrid Strabo, Denton Welch, Walt Whitman, Oscar Wilde. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 3705: cites the British printing London: *Anthony Blond, 1961; lists contributors, including prose contributors, but not including translators. Eros: Die Männerliebe der Griechen A work of history and criticism which contains within it an anthology in German from Switzerland. Published in 2 volumes, volume 1 Glarus: self published, 1836, xxxiii pages and 304 pages and volume 2, St. Gallen: Scheitlin, 1838 xxxii pages and 302 pages. The title on the title page of the second volume is Eros: Die Männerliebe der Griechen ihre Bezichungen zur Geschichte, Erziehung, Literatur und Gesetzgebung aller Zeiten under which name the work is generally known (see the entries under Heinrich Hössli in the * British Library General Catalogue and the * National Union Catalog). The work overall is a defence of homosexuality and the anthology is in the second volume. The title on the first volume reads: Die Unzuverlässigkeit der äussern Kennzeichen im Geschlechtsleben des Leibes und der Seele. The work was reprinted in a shortened edition in Münster, Switzerland, ca. 1888, 2 pp. and 125 pp. (reprinted in microfilm in 1977) and Leipzig: Barsdorf, 1892, iv pp. and 125 pp. under the title Eros: Die Männerliebe der Griechen and further reprinted in a similar shortened version titled Eros, Berlin: H. Barsdorf, 1924, 127 pp. (see Hayn, Gotendorf, Bibliotheca Germanorum Erotica, vol. 9, p. 291). The whole work was reprinted in 3 volumes in Berlin by *Verlag rosa Winkel in 1996: the first two volumes are a facsimile reprint of the original edition and volume 3 has a new introduction by *Manfred Herzer, reprints of short biographies of Hössli and Franz Desgouttes by *Ferdinand Karsch (1903) and the novella Der Eros of Heinrich Zschokke (1821) - see the review in the Journal of Homosexuality, vol. 35 no. 2, 1998, 85-101, by *Hubert Kennedy which has a detailed survey of the contents. (Desgouttes was a Swiss man of thirty-two executed in Bern for the murder of his 16 year old gay lover. This incident partly provoked Hössli's work.) It contains in the second (1938) volume, pp. 53-150, the first modern gay anthology of poetry and prose in a *European language and was compiled by *Heinrich Hössli, a Swiss milliner. The contents of the anthology are listed in Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 5 (1903), 482-84. Arrangement is arbitrary with, for example, Persian poets following Greek. Material existed for a third volume but this material has disappeared. Poets and entries relating to this encyclopedia including translators (see entries): Affitabi, Ahmed Daji, Ahmed Pascha, Anacreon, Anonymous Greek poets, Anonymous Persian poets (no translators given), Anonymous Turkish poets, Bassiri, Beijli Hassan, Elwan Schirasi, Hadrian, Hafiz, Von Hammer-Purgstall, Von Harrach (suspected lover), Herder (Greek translations), Horace, Ishak Tschelebi, Mohammed Ferdi, Monla Abdul Latifi, Persian poets (no translator given), Palatine Anthology, Plato, Ramdohr (historian), Ruscheni, Saadi Tschelebi, Sa'di, Thomas Schabert (translator), Simonides, Socrates, Sophocles, Ssaji, Ssubhi, Theocritus, Tibullus, Ussuli, Virgil, Xenophon (historian). The work was published twenty years after *Friedrich Jacobs's edition of the * Palatine Anthology which seems to have been a stimulus to its production. Persian poets appear in translations by *Hammer-Purgstall and Turkish poets in translations by *Thomas Schabert. The copy used to prepare this entry was the Harvard copy in the Theological School Library given to the library by Convers Francis, DD, and bears his signature. The text of this work is in Gothic script and the contents listed above have been checked against the contents listed in Roman letters in Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 5 (1905), 83-84 (Hössli's anthology includes prose writers which I have not included in my list; they are listed in the Jahrbuch). See *Eros for the significance of the title. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 250-56 (translation of prose extracts on Eros). Bibliographies. Herzer, Bibliographie zur Homosexualität, item 0103. Eros in Boystown: Contemporary Gay Poems About Sex Anthology in English from the United States. New York: Crown Publishers, 1996, 64 pp. An anthology of contemporary gay poems compiled by *Michael Lassell with biographical notes on the poets pp. 59-62. Erotic and sexy poetry with exploration of romance. It is a companion volume to the same author's The *Name of Love. Both are small works with covers showing two men making love, finely printed, and meant as gift volumes. The choice of poems is excellent and, as the subtitle indicates, most poets are contemporary poets and most are from the United States. This is part of a series of gay anthologies in the same format: see *The Art of Gay Love and *The Name of Love. Review: James White Review, vol. 13 no. 3, Summer 1996, 22, by *George Klawitter. Poets (see entries): Steve Anthony, Antler (pseud.), W. H. Auden, James Baldwin, Mark Bibbins, Walta Borawski, James Broughton, Regie Cabico, Rafael Campo, David Cassells, Justin Chin, Jean Cocteau, Henri Cole, Jeffery Conway, Dennis Cooper, Gil Cuandros, Peter Daniels, Gavin Dillard, Kenny Fries, Allen Ginsberg, John Giorno, Robert Gluck, Thom Gunn, Martin Humphries, Cary Alan Johnson, Chris Jones Rudy Kikel, Michael Lassell, Jaime Manrique Ardila, Harold Norse, David Trinidad, Gregory Woods, Ian Young. Anthology in Russian from Russia. Published in Geneva, Switzerland, no publisher listed on the book, 1879. The book would have been subject to *censorship in Russia if published there and almost certainly banned, hence its publication in Geneva. It was republished by Scythian Books, Oakland, California, 1987, 78 pages (with two notes to the text pp. 75-78); in this edition the type has been reset (it is not a facsimile edition of the 1879 Geneva edition). It was also republished in Moscow in 1993; in this edition the type has also been reset. A facsimile printing of the first edition is needed. The original edition is rare. It is believed to have been published in an edition of 100 copies (a copy is believed to be in the University of Geneva library: *Warren Johansson to the author). Copies are "in the Lenin Library [Moscow], the Leningrad Public Library, at least six Slavic collection outside the Soviet Union, and some private collections" and there is a photocopy in the *Kinsey Institute Library (see the thesis of *William Hopkins, The Development of "Pornographic" Literature in Eighteenth- and Early Nineteenth-Century Russia, 1977, p. 338; he also notes there were two and possibly four Russian publishing houses in Geneva at the time, that the publisher has so far not been detected and that there may have been more than one printing of the book). See *Eros for the significance of the title. Not examined in detail. This is the first known anthology of Russian erotic poems with a significant gay content in that most of the twenty-one poems deal with homosexuality. It has a subtitle and the full title reads in Russian "Russian Eros: Russian erotica not for ladies". The anthology was and is a very daring work, still the only collection of homosexual poems by different authors in Russian. The poems of *Lermontov and *Karatygin are about homosexual *pederasty, and homosexual *sadism in Lermontov's case; *A. Schtsch also has a poem of relevance. The poems come from the all-male boarding schools and military academies of nineteenth century Russia; they include the infamous "Adventures of a Page ", which lists prominent figures in Russian history who are believed by the author to be gay) Lermontov's "Ode to the Commode" and "The Hospital". "The Mistake" is an attack on Bishop Gavrill accusing him of sodomizing seminarians. A poem by *Pushkin may be relevant. The most detailed discussion so far is by *William Hugh Hopkins. The work was published by anti-establishment elements and is intended to cast aspersions on high ranking officials. The attributing of homosexual poems to famous poets is an old practice and needs to be considered in relation to the work; in other words, the inclusion of poems by a poet does not necessarily mean he wrote them. See Ed Cray, The Erotic Muse , 1992, p. 424, re possible translation into English. See also *Pornography. Criticism. Stern, Geschichte der offentlichen Sittlichkeit in Russland, volume 2, 582-84: discussion of book's contents; states that of twenty-one poems most concern homosexuality. Erotic homosexual poetry dates from ca. 2175 B.C. initially in ancient Egyptian. Most published erotic poetry is heterosexual and homosexual material has been suppressed or omitted from published erotic poetry until recently (see *Non literate/ Oral/ Tribal languages). Erotic recorded homosexual poetry commences with Egyptian poetry. A large volume of heterosexual erotic poetry survives in Egyptian but no homosexual erotic love poetry has come to light so far (all known material has been published) apart from the spell or *chant *"Go forth plant thyself on him". The ancient epic * Gilgamesh implies a close affectional relationship between the two main protagonists but cannot properly be called erotic. Very little erotic poetry survives from ancient Greek, if it ever existed in quantity (see however *songs, *bawdry, *Nonnus). The modern Greek homopoet *Cavafy is fairly chaste but *Mary Koukoules has collected modern bawdry. The *Ganymede trope refers to *anal sex since Gaymede was allegedly raped. The Latin poet *Catullus (84-54 B.C.) is the first Latin erotic poet to survive in Latin and his works reveal *bisexuality; more important is *Martial (ca. 40-ca. 104) a source of practically every known aspect of homosexuality (and erotic practices). The Italian poet *Beccadelli wrote later Latin homoerotica. Material exists in the islamic languages of Arabic (see *Abu Nuwas, * Arabian Nights), Persian (e. g., iraj Mirza) and Turkish (*Deli Birader). Much material in oral circulation is known in the Middle East in Arabic. Persian and Turkish and other *Asian languages: see *singing boys, *hijras for possible sources. English. Apart from 'Rochester and *Aleister Crowley, open homoerotic poetry did not commence until *gay liberation poets in 1969 (though bawdry - especially *limericks - are an exception). For gay liberation poets see, for example, *Allen Ginsberg. Aleister Crowley wrote major provocative works from the 1890s but these were only published surreptitiously. * The Platonic Blow (written in 1948 but not published until twenty years later) is a famous poem now known to be by *W. H. Auden. *Anthologies proliferated in the gay liberation period - e. g., * Gay Roots notably emphasises the homoerotic in a sexual sense. English *law has been anti-gay and *Puritanism has been a major force against erotic writing. French. French has a strong tradition of erotic poetry generally but little overt homoerotica, although male homosexual acts were legal from 1791, well before *Rimbaud and *Verlaine wrote explicitly in the last part of the nineteenth century. In the twentieth century Jean Genet is the best known poet. German. Homopoetry notably survives from at least *Goethe and from gay liberation poets onwards (see 'Anthologies - German). Italian: see *Baffo, *Belli. Portuguese: see *Botto, *Pessoa. Swedish: see *Nils Hallbeck. In Chinese and Japanese reference to erotica is usually by means of indirect language; huge traditions of such indirect works exist. For Japanese explicit homosexual poetry see *Takahashi Mutsuo. Understated references to explicit homosex occur in *haiku and *senryu. *Design of books is relevant as erotic illustration has been a feature: see illustration - Persian. See *sex for varieties of homosexual sex and *bibliography - homosexual erotica. See also *Censorship. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature : see "Erotic Literature". Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics : see "Erotic Poetry". New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics: see "Love Poetry" - written by *Camille Paglia. Oral poems from Nigeria in Ibibio. 1956. See "Erotic Ibibio Tone Riddles" in Man 56 (1956), 79-81 by Donald C. Simmons. The author claims there are no gay riddles but some, in English translation, seem gay; in addition, the extent and variety make it impossible not to believe gay ones exist. Nigeria was under British law and it is unlikely people would admit to homosexuality in 1956 when homosexuality was illegal in British law. Collection in Latin and Russian from Russia. Moscow, 1917, 46 pages. Not sighted. Whether there are homosexual poems is not known, though this is likely granted the inclusion of *Petronius. Compare also the entry Erotopaignia in Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium and the entry Alphabetos tes agapes in Kindlers neues Literatur Lexikon vol. 19 (this is a collection of Greek love poems - apparently all heterosexual - from Rhodes published under this title in Leipzig, 1879, and in Paris in 1913, as Erotopaignia). Compare also *Erotopaegnion on which this work may be modelled. The term comes from *Laevius who wrote Erotopaegnia, playful lyrics on amatory themes, now *lost. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium : see "Erotopaignia". Bibliographies. Kearney, Private Case, item 671: Erotopegnia, etc (verses by *Ovid, *Petronius, etc with translations into Russian). Kearney notes it was published in the censorship-free period, 1905-1917. Erotopaegnion Collection of Latin poems from France. Paris, 179B, 1BB pp. Believed to be a mostly complete anthology of Latin *hymns to *Priapus by Italian and foreign authors edited by *François Joseph Michel Noël. The National Union Catalog lists three copies in the United States. Compare * Erotopaegnia. The term comes from *Laevius who wrote * Erotopaegnia (playful lyrics on amatory themes, now *lost). Whether there are homosexual poems is not known, though this is likely. Not sighted. Bibliographies. Kearney, Private Case, item 672: anthology of priapic verses (see *Priapeia) whose full title is Erotopægnion, sive Priapeia veterum et recentiorum. Venerijocosae secrum, 188 pp., Paris, 1798, edited by *François Joseph Michel Noël. Pia, Les Livres de l'Enfer, vol. 1, column 413: *Enfer copy. Poet from Spain writing in Catalan. Active 1978. Bibliographies. Cuaderno bibliográfico gay, 13: Cangons in Manicomio, Barcelona: Zafo, 1978. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1879-1951. He led a rich and varied life, including saving the Metropolitan Opera, New York, from a financial disaster, and, as a scholar and teacher, specialized in Elizabethan literature. He wrote a series of *parodies on literary figures. Music was one of his chief interests. He was a pupil of *G. E. Woodberry at Columbia University: see his reminisences in The Memory of Certain Persons, 1947, and My Life as a Teacher, 1948. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 494: from "A Song of Friends". Foster, "Beauty's Purple Flame: Some Minor American Gay Poets", Gay Books Bulletin no. 7 (1982), 16, quoting the poem "A Song of Friends" re *Hylas trope (source not given) from Acteon and other poems, 1907; p.18 re books on Woodberry. Poet from Columbia writing in Spanish. Born 1932. A member of the Nadaist movement (1958-78) where he used the pseudonym X-504. He lives in Bogota and has published one book Los Poemas de las Ofensas, 1967. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Now the Volcano, 280-85; biog., 277: notes "the greater part of his work remains unpublished or scattered among literary magazines and periodicals". Drobci stekla v ustih, 106-07; biog., 182. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 362. Esenin (also spelt Essenin, Yesenin), Sergei Poet from Russia who wrote in Russian. 1895-1925. Esenin, who was married three times, was *bisexual (one wife, 1923-24, was the famous dancer, Isadora Duncan). A male lover was the poet *Klyuev, with whom he had a relationship; another was *Marienhof. A tortured man and and alcoholic, he committed suicide by hanging himself after writing a poem in his own blood, beginning "Goodbye my friend, goodbye" and ending "To die is nothing special/ but neither is living." Klyuev was the last person to see him alive and there have been suggestions Klyuev's rejection of him may have contributed to the suicide. Biography: see *F. Mierau who wrote a very detailed biography. The standard English language biography, Esenin: A Life by Gordon McVay, 1976, is unsatisfactory (on his homosexuality see pp. 65-68). Esenin was very popular in the Soviet Union as a "peasant" poet and was a cult poet in the last decades of the Soviet system but his homosexuality was suppressed. In 1924 and 1925 he published his Persian Motifs. This was a cycle on eastern themes. See also Gay Sunshine no. 29-30 (Summer/ Fall 1976), 6: trans. of three poems. There is a melancholy tone in his poetry reminiscent of *A. E. Housman. Esenin was the *Nobel Prize winning Russian novelist *Alexander Solzhenitsyn's favorite poet, as is made clear in Michael Scammell's biography of Solzhenitsyn; he had a copy of Esenin's poems with him while imprisoned for eight years. Translation. Chinese: translator not known but titled Yeh-sai-ning shih hsuan (1983); Czech: Jiri Zacek, 1979, 147 pp; English: *Charles Brasch and Peter Soskice, Poems by Esenin, Wellington, 1970, Geoffey Thurley (1973), Peter Tempest (Moscow, ca. 1982); Esperanto: K. Gusav and I. Hoves, Moscow, 1965, 64 pp.; German: Karl Dedecius (1989, 77 pp.); Greek: trans. Katinas Zormpala with criticism by *Yannis Ritsos, 1981, 126 pp. Hebrew: trans. Abraham Schlonsky (see *T. Carmi, Penguin Book of Hebrew Verse, 1981, p. 45); Hungarian: *Attila Jozsef; Polish: *Ziemowit Fedecki, 1960, 274 pp. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Terras, Handbook of Russian Literature. Gay Histories and Cultures. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Orgasms of Light, 75: trans. into English by *Simon Karlinsky; biog., 252. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 651. Drobci stekla v ustih, 45. Out of the Blue, 153-58; 24 - states "Klyuev and Esenin lived together as lovers and wrote about it in their poetry" and "His last poem... was addressed to a young Jewish poet." Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 460-61; trans. Simon Karlinsky. Criticism. *Simon Karlinsky, "Russia's Gay Literature and History", Gay Sunshine, 29-30 (Summer/ Fall 1976), 26. Poet from France who wrote in French. Active 1937. *The Eternal Flame(reference cited below) prints two poems "Dancing with Billy" and "Sleeping with Billy" translated into English. The poems are reprinted from Jean d'Essac's novel Billy: Idylles d'amour grec en Angleterre, 1939 (published in a limited edition with illustrations by the author), about a love affair between Jean d'Essac and an English guardsman who "seems to be fifteen in the pictures" (Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, p. 390). Reid states he is a "mysterious figure" and the name appears to be a pseudonym. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 444-45; biog., 390. Poet writing in English. Born 1951. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 113-23 - a sequence based on his life; there is no biographical information on him in the book. Editor from France and Switzerland of works in Greek. Ca. 1513-1598. One of the most famous scholars and editors of Greek writers. He edited the * editio princeps of what was then taken to be the work of *Anacreon but is now accepted as the * Anacreontea (Anacreontis Teii odae, Paris,1554; repr.) using the pseudonym Henricus Stephanus; this work includes a Latin translation of the poems and commentary. (His pseudonym Stephanus means anthology - literally "garland" - of which the most famous was the * Garland of Meleager). This edition was enormously popular and frequently reprinted; Sandys, History of Classical Scholarship, vol. 2, p. 176, says it was not superceded "for three centuries". His edition of the *Planudean Anthology, 1566 "was supplemented by many epigrams recorded in ancient authors" (Sandys, ibid.). He also published a Latin translation of the Planudean Anthology in 1570 - Epigrammata Graeca, Paris, 311 pp. - and a translation of *Theocritus into Latin in 1579. In Switzerland he published many works. He translated *Pindar into Latin in 1560. He was the compiler of the first Greek dictionary (1572), over which he ruined himself (Sandys, ibid.); see *Dictionaries - Greek. Biography. See Sandys, History of Classical Scholarship, volume 2 (1908), pp. 175-76, states he edited fifty-eight Latin authors and seventy-four Greek authors, eighteen being in the form of an * editio princeps. Anthology in English from Great Britain. Volume one was published in 1992 by Dyanthus Press, Elmhurst, NY; volume two has not been published. An anthology of 600 gay poets and 1500 poems in 2 volumes, compiled by *Anthony Reid who worked on the anthology for some fifty years. It is the finest and most wideranging gay poetry anthology ever assembled. Volume 1 has 480 pages; volume 2 has been approved for the printer by the author in camera ready copy (information provided by ANthony Reid) but has not yet appeared. The publisher seems to have gone out of business. (The address given on volume 1 - 80-50 Baxter Avenue - is the same address as for the bookseller *Elysian Fields, whose proprietor *Ed Drucker died of Aids prior to 1992.) Volume 1 deals with Greece, Italy, France and Islam (Arabs, Moors, Persians and Turks). Volume 2 is divided into the following sections: Britain (1550-1590), Britain (Modern), Germany, The Netherlands, Spain (Spain, Portugal, Spanish South America, The Caribbean), Scandinavia (Denmark, Norway, Sweden), Eastern Europe (Russia, Poland, Roumania), The Near East (Sumeria, The Bible Lands, Ancient Egypt), The Far East (China, Japan) and America; contents pp. 7-8; index of poets pp. 563-71. Compare the title of the lost anthology The *Golden Flame of ca. 1930. All poets have been entered in this encyclopedia; due to the importance of the work, poets for the unpublished volume 2 have been listed in this encyclopedia from a photstat of the camera ready copy of the work in the author's possession (supplied by Anthony Reid). The excellent translations mostly done by Anthony Reid himself. The choice of poets is excellent. It is weak on east Asian material in Chinese and Japanese, on India and south Asia, Australian and New Zealand poetry in English and poetry from Africa. An ethnic is a phrase added to a poet's name indicating where the poet came from or where he lived e.g. "of Mytilene" in "Alcaeus of Mytilene" (active ca 620 B.C.) means "Alcaeus who came from Mytilene". In the * Palatine Anthology, where there are two poets and one has an ethnic and the other does not, this can lead to confusion as to whether the poets are identical e.g. "Alcaeus" (who is also called *Alcaeus of Messina and *Alcaeus of Mytilene which further adds to the confusion). This is a problem which occurs in ancient Greek and Byzantine poetry, especially with the poets of the * Palatine Anthology, which itself combines several *anthologies (*scribes compiling this work may have confused poets with the same name but different ethnics). It may never be possible to resolve the problem as to exactly who is meant in all cases. See also *homonyms. Eton is a boarding school for boys in Great Britain situated in the town of the same name. English is the spoken language. It is possibly the most famous British school with a long history of homosexuality; as with similar educational institutions, the all male attendence fosters homosexuality. Poets and poetry of relevance in English date from the expulsion of *Nicholas Udall in 1541. The school was founded in 1440 and is situated in lovely country surroundings twenty-one miles from London, opposite Windsor. *Thomas Gray (who wrote an *Ode on the school), *Horace Walpole and *Richard West all attended in the eighteenth century - and were intimate friends. There is an Eton school of poetry strongly *pastoral in tone and especially influenced by *Theocritus (Greek and Latin were taught until the twentieth century): see *Hugh Macnaghten and *William Johnson (who wrote the "Eton Boating Song" sung in rowing competitions and who left the school under a homosexual cloud), *Digby Dolben (who was expelled; but not for homosexuality), *F. W. Cornish (a vice-provost), *Oscar Browning (expelled for homosexuality), *S. E. Cottam and *E. E. Bradford. Pupils of the school responded to the *aesthetic movement of the *eighteen nineties and the Eton style of poetry contributed to the work of the *Georgian poets. *Brian Howard produced a notably gay-inspired journal in 1922. *Sir John Leslie, *Harold Acton, *Cyril Connolly, John Betjeman and John Lehmann all attended the school. See also *Ian Gibson regarding *flagellation and the school. An anthology of Eton poems exists: John Gawsworth editor, The Poets of Eton College (London, 1933); this includes *Henry More pp. 38-40 (homoerotic work), *Shelley, *Arthur Hallam, *Swinburne, *A. H. and *R. H. Benson, John Randolph Leslie and *Osbert Sitwell. For a bibliography of books on the college to 1983 see Ian Anstruther, Oscar Browning, 1983, pp. 198-99. Several scholarships to King's College, *Cambridge, are filled each year by pupils of the school. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in LIterature, second edition, item 2438: Hugh Macnaghten, Fifty Years of Eton in Verse and Prose, London: Allen and Unwin 1924. Poet from Japan who wrote in Japanese. Ca. 1656-1739. A *pupil of Basho. See Henderson, Introduction to Haiku, p. 62: "Nighttime" - possibly an erotic *haiku (the protagonists may be lovers who have lost consciousness of time and may be both men since no sex is mentioned); an example of *indirect language. Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. Active ca. 350 B.C. He composed 104 plays of which fifty-eight titles are known including the lost work * Ganymede. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary. Courouve, Ces petits grecs, 20: re Ganymede and fragment 130. Tarnowsky, Pederasty in Europe, 209: cites *Ganymedes (no other information given), probably the lost play. Poems praising another person, usually a chief. From before 1994. For Tongan, see *Ulamoleke. They are suspected in other *Polynesian languages. Compare *Praise poems in *African languages. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active before 1982. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Keine Zeit für gute Freunde, 69: poem "An klage". Eunuchs are men who lack the sexual parts of the body, that is, the penis and/or testicles, which are normally cut off surgically (that is castrated). They are recorded from ca. 170 B.C. in Latin from Italy and later in other languages. Eunuchs in the ancient world are first known with the Syrian mother Goddess, *Ishtar. (See Andreas Karstens Siems, Sexualität und Erotik in der Antike, Darmstadt, 1988, 58-69: "Eunuchs in Ancient Religion" by Arthur Darby Nock; see also the Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium entry "Eunuchs".) Eunuchs were especially important in cultures where men were needed to guard women but rulers wanted to ensure they could not impregnate the women (e. g. in harems). In the form of castratithey were singers in operas in Europe; they were castrated to preserve their voice and a recording exists of one of the last. Eunuchs were associated with religious worship in the middle eastern mother Goddess cult where *hymns and *prayers by priests are relevant. The word can be a synonym for homosexuality based on the idea that homosexuals are impotent with women. On eunuchs and Islamic society, see Shaun Marmon, Eunuchs and Sacred Boundaries in Islamic Society, 1995 (review: Journal of the History of Sexuality, vol. 7 no. 3, January 1997, 439-442). Castrati were opera *singers in Italy who were eunuchs. Latin: see *Terence (active 170 B.C.); the poet *Peter Abelard was castrated. English: see *"Lost lines from the prologue..." Sanskrit: see *Vatsyayana. Hindi: see *hijras as eunuch is a word synonomous with hijra in many cases. Other indian languages are relevant. Poems of relevance are likely in Chinese where eunuchs exercised great power in the Imperial Palace in Beijing since the purity of line of the emperors was of major importance. See Taisuke Mitamura, Chinese Eunuchs, Tokyo, 1970. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, third edition. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion: see "Castration". Encyclopedia of Homosexuality. Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium: lists various sources in Latin and Greek. Bibliographies. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 318-19. Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. Ca. 485 B.C.-406 B.C. Lover of the poet *Agathon, Euripides was one of the major tragic writers of the Athenian stage whose plays were written in verse. (Plato's * Symposium was held in Agathon's house in *Athens.) See *Robinson Jeffers regarding his play Hippolytus. Criticism: see *Paul Brandt. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 418-21. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 29-30. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 191, 193. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 126: lines 570-90 from Cyclops; *Ganymede trope; biog., 115. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 39 (Fragment 652, trans. *J. A. Symonds). Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 52: the play Chrysippos. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1173: cites the play Cyclops in Euripides, volume II, London: Heinemann: Loeb Classical Library, no date; not cited as poetry. Courouve, Ces petits grecs, 20. Journal in English from Great Britain. From 1986. A major gay cultural journal edited in London by *Salvatore Santagati whose background is probably Italian. It publishes poetry and articles on poetry, especially Italian gay poets and has homoerotic illustrations. Articles on poets and critics of poetry and selections of poems by poets in English include: *"Pasolini as Painter" (no. 1, pp. 7-8), *Hubert Kennedy on *Ulrichs (no. 1, 70-74), Andrew Lumsden on *"Censorship in Britain" (no. 1, 75-81), *Noel Grieg on *Edward Carpenter (no. 2, 75-82), James Kirkup on *Mishima (no. 2, 116-24), *Sandro Penna (no. 3, 6-8), James Purdy (no. 3, 10-16), *Thom Gunn on *Robert Duncan (no. 4, 54-55 and 68-70), *Gregory Woods on *Charley Shively (regarding his book on *Walt Whitman) (no. 4, 122-27), *Sandro Penna (no. 7-8, 8-50). Only major articles are here listed. In no. 8-9 (1992) there is a note on Salvatore Santagati; the death from Aids of a major benefactor is noted in this issue. The journal appears to have ceased publication with this issue. Languages spoken in Europe, Europe being usually taken to be the land west of the Ural mountains to the Atlantic Ocean and as far south as the Mediterranean Sea. The earliest poetry of relevance is the the work of *Homer in Greek from ca. 700 B.C. Most European languages are part of the larger grouping of *Indo-European languages. Major languages include Greek and the *Romance languages Latin, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian and Romanian; the *Germanic languages English, German, Dutch, Danish, Swedish, Norwegian and Norse; the *Celtic languages Gaelic and Irish; the *Slavic languages Russian, Polish, Czech, Serbo-Croat and Bulgarian. (Hittite, the oldest Indo-European language with gay material - a version of Gilgamesh - was spoken in Turkey.). Hungarian and Finnish are part of the *Uralian language family; Albanian and Basque are language isolates. The *Altaic and *Uralian language families are separate language families from the Indo-European but are sometimes grouped together as one language family. The Altaic language *Turkish was formerly spoken in the Balkans from ca.1400 to ca. 1918. Uralian languages include Hungarian, Finnish and Estonian all spoken in Europe. European languages, especially English and Spanish, are now spoken all over the world. Note: languages from *Asia (e.g. *Indian languages of India) and *Africa are also now spoken in Europe due to the migration to Europe of peoples from former colonies. Homopoetry is documented from ancient Greek from Homer (see also *Archilochus). Fragments of the epic poem * Gilgamesh survive in Hittite, an Indo-European language which was spoken in Turkey. Eusi-Ndugu, Prince Poet from Canada writing in English. Active 1983. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Black Men/ White Men, 199: four poems from *Fag Rag no. 11; biog., 235 - a *black Canadian gay poet Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1944. A *Philadelphia poet, he teaches art history and is a member of the Gay Activists Alliance and the Gay Academic Union. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Angels of the Lyre, 69-70: poems include "Letter to *Walt Whitman"; biog., 239. Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. Possibly born ca. 544 B.C. The date is taken from *Theognis but this presents problems and he may be later: see the Theognis entry. As he appears in the Garland of Philip, he must be before 40 A.D. (It is possible that he was added to the manuscript of Theognis after 40 A.D.) No entry appears in Oxford Classical Dictionary and he was not found in Pauly, Wissowa, Paulys Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft. Text: see J. M. *Edmonds, Greek Elegy and Iambus, Vol. 1, 1931, 466-77. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Theognidea lines 467-96 (re drinking and the *symposium culture), 667-82 (probably by him), 1345-50 (gay poem with *Ganymede trope addressed to *Simonides). Garland of Meleager. Garland of Philip. Palatine Anthology xii 172 (compare Catullus poem 85). Criticism. Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 9 (1908), 272. Brandt, Sittengeschichte griechenlands, volume 2, 200. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 487. Evergreen Chronicles Based in Minneapolis, Minnesota, with contributions accepted at one stage from the upper mid-west of the United States only. By 1995 contributions were accepted from all over the United States; its founding editor Don Markus Matsen was born in 1954 and died in 1988. It features gay artwork as well as literature. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1946-1986. Book of gay poems: Cute, 1982, San Francisco: *Gay Sunshine Press, 1986 (reviewed in James White Review vol. 2 no. 2, Winter 1985, 13 by *Greg Baysans). Born in Dayton, Ohio, he served in the navy 1966-70, then spent eleven years on a BA at George Mason University; he is published in journals. Highly rated by Winston Leyland: see Gay Roots.Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, p. 27. He died of *Aids. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, 99-106: *long poem "Curing Homosexuality"; biog., 99 (with photo). Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 659-67: includes the *prose poem "Cute". Gay Roots: An Anthology of Gay History, 275319; biog., 240 - states unpublished manuscripts are in the care of Winston Leyland. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 552. Leyland, Queer Dharma: voices of Gay Buddhists, 392-94: *Buddhist poems (in the section "Queer Dharma Poetry"). Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 787-93. Poet from Germany who wrote in German. Active 1900. Criticism. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 3 (1901), 438, cites two poems "Einladung", p. 256, and "An einen Jungling", p. 259 (with two stanza quotation) from his poetry collection Der Halbgott (with illustrations by Max Klinger), published Leipzig: *Max Spohr, 1900. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1980. Author of "The Hollywood Poem", 2 pages: a light hearted work about the world of Hollywood ("There's well hung boys and well stacked broads/ on every boulevard"; "You fuck me and I'll fuck my dad" - see *incest). Words and music copyright 1980. The exact source has not been traced. It may be a song. Ewers, Hans, also called Hanns Heinz Ewers Poet from Germany who wrote in German. 1871-1943. He has a long entry in the * National Union Catalog. Poems: see Moganni Nameh: Gesammelte Gedichte, 1918, 171 pp. Later volumes of poems exist. Though at first in the favour of the *Nazis he was later denounced by them. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Oxford Companion to German Literature: states his work deals with themes of perversion and the occult in a sensational manner. Criticism. Mayne, The Intersexes, 320: cited as writing "novelettes and collections of verses" of gay relevance; surname spelt Evers. A major philosophical movement in the twentieth century in French initially in France, stressing physical existence in the world as the starting point of living. From ca. 1940. The French philosopher *Sartre was the major philosopher of the movement. Many existentialists turned to *Marxism and, as a movement, it dates from ca. 1940 to ca. 1970. See David Lee Pagan, "Existentialism and the Modern Poet: A Study of Modern Poetry from One Magazine", One Institute Quarterly vol. 1 no. 1 (Winter 1962), 46-57; most poems dealt with are *non gender specific and, despite the title, the study does not seriously examine the subject. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica . Historian and critic from Turkey writing in Turkish. Active 1968. Author of Divan siirinde sapik sevgi, Istanbul: Okat Yayinevi, 1968, 112 pages: a critical work which deals with homosexuality in Turkish poetry. This was reprinted in an enlarged edition of 217 pages in 1991. Biographer and editor from the United States writing in English. Active 1983. His biography of *Robert Duncan, Young Robert Duncan: Portrait of the Poet as Homosexual, Santa Barbara: Black Sparrow, 1983, is a close reading of Duncan's life from 1919 to 1950 (dealing with his friendships with such people as Jack Spicer and James Broughton), the writing of the major *sequence, The Venice Poem, in 1948, and the *San Francisco renaissance. Each chapter has a chronology. It also reprints Duncan's 1944 essay "The Homosexual in Society", pp. 319-22, in which he takes the case of *Hart Crane as example of the treatment of homosexuals and argues the case for liberation. This essay marked a coming out. He edited Towards a New American Poetics: Essays and Interviews, Santa Barbara: Black Sparrow, 1978, a selection of articles on *projective verse and *open form on *Olson, Duncan and *Ginsberg as well as Gary Snyder, *Robert Bly and *Robert Creeley. Biography: see the final page of both volumes. See also John Crowe Ransom. A general anthology containing an excellent selection of gay poems compiled by John Whitworth. London: Faber, 1990. This is a selection of sexual poems including much gay material: for instance, see "Life presents a dismal picture", pp. 77-78, "Double Date" (by *Lincoln Kirstein - very fine poem about two men having sex) 85-86, "Put a Finger up My Arse" (*Aretino trans. by *Alistair Elliot) 91, "The Disabled Debauchee" by *Rochester pp. 95-96, "My Legs Half Round Your Neck" (*Aretino trans. Alistair Elliot), *Adaios trans. Alistair Elliot 132, *Strato trans. Fergus Pickering p. 133, "Sexual Couplets" - non *gender specific - by *Craig Raine 135, Petronius (trans. *Ben Jonson) 137, "Two Sonnets" by Sebastian Barker 141 ("fuck that nice little boy you picked up in the bar/ Down by the river"), "Kisses Loathsome" - non gender specific - by *Robert Herrick 142, "There was a young fellow of King's" 167 - a *limerick, "On the low status of masturbation" by Charles Thomson 188, "The young fellow of Wadham" 20-1 - a limerick, "Sea Poem" by John Robinson 207, "Upon the Author of the Play Called Sodom" by John Oldham 222-23, *Martial epigrams trans. Fiona Pitt-Kethley 227 and *Tony Harrison 236, Catullus trans. by Rodney Pybus, Verlaine trans. by Alaistair Elliot 255-56 and 258, "Arsehole" - poem by *Craig Raine 257, "The Ball of Kirriemuir "291-94 - re an *orgy. Many of these poems are brilliant. Highly recommended for reading. Several poems feature *anal sex. *Blue formerly had a sexual and gay reference. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1814-1863. Author of *hymns including "My God, How Wonderful Thou Art". He was a Roman *Catholic convert in 1845 under the influence of *Cardinal Henry Newman. He later became the head of Brompton Oratory, one of the major Catholic churches in Great Britain (situated in Kensington, London), from 1849. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1192: Poems, London: Thomas Richardson, 1856. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reade, Sexual Heretics, 67-68: poem from Poems, 1856. Poet, historian and biographer from Great Britain writing in English. 1889-1961. Educated at *Oxford, he was an officer in World War One. After the war he was the founder of the British publishing firm Faber and Faber (for whom *T. S. Eliot edited poetry) and was a director of the London publishing firm Faber and Faber. His poems have themes of male male affection couched in the language of lover (e. g., "The Night You Went" in Lads, p. 73; "Killed in Action", Lads, p. 206). Books of poems: Interflow, 1915, In the Valley of Vision, 1918, and The Buried Stream, 1941. His study of the Anglo *Catholic Oxford Movement, Oxford Apostles, 1933, touches on homosexuality in the life of Cardinal *Newman. He wrote a biography of the Victorian literary figure * Jowett (1957). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography 1961-70: by Charles Monteith, a director of Faber and Faber. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 65-66, 70-71, 73, 129-30, 198, 206-07; biog., 233. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1924. Active as a poet after 1966, he lives in *Washington, DC. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1193: *chapbook Odissea Finita, Walnut Creek, CA: Very Stone House Press, 1969. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Angels of the Lyre, 71-72; biog., 239. Fadil Bey, Huseyn, also called Fazyl Bey and Fazil Bey Turkish poet from Turkey, 1757-1B1Q. See 'Enderunlu Fazil. Critic from the United States who wrote in English. 1904-1999. Author with John Major of The New Lifetime Reading Plan(1998) which consists of essays on on hundred and thirty-three authors to be read during a person's lifetime; two poets included are stated to be homosexual *Whitman (p. 196) and *W. H. Auden (p 284) (essays on both authors were written by Clifton Fadiman). Also included are *Shakespeare and *Goethe and other poets - e.g. *Dante and *Chaucer - and works such as * Gilgamesh included in this encyclopedia. This work shows how homosexuality is being accepted in the general critical discourse. The first edition was published in 1960. The author claimed to have read over 25,000 books. Information on him is available from the internet. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors New Revision Series, volume 44. Word and trope in English from Great Britain. Possibly used with a homosexual sense from 1596. The word can mean homosexual in twentieth century English and is usually spelt *"fairy". Whether the word had a homosexual connotation as used in *Spenser's poem The Faerie Queene (which is the first usage in the Oxford English Dictionary) is debatable. "Two Fearie queenes" is the chapter heading for a commentary on the Satire 2 of Juvenal in *Gilbert Highet, Juvenal the Satirist, 1954. A group called Radical Faeries has been associated with some United States poets in the 1980s, e.g. James Broughton. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopedia of Queer Myth, Symbol, and Spirit: see "Radical Faeries". Gay Histories and Cultures. Journal in English from the United States. From 1971. Edited by a collective and published in *Boston, over forty issues have been published, approximately one every six months. One of the major persons involved in the collective which produces the journal is *Charley Shively. The magazine has a strong *anarchist streak. It has published much poetry which is highly experimental and very erotically homosexual and a deliberate attempt to shock (see, in no. 4, p.14 "Cock *Haiku"). It contains excellent criticism (see *Kenneth Pitchford). A *microform exists in the New York Public Library. The * Boston Gay Review was an offshoot of the journal. The collective who published the journal also acted as publishers: see, e.g., *Walta Borawski. Word in English from the United States. In poetry it dates from 1967 (see *Graffiti). A word meaning homosexual used especially by United States homosexuals with a confrontationist approach (compare *Queer) especially in the early *gay liberation period from 1970. *Gay paralleled and gradually replaced it. The word has been thought to relate to the logs (or faggots) used in the burning of homosexuals at the stake in medieval Europe (see Giovan Battista Spagnoli). Poets of relevance: *Royal Murdoch, *Kenneth Pitchford, *Amiri Baraka, Tom Kennedy. See also the anthology * Flaming Faggots and Two Other Poems of Gay Rage. There was a United States journal called Faggotry published in 1972. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gay Histories and Cultures. Poet from Iran who wrote in Persian. Active ca. 159Q. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A'in i Akbari anthology, 66B-69; biog., 66B. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1935-1982. Author of the pamphlet Sussicran (London, 1965), the only pamphlet he allowed to be published in his lifetime, containing the poem "Meeting" (based on *Wilfred Owen's "Strange Meeting") about homosexual underworlds. His Selected Poems (London, 1986) was edited by his sister, the poet Ruth Fainlight. For biographical information see his entry in Ian Hamilton, editor, The Oxford Companion to Twentieth-Century Poetry (Oxford, 1994). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Bugger: an anthology, 15-18 (a sequence about picking up a man at a *toilet and taking him home and having sex with him); biog., 19: stated to be "the famous English closet queen". Poet from Australia writing in English and translator from Arabic English. Ca 1935. See in the Sydney Morning Herald 1 January 1991, 11, the poem "Between the Spirit and the Wind". This poem refers to *Gilgamesh and quotes Gilgamesh's lament for Enkidu with its homosexual wordplay ("you were the axe at my side'). "Callias to Autolycus" is another published gay poem (in Quadrant, June 1980, 25); the poem has been slightly altered since publication making the love less possessive. Arabic. In her anthology translated from Arabic to English with Ghazi al-Gosaibi, Feathers and the Horizon, Canberra, 1989) see "Friendship" by Shawqi Baghdadi pp. 29-30 and "Feminine and Masculine" by Muhammad al-Akhdaar al-Sa'ihi pp. 159-50. An Australian Conference of the Birds (1995) is a poem based on the Persian *Sufi *Attar; there is no overt gay material unlike Attar's poem The Conference of the Birds . Poet and critic from New Zealand who wrote in English. 1904-1957. His 1947 critical essay "The Woman Problem" in The Woman problem and other problems, Auckland, 1967, pp. 11-43, he touches on homosexuality (e.g. on p. 13) charging that "feminist-homosexual" characteristics have corrupted New Zealand art and homosexuals have exerted undue influence. In Collected Poems, Christchurch, 1996, see "Love Song" p. 80 (*non Gender specific), "*Cupid", p. 129 and "Not Understood" p. 133 (a *parody of *Thomas Bracken's poem. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to New Zealand Literature. Criticism. Best Mates: Gay Writing in Aotearoa New Zealand, 12: re "The Woman Problem". Poet from Australia who wrote in English; he later lived in Great Britian. 1886-1976. An Australian born poet who lived most of his life in Great Britain. He was a close friend of *Frederic Manning. He married. In his book of poems The Gates of Sleep, London, 1906 (dedicated "To the memory of *Lionel Johnson") see *"Omar Khayyam" p. 15, the "Greek *Epigram" p. 21 and epigram "To Aster" p. 31 (note: The Mitchell Library, Sydney, copy is *David Scott Mitchell's copy). In Poems, 1908, see *"Pan" p. 111; many of his poems are *non-gender specific though many are written to women. In The Horns of Taurus, 1914, see "Bitter-Sweet" p. 19. In The Troubled Pool, London, 1911, see "Camaderie" p. 17, "Friendship" p. 73. "The Cottage Clock" p. 54 is dedicated to *Arthur Galton. The Temple of Janus, 1917, is a sonnet sequence in the manner of *Shakespeare; see the title poem p. 7 and *"Friendship" p. 18. (This has many similarities with *William Blocksidge's *sequence The Wreath.) In Mesopotamia, 1919, see "Home" p. 22 and "Ordeal" p. 78 (non gender specific). The Fifth Element reveals wide reading of Turkish and Persian poetry with its strong homosexual elements (see pp. 82-85); see also "In Memoriam: For F. M.", p. 22-23 (written about Manning). Poems in his later volumes are written to women; but many of his earlier poems do not contain a specific female presence. Feelings of strong male friendship are present in many poems. On his friendship with Manning, see Chapter, 8 "Best Friends", of Verna Coleman, The Last Exquisite, 1990. Not in Australian Dictionary of Biography. His papers are in the Australian National Library, Canberra, MS 1750 (including letters from Manning). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 144 (strongly homoerotic poem called "Friendship"), 155, 173; biog., 233. Word and trope in English from Great Britain, the United States and Australia. From ca. 1896. Though there are both male and female fairies (apparently), fairies are androgynous creatures traditionally believed to come out at night and to be ethereal creatures of ambiguous sexuality. They are winged creatures. See *androgyne. Their ambiguity makes them ideal for veiled homosexual references in some poems. Being non corporeal, they are not capable of physical homosex (apparently). The word fairy in the twentieth century English was and is a synonym for homosexual; earlier usage in this way remains to be proven. The connection between the traditional belief and the word's homosexual usage also remains to be shown. Australia: see *S. L. Elliott (re novel), *Roderic Quinn, J. Le Gay Brereton. Great Britain: see *faerie, *"Let's all be fairies", *Edmund Spenser, *B. Took. United States: Mark Thompson's Gay Spirit: Myth and Meanings, 1987 (reviewed in James White Review, vol. 5 no. 2, Winter 1989, 5) deals with the concept. See K. Briggs, A Dictionary of Fairies, Penguin, 1976. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica, eleventh edition, 1910: a brilliant article by *Andrew Lang. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 384: dates usage from 1896. Howes, Broadcasting It. Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Fairy" and "Radical Faeries". Poet from Pakistan writing in Urdu. Born 1912. A significant Urdu poet of the twentieth century. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, South volume. Criticism. Rahman, "Boy love in the Urdu ghazal", Paidika vol. 2 no. 1 (1989), 16: wrote a poem about *dancing boys in Peshawar. Editor possibly from Germany of Greek works and translator from Greek to Latin. Active 1569. See Sandys, History of Classical Scholarship, volume 2, p. 105: states he was responsible for the * editio princeps of *Nonnus, published in 1568 (with Latin translation). Not in Allgemeine deutsche Biographie. Faludy, George He spent many years abroard to avoid persecution by the *Nazi and Communist regimes, including living in France and the United States; he lived in Canada in the 1980s and in North Africa and returned to Budapest after the fall of Communism. He poems and prose show he is *bisexual. Three books in English were published in Canada. Corpses, Brats and Cricket Music"(Vancouver: William Hoffer/Tanks, 1987) has no gay material. Learn This Poem of Mine by Heart (Toronto, Hounslow Press, 1983) has two poems on *Alexander the Great with minor gay content. Selected Poems 1933 - 1980, edited and & translated by Robin Skelton (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1985) has several pertinent poems: ""Death of a Chleuch Dancer", "On the Tower of the Kasbah, Above the River Draa", "Desert Under the Stars", "Sonnet Nine" and "Sonnet Thirty-Six". Many of his poems can be read "either way" (information from *Ian Young). His memoir My Happy Days in Hell (English translation: London, 1962) has gay bits in it. He translated *Villon in 1937. See Albert Tezla, Hungarian Authors (Cambridge, MA, 1970), pp. 155-56. Critic from China wrting in English. Active 1955. See his article "From Imagism to Whitmanism in Recent Chinese Poetry," in Indiana Conference on Oriental-Western Literary Relations, University of North Carolina Studies in Comparative Literature, no. 13, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 1955, pp. 178-89. In this study the author points out that a poem by *Hu Shih about two butterflies could be about two males; he also quotes from a poem by *Kuo Mo-jo with homoerotic undertones. A rare example of homosexual undertones in Chinese literary criticism. Whitmanism in his title could suggest the homoerotic. He was a Chinese national educated at *Harvard, later lecturing at that university. Critic and historian from China writing in English. Active 1987. Author, with *Dr. Yung-mei Tsai, of "Male Homosexuality in Traditional Chinese Literature", Journal of Homosexuality, vol. 14 no. 3-4 (1987), 21-33; bibl., 33. This is a concise survey with many Tine points raised. Dr. Ruan is Associate Professor of Medical History at the Beijing Medical University, *Beijing, and Dr. Tsai, who has presented papers at the American Sociological Association, is Professor of Sociology at Texas Tech University. Poet from Iran who wrote in Persian. Active ca. 159Q. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A'in i Akbari anthology, 673-74; biog., 673 - states his name is Shapur. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1940-1988. Fine *Boston gay liberation poet who was an editor of * Fag Rag. He died of *Aids. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10620,11006: Hunger, First Poems, Fort du Lac, WI: Road Runner press, 1973. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1203, 1204, 1205, 1206: Hunger: First Poems, Boston: Road Apple Review, 1972, Night Blooming, Boston: Good Gay Poets, 1976 (he is given as the editor and it is stated to be an anthology), Thieves to Flesh, Dorchester, MA: Manifest Destiny Books, 1977 and The Orange Telephone. Nuestra Señora de los Dolores, Boston: Good Gay Poets, 1975 (this work has two titles and was shared with *Charley Shively, who wrote half the poems and whose poems appear at the back - or at the front, depending on the way the book is held; Farinella's title is The Orange Telephone). This work has one poet in the front and another in the back. The book has to be turned upside down and back to front to read the second poet; this could be read as a symbolic allusion to homosexuality, where anal sex is a kind of reversal of vaginal sex. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Male Muse, 31-32; biog., 119. Angels of the Lyre, 73-77; detailed biog., 239. Orgasms of Light, 76-80; biog., 252. We Bumped Off Your Friend the Poet, 5. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 644. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1975. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1207: The Undiscovered Country: A Collection of Poems, New York: Vantage, 1975. Biographer from the United States writing in English. Active 1984. Author of Auden in Love, London and Boston, 1984: a memoir of the relationship of *W. H. Auden with *Chester Kallman by Kallman's step-mother. The book revealed the relationship was deeply troubled since Kallman was continuously having sex with other men, causing Auden great unhappiness. Unpublished poems of Auden are included (see pp. 25-27, 93-95, 205-06 [two *limericks]) and some poems by Kallman (e.g., 228-29) previously only privately printed). Critic from Australia writing in German. Ca. 1910-ca. 1970. Author of Stefan Georges Beziehungen zur englischen Dichtung, Berlin, 1937, a work dealing with *Stefan George's English reputation. He was Professor of German at the University of Sydney and lived in Germany 1933-37. See A. Stephens, H. C. Rogers and B. Coglan, Festschrift for Ralph Farrell, Bern, Frankfurt am Main and Las Vegas, 1977; with bibliography of Farrell's work at the end (several articles on *Morike). Unmarried and believed to have been gay by strong oral tradition at the University of Sydney; however no direct evidence has so far been produced. Poet from Afghanistan who wrote in Persian. Died 1037. He was the *court poet of Mahmud Mas'ud of Ghazna, Afghanistan. He wrote a notable *elegy on Mahmud's death and also * qasidas. 9,000 verses have been preserved. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures: see "Farrokhi". Criticism. Browne, Literary History of Persia, volume 2, 124-28. Arberry, Legacy of Persia, 228: a love poem in English which seems gay. *Ehsan Yarshater, "The Theme of Wine drinking and the concept of the beloved in early Persian poetry", Studia Islamica 13 (1960), 50: re the trope of the love of *Mahmud for the slave Ayaz, which has become a wide ranging trope in Persian poetry. Movement in German and Italian in Germany and Italy from 1923 to 1945. Fascism was an authoritarian movement which arose in Italy with Mussolini, who became the ruler and virtual dictator of Italy in 1923. *Nazism was its German counterpart, dating from 1933 with the rise of Hitler and the Nazi party. In than year the Nazis burned the Reichstag, the German parliament, and took over the government absolutely. Homosexuals were imprisoned in Germany but were treated less harshly in Italy (and in the Netherlands, under German occupation from 1940). Some homosexuals were protected in Germany, but life was very insecure for all homosexuals in countries under fascist control. The destruction of the *Magnus Hirschfeld library in Germany in 1933, one of the first targets of the Nazis, and the library of *J. A. Schorer in the Netherlands in World War Two, were major gay cultural losses. Fascism is now normally taken to be any right wing ideology in which the state is supremely strong. Contrast *Communism (its left wing counterpart) and *Marxism. Fascism has been studied from 1977 onwards in German in relation to homosexuallty (in Rüdiger Lautmann's Seminar: Gesellschaft und Homosexualitat, 1977) and in Dutch in a series of books (see below). An aesthetic discussion is the collection of articles edited by Klaus Behnken and Frank Wagner, Inszenierung der Macht ästhetische Faszination im Faschismus(Berlin, 1987); poetry is not discussed but there are many illustrations of works of art. For a detailed bibliography see Ronald Kolpa, Fascisme en Homoseksualiteit, Amsterdam, 1985, pp. 201-05 (in Dutch). Consult also *Historical and Social Background - German, - Dutch. Fascism has links with *sado-masochism. German: see *J. S. Hohmann for the history and the entries *Otto Kiefer, *Klaus Mann. See also Heinz-Dieter Schilling, Schwule und Fascismus (Gays and Homosexuality), Berlin, 1983. Dutch: see *Ronald Kolpa. See also Henk van den Boogaard, Fascisme en homoseksualiteit, Nijmegen, 1982 and Homoseksualiteit en fascisme, Utrecht, 1984 (no author). English: see *Ezra Pound, ian Young. See also John Milfill editor, The Attractions of Fascism, 1980, a series of essays linking fascism with male sexuality, and Klaus Theweleit, Männerphantasien, 1978 (second edition, 1980), translated into English as Male Fantasies. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 387-90: Fascism. Myth and trope in Greek from Greece and later in Latin, English, Spanish, Hebrew and Arabic. From ca. 35 B.C. Fauns were mythical creatures of the forests associated with *satyrs and the god *Pan. The Oxford English Dictionary definition states that they were "at first represented like men with horns and the tail of a goat, afterwards with goats' legs like the satyrs, to whom they were assimilated in lustful character". Webster's Third New International Dictionary, 1976, vol. 2, p. 829, defines a faun as "a deity having human shape with pointed ears, small horns and sometimes a goat's tail, or as half goat and half man". Sometimes faun is spelt fawn. Greek. See Palatine Anthology xii 146 and *Nonnus, Book 9, 85-90. Latin. The word comes from the Latin faunus: see Oxford Latin Dictionary, p. 681 under sense 1 b where the word is cited in *Horace (65-8 B.C., date of writing taken as 35 B.C.), Odes 1 iv: 11 in a homosexual pastoral context (*Lycidas whom all youths love appears here). The trope is used in a homosexual sense in the last two lines of the medieval poem *"O admirabile Veneris ydolum". Compare *roe. For the ancient artistic depiction see * Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae under "Silenoi" in volume 8, part 1 and the plates. English. *Oscar Wilde, who had studied Greek extensively, wrote a homopoem called "Faun" (published in Poems, 1883); see also *Burges Johnson. Arabic: see *Abu Tammam, ibn Zaidun, *gazelle. Hebrew. *Norman Roth, " 'Deal Gently with the Young Man': Love of Boys in Medieval Hebrew Poetry of Spain", Speculum 57 (1982), 32-33. Pagis, Hebrew Poetry, p. 64: called 'ofer or tzvi in Hebrew, faun is an image from the *Song of Songs and tzvi is a pun on the Arabic word youth. It is a major homosexual trope in *medieval Hebrew poets 1000-1300 but disappears after that. Compare *roe. Spanish: see the *Gil-Albert entry in Dictionary of Literary Biography vol. 134, p.149, re the poem "Lamentacion" published in 1937. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 432. Poet from the United Staes writing in English. Active 1968. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10621: poem "David with Chocolate", ONE Magazine 6:4, 25 (April 1968). Critic from Brazil who wrote in Portuguese. Born ca. 1928. Author of Uma flor para os malditos: a homosexualidada na literatura (A flower for the accursed: homosexuality in literature), Favero: Flaminio and Athayde Pereira, 1983 (repr. Campinas, SP: Papirus Livraria Editora, 1983 and 1984), 115 pages; bibl. p.115. It contains only slight reference to poetry despite its title but is a pioneering work in Brazilian Portuguese; see Chapter 9 re the French writers *Gide and *Proust. Rare. Copy sighted: *Library of Congress. Poet from Brazil writing in Portuguese. 1930-1962. A Tine poet. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poemas do amor maldito, 103; biog., 102 - poet and journalist who died tragically in 1962. Translator from Greek to English from Great Britain. 1720-1777. Translator of *Anacreon (1760; repr.) and *Theocritus: The Idylliums (1767). Possibly the pseudonym of an anthologist of Turkish poetry and a translator from Turkish to French; he was from Switzerland. 18701910. He compiled the first selection of Turkish *Ottoman poetry in French with *Abdul-Halim Memdouch. His name is almost certainly a pseudonym (see *Fadil Bey, also called Fazyl Bey; repr. Fontfroide: Fata Morgana, 1996 - a copy is in the *Library of Congress). He also translated Le Livre des Beaux by Fadil Bey (published Paris, 1909). The *British Library General Catalogue and * National Union Catalog reveal he wrote a book on Turkey and also Louis II et Richard Wagner, Paris, 1893, on *Richard Wagner and *Ludwig II, king of Bavaria. The note in Pia, Les Livres de l'Enfer states he was Swiss, knew Turkish and was sympathetic to homosexuals. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10622: * Anthologie de l'amour turc, Paris: *Mercure de France, 1905 with comment "Some references to male and female homosexuality, latter in a poem by *Fazyl Bey". Pia, Les Livres de l'Enfer, columns 757-58: description of Le Livre des Beaux. Criticism. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 7 (1905), 863-67: review of Anthologie de l'amour turc. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active ca. 1974. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10624-25: two poems in journals - "Bonhoeffer brings homo the bacon..." in College English 36:340-41, November 1974 and "Theme for the prom" in Gay Lit 2:48, Spring 1973. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gay Verse. Poet from China who wrote in English. Active 550. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature, 6: "Fei Ch'ang-fang, a historian of the 6th century". Gay Sunshine, 35 (Winter 1978), 10, poem trans. by *S. W. Foster - an openly gay love poem in this translation (name spelt Fei Chang); source of translation not given. Poet from Portugal who wrote in Portuguese. Active 1920. Arcadie no. 72 (December 1959), 711, cites two poems which are relevant. A compatriot of *Gomes Leal. Book collector from the United States of works written in English. 1899-1988. He was the greatest collector of material on *Walt Whitman and gave his collection to the *Library of Congress before he died. He assembled the finest collection of photographs of Whitman and read everything he purchased: see his paper, "A Whitman Collector destroys a Whitman Myth" (about Whitman misleading his biographers John Burroughs and *Richard Bucke) in Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America, 1958. A donation from him allowed the Library of Congress to purchase the *Horace Traubel papers. He lived in Detroit from 1923 and was Jewish. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Literary Biography, Yearbook (1988). Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1945. See Christopher Street, February 1977, p. 11: "About 'Petronius". A moving poem about the 'suicide of Petronius. He has written several plays and much theater criticism. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors, vol. B9-92. Fellatio, also called Cocksucking Sucking the penis to the point of ejaculation. Called *Cocksucking in the United States. From at least 40 B.C. English: see *Leigh Hunt, 'Frederick Rolfe, *Peter Schjeldahl. A famous article by the poet *Charley Shively, "Cocksucking as an act of Revolution", was published in Fag Rag 10 (September 1974). German. A book Sucking Boys (the title is in English) was published by *Peter Baschung in 1980. Greek: see the article by Harry D. Jocelyn "A Greek Indecency and its Students" in Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society 206 (1980), 12-66: an exhaustive discussion of fellatio in Greek literature. Latin. See Forberg, Manual of Classical Erotology, vol. 1, pp. 190-261; see especially pp. 191 (* Priapeia), 217-29 (*Martial [ca. 40-ca. 104], *Ausonius), 255-57 (Martial). Compare *licking, *sucking. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Ullstein Enzyklopädie der Sexualität. Movement and philosophy in English in Great Britain, the United States and other countries, in French and other *European languages, and latterly spreading to other languages from ca. 1910. Feminism is seen by many as being about the opposing of masculinism, perceived as violence and macho behavior; in a strictly female sense it can refer to women's rights - equality before the law of women and men - but in literature it goes back to *heroic poems. As a philosophy, feminism goes back to the ancient Sanskrit cosmology of the universe where male and female were seen as complimentary; Sanskrit philosophies such as *Saivism and *Tantrism and the Chinese philosophy *Yin and Yang are related. In nonliterate cultures little is known but male and female roles seem rigidly separated in *African and *Australian Aboriginal cultures. A distinction needs to be made between feminism as a philosophy and feminism as a social movement for the right of women to legal equality (which, in many cultures, was and is not even today the case). As a twentieth century movement, feminism originally aimed at giving women the right to vote (which was not the case before 1900 in any countries) and, following this advance, equality with men. Simone de Beauvoir's The Second Sex, originally published in French in 1948, was a crucial work. The United States had a strong feminist movement from the late nineteenth century. The second wave of twentieth century feminism started from around 1965 and the concept has broadened to become a philosophy based on the nature of humanity. Books by Kate Millett, Germaine Greer and Betty Friedman were crucial works. The establishment of the United Nations from 1946 saw an increased emphasis on human rights and the rights of women (especially the Declaration of Human Rights of 1948 and later the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights). See also *men's movement, *androgyny. From 1969, there were close links with gay liberation (see *Kenneth Pitchford, *effeminism) and from the 1960s with the black power movement: see *blacks, James Baldwin. Some gay liberationists modelled themselves on the women's liberation movement, believing that, if women could liberate themselves, gays could too. See *Laurence Housman, Joseph Boone, *Queer Theory. Contrast *misogyny. Virginia Blain, The Feminist Companion to Literature in English, 1990, gives the English background. German: see *Goethe. Sanskrit: see *Brahman, *Siva. Bengali: see *Tagore. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia Britannica; this entry refers readers to the entries woman suffrage and Women's Liberation Movement. Encyclopedia of World Literature in the 20th-Century, Supplement volume (1994). Gay Histories and Cultures. Trope in English from Great Britain and later in French and Italian. From ca. 1819. Woman as attractive yet destructive force luring men to their death is the basic idea of the femme fatale, the fatal woman. The femme fatale concept may indicate latent homosexuality in males involved with it. English. See *Keats (1819), *E. A. Poe, *Swinburne, *Oscar Wilde. The idea also appears in the poetry of the *Pre-Raphaelites and *William Morris. French. Wilde's play Salomé featuring this trope, was written in French. Italian. *Mario Praz discusses the trope in his book The Romantic Agony. Compare *misogyny. Ferdinando, Paul The real name of *Charles Carrington, a publisher of *pornography in *Paris in the late nineteenth century ca. 1889-ca. 1917. His real name is disclosed in Legman, Horn Book, p. 30. He published the Latin writer *Forberg's De Figuris Veneris (ca. 1889). He sold many of his published books to English language speakers because they were banned in their own countries and could not be published there. He went blind, reputedly from syphilis, turned his business over to two assistants in the 1920s and died in poverty. See Charles Carrington, Forbidden Book: Notes and Gossip on Tabooed Literature by an Old Bibliophile, Paris: for the author and his friends, 1902 (rare; copy sighted: *Deane Erotica, University of Sydney, Rare Books). For information on his life see Legman, Horn Book, pp. 26-34. Sexologist from Hungary who wrote in Hungarian. 1873-1933. A Hungarian psychoanalyst and follower of Freud who wrote on homosexuality in Hungarian from 1902 and later in German. He supported the work of *Hirschfeld to change the law in Germany and was tolerant of homosexuality in his medical practice. Works include Contributions to Psyho-Analysis, translated by Ernest Jones, London, 1916. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 392-94. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1991. A *black poet whose work has *Surrealistic undertones. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 41: poem "Shade"; biog.,175. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1919. One of the *beat poets, his poetry has celebrated love, sex and freedom. He has translated the Italian poet *Pasolini and was the publisher of Ginsberg's Howl through his bookshop *City Lights. On the publication of Howl and City Lights' prosecution for obscenity: see Neeli Cherkovski, Ferlinghetti: A Biography, 1979, pp. 100-112. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10627: Pictures of the Gone World, San Francisco: City Lights, 1955 - in this volume see "In Hintertime Praxiteles", on the ancient Greek homosexual sculptor. Anthologies. Fra mann til mann, 65-66. Critic and biographer from France writing in French and translator from Italian to French. Born 1929. Mainly known as a French gay novelist who has also written travel books, he wrote the Preface to the major French gay anthology *Les amours masculines. His Le Rapt de Ganymede (The Rape of *Ganymede), 1989, is a major series of essays on gay culture with some discussion of literature and an attempt to elaborate a gay 'aesthetic (trans. into Italian 1990; trans. into Dutch before 1992; trans. into German. 1992, titled Der Raub des Ganymed). He also wrote a biography of *Pasolini: Nella mano dell'angelo, 1982. As a translator of poetry see his translation of *Sandro Penna from Italian into French, Une étrange joie de vivre et autres poèmes, 1979. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionnaire Gay. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Les Amours masculines, 11-22 (preface). Pour tour l'amour des hommes, 300-01 : discussion of his life and work. Criticism. European Gay Review no. 8-9 (1992), 236-43: important essay on his work by Simon P. Sibelman. Woods, History of Gay Literature, 316: on his novel L'Etoile rose. Poet from France who wrote in French, 1688-1719. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Les Amours masculines, 158; with biog., 158. From Pièces Libres, London, 1738. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 411: re *angels and *Sodom and Gomorrah. Pour tout l'amour des hommes, 99. Translator from Greek to Catalan from Spain and editor of works in Catalan and Spanish. Active 1975. Translator of the Greek poet *Cavafy into Catalan: Vuitanta-vuitpoemes de Cavafis (Eighty-eight poems of Cavafy), Barcelona, Edicions 62, 1975, 129 pp.; a second enlarged edition was entitled Poesies de Cavafis (Barcelona: La Gaya Ciencia, 1978), 236 pp. He has also published editions of the Catalan poet *Ausias March: Les poésies, 1979 (in Catalan) and Poesia, 1979 (in Spanish). He is also a critic. Songwriter from Portugal who wrote in Portuguese. Active ca. 1660. When he was the Dean of Oporto Cathedral, aged about 47, in 1660, he composed a satirical song with the names of the most famous sodomites which he sang, accompanying himself with his guitar. The song does not appear to have survived and is thus a *lost work. Source: paper of *Luiz Mott, given at the Amsterdam, 1987, Gay Conference. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1969. Pseudonym of John Davis. Fersen, Jacques d'Adelswärd, Count, also called Jacques Adelsward, Freiherr Poet from France who wrote in French; he later lived in Italy. 1880-1923. One of the most intriguing poets in gay culture and one of the great figures in French gay culture, Fersen was the son of a famous Swedish family, the richest in the country at the time (see the entry Adelswärd in the Swedish biographical dictionary pp. 17-18, Tab. 14; a photostat has been sighted but the source was not supplied). The family are believed to have made their money from munitions factories in France and Sweden. He was born in Paris and seems to have been raised there. His correct name was Jacques Adelswärd and his Swedish title was Freiherr. Fersen embarked on a literary career in Paris. Books of poems he published were: Chanson Legères, 1900, Poèmes de l'enfance, Paris, 1901, 203 pp., with introduction by Edmond Rostand and Fernand Gregh, L'Hymnaire d'Adonis, 1902 (see *Adonis), Les Cortèges qui sont oasse, 1903, L'amour Ensevelli, 1904, Le danseur aux caresses, Paris, Vanier, 1906 (reviewed Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 9 [1908], 507-601 with German trans. of several poems). Two poems were translated into English as Curieux d'amour, London: privately printed, 1970, by Ian Young (this book is very rare; 125 copies only were published; it consists of two poems with an illustration by Gaston Goor of two naked erotic small boys). Amori et Dolori Sacrum, Capri, 1990, 54 pp., quarto sized, is a collection of photographs of Fersen's Capri with a selection of his poetry and an introduction by Roger Peyrefitte. No writings of his in Swedish have been located (if they exist; he seems to have written only in French). A *parody of his poetry was written by *Doctor A.-S. Lagail. He lived in Paris before being imprisoned for six months on a charge of corrupting minors in 1903. This related to his friendship with the schoolboy Loulou Locré and other boys and friendship with Albert de Warren. Warren and Fersen were accused in the French press of holding black masses; see the details in Will Ogrinc's article cited below. The file of Fersen's case of corrupting minors is still closed but *Roger Peyrefitte, who obtained a copy, states in his memoir Propos Secrets that the conduct for which Fersen was tried amounted to masturbation of the youths (see details in the Ogrin article cited below pp. 36-41). The ages of the youths are not known so whether the behavior is best termed *pedophilia or *pederasty is difficult to say. He travelled extensively and later became a *drug addict, addicted to opium. He died in *Capri where he built a splendid villa, the Villa Lysis named after a dialogue of *Plato and situated under the former residence of the Roman emperor Tiberius on one of the highest points of the island. The villa still survives and though, at one point, part was falling down is now believed to have been restored. A lover was the Neapolitan *Nino Cesarini, whose portrait Fersen had painted; he had a bronze sculpture made of him naked which stood in the garden. It seems that he committed suicide by swallowing a sleeping draught in front of Nino (see details in James Money, Capri: Island of Pleasure, 1987). His publishing of the first French gay journal * Akadémos (1909) alone merits him a high place in gay culture (some poems in this journal may be by him written under pseudonyms). He can be described as a *pederast. See reviews of two gay novels Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 11(1910), 82-87. Biography: see Roger Money, Capri: Island of Pleasure, 1987; see the index as he is referred to extensively. He is the subject of the novel L'Exile de Capri by *Roger Peyrefitte. The article by *Will H. Ogrinc in * Paidika vol. 3 no.2 (Issue 10), "A Shrine to Love and Sorrow: Jacques d'Adelswärd Fersen (1880-1923)", 30-58, is the best introduction to his life and work in English; it reproduces photographs of him and some poems (with translations); he concludes, p. 54, that Fersen was attracted to *ephebes (teenage boys). This article is a model of scholarship and contains the finest bibliography on Fersen's works and on works about him yet assembled. Fersen's novel LordLyllian. Messes Noires (Lord Lyllian. Black Masses), 1905, is based on his trial and people in his circle (see the Ogrinc article cited above, pp. 39-42); a later novel Et le feu s'éteignit sur la mer... (1909) was based on gay life on Capri and caused a sensation. The title means "And the fire extinguishes itself on the sea" but the last word "mer..." may be a shortened form of "merde" (faeces, shit) and the title could thus refer to anal sex in this case. A later intimate on Capri was the fifteen year old Corrado Annicelli (see Ogrinc article, p. 48). See also P. Cardan, editor, Dossier Jacques d'Adelsward-Fersen, Lille, 1991. Translation. English: see ian Young. The article by Will Ogrinc includes a translation into English of the poem "Treize ans" (Thirteen years), pp. 34-35, from L'Hymnaire d'Adonis. Dictonaries. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 491-95, 735. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 11-12. Dictionnaire Gay. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Homosexuality in Canada, first edition (1979), 9: Curieux d'Amour, London: privately printed, 1970 (illustrated by Goor) - trans. into English of his poems by *Ian Young. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1223: Curieux d'Amour, Translated for the First Time into English by Ian Young with an Illustration by Goor, London: privately printed, 1970; the artist is the Belgian gay artist Gaston Goor. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 438-39: six poems "White Mass", "Curieux d'amour", "Thirteen Year Old", "Paganism", "Thirteen" and "Alexis" trans. into English (the fullest selection of his poetry in English). Criticism. Mayne, The Intersexes, 347 (re his life) and 387 (text of a French poem). *Hérelle manuscript 3188 f. 448-49: stating he was sentenced to six months in *prison for inciting minors to debauchery and referring to the 1910 novel by Binet-Valmeyr, Lucien, on him and the 1912 novel by Sidney Palace, Les Fréquentations de Maurice. Translator from Russia from Russian to Latin. 1820-1892. A poet who translated the Latin poets *Catullus and *Tibullus into Russian (published in 1886) and also Horace (1856; repr.). He published in Russian bawdy Stories from Russian Folklore, Geneva, 1872; repr. Paris, *Carrington, 1897 (repr. as Ribald Russian Classics, Los Angeles, 1966). He appears to have been heterosexual and married. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Terras, Handbook of Russian Literature. Bookseller from Germany mainly of works in German. Born 1950. A major book dealer in the field of sexology who lives in the village of Allmendingen near Stuttgart. His catalogue Number 32 Erotica, 4 vols, ca. 1987, is divided into two parts: Part One, 2 volumes, is Erotica, Part 2, is Homosexuality (2560 items with detailed annotations). This catalogue is one of the most scholarly ever produced on Homosexuality and, in its notes, constitutes a critique of *Manfred Herzer's bibliography. Catalogues 58 (Erotische Literatur) and 77 and 78 (Sexualia including homosexuality) are other catalogues of relevance. Biography: see the note p. 85 of Catalogue 78. Born 1950. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1983. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Voices Against the Wilderness, 1 - a *black poet from *Chicago. Critic and poet from Germany who wrote in German. 1935-1986. A major German *beat novelist, active from 1959, whose series of essays, Homosexualitat und Literatur: Polemiken, volumes 1 and 2, 1987-88, is a survey of homosexuality and literature and an attempt at a homosexual *aesthetic (reviewed in Forum 5, 1988, 95-101 by *Wolfgang Popp); included are essays on *Rimbaud, *Genet and *Platen. He is a rare German author who not only treated homosexuality openly, but also made it a guiding force. He was engaged on a 19 volume History of Sensibility when he died and which is now being edited from fragments. Partly of Jewish background (his father was Jewish) he was raised in Sweden where he was later engaged in farming and was influenced by the ideas of *Rudolf Steiner. He is the author of two volumes on *Afro-Brazilian religions: Xango, 1978-84, and Petersilie, 1980-84. The influence of *tribal cultures gave him a fresh perspective on European cultures; *anthropology also made him treat high culture equally with what has been called popular culture. He was perhaps the leading German gay oriented *deconstructionist. Deiner Umarmungen susse Sehnsucht, 1985, one of his last works, is a passioned defence of the gay German poet *Platen. He wrote an article on *Achilles and Patroclus in Merkurvol. 5 (May 1986) and articles on *Sappho and *Homer. Interview: see Forum 8 (1989), 93-103 titled Thomas Freeman, "Gesprach mit Hubert Fichte" (about the influence on him of *Hans Henny Jahnn in his Swedish period). Criticism. See W. von Wangenheil, Hubert Fichte, 1980; outline of life pp. 224-27; bibl. pp. 228-32. There is an important article on him in Dutch by *Marita Keilsen-Lauritz, in Homologie 4 (1990) 31-35," Homoseksualiteit is het privilege". His grave has a Greek poem by *Empedocles inscribed on it. Compare *Michel Foucault. Translation. English. A selection of his critical essays was translated as The Gay Critic (1996), with an introduction by James H. Jones. The most complete listing of his work is * Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen, items 231-85. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 395-96: brilliant summary of his achievement by *Marita Keilson-Lauritz. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. See also the biog note in Andere Lieben, 300-301. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Fra mann til mann, 90-92. "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen", 160-61. Poet, critic, philosopher and letter writer from Italy who wrote in Latin and Italian. 1433-1499. He became a *Catholic priest in 1473 and never married. As a *humanist, in 1462 he became head of the Platonic Academy at the Medici villa at Careggi outside Florence and a *humanist; in this year he also started to translate *Plato from Greek into Latin. The translation was completed ca. 1470 but not published until 1484. It made Plato widely available to the learned readership of the time. A translation into Italian of The *Symposium from Ficino's Latin version was published in 1544 (see *Plato). Ficino's Latin version was frequently reprinted and continued to be influential until the eighteenth century. He wrote a famous commentary on Plato's *Symposium, De amore (About love) published as a Platonic dialogue in 1469, becoming the basis of *Renaissance *Platonism and which he translated into Italian in 1474 as Sopra lo amore (On Love). The work was expanded into the Theologica platonica, 1482. See the edition of Sears Jayne, Marsilio Ficino: Commentary on Plato's Symposium, Dallas, Texas, 1985 (revised from his 1944 edition) with English translation and excellent introduction. The De Amore forms part of a tradition of works in Latin and Italian discussing the nature of love (see *Debate on love). Six passages from Plato only are discussed. The speeches are set at a symposium and the main speaker is Ficino's friend Giovanni Cavalcanti, who is elected the guest of honor in much the same way as *Agathon forms a focal point of The Symposium. Cavalcanti speaks first on the passage from The Symposium 178c-180d, the speech of Phaedrus, which deals with the homosexual * erastes and eromenos relationship as the ideal form of love, with *Achilles and Patroclus embodying it. (For homoerotic letters from Ficino to Cavalcanti see My Dear Boy: Gay Love Letters through the Centuries, pp. 46-48.) The main argument of De Amore, whose influence was enormous, is the inherent goodness of human love and the work can be read as a defence of gay love. Ficino's prodigious writings include the Platonica Theologica (Platonic Theology), of 1482, stressing the human soul as having a central place in the universe in contrast to that of the Catholic theologian *Saint Thomas Aquinas which was God centred. This work became one of the bases of *humanism at the same time as having undertones of *allegory. Ficino also translated *Plotinus into Latin. His influence spread to the English poet *Edmund Spenser. Translation of De Amore. English: Sears Jayne (1944; enlarged edition 1985). French: de la Haye (1542), Broderie (1578), R. Marcel (1956). German: K. P. Hasse (1914) Italian: Barbarasa (1544). Spanish: A. R. Diaz (1968). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 396-97: revealing an intense emotional relationship with Giovanni Cavalcanti (ca. 1444-1509) and states he was almost certainly gay. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 131-36 (prose). Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1883-1945. A close friend of *Witter Bynner from undergraduate days at *Harvard (the two collaborated on the Spectra Hoax, a sendup of modernist poetry: for details see the Witter Bynner entry), he was an *aesthete of delicate sensibilities. Book: Sonnets of a Portrait Painter, 1914; see pp. 14, 32. The poems are modelled on *Shakespeare's and could be to a man. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Movement in Italian poetry in Italy from 1562. See Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, pp. 397-98, where it is described as a type of poetry in which a pedant declares his love for his pupil. It was originated by *Camillo Scroffa in his Cantici di Fidenzio (1562) and is a type of anti *Petrarchan poetry. Other practitioners include Jano Argyroglotto (pseud.) and *Giambattista Liviera. Compare *Bernesque poetry. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Active 1924. Fidian is a pseudonym meaning "faithful"; his real name is unknown. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 73: poem "Love's Incarnation" ("I espied beneath a tree a lovely boy") based on the trope of *Eros. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 514: same poem. Critic from the United States writing in English. Born 1917. A *Freudian and myth critic, his essay "Come Back to the Raft Huck Honey", in An End to Innocence (1955), pointed out homosexual themes in the novels of James Fenimore Cooper, *Herman Melville and *Mark Twain (all of whom wrote poetry). In his controversial critical work Love and Death in the American Novel (1959), he dealt with James Fenimore Cooper and Herman Melville. His theories have been controversial but have raised the issue of homosexuality in the works of major United States literary figures. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1924. After World War Two (see his poem "World War Two" in Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, pp. 107-11) he studied at New York University. Active as a published poet since 1963, he lives in Greenwich Village, *New York, and has a Jewish background. Although he has written Tine gay poems, his published books to the late eighties were somewhat reticent on homosexuality. He is a *performance poet, having given hundreds of poetry readings as well as poetry workshops. His first book Stand Up Friend With Me, New York, 1963, won the Lamont Poetry Award for 1962 and does not contain homopoems (except for the *lesbian poem "Ruth and Naomi" p. 21). Variety Photoplays (1975; repr) is *camp. In A Full Heart (1977) see "The Gods Desert Anthony" p. 41 (after *Cavafy). His New and Selected Poems, Sheep Meadow Press, 1987, was reviewed in Parnassus 15 (1989), 240-55, James White Review vol. 5 no. 2 (Winter 1989), 7 by *George Klawitter and James White Review vol. 5 no. 2 (Winter 1988), 12. In the twenty-five new poems in the section "The Crier" see the poem "Triad". Counting Myself Lucky is his Selected Poems 1963-1992; see review * Lambda Book Report vol. 3 no. 9 (1993), 28-29. His poem "Giant Pacific Octopus" is regarded as a gay classic (see *Robert Peters, Hunting the Snark: A Compendium of New Poetic Terminology, p. 182). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 1238-41: A Full Heart, New York: Sheep Meadow Press, 1977 (highly rated by Ian Young), Stand Up, Friend, with Me, New York: Grove Press, 1963, Sweet Gwendolyn and the Countess, Konglomerati Press, 1976, Variety Photoplays, New York: Grove, 1967. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Male Muse, 33-37: poems which explore a relationship of living with another man; biog., 119. Angels of the Lyre, 78-80 (see especially "The Moving Man"); biog., 240. Digte om mænds kærlighed til mænd. Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, 106-11 : see especially "Unwanted"; biog., 106 (with photo). Poets for Life, 76. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 668. Name of Love, 64-65; biog., 71-72. Badboy Book, 113-20; biog., 386. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 738. A Day for a Lay, 89-95. Word of Mouth, 45-56. Criticism. Martin, Homosexual Tradition in American Poetry, 190-96. Boston Gay Review, no.10 (Fall 1979), 10-11: overview by *Charley Shively. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1850-1895. Born in *New England and educated in the *south, he was later a *Chicago journalist and wit. He married and had eight children. For a gay poem ascribed to Field see "Socratic Love" in Anon. (editor), * Immortalia, New York (?), 1927, pp. 11-13; the poem was 'Written for and recited before the Papyrus Club of Boston, September 1888'" (p. 13) and appears to have been first printed in The Stag Party, Boston (?), 1888. This brilliant poem is a *satire of the concept of *Socratic Love, detailing the homosexual adventures of Socrates and his "rare avis dodger" (penis) with Alcibiades. It shows Field was thoroughly familiar with the Greek gay background (*Plato and *Solon are mentioned); see also *song. Other poems by Field in Immortalia (see pp. 8-17) are heterosexual. The largest collection of his *bawdry in the form of poems is in this same book. The poem The Crisis, Vaginal Press, Athens, 1938, 19 pp. (limited to 25 copies) may be relevant given the very sophisticated level of language; this curious work is about a French prostitute called a Queen p. 5 (though the word usually meant prostitute not homosexual), with the name Camille Maria Jesus Hector Limousine, and a man with a huge penis. The subtlety of the writing means it is possible the prostitute is a male transvestite. His collected poems have not been published. His works were collected in 10 volumes, 1896; 2 volumes were added 1900. His erotica do not appear to have been collected. Compare *Mark Twain. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of American Biography. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1846-1914. Michael Field, who could be thought to be a man if it is not known that the name is a pseudonym, was actually a woman; in fact two: Katherine Bradley and her niece, Edith Cooper. Michael Field's poems are capable of being read as male homosexual poems and some express erotic feelings addressed to other men. See *Ivor Treby, The Michael Field catalogue: a book of lists (London; De Blackland Press, 1998). Works were published from 1884 with Callirrhoe. See Mary Strugeon, Michael Field, London, 1922 (repr.). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Critic from the United States of Greek poetry writing in English. Active 1985. He compiled, with *G. Nagy, Theognis of Megara: Poetry and the Polis, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1985 (with bibl. pp. 309-21). This is the most comprehensive critical work on the ancient Greek gay poet *Theognis to 1985. It is a collection of essays which centres on the relationship of a major gay poet to his city and times, brilliantly presented and written. However, even so, this work contains no detailed gay reading of the poems of Theognis. Filho, Francisco Badaro Bittencourt Poet from Brazil writing in Portuguese. Born 1933. The author of several books of poems. He has published A Bicha que ri, Rio de Janeiro, 1981, under the name Francisco Bittencourt. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poemas do amor maldito, 57-58; biog., 56. Film in relationship to gay poetry both oral and written and to songs survives in English from the United States and other languages from ca. 1910. The largest repositories of film material are the *Library of Congress (for written cultures) and the Smithsonian Institute (most important for oral cultures) both in *Washington. Material dates from ca. 1910, though probably exists from 1900, that is from the beginnings of film. Some of the cultures recorded on film (e.g., *Australian Aboriginal cultures) are believed to date back at least 40,000 years while *African cultures are earlier. The Library of Congress is the United States deposit library and its purchasing budget is the largest of any library in the world. Film material is especially important for *oral tribal cultures where oral literatures have not been recorded and where many of the cultures are dying. Non-literate cultures. Material on oral cultures is scattered in libraries throughout the world (sometimes uncataloged or on card catalogs) and relates to the growth of *anthropology. See Emilie de Brigard, in Timothy H. H. Thoresen, Toward a Science of Man: Essays in the History of Anthropology (1975), pp. 34-63. "The History of Ethnographic Film" The Institute of Aboriginal Affairs in *Canberra, for instance, has over 10,000 films in *Australian Aboriginal Languages (some films are sacred-secret and not publicly accessible; some of these showing initiation ceremonies dating from ca. 1910). German: the institut für film Wissenshschaft in Gottingen, West Germany has important oral culture material which is extremely wide ranging (e.g. from Asia to South America and Africa): see entries for the languages Akha, Jat, Makiritare (see entries for *Oral poems and each of these languages) and Pashto (see *Songs - Pashto). The German filmmaker Leni Reifenstal did film of the Nuba which was unfinished at the time of her death. Beside the Smithsonian in Washington, ehnographic films exist in major museums such as the Field Museum in *Chicago, the American Museum of Natural History in *New York, the British Museum and Royal Anthropological Institute in *London, the Musée de l'homme, *Paris, the Dahlem Museum complex in*Berlin and the Australian Museum in *Sydney. American museums are especially rich in *American Indian material. Ethnographic films made in the former USSR, now in Russia in *St. Petersburg and *Moscow are likely in Russian and in China in Chinese. The National Museum of Ethnology in Osaka, Japan, has 63,000 audio-visual items some in Japanese. Material on Indonesian tribal cultures may be in Dutch museums especially at the University of Leiden, a major repository of anthropological material, since the Dutch ruled Indonesia for over 200 years. Material on Chinese tribal minorities, some of which may be relevant, undoubtedly exists in Chinese libraries. The material in these museums needs to be checked for oral poems and especially all male dancing and singing. Photography material may also be of relevance: for instance, C. P. Mountford, Nomads of the Australian Desert (1976) for central Australian Aborigines (this work was banned due to the sensitive nature of the photographs). For *American Indian Languages, the Smithsonian Insititute in Washington, DC, has material; for African material see the Smithsonian and museums in France and Belgium; for films relating to Australian Aboriginals see the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies in Canberra; for *South American Indians the Smithsonian Institute in Washington, DC, has much material; for Melanesian films the Melanesian acrhives at the University of California, San Diego, has material. Indonesian material may be in the Netherlands, especially at Leiden. The University of *Manchester, Department of Anthropology, Ethnographic Film Unit has film material. Literate cultures. Recently there have been film interviews of poets (see the entries for the English poets *W. H. Auden, *Jack Kerouac). Films of relevant dramatic works in poetry (e.g., the plays of *Shakespeare) are also relevant. The British Film Institute in London is the major British repository for art films. Films for television and videotapes for private use are also of interest; on television films in Great Britain, the United States and Australia see *Keith Howes, Broadcasting It (the only comprehensive survey of this neglected area of gay studies to date). Television films have been poorly archived but archives exist: for instance, in Australia, that of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, in Great Britain, that of the British Broadcasting Corporation (see Howes, Broadcasting It for references). Televised readings of poets reciting their poems are becoming increasingly common in the 1990s, especially with the video recorder. Poets have also made films: see the French poets *Jean Genet and *Jean Cocteau (who made a Surrealist film in the 1930s). In Paris a major film insititute is the Cinémathèque Française. Spanish: see *Garcia Lorcia. Armenian. See *Sergei Parajanov. A large film industry exists in India. *Indian films featuring *Siva are expecially relevant and spoof films of major works such as the *Ramayana and the * Mahabharata which parody these works may also be relevant (a spoof of the Ramayana was made by Sukumar Ray, the father of Satyajit Ray, before 1950). Japanese films: see *Mishima Yukio. See also *Aural material. Information on film institutes is available in Liz-Anne Bawden, The Oxford Companion to Film(1976). Bibliographies. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 406: bibliography of gay film sources. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 12531: "Cinema". Gay Histories and Cultures: "Film" (deals mainly with feature films). Period in French and English relating to literature in Great Britain and France. The phrase is French for "end of century" and refers to the nineteenth century, though the period is roughly 1890-1914. See *eighteen-nineties, *decadents, *aesthetes, *aestheticism - the term is loosely used synonymously with these terms. See also *Wayne Koestenbaum. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1979. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1320 (with *David Frankel): The Trial of Dan White: A Poetic Investigation, San Francisco: Rouge et Noir Press, 1979 - about the murder in *San Francisco of the gay politician Harvey Milk by Dan White, which event inspired a riot by San Francisco gays. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1935. Book of poems: According to Lilies, 1992. He teaches at Surguadai University, Saitama, Japan. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 38: poem " The Rape of *Ganymede", 148-49; biog., 238. Translator from Switzerland from French to English. Active 1983. He is mentioned in James White Review vol. 4 no. 1 (Fall 1986), 16, where he is said to be in an anthology The Classic Voice in Contemporary Gay Poetry, compiled by *William Barber, which is said to be about to be published. No trace has been found of this anthology. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 322-25: trans. into English of the French poet *Genet (from his long poem "The Man Sentenced to Death"), on *sex in prison. Using the finger to penetrate the anus for sexual arousal (compare *anal sex which involves the penis). It exists in Latin from Italy from ca. 85 and later in English. This practice has become more common with *Aids. Latin: see *Martial (ca. 85-103). English: 'Children's play rhymes. Using the fingers or a finger in a sexual way. It exists in Latin from Italy from ca. 85. Such gestures are still common amongst homosexuals in Greece and may be very ancient - see photographs in the dictionary Kaliarnta of Elias Petropoulos (Athens 1971; later editions). See the Latin poet *Martial (ca. 85-103). Poet from Italy writing in Italian. Died 1422. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 280-82; of three relevant longish poems two are directed against homosexuals. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1941-1991. Author of Mind and Blood: The Collected Poems, Santa Barbara, 1992, 124 pages edited by David Middleton. Reviewed in James White Review vol. 10 no. 3, 16-17, by Jim Cory. A former academic who withdrew to the family farm in Arkansas to write, his poems are in verse in the style of *Allen Tate, *John Crowe Ransom and *Yvor Winters (this style is called by Jim Cory the New Formalism). A long poem The Slaughter of the Herd is highly rated. He died of *Aids Firdausi (also spelt Firdawsi, Ferdowsi, Firdousi), Abu'l-Qasim Poet from Iran who wrote in Persian. 941-1019. Firdausi is from the word "paradise" and also means "garden". He is the writer of the national *epic of Iran (compare *Homer), the Shah-nama (completed ca. 1010; also spelt Shahnamah). Its subject is the history of Iran, its heroes and kings to the Sassanian dynasty. The poem is one of the epic masterpieces of world literature and one of the longest poems ever written at 50,000 lines (about 2,600 pages) or, in some manuscripts 60,000 lines. It was initially begun by the poet Daqiqi (who only composed some 1,000 lines) and continued by Firdawsi. A good introduction is the "Prologue" to the shortened prose version in English by Reuben Levy titled The Epic of Kings (1967; repr.), pp. xv-xxvi. As an example of homoeroticism in the work, see the episode of Sohrub and Rustum translated by A. and E. Warner in J. Kritzeck, Anthology of Islam, New York, 1964, pp. 116-23, especially p. 117 ("his very feet and stirrups move my love/ and make me blush"); the English poet *Matthew Arnold translated this episode. The episode titled The Legend of Seyavash, trans. by Dick Davis (Penguin, 1992) is also relevant; in this translation see p.10: "God's made you such that anyone who sees/ You loves you" (King Kavus to his son Sayavash). The episode portrays a world divided into male and female. *Misogyny - e.g. in the charatcer of the woman Sudabeh - needs to be taken into account in reading the poem and, as well, the overall latent homosexuality in the society portrayed, especially due to *marriage customs and purdah of women. Reuben Levy notes (op. cit., p. xxi) of Rustum: "Of the more than three hundred years of his life, so lovingly recounted by Ferdowsi, only one night is spent in the amorous company of a woman." *Ubayd Zakani wrote homosexual lines in parody of him. A poem on the trope of *Yusuf formerly ascribed to him is now considered a fake. Text: the text by the Russian scholar E. *Bertel's (Moscow, 1960-71; 9 volumes) is regarded as the best edited text; there is also a recent Iranian text published from 1971 in Tehran. Illustration. The Shahnamah was a favorite work with illustrators and many illustrations feature all-male groups and are strongly homoerotic; some feature *cupbearer scenes: see illustrators - Persian. Martin Dickson, Houghton Shahnama, 1982 reproduces a famous manuscript in *Harvard University Library; one of the illustrators, Shaykh-Muhammad, seems to have been gay. The poem has been enormously influential in central Asia serving as a model for other epic poems. Criticism in general. See *Browne, Literary History of Persia, volume 2, pp. 129-48. *Rypka, History of Iranian Literature, pp. 154-62. *Yarshater, Persian Literature, pp. 109-119.An earlier study of the epic is Theodore Noldeke, Das iranische Nationalepos (Strassburg, 1896; Berlin and Leipzig, 1930); English translation Noldeke's "The Iranian National Epic" or Shahnamah..., 1930 (rare: a copy is in the British Library; repr.). Translation. There are many abridgements, paraphrases etc. Only major and complete translations are included except as noted. In western European languages the only complete translations are in French by Mohl, in Italian by Pizzi and in English by Warner. Arabic: al-Bundari (in prose) also called Bondari (active 1218-27); Danish: *Arthur Christensen, selections (1931); English: J. Champion (1785), James Atkinson (1814; Sohrub and Rustam episode), *S. Robinson (ca. 1882), A. G. Warner and E. Warner (1905-12, the only complete English trans.), Rueben Levy (1967; abridged with prose summaries of omitted passages), Jerome Clinton (ca. 1990; Sohrub and Rustam only), Dick Davis (1992; Legend of Sayavash episode only). See also *Matthew Arnold who wrote a poem based on the Sohrub and Rustum episode. French: J. Mohl (1838-78; complete); German: *F. Ruckert (1890-95); Georgian: a version under the title Rostomiani circulated from an early date and there were many other versions (D. M. Lang, The Georgians, 1966, 169); Guiarati: J. Modi (1897-1904'): Italian: italo Pizzi (1886-88; complete); Russian: many shorter versions and extracts exist - see the * British Library General Catalogue and the Great Soviet Encyclopedia entry; the trans. by M. Lozinskii, 1934, who edited him in Russian, appears to be complete; Turkish. Ottoman Turkish: Anon. (1450-51), Sherif (Egypt, 1510), Derwish Hasan Medhi (ca. 1620); Modern Turkish: N. Lugakl and K.Akyuz (1945); Uzbek: see entry in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. For translations see the entry in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition (in the Bibliography). The * British Library General Catalogue and * National Union Catalog were also checked. Note: his name is spelt Firdausi in the *British Library General Catalogue and Firdawsi in the National Union Catalog. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Islam ansiklopedisi: see "Firdevsi" by *Helmut Ritter. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition: see "Firdawsi". Dictionary of Oriental Literatures: "Firdousi". Great Soviet Encyclopedia; includes bibliography in Russian of criticism. Criticism in homosexual terms. Levy, Persian Literature, 64-80; see especially p. 72: "It is a man's world that is depicted. Woman is a creature designed for his pleasure and for procreation, or else she is an Amazon who takes such virile parts in battles as to overthrow established warriors." (Note: the word "Amazon" has *lesbian connotations.) Poet from Italian who wrote in Italian. 1493-1543. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 131 - a writer of *Bernesque poetry on homosexual themes. Historian from France who wrote in French. Active 1908. Author with *Henri Weindel of L'Homosexualité en Allemagne, Paris, 1908. See the Weindel entry. Translator from French to English. Active 1974. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10632: Requiem for Huertebise: Homage to Jean Cocteau, San Francisco: *Manroot, 1974, 7 pp. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1259: same book. A translation of the French poet Jean Cocteau's "Requiem" into English. Bookseller from the United States selling works mainly in English. Ca. 1945-1990. He was the owner of *Elysian Fields bookshop, a gay bookshop in *New York, and was the compiler and publisher of catalogs which became the basis of *Ian Young's bibliography * The Male Homosexual in Literature. These Elysian Fields catalogs continued to 1990 and supplement The Male Homosexual in Literature for books of gay poetry in English published from 1982 to 1990. He used the pseudonym *Ed Drucker. The name Elysian Fields refers to the ancient Greek concept of paradise. He died of *Aids. Poet from Australia writing in English. Born 1954. He was expelled from the Anglican College, Macquarie University, *Sydney, in the early seventies when his homosexuality became known, an event which caused a public controversy: see the Australian *journal Camp Ink for coverage. He is the author of a medical bibliography of homosex in Gay Information 12 (Summer 1982-83), 44-45. Book of poems: Diversions from Routine, Sydney: the author, 1985, 30 pages: see "Whoresong", p. 7, "You are not my master, baby" p. 8 (also published in Edge City), "First Love", p. 10 ("for Phillip, July 77"). On page vi he states that he has used the pseudonyms Frederic Csillag and Basil Snail. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Hurley, Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Edge City, 8889; biog., 221: states he "was born on a south sea island and raised as an Englishman" and lives in *Sydney. Poet and anthologist from New Zealand writing in English. Active 1999. He lives in Christchurch, the largest city of the South Island of New Zealand. Gay Poetry Anthologies. When Two Men Embrace, 25-32: fine poems including on on *Michalangelo titled "Buonarroti"; biog., 47. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1956. A *black poet born in New York, in *Harlem, his poems have been published in Yemanja, a black gay men's journal and in issues 1 and 3 of the black gay journal * Blackheart. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Black Men/ White Men, 31-32: Tine poem about coming out in *Harlem; biog., 234. Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, 112-13: same poem; biog., 111 (with photo). Road Before Us, 42; biog., 175. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 808-09. Fishman, Jim Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10633: poem "Hiding", from *Gay Sunshine 7: 12, June-July 1971. Fist Fucking, also also called Fisting Putting the whole fist in the anus for sexual pleasure. Poems referring to this practice have been found only in English from the United States and date from 1974. *Emilio Cubeiro in * Mouth of the Dragon no.1 (1974) refers to it. *Paul Mariah wrote a brilliant poem. John Giorno's poem "I sat/I sat on his face" is about it. A poem by *Gavin Dillard may refer; the poem has not been located. No evidence has been found for this practice before the twentieth century. See The Fist Fucker's Manual, New York, ca.1980 (no author), 32 pp., for descriptions of this practice. For a medical view see T. P. Lowry, "Brachioproctic Eroticism", British Journal of Sexual Medicine, vol. 8 (January 1981), 32-33. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Sexual Practice: Fisting". Translator from Greek and Spanish to English from the United States. 1903-1968. For translations from Greek see books below and from Spanish see *Neruda. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10634: Poems from the *Greek Anthology, New York: New Directions, 1956. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 1262-63: More Poems from the *Palatine Anthology in English Paraphrase, Norfolk, CT: New Directions, 1941, and More Poems from the Palatine Anthology in English Paraphrase, New York: New Directions, 1956. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 24, 51, 57, 70-71: trans. from Poems from the Greek Anthology (as poetry translations from Greek to English these are very good). Translator from Persian to English and from English to Latin from Great Britain; also a biographer, critic and letter writer. 1809-1883. There is little doubt that Fitzgerald was at the very least psychologically homosexual and probably physically so. His *marriage to the daughter of his close male friend, Thomas Barton, at the age of 47 was a disaster. Strong male friendships were the mainstay of his life, such as the fisherman Joseph (Posh) Fletcher from 1864 - for whom he bought a boat called "Meum and Tuum" (Latin, meaning Mine and Yours). Other males such as W. K. Browne at *Cambridge (where he was educated) and C. B. Cowell were also closely bonded to him. The Persian lyric poetry tradition exemplified by *Omar Khayyam was a homosexual one. Fitzgerald's translation of Omar's work entitled The Rubayiat of Omar Khayyam (1859; published anonymously) - not listed in *Ian Young's two bibliographies - was one of the most popular Victorian poems (it also included Fitzgerald's biography of Omar Khayyam). By 1925, the English translation had been reprinted 139 times and many translations had been made from the English. It accurately caught the tone of Omar Khayyam. The Rubayiat of Omar Khayyam is a version or imitation of Omar Khayyam from a manuscript in Cambridge. (See the *Omar Khayyam entry regarding the complex problems of this author's oeuvre and the manuscript tradition.) Fitzgerald's introduction is an important piece of criticism on the poet. The work has remained continuously popular since discovery by *D. G. Rossetti and *Swinburne in 1860, after almost sinking into obscurity on publication. (Swinburne's reading of The Rubaiyat had a startling effect on him: see the entry *George Meredith.) It was subsequently revised and revised editions with slight variations appeared in 1868, 1872 and 1879. Only in the fifth edition, 1889, after Fitzgerald's death, did it carry Fitzgerald's name. The first United States edition was 1878. A forgery of the first British edition in the form of a type facsimile by T. J. Wise was published in 1887 (25 copies plus four copies on vellum); Wise was a noted British forger of books. The work may be considered a joke by a homosexual, based on homosexual material, on heterosexual society: the famous lines "A Flask of Wine, a Book of Verse - and Thou/ Beside me singing in the Wilderness - / And Wilderness is Paradise enow" (Stanza 11, first edition) were written to a male and a youth. In a letter Fitzgerald referred to "tesselating a very pretty *Eclogue out of his [Khayyam's] scattered quatrains". In the 1859 edition (the basis for subsequent editions) there is no female presence in the *sequence, which is *non gender specific (as stanza 11 shows). It is *allegorical (see 32) and emerges out of *Sufi traditions though Omar is very much an anti-Sufi (see 60). The theme of the work is hedonism, 'Epicureanism in the face of an implacable destiny (such as the repression of homosexuals in Victorian society). The poems are deeply sceptical about religion. *Wine - "the old familiar Juice" (stanza 65), which phrase could also refer to semen - is seen as the mainstay of life in company with the wine bearer. (Compare *Tennyson's In Memoriam, 1850.) Text See the reprint of the first edition with commentary by *A. J. Arberry, 1959. There were many illustrated editions, many of which featured women as the cupbearer, false to Persian poetic and artistic tradition (where the cupbearer or saki was always male). A collection of illustrated editions is being formed by Henry Berkelouw, a Los Angeles bookseller. Fitzgerald's Rubaiyat is one of the most widely translated works of any poetical work. *Ambrose George Potter compiled two bibliographies on it (both including listings of translations of Fitzgerald's translation). Translations from Fitzgerald's translation are included in the Omar Khayyam entry. Fitzgerald also translated The Rubaivat into Latin. Parodies of the Rubaivat. At least ten *parodies of Fitzgerald's version exist from 1903: consult the * British Library General Catalogue entry for Fitzgerald pp. 363-64; see also *Charles Osborne. Other works by Fitzgerald. Euphranor (1851) is a dialogue on education in the manner of *Plato. Homosexuality occupies a significant place in poetry of the Persian poet *Attar whose poem The Conference of the Birds Fitzgerald translated and published in 1894 (it was left in manuscript at Fitzgerald's death); he also translated from Persian Jami's Salaman and Absal (1856). This latter work is an allegory in the *Sufi tradition: the closing lines state Absal (the woman) is the body and Salaman (the beautiful man) the soul of the main character, the Shah. Letters. See Letters of Edward Fitzgerald, Princeton, 1980, 4 volumes, edited by A. M. and A. B. Terhune; homosexual references occur. Biography. *A. C. Benson, himself gay, hints at homosexuality in his life of Fitzgerald (1905). *Robert K. Martin, With Friends Possessed, 1985 is the latest life which is guarded on Fitzgerald's homosexuality. See also *Royal Murdoch. His library is discussed in Bernard Quaritch, Contributions towards a Dictionary of English Book-Collectors, London, 1891; it shows a facsimile of his bookplate (an *angel holding a shield). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionary of National Biography. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 621-23. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1264: Euphranor, A Dialogue on Youth, privately printed, 1851 (cited as short fiction) and Letters and Literary Remains, London, Macmillan, 1889. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Ioläus (1906), 222-24. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 237-39. Rosen, Gay Life and Gay Writers, 21-22: a piece of light verse to William Makepeace Thackeray - "I cared not for life; for true friend had I none" (from A. K Terhune's Life of Edward Fitzgerald). Criticism. Ellis, Sexual Inversion, 50-51. Hirschfeld, Die Homosexualität, 662. Poet from Australia writing in English. Born 1944. See "Poem for Ian", pp. 8-9, in The Eyes of the Angels, Cammeray: NSW, The Saturday Centre, 1973. He is an intellectual, historian and academic at Griffith University, *Brisbane and the author of A History of Queensland, two volumes, St Lucia, Queensland,1982-84. Interview: The Australian, 1 April, 1992, 25. He is married with a daughter. Collection of poems in English from the United States. Published in 1959. *Elysian Fields Catalogue 32 Item 145 describes it as follows: "Presenting Four Modern Poets. *Allen Ginsberg, *T. Combs, Empringham, J. Simpson. Folded sheet." The work seems to be a *broadside or poster. Not sighted. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1271: called 5 x 4, Los Angeles, One Inc., 1959. No information on the contributors is given in Young. Poet who wrote in Greek. See also 'Statyllius Flaccus. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Pauly, Wissowa, Paulys Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft : see "Flaccus", entry 5. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 44Q-41 : nine entries. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Palatine Anthology xii 12. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 64. Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung" Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 9 (19QB), 272. Sexual practice of whipping the body (usually the back or buttocks: usually the back if done by the person themself and the back and/ or buttocks if done by one person to another). Poems are known from ca. 100 in Syrian from Syria and later in Latin, Hebrew, English and Russian. See also *Sado-Masochism. Surviving material divides into two types: religious works with homosexual undertones (in Syrian, Latin, Hebrew and Russian) and secular poetry (in English). Flagellation has been frequently practiced in Christian monasteries by monks; *hymns and songs associated with such practices are relevant. An unusual allied practice is *cock lashing. Svria. See James Frazer re flagellation in ancient religions. Latin. Flagellation litanies were poems composed for recital during religious flagellation. They occurred in particular times e.g., during the epidemic of the Black Death, ca. 1350, and special hymns were sung. Very few have survived. They have elements of *parody of religious litanies and there are very strong homosexual elements in these rituals. Some are in *macaronic verse; see *Thomas Cashet for a modern reconstruction employing Latin in a homosexual context. Hebrew. In the Jewish Encyclopedia, edited by J. Singer and others, New York, 1901-07, see the article "Stripes". This was a punishment of beating a man in the presence of other males while verses were recited, the third and last verse being *Psalm 38. English. Much gay poetic material is linked with schools. See *Christopher Marlowe (though the relevant poem is almost cetainly a fake), *H. Layng (1754) re poem The Rod (the first work to deal with the subject in relation to homosexuality in English), *Eton, *Whippingham Papers, *Swinburne, *The Rodiad, *The Pearl, *Lytton Strachey, *T. E. Lawrence, *Ian Gibson (the major authority in English). *C. R. Dawes claims in his unpublished history of English erotic literature that flagellation played a big part in most British erotic literature. R. G. H. van Yelyr, The Whip and the Rod, London, 1941 (repr.) is an excellent survey of the practice, with some literary reference; bibl. pp. 241-43. Russian: the Khlysty (flagellants) and Skoptsy (castrates) sects composed gay poetry (source: unpublished paper of *Simon Karlinsky); this poetry was reworked by *Klyuev. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Hayn, Gotendorf, Bibliotheca Germanorum Erotica, vol. 2, 274-318: "Flagellantismus, Masochismus, Sadismus" (major bibliography); vol. 9, 167-184: "Flagellation". Bilder-lexikon, volumes 2 and 4. Hastings, Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics: "Flagellants"; with bibl. Catholic Encyclopedia, New York, 1908: brilliant concise overview. New Catholic Encyclopedia: "Flagellation" (with bibl.). Ullstein Enzyklopädie der Sexualität. Flaming Faggots and Two Other Poems of Gay Rage and Beauty, The Collection of poems in English from the United States. Ca. 1970. The author of the poem "Flaming Faggots" is *Kenneth Pitchford. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10635: New York: Gay Flames, 1970. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1274: described as The Flaming Faggots and Two Other Poems of Gay Rage and Beauty: Gay Flames Pamphlet No .12, New York, Gay Flames, no date. Highly rated in Young, Male Homosexual in Litertaure. No author given. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English; he lived in Turkey and Lebanon. 1884-1919. Educated at *Oxford in the last stages of the *aesthetic movement (see *Sir John Beazley for an alleged love affair at this time), Flecker was an immensely popular poet. After studying Oriental Languages at Oxford he was sent to *Istanbul, where his health broke down. He later lived in *Beirut. He died of consumption in Switzerland in 1915. His Collected Poems (1916) went through many editions, aided by the frontispiece photograph of the handsome author (compare *Rupert Brooke). In Collected Poems (reset edition, 1935) see *"Narcissus" (pp. 30-31), "We That Were Friends" (p. 62), "The Lover of Jalalu'ddin" (p. 87 re *Rumi), "Yasmin" (p. 158-59), "Narcissus" (p. 222-23). His poem "Hammam Name" (p. 163-65) - said to be "From a poem by a Turkish lady" - is about a male Turkish *bathhouse and is homoerotic; "name" means piece of writing in Turkish according to the reference in the Encyclopedia of Homosexuality. (It is unlikely that this poem was written by a woman as women were not allowed in men's Turkish baths; whether it is from Turkish remains to be proven.) In Unpublished Poems and Drafts, London, 1971, which consists of four poems, see his translation from the Latin of *Propertius I 20 about *Hylas pp. 5-6, an undoubted homosexual poem. There is a strong homosexual undercurrent in his poetry. His famous play Hassan owes much to *Richard Burton's translation of the Arabian Nights. Letters. Some Letters from Abroad, London, 1930, was edited by Helle Flecker, his wife. He was included in the *Georgian poetry anthologies. He married a Greek woman in 1911, spending most of his adult life in the Middle East. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1277-78: Selected Poems, London: Grant Richards, 1945 and Unpublished Poems and Drafts, London: Keepsake, 1971. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 285-86: "The Hammam Name". Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 142. Art of Gay Love, 42: from "The Hammam Name". Criticism. Rowse, Homosexuals in History, 351-54. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, vol. 2, 1008: states "The Hammam Name" is a trans. of a Turkish poem; this seems unlikely (see above). Translator from Latin to English from Great Britain. Active 1575. The first translator into English of the * Eclogues of *Virgil titled: The Bucolics, 1575. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Ca. 1588-1623. A poet of the school of *Spenser. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionary of National Biography: see "Giles Fletcher the younger". Handbook of Elizabethan and Stuart Literature. Criticism. Norton, Homosexual Literary Tradition, 213: possibly a character in a poem by *Phineas Fletcher (see his entry). Historian and biographer from Great Britain writing in English; editor of works in English. 1921-1989. He was an expert on *eighteen-nineties poets and the foremost expert from 1950 until his death. He was the editor of the poems of *Lionel Johnson, 1953 (spelling his first name Iain, the Gaelic spelling); second edition 1982. The Lionel Johnson edition contains an important introduction and notes on eighteen-nineties writers. He has also edited the poems of John Gray and *Victor Plarr. He wrote many articles for The Journal of the *Eighteen Nineties Society and was associate editor of Decadence and the 1890s, New York, 1979 (Stratford upon Avon Studies no. 17) and author of a most important biography of *Herbert Horne and a biography of *Walter Pater, 1959. He also wrote a brilliant short book on *Swinburne. In Romantic Mythologies, 1967, see the article "Bedford Park: *Aesthete's Elysium", pp. 169-207. In his work he has made an honest attempt to deal with homosexuality in the lives of the poets he deals with and his judgments are sensible and balanced: see the Lionel Johnson entry. Obituary: London Magazine February/ March 1990 vol. 29 no.11-12, pp. 73-80, by Derek Stanford (with photographs), stating p. 79 "he was the world's leading authority on English * fin de siècle literature and art". He was an academic at the University of Reading and married, aged fifty-five, one of his students, and had one daughter. He was also a poet. Poet and dramatist from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1579-1625. See *Francis Beaumont: they collaborated on plays in blank verse and lived together. Their relationship was almost certainly homosexual. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Ioläus (1906), 191-95. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 344-45. Criticism. Bray, Homosexuality in Renaissance England, 143. Norton, Homosexual Literary Tradition, 264: re his Brittain's Ida in which Anchises would make "A Dainty play-fellow for naked love". Partner from Great Britain of *Edward Fitzgerald. 1839-1915. Whether the relationship between Joseph Fletcher and Edward Fitzgerald was physical is unknown. The Dictionary of National Biography entry on Fitzgerald makes clear the closeness of the relationship which was deeply homoaffectional. Fitzgerald wrote many letters to him and bought him a boat called in Latin "Meum and Tuum" (Mine and Yours). Whether he and Fitzgerald were ever lovers may never be known. After Fitzgerald's death, Posh (whose name comes from the word Joseph) became an alcoholic and died in poverty in the workhouse. See James Blyth, Edward Fitzgerald and "Posh'", 1908, and *Robert Bernard Martin, With Friends Possessed: A Life of Edward Fitzgerald, 1985, Chapter 11, pp. 235-52. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Ioläus (1906), 222-24; states Fitzgerald's closest friends were men, that Posh was very handsome, "a man of the finest Saxon type" (in Fitzgerald's words), and they met when Posh was twenty-four. Criticism. Ellis, Sexual Inversion , 50-51. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English; translator from Latin to English. 1582-1650. The brother of *Giles Fletcher who *Rictor Norton, in The Homosexual Literary Tradition, asserts (p. 213) is Thelgon in Phineas Fletcher's first *eclogue and who loves the man Amyntas (possibly James I). He was at King's College, *Cambridge until 1616 and later married. Influenced by *Spenser, his eclogues are the remnants of the *pastoral tradition which flourished in the *Elizabethan period with an added twist (from Sannazaro) that the shepherds have become fishermen. Piscatorie Eclogs were translated from the Latin of *Sannazaro. Those cited below are strongly homoerotic. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionary of National Biography: by Sidney Lee and noting his seven eclogues "contain much autobiographical information but the names of the author's friends are disguised." Handbook of Elizabethan and Stuart Literature. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1283-84: The Purple Island: or the Isle of Man: Together with Piscatorie Eclogs and Other Poetical Miscellanies, Cambridge: by the printers to the University of Cambridge, 1633, and Venus and Anchises - Brittain's Ida - and Other Poems, London: Royal Society of Literature, 1926. Criticism. Norton, Homosexual Literary Tradition, 211-15: re The Purple Island (1633; where he condemns homolove) and re Eclogues 1, 2, 4 and 6 and homosexuality. Bibliographer from France writing in French. 1883-1945. He compiled the first catalog of the *Enfer with *Guillaume Apollinaire and *Louis Perceau. An author whose many other books include a selection of French libertine poetry of the seventeenth century, Le carquois du sieur Louvigné du Désert (1912) and Le Cabinet satyrique (1924). He later succumbed to alcoholism and was declared insane. Biography: see his entry in M. Provost and others, editors, Dictionnaire de biographie française, Paris, 1979, vol. 14. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1885-1960. A member of the *Imagist group of poets with *Ezra Pound and *Richard Aldington, he was a noted translator from French. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 107: a homoerotic poem dedicated to Richard Aldington; biog., 23334. Pseudonym of an alleged lover from France relating to works in French. The word was used to refer to Jean, Bishop of Orleans (active 1098), an alleged lover of the Archbishop of Tours. The word means *flower and is a common name for a prostitute in French. Florence and Florentine culture City in Italy in which Italian is spoken. Gay poems survive from ca. 1400. The city of Florence is a major cultural and university center in Tuscany in northern Italy; the Tuscan dialect is usually accepted as being the "purist" Italian. The city, which dates back to Etruscan times, was a major commercial center in northern Italy situated on the Arno River (the word Tuscany comes from the ancient word for the Etruscans on whom see the entry "Etruscans" in Encyclopedia of Homosexuality by *Paul Knobel). Latin was spoken under the Romans. Florence has been a major center for publishing from the *Renaissance and was a center of classical scholarship: see Janus Lascaris. *Dante was famously exiled from the city and *Michelangelo worked there as a sculpture and wrote poems (*Benedetto Varchi spoke at his funeral giving an oration hinting at homosexuality). For the Renaissance see Michael Rocke, Forbidden Friendships: Homosexuality and Male Culture in Renaissance Florence (1997). *Anton Grazzini wrote about *bathing in the Arno, the river on which the city stands and *Leopardi lived there for the last seven years of his life. *Platonic Love was famously celebrated by the Florentine *Marsilio Ficino during the Renaissance, though under the rule of the city by the monk *Savonarola Puritanism briefly reigned. *Piero Santi is a highly rated contemporary poet. Florence, which has much homoerotic art on display (especially by Michelangelo - for instance, his "David" in the Academy) was a favorite city for visitors on the grand tour of Europe in earlier centuries. The British poet *Thomas Gray and his companion *Horace Walpole lived there for two years from 1739 to 1741. Other non Italian writers who lived in Florence for extended periods include *Norman Douglas, *Herbert Horne and *Elisar von Kupffer. *Harold Acton had a villa nearby. In the 1990s a gay journal emanating from the city QUIR had reached 18 issues by 1995. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 408-11. Gay Histories and Cultures. Trope in Greek from Greece and later in Latin, English, French, Korean, Japanese and Nahuatl. From ca. 280 B.C. Flowers appear in Greek poetry in "Theocritus (active 280 B.C.; see in "Idyll 5", the singing contest); flowers feature also in the poetry of other *Pastoral poets. *The Garland of Philip and the * Garland of Meleager are relevant: a garland was a wreath of flowers and plants for the head and the title of these works signifies the giving of such a gift (in Meleager's case to *Diocles). See also *Pancrates. Latin. In "Virgil's "Eclogue 2" lines 17-18 Corydon compares Alexis to the vaccinium, i.e., *hyacinthus (see also *Ovid); in lines 45-55 the nymphs bring him *lilies and other flowers. English. See *Marlowe's poem "The Passionate Shepherd to His Love" (third stanza). *Pastoral poets in the 'Elizabethan period refer to garlands of flowers; translations of Virgil's "Second Eclogue", quite popular at this time, are relevant. Roses have been discussed in relation to Shakespeare's Sonnets. Exotic flowers associated with homosexuality appear as a code word for homosexuality in the work of *eighteen nineties poets such as *Raffalovich and *Wratislaw . Orchids and *lilies were especially used as were tulips (see Wratislaw). They appear ca. 1890-ca. 1930. Poppies are associated with male homosexuality in *W. S. Gilbert's opera Patience and in the poem "Two Loves" by *Alfred Douglas. On the eighteen-nineties there is a discussion of this trope in Chapter 2, "Flowers", in *Neil Bartlett, Who Was That Man?, 1988, pp. 39-59. French. See *Montesquiou. Japanese. Chrysanthemums could symbolize anal sex: see Gary Leupp, Male Colors: The Construction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan, 1995, p. 114. Korean: see *Singing boys/ Flower Boys. Náhuatl. See *Songs - Náhuatl for sources re posssible homosexual Aztec usage in poetry (flowers featured in the religion and songs). Flower and Song, edited and trans. into English, by Edward Kissam and Michael Schmidt, 1977, features homoerotic poems - e.g., pp. 35 and 43; see also Miguel Leon-Portilla, Fifteen Poets of the Aztec World, 1992, 109-11. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 411-12, re Theocritus "Idyll 5". Howes, Broadcasting It. Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Flowers and Birds". Critic from the United States writing in English about works in Greek. Active 1937. See *David M. Robinson. Book collector of works in English. Active 1909. His *bookplate is in a copy of the Sonnets of *Alfred Douglas (London, 1909, printing) and features a naked youth in profile which shows the influence of Greek art. The bookplate is very homoerotic. This book was in the possession in 1992 of the Australian book collector John Willis and was purchased in *Sydney in 1990. Folk songs, also spelt Folksongs Folksongs are oral songs usually sung in villages or small communities by folk singers and which are passed down orally. They were recorded in written form in Armenian from Armenia, in *European languages and in Japanese from ca. 1780. Europe was especially rich in them and many came to the United States from Great Britain; *bawdry elements have been suppressed in published editions of them in many cultures. Central and west Asia is an even richer area for folk songs: see the *troubadour entry. These songs, if uncensored, present a fertile field of research for homosexual poetry and are likely in all non-literate cultures. The question of a motif index has preoccupied researchers in recent years (see Legman, Horn Book, pp. 454-93). *Gershon Legman's bibliography, the product of a lifetime's work, "Erotic Folksongs and Ballads" in Journal of American Folklore, volume 103 (October-December, 1990), 417-501, is the place to start in serious research in European languages, especially English; it includes references to many unpublished manuscripts. Seth Thompson, Motif Index of Folk-Literature, 1955-58, may be helpful in locating themes in folk material, though his system of organization is very complex. Armenian: see *Sayat-Nova (pseud.), active ca. 1780. There is a large tradition based on Persian traditions. English: see ""'Christopher Colombo" (ca. 1892), *Robert W. Gordon, "Vance Randolph. German: See Hayn, Gotendorf, Bibliotheca Germanorum Erotica, vol. 8, 146-244 (the section "Volkslieder", i.e. Folksongs) for possible material; see also Friedrich Krauss who wrote a book on them. *Leo Schidrowitz (possibly relevant). Greek: *Klephtic songs (ca. 1820). Compare *Ballad, *Songs, *Rebetika. See also the entry "Poetry, Oral" in Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Japanese: see the article "Sex in Japanese folk culture" in Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan; the article notes "Many of Japan's folk songs have erotic verses, although these are rarely heard in public performances today." Some poems cited could have gay references but it is impossible to know without the context; there is also reference to the annual Penis Festival in Aichi Prefecture at the Tagata Shrine in the city of Komaki. See also *Phallicism. Anthologist and editor from the United States of works in English. Active from 1981. One of the anthologists of *Walt Whitman; The Measure of his Song. He is the editor of the journal *Walt Whitman Quarterly which is the major journal dealing with Whitman studies. Archive in Italy with material mainly in Italian. From 1980. Situated in *Turin and founded by the group who edited the *gay liberation journal Fuori!, the archives were stated by *Giovanni Dall'Orto to be very disorganized in 1989 but to have a huge volume of material. References. Directory of the International Association of Lesbian and Gay Archives and Libraries, 39-43. Poet from the Netherlands writing in Dutch. Born 1932. Active 1964-1979. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Naar vriendscaap zulk een mateloos verlangen, 85-88: four poems from the journal Tirade (November 1964, October 1965, February 1979, March 1979) (journals cited p. 116). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 306-07. Anthologist from the United States of a work published in English; critic in English; translator from Latin to English. Born ca. 1945. Compiler of the anthology *Hidden Heritage which contains some poems. The "Note" in Hidden Heritage, page iv, states he received his Ph. D. from New York University and is Associate Professor at City College, City University of New York, "where he teaches 18th century literature and has taught seminars on gay literary history". This states he is editor of several 18th century theater texts and is editing a 55 volume series, The Gay Experience. As a critic he is author of Masculine Landscapes: *Walt Whitman and the Homoerotic Text, 1990; bibl. pp. 295-300. This is a major reading of Whitman in gay terms with special reference to "The Sleepers" and Song of Myself, 1855 (reviews: Walt Whitman Quarterly Review vol. 10 no. 1, Summer 1992, 84-86 by *Charley Shively; James White Review, spring 1994, vol. 11. no 3, 20-21, by Raymond-Jean Frontain). His most recent anthology is the * Columbia anthology of gay literature: readings from western antiquity to the present day. This is one of the most comprehensive anthologies ever. See the dust jacket for information on him and a photograph. A Road to Stonewall 1750-1969: male Homosexuality and Homophobia in English and American Literature , New York, 1995, has chapters, amongst others, on *Don Leon, *Whitman and *Edward Carpenter. * Homophobia: A History, 2000, deals with this subject in relation to western civilization. Biography: see Hidden Heritage, p. iv and see "Personal Note" pp. 318-23 Bibligraphies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1288: the anthology * Hidden Heritage. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Hidden Heritage, 131: trans. from Latin of a poem by *Hilary. Poet from Canada writing in French. Active 1981. Bibliographies. Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (1984), 128: Physiqemental, Ile Bizard: Ed, MFR, 1981. Poet from Germany who wrote in German. 1819-1898. A prolific novelist who wrote poetry from 1850. His poems, Gedichte, were repeatedly enlarged through the fifth edition, 1897. He married in 1850. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Bibliographies. Herzer, Bibliographie zur Homosexualität, item 0991: an article by E. B., "Theodore Fontane und die Homosexualität" in Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 10 (1909-10), 418-19 and 11 (1910-11), 195-97. Dramatist from Great Britain writing in English. 1720-1777. Foote was a famous *actor and dramatist who satirized English mores and was in turn satirized as a homosexual in the poem Sodom and Onan. His enemies got a discharged servant to swear a warrant against him in 1776 though Foote was ultimately acquitted. Sodom and Onan appeared around this time. (For Sodom see *Sodom and Gomorrah; onan means masturbation.) He dissipated a fortune at *Oxford and then turned to the theatre, where he wrote and performed plays. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionary of National Biography. Hirschfeld, Die Homosexualität, 662 (refers to the Dictionary of National Biography article). Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 440-42: on the poem *Sodom and Onan. Trope in English from Great Britain. From 1691. A fop was an *effeminate man who dressed with excessive care and was possibly gay - but not necessarily so; fops appeared especially in the eighteenth century on the stage and were ridiculed in poetic *satires of the time. They appear in Restoration dramas such as works by John Dryden and can by acted to suggest they are homosexuals. Mundus foppensis is a poem on the subject (1691). Susan Staves, "A Few Kind Words for the Fop", Studies in English Literature, 22 (1982), 413-28 discusses fops in British English drama 1660-1800 with reference to several plays in verse; she states, p. 414, "fops are in various ways effeminate, [but] they are rarely presented as homosexual. On the contrary they are asexuals who like to spend their time with ladies." A gay reading of Susan Staves' material may come to different conclusions; in addition, how is it possible to know all fops were asexuals? See also *Dandy, *Effeminacy, *Aesthetes. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gay Histories and Cultures. Editor from Germany of works in Latin; he was also a critic writing in Latin 1770-1848. Forberg was the author of a famous commentary in Latin called De figuris Veneris (About Sex), first published in 1824 at the end of an edition of *Antonio Beccadelli's Hermaphroditus. The text was printed from a then recently discovered manuscript in Coburg library and edited by Forberg. As *Ashbee, Bibliography of Prohibited Books, notes, vol. 1, p. 81 says, "the ample notes... have been pronounced more scandalous than the text". Forberg was an academic at Jena and Saalfield who wrote a 1799 work apologizing for his atheism. In 1807, he was appointed librarian at Coburg where he discovered the manuscript of the Hermaphroditus which he subsequently edited. De figuris Veneris pretends to be a commentary on Beccadelli's work but is actually a discussion of sexuality based on ancient Latin and a few Greek authors. It contains, in fact, an extended analysis of sexuality in works of the authors, is a de-facto anthology of Latin homosexual poetry, and is important for being a detailed discussion of the various types of sex it deals with. It constitutes a brilliant and close reading of Latin poetry in sexual terms since the author picks up many subtle nuances in the poems. Chapter 1 deals with "Copulation" (i pp. 24-79), Chapter 2 *"Pederastia" (defined, p. 81, as "introduction of the member into the anus" i.e., it is treated as identical with *anal sex) (i pp. 80-189) and including a long excursus on *depilation [i pp. 98-131]), Chapter 3 "Irrumation" (*irrumation or face fucking) (i pp. 190-261), Chapter 4 *"Masturbation" (ii pp. 2-47), Chapter 5 Cunnilingus (ii pp. 48107), Chapter 6 Tribads (i.e. lesbians) (ii pp. 108-167), Chapter 7 Intercourse with animals (ii pp. 168-77), Chapter 8 Spintrian Postures (*group sex) (ii pp. 178-91). Chapter 2 is the main chapter dealing with homosexuality but chapters 3, 4 and 8 are relevant. The long chapter on homosexuality and the references in other chapters show that Forberg was fascinated by the subject. Ashbee, Bibliography of Prohibited Books, vol. 1, p. 81, notes that the 1824 edition is usually found without the twenty oval engravings (see the entry in the British Library General Catalogue to 1975 for a copy of the 1824 edition in the *Private Case). These plates have been ascribed to Pierre-Francois Hugues d'Hancarville (1719-1805) in Hayn, Gotendorf, Biblioteca germanorum erotica, and the * National Union Catalog entries and are stated in Forberg's text to be from Monumens de la vie privée des douze cesars (1780; repr.) and Monumens de Culte Secret des Dames Romaines (1784; repr.). (On Hancarville, see Hayn, Gotendorf, Biblioteca germanorum erotica, vol. 3, pp. 59-65 and Kearney, Private Case, pp. 200-02). (A reprint of the 1824 edition with the engravings was published in Paris, ca. 1900 by H. Daragon; rare: copy: *Deane Erotica). A valuable index of Latin and Greek erotic *words and phrases appears on pp. 211-35 (Grove edition cited below) and there is an index of authors quoted (pp. 237-45). Almost every author quoted writes in Latin and the book barely touches on Greek poetry. The National Union Catalog entry for Forberg also reveals a printing in Italy in Latin: Manuale di erotologia classica (Catania: F. Guaitolini, 1928). Editions. Apart from the 1824 edition and the editions cited above and in Translations and Bibliographies below an edition in New York by the Medical Press, 1964, 248 pp., with 20 plates exists (not copies of the original 1824 plates). There were various reprintings in Paris titled Manuel d'erotologie classique, published by *Lisieux around 1900; the 1906 printing contained 20 illustrations, depicting orgies, some with homosexuality, by Paul Avril (pseudonym of Edouard-Henri Avril). Various Alcide Bonneau translations cited in Translations below contain introductions by different experts in erotica. Homosexual poems. The text used for this reading was the New York Grove Press edition, Manual of Classical Erotology, in Latin with English translation opposite. Latin poets and poems cited are listed and quoted in De figuris Veneris under chapters dealing with various aspects of homosexuality. Forberg's reading of the poetry is brilliant and he finds many subtle nuances. Listed here are only homosexual references in poems; all references are to volume followed by page. Chapter 2 *Pederastia (i.e. *anal sex both homo and hetero, though only homo references are noticed here): Greek poets dealt with. *Anacreon Foberg i 161; *Pindar Forberg i 161. Latin poets dealt with. *Ausonius: Ixx, cxxxi; *Beccadelli: xxxvi; *Catullus 33, 57; *Horace: Epodes xi, xiv 9-10, Satires I ii 116-19; Juvenal: ii 8-13, 20-23, 107 vi 373-4 ix 13-15, 32-36, 40; *Martial i 97 ii 39, 51,62 iii 71, 95 v 62 vi 37, 56 ix 28, 34, 44, 48, 58, 68 xi 37, 89 xi 98; *Orpheus: I 175; *Ovid: 166-67 (stating Ovid had homo experience but "preferred young girls to lads"); *Pacificus Maximus: Elegy 1, 2 (to Ptolemy),4 (to Marcus), 14, 15, 20; *Persius: i 87 iv 37-41; *Priapeia: ii; *Petronius: Chapter 23 - *cinaedic song (see Forberg 131-32); *Song: Forberg i 148-49 - quoted from Suetonius, Augustus, Chapter 58 - "Videsne ut cinaedus orbem digito temperet" (You see how a cinede governs the world with a finger) and Forberg i 147: re a song sung by the soldiers of Julius Caesar - see entry *"Gallias Caesar subegit"; *Virgil: Forberg i 161: re his being gay and loving "a certain Alexander". This chapter includes a long excursus on *depilation in relation to homosex. Chapter 3 irrumation; a few poems are relevant (see also *fellatio as the practice described here would now be considered as fellatio). Latin. Ausonius: cxx (iicking); Catullus: xxviii 9-10; Martial: ii 47, 62, 72 iii 75, 81, 96 vi 56 xi 47, 57; Priapeia: xii, xxvii. Chapter 4 *Masturbation (note: only definitely homosexual poems referring to two males are cited here; others may be relevant): Latin. Martial: ii 43 xi 23, 44, 59, 71, 74, 105?; Pacificus Maximus: Elegy xii; *Ramusius: Book iv p. 61 [Forberg ii 4-7]. Chapter 5 Cunnilingus. Latin. Ausonius: cxx; Catullus Ixxx Juvenal ii 50. Chapter 6. Of Spintrian postures (*group sex; *orgy). Latin. Ausonius: cxxix. Translation. De figuris veneris was translated from Latin into French by *Alcide Bonneau (Ashbee, Bibliography of Prohibited Books, vol. 3, p. 445) and published by *Lisieux in Paris in 1882 (Ashbee, Bibliography of Prohibited Books, vol. 3, p. 444); the English translation is based on the French. English/ Latin edition: Manual of Classical Erotology, New York: Grove Press, 1966. This is a reproduction of the first English edition (which has 1884 on the title page but seems more likely 1889 and was printed by *Charles Carrington [pseud.]: see Legman, Horn Book, p. 33); the introduction, pp. v-xviii, discusses the 1824 edition of Beccadelli, 1882 French edition published by *Isidore Lisieux published in Paris with French translation by Alcide Bonneau, translations and Forberg's life (pp. viii-x). French: *Alcide Bonneau (1882) with at least five later reprints (see Pia, Les Livres de l'Enfer, vol. 2, columns 804-11 ; see Bibliographies below for further details); a 1907 Paris printing, translator unknown, listed in the * National Union Catalog, has twenty-six plates (see Bibliographies below for details); a 1911 Paris printing is part of * Le Livre d'Amour des Anciens (repr. 1912); Monaco: Editions du Rocher, 1979, trans. by Alcide Bonneau with an introduction by *Gilbert Lely; Paris: J. Losfeld, 1995, trans. by Alcide Bonneau (with illustrations by Paul Avril), with an introduction by *Pascal Pia (pseud.). German: see *Beccadelli re the 1824 edition and posssible translation; Dr. Alfred Kind (1908; details are in the Beccadelli entry). This 1908 edition was reprinted in a revised edition in 1986 (no other details given): see Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, p. 286. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Allgemeine deutsche Biographie. Bibliographies. Ashbee, Bibliography of Prohibited Books, volume 3, 444-49: reprints *Lisieux's introduction (see below) based on information in Allgemeine deutsche Biographie ; see also vol. 1, 81-82. Hayn, Gotendorf, Bibliotheca Germanorum Erotica, vi,19-23: under "Panormitanus" describes the 1824 edition and German translations (see the *Beccadelli entry in this Encyclopedia for details). Pia, Les Livres de l'Enfer, vol. 1, column 283: De figuris Veneris ou les Multiples Visages de l'Amour, after the edition of Forberg of 1824, no date or place, but the publisher is given as Editions du Chat qui pelot, Brantome, and it is stated there are 10 numbered exemplars on japon and 340 other copies; this is not a translation of Forberg but an anonymous dissertaion on the subjects of his work illustrated with 13 engravings. Pia, Les Livres de l'Enfer, vol. 2, columns 804-811 lists Manuel d'Erotologie classique, Paris: Isidore Lisieux, 1882, 2 volumes, with French translation by Alcide Bonneau with 5 other printings to 1969 based on this edition; it also cites, columns 806-08, the edition De Figuris Veneris, Paris: Henri Daragon, 1907, with 26 plates by d'Hancarville, translated into French (with the claim that the translation is the sole translation conforming to the 1824 text; the translator is not known). Poet writing in English; probably from Great Britain. Born 1953. The name may be a pseudonym or part of his real name. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 162: charming poem "Robert" about being in bed with his lover on Sunday; no biographical information supplied. Poet from Australia writing in English. 1950-1998. He admitted, to the author, homosexual references in poems in Stalins's Holidays (1980) and said he wondered about their significance (as an example see the title poem p. 35 - e. g. the reference "Bottoms up"). His poetry shows the strong influece of *Frank O'Hara. In his second book, The Stunned Mullet, 1988, "A Dream", p. 40, is on Frank O'Hara. One of the *Generation of 68. Archive in Denmark mainly in Danish which was established in 1979. The oldest gay Scandinavian achive and library. The archive is situated in the gay center in *Copenhagen and has a large library of gay books and 390 gay journal titles in 1989. It is especially active and has published the seminal Scandinavian bibliography * Nordisk Bibliografi and the journal *Pan-bladet (in existence since 1954). See Axel Axgil and Hjelmer Fogegdaard (the founders of Forbundet), Homofile kampar, 1985. From 1984, the archives published an irregular newsletter Nyhedsbrev fra Biblioteket. References. Directory of the International Association of Lesbian and Gay Archives and Libraries, 44-48. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1913. *Lover of the Russian-United States artist Pavel Tchelitchew and longtime close friend of *Parker Tyler (who has written Tchelitchew's biography). With Parker Tyler he wrote the gay novel The Young and the Evil (published in Paris in 1933 and banned in the United States until the 1960s); this work contained poetry (see the extract in Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature below). He lived in France in the 1930s where he was a protegee of Gertrude Stein; later he visited Tangier. He was editor of the highly influential *surrealist journal View (1940-47) and was perhaps the first United States surrealist poet. His poetry is very obscure and difficult. Volumes include Selected Poems: Flag of Ecstasy, 1972, and Out of the Labyrinth: Selected Poems, San Francisco: City Lights, 1991; biog. note pp. 111-13. His gay poetry is not adequately represented in this work and a complete poems is needed. Interviews: The Advocate 317 (14 May 19B1), 3Q-32 by 'James Saslow; Leyland, Gay Sunshine Interviews, volume 1, 33-65: interview and biographical note p. 36 (states he was "for twenty-three years... the lover of... Pavel Tchelitchew"). He made a famous gay film on Crete, in 1969, starring Allen Ginsberg and Salvador Dali, called Johnny Minotaur. Living in *New York in the famous Dakota building, he spends much time in Nepal. Manuscripts are in the *Humanities Research Centre. He has an internet homepage. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Gay Histories and Cultures. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10636-37: Flag of Ecstasy, Los Angeles: Black Sparrow, 1972 and two poems in Gay Sunshine 26/27: 18, Winter 1975/1976. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 1290-91: Flag of Ecstasy: Selected Poems, Los Angeles: Black Sparrow, 1972 and Om Krishna I: Special Effects, Cherry Valley, New York: Cherry Valley Editions, 1977. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Angels of the Lyre, 81-84; biog., 240. Orgasms of Light, 81-84; biog., 252. L'amour bleu, 284-86: extract from The Young and the Evil. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 621. Drobci stekla v ustih, 73. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 653-65. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1960. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10638-40: "Haitian Carnival" Tangents 1:8, 28, May 1960 and two poems in ONE Magazine "Hands of Han" 8:16, 21 June 1960 and "John, mowing" 9:4, 11 April 1961. Forgeries are deliberate attempts to pass the work of a poet as that of another poet. They date for gay poetry to ancient Greek from Greece and Egypt from at least ca. 460 B.C. The usual reasons for forgeries is to enhance the value of a work. Greek. See * Anacreontea, *Lucian, "Theocritus, Theognis, * Theognidea (700-460 B.C.), *homonyms. English. See Thomas Chatterton, *Sir Edmund Backhouse, *Sir Richard Burton, * Don Leon (published 1866), *Oscar Wilde, *Sir Roger Casement. Don Leon, which defends homosexuality, is the most celebrated homosexual forgery of a poem in English. Latin. Forgeries are known from 1680 - see *Petronius, regarding Francois Nodot's edition of 1680 and possibly *Kenneth Hopkins re *Martial. Imitations of Latin writers passed off as the poet's work and included in manuscript need to be considered. Persian. In Persian see *Omar Khayyam (pseud.) where imitations of the poet in the manuscripts occurred. English forgeries of alleged translations of Persian works are known from 1880: see *Haji Abdu el-Yezdi (pseud. of *Richard Burton) and *Abdullah the Satirist of Shiraz (pseud. of *Aleister Crowley). These works follow in the line of *Edward Fitzgerald's * The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam; Crowley's work is highly erotic in a homosexual sense and is one of the most extraordinary fakes ever written. Critic and historian from Great Britian who wrote in English from Great Britain; he is best known as a novelist. 1879-1970. Forster was homosexual and had sexual relations with men, though it seems he was not sexually active until he was thirty-seven, which occurred in Alexandria with an Egyptian, Mohammed el Adl, whom he met in 1917, aged 18: see Nicola Beauman, E. M. Forster, 1994, pp. 299-300. His main importance for this Encyclopedia is that he did much to promote the work of Cavafy in English - such as bringing it to the attention of *T S Eliot, who published a poem in his journal The Criterion (the poem was not gay, however). He also wrote a book on *Alexandria - Pharos and Pharillon (1923; repr Berkeley, 1980) - which contains the first English essay on Cavafy whom he had met in Alexandria (op. cit., 1980, pp. 91-97): the essay cites a homopoem of Cavafy's (p. 96), translated by *George Vassopoulo, and he says "his literary ancestor - if he has one - is *Callimachus" (p. 94). An essay on Cavafy titled "Dans la rue Lepsius" was published in Le Semaine egyptienne, special issue devoted to Cavafy, April 1929. He is most famous as a novelist whose gay novel Maurice, though written in 1914 (revised 1960) was not published until after his death in 1971; see the extract in L'amour bleu, pp. 247-48. He was on the periphery of the *Bloomsbury group and wrote a biography of *G. L. Dickinson. Forster's essays Two Cheers for Democracy (1951), espoused the cause of liberalism; he was also famous for the saying that if he had to betray his country or his *friend, he would betray his country. A famous quotation of his from his novel Howards End (1910) is "Only connect" (p. 7). He was a close friend of *W. H. Auden. His manuscripts are at King's College, *Cambridge; these contain letters to Cavafy (on these see also the *Cavafy entry). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 417-19. Howes, Broadcasting It: see "Only Connect". Dictionnaire Gay. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographer from Great Britain of works mainly in English. Active 1913. Author of Catalogus Librorum Prohibitorum Britanica (Catalogue of Books Prohibited in Britain), Brussels, 1913, which is a large manuscript catalogue of erotic book titles arranged A-Z containing bookseller's catalogs with some letters of *Charles Carrington tipped in. It exists in a unique copy in the *Deane Erotica. A few titles are of gay relevance. Poet from France who wrote in Latin. Ca. 503-ca. 603. He was famous for his *hymns and Bishop of Poitiers. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 112: lyric poem expressing strong affection to a priest; trans. into English by *Helen Waddell. Publisher from Great Britain of works mainly in English. Active from ca. 1924 to ca. 1970. *R. A. Caton established the press in London. It was not a homosexual press but published a large amount of gay material and material by gay authors. It specialized in modern poetry. Authors and books of note published by the press include: *Petronius's The Satyricon, *Plato's *Symposium, *S. E. Cottam, *Shane Leslie's Strato's Boyish Muse, *Montague Summers (*Antinous and other poems and The Poems of *Richard Barnfield), *Norman Douglas's Some Limericks and his Collected *Satires and *Alfred Douglas's Satires. References. Smith, Love in Earnest: see index. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 384-85: re *F. T. Prince, Soldiers *Bathing and other poems. Smith, Books of the Beast, 61-74. Editor from Iran of Persian works. Active from 1942. Editor of the text of *Omar Khayyam with *Qasem Ghani: Roba'iyat-e Hakim reliable text. Out of 2,000 quatrains, 53 seem attributable to Omar Khayyam: He also edited *Sa'di (Tehran, no date, but before 1984 and over 900 pages pieces). His name is spelt in the literature both Forughi and Fyrughi Khayyam-e Nishburi, Tehran, 1942. This is the most see Yarshater, Persian Literature, p. 153. in length). This edition omits the Hazliyyat (pornographic Journal in German from Germany published from 1987. Published at the University of Siegen by *Wolfgang Popp and others. It consists of critical articles on literature and book reviews; in addition, each issue has a bibliography of new gay critical articles on literary works, new critical books and new books of gay literature; biographical notes on contributors appear at the end. Usually only one or two articles concern poetry; however the bibliography and book reviews are invaluable, especially for German literature and it constitutes the major bibliographical work of serious new gay literature and criticism in German as well as covering other west *European languages. No. 26 was devoted to *Oscar Wilde. Over 50 issues have been published. References have been cited in this encyclopedia. Poem from Iceland in Norse. Written ca. 1200. See S0rensen, The Unmanly Man, pp. 72-72: poetic stanzas about a man mocked for offering himself as a woman at the point of death. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1959. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 43: "Passive Resistance" (fine poem on *anal sex from the fuckee point of view); biog., 175: a *black poet who lives in *New York. Poet and song writer from the United States who wrote in English. 1826-1864. The apparently homosexual composer of American popular music with present an idealized version of the United States *South - e. g., "Old Folks at Home", "My Old Kentucky Home", "Beautiful Dreamer", "Campdown Races"; these are some of the best known popular music songs. He was influenced by the songs of *minstrel shows in such songs as "Nelly was a Lady" (1849). Though he spent most of his life in Pittsburgh he died in poverty in *New York after drinking heavily for some years; he married a woman but separated from her a few years before his death. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Dictionary of American Biography. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 858 and 863: states he was probably gay and ran away with another composer George Cooper. Howes, Broadcasting It. Critic from the United States writing in English and translator from Greek and Latin to English and of poets in Chinese and Arabic to English. Born ca. 1945. The author of a seminal article on United States gay poetry of the nineteenth century and several articles on Italian poets as well as the article "Poetry" in the Encyclopedia of Homosexuality. See Gay Books Bulletin no. 5 (Spring 1981), 27-29: *"Sandro Penna's Lyrical Realism" (article on the Italian poet); Gay Books Bulletin no. 6 (Fall 1981), 18-20 and 33: *"Mario Stefani's Pagan Lyricism"; Gay Books Bulletin no. 9 (Spring 1983, 13 (review of No Other Gods by Mario Stefani). In Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, volume 2, pp. 1005-12, his article "Poetry" is a brilliant overview of homosexual and gay poetry and the only comprehensive one to date. However, it overemphasises *pederasty in the corpus of known homosexual poetry (in many cases it is not possible to tell whether a poem is pederastic). In Gay Books Bulletin no. 7 (Spring 1982), 15-18, his article "Beauty's *Purple Flame: Some Minor American Poets, 1786-1936" is a brilliant article on minor gay United States poets (with valuable bibliography of works p.18); authors included in * Men and Boys and *R. K. Martin's The Homosexual Tradition in American Poetry are not discussed. This article covers more ground than many books and deals, amongst other things, with the tropes of *Hyacinthus, *Narcissus, *Hylas and *Antinous. Ample quotations are included, in many cases from difficult to obtain books. (Many poets and poems mentioned here are included in the anthology of *Anthony Reid: *The Eternal Flame.) Compare *Timothy d'Arch Smith who studied similar poets in Great Britain. In *Louie Crew, The Gay Academic, 1978, pp. 92-103, he wrote "The Annotated Burton", a commentary on *Richard Burton's "Terminal Essay". See *Overview - African languages for his bibliography of sources of African homosexuality, the finest to date. As a translator see Gay Sunshine no. 35 (Winter 1978), 10-11: two pages of important gay poems; the following poets are included: Chinese - *Fei Chang, *Hou Chu; Greek - from the *Mousa Paidike (Book 12 of the * Greek Anthology), *Anonymous poems from the * Palatine Anthology, Theognis; Latin - *Beccadelli, *Giovanni della Casa, *Hilary the Englishman, *Lionel Johnson, *Nemesianus, *Pacificus Maximus, *G. B. Spagnoli; Arabic - see *Di'bil ibn 'Ali. It is not known is his translations from Chinese and Arabic are directly from those languages or from another language (e.g., French). Philosopher, historian and sexologist from France who wrote in French. 1926-1984. Widely regarded as one of the most influential recent French thinkers, his early works such as The Birth of the Clinic, were concerned with the *sado-masochism of western Christian culture but his later thinking in the History of Sexuality (3 volumes, French edition, 1976-84; English trans. volume 1, 1978, volume 2, 1985, volumes 3, 1986) became concerned with pleasure, possibly following study of ancient Greek culture with its emphasis on *Epicureanism. He died of *Aids which may have been contracted in *San Francisco where he is known to have visited leather bars on visits to the United States. He was influenced by *gay liberation and, in turn, influenced it. His influence was at its height from 1970 to 1984 when, as a leading French philosopher, he was a visiting professor at the University of California. He is regarded as the founder of *social constructionism but unlike his *disciples (e.g., *David Halperin, *David F. Greenberg), after reading John Boswell, he became an essentialist: the view that there are essences which always exist and here specifically that homosexuality has always existed. The last two volumes of the History of Sexuality are concerned with the early Christian era, with the *debate on love in Greek and Latin and with why the old pagan culture - which was so homosexual - was replaced with the *homophobic and heterosexist culture of Christianity. He is a characteristic French philosopher in his emphasis on erotic pleasure (homosexuality was legalized in 1791 in France which also never had a tradition of *Puritanism like Great Britain or the United States, so sex in France has never been seen as repulsive). He was strongly influenced by *Nietzsche and has been regarded as a modern disciple of him by some. He lectured in both *Paris, at the University of Paris, and *Los Angeles and has been widely translated. His 1982 interview on homosexuality in the journal Salmagundi no. 58-59 (Fall 1982-Winter 1983) reveals the change from being a constructionist to an essentialist: on p.11 he states: "I would say that the homosexual consciousness goes beyond one's individual experience and includes an awareness of being a member of a particular social group. This is an undeniable fact that dates back to ancient times." He has this to say of the word "gay" on the same page: "I think the concept 'gay' contributes to a positive (rather than a purely negative) appreciation of the type of consciousness in which affection, love, desire, sexual rapport with people have a positive significance." See Edward Said, "Michel Foucault, 1927-84", in Raritan, vol. 4 no. 2 (1984-85), 3-11; A Cameron, Review of volumes 2 and 3 of the French text of The History of Sexuality, in Journal of Roman Studies 76 (1986), 266-71; review of the same in Times Literary Supplement, 28 September 1984, 1071. Text. Foucault's collected papers have been published in 1994, running to 3,500 pages in 4 volumes titled Dits et ecrits: 1954-1988; nevertheless, not all of his essays and papers are included. Translations. German: his History of Sexuality was translated into German from 1984 (vol. 1, Sexualitat und Wahreit) and completed in 1986. Compare *Hubert Fichte. His 4 volume of papers are being progressively translated into English. Volume One, 1997, was entitled Ethics, Volume Two, 1998, Aesthetics, Method and Epistomology. Biography: Didier Eribon, Michel Foucault, Paris, 1989 (in French ; English trans. Cambridge, MA, 1991). James Miller, The Passion of Michel Foucault, New York, 1993 (review: Times Literary Supplement, no. 4695, 26 March 1993, 3-4). David Macey, The Lives of Michel Foucault, 1993 (with important bibliography). A bibliograpy Michel Foucault: A Bibliography was compiled and published in the Social Theory: A Bibliography Series (Santa Cruz, CA, 1986). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 419-20. A-Z Guide to Modern Literary and Cultural Theorists. Encyclopedia of World Literature in the 20th Century: Supplement. Howes, Broadcasting It. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Dictionnaire Gay. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Anthology from the United States in English. Zurich and San Francisco: Pan-Graphic, 1959. Contributors: C. G. & L. A., Scrivenor, O. F. Simpson, James Stephens, Stornoway, Chick Weston, Philip Young. This consists of works which were published in the Swiss gay journal Der Kreis (which contained some entries in English). Not sighted. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1304: 4 from the Circle: Stories and Poems reprinted from *Der Kreis (The Circle), Zurich, San Francisco: Pan-Graphic, 1959. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1964. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Bugger: an anthology, 10 (about a man who watches others having sex though a keyhole); biog., 19 - stated to be "the greatest scholar of bugger lore in the history of western civilization". English historian from Great Britain. Active 1965. His Libertine Literature in England 1660-1745, New York, 1965, is a major examination of erotica in the period. The work deals mainly with heterosexual works and only two authors are relevant: *Rochester and *Thomas Cannon (briefly mentioned pp. 54-55). This work is valuable in giving the background of the period and the French influence. Investigation of court records following John Hayward's earlier work revealed valuable knowledge (see *Edmund Curll). He also compiled English Verse 1701-50: A catalogue of separately printed poems with notes on contemporary collected editions , 2 volumes, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975. Volume 1 is the catalog and volume 2 is indexes (Index of first lines, Chronological index, Index of imprints, Index of bibliographical notabilia, Index of descriptive epithets and Subject index, which latter includes "Homosexuals"). Reference to works in this latter catalog have been incorporated in this encyclopedia as an aid to locating rare copies of poems which sometimes exist in only one or two known copies probably those listed here: see * College Wit Sharpen'd, *The Parson and his Clerk, *Sodom's Catastrophe, * "The Women-hater's Lamentation", *The He Strumpets. He lists holdings of works in libraries in Great Britain, the United States and Canada and *broadsheet poems as well as volumes of poetry. The catalog is the only work in English so far listing poetry books and broadsheets in English. He was a librarian in 1965. Fra mann til mann: Dikt om menns kj&rleik til menn Anthology in Norwegian from Norway. Oslo: Forlaget Oktober, 1986. 126 pages. Compiled by Jan Olav Gatland. The title means "From man to man: poems about men's love for [other] men". It consists of translations from other languages into Norwegian with notes (pp. 111-26) and an afterward (pp. 105-110). Very rare. Not sighted; a photostat of the contents pages was provided by the anthologist. An excellent selection of European and United States poets from Whitman onwards with strong emphasis on United States poets of *gay liberation. The Canadian poet *Ian Young and the Australian poet *Robert Adamson are also included. Many of the poets appear in the Danish anthology *Digte om mends kerlighed til mend. A list of poets and poems appears at the beginning, pp. 7-10. This anthology has not been physically sighted but all poets have been entered from the information at the beginning. Poems and manuscripts in Greek from Turkey and Greece and in Latin from Italy. From 200. Poems from ancient Greek and from Latin survive only in fragments. Actual surviving fragments date from at least 200 (see the Greek poet *Panchrates). Poems which survive in fragments present certain difficulties: for instance, it may not be possible to know to whom the poem is addressed, a man or a woman, or to confirm the authorship. In ancient Greek, the whole of *Archilochus (active 700 B.C.) survives in fragments, as does all of *Sappho (except possibly for one poem). The date of the surviving fragments on papyrus, vellum and, later, paper is much later than the dates for these writers; material dates from ca. 300 A.D. Poems on Greek vases - the so called kalos poems - fall into this category when the vases are in fragments; see *David M. Robinson for discussion. Fragments of ancient Greek poetry have been found in the Middle East, mainly in Egypt, due to the dryness of the climate, adding to our stock of poems. The last major literary discoveries were the finds at Oxyrhynchus in Egypt (1897-1906) and new poets have come to light, including poets with homosexual interest, through such finds: see, for instance, *Pancrates. Greek fragments are much more numerous than Latin due to the spread of Greek civilization into the middle east and the drier climate there. The Latin poet *Lucilius survives in fragments. A homosexual prose *graffiti survives (see Dominic Montserrat, Sex and Society in Graeco-Roman Egypt, London, 1996, pp. 136-38); this is at "P. Oxy. [Oxyrhynchus Papyri, 1898+ - in progress], XLII 3070. Fragments of poems exist in many languages apart from Greek and Latin (for instance, *Islamic languages). Compare *epigraphy. References. Oxford Classical Dictionary: see "Oxyrhynchus", 765; "Papyrology, Greek, Papyrology, Latin," 778-80. Poet from the United States (from Puerto Rico) writing in English; he possibly also wrote in Spanish. 1944-1982. Puerto Rico is an autonomous political entity in the Caribbean in association with the United States. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1314: book Being Islands, New York: El Libro Viaje, 1976. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 364: "Being a Loner" (in the "Iberian" section and stated to be from Puerto Rico); it is not clear whether the poem was originally written in Spanish and is a translation or was composed in English. Francis of Assisi, Saint Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. 1181-1336. The founder of the Franciscan order in the *Catholic church who aimed to lead a simple life in imitation of Jesus Christ and who has been called the "Other Christ". Homoerotic interpretations of his poetry are possible (see "Cantico delle creature" in The Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 1958, pp. 1-2). The order he founded, the Franciscans, has been attractive to homosexuals. Works of art in the order's monasteries (e.g in South America) can be strongly homoerotic. His poems are strongly *mystical. Saint Francis when in secular life reputedly had a love affair with a woman, Saint Clare, who later became a nun. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1976. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1316-17: A Certain Distance, Woods Hole, MA: The Pourboire Press, 1976 and Come Out into the Sun, Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 1965. Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. 1447-1494. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 304-05 - *homophobic poems. Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. 1515-1570. He was the secretary of Aretino, though many of his fulminations against Aretino seem to lack substance. Text: see Priapea and Sonnetti in *Luigi Tansillo, editor, Il vendemmiatore (pseud.), Peking: regnante Kien-Long, nel XIX seccolo (written thus; this appears to be a fake place of publication); see in this work "A priapo, N. Franco al Arcidivino Signor Pietro Aretino Flagello de' Cazzi" and the *sonnets on pp. 75, 76, 78, 80, 83, 85, 88, 89, 92, 93, 94, 102, 104, 105, 107. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 232-33: from La Priapea, numbers 79, 80, 82. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 73: states in his Priapea and Rime Contro Pietro Aretino, 1541, he treats *Aretino "simply as a prostitute". Editor from the United States of works in English. Born 1889. A close friend of *Hart Crane and editor of his Collected Poems, New York, 1933. See Crane's letters to him in 1926 when Crane was writing his epic poem, The Bridge, in The Letters of Hart Crane, edited Brom Weber, 1965, pp. 254-86. He married twice. Bibliographies. Young. Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1318 cites his novel The Dark Mother, New York, 1920. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Contemporary Authors vol. 93-96. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1884-1952. Educated at Eton and then an officer in World War I. A prolific author of poetry. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 118-22 (a war *ballad); biog., 234. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1979. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1320 (with John Finbolen: see his entry). Critic writing in English possibly from Germany. Active 1976. A critic who noted that the Chinese anthology the * Shi ching could be read homosexually. See Hinsch, Passions of the Cut Sleeve, pp. 16-17 and 181 footnote 5 - re The Flowering Plum and the Palace Lady (New Haven, 1976), pp. 52-53, referring to * Shi Jing, *Song 94, where he notes the *gender ambiguity of the sex of the person desired. Critic and historian from Germany who wrote in German; he later lived in the United States. Born 1888. Author of Dichtung und Philosophie des frühen Griechentums, 1962 (in German; English trans: Early Greek Poetry and Philosophy, 1973) a major and brilliant study of Greek epic, lyric and prose of the *archaic period to the middle of the fifth century. Homosexuality is discussed frankly in the works of the poets: see, for example, *Theognis. Born in Berlin in 1888, he was Professor of Classical Literature at Stanford University 1935-53. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1996. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poems of Love and Liberation ,19, 50. Singers from the United States singing in English. Active 1932. A gay singing duo who sang gay songs at private gay parties and gay nightclubs in *Chicago: see The Adovcate, 18 August 1983, 31 for a song, "Father Spanish, Mother Greek and I'm French". "French" here probably means homosexual as in "French love". Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. Active ca. 1550. See Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 131: a writer of *Bernesque poetry with homosexual themes. Translator from Greek to English from New Zealand. Active 1988. Author of Poems from the Greek Anthology, Auckland: Dragonfly Press, 1988, 21 pp.: very fine, largely gay, translations from the Greek * Palatine Anthology, translated into English with homoerotic illustrations by Elizabeth Serjeant. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1989. Book of poems: Sons of New Town, Chicago, 1989. Member of New Town Writers Group which champions the work of *Chicago area homophile writers. Graphics by Paul F. Samuelson. Poet from Great Britain writing in English; translator from Latin to English. Born ca. 1558-died 1593. The second translator of the Latin poet *Virgil's homosexual "Second Eclogue" into English; it appeared in The Lawier's Logike, London, 1588 and was reprinted in The Countess of Pembroke's Yvychurch, 1591. The first translation was by *Abraham Fleming (1575). He was a barrister who was an intimate of *Sir Philip Sidney and was called *Corydon by Spenser in "Colin Clout's Come Home Again". Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography. Ioläus (1902), 90-91. Critics. Norton, Homosexual Literary Tradition, 386. Anthropologist and historian from Great Britain writing in English. 1854-1941. Author of The Golden Bough (London, 1890, 2 volumes; other editions), an account of the evolution of religion, tracing myths and rites to their prehistoric beginnings. It is a work rich in the recording of folklore, which influenced twentieth century writers such as *D. H. Lawrence and *T. S. Eliot. The second edition, revised and enlarged, 1900, consisted of 3 volumes while the third edition 1907-1915, in 12 volumes remains the standard edition. A one volume abridged edition appeared in 1922. This work, produced at the time *Sigmund Freud was producing many seminal works, established the centrality of sexuality in many ancient cultures and thus as an attack on *Puritanism. The two volumes * Adonis, Attis and Osiris of the third edition discuss these three figures from mythology and the myths of death and rebirth associated with them (on the Egyptian cult of Osiris see *Isis). Also discussed are ideas of sexual abandon involved in the cults of Adonis and Attis who were the consorts of the mother goddess *Innana/ Ishtar. Ritual *flagellation was associated with some of these religions. See The Golden Bough, 1907, vol. 1, p. 73 note 1 re sacred *prostitutes (associated with the mother goddess cult). He published Aftermath, a Supplement in 1936 and a huge synthesis of his notes was published as Anthologia Anthropologica in 1938; this contains some material of relevance. The Golden Bough also gave a new perspective on the mythology of Christianity by comparing religious practices in Egypt and the Middle East at the time of Jesus Christ and in this way can be viewed as an attack on Christianity. The Adonis, Attis and Osiris volume may be read as a subtle attack on the uniqueness of *Christian ideas such as that of the resurrection (since Fraser showed this idea was basic to ancient Egyptian beliefs). The work emerged from the serious study of the ancient *Afro-Asiatic languages. In the volume Attis Adonis Osiris, 1907 edition, pp. 428-35, see "Some Customs of the Pelew Islanders, 1 Priests Dressed as Women" regarding gay customs on southeast islands of Asia (this is not in the 1906 edition). See also *Bion, *Dionysus. On Frazer see Robert Ackerman, J. G. Frazer: His Life and Work, 1987. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography. Encyclopedia Britannica. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Born before 1965-died 1991. A *black gay poet and journalist who died of *Aids; widely published in journals. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 44-45: "As You Try Your Best Not to Complain" (a brilliant poem about having *Aids); biog., 175. Brother to Brother, 61, 119-20; biog., 271. Here to Dare, 116-28; biog., 115. Frederick the Great of Prussia, called in German, Friedrich II Poet and collector from Germany who wrote in French. 1712-1786. A gay Prussian king who wrote poems in French. *Von Katte was his friend - or *lover - whom his father beheaded when the two men ran away; *Kaiserlink was another lover. A major biography is by the British writer Thomas Carlyle (1858-65, in 6 volumes). Biography. Giles MacDonogh, Frederick the Great: a life in deed and letters, 1999 (review: Times Literary Supplement, 16 April, 1999, 7). There has been debate as to whether he was homosexually active after he became king. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Neue deutsche Biographie. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 442-48. Encyclopedia Britannica. Lexikon des gesamten Buchwesens, second edition. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 428-29. Howes, Broadcasting It. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 56: poems "An Cesarion", "Den Manen Cesarions", "Widmung" in Oeuvres de Philosophie de San-Souci, Neuchaatel, 1750-60, and Oeuvres posthumes de Frederic le Grand, Roi de Prusse, Tome 4, "Le Palladion" and "La Palinode a Daryet", 1788. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 108-11: trans. of poems from French into German by *Eliasar von Kupffer. Ioläus (1906), 204-08: poems including one to *Kaiserlink, 204-05. Die Bedeutung der Freundesliebe, 19. Andere Lieben, 110-13. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 199-201 (Jesus trope; *Ganymede trope, 201); biog. note, 190-91. Criticism. Gay Saiber (volume 1 number 1, Spring 1977), 46-54: by Susan W. Henderson. Gay Books Bulletin 7 (Spring 1981), 14 and footnote 9: poem "Le Palladin" - see "Chant IV". Translator from Spanish to English from the United States. Active 1977. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Orgasms of Light, 124-25: trans. of the Spanish poet *Garcia Lorca into English. Free verse is poetry which does not employ rhyme. It dates from 1855 in English and later in other languages. It has been a dominant type of poetry in English and other languages in the twentieth century. While it dates from 'Whitman's Leaves of Grass (first edition 1855), it has been seen to stem from the rhythms of the authorized translation of The *Bible. It is called free verse because its meter in poems is not regular and line breaks are consequently important (some lines may be short and some long); a line break occurs where there is a pause. It was used in English by the poets of *Modernism (*Pound, *Eliot and *Crane) and taken a step further by *Charles Olson and his disciples (see *Robert Duncan) who broke the line down the page (called 'stepping, a practice stemming from the French poet *Mallarmé). This practice made the line break a feature of the setting out of the poem. *Allen Ginsberg is a master of its use. Whitmanic free verse has long lines and was used by Whitman's disciples *Edward Carpenter and *Horace Traubel. In the twentieth century shorter lines have been frequently used by poets and discussion has turned on breathing as a determinant of the length (as in *William Carlos Williams and *Charles Olson). *Allen Ginsberg has employed both the Whitmanic long line and shorter lines. In Great Britain, there has been a reaction to free verse with many poets insisting on the primacy of rhyme (e.g. John Betjeman). Australia: see 'Generation of 68, 'Patrick White. Canada: see 'bill bissett. Russian. 'Mikhail Kuzmin. Arabic. 'Khalil Gibran. German. See *Schwule Lurik, schwule Prose. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics (with an excellent bibliography). Anthologist from Great Britain of works in English. Active 1991. Co-editor, with *Pat O'brien, of the Tine anthology * Language of water. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Language of water: biog., 79. Poet from Brazil who wrote in Portuguese. 1832-1855. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poemas do amor maldito, 77-78: a poem to a youth; biog., 76. Freitas, Luiz Carlos Lacerda de Poet from Brazil writing in Portuguese. Born 1945 Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poemas do amor maldito, 95-96; biog., 94. Critic from Germany writing in German. Born 1915. Author of a brilliant article "Freundschaftsbeweis" (Friendship Evidence) from Motive der Weltliteratur (Motifs in World Literature), Stuttgart, ca.1979, pp. 196-219; bibl., 219. This is perhaps the most brilliant concise article ever written on the subject of *friendship, surveying world literature from * Gilgamesh onwards and paying particular attention to the subject in German. Translator from Greek to English from Great Britain; he also lived in Malta. 1769-1846. The first translator of the Greek poet *Theognis into English: Theognis restitutus: The personal history of the poet Theognis, deduced from an analysis of his existing fragments, Malta, 1842 (repr. in The Works of James Hookham Frere, London, 1872, which includes a biography of Frere). The translations are very restrained. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1891-1916. Educated at *Oxford then an officer in World War I. A friend of *Robert Nichols. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 67, 68, 116-17: not specifically homoerotic poems; biog., 234 - two books The Quest for Beauty (1915) and The Quest for Truth (1916). Freud, Sigmund and Freudianism Sexologist from Austria who wrote in German; he spent his last years in Great Britain. 1856-1939. Freud was the founder of psychoanalysis in which a person discussed their problems intimately with a doctor; this process has been called the talking cure. In his The Interpretation of Dreams (1899), he propounded the idea of the 'Oedipus Complex, in which homosexuality was explained as relating to close dependence of a male on his mother. Freud's idea of a subconscious and conscious mind raises the possibility of latent homosexuality in human beings and the idea of the subsconscious is perhaps his major contribution to human thought. The admission of homosexuality into discourse in his writing was a major breakthough in western thought, after centuries of suppression of the topic by 'Christianity or negative connotations. The fact that the Oedipus complex - itself centered on homosexuality - occupies a central place in his thought also means homosexuality has a central place in Freudianism. In Three Essays on Sexuality, 1905, in the revised edition 1915, in a famous footnote he states all human beings are capable of making a homosexual object choice "and have in fact made one in their unconscious" (trans. by James Strachey New York: Basic Books, 1962, p. 11). He also believed every child goes through an Oedipus stage of homosexuality (see Clifford Allen, Sexual Perversions, 1949, pp. 44-45). Freud had close affectional relationships with fellow doctors including Wilhelm Fliess: see Ernest Jones, Sigmund Freud: Life and Work, Volume one: The Young Freud 1856-1900, 1953, Chapter XIII, "The Fliess Period (1887-1902)", pp. 316-350; this relationship is called "a passionate friendship" on p. 316; on p. 330 the author notes they met for two or three days away from their work in various cities in Germany and Austria over a period of years but in 1902 contact ceased. The quarrel between the two men was over bisexuality ("Fliess's favourite theme", ibid., p. 345) and whether a bisexual constitution was universal. The letters of Freud to Fliess survive though Freud destroyed Fliess's letters to him. See Jeffrey Mousssaieff Mason, editor and translator, The Complete Letters of Sigmund Freud to Wilhelm Fliess 1887-1904, 1985, especially the Introduction. In 1910 he published a study of 'Leonardo da Vinci linking him to homosexuality. 'Carl Jung was another major disciple who later broke with him. Freud has been a major influence on twentieth century European poetry, especially 'Surrealism, and his influence through 'psychoanalysis has been very strong in the United States. Freud's daughter Anna Freud continued his work in London after he died (see Elisabeth Young-Breuhl, Anna Freud: A Biography, 1988); she specialized in child psychiatry and did not marry. Freud's influence. English. See Perkins, History of Modern Poetry, vol. 2, pp. 130-33. See entries *W. H. Auden (strongly influenced), 'William Baylebridge (pseud.), 'Wayne Koestenbaum, 'Garry Lyle, 'Ern Malley (pseud.), 'D. H. Lawrence, 'David Marr, 'Herbert Read (re 'Shelley), 'Michael Ruse, 'Edward Ruitenbeck. A British follower Ian D. Suttie wrote Origins of Love and Hate, 1935 (repr. 1960) and sees homosexuality as the basis of social feeling (see p 92 of the Penguin edition 1960) German. *Hans Blüher shows his influence. Japanese. Many twentieth century Japanese poets have written poems about their mothers and it has been frequently remarked that Japanese men are especially close to their mothers. See also *Sir James Frazer, *Christine Downing and *Achilles and Patroclus. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature, 369-70. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 430-32 "Freud"; 432-37 "Freudian Concepts"; 1075-78: *"Psychoanalysis". A-Z Guide to Modern Literary and Cultural Theorists. Ullstein Enzyklopädie der Sexualität. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Other. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 10 (1909-10), no. 4, p. 420: re *Walt Whitman. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active before 1976. Not in Oxford Companion to German Literature and not found in the * British Library General Catalogue. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10643-45: lists three items, Eifersuchtig, Knabe mit Rakett and Ritt an Strand [no other information given]. These probably are poems and not books of poems. Editor from Germany of works in Italian; critic in German. Active 1897. He established the exact text of the Italian *Michelangelo's poems, a text which made clear that some were written to males. This text became the standard text for sixty years and was a work which built on the first modern edition by Cesare Guasti of 1863 but was more complete in the corpus of poems. It was titled Die Dichtungen des Michelangelo, Berlin, 1897 (with German critical apparatus). This was the standard edition until the edition of Enzo Girardi (1960); prior to this the pronouns in the love poems had been altered from male to female. On this edition see James Saslow, The Poetry of Michelangelo: An Annotated Translation, 1991, 54-55. Compare *von Scheffler. Critic from Germany writing in German. Active 1896. Author of Der Eros und die Kunst (*Eros and Art), Leipzig: *Spohr, 1896, 352 pp. This work is a major survey of gay culture in Europe. Chapter 1 is on male beauty, Chapter 3 on the love of friends. There is discussion of literature in Greek (*Theocritus, *Anacreon), Latin (*Catullus, *Virgil, *Tibullus), the Middle Ages and in Italian (*Michelangelo) and German (*Winckelmann, *Hössli, *Grillparzer, *Neitzsche). Rare: a copy is in the *Private Case. See also *Platen (see Herzer, Bibliographie zur Homosexualität, item 0397 and item 0611). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Ioläus (1902), 45: love for a youth common amongst the Greeks; 148-49: re *Winkelmann. Bibliographies. Herzer, Bibliographie zur Homosexualität: several articles and books. Criticism. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 1 (1899), 157-214: the first appreciation of *Platen in gay terms; see also Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 6 (1904) 357-447 (continuation of the preceding article). Translator from Greek to English from Greece. 1911-1993. Translator of *Cavafy into English and author of important articles on and translations of *Dinos Christianopoulos. He reviewed the gay dictionary of *Elias Petropoulos and has translated *Yannis Ritsos into English and written an excellent overview of his work. He lived in *Athens in the last part of his life and was known to be actively gay (Dr. *Vrasidis Karales to the author). He was the first lover of the poet James Merrill: see the latter's A Different Person, San Francisco, 1993, pp. 18-19. He was an American Greek. Obituary: New York Times, 9 June 1993. 102 boxes of his papers are at Princeton University. Criticism. Eglinton, Greek Love, 222. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 502: referring to his importance in making gay Greek poetry available in English. Historian and critic from Germany who wrote in German. 1866-1908. An important gay theorist of the early German gay movement. Friedländer, like *Adolf Brand, was a believer in the Greek *pederastic *eros and believed that gay culture should promote a revival of the Greek ideas, ideas propounded in his book Renaissance des Eros Uranios, 1904 (repr.). His ideas greatly influenced *Hans Blüher. Review: Gay Books Bulletin no. 6 (Fall 1981), 14-15. He led a move to split *Magnus Hirschfeld's Scientific-Humanitarian Committee in 1907. A forerunner of *gay liberation, he also published Die Liebe Platons im Lichte der modernen Biologie, 1909, 283 pp.: on the love of *Plato in relation to modern biology. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies.Herzer, Bibliographie zur Homosexualität: see index. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 452-56. Criticism. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 7 i (1905), 387-470. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 437-38: a brilliant concise discussion of his life signed James W. Jones. Editor and critic from Germany of works in Latin who wrote in Latin and German. 1824-1909. A philologist who published important editions of the Latin poets *Martial (1886) and Juvenal (1895) and the novelist *Petronius (1906). He also wrote Essays on Juvenal (Amsterdam, 1969; trans. from German). He is most famous for his Darstellungen aus der Sittengeschichte Roms..., 1862-64, 2 volumes, a study of Roman social life which influenced *Paul Brandt. His edition of Martial (repr. 1967) is one of the most important ever and has a detailed Latin commentary. Historian and critic from Norway writing in Norwegian. Active 1985. Author of De Forsvanat Bare: Fragmenter av Homofiles Historie, Oslo, 1985 (with bibl.), a general gay history with a bibliography pp. 197-200. Discussion of Norse poems pp. 50-52. Copy used: *Library of Congress. Word in English from Great Britain, the United States and other English speaking countries. Used relevantly from ca. 1593. "Friend" is a very confusing word in English when used in homosexual contexts. That it has homosexual connotations in certain poems and when used by certain poets is undeniable. The word meant homosexual lover in *Shakespeare's sonnets (the youth - called "master mistress" in Sonnet 20 - is called "friend" in Sonnet 30). It was used in the United States by *Whitman in a homosexual sense (see the poem "When I heard at the close of day") and is common in the anthology * Ioläus (also subtitled in some editions An Anthology of Friendship while in some editions it was even called An Anthology of Friendship). "Friend" could be a coded way of referring to a homosexual lover (as well as having the sense of close companion) - i.e. it is a word which both concealed and revealed its ordinary meaning of close companion, a complicating factor in judging the word's possible use homosexually. See also *Friendship - English. Poet and diary writer from Australia who wrote in English. 1915-1989. A homosexual artist and writer who did erotic gay drawings: see the catalog of the retrospective at the Art Gallery NSW, Sydney, 1990, Donald Friend 1915-1989 , edited by Barry Pearce, which names some of his lovers, mostly artist models in the biographical notes at the end. There are scattered poems in published books, but they are not overtly gay: see Gunner's Diary, Sydney, 1943, p. 20, and Blue-Eyed Patty: A New Song, Melbourne, 1979, (last three pages). Bumbooziana, Adelaide: The Griffin Press, 1979, has a few poems; its title, which is very long, starts with the words Sundry Notes... and Bumbooziana is its short title. Bumbooziana, which reproduces an illustrated manuscript with extensive illustrations, is a classic of illustrated homoerotica, containing every conceivable pose done in a light-hearted way (with much other erotica, for example *bestiality). A large part of his life was spent abroad e.g. in Africa, Italy, Sri Lanka and Bali, Indonesia. His diary to 1968, in the National Library, Canberra, which vividly describes his sex life, is being edited for publication, and almost certainly does not include poems from the 1940s on though there may be some in the schoolboy diaries from the 1930s (Valerie Helson, National Library to the author). See also *Geoffrey Dutton. Film: Don Bennetts, Donald Friend: The Prodigal Australian (1990). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Hurley, Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amour bleu, 296: a drawing of *cowboys titled "The Boys in the Backroom" with a few lines of a poem on it; the poem is possibly a spoof poem written by Donld Friend. Poet from Israel writing in English; he was born in the United States. Born 1913. He was born in Brooklyn and has lived in Israel from 1950. He teaches at the Hebrew University, Jerusalem. The author of eight volumes of poems including The Next Room, 1995. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 108-09 (*cowboy poem), 144; biog., 238. Friendship with homoerotic undertones goes back in poetry to the Akkadian and Hittite version of * Gilgamesh, dated from before 1200 B.C. in Hittite, in which there is in the friendship of Gilgamesh and Enkidu strong homoerotic elements. Sex is more implied in the Akkadian version. *David and Jonathan in Hebrew later became celebrated exemplars of friendship. In Latin. *Nisus and Euryalus are similar exemplars (there was a philosophical discussion of them by *Cicero). The question of friends versus lovers becomes an issue in *Homer's Iliad in the relationship of *Achilles and Patroclus. See 'Friendship - Greek for discussion of this issue in Greek. Friendship with homosexual undertones can be very difficult to distinguish from friendship without homoerotic undertones (if indeed such a thing exists) in much poetry. Quite a few homosexual *anthologies revolve round the theme of male friendship. Close male friendships are a major theme in Chinese poetry and poems of almost every poet up to the modern period are relevant. See *Rewi Alley for translation. Dutch. See the separate entry. English. See the separate entry and the anthologies * Ioläus: An Anthology of Friendship, * Eros: An Anthology of Friendship] see also 'Comradeship, *Mateship. German. See 'Friendship - German and the anthologies *Die Bedeutung der Freundesliebe, * Lieblingminne und *Freundesliebe in der Weltliteratur, * Keine Zeit für gute Freunde. Latin. See *Medieval Latin Poems of Male Love and Friendship and the separate entry. French. See *Amis et Amile and Pierre de Villiers, De i'amite, 1692. *Montaigne wrote a celebrated essay on the subject. Italian. Leonardo Salviati, De dialogi d'amicizia, 1564, discusses the subject. See *Plato and *Michelangelo Buonarotti Janet Barkas, Friendship: A Selected, Annotated Bibliography, 1995 lists 635 items mainly to do with the subject in English. Robert Brain, Friends and Lovers, London, 1976 is a study, with bibliography pp. 273-78, by a now openly gay Australian man who was formerly an anthropologist. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 442-47. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage : see "Romantic Friendship". Bibliographies. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, item pp. 454-61. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 257-59. Concept in Chinese from China. From ca. 479 B.C. Strong male friendships are a major feature of Chinese poetry especially during the *T'ang, *Sung and *Ch'ing periods. They date from the *Shi Jing (dating from 479 B.C.); see also *Seven Sages. Famous friendships were a notable feature of Chinese culture especially amongst poets: *Robert Hans van Gulik lists *Hsi K'ang and *Yuan Chi; *Li Po and *Meng Hao-jan; *Po Chu-i and *Yuan Chen. *Li Bai and *Du Fu, two of the greatest *T'ang poets, are probably the most famous pair of friends. There is unquestionably a strong sublimated element of homosexuality in Chinese male poetic friendships; and sometimes it apparently is not sublimated as in Hsi K'ang and Yuan Chi. Friendship was one of the five main relationships of humans in *Confucianism. *Arthur Waley first discussed friendship in poetry with suggestions that it has a homosexual basis. Criticism. Van Gulik, Sexual LIfe in Ancient China, 91-93: states, p.92, that friendships did not include homosexual relations as a rule. Hinsch, Passions of the Cut Sleeve, 79-80. Friendship - Dutch (in Dutch Vriendschap) Concept in Dutch from the Netherlands from ca. 1870. Friendship has been an important theme in Dutch gay poetry from *Guido Gezelle (active 1870). The poet *Albert Verwey wrote a book called in Dutch: Of the love called friendship and two *anthologies, by *Hans Hafkamp and *Ron Mooser, feature the Dutch word for friendship, Vriendscap, in their title. Vriendschap was the title of the *journal of the Dutch gay group the COC, published 1949-64, and published some poems. See the article in Dutch on male friendship in Germany by *Harry Oosterhuis, "Mannenvriendschap en Homoseksualiteit in Duitsland (1750 1940)", in Homologie no. 2 (1990), 8-12 (with bibl.). Concept in English from Great Britain, the United States and Australia. From ca. 1500. Great Britain. The first poem of relevance is *Amis and Amiloun (ca. 1500 in English). *Chaucer's Pardoner (ca. 1380) should also be considered in his relationship with the Summoner (more than friendship may have been involved). Male friendship with strong homosexual connotations first appears extensively in English poetry in the *Renaissance where Latin and Greek ideas circulated. For the background see *Friendship - Latin, - Greek and see L. J. Mills, The Renaissance Development in English of the Classical Ideas about Friendship, Chicago, 1925. *Cicero's Laelius (1691) is an important late offshoot of this tradition. In the *Elizabethen period (1558-1603) see *Sir Phillip Sidney, *Edmund Spenser, *Francis Bacon. *Shakespeare in his Sonnets refers to his male lover as his *friend (e.g. "Sonnet 104"). *Hans Kleim in 1915 discussed friendship in the Shakespearean era, as does *Alan Bloom in a generalized study. *Alan Bray has written a critical study. Friendship may be a coded way of writing about homosexuality and, in a *homophobic society, homosexual feelings may take the form of friendship. This is especially important as male homosexual acts were illegal in Great Britain from the *medieval period on, at first under *Catholic church law, then from 1533, under criminal law until 1967. In the eighteenth century *Thomas Gray's friendship with *Richard West formed the basis of Gray's An Elegy Written in Country Churchyard. In the nineteenth century see R. C. Bald, Literary Friendships in the Age of *Wordsworth, 1932, regarding the strongly affectional relationships of the *Romantic poets. *Tennyson's friendship with *A. H. Hallam was a coded way of referring to feelings that can only be called homosexual; for the *Victorian period see also *Benjamin Jowett, *Matthew Arnold, *Arthur Clough. Twentieth century poets. See *Rupert Brooke, *Bloomsbury Group, John Lehmann. The first English anthology, *Edward Carpenter's * Ioläus (1902), was subtitled and even titled in some editions An Anthology of Friendship. Its title may have been inspired by *Elisar von Kupffer's prior German anthology * Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe in der Weltliteratur (Darling love and friend love in world literature). As late as 1961, another major anthology was entitled * Eros: An Anthology of Friendship. However, with the increasing openness of gay writing from the 1970s following *gay liberation, poems about friendship are less prevalent: the emphasis in this period changed to writing about sex. D. J. Enright and David Rawlinson, in The Oxford Book of Friendship, Oxford, 1991, discuss homosexuality in their introduction. Peter Washington, Friendship Poems London, 1995 is an excellent selection which includes many gay poets and poems. While friendship may have homosexual connotations, it is not necessarily so and only strong bonding relationships should be considered for underlying homoeroticism. Paul Hammond, Love between men in English literature, 1996, is a general study with chapters on the *Renaissance, *Shakespeare, The *Victorian Period (including *Tenyyson, *Whitman, *J. A. Symonds and *Wilde) and the *Modern period (*D. H. Lawrence, *E. M. Forser and *Wilfred Owen). See also *mateship and *male bonding and compare the friendship entries for other languages especially German (where the friendship tradition is as strong as in English or stronger). Janet Barkas, Friendship: A Selected, Annotated Bibliography, 1995, lists 635 items. United States. *William Penn, the founder of *Philadelphia (in 1681), later the home city of *Whitman in his old age, believed in friendship. It was a major theme in nineteenth century poetry writing: see *Fitz-Greene Halleck, *Ralph Waldo Emerson, *Herman Melville (especially his novels), *Henry David Thoreau, *R. H. Stoddard, *Bayard Taylor, *William Bliss Carman, *George Santayana and *Logan Pearsall Smith. *Whitman, perhaps the central nineteenth century poet here, used the word *comrade and even love. Twentieth century: see *Edith Ogutsch, *Daryl Hine, *Vega (pseud.), *Paul Fussell, Jim Chapson, *Thomas Stehling, *A. Puterski, *R. B. Martin, * Brother Songs, *George Whitmore. See also *Quakers, *Shakespeare, *Ioläus, *male bonding. See also the article "Romantic Friendship.. 1800-1900" by E. A. Rotundo in Journal of Social History, vol. 23 no. 1 (Fall 1989), 1-25 for the social background. Allan Bloom, Love and Friendship, 1993 is a major study of the subject from *Plato's * Symposium onwards. Andrew Sullivan, Love Undetectable, 1999, examines in its third essay "If Love Were All" friendship among gay men. Australia. In Australia, friendship in literature, in contrast frequently to Great Britain and the United States - and especially in the *eighteen-nineties - took the form of the espousal of the doctrine of *mateship which has itself been seen as a repressed form of homosexuality. Strong anti-gay laws (see *Law - English) and *censorship inhibited the open expression of physical homosexuality. See *E. J. Brady, *J. Le Gay Brereton, *R. J. Brissenden, *Victor Daley, *Henry Lawson, *Dowell O'Reilly, *Price Warung. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Hurley, Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia. Howes, Broadcasting It. Gay Histories and Cultures. Friendship - German (in German Freundschaft or Freundesliebe) Concept and word in German in Germany and Switzerland. From ca. 1170. Friendship with strong homosexual undertones has been a major theme in German poetry and literature since the *minnesingers and *Amis et Amile. It is especially a strong theme in German poetry since the eighteenth century in the work of *Gleim, *Klopstock and *Herder and was a major theme in the poetry of *Hölderlin. *J. G. Hamann wrote an early work discussing its homosexual nature. *Goethe and *Schiller seemed to embody an ideal friendship. *Wolfdietrich Rasch has studied German friendship in the eighteenth century. The sonnets of *Shakespeare and the idea of *friendship in English as perceived by German readers (see *Hans Kleim) have had a large influence in Germany on the German cult of friendship. *Wagner and *Nietzsche's friendship bordered on love (especially from Nietzsche's point of view). Most recently, *Harry Oosterhuis has concisely discussed the period 1750-1940. Homosexual implications in friendship were extensively discussed in the early twentieth century by German writers e.g. by *Placzek and *Hans Blüher. * Bibliographie Freundschaftseros (Bibliography of Friendship and Eros) was the title of the first German gay bibliography. Recently, *Elisabeth Frenzel has written a world survey in German with special attention to German writers. Freundesliebe is the German word for friendship (literally friend love): see the anthologies * Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe in der Weltliteratur and *Die Bedeutung der Freundesliebe für Fuhrer und Volk (both premised on friendship as intimately connected with homosexuality). Freundschaft is also used. *Hans Dietrirch Hellbach wrote the first detailed study in 1930; his work is really the first study of homosexuality and German poetry. See also Alexander von Gleichen-Russwurm, Uber die Freundschaft, Bern, 1961. Ars et Amicitia: Beiträge zum Thema Freundschaft in Geschichte, Kunst und LIterature, Amsterdam, 1998, is a festschrift for Martin Birchner on the theme of friendship in history, arts and literature. Thomas Karlauf, editor, Deutsche Freunde: Zwölf Doppelporträts, 1997, has essays on 12 pairs of friends. Library catalogs, e.g. at the Austrian State Library, Vienna, have yielded much of interest when checked under Freundschaft including rare dissertations. Compare *Friendship - English. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 91: see under Pyra. Concept in ancient Greek in Greece. From ca. 700 B.C. Friendship and its relation to homosexuality commences in Greek poetry with the question of whether *Achilles and Patroclus were friends or lovers. Homer's text dates from ca. 700 B.C. *Theognis frequently refers to his lover *Cyrnus as a friend. In *philosophy *Plato's dialogues Lysis and Phaedrus are discussions of the meaning of friendship and *Aristotle's Nichomachean Ethics also debates the subject. Accordingly, the strong same-sex bonding of friendship was a philosophical issue with the ancient Greeks. See A. W. Price, Love and Friendship in Plato and Aristotle, Oxford, ca. 1990, which, as Martha Nussbaum points out in reviewing this book, deals with "The topic of erotic love and the closely related topic of affectionate friendship" ( Times Literary Supplement, 16-22 February, 1990, 165). See *Archaic Period, *Aristotle, *Constantine Cavafy, *Cicero, *Eros, *George of Psidia, *J. G. Hamann, *Homer, *B. Jowett, *W. Kroll *Roger Peyrefitte, *Plato, *Socrates, *Bishop Thirwall. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, third edition, 1996; see entries "Friendship" and "Love and friendship". Concept in Latin in Italy and later France and Great Britain from 50 B.C. Unlike ancient Greek, friendship did not loom large as a theme in ancient Latin poetry, sexual feelings being directly expressed in such poets as *Martial and *Catullus (in contrast to ancient Greek poetry where such directness is rare). *Cicero's Laelius de amicitia (ca. 50 B.C.) was the first Latin work of philosophy dealing with friendship, a work which was influenced by *Plato's dialogue * Lysis. It was based on the circle of people centered on Scipio Aemilianus (see Oxford Classical Dictionary, pp. 963-64). In the *middle ages this theme was taken up in a Christian context by *Aelred of Rievaulx. The anthology * Medieval Latin Poems of Male Love and Friendship shows what a high value was placed on friendship in the middle ages: one reason being that homosexual behavior was banned by the *Catholic church, thus finding an outlet in friendship. The circle of "friends" around the English poet *Thomas Gray (who also wrote in Latin) needs close investigation. See also *Aristotle. Poet and autobiographer from the United States writing in English. Born 1960. His volume of gay poems The Healing Notebooks, Berkeley, 1990, 48 pp. (no pagination), is a Tine *sequence of nineteen poems about being anti-body positive and having *Aids when in a relationship. The poems are of 14 lines, unrhymed (compare *sonnet); a biographical note appears on the last page. Originally from Brooklyn, New York, he is also the author of the *chapbook, Night After Night. Review: see James White Review vol. 7 no. 4, p.17, by *George Klawitter. He was guest poetry editor of the James White Review vol. 8 no. 2 (Spring 1991). Body, Memoir by him is an autobiographical work. He has a Master of Fine Arts from Columbia University School of the Arts, New York. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Name of Love, 9; biog., 72. Eros in Boystown, 24; biog., 61. Poet possibly from Germany who wrote in German. Active 1924-46. A noted poem is "Der Wandervogel" (on the German Wandervogel movement - see *Hans Blüher) in Der Eigene 4/1924; it is reprinted in the 1981 reprint of * Der Eigene. He is believed to have used the pseudonym *H. F. Hendrik. The * British Library General Catalogue reveals there are three persons with the name Hans Fritz, one from Germany, one Switzerland and one Austria. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 56: poem "Eros (Was war mein Leben...)". Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10646: the same poem. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active before 1964. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 56: poem "Skat (Jüngst fehlte...)". No other details. Poet from Italy who wrote in Greek. Ca. 100?-ca. 166? Information has been taken from the Oxford Classical Dictionary entry; but the poet in Oxford Classical Dictionary may be a *homonym of this person. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 448-49: states he was a Roman orator. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Palatine Anthology xii 174, 233. Critic from South Africa writing in Afrikaans. Active 19B9. Author of Kodes van die homo-erotiek in die Afrikaanse poësie - 'n dialektiese lesing : a study of codes of the homoerotic in Afrikaans poetry. An unpublished thesis at the University of Pretoria submitted in 19B9. Cited in 'Hennie Aucamp, Wisselstroom: Homoërotiek in die Afrikaanse verhalkuns, Johannesburg, 199Q, 216. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1874-1963. Perhaps the most famous United States poet from 1913 until his death; Thomas and *Longfellow. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American re his *homophobia. he wrote in rhyme in the *Georgian style. See *Edward Literature. Criticism. Katz, Gay American History, 13, 74-76: Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1903-1836. An intimate friend of *J. H. Newman. He was a priest of the Church of England who died of consumption. Newman met him at Oriel College, *Oxford, where both were fellows. See his Remains (1837) and Private Journal and Remains, 2 volumes (1839) regarding sexual struggles suggesting repressed homosexuality. He wrote a few poems. Newman is buried in the same grave as him at Rednal, Birmingham. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionary of National Biography. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1971. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10647: Songs and Sonnets Atlantean, Sauk City, Wisconsin: Arkham, 1971. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1339: same book. Critic, historian and poet from Germany who wrote in German. Active 1903. Author of Richard Wagner und die Homosexualität, Berlin, 1903, 278 pp. This detailed study discusses homosexuality in *Richard Wagner's life and works. Chapter One discusses the literary background in the work of *Goethe and *Winckelmann. In Chapter Two homosexuality is discussed in the early operas: mental homosexuality in Erik in the opera The Flying Dutchman, and the operas Tannhauser, Lohengrin and Tristan und Isolde (the knights Tristan and Kurwenal). He sees Mark in Tristan und Isolde as a homosexual. Chapter Three discusses homosexuality in Wagner's life in relation to *King Ludwig II of Bavaria and *Nietzsche. In Chapter Four he discusses Wagner's last opera Parsifal in detail pp. 243-78. Review: Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 6 (1904), 469-73. Fuchs admitted openly to being gay before 1914 (*Manfred Herzer to the author). Book of poems: Sinnen und Lauschen, 1904, about 8 pp. Note: his first name, Hanns, is spelt correctly. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 56: author of several books including the poem König Gonlands Erlösung. Symbolische Dichtung in drei Handlungen, 1904. Herzer, Bibliographie zur Homosexualität, item 0557. Bibliographies. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, vol. 7, Part 2 (1905), 873-77: review of two books including König Gonlands Erlösung. Critic from Germany writing in German. Active 1969. Bibliographies. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, item 506: cites Die Hylasgeschichte bei Apollonios Rhodios und Theokrit, Wurzburg: Universitat, 1969, 85 pp., apparently a Ph. D. dissertation regarding the Greek myths of *Hercules and *Hylas as depicted in *Apollonius Rhodius and *Theocritus. Not sighted. Fuduli, also spelt Fudili and Fuzuli Poet from Turkey who wrote mainly in Turkish and as well in Persian and Arabic. 1494-1556. Author of a long 'mashnavi, Leyla and Majnun: this is an 'allegorical poem about the attraction of the human spirit for the divine; mystical love and 'Sufism inspire it. The Dictionary of Oriental Literatures entry states he is "the greatest lyric poet of the Turkish language" whose Divan is "the most sublime and the most passionate expression of 'mystical love in the whole of the literature". He also wrote 'Divans in Arabic and Persian. He is considered the founder of Azerbaijani poetry. Many poems are very ambiguous (Dr Chris Murphy, School of Oriental and African Studies, London, to the author). Translation. English: Layla and Majnun was translated by Sofi Huri (London, 1970). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition: see "Fuduli" (notes very little is known about his life). Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, volume 2, 937: "Fudili" (in Turkish Fuzuli). Dictionary of Oriental Literatures. Mitler, Ottoman Turkish Writers. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Anthologie de l'amour turc. Penguin Book of Turkish Verse, 79-86: poem of 'boy love. Criticism. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 7 (1905), 864. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1857-1929. Active as a novelist from 1892 and suspected of being gay. He wrote a free verse autobiography, The Bachelor, 1917, and two collections of verse: The New Flag, 1899, and Lines Long and Short, 1917. A *Chicago writer active in the journal Poetry from 1912 to 1929. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Dictionary of American Biography . Critic and poet from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1937. Author a major commentary on the poems of *Auden, W. H. Auden: A Commentary (1998), a revision of his earlier work A Reader's Guide to W. H. Auden (1970); Index of Titles and First Lines and General Index (see in this latter under *homosexuality). As a poet see in Poems and Epistles (Boston, 1973) "The Art of Love" about a world dominated by *feminism and permissiveness (which presumably includes homosexuality). He is a fellow of Magdalene College, *Oxford, where he teaches English. He has also written novels. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Contemporary Authors New Revision Series, volume 44. Poet from Australia writing in English. Born ca. 1965. An *Adelaide performance poet who has written strongly gay sexual poetry (e.g., the poem "Aiding and Abetting", 1991; a copy is in the possession of the author). In 1995 he lived in Sydney and published a *queer journal QueerZine. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Pink Ink, 198; biog., 296. Translator from Greek to English. Active before 1902. No information has been found on this author. Date taken from Eros: An Anthology of Friendship. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 47: trans. from the *Greek Anthology; 55: trans. of *Meleager. Critic and historian from the United States. Active 1975. See Chapter Eight, "Soldier Boys", in The Great War and Modern Memory, London, 1975: discussion of homoerotic bonding (meaning in this book "close male *friendship which is not sexual") in the poetry of World War I. This is a seminal discussion. He distinguishes between homosexuality and homoereroticism and states, p. 272, he uses the term homoerotic "to imply a subliminated (i.e. 'chaste') form of temporary homosexuality". This work has greatly inspired *Martin Taylor. Poet from Switzerland writing in German; he later lived in Great Britain. 1741-1825. See his Samtliche Gedichte, 1973, 123 pp. Source of information: *Prinz Eisenherz (editors), Lyrik. These are poems written in 1763 involving Johann Casper Lavater and Felix Hass. On Laveter see his entry Oxford Companion to German Literature and the index of Derks, Der Schande der heiligen Päderastie; letters between Füsseli and Lavater survive. He translated *Winckelmann into English, titled Reflections on the Painting and Sculpture of the Greeks. He spent his life from 1765 living as an artist in England and was greatly influenced by *Michelangelo as an artist. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature . Poet from Iran who wrote in Persian. Active ca. 159Q. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A'in i Akbari anthology, 674 - includes a homosexual love poem; biog., 674 - states his name is Mahmud Beg. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Active 1890. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 294: *non-gender specific poem "To W. J. M.", dated 1890. (Note: he is not entered in the index to this work.) Criticism. Smith, Love in Earnest, 236: states the poem was first printed in *The Artist and Journal of Home Culture, 1890, and identified as being possibly by *Gabriel Gillett. Anthologist of works in Latin and translator from Latin to Italian; critic in Italian; from Italy. Born 1952. He compiled and translated into Italian the Latin anthology * Il GIaio verso: poesia latina per l'altro amore; he also wrote the Introduction to this work. Critic and historian from Italy writing in Italian, translator from Arabic to Italian; historian of Persian literature writing in Italian. Born 1904. A prominent Italian Arabist. See his discussion of *Abu Nuwas in Dall mondo dell'Islam, Milan/ Naples, 1954, pp. 17-41 (written in 1953). He translated ibn Hazm and the * Arabian Nights and is also the author of a history of Arabic literature; La letteratura araba, 1967. Persian: see "Letteratura persiana" in Le civilita dell'Oriente, 2 (1957), pp. 345-94. Indigenous languages spoken in the western part of the mainland of Great Britain in Wales, to the north in Scotland and in Ireland, and in western France in Brittany. From ca. 550 with gay poetry relevance. There are two branches. There is firstly, a group consisting of Irish Gaelic sometimes called Irish (and referred to in this encyclopedia as Irish), Scots Gaelic (spoken in Scotland and called Scots Gaelic to differentiate it from the close Irish Gaelic or Irish) and Manx (related to Irish and now a dead language). In this Encyclopedia Scots Gaelic is called Gaelic and Irish Gaelic is called Irish. The second group consists of Breton (spoken in Brittany in western France), Cornish (spoken in Cornwall in southwest England) and Welsh (spoken in Wales). Poet from Indian who wrote in Oriya; translator from Sanskrit to Oriya. Active 1800. An Orissan saint who was a poet and who claimed to menstruate and had women attendants; he translated the * Bhagavad Gita from Sanskrit to Oriya. He was a proponent of *Vaisnavism (Dr Boulton, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, to the author 1987.) Poem from Indonesia in Balinese. Ca. 1880. In the poem Gaguritan Brayut, known from manuscripts dating from the late nineteenth century, a woman lying on the man's back supposedly has sexual intercourse with him by "penetrating" him (this parodies normal heterosexual intercourse and suggests homosexual anal sex). The poem is a sung *ballad of about 150 verses known in manuscript from the late nineteenth century but in oral form earlier in date. The earliest manuscripts are in Leiden University Library, collected by Van der Tuuk. Information from Professor Peter Wolseley, University of Sydney. On male homosexualty in Bali see Michael Covarrubias, Island of Bali (1936; repr. 1973), pp. 144-45: "In general the idea of homosexuality is inconsequential to the Balinese"; bentji are men who dress as women and take women's roles (source: *Human Relations Area Files). Translator from Greek to French and Latin from France. 1755-1829. Editor of an edition of *Anacreon, published in 1801, and translator of him into French. He also translated *Theocritus, whom he translated into both French (Idylles de Theocrite, 1792) and Latin (1792). Gaio verso: poesia latina per l'altro amore, Il Anthology in Latin with translations into Italian compiled and translated by *Miro Gabriele. Ocata: Giano, 1992, 78 pages. Poets: *Catullus, *Tibullus, *Virgil, *Horace, *Martial. Not sighted. Copy: *New York Public Library. The title means: "Gay verse: poetry for the other love." Anthologist from Germany of works in German; also a critic and poet writing in German. Born 1945. He compiled the anthology * Milchsilber and wrote the Introduction to * Schreibende Schwule. He lives in *Berlin and is involved in various political groups. Gay Poetry Anthologies. *Maldoror im blauen Mond. Milchsilber 48; biog., 188, photo 189. Schreibende Schwule. Poet and anthologist from Australia writing in English. Born 1948. The title poem of his chapbook Making Do, 1982, set in Sydney, is a major gay *long poem with a *camp style influenced stylistically by the *New York School, especially *Frank O'Hara, and celebrating gay life in *Sydney in the early 1980s; a shortened version was published in These Tattoos, 1990. The book was the second openly gay male book of poems published in *Sydney (see *David Widdup for the first Sydney book and compare Javant Biarujia who published the first gay book of poems in Melbourne, also in 1982). The man in the poem, "Tony" was the Sydney gay activist Bruce Grant. The imprint of Making Do refers to a famous Sydney backroom *bikie club and *meeting place, Club 80. The poem was partly inspired by James Schuyler's The Morning of the Poem (information from the author) He is also the editor of *Love and Death, 1987, the first gay *Aids anthology; it has a drawing by Jean Cocteau on the cover. He was a journalist for gay papers and was literary editor for the Sydney gay paper The Star Observer, ca.1983, where he published pages of poems called Word Disco. Woof, "by Spit of Sydney", February 1988, 2 pages, is a *satire on gay life in Oxford St, Sydney (it is written in prose paragraphs); it features a black cover with yellow bones. These Tattoos, Sydney: BlackWattle Press, 1990, 33 pages, is a selection of his poems and dramatic pieces. (See the review listed in Hurley, Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia, under the entry These Tattoos.) His poetry is in the style of *modernism. He was at one stage married and has a daughter. He lives in the Blue Mountains to the west of Sydney where he has created a beautiful garden. Books: International Stardom, 1977; Country, Country, Island Press, 1979,46 pp. (biog. note p.46); Making Do, Sydney, Club 80 Press, 1982; These Tattoos, Sydney, BlackWattle Press, 1990. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Hurley, Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Edge City, 98105; biog., 222. Love and Death, 31; biog., 52. Pink Ink, 194-95; biog., 297. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1955. One of three authors of a *chapbook titled Carnal Ignorance, London: *Oscars Press, 1987 (with *David Melville and *Andy Archibald): see his poems on pp. 34-47; biog., p. 34. He was born in *London and in 1981 a collection of poems, Prosaic Poem Redeemed by Rhyme, was published. The poems in Carnal Ignorance are *prose poems. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Take Any Train, 24-25; biog., 62. Language of water, 23-24; biog., 78. Song in Latin from France. Ca. 100. The text of this poems is quoted in Forberg, Manual of Classical Erotology, volume 1, pp. 146-47. It is a bawdy poem said to have been sung by the soldiers of Julius Caesar when he conquered the Gauls (the ancient French) between 58 B.C. and 50 B.C. The poem suggests he was homosexual and the lover of Nicomedes. The full text is: "Gallias Caesar subegit, Nicomedes Caesarem./ Ecce Caesar nunc triumphat, qui subegit Gallias,/ Nicomedes non triumphat, qui subegit Caesarem." (Caesar has subdued the Gauls, and Nicomedes Caesar: this day Caesar is triumphant for having subdued the Gauls and Nicomedes, who subdued Caesar, has no triumph.) The poem can be dated from the writing of *Suetonius's Lives of the Caesars where it appears in Chapter 49. See the *F. K. Forberg entry for translation into other languages. Another poetic source exists on Caesar linking him with homosexuality: see the *Suetonius entry. Historian and editor from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1866-1947. An *eighteen-nineties poet in the *Beardsley circle. As his English Poems (1892) shows, he was apprently heterosexual. Author of The Romantic Nineties (1926) one of the earliest studies of the *eighteen nineties; with index pp. 203-07. He edited the poems of *Arthur Hallam. See The quest of the golden boy the life and letters of Richard Le Gallienn e, edited by Richard Whittington-Egan & Geoffrey Smerdon (London : Unicorn Press, 1960): some entries show he was gay Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Possible lover from Great Britain; he lived for some time in Australia. 1852-1921. Apparently the lover of *Lionel Johnson. He had an intimate homosexual relationship with Lionel Johnson while at Oxford, 1886-90, where he moved in aesthetic circles: see Verna Coleman, The Last Exquisite: A Portrait of Frederic Manning, Melbourne, 1989, pp. 17-23. In Australia he was secretary to the Governor of New South Wales and he took back to England the Anglo-Australian poet and novelist *Frederick Manning, then aged 15, with whom he lived until 1921. Converting to Catholicism from Anglicanism in 1874, he became a priest but then reconverted back to Anglicanism in 1898. He was admitted to the Anglican priesthood on the strength of his Catholic ordination. There is no evidence that his relationship with Manning was a sexual one and the exact nature of the relationship may never be known; however, it was one of intimate friendship and seems likely to have been physically homosexual, even if the final proof is lacking. Compare the relationship of John Gray and *Andre Raffalovich. He is said to have had "repressed homosexual tendencies" by Verna Coleman (op. cit., p. 37) but these were apparently not repressed in his relationship with Lionel Johnson. He contributed to the * Century Guild journal which had significant gay content. See *J. A. Symonds, Letters, 1969, edited by *Robert Peters, vol. 3, pp. 460-62, May 1890 (showing intimate acquaintance) and pp. 50607, October 1890 (re homosexuality). Translator from Italy from Italian to English. Active 1881. The first translator of the English poet *Whitman into Italian (published in1881; repr. 1885). His Foglie di erba (Leaves of Grass), Milan, 1907, is believed to be a complete translation of the poems, one of the first complete translations in a European language. Figure from myth in Greek from Greece from 700 B.C. and later trope in Greek, Latin, Italian, French, German and Dutch. Ganymede was a youth who was abducted for sexual purposes (in other versions *raped, that is, anally penetrated) by the chief Greek god Zeus (in Latin: Jupiter). This incident comes to refer to homosexual *anal sex in later art and literature. Greek. Ganymede is first referred to in Homer's *lliad xx, 230-35 and a fragment of *Lesches and later in *Aeschylus' play The Myrmidons, to which *Phaedrus refers in *Plato's * Symposium, section 180; see also *Euripides. In the * Theognidea, *Evenus cites the love of Ganymede by *Zeus as an exemplar of gay love. *Theocritus's "Idyll 20", lines 41-42, refers. The * Mousa Paidike also has many references (e.g. Palatine Anthology xii 65, 69, 133, 220, 230) and *Eubulus wrote a lost play mentioning Ganymede; see also *Songs - Greek. Graves, Greek Myths, volume 1, 115-18; states on p.117: "The Zeus-Ganymede myth gained immense popularity in Greece and Rome because it afforded religious justification for a grown man's passionate love for a boy." Compare *Chrysippus, another youth who was also abducted. Latin. Classical period. The Oxford Latin Dictionary, 754, "Ganymedes", cites *Virgil's Aeneid v, 250-57, *Ovid's Metamorphoses x, 155-61, *Martial vii 50:4, viii 39:4, ix 16:6, ix 73:6; see also * Priapeia, *Martial (extensive reference). For *medieval Latin see *Anthologia Latina, *"Post aquile raptus", *Hilary the Englishman, * Christianity, Social Tolerance, *Berchorius, *Alciati. *Herelle MS 3405 cites Bonsdorff, Dissertatio de Ganymede.., Avoae, 1815, which is apparently a thesis on Ganymede. For Greek and Latin see also *Christine Downing. Artistic depiction. The rape of Ganymede was a subject frequently depicted in Greek and Roman art; see * Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae, vol. 4, part 4, 154-70 and the plates (the richest published source of ancient depictions of Ganymede). For ancient Greek and Roman art see also Helmut Sichtermann, Ganymed, Berlin, 1953 (listing 422 representations in ancient art) and, from the medieval period on, *Gerda Kempter, Ganymed, Bonn, 1980 (listing 18 medieval manuscripts, pp. 178-81 and 248 illustrations in art from the mediaeval period on, pp. 181-206). For *Renaissance painting and sculpture see James R. Saslow, Ganymede in the Renaissance, New York and London, 1986. Ganymede sometimes appears as the *Cupbearer at *symposiums in art. Literary sources are discussed in Saslow, Ganymede in the Renaissance, 3-7 and 203-04. Further French reference: there was a Ganymede Club de Paris (see index to Pia, Les livres de l'enfer). Dutch: see *Willem de Mérode (pseud.). English. Poets and entries using the Ganymede trope include *Arthur Golding, *Richard Barnfield, *Geoffrey Chaucer, *Abraham Cowley, * Ganymede: A Journal of Poetics, *J. H. Hallard, *Gwen Harwood, *Thomas Heywood, *Brian Hill, *"Lost Lines from the Prologue...", *John Davis, *F. L. Lucas, *A. Newman (pseud.), *Thomas Meyer, *Roden Noel, *Charles Osborne, *Eric Stenbock, *N. P. Willis, *Jill Jones. The word in the Renaissance was widely used in English and could mean "favorite, lover"; check * English Poetry Full Text for further listings. See also Woods, Articulate Flesh: Male Homo-eroticism and Modern Poetry, 23-28. French: see *Ovid Moralisé (see reference above), *Du Bellay, *Berthelot, *La Fontaine, 'Frederick the Great, *Verlaine. Courouve, Vocabulaire de l'homosexualité masculine, 113-17, discusses the word and trope. German: see *Goethe, *Hölderlin, *Karl Wilhelm Geissler. Italian: see *Dante, *Machiavelli, *Ariosto, *Umberto Saba. Regarding the later *medieval period, James Hall, Dictionary of Subjects and Symbols in Art, 1974, comments (p.135): "The medieval Moralized Ovid [the French poem *Ovid Moralisé] made Ganymede a préfiguration of John the Evangelist, the eagle representing *Christ. Renaissance humanists turned the theme into an allegory of the progress of the human soul towards God." For a discussion of the trope of Ganymede in literature and art in the *Renaissance see Leonard Barkan, Transforming Passions Ganymede and the Erotics of *Humanism, Stanford, 1991. See further Annette Kruszynski, Der Ganymed-Mythos in Emblematik und mythographischer Literatur des 16. Jahrhunderts, 1991, a study of Ganymede in 16th century literature and art. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 454-55. Howes, Broadcasting It. Dictionnaire Gay. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, item 1596. Gay Poetry Anthologies. loläus (1902), 83 (*Theocritus "Idyll 12"). Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 23-26. L'amour bleu, 45. Criticism. Symonds, A Problem in Greek Ethics, 4. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 463. Ganymede: A Journal of Gay Poetics Journal in English, German and Spanish from Australia. Published 1980-ca. 1981. The first journal in Australia devoted mainly to gay poetry. Three issues are known: one was orange (32 pp.), one blue (32 pp.), and the third (combining issues 3 and 4) brown (32 pp.). Some material is dated 1980. See the *Ganymede entry for the title's significance. Edited by *George Daniel, it contained poetry as well as criticism and was multicultural, containing poems in English, German and Spanish, and printing poems - with English translations - by *Goethe, *Luis Cernuda, *Federico García Lorca, *Nikos Spanias and criticism on *Cavafy. Australian poets included *George Daniel, Joseph Chetcuti. Other English poets published: *Ivor C. Treby, *Harold Norse. This was one of the most ambitious gay journals conceived to date in Australia. Compare * Cargo. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Hurley, Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia. Historian and bibliographer from the United States writing in English. Born 1954. Author of "Tain't Nobody's Bizness", * The Advocate no. 342, May 13 1982, 39-43 and 53, on the New York Negro and *black ghetto *Harlem (includes discussion of *Richard Bruce). He has compiled a bibliography on Harlem: Homosexuality in Harlem in the 1920s: A Bibliography, 1982, 6 pages. (Copy provided from the *Labadie Library.) He was associated with the San Francisco Lesbian and Gay History Project in 1982. He was the first person to draw attention to the homosexuality of poets like *Langston Hughes and *Countee Cullen. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Duberman, Hidden from History, 318-31: article on gay Harlem. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 141-47: "T'ain't Nobody's Bizness" (article on Harlem revised from its first appearance in The Advocate). Black Men/ White Men, 7-16: same article Editor from Spain of works in Greek. Active 1986. Bibliographies. Cuaderno bibliográfico gay, 14: Antología de la poesía lírica griega (Anthology of Greek Lyric Poetry), Madrid: Alianza Editorial, 1986. Translator from Arabic to Spanish from Spain; critic, historian and anthologist in Spanish and editor of works in Arabic. Born 1905. A scholar of *Muslim Spain whose work has done much to make Arabic homopoetry available in Spanish. He wrote a long criticial essay on the gay anthology * Dar al-Tiraz. Spanish translations from Arabic. He compiled the collection Poemas arabigoandaluces, Madrid, 1930 (enlarged 1940) which included homosexual poems and was used as the basis for the English gay anthology * In Praise of Boys (1975). (The Spanish poems in this book were translated from an Arabic manuscript compiled by *Ibn Sa'id.) Poemas arabigoandaluces was translated partially by H. Morland, as Arabic Andalusian Cacidas, London, 1949. He translated into Spanish *Ibn Sa'id with the work being titled El Libro de los Banderas (1942) and *Ibn Hazm - titled El collar de la paloma (1952) - and edited and translated El Mejor Ben Quzman, Madrid, Alianza Editorial, 1981 (edition and translation of *Ibn Kuzman). Cinco poetas musulmanes (Five Muslim poets), 1944, includes *Ibn Kuzman (Ibn Zamrak may be relevant). In Arabic he is the editor of an edition of *1 bn Kuzman: Todo Ben Quzman, 3 volumes, Madrid, 1972. He also wrote a history of *Iberian Arabic poetry titled Poesía arabigoandaluza (1952) and has written two works on the *kharjas, Las jarchas mozarabes (1957), and Las jarchas romances, (1966). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Spanish Literature. *Norman Roth, " 'Deal Gently with the Young Man': Love of Boys in Medieval Hebrew Poetry of Spain", Speculum 57 (1982), 28. Anthologist, critic and historian from the Philippines of works in Tagalog; poet in English. Active 1992. He compiled the gay anthology * Ladlad and is also a poet who has published gay poems: Closet Quivers, Kalikasan Press, 1992 (reprinted in 1992) and Our Lady of the Carnival, 1996. He wrote a thesis, Philippine Gay Culture: the Last Thirty Years and Early Gay Writers, submitted at the University of the Philippines in Diliman, Quezon City; this was published with the title Philippine Gay Culture: the Last Thirty Years: binabae to bakla, silahis to MSM in 1996 by the University of Philippines Press in Diliman, Quezon City, 418 pages; it includes a bibliography. Closet Queries, 1997, collects his columns in a Philippine evening newspaper. Slip/pages: essays in Philippine gay criticism (19911996) was published in Manilla by De La Salle University Press, 1998 and is a series of essays on gay themes. Poet from Spain who wrote in Spanish and Galician. 1898-1936. Federico García Lorca is the best known Spanish gay poet of the twentieth century. He was murdered by the *Fascists, increasing interest in his work since he immediately became a martyr (see *Ian Gibson regarding the complex events surrounding his murder). Before his death he visited Argentina and had a huge reputation there. The major dramatist of Spain at the time of his death, García Lorca wrote poetry in the *ballad, *sonnet and *elegy genres and identified with Gypsies and Negroes. The sequence "Poet in *New York" (written 1929-30) is a crucial gay work showing the influence of *Whitman, as also is the homoerotic elegy for the Spanish bull-fighter Mejias, "Llanto for Ignacio Sanchez Mejias" (published first in Mexico in 1935). "La cancion del marquita" (The song of the little *queen) is a gay poem. "Sonnets to a Dark Love", a *surrealist sequence of love sonnets, caused a sensation when published surreptitiously in Spain in 1983. Other poems of relevance: "Adam", "Bacol", "Ode to *Dali", "Ode to Walt Whitman" (on this work see also the entry in Howes, Broadcasting It), "Shore of 1919" (see p. 329 of Ian Gibson's biography referred to below), "Soneto Gongorino" (Gibson's biography p. 419), and *"Verlaine". Poems have been set to music e. g., by George Crumb. Lovers and addressees. Little is known directly of his love life. Lovers apparently included *Rafael Rodríguez Rapún and the sculptor Emilio Aladrén, (ca. 1905-1944; Ian Gibson's biography, Federico García Lorca, 1989, p. xxi and pp. 209-12, states *Lorca fell in love with him; his full name is Emilio Aladren Perojo). With *Salvador Dali a relationship was apparently unconsummated, though certainly erotically charged on Lorca's side; a correspondence took place between them and setters have been published. An interesting photograph of the two with Dalí standing behind Lorca in a suggestive manner with his hands on Lorca's hips exists (published in Times Literary Supplement, 7 August, 1998, 10). Text. A complete works has been published: Obras completas, edited by Miguel Garcia-Posada, Barcelona, 1996. His letters have also been published: Epistolario complete, volume 1, 1910-26 edited by Christopher Maurer, and volume 2, edited by Andrew A. Anderson, Madrid, 1997. In Galician, (spoken in north western Spain) he published Seis Poemas Galegos (Six Galician poems), Compostela, 1935. Biography. The biography by *lan Gibson is a major work revealing much that was previously unknown (it contains an important bibliography). García Lorca was outed by inference in the press in 1932, a fact which may have contributed to his death: see Gibson's biography, English translation, p. 333. Lorca: A dream of life, by Leslie Stainton (a woman), 1999 does not add anything to Gibson's life (reviewed in Gay Times, March 1999, 71, by *Neil Powell; Times Literary Supplement, 12 march 1999, 7). Manuscripts are believed still held by his family. Criticism: see *Paul Binding, *David Herkt, *Daniel Eisenberg, *C. M. Bowra. A large volume of criticism exists: see his *British Library General Catalogue entry. Translation. Lorca's poems mostly deal with homosexuality only in a coded way due to the circumstances of the time. Major large selections only of translations are included here. English. *Stephen Spender and J. L. Gili (1939 - selection), Rolf Humphries (1940 - selection), Angel del Rio (1955 - selection), J. L. Gili (Penguin, 1960), *S. Fredman (before 1977), *Greg Simon and *Steven F. White, The Poetical Works of Federico García Lorca, Volume 1, Poet in New York (New York, 1988), Merryn Williams (1992 - excellent selection). French: Albert Henry (1958), Belamich (1981, including poems not included in Spanish editions, and including the Sonnets of Obscure Love)] German: Enrique Beck (1963; 1972 - Die dramatischen Dichtungen - see Bibliographies below), Rudolf Wittkopf and Lothar Klünner (1990, Diwan des Tamarit - see Bibliographies below); Greek: *Odysseus Elytis. Hungarian: *Laszlo Nagy (before 1978). Portuguese. Poems were translated by *Walmir Ayala. Russian: 1958 and 1960 (430 pp.): see * British Library General Catalogue. The Sonnets of Obscure Love. The Sonnets of Obscure Love were first published in French translation in 1981 and in Spanish only in 1983; for discussion of their translation see *Daniel Eisenberg's article on the sonnets in Bulletin of Hispanic Studies, 65 (1988), 268, which lists translation into English by *Charley Shively (in Fag Rag no. 41, 3), Scott Tucker in his review of *Paul Binding, Lorca: The Gay Imagination, in The Advocate no. 447, 27 March 1986, 59-60, and an unpublished translation by Jack Walsh. A translation was made into French in 1981 in Belamich's translation above and into Italian, trans. not known, Sonnetti del'amore oscuro e altre poesie, Garzanti, Milan, 1985. The *British Library General Catalogue was checked; for translations of individual works see the British Library General Catalogue entry. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Spanish Literature. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 743-45. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10822-23: "Fable and rack of the three friends" trans. by Stephen Fredman in Gay Sunshine 23:7, November/December 1974 and "Ode to Walt Whitman" in The Poet in New York, New York: Norton, 1940. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2388: "Ode to Walt Whitman" in The Poet in New York, New York: Norton, 1940 Cuaderno bibliográfico gay, 13: Obras completas, Madrid: Aguilar, 1986 and Poeta en Nueva York, Barcelona: Lumen, 1976. *Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen, items 299 and 301: Die dramatischen Dichtungen(trans. Enrique Beck), Frankfurt: Insel, 1972, and Diwan des Tamarit (trans. Rudolf Wittkopf and Lothar Klünner), Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 1990. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Orgasms of Light, 124-25: trans. Stephen Fredman; biog., 256. L'amour bleu, 249-50. Les Amours masculines, 521: this states permission was refused to print Sonnets of Obscure Love. Digte om m&nds k&rlighed til m&nd. Fra mann til mann, 37-42. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 308-12: "Ode to Walt Whitman". Drobci stekla v ustih, 53-55. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 338-47: trans. of "Ode to Walt Whitman" and Sonnets of Obscure Love; 329-330. "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen", 118-19. Pour tout l'amour des hommes, 226-28. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 482-85: trans. of Sonnets of Dark Love by David William Foster. A Day for a Lay, 29-33. Criticism. Arcadie no. 182 (February 1969), 93-98: article by Antoine d'Arc continued in no. 183, 145-53 and no. 184, 192-99. Gay Books Bulletin no. 12 (Spring 1985). 8: "Suppressed Poetry" by *Daniel Eisenberg. Woods, History of Gay Literature, 267-68. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1968. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1352: book Mr Menu, San Francisco: Kayak, 1968. Poet from Spain writing in Spanish. 1503-1536. Spanish historian who wrote a history of Peru covering the period both before and after the Spanish conquest. He was born in Peru of a Spanish father and Peruvian mother and died in Spain. Influenced by *Petrarchism. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Oxford Companion to Spanish Literature. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 107: cites poem "An Juan Boscan" [no other details]. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 93-95: the same poem trans. into German by *Friedrich Wilhelm Hoffman. Editor of works in Persian and translator from Persian to French; historian in French. 1794-1878. A famous *French orientalist. Persian. He translated *Attar into French (1857) as well as editing the text; he also translated *Sa'di (1859) into French. Hindi and Urdu. He compiled a history of Hindi literature (1839) which also covers Urdu. Biography: see his entry in M. Prevost, editor, Dictionaire de biographie, Paris, 1982, vol 15. Poet from Spain writing in Spanish. Active before 1978. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poemes Gais, 11-14. Spanish poet; also trans. into Catalan in Poemes Gais. Pseudonym of an historian from the United States who wrote in English. Active 1964. Pseudonym of *Edgar Leonie. The pseudonym is an anagram. Garden trope Arabic. Comparison of the male beloved's face to a garden is common in Arabic. See *AI-Taliq (active 1000), *Ben Aisa, *Abu Ali al-Husayn al-Nassar. English. *Marvell's poem "The Garden" is a *non gender specific love poem; see also *Paul Knobel. The *pastoral convention includes garden references in an erotic context. Singer from the United States of songs in English. 1922-1969. A United States popular singer whose songs (such as "Somewhere over the rainbow") were popular with homosexuals. The phrase "friends of Dorothy" meaning homosexuals comes from the film she starred in The Wizard of Oz (1939). She suffered repeated nervous and emotional breakdowns. Her daughter *Liza Minelli married *Peter Allen. Judy Garland apparently committed suicide by an overdose of sleeping pills. Compare *Edith Piaf. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music; includes bibliography. Anthology in Greek possibly from Lebanon. Ca. 80 B.C. The *Palatine Anthology iv: 1 lists forty-seven poets (thirty-three being *Alexandrian poets) in this - now lost - work. The list includes the following twenty-six poets who have entries in this encyclopedia: Alcaeus, Anacreon, Antipater, Aratus, Antiphilus, Archilochus, Asclepiades, Automedon, Bacchylides, Callimachus, Damagetus, Dioscorides, Diotimus, Evenus, Leonidas, Meleager, Mnasalces, Phanias, Plato, Posidippus, Rhianus, Sappho, Simonides, Tullius, Zonas. Meleager, who came from Lebanon, was apparently *bisexual and because of the fact that the above poets wrote homopoems this anthology has claims to be the first homosexual anthology of poets whose names are known (but not the first anthology: see the *Theognis and * Anacreontea entries). In the Proem of Palatine Anthology iv 1, lines 3-4, Meleager says that he compiled it for *Diocles: "to give as a keepsake to glorious Diocles". The place of compilation of the anthology is not known; it could have been Greece or Egypt. A discussion of the anthology is in *A. S. F. Gow and *D. L. Page, The Greek Anthology: Hellenistic Epigrams, Cambridge, 1965, volume 1, pp. xiv-xxiii. As they note, "the belief once held that he [Meleager] was the first anthologist is no longer tenable. Papyrus scraps of anthologies of sufficiently early date make it plain that he had predecessors..." (page xvi). Gow and Page have attempted in this work to reconstruct the anthology. (In the quoted comment they apparently discount Book Two of Theognis and the Anacreontea as anthologies as well as Greek songs books - on which see * Skolia.) In Greek the title was Stephanos [i.e. garland] of Meleager. Anthology in Greek from Greece. Ca. 40. An anthology of poets "like that of *Meleager" (Palatine Anthology iv 2 line 4) and therefore probably with a strong homosexual content: see *Garland of Meleager. It has been commonly accepted that the anthology began where Meleager's left off. It was compiled by *Philip of Thessalonika. The prologue survives in Palatine Anthology iv 2. Although this does not state that Philip compiled the work it lists thirteen poets. The following poets are in this encyclopedia (see entries): Antipater, Antiphilus, Automedon, Evenus, Tullius (if Tullius Laureus is meant), Zonas. *A. S. F. Gow and *D. L. Page in The Greek Anthology: The Garland of Philip, Cambridge, 1968, have tried to reconstruct the anthology; they give the date limits of the poets as 100 B.C.-40 A.D. (pp. xlv-xvix). Poet from Canada writing in English. Active 1978-died ca. 1997. Interview: Body Politic 67 (October 1980), 27-28 (with photos); states he sells his own books on street corners in *Toronto and has a son. He published four books including Dirty Laundry (Toronto: Huron Path Press, 1978). Information on his death from *Ian Young. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 1358-61: Pretend you're Still Alive, 1981, Running Sore, 1980, Running Sore, 1980, Yukon Violation, 1979, all published *Toronto: Huron Path Press. Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (1984), 138: same books; notes, in Yukon Violation, "see 'Freedom Organism' p. 7 and 'Yukon Picture' p. 17". Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1717-1779. See Works, 2 volumes, 1785, volume 1, pp. 21-34 for the text of a relevant poem, The Fribbleriad. This poem is a *satire of which it is perhaps more correct to say that the character Fitzpatrick is *effeminate rather than homosexual. Garrick was libelled as a homosexual by *William Kenrick in the poem *Love in the Suds. He was the most famous British *actor of his time who married (but had no children); he was also a dramatist. Kenrick's *libel it seems was more an attempt to get money than an expression of the truth (see the entry for Love in the Suds). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionary of National Biography. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10648: Fribbleriad in Poetical Works, London: George Kearsley, 1785 - states the poem is a "Satirical takeoff on Thad. Fitzpatrick, an alleged homosexual." Criticism. Karlen, Sexuality and Homosexuality, 143-44: stating The Fribbleriad was provoked by a quarrel with Fribble in 1761. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1661-ca. 1718. It is implied that he was homosexual in The *He-Strumpets (1710). A minor poet, he was a physician and member of the Kit Kat Club with Joseph Addison. For his collected poems and life see *Samuel Johnson, Lives of the Poets, 1779-81, volume 20. He married. He was most famed for his poem "The Dispensary" first published in 1699, a mock heroic poem about a battle between physicians and chemists. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Editor of works in Greek and translator from Greek to Italian; critic in Italian. Active 1958. Editor of the text and translator into Italian of the Greek poet *Theognis: Teognide, Elegie, Libri I-II, Florence, 1958; it also includes a commentary. He is an editor of Greek texts. Poem in English from the United States. Before 1993. This four word rhyming *bawdry *one line poem is a sign frequently seen in United States trucks on stickers pasted on the interior of the truck and is aimed at hitch hikers. The sign implies the hitchhilker must provide one of the three for a free ride; "gas" referring to petrol, "grass" to marijuana and "ass" to *anal sex. The poem may date to at least 1970. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Ca. 1525-1577. See the poems "The constancy of a lover" (*non gender specific) and "Gascoigne's Woodmanship" (inspired by his close friendship with his patron Lord Grey de Wilton) - which have possible sexual puns on "shoot" and "deer" (compare "dear") - and "Gascoigne's De Profundis"; see also "The hare, to the Hunter" from The Noble Art of Venerie, 1575. He married "to retrieve his fortunes" (Dictionary of National Biography entry p. 915). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography. Poet from Great Britain writing in English and diarist in French and English. Born 1916. A *surrealist poet, he wrote A Short Survey of Surrealism, 1935. In Collected Poems, London and New York, 1988, see "Venus *Androgyne" pp. 102-03, "The Plummet Heart: In Memory of *Hart Crane" p. 105 and *"Eros Absconditus" p. 149 (a brilliant poem in defence of gay love). Not all his published poems are included in the Collected Poems. His first book Roman Balcony, 1932, published when he was sixteen, shows the influence of the *aesthetic movement. Interview: see *Gay News no, 155, p. 29 - states he is married (it is believed his wife was a nurse whom he met during an extended period in a hospital). His Paris Journal 1937-39, London, 1978, pp. 41-43, describes a homosexual love affair with a handsome Dane; part is written in French. The review in Gay News, no. 149 (1978), p. 26 by *Timothy d'Arch Smith states it records several affairs with men. He was quite clearly homosexual during the period of the diary. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Howes, Broadcasting It. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1367: Collected Poems, London: Oxford University Press, 1965. Criticism. Perkins, History of Modern Poetry, volume 2, 179-82. Poet from Canada writing in English. Active 1972. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 1370-71: I Was A Poet for the Mafia, Toronto: Missing Link Press, 1974 and The Somniloquist, Fredericton, New Brunswisk: Fiddlehead, 1972. Homosexuality in Canada, first edition (1979), 9-10: with a note "See only the poem 'The Pickup'" in The Somniloquist, Fredericton, New Brunswick: Fiddlehead Poetry Books, 1972; states "The Pickup" appears in several other books by the poet in modified form. Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (1984), 138: same reference. Poet from Great Britain writing in English; translator from Latin to English. Born 1902. In The White Horse, Privately printed, 1931, 50 copies only, see the following works "Narcissus" pp. 2-3, "The Young Men" p. 9, "Valediction Before Parting" p. 23 and "The Lover" p. 10 (*non gender specific) Rare. Copy used: University of Sydney. He translated the Latin poet *Catullus in 1934. He also wrote a reminiscence of his friendship with *Logan Pearsall Smith, Story of a Friendship, 1950. The *British Library General Catalogue reveals he published several small volumes of poems on a *private press, Mill House Press. Anthologist, bibliographer, critic and historian from Norway writing in Norwegian. Born 1949. He compiled the first gay poetry anthology in Norwegian, which consists of translations from several languages into Norwegian: ' Fra mann til mann: Dikt om menns kj&rleik til menn (1986). He has also compiled a literary bibliography of homosexual themes in Norwegian literature: Skeive skrifter: bibliografi over homofile teme i norsk literatur (Oslo: Biblioteksentralen, 1995), 65 pp. (rare: a copy is in the 'New York Public Library). The bibliography is divided into fiction (this includes poetry) and non-fiction sections; there are some poets and an index at the end. The title " Skeive skrifter" means "bent writings". Not seen; information from the author. He is the author of Mellom linjene: homofile tema i norsk litteratur, Olso: aschehoug, 1990, 303 pages (bibliography pp. 286-87). Mellom linjene is a study of homosexual themes in Norwegian literature of the twentieth century (including poets); see pp. 258-60 for discussion of poetry from 1970 to 1990 including songs on LPs (long playing records) - poets cited for this period are 'Sigmund Skard, 'Ole Fredrik Einarsen, 'Nils, Yttris, 'Harvard Rems, 'Edvard Ruud and 'Erik Fosnes Hansen. These two works are the outstanding studies of homosexuality and Norwegian poetry to date. He has published works on theater including Antonin Artaud and lives in Bergen where he is an academic librarian in the University Library. Poet from Germany who wrote in German. Born 1886. Active 1918-1924. Not in Oxford Companion to German Literature. He wrote a novel. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 57: lists the poems "An einem Feuer", "Der Fähnrich", "In meinem Garten", "Knaben", "Wandergefährte"; no source given; also lists other works. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, items 10649-52: cites the preceding poems without any other details. Poet from France writing in French in 1893. 1848-1903. Gauguin was a French post-Impressionist painter who died in Tahiti. Tahiti, a Polynesian island in the central Pacific, is and was a part of French Polynesia and is still part of France. Robert Eiesnman, Gauguin's Skirt, 1999, discusses homosexuality and Gauguin. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amour bleu, 198-99: a prose piece "Noa Noa" writtten in Tahiti in 1893, in which the famous French painter is overwhelmed by the beauty of a man; it includes a short poem. Poet from France who wrote in French. Ca. 1180-1236. See Allen Edwardes, Erotica Judaica, 1967, pp. 179-81: a poem about Jews ascribing homosexuality to them. A poem of his in French appears in a book by Paolo Mantegazza (cited in *Asdrubal de Aguiar's article "Crimes e delitos sexuais em Portugal na Epoca das Ordenagoes (Sexualidade anormal)", Archivo de medicina legal, vol. 3 [1930], 461). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Criticism. *Gerald Herman, "The 'Sin Against Nature' and its Echoes In Medieval French Literature", Annuale Mediaevale 17 (1976), 77. Poet from France who wrote in French. Born 1200. He was a monk. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Criticism. *Monica McAlpine, "The Pardoner's Homosexuality and How it Matters", PMLA: Publications of the Modern Language Association 95 (1980), 12: cites lines from his fabliau "La Veuve" referring to homosex (with English trans. by Robert Harrison from Gallic Salt: Eighteen Fabliaux, 1974, 366-69). Poet from France who wrote in French. 1811-1872. The founder of the movement *Art for art's sake. A writer mainly of novels and famous for his love of the female dancer Carlotta Grisi. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Les Amours masculines, 221-23: the poem "Contralto". Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 416-17; biog., 387-88. Pour tout l'amour des hommes, 133: poem "Contralto". Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1982. *Washington DC gay poet: see The Advocate 13 May, 1982, 22. If any books were published, none have been located. Word in English in the United States and other countries and now many other languages. From ca. 1920. The word, meaning homosexual, dates from ca. 1920 and is first believed to have been used to mean homosexual by Gertrude Stein. It was used by gays in the United States from the 1930s but only has widespread currency from ca. 1970 when it displaced homosexual as the most widespread word to mean homosexuality (*camp was used meaning homosexual in the 1960s in Australia). Gay was promoted by *gay liberationists to promote homosexuality in a positive way, as distinct from guilt-stricken attitudes then common. These attitudes particularly stemmed from the anti-homosexual attitude of *Christian churches of the time. When used in this encyclopedia it is simply a synonym for homosexual. The word is now used all over the world. Jonathan Katz has written a history of the word in The Advocate no. 525, 23 May, 1989, 40. The finest lexicographical study of the word is *Gary Simes "Gay's the Word: A History of Gay in Dictionary Form" in Garry Wotherspoon, Gay and Lesbian Perspectives III, Department of Economic History, University of Sydney, 1996; see also the entry in Gary Simes, A Dictionary of Australian Underworld Slang, 1993, pp. 90-91. See further Daniel Harris, The Rise and Fall of Gay Culture, New York, 1997. Compare *queer. References. Oxford English Dictionary. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 455-56. Howes, Broadcasting It. Murray, Male Homosexuality in Central and South America, 129-38: deals with diffusion of the word in South America. Gay Histories and Cultures. Gay and Lesbian Archives of South Africa, also called GALA Archive with material in English, Afrikaans and other languages of South Africa. From 1997. It was established in 1997 and is housed in the William Cullen Library, East Campus, University of Witwatersrand, Braamfontein, Johannesburg. It has individual records as well as the records of gay organizations and an internet site. Gay and Lesbian Poetry: An anthology from Sappho to Michelangelo Anthology in English from the United States. New York and London: Garland, 1995, 330 pages; index of authors and longer works, pp. 329-30. It is in seven sections. Section 1: "Classical Greek", Section 2, "Classical Latin Literature", Section 3, "Medieval Latin Literature", Section 4, "Arabic Poetry", Section 5, "Hebrew Poetry", Section 6, "Late Medieval Vernacular Literature", Section 7, "Italian Renaissance Literature to Michelangelo". Edited by James J. Wilhelm. It consists of the work of 114 poets, including a complete translation of all poems of *Straton. All poets have entries in this encyclopedia and reference to their appearance in Gay and Lesbian Poetry has been recorded. An excellent selection of poems for the languages covered with good translations. Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time Anthology in English from the United States. New York: St Martin's Press, 1988, 402 pages; introduction pp. xv-xxvi. Biographical notes and photographs of the poets appear with the texts. A combined male and female gay anthology compiled by *Carl Morse and Joan Larkin. The selection is disappointing. Only United States poets are included. Male contributors (see entries): Mark Ameen, Antler, W. H. Auden, Tommi Avicolli, James Baldwin, Frank Bidart, Walta Borawski, James Broughton, Dennis Cooper, Alfred Corn, Robert Duncan, Jim Everhard, Edward Field, Salih Michael Fisher, Allen Ginsberg, Paul Goodman, Freddie Greenfield, Thomas Gunn, Richard Harteis, Essex Hemphill, Daryl Hire, Richard Howard, Langston Hughes, Will Irman, Maurice Kenny, Bill Kushner, Michael Lassell, Don Mager, Paul Mariah, William Meredith, James Merrill, Larry Mitchell, Carl Morse, Harold Norse, Frank O'Hara, Charles Ortleb, Kenneth Pitchford, Ralph Pomeroy, J. M. Regan, Michael Rumaker, Assotto Saint, Ron Schreiber, James Schuyler, Aaron Shurin, James L. White, John Wieners, Tennessee Williams, Shahid (Roosevelt Williamson). A feature of the anthology is the number of established gay poets who came out in it - e.g., Daryl Hine, William Meredith. A notable absence is *Ian Young. Reviews: James White Review vol.5 no. 2 Winter 1989, 6, by David Lindahl; Gay's the Word Review no. 57 (April -May, 1989), 10, by *Gregory Woods; Village Voice, December 13, 1988, vol. 3 no. 50, S6-S7 by Robyn Selman. Gay Bards: An Anthology of Poetry Anthology in English from the United States. New York: X Press, 1979, 40 pages. Compiled by *Jim Kernochan, *Mark Sullivan and Bill Wertz. Contributors, as listed in Young, Male Homosexual in Literature: *Daniel Diamond, *Richard George-Murray, Harold Pickett, Randy Smallwood, Walter Streng, *Ian Young. Not sighted. Marked #1 on the title page so possibly it could be classed as a periodical. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2098. Gay bars have been places where males go to socialize and to find a sexual partner. Poems about gay bars date from 1979 with the publication of James S. Holmes's The Gay Studs Guide to Ameterdam, though bars as meeting places date back at least several centuries. (Compare *Bathhouses.) English. See *Thom Gunn, James Ashbery, *Leather poets. *W. H Auden's early poem "Taller today, we remember similar evenings" may have been inspired by a gay bar. References. Howes, Broadcasting It. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 71. Journal in English from the United States. Published 1979-83. The most important gay journal of its time for serious reviews in English of books on gay literature and art. It was published by the New York Chapter of the Gay Academic Union and edited by James Levin, *Wayne Dynes and others. The journal had many professional articles on gay poetry by such authors as *Stephen Wayne Foster, *Arthur Wormhoudt and *Wayne Dynes. Poets who had articles include *Antonio Botto, *Dinos Christianoloulos, *Sando Penna, *Fernando Pessoa, *Umberto Saba and *Mario Stefani. It was preceded by two issues in 1977 called Gai Saber (see *Maggie Childs). Concept relating to works in English from Great Britain and Latin and Greek and other languages from ca. 1890. This term is used to cover the situation of gay critics, readers, and writers overvaluing works of poets and gay or homosexual literature because of homosexual content (primarily because of gay pride) on the one hand and, on the other hand, the practice of denying the existence of gay poets and literature by homosexuals because of internalized self hatred on the other. It refers, in other words, to any overvaluation or any undervaluation of works of poetry from a gay point of view. For overvaluing see *George Ives and for undervaluing see *A. E. Housman (who wrote his only work of criticism concerning homosexuality in classical authors, his field of expertise, in Latin. a work which was very brief, considering the extent of the subject). For a balanced approach see *Michel Foucault. Work relating to history and biography in English from the United States. Full title: The Encyclopedia of Lesbian and Gay Histories and Cultures Volume II: Gay Histories and Cultures: An Encyclopedia. New York: Garland, 2000, 700 pages. An encyclopedia of homosexuality (compare the 1990 work on which it is modelled: * Encyclopedia of Homosexuality) edited by *George E. Haggerty. It is the most comprehensive general encyclopedia of homosexuality ever and there is a companion lesbian volume. It includes articles on poets: for instance *Abu Nuwas, *Michelangelo Buonarotti, *Cavafy, *Allen Ginsberg, *Arthur Rimbaud and *Walt Whitman. There are general subject indexes at the beginning grouped under such areas as Art, History and Literature. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1685-1732. Famous for his Fables (1727+), his poetry does not have homosexual themes. However, see the song "Damon and Cupid" in his poems. Author of the play The Beggar's Opera. Suspected of being gay. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionary of National Biography. Criticism. Eighteenth Century Life, vol. 9, 134: states he "never married and was... psychologically attached to... Pope". Gay & Lesbian Review Worldwide, formerly Harvard Gay and Lesbian Review Journal in English from the United States. From 1994. Emanating from *Harvard, where it was first published as the Harvard Gay and Lesbian Review, this journal is one of the best journals for contemporary critical comment on poetry and literature: see, e. g., *Hart Crane, *Edward Sagarin. A selection of criticism was published in book form and the journal is available on the internet. Articles have included review of works in foreign languages: see *Goethe, Neitzsche. It has changed its name from Volume 7 number 1 (winter 2000) to The Gay and Lesbian Review Worldwide and under the editorship of Richard Schneider has become outstanding. It has published a selection of forty articles in book form titled The Best of the Gay and Lesbian Review. Movement in English, German, Italian, Spanish and French and other languages from 1968. English. Gay liberation was a movement which started after the 1968 student riots in *Paris and is usually dated in English from 1969 in *London and *New York and from 1970 in *Sydney; it spread all round the world. *Boston and *Los Angeles in the United States and *Toronto and *Quebec in Canada were important centers in the United States and Canada. Gay liberation posited a positive view of homosexuality, of homosexuality as natural and good. The then prevailing concepts of homosexuality largely derived in literature and art from the *eighteen-nineties and the *decadent movement, in science, from medical views of homosexuality as an illness and, in religion, from 'Christianity. One of its main premises of gay liberation was not to feel guilt for homosexuality which Christian religions such as Roman 'Catholicism had promulgated and 'psychiatry through 'Freud had sometmes accepted: this view saw homosexuality as deviance and forces of social control sought the suppression of homosexual feelings. Gay liberation with its slogan "gay is good" opposed this view. David Allyn, Make Love, Not War (Boston. 2000) deals with the social context of gay liberation. The main English literary precursors of gay liberation were 'Walt Whitman, *R. M. Bucke and 'Edward Carpenter; though its literary ancestry ultimately goes back to the 'Romantic poets (such as 'Byron). The work of these writers represented an important opposing view to guilt-stricken homosexuality as portrayed in 'eighteen-nineties poets, for instance 'A. E. Housman. From the point of view of philosophy, the main precursors were 'Heidegger and 'Sartre though ultimately gay liberation goes back to 'Plato. The French philosopher 'Michel Foucault was a major philosophical influence and he himself was influenced by gay liberation after 1970. The movement quickly spread to various parts of the world (e.g., Australia) and inspired an outpouring of gay poetry and the founding of several important 'journals publishing poetry, such as ' Gay Sunshine, *Fag Rag and *Mouth of the Dragon in the United States. In many countries 'Marxism was crucial in its promulgation. However 'Christianity also contributed since one of the basic ideas was of death and resurrection and this emphasis on resurrection correlates with the ideas of gay liberation. The 'New York Public Library has published a microform collection titled The Gay Rights Movement. The British periodical 'Gay News was greatly inspired by gay lib as was 'TheAdvocate in the United States and all journals which commenced in the 'nineteen seventies. The poetry of gay liberation is strongly erotic. For the first time in English a body of poetry existed in which male homosexuality in a sexual sense was written about positively (see, for instance, 'Allen Ginsberg). In the United States, 'Paul Goodman was one of the earliest poets. In Canada 'Ian Young is the most notable poet. ' The Advocate and'Gay News were favorable to writers so, for the first time since the eighteen-nineties gay poets had publishing outlets. Writers such as the 'Beats had prefigured gay liberation. 'Allen Ginsberg. for instance, had already written openly and positively gay poems from the early fifties. His visit to India in 1962 and contact there with Tibetan religious figures was crucial in his development as a writer (liberation of the self was a major doctrine of Tibetan 'Buddhism). Gay liberation as a philosophy may also be traced to 'Indian philosophy (where homosexual possibilitities were always present and never denied). In Chinese there was the 'Wang Yangming school while the various Chinese and Japanese Buddhist schools such as 'Zen insisted on personal enlightenment as a basis of life and were tolerant of homosexuality (though Buddhist monks were supposed to remain celibate). Allen Ginsberg was crucial a crucial figure in bringing Buddhism to the United States in the twentieth century. Gay liberation's relationship with 'black movements and with 'feminism were close as these movements, occurring simultaneously, were inspirational. 'Effeminism was an offshoot movement. There was also a strong 'anarchist streak in gay liberation (notably evinced in the journal 'Fag Rag and the poetry and writing of 'Paul Goodman). The period from 1983 onwards (which year saw the onset of 'Aids) may be called post gay liberation though gay liberation has forever changed gay life and gay poetry. See 'nineteen-seventies, 'nineteen-eighties and 'nineteen-nineties for poets active from 1970. ' Gay Roots is an excellent anthology of the period. Australia: The 'Generation of 68 were a group of poets who show its influence. The emergence of the gay liberation movement in Australia occurred in Sydney in the context of the debate around free love at The University of Sydney by the Andersonians, persons around Professor John Anderson, Professor of Philosophy, and the Free Thought Society. The Sydney "Push" dating from ca. 1946 was part of this but the free love movement went back to the 1890s at least. See also * Songs of the Gay Liberation Choir. Canada: see R. M. Bucke, 'Ian Young. Ed Jackson and 'Stan Persky, Flaunting It: A Decade of Journalism from the Body Politic, Vancouver, 1982, pp. 224-44, has a gay and lesbian chronology 1969-82. The Canadian gay movement influenced the Australian: a copy of the journal Body Politic was purchased by the University of Sydney Library and through this means Australian gays could read about Canadian developments. United States: see Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th edition, 1991, printing for a concise overview. Anthologies range from 'The Male Muse, 1973, to 'Gay Roots. See 'Historical and social background - English for the historical background. Great Britain. Aubrey Walter, Come Together: the years of gay liberation 1970-73, London, 1980, surveys the period. Gay liberation continues to be influential in such countries as Russia and the countries of eastern Europe and in South Africa and China. References. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 727-29: see "Liberation, Gay". Howes, Broadcasting It. Hurley, Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, Chapter 9, 727-817 covers poetry and prose of this period in the United States. Gay Histories and Cultures; see also "Gay Liberation Front". French, Italian, Spanish, German, Dutch and other *European languages. French. The first French group was formed in 1971 in 'Paris. As already noted, 'Michel Foucault was a crucial figure, himself influenced by the French philosopher 'Sartre. Literary precursors include 'Rimbaud, 'Verlaine, 'Gide and 'Genet and further back 'Villon. See 'Historical and social background - French for books discussing this period, 'Guy Hocquenghem, 'Robert Aldrich. German. 'Heidegger was a major philosophical precursor and before him 'Nietzsche. The anthologies 'Schwüle Lyrik, schwüle Prosa and *Milchsilber were products of the movement whose German literary ancestry goes back to 'Platen and 'Goethe. West 'Berlin was a crucial center: situated in east Germany but under the military control of the the conquering powers of Germany in the Second World War, Great Britain, France and the United States, it was the only city in west Germany where military service was not compulsory and attracted a strong anarchist element. See Goodbye to Berlin, pp. 265-342. Dutch. 'Amsterdam was the center and still remains a center of gay activism and scholarship. Italian. Italy had a strong gay liberation movement associated with 'Turin, 'Milan and 'Rome from the early 1970s; see also 'Journals - Italian. Spanish. Movements emerged in Spain only after the death of Franco in 1975 - initially in Catalunya - and South America (see Journals - Spanish) which has seen a gay renaissance with the coming of democracies in the 1980s (e.g. in Argentina). Other European languages. The movement was influential in Danish and Swedish. Only belatedly did it reach Russian poetry (see 'Gennady Trifonov) though there were precursors in the gay poets of the early part of the twentieth century such as 'Esennin. Chinese. A general article appears in the first Chinese translation of Encyclopedia Britannica, Shanghai, 1985. Recent developments in Chinese art and literature are highly favorable for gay poetry. Japanese. 'Takahashi Mutsuo is perhaps the main poet; see 'Overview - Japanese for other poets. Other languages. For India where gay liberation has belatedly made itself felt see 'Overview - English in the Indian subcontinent and for 'African languages, for the Shona language of Zimbabwe, see 'Historical and social background - Shona. For South Africa see 'Overview - English in South Africa and 'Overview - Afrikaans; the Dutch gay movement influenced Afrikaans poets, due to the closeness of the language. The 'Overview entries are relevant for the part of the entry dealing with poetry from 1970: individual poets influenced by gay liberation will be found in these entries. Poets influenced by gay liberation are emerging in such languages as Urdu and Arabic and Bahasa Indonesia. The influence of the 'Internet cannot be overestimated. Ronald J. Hunt, Historical Dictionary of the Gay Liberation Movement, Lanham, Maryland, 1999, has entries on many of the figures and aspects but only deals with the European and United States movement. Anthology from Denmark in Danish. Compiled by Wilhelm von Rosen and Vagn S0ndergard. Copenhagen: Skoleradioen,1979, 62 pages. An English language gay anthology compiled in Denmark, inspired by two radio programs (see the Contents list). The work is in three sections: a selection of poems and prose from *Shakespeare to *Allen Ginsberg, pp. 4-45, followed by two sections headed First "Broadcast", pp. 46-53, and "Second Broadcast", pp. 54-63. Contributors as listed in Young, Male Homosexual in Literature (poets are asterisked): *Patrick Anderson and *Alistair Sutherland, Sherwood Anderson, *Richard Barnfield, *Perry Brass, Adrian Brooks, *Lord Byron, *Edward Carpenter, David Chura, *Louie Crew and Richard Norton, *Lord Alfred Douglas, *Edward Fitzgerald, *E. M. Forster, *Allen Ginsberg, *Paul Goodman, *Thomas Gray, *Robert Hitchens, *A. E. Housman, *Christopher Isherwood, Jonathan Katz, Tom Kennedy, John Knoebel, *D. H. Lawrence, *Christopher Marlowe, John Rechy, *Tom Robinson, *William Shakespeare, *Vagn S0ndergard, *Gore Vidal, Wilhelm von Rosen, George Weinberg, *Walt Whitman, *Oscar Wilde, *Tennessee Williams, Carl Wittman, Allen Young. This is a combined poetry and prose anthology though most material is in poetry; known poets have been marked with an asterisk. Rare. Copy: *New York Public Library. The poems are excellently selected. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 3962. Anthology from Great Britain in English. London: Robinson Publishing, 1997; 254 pages. Compiled by *Neil Powell. Poets include *Homer, *Virgil, *Catullus, *Marlowe,*Michelangelo, *Shakespeare, *Barnfield, *Drayton, *Tennyson, *Whitman, *Verlaine, *Wilde, *Edwin Morgan, *Thom Gunn and *Gregory Woods. Essential European texts from Michelangelo to Verlaine are given in translation. The anthology is uneven and the translations chosen are not always the most apt or the best; contemporary poets are mostly from Great Britain and the poems chosen are not always the poets' best. It is illustrated with reproductions of homoerotic woodcuts which appear to date from ca. 1890. Introduction p. xv-xvi. The work is in six sections, 1 Nature Boys, pp. 1-39, 2 Street Life, pp. 41-83, 3 Lads' Love, pp. 85-132, 4 As It Is, pp. 133-172, 5 Borderlines, pp. 173-194, 6 In Memoriam, pp. 195-236. Each section contains poems from all periods of English poetry. Notes on Poets pp. 237-41 .The birth and death dates of poets are given in the Contents pages (before the Introduction) and not with the notes on the poets. Publisher in Great Britain of works in English from ca. 1980. The press was founded by Aubrey Walter and is the major publisher of gay material in Great Britain. It has mainly published prose and art books but published several volumes of gay poetry under the editorship of *Martin Humphries: books by *Mark Almond, *Mark Ameen, James Kirkup, and John McCrae, John Horder and *Paul Binding and * Three New York Poets. The press published two reprints of *Uranian verse by *E. E. Bradford and *J. G. Nicholson and two anthologies of poetry * Not Love Alone and a selection of black gay poets, * Tongues Untied. From 1993 the press has ceased to publish gay poetry (Martin Humphries to the author in a letter). Journal in English from Great Britain. 1972-1982. The major gay cultural journal in Great Britain of the period 1972-October 1982 when it was published and edited by a brilliant editor, Denis Lemon (1945-1994; see his obituary in Capital Gay [London], 29 July 1994, 11-12 and his entry written by Peter Burton in Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History). It was published biweekly. Michael Mason edited the news section 1973-79 and went on to publish and edit Capital Gay in London from ca. 1982. Gay News published book reviews, interviews and cultural articles. The journal had excellent coverage of books and literary persons, both living and historically. A few poems were published on an irregular basis. Extremely thought provoking articles were written on such subjects as gay fashion. A very thorough index was compiled 1978-79 in issues 151-56, 158 and 160-62 by *Keith Howes and his sister Joy; overall this indexes all issues to no. 160 with issues 1-150 being indexed in issues 151-56, 158 and 160 and issues 151-160 being indexed in issues 161-62. In this index see History, Interviews, Journals, Literature, Poetry for items of relevance to poetry. Under Poems published are listed under Poetry. Writers for Gay News included *Rictor Norton, *Timothy d'Arch Smith, *Ian Young and *Keith Howes. Literary coverage included articles or book reviews on *Harold Acton, *Roger Baker, *A.C. Benson, *Oswell Blakeston, *David Gascoyne, *Brian Hill, *George Ives, Eddie Linden, *Ben Madigan, *Peter Parker, *Siegfried Sassoon, *A. O. Spare, *Tennyson and *Paul Verlaine. The journal fought a famous court case concerning blasphemous *libel over a poem by James Kirkup published in issue 96; this eventually led to the editor being fined and given a suspended prison sentence. It has been succeeded by * Gay Times which initially had less of a cultural approach but now has good coverage of books. There is a history of the first ten years in issue 243, pp. 7-9. Keith Howes has republished his interviews from the paper. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Howes, Broadcasting It; see also the entry 'Everyman' regarding BBC documentary on the blasphemous libel trial. Anthology in English from the United States. Published before 1982, ca. 1970-1982. Milwaukee: Gay Info Data Bank, no date. There is a subtitle: (from oppression to liberation/ from past to present/ from in-the closet to coming out). Contributors (see entries): W. H. Auden, William Barber, Perry Brass, C. P. Cavafy, e. e. cummings, Jim Eggeling, Ronald Endersby, Dick Higgins, A. E. Housman, Christopher Isherwood, Graham Jackson, Arnie Kantorwitz, E. A. Lacey, James Liddy, Paul Mariah, Wayne McNeill, Donald Stanley Meuse, Thomas Meyer, James Mitchell, Narcissti (pseud.), Harold Norse, Michael O'Connor, Felice Picano, Kenneth Pitchford, Burton Weiss, Walt Whitman, Owen Wilson, Ian Young. This is an eight page roneoed work stapled together containing forty-two poems; no cover. There is no editor, publisher or place of publication listed on the work. Very rare. Copy: a photocopy is in the *Paul Knobel collection. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1375. Gay Roots: An Anthology of Gay History, Sex, Politics and Culture: Volume 2 Anthology in English from the United States. San Francisco: Gay Sunshine, 1993, 317 pages. Edited by *Winston Leyland, the work is a continuation of * Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine. Section 5, "Gay Poetry", pp. 214-318, is an anthology of work by *Allen Ginsberg, Jim Eggeling, Jim Everhard and *Edward A. Lacey, which constitutes a Tine introduction to the work of these four outstanding poets of the *gay liberation period. There is also a selection of criticism: see *Charley Shively, *Ricton Norton. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine: An Anthology of Gay History, Sex, Politics and Culture Anthology in English from the United States. San Francisco: Gay Sunshine Press, 1991, 703 pages. Edited by *Winston Leylandm it is in five sections: 1 "Gay History", 2 "Gay Sex and Politics", 3 "Gay Biography and Literary Essays", 4 "Gay Fiction" and Section 5, pp. 593-698, an anthology of fifty poems reprinted from the journal * Gay Sunshine. The choice of poetry is outstanding as are the other articles and most poets are from the *nineteen-seventies period of *gay liberation. Poets (see entries): Abu Nuwas, Antler, W. H. Auden, Jeffery Beam, Antonio Botto, William Barber, Luis Cernuda, Dinos Christianopoulos, Kirby Congdon, Ed Cox, Gavin Dillard, David Eberly, Edward Field, Jim Eggeling, Sergei Esenin, Jim Everhard, Salvatore Farinella, Charles Henri Ford, Jean Genet, Allen Ginsberg, John Giorno, Freddie Greenfield, Jamiel Daud Hasin, Jon Herzstam, Will Inman, Stephen Jonas, Dennis Kelly, James Kirkup, Nikolai Klyuev, Mikhail Kuzmin, E. A. Lacey, Winston Leyland, Taylor Mead, Thomas Meyer, Royal Murdoch, Cassiano Nunes, Peter Orlovsky, Valery Pereleshin, Robert Peters, Arthur Rimbaud, Richard Ronan, Ron Schreiber, John Selby, Charley Shively, David Emerson Smith, Adrian Stanford, Aaron F. Steele, Takahashi Mutsuo, Jack Veasey, Paul Verlaine, John Wieners, Jonathan Williams, Ian Young. It contains fine erotic illustrations. There is a special edition of 26 lettered copies, numbered A to Z, with purple spine and endpapers as well as the hard cover and trade paperback edition. The omission of *Harold Norse is to be regretted. Review: James White Review vol. 9, no. 3 (Spring 1992), 22. There is a second volume, * Gay Roots: An Anthology of Gay History, Sex and Politics, Volume 2, 1993, with a selection of poems pp. 247-303 by *Ginsberg, *E. A. Lacey, *Jim Eggeling and *Jim Everhard. Concept in English in the United States and other countries. From ca. 1969. The idea of a gay sensibility - a specific mode of feeling which is innately gay - is controversial: what it might be and how it could differ from a heterosexual sensibility, if such a thing as a heterosexual sensibility existed, is problematical. It refers in many cases simply to works which make the gay sexuality of the author known. The idea gained currency from *gay liberation (ca. 1969+). *Michael Bronski is its main advocate. The novelist *Edmund White denies there is a gay sensibility. The changing nature of modes of feeling as expressed in poetry give different perspectives: e.g., in the *eighteen-nineties, negative feelings were in many cases the gay feelings portrayed whereas, in the gay liberation period, positive feelings have been the norm. The question of a gay *aesthetic is related: see *Hubert Fichte and *eesthetic of homosexuality; see also *Jacob Stockinger. Journal in Russian from Russia. Published from 1993. A major gay literary journal published in *St Petersburg. The Russian poet *Gennady Trifonov is associated with it. Serious critical articles and poetry are published and there are line drawing illustrations. Each issue is about 120 pages. Two issues, for 1993 and 1994, have been sighted. The title is correct: that is, with a comma after "gay". Works relating to criticism and history in English from the United States and other countries and in French, German, Dutch and other languages from France, Germany and the Netherlands. From ca. 1964. As a subject area gay studies are rapidly spreading and only the most prominent places of study are mentioned here. They date from ca. 1974 in general universities; prior to this gay studies was taught at *One in *Los Angeles and date from 1964, with some seminars being taught from 1959 by 'Dorr Legg (see One 1952-1982: 30 years celebration, 1982, p. 6). English. 1974 was a landmark year when College English published a special issue on gay studies in vol. 30, November, 1974. *Yale University was one of the first United States universities to have courses as was *San Francisco University. See "Gay Studies Comes of Age", The Advocate, no. 490, January 1988, 62-64. Material about courses can be found in * Lesbian and Gay Studies Newsletter. Dutch. 'Amsterdam University has a course; Leiden and Utrecht are believed to have courses. French. The Sorbonne, Paris, has a regular homosexual colloquium. German. 'Berlin, Frankfurt and Siegen are centers - see 'Wolfgang Popp, * Forum. See also 'Universities, 'Conferences. Journal and publisher in English from the United States. The journal was published 1970-1982. Gay Sunshine was a major *gay liberation journal which was edited by *Winston Leyland and emanated from *San Francisco. Forty-seven issues appeared; issue 22 was co-published with * Fag Rag no. 9 and issue 47 was a book collection of stories. All other issues were in tabloid form. Issue 44/45, Summer/Fall 1980, section 2, p. 52, has a list of the 25 best poems of the first ten years; more than 15,000 poems had been submitted of which 1,500 were published: see *Editor's choice. As one of the most important *gay liberation journals, it published much high quality gay poetry, book reviews, interviews and critical articles. A selection of the most important articles was published in 1991 as the anthology * Gay Roots. The Gay Sunshine Interviews volume 1, 1978, and volume 2, 1982, edited by Winston Leyland, are interviews with creative gay males reprinted from Gay Sunshine, including with many poets. A *microform of the journal exists in the *New York Public Library. Poetry published by the publisher Gay Sunshine has included two anthologies * Angels of the Lyre and *Orgasms of Light. Poets and poetry published include *Allen Ginsberg's Straight Heart's Delight, Jean Genet's Collected Poems in English, * Delight of Hearts translated by *E. A. Lacey, *Harold Norse, Jim Everhard, *Dennis Kelly, *Ed Cox, the *Rimbaud/*Verlaine collection A Lover's Cock, 1979, and two critical works on *Whitman by *Charley Shively. Books have been well designed with outstanding erotic illustrations. The Ph. D. thesis of Alan D. Winter, The Gay Press, 1976 discusses Gay Sunshine's birth pp. 42-85. References. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 701-03 lists books published by the publisher and the dates of the journal. Journal from Great Britain in English. Published from 1983. This journal took over from *Gay News as the major British gay journal when Gay News ceased. It publishes interviews with writers and reviews of books. Many writers from Gay News continued to write for Gay Times. Only a few articles are relevant in each issue but it gives the gay cultural context of the times. At first a glitzy paper, it gradually has increased its cultural content and has an annual review of the best gay books of the year. The one time literary editor of Gay News, Peter Burton, was the features editor of Gay Times until 1995. Gay Times grew out of Him magazine. Anthology in English from Great Britain. Ca. 1975. An anthology of poetry reviewed in Gay News no. 64 (1975). Contributors listed in the Gay News index of *Keith Howes no. 158, p.16, are: *Roger Baker, *Peter Bradstock, *Laurence Collinson, *Gavin Dillard, John D. Dolan, Jimmy East, Anthony Fagin, *Dan L. Fee, John Horder and N. McBeath, Max Noiprox and Peter Robins. The editor is not known nor is the place of publication though it seems likely it was *London. Not sighted. Bookseller from Great Britain mainly selling works in English. From 1979. This bookshop at 66 Marchmont Street in London is the main gay bookshop in the United Kingdom. It has a second hand section as well as new books and has been prosecuted for selling gay books (see Michele Field, "Stifling the gay word", Index on Censorship, vol. 13 no. 6 [1984], 40-41, 39). The shop publishes a book review journal Gay's the Word. Genre in Persian and Urdu in India and Iran from ca. 1600. See *C. M. Naim, "The Theme of Homosexual (Pederastic) Love in Pre-Modern Urdu Poetry", in Studies in the Urdu Gazal and Prose Fiction, edited by M. U. Memon, 1979, p. 121: states it is a lyric genre in which a male lover seemingly addressed another male. Originally it was written in Persian and from 1600 it was written in Urdu in South India and later in *Delhi and *Lucknow. See also *ghazal. Poet from Turkey who wrote in Turkish. 1554-1608. Pen name of the Crimean Khan Gazi Giray II who ruled 1588-1607. Not in Dictionary of Oriental Literatures. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Turkish Verse, 90: a love poem about *dancing apparently featuring two males; biog., 10. Trope in Arabic from Spain and in Hebrew, Urdu, Turkish and Dutch from ca. 1050. A major motif associated with homosexual love. Compare *faun. Arabic. See Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition: "Ghazal" (second entry) - a wideranging discussion of this trope in Arabic. See *al-Rusafi re a pun on *ghazal and gazelle, *Abd al-Rahman, *Rene Rhawam, *Ben Muqana, *Ben Jaruf of Cordoba, * Dar al-Tiraz. Hebrew. See Jefrim Schirmann, "The Ephebe in Medieval Hebrew Poetry", Sefarad 15 (1955), 56: states the figure of the beloved was designated as a male roe in *Samuel Hanagid (993-1056) and represented a beloved *boy. (The female is gazelle.) In *Norman Roth, " 'Deal Gently with the Young Man': Love of Boys in Medieval Hebrew Poetry of Spain", Speculum 57 (1982), 25-51, the author states the term gazelle is used for male lovers and comes from usage in the *Song of Songs; Roth also uses the word servi. He also discusses the gazelle trope in another article: see his entry. Turkish: *Sultan Selim. Urdu: see 'Anthologies - Urdu re the English anthology of Ahmed Ali. Dutch. See *Hans Warren. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1965. *American Indian poet who is a Sioux from South Dakota but lives in *New York and is also known as Ben the Dancer. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Name of Love, 39-41: very fine love poem "My Rug Maker Fine: For Vince King, A Navajo"; biog., 72. Translator from French to English from the United States. Active 1999. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A Day for a Lay, 45-53 - translator with *Winston Tong of Jean Genet ("The One Condemned to Death"). Poet from Germany who wrote in German. 1815-1884. One of the *Munich circle of poets. He wrote with *Paul Heyse the poems of Spanisches Liederbuch (Spanish Songbook) which were set to music by Hugo Wolf. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 57: poem "Ein Lied von der Liebe (Wenn die Sonne)"; no source given. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10653: same poem, but presented as a book. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active 1902. Author of the poem Ganymedes, Leipzig: *Max Spohr, 1902, 282 pp., on the *Ganymede theme. Reviewed in the Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, no. 5 Part 2 (1903), 1043-47. Translator from English to German. Active before 1900. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 104-07: trans. of *Shakespeare's sonnets into German ("Sonnets 18, 20, 71, 104, 105, 107, 144"). Poet from Israel writing in Hebrew. Active 1990. Book of poems: 66-83: Poems, 1990, 135 pp. A writer of poems with gay themes from Tel Aviv who is a psychotherapist. The book is a selection of poems from 1966 to 1983. Trope in Chinese from China from ca. 479 B.C. This is the practice whereby the *non gender specificity of a word in Chinese means a love poem could be addressed to a man. This opens up the possibility of a homosexual interpretation of a love poem, if the speaker is not identified in the text as a woman and the writer is male. A huge volume of Chinese love poetry falls into this category. See also *gender switching. The critic *Zhao Yi is the first critic known to comment on the practice which *Hans Frankel has also referred to. Compare *non gender specific. Criticism. Hinsch, Passions of the Cut Sleeve, 16-18, 79. Concept in Arabic and other languages from 1400. This refers to changing the sex of a female person in a love poem written by a male poet to make the sex of the beloved male; this makes a homosexual interpretation of the poem possible, as in traditional Urdu poetry, where the inspiration for love poems by males may have been female. However, there exists the possibility that such poems may be homosexual in inspiration and a so-called male beloved in a poem (for instance in Urdu) is in actuality male. Persian, Urdu, Turkish and Arabic are the main languages in which this is involved from ca. 1400 at least. Compare *non gender specific poems and see also *gender ambiguity (which occurs in Chinese). Compare also the practice of changing a male beloved to a female (which has occurred in the text of *Michelangelo though in this case after the poet's death). Sometimes poets themselves have disguised the sex of a male beloved (see English entries below). See also the entries * Kafi and *Poems written in the persona of a woman (in Chinese and related east Asian languages). Languages which do not have gender (e. g., Persian and Turkish) present special problems. Arabic: see * Delight of Hearts. Chinese: see *gender ambiguity. English. *Byron in the "Thyrza" poems seemed to have written the poems to a woman when they were actually inspired by a male, *John Edleston; *Whitman changed the sex in "Once I Passed through a Populous City" from a man to a woman (see Complete Poems, Penguin edition, 1975, 144 and note 798). Italian: see *Michelangelo - the male pronouns of some gay poems were not correctly published until 1964. Latin: see Medieval Latin Poems of Male Love and Friendship: see Introduction. Turkish. All *Ottoman love poems (almost all of which are known to have been written by males) were addressed to males. It is possible some poems in Turkish were written by women using male pseudonyms (and also in Persian and Urdu). See Penguin Book of Turkish Verse, pp. 39-41. Persian. Love poems by men are in many cases addressed to men. Urdu . See *C. M. Naim, "The Theme of Homosexual (Pederastic) Love in Pre-Modern Urdu Poetry", in Studies in the Urdu Gazal and Prose Fiction, edited by M. U. Memon, 1979, 122-23: states the beloved in the Urdu *Ghazal was always a boy by convention or else ambiguous and the writer was always male. For Urdu, see also *Ralph Russell, *Mohammad Sadiq. Group of poets in Spanish from Spain active in 1927. The generation of 27 was a group of *modernist poets formed to commemorate the 300th anniversary of the death of *Góngora. Male homosexuality in this group has been discussed in Gay Sunshine 42-43 (1980), 18-20 and 14, in "Homosexuality in the Spanish Generation of 1927: A Conversation with Jaime Gil de Biedma". In the article, Biedma states that, of twelve poets of the group in the anthology Parcial Anthologia, "four are homosexuals and one is bisexual" (p. 18). Poets of relevance include *García Lorca, *Cernuda, *Gil-Albert, *Prados, all four being confirmed as gay at one time; see also possibly *Vicente Aleixandre. *Manuel Altolaguirre is stated to be bisexual. *Salvador Dali, the surrealist painter, had a strong intimate relationship with García Lorca. *Angel Sahuquillo has written a major thesis on this group from a gay point of view. *Rafael Alberti, who was in the group, has written a poem of relevance. Generation of 68, also called New Poets Group and movement in English poetry in Australia active from 1968. The name refers to the year 1968 in which there were student riots in Paris and in the United States and other parts of the world (including Australia) and a sense of major upheaval permeated many parts of the world. *Gay liberation emerged from this movement. See entries: *Robert Adamson, *Charles Buckmaster, *Michael Dransfield, *Laurie Duggan, John Forbes, *Kris Hemensley, *Martin Johnston, *Nigel Roberts. The Generation of 68 group is also called the New Poets. *Mark O'Connor, Modern Australian Styles, Townsville, 1982, p. 3, says they were sometimes called "the gay poets, but by no means all of them were" and claims "gay politics was used to set New Poetry up [edited by Robert Adamson] as an equal and opposite alternative to Poetry Australia". With this group *modernism and *free verse became fully accepted in Australia and homosexual themes became a subject of poetry (see Michael Dransfield) as did *drugs. *David Malouf has been included as has *Tom Shapcott. Criticism. Olivio Dobrez, Michael Dransfield and the new Australian poetry, Brisbane, 1990, is the major study to date. See also the Ph. D. thesis ca. 1988, of Martin Duwell at the University of Queensland, on Robert Adamson. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature: "New Australian Poetry" (a brilliant overview). Poem in English from Great Britain. Ca. 1000. An *Old English poem which contains reference to the story of *Sodom and Gomorrah. A German version exists which may also be relevant. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Poet, novelist and filmmaker writing in French from France. 1910-1983. A homosexual novelist, whose work dealt explicitly with homosexuality in *prisons. His life has much in common with that of *Arthur Rimbaud (and further back in French poetry history, *François Villon). He wrote a number of novels in the 1940s (mostly banned until the 1970s in the English speaking world) and was the most open sexually explicit French gay writer from the 1940s. His novels are extremely sexually explicit: see, for example, Miracle of the Rose and Our Lady of the Flowers. The 1947 erotic gay illustrations to his novel Querelle de Brest by the poet *Cocteau are justly famous. Most of his oeuvre is in prose though he did write some poems. His last book, Prisoner of Love, in prose, was on travels with the Palestinians and was written after a thirty year silence. The first assessment of his novels in gay terms is Marion Luckow, Die Homosexualitat in der literarischen Tradition: Studien zu den Romanen von *Jean Genet in Beitrage zur Sexual forschung, Heft 26, Stuttgart; this work is a dissertation. Poems. His first literary work was the explicitly homosexual poem The Man Condemned to Death (1942), which he printed at his own cost. His Poems were collected in 1948; they consist of a number of *long poems and are explicitly erotic, if somewhat obscure; there may be unpublished works. Jean Paul Sartre wrote a notable analysis of him in 1952 hailing him as a great writer and he was subsequently taken up by the French intelligentsia. He made a notable gay film, Un Chant d'Amour (A Song of Love), 1951, from the poem of the same name and which is one of the finest gay films. Genet's poems are not notable gay works and his novels are much finer works of literature. Text of his poems. Poèmes, Lyon, 1948 (over 27 printings to 1981); Complete Poems, San Francisco, Manroot, 1981 with French text and English translation by *David Fisher, Chet Raman, *Paul Mariah (see * Manroot no. 12), Nanos Valaoritis, *Frank O'Hara, Guy Wernham; reviewed in Gay Sunshine no. 46 p. 6 by *Charley Shively. Translation of the poems. Catalan see Cuaderno bibliográfico gay, 13: Para un funábulo, Barcelona: Les Punxes Peninsulares, 1979. English. See preceding paragraph under text and below in Bibliographies. German. Gerhard Edler, titled Ein Liebesgesang (ca. 1995; translation of Un chant d'amour). Spanish, see Cuaderno bibliográfico gay, 13: Poemas, Madrid: Visor, 1981. His novels have been extensively translated in *European languages. Biography. *Edmund White has written a major gay biography (review: James White Review, vol. 11 no. 5, fall 1994, 18-19 by Raymond-Jean Frontain). See also M. Choukri, Jean Genet in *Tangier, 1974. For an interview, see Leyland, Gay Sunshine Interviews, volume 1, pp. 67-94. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Penguin Companion to World Literature. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 464-66. Howes, Broadcasting It. Dictionnaire Gay. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10654-55 "La parade" in Manroot 9: 4-6, Fall 1973, trans. by Tony Montague, Chet Roman and Paul Mariah and Poems: the Love Song; Under Sentence of Death, San Francisco, [no date]. Pia, Les Livres de l'Enfer, vol. 2, columns 1058-59: Poèmes, Lyon: L'Arbalète, 1948, 108 pp. and second edition Lyon: Marc Barbezat,1948, 108 pp. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1382, 1389, 1393: Complete Poems, San Francisco: *Manroot, 1981, Poems; The Love Song; Under Sentence of Death, Pirate edition by Lola Pozo, no date and Treasures of the Night: The Collected Poems of Jean Genet, San Francisco: *Gay Sunshine Press, 1981. Cuaderno bibliográfico gay, 13: see above regarding details of translations into Spanish. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amour bleu, 271-73. Digte om mænds kærlighed til mænd. Frá mann til mann, 52-53. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 322-35. Les Amours masculines, 440-42. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 627-35: trans. English by *Steven Finch. Drobci stekla v ustih, 71-72. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 448-49: trans. from The Man Condemned to Death. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 426-39; from The Man Condemned to Death and the novel Our Lady of the Flowers. Pour tout l'amour des hommes, 263-65. A Day for a Lay, 45-53. Criticism. Woods, History of Gay Literature, 275-78: discussion of novels. Poetic genres with gay relevance date from the *epic Gilgamesh first surviving complete in Hittite from Turkey from 1,200 B.C. (though Sumerian fragments date from before 2,000 B.C.) See *Acrostic, *Alba and alborada, *Ballads, *Baul songs, *Bernesque poetry, *Blank verse, *Bucolics, *Burchiellesque poetry, *Cantigas, *Children's play rhymes, *Collage, *Concrete poetry, *Dramatic monologues, *Eclogues,*Elegy, *Epics, *Epigrams, *Epitaphs, *Eulogies, *Fidentian poetry, * Gazal-e muzakkar, *Ghazals, *Golidardic verse, *Haiku, *Hidja, *Kafi, *Kasidas, *Khamriyya, Kharja, *Kisaeng, *Kyoka, *Limericks, *Long poems, *Lyric poetry, *Macaronic verse, *Mantras, * Mathnavi, *Muwashshah, *Odes, *One line poems, *One word poems, *Open form, * Pantun, *Parody and burlesque, * Pasquínate, *Petrarchism, *Postcard poems, *Prose poems, *Prosimetrum, *Renga, *Riddles, *Ruba'i, *Saqi-nama, *Satires, *Senryu, *Sequence, *Shi, *Sijo, S*kolia and drinking songs, *Sonnets, *Tabisongs, *Tanka, *Tz'u, *Uta, *Waka. Poet in French from France. Active 1737. He wrote the verse libretto for * Castor and Pollux (1737), an opera by Rameau based on the gay trope. See his entry in the * British Library General Catalogue under Bernard, Pierre Joseph; this reveals his L'art d'aimer (The art of love) was a popular book of his poems. Not in Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Translator from Persian to Latin possibly from the Netherlands. Active 1651. Translator of *Sa'di into Latin: Musladini Sadi, Amsterdam, 1651, 531 pp., with Persian and Latin facing (repr. 1658, 1680). The first translation of a Persian poet into a west European language. The translator's name is Latinized; he possibly comes from Ghent, Belgium, and the name may be a pseudonym. See the National Union Catalog for further details. Gents, Bad Boys, and Barbarians Anthology from the United States in English. Boston: Alyson Publications, first edition 1995, 256 pages; Introduction pp. 9-16. Edited by *Rudy Kikel. The anthology represents a new generation of United States gay poets, assured and confident, even though most poets have not appeared in previous anthologies or gad books published; thirty nine poets in all. An anthology giving the mood of the *nineteen-nineties. An alphabetical list of poets appears on pp. 5-8. Reviews: Lambda Book Report 1995 vol. 4 no. 10, May, 28-29; James White Review vol. 13 no. 2 (Spring 1996), 20. Most have appeared in journals like the * James White Review; biographical notes are attached to poets. All poets appear in this encyclopedia. George Kreis The Oxford Companion to German Literature entry lists *E. Bertram, *Max Dauthendey, *Ludwig Derleth, *Freidrich Gundolf, *Karl Wolfskehl, *Friedrich Wolters and *Hugo von Hofmannsthal as briefly members in the George Kreis, a group of men around Stefan George. The exact sexuality of many is not known but all had a strong *disciple relationship to George and were closely bonded to him and, in so far as this constitutes a type of homosexuality, all are relevant. George usually broke with them if they married so there certainly seems to have been a sexual element in his relationship with them. All the members were incredibly handsome men and were published in his journal * Blatter für die Kunst (1892-1919). The group flourished only until 1933 when George went into exile in Switzerland. It waxed and waned with people being close to George at times and then moving away from him. Their poetry is *idealistic and they were intimately involved in German *symbolism. Issue 7 (1904) of Blatter für die Kunst features a photograph of George with twelve disciples all of whom had works published in the issue. See also the photographs in Friedrich Wolters, Stefan George und die Blätter für die Kunst, 1930, and in Männerbande, Männerbunde, edited Gisela Volger and Karin von Welck, 2 volumes, Köln, 1990, vol. 1, p. 96 (the circle in 1919) and vol. 2, p. 388 (also in 1919). The latest book on the circle is Karlhans Kluncker, Das Geheime Deutschland, Bonn, 1985; it contains extensive essays and ones on *Verwey and *Wolfskehl. On one of the members of the group who tried to assassinate Hitler, *Ian Young, "Claus von Stauffenberg and the Stefan George Circle", Gay Sunshine 31 (Winter 1977), 24-25. A book on Von Stauffenberg is Michael Baignebt, Secret Germany: Stauffenberg and the Mystical Crusade Against Hitler, 1996 (see the review by *Ian Young in Torso, April 1996, 70-71 - states George was greatly attracted to von Stauffenberg and was at one time in love with the English composer Cyril Scott whose autobiography documents George's homosexuality). *Albert Verwey was a Dutch poet with whom George was very close. Poet writing in Greek. Active 612. A strongly Christian poet. See R. W. McCail, "The Erotic and Aesthetic Poetry of *Agathias Scholasticus", Byzantion 41, 212-13: citing an *epigram referring to the spiritual friendship between the emperor Heraclius and Bonnus (the poem states that this form of love is to be preferred even to heterosexual love); cited as being printed in In Bonum Patricium, 28 ff., 36 ff., edited by Pertusi, p. 164. See also *debate on love. No entry in Oxford Classical Dictionary. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Poet and letter writer from Germany writing in German and translator from Dutch and English to German. 1868-1933. A major late nineteenth century and early twentieth century gay German poet and the most openly gay person in German literature at the time. He is regarded by some as the finest German poet of the late nineteenth century and was greatly influenced by *Nietzsche. He was influenced by French *symbolism and was the most famous German symbolist poet (see Marie L. Sior, Stefan George und der französische Symbolismus, 1932). His work also has links with the French poet *Verlaine and his poetry has an *idealistic and *mystical streak. Like *Platen he was strongly influenced by the ancient Greeks and was well aware of the tradition of homopoetry in ancient Greek, in which he was fluent; his 1894 volume was called The Book of *Eclogues and Eulogies. George travelled much and lived in *Munich for a period. In 1903 he met *Maximin (*Maximilian Kronenberger), a fifteen-year-old Munich boy who died in 1904 and whom he immortalized in poetry. Die Siebente Ring (The Seventh Ring), 1907 (repr.), contains poems based on their relationship and the cult of youth, especially in the Maximin *sequence. Der Stern des Bundes, 1914, is more apocalyptic. The *George Kreis (George Circle) was the name of a group of disciples whose work he published in his journal * Blätter für die Kunst (1892-1919), the first German gay literary journal; in this group George was attracted to Count Claus von Stauffenberg (who attempted to assassinate Adolf Hitler), whom he knew from the age of sixteeen, and he also fell in love with the English composer, Cyril Scott (see George Kries entry for details). George's work, like Nietzsche's, prefigured Nazism and his 1928 book Das Neue Reich (The New State) was exploited by the Nazis. His 1892 volume Algabal - dedicated to *Ludwig II of Bavaria - was on the homosexual Roman emperor Heliogabalus (who held homosexual *orgies). *Melchior Lechter designed and illustrated many of his books which were finely produced; he also designed the Blätter für die Kunst. Like Nietzsche, he has been blamed for contributing to the rise of Nazism. He fled Germany in 1933 after the Nazi takeover and went into exile in Switzerland where he died in Minusio (where *Elisar von Kupffer also lived). His right wing sympathies have made him suspect to contemporary gay activists in Germany. (Contrast *Adolf Brand the left wing gay activist and poet active at the same time.) George as a translator. The Dutch poet *Albert Verwey was a disciple and George translated him into German (letters also exist between them); he also translated various French poets such as Verlaine in Blatter für die Kunst. English. He translated Shakespeare's *sonnets into German, titled Shakespeare sonnette, Berlin, 1909, 160 pp. Criticism. A huge number of books have been written on George and several explore his relationship with Verwey: see his *British Library General Catalogue entry. *Peter Hamecher wrote the first work of criticism on him in gay terms in 1914; Ludwig Klages also wrote an early piece on him. *Marita Keilson-Lauritz has written a brilliant extended modern gay analysis. The best introduction to him in English is a very fine piece by *Eric Bentley. On his English reputation see *Ralph Farrell. In English see *Ian Young on his relationship with Claus von Stauffenberg. *C. M. Bowra wrote a survey of his work. See also "Criticism in homosexual terms" below. Translation. English: Cyril Scott (1910; London, 63 pp. - the translator was a composer of music), Margaret Münsterberg (1914; selection), *Ernest Morwitz and *Carol Valhope (1943 and repr.; selection), *Ernst Morwitz and *Olga Marx (1949; complete poems - see under the Olga Marx entry). French: Maurice Boucher (1941 and 1943); Italian: No translator given (1948, Milan, 254 pp. - see *National Union Catalog); Russian: M. Oresta (1952; 88 pp.); Spanish: Carlos F. Grieben (1951), Alfonso Pinto and Jaime Balet (1955, Madrid, 55 pp.). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 50 - cites Hermann Drahn, Das Werk Stefan Georges. Seine Religiösität und sein Ethos, Leipzig, 1925, 57 - cites Werke, Berlin: Bondi and Düsseldorf: Küpper (no dates); 97 - cites Willi Scheller, "Graf *Platen und Stefan George" in Die Horen iv 10 859 ff, 1928. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10656: Poems in German and English, New York: Schocken, 1967. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1395: Poems, New York: Pantheon, 1943. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 313-21. L'amour bleu, 21617. Digte om m&nds k&rlighed til m&nd. Fra mann til mann, 24-26. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 260. Les Amours masculines, 291-92. Andere Lieben, 210-14. Drobci stekla v ustih, 8-10. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 223-25; biog. note, 195. Criticism in homosexual terms. Eldorado, 95. Woods, History of Gay Literature, 184-87. English poet from the United States. Born 1927. *Son of the Male Muse (see below) states he was born "early this century" and lives in *New York City, running a book and antique stall on Canal Street. A selection of poems is YES Is Such a Long Word: Selected Poems of Richard George-Murray, edited and with an introduction by* Ian Young, Amsterdam: Entimos Press, 1995, forty-eight unnumbered pages; with bibl. A separately published bibliograpy on him by *Don Mader exists. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 1396-405: Bedlam: Elevations and Perspectives, Jersey City, NY: Ross Paxton, 1966, The Belly Button Chronicles, New York: Primrose Apathy, 1976, Denizens, New York: Primrose Apathy, 1969, Fox Day, New York: Primrose Apathy, no date, Lilac Cure, New York, Primrose Apathy, 1976, Markings. Thirteen Empty Verses, New York: Primrose Apathy, 1975 (revised edition, New York: Primrose Apathy, 1981), Patchwork, New York: Primrose Apathy, 1976, Ralph Rambone. A Poem, Jersey City, New York: privately printed, 1966, Tin Roses, New York: J. Michael Siegelaub, 1973 and Yellow 16, privately printed, no date. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gay Bards. Son of the Male Muse, 88-99: a fine series of short *haiku like poems on gay themes; biog., 188; photo, 88. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 541: fine poems. Poet possibly writing in German; from Germany, Switzerland or Brazil. Active 1992. It is assumed he comes from one of the countries in which the cities which cited as the three places of publication of the work below are situated; otherwise his country of origin is unknown. Bibliographies. Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen, item 169: Gib mir Liebeslied. Chansons Geschichten. Aphorismen, second printing St. Gallen, Berlin, Sao Paolo, 1992 (first published in 1992). Group and movement in English poetry from Great Britain from 1910 to 1922. A group of British poets, strongly influenced by the countryside, by the style of poetry associated with *Eton, and by *A. E. Housman. They took their name from George the Fifth, the king of England whose reign began in 1910. Five Georgian anthologies were edited by *Sir Edward Marsh 1912-22 (when fashion changed they were called somewhat disparagingly "the weekend school"). They were published in the bookshop of *Harold Monro, The Poetry Bookshop, which was a meeting place of the members of the group. Several were homosexual or had homosexual experiences. See *Rupert Brooke, *J. E. Flecker, *Wilfred Gibson, the anthology * Lads (most poets in this anthology were strongly influenced by the Georgians), *Edward Marsh, *Wilfred Owen, *Isaac Rosenberg, *Siegfried Sassoon, *Edward Thomas. *Robert Graves and *Edmund Blunden were linked with the group and *J. C. Squire in his journal supported them. The United States poet *Robert Frost, a close friend of Edward Thomas, is frequently called a Georgian. Many were soldiers who either died in World War One, such as Owen, or suffered from its effects, such as Sassoon. They were vigorously opposed by the supporters of *modernism, such as *Osbert Sitwell, who favoured *free verse (in opposition to the Georgians' use of rhyme). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Criticism. Perkins, History of Modern Poetry, volume one, 203-26: a general survey. Archive and library in the United States mainly relating to works in English. From 1981. The gay library and archives of *Chicago. Over 4,000 books and 700 journal titles are held. "You gotta have Gerber Hart" by Leonard Kniffel in American Libraries vol. 42 (1993), 958-60, describes the library. A Preliminary Periodicals Listings - 1996, was compiled by *Robert B. Marks Ridinger; this lists 422 journals held. The library has an *Internet homopage with excellent links. References. Directory of the International Association of Lesbian and Gay Archives and Libraries, 53-57. Songwriter from Sweden who wrote in Swedish. 1891-1964. A songwriter who composed some 4,000 songs and some 60 revues. He was three times married but lived with another man and an adopted daughter in the last part of his life. Some songs refer to male homosexuality, e.g., "Jazzgassen" (The Jazz Boy) from 1922 in which he satirizes effeminate homosexsual dandies. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Addressee of love poems from Germany. Active 1826. The addressee of twenty-six *sonnets by *Platen: see *R. B. Cooke. The poems were written in 1826 in Erlangen. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Iolaus (1902), 157. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 197-98. The Germanic languages are a subgroup of the *Indo-Europoean language family and were originally spoken in north west and western Europe. Most languages still are spoken mainly in this part of Europe (with the exception of Afrikaans, a Dutch dialect, which is spoken in South Africa and was introduced with the Dutch invasion). Languages include Afrikaans, Danish, Dutch, English, Faroese, Flemish, Frisian, German, Gothic, Icelandic, Norse, Norwegian, Swedish. German has been spoken in German colonies in Africa and elsewhere, such as in northern Papua New Guinea, a German colony until World War One. Dutch was formerly spoken in Indonesia until independence in 1948. Works in Germanic languages date from the *Old English * Beowulf (ca. 725). English is now a world language and is spoken in the former overseas colonies of Great Britain such as the United States, India, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa and many former colonies (such as Hong Kong); it is also an international language of business and scholarship. Since English is now spoken all over the world, this language is the language with the most widely dispersed material relating to homosexual poetry as well as being the language which reaches the greatest number of people. German is the most widely spoken Germanic language on the continent of Europe influencing the others heavily (except English). It is spoken as a second language in Poland and as far as the Balkans. Icelandic is the modern name for Norse though the language has changed little since Norse. Gothic is a now extinct east German language. Compare *Romance languages, *Iberian languages (a subgroup of the Romance languages), *Slavic languages. Sexual attraction of a younger person for an older person; in English, Urdu, Turkis, Persian, Chinese and Greek. From ca. 1700. All consenting *pedophilia relationships have an element of gerontophilia from the point of view of the younger person; these occur in Urdu. Turkish. Persian. In English,'Christopher Isherwood had such a relationship with the younger Don Bachardy. Such relationships occurred in Chinese. Monks and monasteries were sites of such activity - for instance in Greek when poems were involved. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1992. For biographical information see James White Review, vol. 9 no. 2, Summer 1992, p. 20. He is a Detroit based poet who has published a book of poems, November in Detroit, and works in *Aids education. Poet from Belgium who wrote in Flemish. 1830-1899. The most famous Flemish poet of the nineteenth century who was the great moving force behind the Flemish cultural renaissance of that period. (Flemish is almost identical with Dutch but the Flemish speakers in Belgium insist on maintaing their own identity.) He was a *Catholic priest, was at one time a teacher, and wrote poems of friendship to his pupils and *mystical *hymns and nature poems. Criticism: see Urbain van de Voorde, Guido Gezelle, 1926, and A Westerlinck, De innerlijke wereld van Guido Gezelle, 1977. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Naar vriendscaap zulk een mateloos verlangen, 11-14: poems "Antwoorde aan een vriend" (from Dichtoenfeningen, Rousselaere: Jules de Meester, 1892), "Ik misse u" and "Dien avond en die rooze" (from Gedichten Gezangen and Gebeden, Rousselaere: Jules de Meester, 1893) and "Il droome alree" (from Laaste verzen, Amsterdam: L. J. Veen, no date) (books cited p. 117). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 267-69; 262 states he was "a priest who concealed his homosexuality". Poet from Turkey who wrote in Turkish and Azeri. Ca. 1757-1799. Turkish. One of the four great poets of the old school of'Ottoman poets with *Fuzuli, *Nef i and *Nedim. Author of an 'allegorical *Mathnavi Husn u 'Ashk (Beauty and Love) which has had a huge influence on Turkish poetry. He was in charge of a monastery of *Dervishes. Azeri. Aversion of the mathnavi exists: see Great Soviet Encyclopedia vol. 1, p. 575. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition. Criticism. Gibb, History of Ottoman Poetry, volume 4, 175206. Poet from India who wrote in Urdu and Persian. 1797-1869. One of the greatest Urdu poets, who also wrote poetry in Persian; he used the pseudonym Ghalib. He accepted homosexual love as normal (*Ralph Russell to the author, April 1987). See A. Ahmad, Ghazals of Ghalib, London, 1971; some poems are homerotic and his work shows the strong influence of *Sufism. As Ralph Russell, who is his major critic and biographer in English, has pointed out the beloved in Ghalib is ambiguous and frequently mystical. His letters in Urdu are very famous. Biography. See Ralph Russell and K. Islam, Ghalib, Volume 1: Life and Letters, London, 1969. See also his entry in the Dictionary of National Biography (of India), ed. S. P. Sen, Calcutta, 1973. Criticism. Ralph Russell, editor, Ghalib: The Poet and His Age, London, 1972, is a thorough study. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Penguin Companion to World Literature: by Ralph Russell. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Yaraana: Gay Writing from India, vi (trans. *Hoshang Merchant). Criticism. *C. M. Naim, "The Theme of Homosexual (Pederastic) Love in Pre-Modern Urdu Poetry", in Studies in the Urdu Gazal and Prose Fiction, edited by M. U. Memon, 1979, 133-34, footnote 7. Rahman, "Boy love in the Urdu ghazal", Paidika vol. 2 no. 1 (1989), 12: *Andalib Shadani and others have written of his predeliction for boys; 18: poem regarding coming of beard. Editor in Persian from Iran. Active 1942. Editor of the text of *Omar Khayyam with *Mohammad Ali Forughi (see his entry). Ghanimat, Maulana Muhammad Akram Poet who wrote in Persian. Before 1900. Criticism. Rahman, "Boy love in the Urdu ghazal", Paidika vol. 2 no. 1 (1989), 14: author of the famous Masnawi Nairang-e-Ishq about a love affair between his patron's son and a boy Shahid. Poet from Iran who wrote Persian. Active ca. 1590. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A'in i Akbari anthology, 663-64 - two homosexual love poems, including one to a Christian youth; biog., 663. Poet from India who wrote in Persian. Active ca. 1590. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A'in i Akbari anthology, 679 - one almost certainly openly homosexual love poem; biog., 679. Ghazali, Mehmed, also called Deli Birader (pseud.) Poet from Turkey who wrote in Turkish. Died 1535. Deli Birader means "crazy brother" and was his * takhallus. He was a poet from Bursa who wrote a *long poem or * mathnavi in which two armies fight, one for women (defending the uvula), the other for men, defending the anus ("that thing which destroys trouble or relaxes"). Information from Dr Shinasi Tekin of *Harvard University who is working on an edition of his work. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Islam ansiklopedisi: by Fuat Koprulu (founder of the Turkish Historical Society). Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition: see Ghazali, Mehmed; note: this lists several manuscript sources in *Istanbul University Library as well as biographical and critical sources. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage: "Ghazali, Mehemmed"; by Shinasi Tekin. Criticism. Gibb, History of Ottoman Poetry, volume 3, 36-40: called Ghazali of Brusa. Poet from Iran who wrote in Persian. Active ca. 1590. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A'in i Akbari anthology, 638-39; biog., 638. Genre in Arabic from Iraq and later in Hebrew, Persian, Turksih, Urdu, Uzbek and other *Islamic languages and German from ca. 850. Ghazals usually consist of from four to twelve rhyming couplets (bayts). Love in the ghazal is always unrequited and in both Persian and Turkish. Poems are usually *non gender specific. The last couplet usually contains the poet's literary name, in Persian called the *takhallus, in Turkish *maklas. The poems were frequentlty recited in all male settings at drinking parties. See also * Gazal-e muzakkar. They are called zadjals in Spanish. Hebrew: see Norman Roths articles. Arabic: see al-Husayn ibn al-Dahhak (ca. 850), al-Rusafi (re a pun on ghazal and gazelle). See A. K. Kinany, The Development of the Ghazal in Arabic Literature (Pre-Islamic and Early Islamic Periods), Damascus, 1951. Persian. See Levy, Persian Literature, 34 - states "the most normal theme was love, mystical or human, the homosexual being recognized" and the form emerges from "the erotic prelude of the qasida". *Hafiz and Sa'di used them. Julie Scott Meisami, Persian Court Poetry (Princeton, 1987) discusses homosexuality in the * ghazal pp. 245-51. Turkish: see *Mehmed Ghazali, *Baki, ishaq Chelebi. In Penguin Book of Turkish Verse, 39, the author states it is "the favourite form of the *Ottoman poets." Urdu. It was widely used, e.g. by *Mir Taqi Mir, and many poets wrote homosexual poetry. Unrequited love is a major theme in the Urdu ghazal with the lover being *non gender specific or else a boy. See *C. M. Naim, "The Theme of Homosexual (Pederastic) Love in Pre-Modern Urdu Poetry", in Studies in the Urdu Gazal and Prose Fiction, edited by M. U. Memon, 1979, pp. 121-22 and following (the whole article is relevant). *Tariq Rahman, "Boy love in the Urdu ghazal", Paidika vol. 2 no. 1 (1989), 10-27, is the finest discussion in English. See also *Muhhamad Sadiq, *Ralph Russell. There is a general discussion of the genre in Sadiq, History of Urdu Literature, 19-36. Uzbek: see Hamza Hakim. The genre is also used in the literatures of *Islamic peoples of west and central Asia: Pashto, Kurd, Azerbaijan, Tajik etc. German. Ghazals were written by *Platen following translations into German of Turkish and Persian poetry. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition - "song, *elegy of love" and often also "the erotico-elegaic genre". Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, vol. 3. New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, vol. 9: under "India", 141 see "Thumri and ghazal" and 141-43 for erotic ghazals (performed by women but sometimes, in Muslim India, by male singers called Qawwal on p. 143). New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics: states "the principal subject.. is earthly or mystical love." Poet from Afghanistan who wrote in Persian. Active before 1900? See Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, p. 17: stated to be a poet. Apparently a pseudonym. The name refers to the town of Ghazna. Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. Ca 1278-1455. An Italian sculptor, famous for carving the Baptistry Gates in *Florence Cathedral. There is considerable homoeroticism in his work. He is believed to have written some *sonnets. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Enciclopedia italiana. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1947. In 1975 he was involved with the Angels of Light group (see below) under the name *Maya Desnuda; poems have been published in *Gay Sunshine and *Manroot. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10657: "Angels of light" in *Manroot 9: 113-115, Fall 1973. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Angels of the Lyre, 85: poem "Angels of Light" about a San Francisco anarchistic gender fuck theater troup; biog., 240. Bibliographer from the United States writing in English. Born 1949. Author of Walt Whitman, 1838-1939; A Reference Guide, Boston: G. K. Hall, 1981, 465 pages. This is a brilliant survey of criticism on Whitman and his influence with concise introduction pages xi-xivl; biog. note at beginning p. vi. Every entry is annotated and it is one of the greatest bibliographical works on a gay poet. There are about 5000 entries and a detailed index at the end: see, in the index, *"Homosexuality", *"Comradeship", Calamus. Many entries refer to obscure newspaper reviews and comments on Whitman in papers. He is also a poet who wrote a book of poems called Apricot and holds a Ph. D., lecturing at Golden West College, Huntington Beach, California: see the note on page vi. In the *Walt Whitman entry, in the section on Criticism, a later article on recent criticism is listed. See also Jorge Luis Borges. Critic and historian from Great Britain writing in English of Turkish poetry; translator from Turkish to English. 1857-1901. He commenced A History of *Ottoman Poetry, 6 volumes, London, 1900-09. Only volume one was completed in his lifetime, volumes two to six being completed by *E. G. Browne. This work is the longest study in a European language of Turkish *Ottoman poetry. It openly discusses homosexuality - e.g., see the discussion *Fadil Bey (written by *E. G. Browne). There is so much quotation from poets that the work constitutes an anthology (though translations are stilted). It consists basically of biographical material based on Turkish sources (compare *Hammer-Purgstall). He also compiled an anthology, Ottoman Poems, 1882, expanded into Ottoman Literature: The Poets and Poetry of Turkey, 1901, which contains biographical notes and a selection of poems. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography. Penguin Book of Turkish Verse, 37. Gibran, Kahlil, also called Djabran Khalil Djabran Poet from Lebanon who wrote in Arabic and English; he later lived in the United States. 1882-1931. Khalil Gibran (as his name is usually spelt in English) was a handsome youth from Lebanon educated in *Boston, partly by the gay artist Frederick Holland Day. His work springs out of * fin de siècle literature and he is a major modern Arabic poet as well as writing poetry in English. He was strongly influenced by the Arabic * New Testament and his major work is The Prophet, 1923, written in English in flowing *free verse inspired by *Whitman (Gibran illustrated the poem himself with strangely sexless but erotic drawings). It is a *mystical poem showing the influence of *Sufism. The Prophet is strongly homosexual, espousing a religion of love, beauty and redemption and it has been translated into thirteen languages. * Jesus, the Son of Man, 1928 is also a major work. He was also involved in the founding of modern Arabic literature in his Arabic works and has become a cult figure. Biography. The work by his relatives J. and K. Gibran, Kahlil Gibran: His Life and World, 1974 (repr. 1981), is a work which is inadequate for a frank discussion of his life. His exact sexuality is unknown. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition: see "Djabran Khalil Djabran". Dictionary of Oriental Literatures iii: see under "Jibran". Contemporary Authors, vol. 104. Encyclopedia of World Literature in the 20th Century: Supplement. Criticism. Gay Books Bulletin no. 7, p. 9. Cooper, Sexual Perspective, 82. Biographer and historian from Great Britain living in Spain and writing in English and Spanish. Born 1939. Author of The Death of *Lorca, 1973 (revised edition titled The Assassination of Lorca, 1979), the first attempt to elucidate the full facts of the death of the gay poet. His major biography of *Lorca is Federico García Lorca: A Life, 1985, which was first published in Spanish, volume 1 in 1985, volume 2, in 1987; translated into English, 1989 (review: Listener6 July, 1989.) This is a frank biography of Lorca, openly discussing his homosexuality with an important bibliography. For a biographical note on Ian Gibson, see the first page. He lives in Spain where he did the research. His The English Vice: Beating, Sex and Shame in *Victorian England and Afte r, 1978 (repr.) is the most important book on *flagellation in English literature (see also *sado-masochism and *Eton); important bibl. pp. 329-47. The book has little discussion of homosex and S/M but prints the text of *Swinburne's homosexual S/M poems on pp. 320-28; see also the bibliography of Swinburne's S/M poems pp. 345-46. His The Shameful Life of Salvador Dali (1997), has details of *Salvador Dali's sex life, including Federico García Lorca's attraction to him and discussion of homosexuality. He wrote a biography of *Henry Spencer Ashbee. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1878-1962. He was a leading member of the *Georgian poets and, as a legatee of *Rupert Brooke's will, was assured of a regular income. He married. See the poem "Rupert Brooke", in Collected Poems, 1926, pp. 333-34. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature : noting his poetry deals somewhat conventionally with Northern rural themes. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 74, 80-81, 91-92, 101, 218-19; poems showing considerable homoerotic overtones and possibly the influence of *Whitman's Civil War poems; biog., 234 - states he had no formal education but he became a full time poet and published many volumes from 1902 (gives his death date as 1958). Criticism. Perkins, History of Modern Poetry, Volume One, 21. Poet, critic, diarist and novelist from France who wrote in French; translator from English to French. 1869-1951. André Gide is best known as a writer of novels. He came out in 1921 in Si le grain ne meurt and was the first major modern French writer to acknowledge to homosexuality. His prose work * Corydon, 1924, was a defence of homosexuality, notably *pederasty, in the form of four dialogues, originally published anonymously in 1911 under the title C. R. D. N (Bruges, Belgium in an edition of 12 copies comprising two and a half dialogues; reprinted in 1920 in an edition of 21 copies; information from Bibliographie des homosexualités, 1882-1924, 1981, by *Claude Courouve). He wrote a book on *Oscar Wilde, and translated some of *Whitman's poems. He met *Proust just before the latter died in 1922, whom he reported as having stated to him that he was gay (see George Painter, Marcel Proust, 1967, volume 2, p. 313). He wrote some poetry and *prose poems. His diaries, being edited by *Claude Courouve, are important sources of information on gay life in *Paris. He was greatly influenced by Whitman and was editor of the * Mercure de France, a journal sympathetic to homosexuality. In 1908 he was among the founders of the highly influential Nouvelle Revue Francaise. Criticism: see Emily S. Apter, Andre Gide and the Codes of Homotextuality, 1987; John S. Weightman, "Andre Gide and the Homosexual Debate", American Scholar, vol. 59 (Autumn 1990), 591-601. A detailed study of Gide and homosexuality is Eva Ahlstedt, André Gide et le debat sur l'homosexualité: de L'Immoraliste (1902) a Si le grain ne meurt (1926), Goteburg, Sweden, 1994; bibl., pp. 213-86. Biography. See Alan Sheridan, André Gide: A life in the present, 1998, Pierre Lepage, André Gide le messager, 1999 and Claude Martin, André Gide ou la vocation du bonheur, volume 1, 1869-1911, 1999 (the first volume of a two volume life). Gide married but his marriage was never consummated; he had a daughter, Elisabeth, by another woman. His sexual tastes were towards *pederasty and he had homosex with an Algerian on a visit to Algeria with *Oscar Wilde in 1895 (see *Richard Ellmann, Oscar Wilde, 1987, p. 405). He won the *Nobel Prize in 1947 and was the first winner of the prize to have admitted his homosexuality (twenty three years prior - compare *Patrick White who did not come out until after winning the prize). His total oeuvre was put on the Catholic Church's * Index in 1951. Translation of poetry from English. He translated *Tagore's Gitanjali from English to French (1914; titled L'Offrande lyrique, Gitanjali). See also *Oedipus. Criticism. Gide has attracted increasing interest in relation to the homosexual aspects of his work See Patrick Pollard, André Gide: Homosexual Moralist, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1991, Jean-Marie Jadin, André Gide et sa perversion, Paris, 1995, Michael Lucey, Gide's Bent: Sexuality, Politics, Writing, 1995, and Naomi Segal, André Gide; Pederasty and Pedogogy, 1999. A thesis at the *Sorbonne, Paris, in the 1970s by Neil Jennings on the theme of adolescence in Gide deals with homosexuality. See also "Criticism in homosexual terms" below. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Jonathan to Gide, 693-97. Contemporary Authors, vol. 104. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 477-79. Howes, Broadcasting It. Dictionnaire Gay. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 264-75: prose. Hidden Heritage, 299-306. L'amour bleu, 25153. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 431-33: trans. of what are apparently *prose poems from Fruits of the Earth. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 411-22. Criticism in homosexual terms. Ruitenbeck, Homosexuality and Creative Genius, 239-59. Gay Books Bulletin no. 5 (Spring 1981), 23-24: on the text of Corydon. Woods, History of Gay Literature, 313-16. Poet from Australia writing in English. Active ca. 1974. Lesley the Lesbian [Darwin: no date], 25 pp.; reprinted 1974. A rare book. See p. 2 of the first edition (with a note "Printed by Quick Print, Darwin" on the back cover; this also has a note on the title page stating it is limited to 100 copies). On page 2 Lesley states " Scant is my sympathy for *queens" (i.e. male homosexuals). Despite its title the poem is really about the difficulties of being homosexual. Poet writing in English. Active 1986. Book of poems: Ghosts No Horse Can Carry: Collected Poems 1967-87, published in 1989, 303 pp. Source: *Prinz Eisenherz catalog 1989/2 p. 4. Translator from Great Britain from Latin to English. 1756-1826. His translation of Juvenal, 1802 (repr.) was unusual for its time in being complete; however "Satire 2" reveals little of the homosexuality and "Satire 9" is a subdued translation. He also translated *Persius (1821). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 100-101: trans. of Juvenal (originally published 1802; repr.). Critic in Catalan from Spain. Born 1952. See "Rosa i lila a la literatura catalana" (Rose and *lilac in Catalan literature), El Temps (note: this is a journal published in Valencia, Spain; not a newspaper of which there are several with this title in Spanish), 24 October 1988, pp. 104-06: a survey of homosexuality and Catalan literature (source: Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, p. 1242). The article is considers whether there is a gay and lesbian literature in Catalan. It mentions the Catalan poet Jaume Creus. The title refers to *colors not flowers. She appears to have written a book El Reino (the masculine form of the Spanish word reina, "queen", which means homosexual in English), Argentina, 1992. Critic from the United States writing in English of Hebrew poetry. Active 1981. Author of the article in Pan no. 8 (April 1981), 29-31, "And my *fawn beside me", an important article discussing *pedophilia in Hebrew poetry (however poems quoted are ambiguous and could be more likely about pederasty); trans. of *Moses Ibn Ezra. He states, p. 29, phrases from the *Song of Songs were "generalized to apply in homosexual and paedophile contexts". Poet from Spain writing in Spanish. Born 1906. Active as a poet 1929-1955. One of the 'Generation of 27; he lived in Valencia. Gibson, Federico García Lorca, p. 419, states that in 1933 he "was about to publish a group of *sonnets in which he made no effort to disguise his homosexuality". A major Spanish poet with a large oeuvre. Julio Gomes in O homosexualidade no mundo, 1980, volume 1, 36 states he wrote the preface for Los Primeros Movimentos en Favor de los Derechos. See also *fawn. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Literary Biography vol. 134; with bibl.; refers to "homoerotic love" in his 1936 book Misteriosa presencia, p.145. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Bibliographies. Cuaderno bibliográfico gay, 13: Obra poética completea, Valencia: Disputación Provincial de Valencia, 1981 and Mi voz comprometida, Barcelona: Laia, 1980. Criticism. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1241: re his book Heracles written in 1955 but published in 1981 (see *Herakles). (These sonnets may have been influenced by the work of the Portuguese poet *Antonio Botto.) Homosexuales. Poet from Canada writiing in English. Active 1995. Book with many gay poems: Digressions of a Naked Party Girl (Toronto, ECW Press, 1998). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Plush. Gilbert, William Schwenck, Sir Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1836-1911. The librettist of the Gilbert and Sullivan collaboration, writing light opera. Gilbert wrote the words and Sir Arthur Sullivan wrote the music. As a poet he was the author of Bab Ballads (1869). Bunthorne in his opera, which is in poetry, Patience, was said to be founded on *Oscar Wilde and Grosvenor on *Swinburne. His last play was titled Fallen *Fairies; or The Wicked World (1909). The operas he wrote are somewhat *camp with *parody elements and are in poetry; the opera The Mikado is an especially camp work. *Cole Porter was influenced by their style. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature: noting "his true province was *satirical light verse". Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 639: wrote the opera in verse Patience 1881 (set to music by the homosexual Sullivan) which satirized *aesthetes. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1992. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Language of water, 16-21; biog., 78 - studying at Kent University. Editor possibly from the United States of works in Russian; translator from Russian to English. Active 1983. Translator of the Russian poet *Gennady Trifonov into English: see Tbilisi by Candlelight, no place or publisher, 1983, 35 pp. in Russian and English and edited by her. A copy of this book was purchased in Boston at *Glad Day Books and it appears to have been printed in the United States and consists of eight poems. Poem in Sumerian and Akkadian from Iraq and in Hittite from Turkey. The Hittite version dated from before 1,200 B.C. (fragments of the Sumerian version date from 2.150 B.C.). Gilgamesh is the earliest datable surviving literary work of any length with sustained homosexual interest. It survives in versions in Sumerian, Hittite and Akkadian and there are some fragments in Hurrian and Eblaite. An excellent concise introduction is in Stephanie Dalley, Myths from Mesopotamia, 1989, 39-49; also excellent is the introduction to the translation by Andrew George (Penguin Books, 1999). Fragments date from 2,150 B.C. in Sumerian (a language isolate spoken in Sumer in the land between the Tigris and the Euphrates in what is now Iraq); the date of 2,150 B.C. is taken from Stephanie Dalley, Myths from Mesopotamia, 41. There is a text from before 1,200 B. C. in the Hittite version (Hittite is an *Indo-European language and was spoken in Turkey). The Akkadian version, from Iraq, the most complete surviving version, dates from before 612 B.C (Akkadian is a *Afro-Asiatic language). The Akkadian version is the only complete version. The fullest study of the poem is by *Geoffrey Tigay who has found considerable homosexual elements in the Hittite version. Gilgamesh is the earliest datable *epic. On homosexuality and the ancient cultures of the middle east see Gwendolyn Leick, Sex and Eroticism in Mesopotamian Literature (1994), especially Chapter 14, "Liminal Sexuality: Eunuchs, homosexuals and the common prostitute", pp. 157-169. Criticism and bibliography. See John Maier, Gilgamesh: a reader (Wauconda, ILL, 1997), a selection of twenty-five essays that have appeared since 1982 with a Gilgamesh bibliography to 1994 pp. 357-491. See in this book especially Dorothy Hammond and Alta Jablow, "Gilgamesh and the Sundance Kid: the myth of Male Friendship", pp. 283-93. Akkadian version. Gilgamesh is a series of tales based on a legendary king of Sumer thought to have lived 2,800-2,500 B.C. (see Stephanie Dalley, Myths from Mesopotamia, 40-41). The fullest text of Gilgamesh has been found on clay tablets in Akkadian in the library of the palace of Ashurbanipal dating 668-612 B.C., in Ninevah on the east bank of the Tigris River opposite modern Mosul, Iraq (more than 20,000 of these tablets are now in the British Museum). The palace was destroyed ca. 612 B.C. The text is written in cuneiform, a method of writing preceding the alphabet (which was only invented in a usuable form in Syria about 1,100 B.C.) Akkadian is an *Afro-Asiatic language, now extinct, and formerly spoken in Iraq, from ca. 3000 B.C. to 612 B.C. It had two dialects, Assyrian and Babylonian. As note above, the surviving Akkadian version was preceded by a Sumerian version and one in Hittite and there are other earlier fragmentary versions in Akkadian. Though the Akkadian versian may date from before 1200 B.C. the version is no later than 612 B.C., the year of the destruction of the palace library. The Akkadian text. See R. C. Thompson, The Epic of Gilgamesh: text, transliteration and notes, Oxford, 1930 (the editor has also translated the poem). Homosexuality in the poem has been discussed by *Geoffrey Tigay who has an excellent bibliography on the huge literature to 1982. More fragments of the poem have come to light and been cataloged since Thompson's text and a new edition of the Akkadian text is needed. Gilgamesh's lament for his close male companion Enkidu after his death is strongly homoerotic; it is an *elegy and compares with *"David's Lament for Jonathan" in Hebrew. In Gilgamesh's dream, puns with homosexual meanings occur. On homosexuality in the dream see Thorkild Jacobsen, "How did Gilgames oppress Uruk"?, Acta Orientalia 8 (1930), 62-74 (reprinted in his The Treasures of Darkness, 1976, p. 196 ff) and "A Note on an overlooked word-play in the Akkadian Gilgamesh by Anne Draffkorn Kilmer" in Zikir Sumin, edited by G. van Driel and others, Leiden, 1982, 128-32. The relationship of Gilgamesh and Enkidu compares with that of *Achilles and Patroclus in Homer in Greek (on comparison with Homer see Gerald K. Gresseth, "The Gilgamesh Epic and Homer", Classical Journal vol. 70 no. 4, 1974-75, 1-18; this article, however, states comparison is mostly with Homer's The Odyssey). The poem needs to be read in the context of the Sumerian king having absolute power and being supremely sexual with ability - as king - to express his sexuality with males as well as women if he so chose. On the homosexual background see the article "Homosexualität" in Reallexikon für Assyrologie (1972-75), which is a brilliant survey of the subject. Claudio Saporetti, Abolire le nascite: Ilproblema nella Mesopotamia antica (Rome, 1993), 121 pp., deals with homosexuality. See also *Mark Daniel, *Paul D. Hardman. In the twentieth century the ideas in Gilgamesh strongly influenced *Hans Henny Jahnn. The composer Martinu wrote an oratorio Epic of Gilgamesh (1955). Dictionaries. Kindlers neues Literatur Lexikon vol.18; includes text sources. Sumerian version. This version dates from ca. 2,150 B.C. Sumerian is a language isolate and has no linguistic affiliation with any known language (see the entry in Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics; see also "Sumerian Writing"). Sumerian was spoken mainly from 2,600 to 2,000 B.C. in southern Iraq and after 2,000 B.C. was largely replaced with Akkadian but it continued to be used for literary and religious texts, mostly copied until 200 B.C. Only smaller compositions and fragments of the Sumerian version survive but the material is basically the same as in the Akkadian including the strong bonding relationship of Gilgamesh and Enkidu. William Irwin Thompson, in Time Falling Bodies Take to Light (London, 1981), states p. 162 "In the Sumerian language the word for water also means semen, and since Enki is the god of water he is therefore the god of semen". This version has been discussed by *Geoffrey Tigay. Homosexuality in all surviving Sumerian fragments urgently needs examination. Middle Assyrian laws mention homosexuality: see H. W. F. Saggs, The Greatness that Was Babylon, New York, 1962. On the Sumerians see C. Leonard Woolley, The Sumerians, 1965, and Samuel Noah Kramer, The Sumerians, 1963. They lived in the southern part of Iraq between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers and the language is one of the oldest written languages in existence, dating from 3,000 B.C.; only by about 2,600 B.C. was the script beginning to be used for literary documentation (only the Indus script used in the cities of Mohenjo-daro and Harappa in Pakistan and possibly ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics may be older - see *writing). Like Akkadian, it was written in cuneiform and the cuneiform of Sumerian is the earliest form of cuneiform (see entry "Cuneiform" in Encyclopaedia Britannica). Sumerian is an agglutinative language like Turkish and Hungarian. The earliest texts come from Uruk (modern Warka). Surviving Sumerian texts are translated and included in the Penguin Books translation of the Akkadian text by Andrew George (1999). The background to the Sumerian and Akkadian version is also given in Georges Roux, Ancient Iraq, second edition 1980, perhaps the best written introduction to these cultures. On sexuality, see Sex and Eroticism in Mesopotamian Literature, New York, 1994. Dictionaries. Kindlers neues Literatur Lexikon vol.18; includes text sources. Hittite version. Hittite is an *lndo-European language, now extinct, which was spoken in Turkey. The Hittites were overrun in 1200 B. C. so all surviving records (which are also in cuneiform as with the Akkadian and Sumerian versions of the poem *epigraphical inscriptions) are earlier than this date. Records were only discovered in 1915 and the Hittite version of Gilgamesh comes from the palace of the Hittite capital, Hattusas. The version in Hittite is earlier than the surviving Akkadian version but survives only in fragments and Gilgamesh's dream - which is a crucial passage for homosexuality in the Akkadian version - does not exist in the Hittite. However the Enkidu/ Gilgamesh relationship is established in the Hittite version and, although the homosexual aspect is not more explicit than in the Akkadian, enough sections survive to enable readers to see a homoerotic element. Homosexuality in this version has been discussed by *Geoffrey Tigay; there are elaborate homosexual puns. On the Hittite legal situation regarding homosexuality see "Incest, Sodomy and Bestiality in the Ancient Near East" in Harry A Hoffner, Orient and Occidental, 1973, pp. 81-90; homosexuality seems not to have been stigmatized amongst the Hittites. O. R. Gurney, The Hittites, London, 1952 is a scholarly study of the Hittites. See also Arcadie no. 115-16 (July-August 1963), 353-56: article by *Marc Daniel (pseud). Dictionaries. See New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics : "Hittite Poetry". Kindlers neues Literatur Lexikon vol. 18, 644 -47; with bibl. Hurrian and Eblaite. Hurrian is a language isolate spoken in southeast Turkey and Iraq from about 2000 B.C. to about 1200 B. C. Eblaite is an *Afro-asiatic language. Information on the languages will be found in Harvey Weiss, editor, From Ebla to Damascus, Washington, DC, 1985. See also the Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics for information on the languages. The Eblaite language seems to have died out ca. 1000 B.C. Hurrian. Only fragments exist; see Kindlers neues Literatur Lexikon for text and bibl. These Hurrian fragments need investigation by gay scholars. The Hurrian version is discussed by *Geoffrey Tigay. Eblaite. Only fragments exist. Investigation by gay scholars is needed. On Ebla see the entry in Oxford Classical Dictionary, 1996 edition; the language is a dialect of Old Akkadian and was spoken in Syria. On these languages see the entries in Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Translation of Gilgamesh. Translations of the complete Gilgamesh have all been from the Akkadian version, the only surviving complete version (except as noted in the English translation by Andrew George). Translations into modern European languages date from 1900. The question arises as to whether the different ancient versions of Gilgamesh which survive are translations from a common source or different oral versions which have been written down. That they came from a common source is very doubtful, since oral poets generally worked from a common stock of material which they elaborated in their own language. If some of the ancient versions are translations, Gilgamesh may be the earliest surviving poetic work to do with homosexuality in which translations can be dated. The edition of the Akkadian version by R. C. Thompson, The Epic of Gilgamesh, 1930, has been used as the basis of many translations. English: W. Muss-Arnott (1901), Stephen Langdon (1917), R. Campbell Thompson (1928), W. E. Leonard (1934), A. Heidel (1946; repr.), N. K. Sanders (1960; Penguin Books; however, the Akkadian text relied on is not reliable), Herbert Mason (New York: Mentor Books, 1970), M. Gallery Kovacs (1989), Stephanie Dalley (1989 - contains an excellent introduction), David Ferry (1992 - more a version than a translation), Andrew George (*Penguin Books, 1999; in poetry and the best in English; includes translations from the Sumerian fragments as well); Danish: F. L. J. Ostrup (1940); Dutch: Jan H. Eekhout (1938), F. M. Th. Bohl (1941); Finnish: F. Salonen (1943); French: J. Oppert (1885), G. Contenau (1939), Abed Azrie (1979); German: A. Jeremias (1891), P. Jensen (1900 - in his Assyrisch-Babylonische Mythen und Epen), A. Ungnad and H. Gressman (1911), Georg E. Burckhardt (1916; repr. 1952), R. Janthur (1919), H. Ranke (1924), H. Hafker (1924), E. Ebeling (1926 - in H. Gressman's Altorientalische Texte zum Alte Testament), Albert Schott (1934), Wolfram von Soden (1963; repr. 1988), Annemarie H. Schmokel (1989); Hungarian: Zemplini Arpad (ca. 1911); Italian: G. Roggia (1944), Giuseppe Furlani (1958), N. Kanders (ca. 1986 - possible trans.: see *Babilonia no. 42, 46-47), Giovanni Pettinato (Milan, 1992); Russian: N. Gumilev (1919), I. M. Diakonov (1961); Swedish: K. Tallqvist (1945); Turkish: M. Ramazanoglou (1942), Orphan Asena (1955?). The National Union Catalog and*British Library General Catalogue were consulted. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, vol. 3, 60-61. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 479-80; see also 799-802: "Mesopotamia". Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Kindlers neues Literatur Lexikon vol.18, 639-44. Dictionnaire Gay. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10659: lists only the title and "Many translations and editions". Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1169: The Epic of Gilgamesh, Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin, 1960 (English trans.) Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen, item 336: Gilgamesch (trans. into German by Georg Burckhardt), Weisbaden: Insel, 1952. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Les Amours masculines, 31-32. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 431; note 427-28. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 3-9 (trans. N. K. Sanders). Criticism. Gay Sunshine 32 (Spring 1977), 2: by *Marc Daniel. Poet from the United States writing in English and translator from Greek to English. 1924-1995. He published six books of poems on his own press The *Crossing Press (including Young Man's Letter, 1967, Gill's Blues, 1969, Country Pleasures, 1975). From the Diary of *Peter Boyle, Plainfield, Indiana: Alembic Press, 1982, is a major volume (review: James White Review vol. 2 no. 2, Winter 1985, 13). Its title sequence (pp. 62-72) refers to *Whitman's lover (see also the sequence "The Last Romantic" pp. 54-61); a biographical note, on p. 77, states he is married and lives with his wife near Ithaca, New York. Between Worlds: New and Selected Poems (Hanging Loose Press, 1993) is his latest book (review: James White Review vol. 11 no. 2 (Winter 1994), 17 by *George Klawitter). He compiled a translation of the * Palatine Anthology called Erotic Poems from the Greek Anthology (Trumansburg, NY, 1986): this is a version of the *Mousa Paidike putting the poems in a modern setting. The brilliant erotic illustrations by Carlos make this one of the outstanding illustrated books of the *gay liberation period. The text is also very fine. Editor of the literary review New American and Canadian Poetry, Boston, 1971, which contains poems by *Ian Young: see * Ian Young: a bibliography (1962-1980) item C8. See also *Book Design. Obituary: "For John Gill", Poets and Writers, vol. 24 no. 4 (July-Sugust 1996), 14-15 (with photograph) by *Robert Peters; states he died in Santa Cruz, California "of a lingering illness". From 1956 to 1965 he was an assistant professor of English at Ithaca College in Ithaca, New York. His poetry collection of 2,600 titles was donated to Cal Poly Pomona University by his widow Elaine Goldman Gill in 1997 where the rarest items are in Special Collections. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10660-61: Gill's Blues, Trumansburg, NY: New Books, 1969 and, as editor, New American and Canadian Poetry, Boston: Beacon, 1971. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1437-41: the two books listed in Bullough plus From the Diary of Peter Doyle and Other Poems, Ithaca, NY: Alembic Press, 1981 and Young Man's Letter, Trumansburg, NY: New Books, 1967. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Male Muse, 38; biog., 119-20: states he lives in Trumansburg, New York. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 551. Name of Love, 18; biog., 72. Poet from South Africa who wrote in English. Born 1873. He was educated in Great Britain but born in South Africa where he later lived. He was published in * The Spirit Lamp edited by *Alfred Douglas. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10663: "Love Songs" in Oxford Verses, edited by *Francis Rosslyn Bruce, London and Oxford: Simpkin Marshall, 1894, 80 pp. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1442: same book. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reade, Sexual Heretics, 227-28: "To W. J. M." (from *The Artist, 1 April 1890); 247. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 269: a *non-gender specific love poem; the same poem as in Reade, Sexual Heretics; see also the entry *G. G. (possibly this is Gillett). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 100-101. Criticism. Smith, Love in Earnest, 52-53; 245 (bibl.): lists his birthday as 1 December 1873; 51-53 re publication in The Spirit Lamp and four poems in Oxford Verses; biog. note, p. 52: he was born in Transvaal, South Africa where he later returned after entering the church. Smith, Love in Earnest, 52 quotes a love poem, "In Memoriam EBF", by GGSG from the The *SpiritLamp ("Friend and more than friend,/ Brother and *comrade true"). Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Active 1924. Almost certainly a pseudonym. See *kissing. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 81: a poem *"Boy Lovers" in English with the Latin title De Puerorum Osculis (About the kisses of boys) - "Red mouths of lads for love God made". Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 511: same poem. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 677-78. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1947. Raised Jewish, discovering himself to be gay, he is now a *Quaker and is Outreach Secretary for the Society of Friends; he explored these themes in his 1988 Swathmore lecture, A Minority of One. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Take Any Train, 26-27; biog., 62 - born in *Manchester, he was educated at *Oxford. Poet from the Netherlands writing in Dutch. Born 1941. Gay Poetry Anthologies. David heeft ook een achterkant, 11-13; biog 59-lives in Groningen. Poet, diarist and lettter writer from the United States writing in English. 1926-1997. The most famous United States poet of the *gay liberation period (whose poetry helped to bring it into existence). Such brilliant gay erotic poems as "Please Master" (Collected Poems, 1984, pp. 494-95) have reached a wide audience. Though homoeroticism pervades all of Whitman's poetry, overall as a gay poet Allen Ginsberg equals and indeed surpasses *Walt Whitman in the depth and range of his poetry. Ginsberg's reputation can only be expected to grow. He was a much loved figure, not consumed by self hate, who did not shrink from espousing difficult issues. Influenced by *Walt Whitman, *Rimbaud, *Nietzsche, *D. H. Lawrence and *Dada and one of the *Beats, Ginsberg's early poetry prefigured the poets of *gay liberation but he has, in turn, been greatly influenced by them. Ultimately as a gay poet his achievement, in his best poems, descends from Whitman, especially in his concern with consciousness raising: that is, towards gay experience being seen as positive and credible (in contrast to the prevailing negative approach to things gay in the forties when he started writing). His long poem "Witchita Vortex Sutra" (Collected Poems, pp. 394-412) takes up the issues of *T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. He was also strongly influenced by *William Carlos Williams. His poem Howl (1955), with its famous line about men who "let themselves be fucked in the arse by saintly motorcyclists, and screamed with joy" (Collected Poems, p. 128) was the first published English language poem of the period after World War Two to mention homosexual *anal sex openly, marking a major turning point in gay poetry in English: anal sex was seen here as something positive and joyful. The publisher of the work, *Lawrence Ferlinghetti, was charged with obscenity but acquitted at the subsequent trial. However, some works of Ginsberg can still not be read on radio in daytime in the United States. Lovers include the poet *Peter Orlovsky (with whom he shared his life until Ginsberg's death) and *Neal Cassady. With the Beat writer Jack Kerouac and Neal Cassady he co-wrote a mutual *masturbation and *orgy poem "Pull My Daisy" in 1949 ( Collected Poems, pp. 23-25); a film with this title was later made featuring him. (The character of Dean Moriarty in Kerouac's On the Road is based on him: see Perkins, History of Modern Poetry, volume 2, p. 550). The concept of *open form was crucial to his poetry; he is also a master of the Whitmanic *free verse line. Brought up as a Jew, he later became a *Buddhist and has been credited with being instrumental in bringing Buddhism to the United States. His influence though the poetry of the gay liberation period extends as far as Australia (see, e.g., *Michael Dargaville). In 1965 he was placed on the FBI Internal Security list despite being deported from Cuba and Czechoslovakia where he opposed the Communist regimes; he had a large FBI file. Aural recordings exist (e.g., of him reading from Howl); the largest collection of these is in his own archive, now at Stanford University, which has not yet been properly assessed. He was banned from giving a reading for NAMBLA (the North American Man Boy Love Association) at the New York Gay Center in 1989. A fine poem is "Woke Me Up Naked" written for the Tenth Anniversary of Gay Sunshine in *Sapphic stanzas (see Gay Sunshine 44/45, Autumn/Winter 1980, first section 24). "Wichita Vortex Sutra", another major poem, about the possibility of nuclear war, to which GInsberg was vehemently opposed, has been set to music by Philip Glass (published in 1993 on CD: Elektra Nonesuch 7559 -79286-2). Text of the poems. An excellent selection of gay poems to 1980 is Straight Hearts' Delight: Love Poems and Selected Letters 1947 80, edited by *Winston Leyland, San Francisco: Gay Sunshine, 1980 (reviewed in Gay Sunshine 44/45, 22-23 by *Charley Shively). The Selected Poems 1947-1995, is a good overall introduction (see review in Lambda Book Report, May 1997, 18-19, by Jeffrey Beam with a list of what he considers Ginsberg's finest poems). Other gay poems of note are listed in Bibliographies below. Ginsberg wrote about all sorts of gay sex and gay experiences. His last volume, published after his death, Death and Fame: Poems 19931997, 1999, concludes with the fine poem "Things I'll Not Do (Nostalgias)", pp. 98-99, about places he will never visit and concludes with the words "Not myself in an urn of ashes." The Collected Poems 1917-80, New York, 1984, revealed some brilliant gay poems previously unpublished (e.g., "Many Loves", dating from 1956, pp. 156-58); see the author's list of "strong breath'd poems" pp. xx and his notes pp. 749-799. Index of Proper Names, pp. 819-27 and Index of Titles, First Lines and Original Book Sources, pp. 829-37. There were changes to previously published texts so earlier printings are still of relevance. *Bill Morgan in The Works of Allen Ginsberg 1941-1994: A Descriptive Bibliography, 1995, states page xv, "Poems are often published which are in progress between initial inspiration and finished draft. Ginsberg tends to tinker wth his poetry much more that his dictum 'First Thoughts Best Thoughts' would suggest..." (For reviews of the Collected Poems see American Poetry Review vol. 14 no. 2, March 1985, 35-45, by Marjorie Perloff; Advocate no. 433, 12 November, 1985 46-47 by *W. I. Scobie). White Shroud: Poems 1980-85 (New York, 1986), including an *SM poem, was subsequently published followed by the posthumous Death and Fame (1999). Illuminated Poems (1997) is a selection of poems illustrated by Eric Drooker. Allen Ginsberg died of liver cancer. There are several *Internet sites devoted to him. Criticism. Lewis Hyde, editor, On the Poetry of Allen Ginsberg, 1984, is a selection of articles; bibl. pp. 455-62. Criticism in Japanese: see *Yu Suwa. See also "Criticism in homosexual terms" below. Letters. In addition to the preceding see As Ever: The Collected Correspondence of Allen Ginsberg and Neal Cassady, 1977. Diary. His diary has only been published to the early 1960s. Journals: Early Fifties Early Sixties, edited Gordon Ball, 1977. Journals 1954 1958, was published in 1995 (see the review in Guardian Weekly, 23 July 1995, 29: states the journals show *William Burroughs was in love with him and that they detail Ginsberg's seduction of *Neal Cassady and the early years of his love affair with *Peter Orlovsky). Indian Journals 1962-63, 1970, is about his visit to India. See also Allen Ginsberg Verbatim: Lectures of Poetry, Politics, Consciousness, 1974. Biographies. The best is by *Barry Miles (it is readable and well written); *Michael Schumacher's is very thorough on details but loses sight of the main developments in the details. Aural recordings. A huge tape archive exists in the poet's archive of his papers at Stanford University and these recordings are the largest volume of aural recordings of a poet known; see also Barry Miles. The papers were reputedly sold for several million dollars to provide a fund to enable Peter Orlovsky to live comfortably after the poet's death (he and Ginsberg had swapped vows that they would mutually care for each other in their lifetimes). The Lion for Real, a CD ROM and Cassette, is a recent recording 1999. Holy soul jelly roll (Los Angeles, 1994) consists of four compact discs and is also published in cassette form; this has a wide selection of his poems. There are several other published recordings of him reading. Film. The Life and Times of Allen Ginsberg (directed by Jerry Aronson in 1992), features rare archival footage from the poet's own collection of one hundred hours of film. Ginsberg is the most filmed of US gay writers. Manuscripts. Some of his manuscripts (at least to 1978) were deposited in a huge archive at Columbia University, New York but the archive was later sold to Stanford University in 1995; also included is his correspondence, interviews, photographs and tapes. He kept every letter sent to him - some 60,000. The contents of his New York apartment, including manuscripts, photographs, art works on the walls, books (including a copy of Oscar Wilde's Lady Windermere's Fan, London, 1893, signed by both Wilde and Ginsberg) was sold by Sotheby's, New York on 7 October 1999 in a sale entitled "Allen Ginsberg and Friends". The sale included the poet's desk. Notes to the sale state Ginsberg was not a rich man and gave much of his income away. Bibliography: see *Michelle P Kraus (an exhaustive survey to 1977), *George Dowden (to 1967). *Bill Morgan has compiled the best bibliography to 1994 listing over 10,000 items; this work is possibly the finest bibliography of a gay poet ever. After 1977 Ginsberg's papers at Stanford University, may contain the best bibliographical sources. Leyland, Gay Sunshine Interviews, volume 1, pp. 95-128, is a very important interview, which was reprinted as a booklet and was first published in * Gay News no. 27. An interview appeared in James White Review vol. 13 no. 3, summer 1996, 17-18. See also *Gavin Arthur. Translation. Translation of Ginsberg's poems was first into German in 1959, then Finnish in 1963, Swedish and Italian in 1965 and Dutch in 1966. Howl has been the most translated work, translated into twenty-three languages including Chinese. Japanese. Czech. Hebrew. Macedonian. Norwegian and Polish. It seems that many of his gay erotic poems have not been widely translated. For translation 1967-77, see Michelle P. Krauss, Allen Ginsberg (1980), pp. 1-36 (this includes translations of single poems); to 1967 see *George Dowden's bibliography. See Collected Poems 1947-80 (1984), p. 749 for a list of the main translators into French. German and Italian. *Barry Miles, Allen Ginsberg, 1989, p. 533 states he has been translated into virtually every language from Chinese to Serbo-Croatian. The question of whether homosexual poems have been translated needs to be addressed. 'Censorship has occurred and whether this was due to translators or publishers ignoring homosexual material to be examined. The National Union Catalog was checked manually to 1981 (this is the most complete published source); the *British Library General Catalogue was also checked. Not all foreign language translations appear to have entered libraries. Only book translations are included below (except in the case of Czech'). The most complete source of translations is probably Ginsberg's own archives. Chinese: see Barry Miles above (no translator listed); Czech: Jan Zabrana - Howl in Sesity pro literaturu a diskusi, Duben 30 (1969), 9-13; Dutch: Simon Vinkenoog (1966 ; selection), Gerard Belart (1973, 32 pp.; selection); Finnish: Anselm Hollo and Matti Rossi (1963; Howl and other poems); French: see Collected Poems, p. 749 which lists translators as Jean-Jacques Lebel, Mary Beach and Claude Pelieu, Gerard-Georges Lemaire and Philippe Mikriammos; Mary Beach and Claude Pelieu (1971; Planet News), Mary Beach (1972; Kaddish and Reality Sandwiches, 314 pp.); German: see Collected Poems, p. 749 which lists Carl Weissner, Heiner Bastien, Bernd Samland, Jürgen Schmidt and Michael Kellner; trans. not known - see National Union Catalog 1968-72 (1959; Howl and selection), Carl Weissner (1972; Indian Journals [1962-63]; ca. 1975; Fall of America), Heiner Bastian (1971; Planet News - see details in Bibliographies below). Ginsberg wrote a sequence "Reading Bai Juyi in China" in 1984 (see White Shroud, 63-68; homosexuality of Bai Juyi is implied in section iii, p. 65) and this has been translated into German as Beim lesen der gedichte von Bai Juyi, 1991 (trans. not known). "Many Loves" has been translated (published 1992 with illustrations); Greek: Trans, not known (1974; selection, 168 pp.), Trans, not known (1982); Italian: Fernanda Pivano (Milan, 1965; Howl, Kaddish and other poems, 477 pp.; repr. 1973); Japanese: Yu Suwa (1970; Howl); Portuguese: Jose Palla e Carmo (Lisbon, 1973; selection, 73 pp.); Serbo-Croat: see above; Spanish: Trans, not known (Montevideo, 1969; Howl), Antonio Resines (Madrid, 1977; The Fall of America; Madrid, 1978; Reality Sandwiches), Madrid 1980 and 1981 - see Cuaderno Bibliográfico Gay, 13; Swedish: Gunnar Harding (1965; 1971 - selection). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Dictionary of Literary Biography, vol. 16. Howes, Broadcasting It. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10664-80: the following books which are included in Young, Male Homosexual in Literature as well as in Bullough, and where full publishing details are given - Empty Mirror, 1961, The Fall of America, 1973, The Gates of Wrath, 1972 "1948-1952 rhymed poems", Howl and Other Poems, 1956, Iron Horse, 1974 "A single poem, dated July, 22-23, 1966", Kaddish and Other Poems, 1961, Planet News, 1968 "Especially 'This form of life needs sex' and 'Kral Majales'", Reality Sandwiches, 1963 "Especially 'The Green Automobile'", Sad Dust Glories, 1975, T.V. Baby Poems, 1968, Wichita Vortex Sutra, San Francisco, 1966; in addition, Airplane Dreams, San Francisco: City Lights, 1969, Ankor Wat, London: Fulcrum Press, 1968, Indian Journal, San Francisco: Dave Haselwood Books/ City Lights, 1970 "Much original verse included", The Visions of the Great Rememberer, Amherst, MA: Mulch Press, 1974, (with others) Hearse, A Vehicle Used to Convey the Dead, Eureka, CA: [no publisher, no date], "Please Master" in Gay Sunshine 16:9, February, 1973; and in *Manroot 9:7-8, Fall 1973. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 1448-64: Empty Mirror, New York: Totem/Corinth, 1961, The Fall of America: Poems of these States 1965-1971, San Francisco: City Lights, 1973, First Blues, Rags, Ballads and Harmonium Songs 1971-1974, New York: Full Court Press, 1975, The Gates of Wrath: Rhymed Poems: 1948-1952, Bolinas, CA: Grey Fox Press, 1974, Howl and Other Poems, San Francisco: City Lights, 1956, Iron Horse, Toronto: Coach House, 1972, Kaddish and Other Poems 1958-1960, San Francisco: City Lights, 1961, Planet News 19611967, San Francisco: City Lights, 1968, Poems All Over the Place, Mostly Seventies, Cherry Valley, NY: Cherry Valley Editions, 1978, Reality Sandwiches 1953-1960, San Francisco: City Lights, 1963, Sad Dust Glories. Poems During Work Summer In Woods, Berkeley, CA: The Workingman's Press, 1975 T.V. Baby Poems, London: Cape Goliard, 1967, Wichita Vortex Sutra, San Francisco: A Coyote Book, 1966. Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen, item 337: Planet News (trans. into German by Heiner Bastian), München: Hanser, 1971. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Bugger: an anthology, 2-3; biog. 19. Male Muse, 39-41; biog 120. Angels of the Lyre, 86-94; biog 240. Digte om m&nds k&rlighed til m&nd. In Homage to Priapus. Orgasms of Light, 85-90; biog., 253. Amerikanike homophylophile poiese, 31-32; biog. 70. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 335-40. Frä mann til mann, 75-77. Les Amours masculines, 483-84. Drobci stekla v ustih, 92-94: 2 poems including trans. of "Please Master"; biog., 180. Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, 119-30; biog., 119. Poets for Life, 79. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 595-600. Gay Roots: An Anthology of Gay History, 241-46; biog., 240. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 523-24. "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen", 151-55. Name of Love, 20; biog., 72-73. Badboy Book, 121-28; biog., 386. Eros in Boystown, 31; biog., 61. Pour tout l'amour des hommes, 297-98: from Howl (trans. into French). Leyland, Queer Dharma: voices of Gay Buddhists, 395-402 (in the section "Queer Dharma Poetry"); 403: "Allen Ginsberg on Buddhism and Gayness". Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 706-10. A Day for a Lay, 103-110. Word of Mouth, 79-88. Criticism in homosexual terms. Martin, Homosexual Tradition in American Poetry, 165-70. Sodoma no. 1 (1984), 113-15. Woods, Articulate Flesh: Male Homo-eroticism and Modern Poetry, 195-211. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1991. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Unending Dialogue, 24-25, 32, 37, 39, 43, 48-49, 56, 58-59, 71, 74, 83 - fine poems by a gay man about having *Aids. The author of some of the finest gay sexual poetry of the *gay liberation period: see, for example, "Pornographic Poem" (Angels of the Lyre, pp. 95-97). He is a *New York writer of highly experimental *postmodernist poetry influenced by *tantric Buddhism who is also a *performance poet. See poems in Gay Sunshine no. 23, 14-15 (from "Hamburger Meditation"). The poem "I sat/I sat on his face" is about *fisting. He published a record called Dial-a-Poem with the poet holding a telephone between his legs; there are other records. Selected poems: You Got to Burn to Shine: New and Selected Writings, 1994. Interviews: see Leyland, Gay Sunshine Interviews, volume 1, 129-62, and Leyland, Queer Dharma, pp. 269-98 (interview about *Buddhism). Translation into German: trans. not known, but titled C------, MarzVerlag, 1969; Du musst brennen um zu strahken, 1992, translated by Thomas Marquardt. Dictionaries. Contemporary Authors, vol. 33-36. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10681-82: Balling *Buddha, New York: Kulchur Foundation, 1970 and Cancer in My Left Ball, Vermont: Something Else Press, 1973. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 1465-70: same books as Bullough plus Cum, New York: Adventures in Poetry, 1971, Johnny Guitar, New York: The Poetry Project, 1969, Poems by John Giorno, New York: Mother Press, 1967, Shit Piss Blood Pus and Brains, Philadelphia: The Painted Bride, no date; the details of Cancer in My Left Ball are given as W. Glover, Vermont: Something Else Press, 1973. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Angels of the Lyre, 95-99; biog., 240. Orgasms of Light, 92-93; biog., 253. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 619-21. Eros in Boystown, 33-34; biog., 61. Leyland, Queer Dharma: voices of Gay Buddhists, 392-94 (in the section "Queer Dharma Poetry"). Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 721-25. Word of Mouth, 204-212. Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. 14Q4-1449. The real name of 'Il Burchiello (pseud.); he founded 'Burchiellesque poetry. See the essay by Alan E. Smith, "Fraudomy: Reading Sexuality and Politics in Burchiello", in 'Jonathan Goldberg, Queering the Renaissance, 1994, pp. B4-1Q6. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amicizia amorosa, 63-65: a series of poems written in contention with 'Rosello Roselli; biog., 61. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 2B2. Editor and critic from Italy of works in Italian. Active 1960. The editor of the poems of Michelangelo in the standard Italian edition, 1960 (published in the Scritti d'Italia edition). This succeeded the *Carl Frey edition of 1897 as a reliable edition. He has also written a critical work on Michelangelo's poems, Studi su Michelangelo scrittore, 1974. Poet from Belgium writing in French. 1860-1929. A member of the Jeune Belgique group and author of Pierrot Lunaire, 1884, and Pierrot Narcisse, 1891 (see *Narcissus). His real name was Albert Kayenbergh. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Duroc, Homosexuels et lesbiennes illustrés, 166: stated to be gay. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature: calls him "embittered and perverted" and a follower of *art for art's sake. Probable lover from Greece relating to works in English. Born ca. 1795. A youth from *Athens with whom Byron was infatuated when he visited Greece in 1810 when Giraud was about fifteen or sixteen and Byron was twenty-two. He and Byron "disappeared" for six weeks at one time (Phyllis Grosskurth, Byron, 1997, p. 120). For information on him see Phyllis Grosskurth, Byron, 1997, pp. 103-04, 118-20; consult also *Leslie Marchand's life of Byron. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Ioläus (1902), 164-64. Men and Boys, 41. Poem in Norse from Iceland. Ca. 1450. The work is a *prosimetrum and the relationship of Gisli and Thorgrim in it shows close male bonding. The manuscripts date from ca. 1450 but the work may be earlier. Translations. English: seeThe Saga of Gisli, edited by George Johnston, London, 1963. Criticism. Vanggaard, Phallos, 122: re the blood-brother tragedy of Gisli and Thorgrim. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1007: by *S. L. Forster. Bookseller in the United States relating mainly to books in English. Founded 1979. Situated in *Boston in Back Bay this shop had the most comprehensive stock in the United States with much material in foreign languages. The first Glad Gay Bookshop was started in *Toronto by Jearld Moldenauer, a Canadian gay activist (born 1946); on him see his entry in Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. The Toronto shop was sold in 1990 though it still remains a gay bookshop. Glad Day Bookshop, Boston, was one of the finest gay bookshops in the United States and Canada and closed in 2000 after being open for twenty-one years. The building was sold and the owner stated that rentals in the area were too high. The Boston shop was at one time burnt down. City in Great Britain where the main spoken language is English. One of the largest cities in Scotland in the northern part of Great Britain. Gay poetry emanating from the city dates from ca. 1950. See *Toni Davidson, *Edwin Morgan, *Tom Leonard. Poet from Canada who wrote in English. 1909-1981. A Canadian literary figure from *Montreal in the province of *Québec who is famous as being the mayor of the town of Foster. He lived in France in the 1930s and wrote one of the finest Canadian memoirs about his life there, Memoirs of Montparnasse, published in 1970 but written in 1933 when the author was seriously ill with tuberculosis. He was influenced as a poet by French *decadent writers. An intimate friend of *Robert McAlmon (see Fag Rag, January 1980, p 26). He married in 1963. See *Ian Young, "The Last Aesthete", Little Caesar no. 11,175-81 : states *S/M is an important subject of his work. Under the pseudonym Sylvia Beyer, he published The Temple of *Pederasty, 1970. In Selected Poems, Toronto, 1971 see "Vilanelle I", p.72, and "One Last Word (for McC)", p. 94 both *non gender specific. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Canadian Literature : notes the use of several pseudonyms. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, 740: Squire Hardman, The Pastime Press, 1966, published under the pseudonym *George Colman. Homosexuality in Canada, first edition (1979), 39: see under David Cobb - an article " Elegant Pornographer" in The Canadian, 21 February 1976, 8-11, claiming a story by Morley Callaghan satirizes the relationship between Glassco and Graeme Taylor. Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (1984), 120 (article on pornography by him in Edge 9 [Summer 1969], 101-113). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Poet from France who wrote in France. 1839-1873. He belonged to a group of *actors. Not in Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Les Amours masculines, 237-40: extracts from long poems. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 418: from The Sultana Rozea (*Sodom trope); biog., 388. Pour tout l'amour des hommes, 141. Poet and critic from Italy who wrote in Greek; possible pseudonym. Possibly active ca. 400 B.C. He was a writer who wrote the first study of ancient Greek lyric poetry. Also spelt Glaukos. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 468: see "Glaucus" (5): Glaucus of Rhegium? (This entry discloses that Glaucus has been thought to be a pseudonym of the sophist Antiphon.) Gay Poetry Anthologies. Palatine Anthology xii 44 (as Glaucus). Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 63. Orgasms of Light, 65. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 44. Criticism. Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 9 (1908), 272: translation of Palatine Anthology xii 44. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1991. A lecturer in English at Binghampton University he was awarded a Master of Fine Arts from Brown University in 1998 and writes novels. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 46-53: poem "Landscape in Black" (brilliant *sequence on the beauty of black); biog., 176 - a *black poet, born in *New York, currently a student majoring in English and Latin American studies at Bowdoin College. Milking Black Bull, 123-35; biog., 123. Poet from the United States writing in English; he lived also in Turkey. Active 1971-76. Poems: see Mouth of the Dragon no. 6, September 1975, 19-21 (from Tragic America, 1975). See his article on *F. O. Matthiessen in Fag Rag no. 25, 28-29. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 1474, 1476-77: The *Dervishes and V D Voices of the Dead, both published Istanbul, privately printed, 1971; Two Continents, Vermont Council of the Arts: The Stinehour Press, 1976. 1971-76 fl. Poet from Australia writing in English. Born 1915. A *Surrealist artist and oil painter of the male nude in strongly homosexual terms (see *Geoffrey Dutton); the nude male model for many of his paintings is his longtime secretary and companion, Frank O'keefe. Sandra McGrath in Art and Australia, vol. 5 no. 3 (December 1967), p. 519, stated he wrote poetry 1938-41. Poems: see "the occasional vision", in Art in Australia (June 1, 1942), p. 43: a *surrealist poem. A Selected Poems, 1993, consists of his surrealist works 1938-42; these poems are very obscure but are relevant; e.g. "Canto One" pp. 1-3 is a gay poem (see the last lines on p. 3); the editor, Christopher Chapman, states he produced a series of poem-drawings "in 1938 and a second group in 1976 (all using poetry written between 1938 and 1943)". All poems in the Selected Poems seem to date from 1938 to 1943, however the dates of individual poems are not given so it is impossible to tell when each was written and whether the text was later altered in 1976, though the poet stated to this author in 1997 that the texts had not been altered for book publication; reproduction of drawings made for the poems are on pp. xi and 27. See also *Aleister Kershaw. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Poet from Australia writing in English. Born 1954. A member of the Icebreakers gay poetry group (see also *David Ritchie). He is a Tine poet working in traditional rhymed verse. "Mid morning it rains" in Five Dollar Freedom, edited by Greg McGarity, Sydney, 1993, is an *Aids poem. "To an old lover dying young" in Poets on the Heath, edited by *Kerry Leves, 1993, is a gay poem. Much gay work is unpublished. He has translated *Petrarch and is interested in ancient Latin poetry. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1851-1898. Poems: Ballades and Rondeaus, 1887. He designed the cover for *Wratislaw's book Caprices, 1893; this has a design of yellow tulips (see *lily re flowers in this poet). He was editor of the art journals Parade and Studio, an art critic and a friend of *Frederick Rolfe, *H. S. Tuke and other *Uranian poets. He married. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 63; biog., 116-17. Criticism. Smith, Love in Earnest, 62 (biog. note implying he was homosexual) and see the index of this work. Poet from Germany writing in German. 1719-1803. He wrote *Anacreontic poems with his close friends Uz and Gotz. See also *Goethe. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Moll, Berühmpte Homosexuelle, 12: letters to Johann Georg Jacobi. Criticism. Hirschfeld, Die Homosexualität, 663: on *friendship in his work and letters to Johann Georg Jacobi (citing Moll, Berühmte Homosexuelle. ) Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1972. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1478: Twat Shot, New York, privately printed, 1978. Poet from Germany who wrote in German. Active 1275. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Die Stumme Sünde, 248-73 - a man is ready to sleep with his wife who is disguised as a man; 94-98 (criticism). Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1947. The author of strongly erotic poetry. He was educated at Berkeley. In 1977 he lived in *San Francisco with the artist *Ed Aulerich who illustrated his 1973 volume of poems, Andy, with fine drawings. He has conducted gay poetry workshops. He was the head of the Poetry Center at *San Francisco State University in 1992. Books: Family Poems, 1979, Elements of a Coffee Service, 1983, Reader, 1989 (includes prose pieces). He has written a novel Jack the Modernist, 1987 (review: James White Review vol. 4 no. 2 , Winter 1987, 15). Interview: Advocate no. 372 (21 July 1983), 47-48. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10683: Andy, San Francisco: Panjandrum Press, 1973. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 1481-83: the same book as in Bullough plus Family Poems, San Francisco: Black Star Series, 1979, and Metaphysics, San Francisco: Hoddypoll Press, 1977. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Angels of the Lyre, 101-04; biog,. 240. Orgasms of Light, 95-98; biog., 253. Eros in Boystown, 32: *prose poem; biog., 61. The World in Us: Lesbian and Gay Poetry of the Next Wave, 106-111; biog., 363-64. Gnosticism and Gnostic religion Philosophy and religion from Egypt with written records in Coptic and Greek from ca. 100. A movement within Christianity from the second century. The name comes from the Greek gnosis, knowledge. The Gnostics were deeply influenced by *Plato. They were very mystical, turning away from the real world and at the same time propounding secret teachings, based on the symbolism of light and darkness, recalling the Persian philosophical movement *Manichaeism. Gnostic writings in Coptic were disovered in Egypt in the twentieth century, including *Gospels. English translations exist as well as translations into other languages. In one Gospel, The Gospel of Mark - which survives in a fragment in a letter of Clement of Alexandria - a youth "looking upon Jesus, loved him" and "in the evening the youth came to him, wearing only a loin cloth over his nudity. He remained with Jesus that night, for Jesus taught him the mystery of the Kingdom of God." (Quoted in [no author], The Gospel According to Thomas, London, 1983, 13; see also Morton Smith, The Secret Gospel of Mark, 1973, 16-17; the quotation cited is also quoted in Tom Horner, Jonathan Loved David, 1978, 119.) The Gospel of Thomas, discovered only in 1945, is strongly homoerotic and consists of 114 sayings of Jesus which are strophic and contain elements of poetry. On this gospel see Buch des Thomas in Kindlers neues Literatur Lexikon and see, in English, Marvin Meyer, The Gospel of Thomas, 1992 (with critical comment by *Harold Bloom). If accepted, these Gospel texts mean that homosexuality was not stigmatized in some sects of early *Christianity. For the Gnostic texts see J. M. Robinson, The Nag Hammadi Library, San Francisco, 1978. The Gnostic Gospels are discussed in Elaine Pagels, The Gnostic Gospels, 1979 (does not discuss the Gospel of Mark but does discuss the Gospel of Thomas) ; no bibl. though there are notes to chapters. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 470-71. Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 481-82. "Go forth, plant thyself on him" Poem in Egyptian from Egypt. Ca. 2,175 B.C. or before (though not before 2,350 B.C). A *magic spell or *chant from the 5th or 6th dynasties (2510 B.C.-2200 B.C. - for the date see "Egypt, history of" in Encyclopedia Britannica at pages 466-68). It is recorded in the * Pyramid Texts as Utterance 372 (652a): "Go forth, plant thyself on him ('the enemy') that he may not copulate with thee" (there seems to be a natural break after enemy though the text is usually printed as one line). The Pyramid Texts date from 2,350 B.C. to 2,175 B.C. This is the earliest apparent poem discovered so far referring to homosexual *anal sex or indeed male homosexuality that can be reasonably dated. The text refers to *Horus and Seth and is addressed to Osiris the King. The Pyramid Texts are a collection of *spells or *chants for the dead king; similar spells occur in the * Old Testament and the *Book of the Dead. It should be noted that both active and passive anal sex are referred to in this work. Text. See The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts, trans. R. O. Faulkner, 1969, 123 and Samuel A. B. Mercer, The Pyramid Texts, 1952, volume 1, 129 Criticism. Bailey, Homosexuality and the Western Christian Tradition, 32 where the poem is cited from G. D. Hornblower, "Further Notes on *Phallicism in Ancient Egypt", Man, 27 (1927), 151 (the above English translation is taken from here). International Journal of Greek Love, vol. 1 no.1, 32. Concept in Egyptian, Hebrew, Greek and Latin and other languages of *Christianity, Judaism and other religions from ca. 1362 B.C. God is the idea of a single ultimate cause and ruler of the universe. This idea is sometimes known as monotheism as distinct from polytheism (religions with many gods - such as *Hinduism). Up to recent times God was conceived as a male and hence religions associated with monotheism have homosexual overtones from a *Freudian view when God is worshipped by males (though since both males and females were involved, there were heterosexual aspects as well as homosexual elements). Before the concept of monotheism took hold in ancient Egypt - where it was linked with the rise of a single ruler, most notably in this case, *Akhenaton (active 1362 B.C.) - there was a plurality of gods in Egypt (this continued even after this date). Greek and Latin Christian *hymns were directed towards God as are Hebrew poems: see *Psalms, *Adonis (the Hebrew word for God). The *Song of Songs is especially relevant. Religious poetry or piyyut written in Spain in the *Middle Ages address God in terms of the beloved (see *Norman Roth's article "'My Beloved is like a Gazelle'"). Compare *Siva, *Krishna. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Other. Adler, The Great Ideas, volume 1, 391-425. Goddard, Philip Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1484: book Something Never Shone Before, Guildford, Surrey: privately printed, 1974. Poet from France who wrote in Latin; he later lived in Great Britain. Died 1107. Said to have been born in Cambrai, he was Prior of the Abbey of St Swithin's at *Winchester, Great Britain, ca. 1082. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 117: "To Grosphus"; called *Godfrey the Satirist in the attribution. Medieval Latin Poems of Male Love and Friendship, 24-27: *epigrams expressing a positive attitude to homosexuality, and naming several males in relation to physical homosexuality, e.g., Grosphus (see no. 38), *Adonis and Aulus; biog., 148. Poet from India writing in English; he lives in Great Britain. Born 1965. Fine poems about relationships, some *non gender specific in earlier anthologies. Born in central India and brought up in Bombay, he has completed a thesis on *Chaucer at Oxford. A first book of poetry is in the offing with Praxis, Bombay. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Sugar and Snails , 12, 17; biog. note inside front cover. Take Any Train, 28-30; biog., 62. Twenty-something, 9-31; biog., 8. Language of water, 61-63 (very Tine gay peoms); biog., 79. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 132. Yaraana: Gay Writing from India, 163-70; biog., 208. German poet, letter writer and autobiographer from Germany. 1749-1832. The most famous German *Romantic poet, Goethe was an enquiring spirit. His Italian travels, 1786-88 - of which he wrote an account entitled Italian Journey (published in 1829) - was sexually liberating and he had sex with males, as mentioned in his Venetian Epigrams. Not all editions of Goethe's works have published the full text of the Venetian Epigrams ; for the question of the text see the Penguin edition of Goethe and especially p.123. One of his most relevant works is his East-West Divan (written 1814-16; published in 1819) inspired by *Hafiz; see section nine, *Saki Nameh. The most comprehensive text of this work is Katharina Mommsen, editor, West-östlicher Divan, 2 volumes, Frankfurt, 1996. His Roman Elegies are based on *Tibullus. Faust, his drama in verse is usually regarded as Goeth's greatest achievent. In two parts, it deals with a man who wishes to experience all aspects of life. In Faust see Part 2 Act 5 Scene 6, lines 251 ff., regarding *angels (trans. cited in Reid, Eternal Flame, below); in Act 2 lines 11753-11843 there is a homoerotic scene, discussed by *Karl Hugo Pruys, in which Mephistophles is tempted by homosexuality (part two was suppressed by Goethe in his lifetime). A homosexual reading of his major long poem Faust has not been attempted. Goethe knew Greek and Latin well and was undoubtedly inspired by the * Palatine Anthology and such Latin poets as *Catullus and *Martial, especially after visiting Italy. He was infatuated with ancient Greece: see Humphrey Trevelyan, Goethe and the Greeks, 1972. Other poems of relevance include *"Ganymed", an early poem, very homoerotic, and "An den Mond". ("Ganymed" was set to music by the possibly homosexual Schubert. An English translation of "Ganymede" is by *Charles Osborne [1978].) See also "Brackenburg in Egmont" (reference: Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, vol. 6 [1904]). Other relevant works of Goethe are listed below in Anthologies and Bibliographies. A major issue in dealing with homosexuality in Goethe is his great fame from early in life: he could be sure that every word he wrote would be scrutinized. Criticism. A huge volume of criticism on Goethe exists since he ocupies in German the place *Shakespeare occupies in English. For homosexual criticism overall, the discussion in *Derks, Der Schande der heiligen Päderastie, pp. 247-94, is the best so far. *Karl Hugo Pruys's biography discusses gay poems and is more readable for the general reader. A more general study is Robert Tobin, Warm brothers: *queer theory and the age of Goethe (2000); bibliographical references pp. 211-226 and index. See also "Criticism in homosexual terms" below. Goethe and *friendship. Goethe's intimate friendship with *Schiller has long been seen to have homoerotic overtones (e. g., a famous cartoon of the statue of them embracing in Weimar of 1907, had a text 'Watch out here comes Dr *Hirschfeld" referring to the fact that homosexuality could be read into the statue: illustrated in Goodbye to Berlin?, p. 45). A copy of the statue of *Castor and Pollux in the Prado, Madrid, which Goethe placed at the entrance to his house in Weimar, shows a strong interest in homosexuality. Overall Goethe seems *bisexual; he had many tortuous affairs with women and seems basically heterosexual. Goethe was aware of femininity in himself (compare *Rabindranath Tagore) and in the last lines of Faust it is, in Goethe's words, "the eternal feminine" which "draws us on". However, feminity is a different thing to sexual relations with women (see *feminism). Biography. There are many biographies. A major biography was written by *Friedrich Gundolf, who was in the Stefan Georg circle. Nicholas Boyle, Goethe: The Poet and the Age, is the latest in a long line of works; Volume One, subtitled The Poetry of Desire (1749-1790) has some reference to homosexuality, e.g. p. 129 (attack on George Jacobi and his supposedly effeminate correspondence with *Gleim), pp. 303-04 (Goethe's naked bathing in the Ulm and sleeping in the same bed with Fritz von Stein), p. 340 (composition of "Erlkonig" with von Stein in the saddle of his horse), p. 500 (Mnoritz's idolatry), p. 505 (struck by openness of homosexual friendships in *Rome). A second volume, subtitled Revolution and Renunciation (1790-1803), was published in 2000. This work will be three or four volumes when completed. John R. Williams, The Life of Goethe(2000) is a 318 page work. Kurt Eissler in Goethe; a psychoanalytic study, 2 volumes, 1963, a *Freudian reading of Goethe's character, has a chapter, in volume 1, Part II, Section C, Chapter 5, titled "Charity and Homosexuality", pp. 620-55 (on p. 655 he refers to Goethe's "unconscious homosexual attachment to friends"); this work was published in German 1983-85 in two volumes. *Karl Hugo Pruys, deals with Goethe's sexual life and claims his closest affectional relations were with men and that he had sexual relations with them. Goethe inspired his fellow Romantics *Byron and *Pushkin and in German *Platen. Alice A. Kuzniar, Outing Goethe and His Age, 1996, discusses homosexuality at the time of the Goethezeit (Goethe period) including *Winckelmann, *Schlegel and *Kleist (review Journal of the History of Sexuality, vol. 8. no. 3, January 1998, 516-19). Translation. He has been widely translated: see the * National Union Catalog and *British Library General Catalogue entries for details. A complete English translation of the Venetian Epigrams was published by L. R. Lind in 1974 titled Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's Roman Elegies and Venetian Epigrams. David Lake, Goethe, Penguin Books, 1964 is a good selection of poems; David Lake has also translated Faust. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 483-84. Dictionnaire Gay. Gay Histories and Cultures. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 58-59: Venezianische Epigramme and Westöstlicher Diwan (citing Saki Nameh - Das Schenkenbuch) both cited in the Teubner edition (no date), Wilhelm Meisters Wanderjahre (novel) and Winckelmann und sein Jahrhundert, Tübingen: Cotta, 1805; p. 59 he quotes in full the epigram from Venetian Epigrams: "Knaben lieb ich wohl auch,/doch lieber sind mir die Mädchen,/hab ich als Mädchen sie satt,/dient sie als Knabe mir noch."). Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10684-85: Elegie sur un jeune romain [no other details] and Westöstlicher Diwan [no other details]. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1485: Goethe, introduced and edited by David Lake, Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin, 1964. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 34,116-22 (including the poem "Der Schenke *Saki", p.119), 206 (poem "Der Erlkonig" [The Erl King]). Ioläus (1902), 149-51 (essay on the homosexual art critic Winckelmann and East-West *Divan). Die Bedeutung der Freundesliebe, 20. Men and Boys, 39-40; one poem trans. by *Edward Carpenter. L'amour bleu, 146-47. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 181-2: from WestEast Divan, Book 9. Les Amours masculines, 191-93. Andere Lieben, 139-48. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 202-07: brilliant selection of works; important biog. note 191-92. "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen", 76-78: from Westöstlicher Divan. Poems of Love and Liberation, 32. Pour tout l'amour des hommes, 119-20: from East-West Divan and Faust trans. A. Poupart (published 1867). Criticism in homosexual terms. Raffalovich, Uranisme et unisexualité, 310-12. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, vol. 5 Part 1, (1903), 425: a letter of Goethe of 29 December 1787 to Herzog von Weimar on male love in Rome. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 2 (1900), 67: re poem "An den Mond". Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, vol. 7 Part 1 (1905): letter re Johannes Muller about gay love by *Paul Brandt. Mayne, The Intersexes, 296. Weindel, L'Homosexualité en Allemagne, 271-72. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 478-81. Lexikon homosexuelle belletristik : the entry seen is a discussion of West-ostlicher Divan [East West Divan] only. Arcadie no. 105 (September 1962), 468: a poem about a beautiful boy trans. into French. titled "Beauté de l'éphebe" with first line "Dans l'éclat de l'aurore lisse" with *Ganymede trope; see also the poem beginning "Cher Ganymède, dans les cieux" on p. 495 (trans. by Guillot de Saix). Derks, Der Schande der heiligen Päderastie, 247-94. Critic from the United States writing in English. Active from 1993. Author of Sodometries, London, 1993, a study of British 'Renaissanc authors including 'Shakespeare, 'Marlowe, 'Spenser and also early United States prose from 162Q. Review: Times Literary Supplement, 23 April 1993, 19-2Q (with review of 'Bruce R. Smith, Homosexual Desire in Shakespeare's England). He has also edited Reclaiming Sodom, London, 1994, and Queering the Renaissance, 1994 (including essays on 'friendship and 'Richard Crashaw). He has been the editor of the ' Lesbian and Gay Studies Newsletter. Anthology from Great Britain in English. Ca. 1930. See *Men and Boys, pp. xii-xiii: this mentions an anthology of poetry compiled by *S. E. Cottam and known to have been in existence ca. 1930; the anthology was submitted to the *Fortune Press and appears to have been *lost. Compare, as regards titles, the anthology The *Eternal Flame of *Anthony Reid. Translator from Latin to English from Great Britain. Ca. 1536-ca. 1605. He is famous for his translation of Ovid's The Metamorphoses, which was the first translation into English and went through four editions between its first full publication in 1567 and 1593. This translation introduced homosexuality among the ancient Greek gods into English poetry. It is the work known as "Shakespeare's Ovid". See especially Book 10, lines 93-233 (*Apollo and *Cyparissus, *Ganymede, Apollo and *Hyacinth); in book 10, lines 153-167, *Orpheus sings of the love of males. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 88-93: from the Latin poet *Ovid's Metamorphoses (published 1565-67). Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1895-1958. The *British Library General Catalogue reveals he is mainly a novelist. Also of relevance is his Terrace in Capri: An imaginary Conversation with *Norman Douglas, London, 1934, 15 pp.; edition of 75 copies. Bibliographies. Murray, Catalogue of Selected Books, item 23: Sorrow of War, 1919. Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 71-72, 165-66, 193-94; biog., 235. Editor from Great Britain of works in Hebrew and translator from Hebrew to English. Born 1933. Editor and translator into English of The Jewish Poets of Spain 900-1250, Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin Books, revised edition 1971; bibliography pp. 23-26. On p. 18, in this introduction, he states "they [Hebrew poets] wrote love-songs to individuals of both sexes." The book includes some poems of relevance (see pp. 43, 48) but homopoetry is not emphasized. Genre in Latin from Germany, France and Great Britain. From ca. 1200. Goliardic verse is the verse of wandering scholars and was named after a certain Golias; the authorship is in many cases unknown. Most is in Latin but vernacular languages such as French, German and Italian may contain material. Subject matter was *satiric (directed against the church), largely devoted to sexual adventures and the pleasures of both the bed and the tavern, in a pervading spirit of reckless hedonism. The best known manuscript is the Latin * Carmina Burana; see also *Walter Mapes, *Drinking Songs - Latin, *Satires, *Karl Breul. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics, 324-25. English poet from the United States. Active before 1988. Published in *The Advocate (information from *Jim Kepner in October 1988). Poems not found. Editor from Turkey of works in Turkish and translator from Persian to Turkish. Active from 1951. A major editor of the text of Turkish *Ottoman poets e.g. *Nedim, *Yunus Emre. He has also translated Persian poets - e.g. *Rumi and *Hafiz - into Turkish. Polish poet, novelist and diarist from Poland; he later lived in Argentina and France. 1904-1969. Although he wrote some poetry he is best known as the author of the erotic novel Pornografía, 1960: in this novel two men in Poland go to live in the country where they are sexually obsessed by two adolescents, a boy and a girl. Ferdydurke (1937; English trans. 1961) deals with the adolescent in humans. He wrote a noted Diary (1953-68; trans. into English) and lived abroad in Argentina after 1939 (he had gone there for a holiday and became stranded with no money when war broke out). He later moved to France when his writing bought him fame. He also wrote an autobiography A Kind of Testament, (English trans. 1973), with notes on his life pp. 17-27 (originally published in French as Entretiens de Dominique de Roux avec Gombrowicz, 1968); on p.129 he refers to his "homosexual proclivities". His works are highly experimental with a philosophical dimension, especially in relation to *Existentialism, and he seems to have written only a very little poetry. His diary has been hailed as a twentieth century masterpiece. He had homosexual experiences in Argentina. Biography: by Joanna Siedlecka, Jasnie panicz, 1992 (first published in 1987). His life and works in relation to homosexuality are discussed in the anthology *Pour tour l'amour des hommes, pp. 248-49. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Penguin Companion to World Literature. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Contemporary Authors. Everyman Companion to East European Literature. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Criticism. Milosz, History of Polish Poetry, 432-37: fine overview by one who corresponded with him. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1013. Poet from Portugal writing in Portuguese. 1848-1924. Author of a long poem O Anticristo, 1884, opposing the *Catholic church. He led a stormy life, obsessed with sin, but eventually became a Catholic before his death. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Companion to World Literature. Criticism. Arcadie no. 72 (December 1959), 711: about a poem directly concerning homosexuality. Historian and critic from Portugal writing in Portuguese. Active 1985. Author of O homosexualidade no mundo (Homosexuality in the world), 2 volumes, Lisbon: the author, no date [ca. 1985]. This work relies strongly on the work of his precedessors in Portuguese, *Monteiro and *D'Aguiar. Book One deals with European countries from Russia and Finland to Portugal together with Argentina, Mexico and Brazil. Book Two is in two parts. Part One deals with the United States, USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) and eastern Europe, the Arab world, Japan and China. Part Two deals with Portugal under the headings: legislation, celebrated Portuguese homosexuals, homosexual prostitution. There is a brief discussion of each chapter in the front of each volume. The volume is most important for its social and historical background to Portuguese gay history. See entries *Pero Bergalez, *Manual Bocage, *Eugenio de Castro, *Antonio Ribeiro Chiardo, *Paes de Ribela, *Pero de Ambroa, *Pero de Armea. *Mario de Sa Carneiro. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1028-30: author of "Portugal". Poet from Spain who wrote in Spanish. 1933-1998. Homosexuality is not a central concern in his work though it is present. It deals with the *Oedipus complex and repressiveness. He is also a playwright and has written a novel. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionnaire Gay. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Poet from Japan writing in Japanese. Active before 1713. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Partings at Dawn, 106 (from the anthology *Iwatsutsuji). Goncalves de Magalhâes, Domingo Poet from Brazil writing in Portuguese. 1811-1882. Mayne, The Intersexes, p. 185 states he "was professedly Uranian", a diplomat and literateur and "author of the sometime 'Urania' poem (Vienna, 1862)". See P. Hartnoll, Oxford Companion to the Theatre, third edition, 1967, p. 898 where his name is given as Goncalves de Malaghâes and he is stated to have written Brazil's national play Antonio José, 1838, and to be a *romantic poet. Poet from Spain who wrote in Spanish. 1516-1627. The major seventeenth century Spanish poet; in his Solitudes there is a reference to *Ganymede (see Encyclopedia of Homosexuality reference). This work, his major work, is about a tortured alienated individual. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Oxford Companion to Spanish Literature. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1239: states *Quevedo called him a sodomite though there is no evidence of this. Criticism. Gay Sunshine no. 42/43 (1980), 19: "I suspect... Gongora was gay... and of course there's the fact that Quevedo always said Gongora was queer" (statement by *Jaime Gil de Biedma). Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1991; died 1993. An *Afro-American poet who is also a visual artist and performance artist. His book Perversion, consisting of poems and three stories, was nominated for a 1991 Gregory Kolovakos award for *Aids writing ; it was reviewed in the James White Review vol. 10 no. 3 (Spring 1993), 17 by Jim Cory - highly rated as "a Tine first book". His death is noted on the dedication page of the anthology * Name of Love. He died of *Aids. He edited Pyramid Poetry Periodical. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 54-55: poem "Black Summer"; biog., 176. Patron from Italy of works in Latin. 1466-1519. Ruler of Mantua and patron of 'Domizio Calderini who dedicated a commentary on 'Martial to both him and 'Lorenzo de' Medici (published 1474). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopædia Britannica. Translator from Spanish to English. Active 1978. See *"Song for Meeting a Friend" which he translated. Biography: see Brother Songs, p. 114. He is the author of a collection of poems: El Hacedor de Juegos/ The Maker of Games, 1978. Poet, biographer and novelist from the United States writing in English. Born 1952. He has lived in Venice, Paris and New York and in a semi-monastic community, Trees, associated with the Church of St John the Divine, New York. There is a review of his book of poem The Daily News in Boston Gay Review no. 4-5, 1978, 20. The author of a novel, Scary Kisses, 1988 (leviewed James v While I Review vol.5 no. 2, vvintei 1989, 6). His biography oi I lank O'Hara, City Poet: The Life and Times of Frank O'Hara, New York, 1993, is the first biography of this major gay poet, dealing candidly with his homosexuality in great detail (see the brilliant review in The New Yorker, 19 July 1993, 71-78, by Joan Acocella; also reviewed in New York Review of Books, 2 December 1993, 22-24). The dust jacket states he is Associate Professor of English, William Paterson College of New Jersey. See also *Tim Dlugos. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1504:The Daily News, Calais, VT: Z Press, 1977. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Son of the Male Muse, 92-96 (photo 92): wild poetry about sexual abandonment; biog., 188. Poets for Life, 80 81. Word of Mouth, 301-06. Publisher from the United States of works in English from ca. 1971. The Good Gay Poets is a *Boston publishing collective of gay poetry which has included books by *Jim Eggeling, *Charley Shively, *Stephen Jonas (pseud.), *Freddie Greenfield, *David Emerson Smith and *John Wieners. The poets *David Eberly and *Aaron Shurin (1971 broadside) were members. The first book was published in 1975, a combined collection by Charley Shively and *Salvatore Farinella. *Adrian Stanford was the first United States *black poet to publish a gay volume. The collective were also involved with the major journals * Boston Gay Review and *Fag Rag and were the main gay poetry publishing outlet for gay poetry books in Boston at the time. Poet from Australia writing in English. Born 1949. See "Poem: Governor's Pleasure" in Bow Tie and Tails, Adelaide: Wakefield Press, 1989, 63 (cited in *Austlit Record 112991). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Historian from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1979. Author of The Unmentionable Vice: Homosexuality in the Later Medieval Period, Santa Barbara and Oxford, 1979, 164 pp. A study of homosexuality in the *Middle Ages and of Christian *law; it has some discussion of Latin poets (see *Alan of Lille, *Baudri of Bourgueil, *Arnaut Daniel, *Guillaume IX of Aquitane, *Guillot, *Guido Guinizelli, *Jean, Bishop of Orleans, *Walter Map). See also "Sodomy in Medieval Secular Law", Journal of Homosexuality, 1 (1976), 295-302. Bibliographer and sexologist from Great Britain. Active 1931. Author of A Bibliography of Sex Rites and Customs: an annotated record of books, articles and illustrations in all languages , London, 1931, 752 pages. 9,000 works were examined and all are annotated; page references are given and there is an index. The author's preface states that he worked on the project for twenty years and used *Harvard Library, *Boston Public Library and other libraries in Boston and the *British Library. He gives his address in the preface as Taunton, Devon. See as examples, entries for *"Pederasty" and *"Phallicism". This is one of the greatest works of sexological bibliography and little used. Works in French, Italian, German and Latin are listed. Much material concerns *tribal cultures. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1967. Author of a brilliant book of gay *limericks with erotic homosexual photographic collage illustrations: The Gay Psychedelic Sexbook, Guild Press, 1967. This is the finest known complete book of gay limericks. Very rare. Copy used: *Kinsey Institute library. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1911-1972. Paul Goodman was a psychotherapist, social critic and activist involved in the 1960s counter culture. An outstanding poet of the *gay liberation period who was *bisexual throughout his life, his poetry shows the strong influence of *Whitman. Growing Up Absurd, 1960, a study of youth and delinquency, made him famous. He married twice and had a son. He described himself as a conservative anarchist. In Hawkweed: Poems, New York, 1967, see the title poem, p. 29, which, though *non gender specific points to his later gay poetry. This is his first gay volume (*Harold Norse to the author, 1995). In Collected Poems, for gay poems see, for example, pp. 6, 18, 2021; in the section "Making Love", pp. 268-309, many poems are *non gender specific and some are to women, but many are openly gay (e g., p. 277). "Youth and Age" in this book is an example of a fine gay poem. The book is in several sections including *ballads, *sonnets, *haiku (pp. 53-62). He wrote forty books. Five Years, 1967, is a diary. He wrote "Memoirs of an Ancient Activist", in The Gay Liberation Book, edited by Len Richmond and Gary Noguera, San Francisco, 1973, pp. 22-29 ("homosexual needs have made me a nigger"). For a bibliography see Tom Nicely, Adam and His Work: A Bibliography of Sources by and About Paul Goodman, 1979. Articles on him include Jack Nichols, "Paul Goodman", The Advocate no. 369, 9 June 1983, 35-37, and Harold Rosenberg, "Autonomy (Paul Goodman: 1911-1972)", Christopher Street, July 1976. For an interview see Leyland, Gay Sunshine Interviews, volume 2, pp. 201-02. Criticism: see Peter Parisi, Artist of the Actual: Essays on Paul Goodman, 1986; see especially "Poet of Indecorum" by Alice Ostriker, pp. 80-89. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors New Revision Series, volume 34. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 484-85. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10686: Collected Poems, New York: Random House, 1973. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1518: Collected Poems, New York: Random House, 1973; items 1525-26: Hawkweed, New York: Random House, 1967 and The Lordly Hudson, New York: Macmillan, 1962; item 1532: The Well of Bethlehem, New York: privately printed, no date. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Male Muse, 42-44; biog., 120. Rosen, Gay Life and Gay Writers, 56. Angels of the Lyre, 105-09; biog., 241. Fra mann til mann, 54. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 325-26. Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, 138-40; biog,. 138. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 516. Name of Love, 63; biog., 73. Poems of Love and Liberation, 57. Historian and critic from Australia writing in English. Born ca. 1940. His A History of Australian Literature, 1986, pp. 231-33, detects a *decadent strain in the poetry of *Michael Dransfield and *Robert Adamson. He is the author of a survey of English Departments in Australia dealing with the conceptualization of the teaching of English in Australia's 37 universities and written for the Australian Vice Chancellor's Committee, Academic Standards in Higher Education: Report of the Australian Vice-Chancellors' Committee: Report of the Academic Standards Panel, English, Canberra, 1994, 70 pp. (with bibl. pp. 44-47). In this work he discusses, amongst other issues, gay studies in English Departments (see pp. 7, 15); this appears to be one of the first appraisals of gay studies in English within universities. A former Professor of English at the University of Queensland, Brisbane, later deputy Vice-Chancellor at the University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba. He is heterosexual and married with three children. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1540-1594. The Oxford Companion to English Literature states his Eglogs, Epitaphs and Sonnets (1563) are, along with those of Barclay, the earliest examples of *pastoral in English: the eclogues are imitations of *Mantuan (pseud.). He attended both *Oxford and *Cambridge. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionary of National Biography. Handbook of Elizabethan and Stuart Literature. Criticism. Norton, Homosexual Literary Tradition, 147-48: states he "condemned the frenzies of both homosexual and heterosexual love" in his * Eclogues; cites also a *Ganymede reference. Pseudonym of a poet from India who wrote in Urdu. 1896-1982. He lectured in *Romantic poetry at Allahabad University in Uttar Pradesh state in northwest India. His real name was Raghupati Sahay. He is discussed in Sadiq, History of Urdu Literature, 516-19. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literature, South volume, 51. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Yaraana: Gay Writing from India, 1 (trans. by *Hoshang Merchant and the only gay poem the translator and anthologist could find); biog., 208 - known to be homosexual in his lifetime but "never wrote a gay line". Criticism. Rahman, "Boy love in the Urdu ghazal", Paidika vol. 2 no. 1 (1989), 12: "said to have been a pederast" and wrote a book on amorous poetry in which he referred to *Edward Carpenter's Love's Coming of Age (1896). Poet from Australia who wrote in English. 1833-1870. Adam Lindsay Gordon became famous in the late 19th and early 20th century as a major Australian English language poet. *Martin Smith, in Campaign 27 (December 1977), 17-19, "Our Australia Gay Heritage: Adam Lindsay Gordon", claims he was gay. However, the evidence presented here, regarding Gordon's alleged homosexuality, is not conclusive. The article includes a comment by the Australian historian Manning Clark to Martin Smith: "I suppose you'll be writing on the overt homosexuality of that priest [Father Julian Tenison-Woods] and Lindsay Gordon" (p. 18). Manning Clark, in A History of Australia, volume 4, Melbourne, 1978, pp. 306-11, discusses his life and poetry; on p. 306 Clark states: "He had loved a man, Charley Walker. He had loved a woman, Jane Bridges" and on p. 308 refers to his "ineffectual encounters with women". Gordon, who began a vogue for literary *ballads, married and produced a daughter who died in infancy. However, Tenison-Woods maintained that when he heard Gordon had married "Nothing ever surprised me so much. Of all my acquaintance he was least like a marrying man" ("Personal Reminiscences of Adam Lindsay Gordon", Melbourne Review, April 1884, 137). He adds, regarding Gordon's proposal of marriage to his wife to be: "A few days before he married, he said one morning as he was leaving [to the fifteen year old girl whom he later married] - 'Well, girl, I like your ways. You seem industrious and sensible. If you like, I will take a cottage at Robe, and we will get married next week, and you shall keep house for me'" adding: "A companion to him she would hardly be as the differences in their position and education were so great" (ibid., pp. 137-38). As these remarks make clear Gordon's marriage was an arranged affair. Gordon shot himself on the day after the publication of his second book of poems; among other things, he was suffering financial difficulties after losing an inherited fortune. His poetry was influenced by *Swinburne (see "From Lightning to Tempest") and *Byron, who influenced him in his personal style of living. He was widely read in the ancient Latin and Greek classics (e. g., *Virgil and *Horace: see Tenison-Woods, op. cit., pp. 132-33). Gordon became something of a cult figure after his death and a plaque was erected to him in Westminster Abbey as Australia's greatest poet. His literary reputation has since declined. Gordon's exact relationship with Julian Tenison-Woods may never be known, though Tenison-Woods claimed "I think I may say that for five years I was the only intimate friend he had in the bush" (op. cit., p. 134); according to Tenison-Woods, too, Gordon was "remarkably shy and retiring" (ibid., p. 133). Tenison-Woods himself could have had tendencies to *sado-masochism: see the photograph of Woods in riding gear holding a horse crop, opposite the title page, in The Life of Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods by G. O'Neil, 1929 - in the context of him being a Catholic priest this is more than just a photograph of a man with a riding crop and that he allowed such a photograph to be taken alone is interesting (of course it does not prove any actual behaviour). Gordon's poems have not all been edited in a collected edition. Bibliography: Ian F. McClaren, Adam Lindsay Gordon: A Comprehensive Bibliography (Melbourne, University of Melbourne Library, 1986, 462 pp.); this bibliography omits the Martin Smith article cited above. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Critic from Great Britain who wrote in English. Born ca. 1917-died ca. 1979. An academic homosexual lecturer at Liverpool University from 1946 (the University's vice-chancellor at the time was John Wolfenden who compiled the Wolfenden Report which preceded legalization of homosexual acts in Great Britain for those over 21). He was the author of a book of essays, The Renaissance Imagination, 1975. Apart from the *Renaissance see essays on *Ben Jonson's masque Hymenaei and essays on *George Chapman's Hero and Leander and on *Michelangelo. See Frank Kermode, Not Entitled, London, 1996, Chapter 4, "Incomplete", pp. 170-194, in which the influence of Gordon on Kermode (later Professor of English at *Cambridge) is discussed; see pp. 179-80 and 193 on D. J. Gordon's homosexuality; the chapter is important in discussing a homosexual lecturer in a university at a time when it was difficult to be openly gay. D. J Gordon was something of a dandy and a friend of *Ian Fletcher; he later became alcoholic and lived a seedy existence in London, as Kermode makes clear. Collector of English language bawdry from the United States. Active before 1992. Folksongs collected by him have been deposited in the Library of Congress, *Washington. Material was collected before 1992. The Inferno section of the Library of Congress has erotic material and the material may be in this section: see *Ed Cray, The Erotic Muse, 1992, pp. xiv-xv and pp. 308-15 re the balllad *"Christopher Columbo". Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Active 1924. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 75: poem "Lad's Love"; a poem on a *pedophile theme. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 511. Poet and addressee of poems from Russia. 1884-1967. He was one of the founders of Acmeism, a poetic movement in Russian, with which *Akhmatova and *Gumilev were involved. Apparently he had sexual relations with *Kuzmin: see Times Literary Supplement, 10 December 1999, 29, column 4 (review by Donald Rayfield of Kuzmin biography by John E. Malmstad) but may only have had a platonic relationship with *Vyacheslav Ivanov (see *Out of the Blue, 140). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Terras, Handbook of Russian Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Les Amours masculines, 290: states he inspired poems written by *Ivanov. Criticism. *Simon Karlinsky, Gay Sunshine, 29-30 (Summer/ Fall 1976), "Russia's Gay Literature and History", 4: states he "was primarily straight". Works of philosophy, history and religion containing poems in Greek from Israel from ca. 60. Some words are in Aramaic. The four Gospels (Greek: "good news"), accepted by the broad body of Christian churches since ca. 400 as embodying the teachings of Jesus Christ, are those of Matthew, Mark, Luke and John (however other Gospels exist - e.g. *Gnostic gospels). A few words spoken by Jesus and included in the Gospels are in Aramaic (see the entry Jesus Christ for these); since the words of Jesus are regarded as literally true by many Christians these Aramaic words assume great significance. The Gospels are works of philosophy which embody history and myth - depending on a reader's point of view - of the *Christian religion. Some Christians believe that every word is to be believed literally. The Gospels form part of the *New Testament, the earliest writings of Christianity, which itself is part of the * Bible, the total teachings of the Christianity (which includes the Hebew *Old Testament, the sacred scriptures of the Jews). Poetry and the Gospels. Though written in prose, the Gospels are strophic in the sense of being divided into verses so they can be seen as being wholly in poetry; they were probably recited initially before written records commenced from about ca. 70 to 100. They were also chanted and sometimes sung in churches from about the early Christian centuries (and still are in many churches) and thus became oral poems. The text of these works which we have is in Greek, the language of literacy of Israel of the time. There may have been prior texts in Aramaic, an *Afro-Asiatic langauge which was the language spoken by Christ, but this is very uncertain. For possible oral origins of the Gospels see Werne H. Kelber, The Oral and Written Gospels (1983; new edition Bloomington, 1997). Parts of The Gospels, e. g. the Beatitudes (major teachings of Jesus; see Gospel of Matthew Chapter 5, verses 3-11), are directly in conventional poetry; and there are some *hymns in the text. The rhythmic structure in the English King James Version (the accepted translation from 1611 to about 1970) is poetic and strongly influenced *Walt Whitman and *free verse. See also the Bible entry for general discussion of poetry and the Bible. The canon of the Gospels, the teachings of Jesus and homosexuality. The standard Greek text is contained in the New Testament for which see Barbara and Kurt Aland, Novum Testamentum Graece, twenty-seventh edition, Stuttgart, 1993. On the problems of the text see D. L. Dungan, The History of the Synoptic Problem: The Canon, The Text, The Composition and the Interpretation of the Gospels (New York, 1999); see also works discussed in the New Testament entry. The first three Gospels are called the synpotic gospels since they basically agree on the story of the life of Jesus. The fourth gospel, the Gospel of John, has always been a particularly attractive work and the writer has been taken to be the disciple "whom Jesus especially loved" (Chapter 13, verse 23). There is an ancient tradition in commentaries on this gospel linking it with the teachings of the Greek philosopher *Plato especially the discussion on love in the * Symposium. Other gospels are known from the early Christian period and there was a struggle within the early Church as to which gospels were to be accepted as canonical; this forms part of the *debate on love, of the time, out of which the teachings of Jesus Christ arose. His teachings overall relate also to Indian religions such as *Hinduism and especially its branches based on *Siva and *Krishna as well as the *debate on love in Greek and teachings in Persian such as *Zoroasterianism. The gospels associated with *Gnosticism were rejected by the early Christian churches. One Gnostic gospel, The Gospel of Mark, has a homosexual incident (see *Gnosticism); another, the Gospel of Thomas, is strongly homoerotic (on this work see "Buch des Thomas" in Kindlers neues Literatur Lexikon, volume 18). For extracts from these works see Marvin Meyer, editor, The Unknown Sayings of Jesus, San Francisco, 1998. The Gospels were only translated into European vernacular languages in the *Renaissance; before that they were read in churches in western Europe in Latin (which few people understood) and in eastern Europe in Greek, though in eastern Europe they were early translated into Slavic languages (where many Apocryphal works existed, especially in the Balkans; Gnostic Gospels were included in some Apocryphal collections). Robert Miller, The Complete Gospels (1992) includes the text of 16 non canonical gospels (some 26 such gospels are known). The effect of mechanical printing on circulation of the Gospels. The coming of mechanical printing to Europe with the German printer Johannes Gutenberg of Mainz resulted in the increased circulation of the Bible - and hence the Gospels - initially in the Latin translation of *Saint Jerome. Mechanical printing allowed many more copies of a work to be made and circulated than hand copying. Gutenberg's 42 line Bible, printed ca. 1453-56, in the Latin text of *Saint Jerome, was the first complete mechanically printed Bible. This was followed by translation into vernacular languages such as German and English. Up to this period most people in western Europe only heard extracts from the Bible in church services in Latin (which they usually did not understand); in the Greek speaking world Greek was used of course and the situation varied with other languages such as *Slavic languages. However literarcy rates were low until the late nineteenth century. The Gospels and Christian poetrv. The Gospels form the background against which Christian poetry was written: see, for instance, John of the Cross. Christian *hymns based on them were and are sung in Christian churches. Their form is *open form. The poet *Nonnus put the gospel of John into actual Greek poetry. Translation. Since the *New Testament has been translated into this 769 of languages, The Gospels have been translated into this number of languages: see Liana Lupas, Scriptures of the World, NY, 1992, p. 7 (a detailed listing of languages translated is included and portions only of the Bible have been translated into a further 916 languages - see p. 7 - including parts of the Gospels). See the *British Library General Catalogue under "Bible" for translated works held by the *British Library; see also the National Union Catalog. Finding translations is discussed in more detail in the Bible entry. Early translations. Early languages in which the Bible was printed mechanically from 1474 (for the New Testament in French) are listed from p. 43 of Liana Lupus, Scriptures of the World. Manuscript translation preceded these versions. There were early translations into Svriac. Ethiopic. Nubian. Armenian and Georgian. Soodian. In this language, which was only rediscovered in the twentieth century, in Turfan, central Asia (see *Dunhuang), there is a translation of the New Testament from the Syrian translation. Interpretation. The Gospels of Jesus Christ have a message of love: Jesus' command to his disciples to "love one another as I have loved you" (Gospel of John xiii,34) is usually taken to be the central doctrine of his teaching. Love here has have been interpreted for most of the Christian era as referring to love in a non-sexual sense. However, the Greek verb used in the above reference, "agapao", has distinct sexual overtones - or rather, sexual overtones cannot be ruled out: see Liddell and Scott, Greek-English Lexicon, p. 7; this states that the noun "agape" means simply love (not spiritual love). Only certain interpretations of the Gospels were judged correct (for instance as embodied in the "Apostles' Creed") and interpretation has differed from church to church. See also the Latin writer *Ficino and *Marxism (which some have claimed is a form of Christianity). Detailed criticism of the Gospels began in the modern period on literary critical grounds from ca. 1870 beginning with the German Tischendorf; from this time on they were seen by many as literary texts rather than received truth. Commentaries on the Gospels exist in many languages. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Poet, editor, biographer, autobiographer and collector from Great Britain writing in English. 1849-1928. An extremely prolific late Victorian man oi letters, Edmund Gosse married in 18/5 and had three children but seems to have been temperamentally homosexual and to have fallen in love with the sculptor of major homoerotic works, Hamo Thornycroft (see A. Thwaite, Edmund Gosse, 1984, pp. 184-87). He corresponded with *J. A. Symonds: see Symonds, Letters, edited by *R. Peters, vol. 3, p. 451 where the editors state "On February 24, 1890, Gosse had written to Symonds of his homosexual tendencies". Symonds sent him some photographs of naked boys which Gosse looked at at the funeral of Robert Browning (see the index of Symonds's Letters, 3 volumes, 1967-69). From 1870 he published several volumes of poetry. Madrigals, Songs and Sonnets, 1870, the first, was published with John Blaikie as joint author. In New Poems, 1879, see "In Praise of *Dionysus" pp. 84-87 (strong homo suggestions), *"Hans Christian Andersen" pp. 188-91, *"Eros" pp. 192-93 (strong gay suggestions; first published in On Flute and Viol, 1873, p. 111). His Collected Poems, 1911, and Poems, 1926, are his last two volumes of poetry. In Collected Poems, 1911, see *"Aubrey de Vere, pp. 342-43". He edited the works of *T. L. Beddoes and the works of *Swinburne with T. J. Wise (published in 1925), but the edition is very unreliable. He wrote lives of *Thomas Gray and *Swinburne and the Dictionary of National Biography entry on Swinburne. He also wrote other entries for the Dictionary of National Biography. His 1907 autobiography, Father and Son is a milestone in the art of English language autobiography. Biography: see Ann Thwaite, Edmund Gosse, 1984; bibl. of Gosse's works pp. 513-15. On his library see E. H. M. Cox, The Library of Edmund Gosse, London, 1924. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionary of National Biography. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Poet from France writing in French. Active 1902. Criticism. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, vol. 5 part 2 (1903), 1055-56: review of his book of poems Six attitudes d'adolescent, Lille: Verlag "Le Beffroi", 1902. Bibliographer from Germany who wrote in German. Died 1923. He was, with 'Hugo Hayn, the compiler of the most detailed German erotic bibliography 'Hayn Gotendorf, Bibliotheca germanorum erotica, in eight volumes, published 1912-25, with a ninth, addenda, volume by 'Paul Englisch. Not in Oxford Companion to German Literature . Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Lexikon des gesamten Buchwesens, second edition: under "Hayn-Gotendorf"; this discloses he was a Dresden collector of books who died in 1923. Deakin, Catalogi librorum eroticum, 12-14. Poet from Germany who wrote in German. Ca. 1170-ca.1210. Author of the long unfinished poem * Tristan of 19,000 lines (see Oxford Companion to German Literature: "Tristan") about the life of the knight T ristan and his unhappy love for Isolde. The poem is based on the Roman de T ristan of the Anglo-Norman poet Thomas von Britanje and was the source of *Richard Wagner's opera Tristan und Isolde. Tristan's world is divided into those who experience the world sensually and those who appreciate love as a *mystical union. Strong *male bonding figures centrally in his life. A famous passage praises *Heinrich von Veldeke and *Walther von der Vogelweide but puts down *Wolfram von Eschenbach (whom Gottfried doesn't mention by name). The poem is believed to have been written for one Dietrich; its inspiration thus seems to have had something of a homosexual element. The gay German poet *Platen wrote a work called Tristan. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. City in German where the main language is German. A famous university town comparable to *Oxford and *Heidelberg. The university was founded in 1737 and was famous in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries for the teaching of Greek and Latin: see *C. A. Klotz. Compare *Oxford, *Cambridge. *Wilamowitz-Möllendorf taught there; see also the group of poets *Göttinger Hainbund. The town houses a Film Institute which has much rare film material on *tribal cultures and has published catalogs e.g. Ethnologie, Afrika, 1986 on *African films. Compare *Heidelberg. Movement in Germany in German. Active 1772-ca.1775 in *Göttingen. They wrote poems on *friendship, nature and love. It was created when a group of men joined hands and danced around an oak tree in 1772 vowing eternal *friendship. The group was given the name by *J. H. Voss. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature: a group of students and friends passionately interested in poetry, especially that of *F. G. Klopstock. Poet possibly from Germany who wrote in Latin. Ca. 805-ca. 870. Gattschalk was a heretical priest who went into exile. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 145-47. Criticism. Bullough, Sexual Variance, 370-71 and f. 91 p. 377: English trans. of the Latin poem, *"Eclogue of Theodolus"; the poem can be read as a plaint to a lover and the text is in Schuyler Allen and Howard Mumford Jones, The Romanesque Lyric, 1928, 150-51. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Born 1882. Not in Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 498. Criticism. Foster, "Beauty's Purple Flame: Some Minor American Gay Poets", Gay Books Bulletin no. 7 (1982), 16: states he wrote poems on Greek homoerotic themes (quote from "Discobolus", about a Greek athlete); book of poems cited p.18: Aphrodite and other poems, New York, 1918. Editor and critic from Great Britain of Greek poets and translator from Greek into English from Great Britain. 1886-1978. A scholar who did much work on the text of *Hellenistic poets and Greek *anthologies. He edited and translated Theocritus (2 volumes, Cambridge, 1950; repr. 1952), Greek Bucolic Poets (1953; translation and brief notes), The Greek Anthology: Sources and Inscriptions (1958) - this latter being a concise introduction to The * Palatine Anthology, The Greek Anthology: Hellenistic Epigrams (1965), The Greek Anthology: The Garland of Philip (1968) (these last two works with Sir Denis [D. L.] Page). The Greek Bucolic Poets, Hamden, Connecticut, 1972, 156 pp. is apparently a translation only. In 1936, he compiled a bibliography of *Housman's classical writings and is referred to in The Letters of A. E. Housman, edited by Henry Maas (London: *Rupert Hart-Davis, 1971), p. xii, as his (Housman's) "close friend". There are extensive references to him in *R. P. Graves' biography of Housman and he appears to have been something of a protege of Housman whose lectureship he inherited (oral sources indicate this was arranged by Housman). He was a Cambridge don at Trinity College, the same college as Housman, and was a somewhat Housmanic figure (very withdrawn), according to oral tradition (Alan James, University of Sydney to the author). He never married. Compare *Benjamin Jowett. He appears in Who's Who 1974, p.1292. Obituary: by F. H. Sandbach in Proceedings of the British Academy, LXIV (1978), 426-441; photograph, 426. This reveals that Gow was a founder member of the Cambridge *Marlowe Society (428), taught at *Eton for eleven years, where he was nicknamed Granny Gow (429), became a Fellow of Trinity in the same year as Housman who secured him election "in 1928 to the Family, a select dining club of twelve members" (432) in appreciation of his friendship, and that he was something of an *aesthete in his youth. He later collected paintings and was close friends with *J. D. Beazley and *E. P. Warren (437-38). The homosexual art historian Anthony Blunt told the F. H. Sandbach it was "to Gow that he owes knowledge of how to study art-history" (438). He left his art collection to the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge together with 250,000 pounds. An unpublished autobiography exists at Trinity College. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10688: The Greek Bucolic Poets, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1953. Gozan (also spelt Gosan) literature, also called Five Zen Temples Literature Movement in Japanese and Chinese from Japan. From ca. 1192-1573. Gozan literature is large in volume and was so named because it was inspired by the Gozan or "Five Mountains", five large *Zen monasteries. It was written in the Kamakura and Muromachi periods (1192-1573) in the monasteries around *Kyoto and Kamakura. Some works were written in Chinese (it was influenced by the Chinese *T'ang poets) and especially flourished 1350-1400. Suichi Kato, A History of Japanese Literature, vol. 2, p. 104 cites homosexuality in the following Gozan poetic works: Shinden shiko (early fifteenth century); Ryusuishu by Tosho Shugen (late fifteenth century); San'eki enshi (early sixteenth century). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan : see "Gozan" and "Gozan Literature". Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion: see "Gozan Zen". Criticism. *Maggie Childs, "Japan's Homosexual Heritage", Gai Saber, volume 1 number 1 (Spring 1977), 41: re love poems to men by men inspired by beautiful boys (source: Heinrich Dumoulin, A History of Zen Buddhism, 1965, p. 309 note). Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. 1883-1911. See Babilonia no. 10, 43-44. He appears to have been gay. Translator from Persian to German from Germany. Active 1850. He translated *Sa'di's Bustan, 1850 Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 78-80: trans. of *Sa'di into German. His name is given as K. H. Graf, Lic. theol. Graffiti are works scratched or written on walls or buildings and in later times written in manuscripts and books, called marginalia. Some surviving graffiti are in the form of poetry. Graffiti are remarks usually made on the spur of the moment and not meant to last; sometimes they are sexual, especially in toilets. *Bawdry poetry featuring sexually explicit material is frequently a feature of graffiti. Poetry is known so far in Greek from Greece, Latin, Japanese and English from 79. Works appear in Egyptian on the Temple of Karnak in Thebes but there are no poems. Poetry with a homosexual slant possibly appears first in Latin from before 79. Greek. The earliest Greek homo graffiti are from the island of Thira (or Santorini); possibly a homopoem was inscribed (see *David M. Robinson). See Edward Brongersma, "The Thera Inscriptions", Journal of Homosexuality vol. 20 no.1-2 (1990), 31-40; no homopoems cited however. Homosexual graffiti have also been found in the Athenian Agora (market place): see Mabel Lang, Graffiti in the Athenian Agora, Princeton, American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 1974, 64 pp: see p. 30 re homosexual graffiti. Neither in Thira or Athens have definite poems engraved on walls come to light in this genre to date. References. Brandt, Sittengeschichte griechenlands, volume 2, pp. 215 and 248 footnote 215 citing Kalinka in Wien. Stud. XXIV, 292 ff (referring to Palatine Anthology x 87). In Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, p. 516, the author notes "As Kalinka informs us, a non-obscene epigram has been found on the wall of a latrine at Ephesus" (same reference as to the preceding reference). (The epigram cited here, x 87, is not gay). Latin. A homosexual poem in the form of graffiti inscribed on a wall survives from *Pompeii (destroyed 79 A. D.): see Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, 5092 ("Amoris ignes si sentires, mulio"). In the *Middle Ages similar works were written on the margins and in the pages of Latin manuscripts (called sometimes marginalia) as Stehling in Medieval Latin Poems of Male Love and Friendship discusses and lists below; such manuscripts would, of course, be seen by only a few persons in monasteries. Almost all the poems in the entry *Anonymous Poets - Latin fall into the graffiti class. Latin graffiti - on walls and in manuscripts - reveal preoccupation with homosexuality over 1400 years in Latin. See Antonio Varone, Erotica pompeiana, Rome, 1994 - graffiti from Pompeii translated into Italian; some poems may be relevant. See also *Sara Lilja. References. Medieval Latin Poems of Male Love and Friendship, pp. 94-101; notes pp. 157-58: graffiti from a 12th/13th century manuscript. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 1pp. 72-74: repetition of Stehling. Lilja, Homosexuality in Republican and Augustan Rome, pp. 97-102. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, pp. 487-89. English. United States. *Allen Walker Read (1935) compiled the first work. Robert Reisner, Graffiti, New York, 1967, 45 cites the following rhyme from a United States toilet: "*Faggots are maggots." *W. H. Auden's Academic Graffiti, 1971, are in the form of clerihews and important only for being by an openly gay poet; see No. 58 re *Oscar Wilde. They show a literary slant to the tradition. See *Maledicta 5 (1981) for a poem beginning: "I'm so happy I'm so gay". Rhyming homosexual graffiti on toilet walls, which are extensive, have not been collected in any great quantity perhaps because they are ephemeral; for an example from Australia see *"Love me tender, love me sweet". Compare *limericks. Japanese. Recording of graffiti dates from the *Edo period (from ca. 1600) when they were recorded by the scholar Morori Norinaga, including satires in *waka. Graffiti mentioning sex were uncovered in the Horyuji temple dating from ca. 750; these graffiti need investigation for homosexual poems which are a strong possibility (they are also called rakugaki). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan: see "Graffiti". Vern L. Bullough, editor, Human Sexuality: An Encyclopedia, New York, 1994: "Graffiti" (with bibl.) Ullstein Enzyklopädie der Sexualität. Bibliographies. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 67. Poet from Germany writing in German. Born 1922. Not in Oxford Companion to German Literature. No entry in the *British Library General Catalogue. The National Union Catalog lists a book of poems Die Gralsucher, [Westheim bei Augsburg:] Rost, 1947, 16 pp. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 59: the poems "An einen Jungen" and "Uber die Tapferkeit". Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10690-91: the same poems listed as books, apparently incorrectly. Translator from Italian to Latin from Italy. Active 1782-91. The introduction to the *H. G. Bohn edition of Martial states he was an Italian teacher living in London. His Latin translations of the so-called obscene epigrams were used instead of English in the *H. G. Bohn edition. He was the first translator of the complete poems of *Martial into Italian (published in London, 1782-91). See the note in Notes and Queries, 5th series, III, 1875. p. 418 by Fraxinus (i.e. *H. S. Ashbee). Bibliographies. Ashbee, Bibliography of Prohibited Books, volume One, 376-78: "the most complete translation that exists of Martial's epigrams". Songwriter from the United States who wrote in English. Active ca. 1920. Composer of the famous *Harlem blues classic "Tain't nobody's business", ca. 1920. Source: Advocate no. 342, p. 41(which article does not give the text). The song is the title of the article on gay Harlem by *Eric Garber. The song can be interpreted in a coded way as being a defence of homosexuality. City in southern Spain under Arab control for several centuries and famous for the Arabic citadel and palace, The Alhambra, which still survives. Poems of relevance survive from ca. 1020. Spanish. *Saint John of the Cross wrote many poems in Granada; *Garcia Lorca lived there. Arabic: see *Abu'l-Barakat al Bakafiqi, *Ben Mutarri, *Yusuf III (ruler of Granada 1408-1417). Hebrew: *Samuel Hanagid, *Judah ha-Levi. Spanish: *Rosales. Bibliographies. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition: see "Gharnata". Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 489-90. Translator from Latin to French. Active 1543. The author of La seconde eglogue de Virgile, 1543. Apparently the first translation into French of *Virgil's "Second *Eclogue". Translator from French to English possibly from Great Britain. Active before 1983. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 223: translation, with *Paul Archer, of the poem "Spring", about *lesbianisn, by the French poet *Verlaine into English. Poet novelist, critic, dramatist and autobiographer from Great Britain who wrote in English; translator from Persian to English. He also lived in Spain. 1895-1985. A poet famous for his work The White Goddess, 1948, a study of the role of the female principle in poetry, from which true poets (according to Graves) derive their power. As a poet he was first linked to the *Georgians. Educated at Charterhouse and Oxford, he married in 1918, after serving in the war, and later lived with Laura Riding on the island of Majorca, in Spain, after 1929. Autobiography. His autobiography, Goodbye to All That, 1929, mainly dealing with his experiences in World War I, includes references to homosexuality; two passages of the first edition were suppressed in later editions - a short passage on p. 209 and a poem by *Siegfried Sassoon on pp. 341-43 (see Fred H. Higginson, A Bibliography of the Works of Robert Graves, 1966, p. 48). In the first edition, second printing, London, 1929, see pp. 76-80 on a strong homoaffectional relationship with Dick at Charterhouse school (though he states "I was unconscious of sexual feeling for him") and pp. 282-95 and 315 ff. on his friendship with Siegfried Sassoon. Graves states in this 1929 edition "In English preparatory and public schools romance is necessarily homosexual... I only recovered.. at the age of twenty-one" (quoted in *Martin Seymour-Smith, Robert Graves, 1982, p. 20.) There was a revised edition, 1957 (reprinted in Penguin Books, 1960: see p. 45 of this edition on his school boy affair with Dick: "I fell in love with a boy three years younger than myself... I was unconscious of any sexual desire for him" and Chapter 28, pp. 242-54, on his friendship with *T. E. Lawrence (a passage considerably enlarged from the earlier edition), and pp. 146-51 ff. on friendship with *Siegfried Sassoon. In The White Goddess: an historical grammar of poetic myth (1948), Graves makes attacks on homosexuality and there is an implication that "Apollonian" or "classical" poetry is in some way homosexual (see also *classicism). Graves wrote a play But It Still Goes On (1930; repr. in 1951 in Occupation Writer) in which one of the main characters is homosexual. The Story of Mary Powell, Wife to Mr Milton, 1943, is a novel based on the English poet John Milton and refers to homosexuality in Milton's life pp. 116-17, 131, 153, 188 (source: Garde, Jonathan to Gide, p. 369). As can be seen Graves's attitude to homosexuality shows considerable ambivalence: from *homophobia to acceptance. He also wrote to *Edward Carpenter about the subject (see *C. Tsuzuki, Edward Carpenter, 1980, p. 148). Text of Graves's poems. Graves continually re-edited his poems from his first published volume, 1916, and the text presents great complexity. Love in his Collected Poems is heterosexual though "Lost Love" (Collected Poems 1914-1947, London, 1948, p. 23) is general. In Poems 1914-1926, London, 1927, see "Familiar Letter to Siegfried Sassoon" pp. 54-57, "Not Dead" p. 53 (considerable homoeroticism), "Two Fusiliers" p. 62 ("To bind our lovely friendship fast"), and "To R. N." pp. 62-63 (re *fauns) See also Fred W. Higginson, A Bibliography of Robert Graves, London, 1966. Biography. In Martin Seymour-Smith, Robert Graves: His Life and Work, London, 1982, see pp. 20-22, 73-74 and 406 for discussion of homosexuality and Graves; the author believes Graves was heterosexual and states Graves attacks homosexuality in The White Goddess. Reginald Percival Graves, a relative of the poet, has written a biography. Homosexuality in his works relating to other languages. Greek. He is the author of The Greek Myths, Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1955, 2 volumes - a thorough study of these myths which includes references to homosexuality and with detailed bibliographical details: see *Apollo, *Centaurs, *Endymion, *Ganymede, *Hercules, 'Hermaphroditus, *Narcissus, *Orestes and Pylades. Persian. He helped translate *Omar Khayyam with Omar Ali-Shah: The Original Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam (New York, 1968) including a commentary and list of manuscripts, pp. 84-85. Graves worked under the supervision of the Persian *Sufi poet Ali-Shah and this version has been widely attacked; he appears to have put the poems into poetry from a prose version of Omar Ali-Shah. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1564: Goodbye to all That, London: Cape 1929. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 176-77, 219; biog. Criticism. Caesar, Taking it like a man: Suffering, sexuality and the War Poets, 172-224. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1996. Author of the book of poems with gay reference Angel at the Door, Reading, 1996 (with illustrations by G-Man). A copy of this book is in the *British Library where it is catalogued under homosexuality. An *eighteen nineties poet whose 1893 volume of poems Silverpoints (London: *Elkin Mathews and John Lane) was designed by *Charles Ricketts is regarded as one of the most beautifully designed eighteen nineties books (reprints exist e.g., in 1973 by Minerva Press, edition of 250 copies, and in New York by Woodstock Books 1994). It was published originally in an edition of 275 copies with 25 other copies on vellum and an unknown number of copies unnumbered. It was bound in *green cloth. The poems in Silverpoints are, however, conventional *decadent verse of the period with thirteen of the twenty-nine poems being French translations and strongly religious overtones; many are dedicated to men but none is a memorable work. The phrase "A twylipped scarlet pansie" later to be used as the name for a famous gay novel A Scarlet Pansy occurs in "The Barber". There is an excellent discussion of the work in the Introduction to the 1994 printing signed "I. S." and "R. K. R. T." He published Spiritual Poems in 1896 and later wrote *hymns. He converted to the *Catholic religion in 1890 with all the attendent difficulties of this homophobic religion. Apparently, after 1890, he ceased to be active sexually, though this can never be proven. He is believed to be one of Wilde's *lovers and the model for Dorian Gray in Wilde's novel The Portrait of Dorian Gray. The two were close 1891-93 (see *Richard Ellmann's biography of Wilde) before the advent of *Alfred Douglas. He was ordained a priest in 1901 and lived in *Edinburgh in a church paid for by his intimate friend *Raffalovich and who lived in a house close by. He had met him in 1892 and Raffalovich paid for the publication of Silverpoints (see Richard Ellmann, Oscar Wilde, 1987, p. 369; it was formerly believed that Oscar Wilde paid for this but discovery of the original contract showed this was not so). Gray edited *Beardsley's Letters in 1904. Text. See *lan Fletcher, editor, The Poems of John Gray, 1988. This is a brilliant edition with a biography of Gray pp. 1-19. "Rosary of the Holy Cross" pp. 147-48 shows repressed homosexual feelings directed towards Jesus Christ. There is also Some Unpublished Poems, Edinburgh: Tragara Press, 1987, 37 pp. Biography: *Brocard Sewell, In the *Dorian Mould, 1983 (there is a detailed discussion of Silverpoints pp. 38-54 including quotation of some poems in full); Jerusha Hull McCormack, John Gray, 1991. See also Brockard Sewell, Footnote to the Nineties, London: *Cecil Woolf and Amelia Woolf, 1968, 121 pp. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10694-96: "The flying fish" in The Dial, 1896 and Poems, 1931 [no other details of this printing], Silverpoints, London: John Lane, 1893. Criticism. Croft-Cooke, Feasting with Panthers, 208-26. Poet and novelist from South Africa. Born 1941. An openly gay poet: see * Apollo Cafe (1989), a very fine volume of poems with one openly gay poem, "Fade Out", pp. 13-16, about a man dying of *Aids. See also Selected Poems 1960-1992 (Cape Town, 1994), 74 pages. He wrote the first South African gay novel, Time of Our Darkness (1988), and is a noted literary figure who was the editor of The Penguin Book of South African Verse and Short Stories, 1989. He is the author of two other novels, Born of Man, 1989 and War Child, 1991. Interview: see Gay Times, May 1988, pp. 38-40. He has been twice married and is a Professor of English. Autobiography: Accident of Birth (1993). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Benson, Encyclopedia of Post-Colonial Literatures. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Invisible Ghetto, 76-77. Poet, letter writer and diarist from Great Britain who wrote poems in English, Latin, Italian and Greek. 1716-1771. Thomas Gray, wrote one of the most famous poems in English, Elegy written in a Country Churchyard. He went to school at *Eton where his closest friends were *Richard West and *Horace Walpole. Gray studied at *Cambridge, and the three friends, Gray, West and Walpole wrote to each other throughout their lives. Walpole and Gray had a celebrated quarrel while touring France and Italy 1739-1741. Called effeminate by *Samuel Johnson in his life of Gray in his The Lives of the Poets, Gray was loathed by *Elizabeth Barrett Browning because of *misogyny as revealed in his letters. He lived a bachelor existence in Cambridge as a don from 1742 at two colleges: Peterhouse and Pembroke. Though the date of composition is uncertain, Gray's Elegy written in a Country Churchyard (published in 1751), is perhaps the most famous poem in English, certainly on the continent of Europe. It seems to have been inspired by Wests death in 1742. West seems to have been the "Youth to Fortune and to Fame unknown" of the epitaph whose grave the poet haunts and who inspired the "Sonnet on the Death of Mr. Richard West". Most critics place the composition of the Elegy after West's death. Homosexuality as a cause of its inspiration was first put forward by *Peter Watson Smyth in The Spectator 31 July, 1971, 171-74; see also *G. S. Rousseau and below under "Criticism". A focus of the poem is the epitaph to the youth. Gray was devoted to his mother and is buried in the same grave as her in Stoke Poges church (this is the church credited with being the church which inspired the Elegy). He published his Poems in 1757. There can be little doubt that Gray was at least affectionally homosexual: all his close relations were with men. His Journal was first published in 1775 and his letters were published in 3 volumes, 1935, edited by Paget Toynbee and L. Whibley; see especially his letters to the handsome Swiss Charles-Victor de Bonstetten, who did not return his affections. Biography. In *R. W. Ketton-Cremer, Thomas Gray, 1955, see especially Chapter 12 on Bonstetten. Robert F. Gleckner, Gray Agonistes: Thomas Gray and masculine friendship, 1999, discusses homoeroticism in Gray. Gray wrote poems in languages other than English. Italian. One Italian poem was written: "Spesso Amor sotto la forma". Greek. He wrote a Greek *epigram. He also translated poems from the *Anthoiogia Graeca including some on *amor (love). Latin. Gray paid tribute to West in some lines of his Latin poem De Principiis Cogitandi (The Principles of Thinking). Gray's Latin poems are printed in Roger Lonsdale, editor, The Poems of Gray, Collins and Goldsmith, 1969, as numbers 57-68. See also his *British Library General Catalogue entry for Latin *odes. Translation of Gray's poems. French: trans. by D.B. (possibly Dubois), 1797; Italian: David Bertoletti (1813). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 452-55. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1570: The Poems of Thomas Gray, with a Selection of Letters and Essays, London: Dent, 1912. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 37-38. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 197-201; includes letters to Bonstetten. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 17576: "Sonnet on the Death of Mr. Richard West" (1975). Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 204. Criticism. Eighteenth Century Life, vol. 9, 136: "Gray was ... clearly homosexual... probably was exclusively homosexual". Journal of Homosexuality vol. 23, no.1-2, 199-214: George E. Haggerty, "The Voice of Nature in Gray's Elegy": argues the poem shows the poet's awareness of his own homosexuality. Poet from Italy writing in Italian. 1503-1584. *Florentine writer who used the pseudonym Il Lasca. In his "Madrigalessa IX" in his Rime(Poems) he writes about his love for a certain Liliano. Another poem praises football since it allows men to hold handsome youths Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 228: *bathing poem about bathing in the Arno, *Florence (from Capitolo x 64). Criticism. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 131: writer of *Bernesque poetry with homosexual themes; 1359: a writer of *sonnets referring to *Varchi's homosexual tastes. Poet and critic from the United States writing in English. Active from 1957. The title of his book of poems The Other Love (1957) refers to homosexuality. Author of *Fauns, Satyrs and A Few Sages. Songs, Epigrams and Pieces after the Greek, Boston, 1945. As a critic his Bernard Grebanier, The Uninhibited Byron: An Account of His Sexual Confusion, 1970, includes a frank discussion of Byron's homosexual friend William John Bankes, pp. 204-06 and one of the fullest dicussions of Byron's relationship with *Edleston pp. 42-49. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10697: The Other Love, New York: Bookman, 1957. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 1571-72: The Other Love: A Tryptych, New York: Bookman Associates, 1957 and The Angel in the Rock, Georgetown, CA: Dragon's Teeth Press 1971; 1029: The Unhibited Byron: An Account of His Sexual Confusion, 1970: includes the text of *Don Leon. Anthology in Greek from Greece and Turkey. Ca. 980. The title Greek Anthology, though frequently used in English referring to the * Palatine Anthology and the *Planudean Anthology (two very different works) is very misleading. It implies a single work when in fact two are meant. It is like referring to The Oxford Book of English Verse as The English Anthology. For this reason it is not used in this encyclopedia and the term * Palatine Anthology is used. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 67-68. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 504-05. Color and concept associated with homosexuality in Latin from Italy and English from ca. 85. Green is associated with *effeminacy and, by extension, homosexuality in Latin in the poems of *Martial (active ca. 85). In English, the color was used to indicate homosexuality from at least 1894 with the publication of *Robert Hitchens' novel The Man with the Green Carnation, based on the life of *Oscar Wilde, who wore a green carnation in the lapel of his coat. Green was associated with Ireland and things Celtic in the *eighteen-nineties. As *Oscar Wilde came from Ireland, the word can have ambiguous reference at this time. John Gray's book of poems Silverpoints (1893) was bound in green cloth. United States. See *Richard Thoma for use in the 1930s, *The Platonic Blow for use in 1948 and *Antler (pseud). Australia. See *Victor Daley, *Roderic Quinn; green was associated with male homosexuality in poetry of the 1940s - see *A. D. Hope, *Muir Holborn. In the 1950s it was said that homosexuals in Australia used green ink (Louise Bateson to the author, 1991). See also *Kerry Leves. Great Britain: see *The Chameleon (1894). The revival of green with the *green movement, associated with conservation, from the 1990s gives a new connotation to the word. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1991. A graduate of *Yale. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Brother to Brother, 62-63; biog., 271. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 809-811. Critic from Australia who wrote in English. 1916-1991. In her collection of critical essays The Music of Love, 1984, she states, p. 113, with regard to the poem "Aubade" by *Christopher Brennan (from Twenty One Poems, 1897): "There is nothing in the poem to make it certain that one of the partners is a woman..." This is an example of close reading of a text of an Australian poet which does not discount a homosexual reading. She has written criticism on *Harold Stewart and letters from him to her survive in her papers in the Australian National Library, Canberra. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Collection of poems in English from Japan. Published in 1953. While it is cited by Young as a poetry anthology, it is not an anthology of gay poems. It is a selection of poems by seven Japanese poets which have been translated into English; more than 174 pages. The preface states that the poets are friends of Poetry and English and from Green Hill College, Tokyo. One poem is relevant: "The Beautiful Jade-Faced Boy" by *Konosuke Hinatsu (pp. 109116); printed on pp. 111-13, it is about a beautiful boy whose beauty torments the author. Rare; copy examined: *Library of Congress Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1585: Tokyo, The Hokuseido Press, 1953. Historian, critic and biographer from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1976. Author of Children of the Sun: A Narrative of "Decadence" in England after 1918, New York, 1976. A study mainly of *Brain Howard and *Harold Acton who both dominated *Eton and *Oxford in the 1920s. He states, p. 9, that dandyism epitomizes their temperament and "at the root of this cult is that worship of the male adolescent by older men which is expressed in the myths of *Narcissus, *Adonis, and such." He wrote articles on homosexuality in literature: see *George Steiner. See also *Decadents, *Aesthetic movement. Critic writing in English and translator from Russian to English from the United States. A translator of *Kuzmin and *Pushkin who has written a fine essay on homosexuality in Pushkin's poems. He is a Russian the University of California, Irvine. specialist at note, 41S Gay Poetry Anthologies. Out of the Blue, 29-35: translation and essay on Pushkin; 69-126: translation of Kuzmin; biog. Movement associated with nature, a simpler lifestyle and preservation of the countryside. It influenced gay English language poetry in the United States, Great Britain and Australia from ca. 1988 (see especially the gay American Indian anthology * Living the Spirit). Precursors include *Emerson and the gay poets *Whitman, *Thoreau (active 1860) and *Carpenter. The movement in western poetry ultimately dates from *Wordsworth (active 1798). *Pastoral poetry is perhaps its ultimate genesis in poetry. The movement has been much influenced by *tribal cultures such as *American Indian cultures (see *Lawrence William O'Connor) and *Australian Aboriginal cultures. Compare *Men's Movement, *Feminism. Translator from Latin to English and critic in English from Great Britain. Active 1967. He translated the poet Juvenal from Latin into English in the *Penguin edition, Harmondsworth, UK, 1967; an excellent translation with notes. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 106. Dramatist and critic from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1558-1592. Famous for his attack on *Shakespeare as an "upstart Crow, beautified with our feathers" in his 1592 autobiographical work Greene's Groats-Worth of Witte. He led a profligate life and drank heavily. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1606: citing Menophon, London: Clarke, 1589. (Young states incorrectly Menophon is poetry.) Criticism. Norton, Homosexual Literary Tradition, 270-72: re Menophon (not in verse). Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1929-1989. He started writing poetry in *prison and was later involved with * Fag Rag as an editor. He published a book of *prose poems titled Were You Always a Criminal?, Fag Rag Books, 1989 (review: James White Review vol. 7 no. 3, 13, by *Steve Abbott). Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10699: two poems in *Mouth of the Dragon 8: 57-58, March 1976. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1607: The Amusement Business and Then Some, Boston: *Good Gay Poets, 1976. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, 161-62: poem "Oh God Forbid../ Your Son../ Is Married../ To A../ Black Fairy.."; biog., 161 (with photo). Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 646. Poet from Australia who wrote in English. 1930-1986. Stated to be bisexual by those who knew him (various oral sources) or homosexual (Mary Gilmore to *Adrian Rawlins, Adrian Rawlins to the author). He lived with Rosaleen Norton, a famous Sydney witch, for many years. See Nevill Drury, Pan's Daughter, 1988, on his poems (e.g. pp. 25-26), some of which were published; illustrations here by Rosaleen Norton - e.g. opposite p. 66 - are strongly *hermaphroditic. He was strongly influenced by *Surrealism and spent many years in mental hospitals. Illustrations in The Art of Rosaleen Norton (1952; repr. 1982) by Rosaleen Norton are strongly lesbian. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Active 1917. Educated at Oxford, he was an officer in War World One. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 132-33 (poem "Soldiers" re *bathing),139 (homoerotic poem: "...Killed in Action"); biog., 235. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1966-1971. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10700: Selected Poems, New York: Double Day, 1971. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 1611-13: Basic Movements, New York: The Gyre Press, 1966, A Bed by the Sea, Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1970 and Selected Poems, Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1971. Critic from Argentina writing in Spanish. Active 1985. Author of Literatura y homosexualidad y otros ensayos (Literature and homosexuality and other essays), Buenos Aires, 1985. Not seen. Translator from Latin to English from the United States. 1898-1982. Translator of the Latin poet *Catullus into English (1931). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 91: trans. of Catullus poem "To Juventius". Collector from Great Britain of works in English. 1877-1941. Maundy Gregory is most famous as the man who was responsible for setting up a system to sell honours on behalf of the British Prime Minister Lloyd George. He also collected manuscripts of Frederick Rolfe and appears in *A. J. A. Symons' s Quest for Corvo. His life is described in Gerald Macmillan, Honours for Sale (1954); this notes he was homosexual (p. 138) and also discusses his purchase of the Rolfe manuscripts (pp. 138-44), together with his founding of the Corvine Society which was devoted to Rolfe. Poet from Armenia who wrote in Armenian. Active before 1500? Homosexuality was suggested by an Armenian poet in Jerusalem to the author, 1987 (visit to the library in the Armenian Quarter). It has not been possible to locate any information on this poet in reference works. Poet and dramatist from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1981. His play The Dear Love of Comrades is about *Edward Carpenter (the phrase comes from a poem by Walt Whitman whom Carpenter idolized); the title is based on a phrase from Whitman's Calamus poems from the poem "I Hear It Was Charged" ("The institution of the dear love of comrades", line 6). In the Calamus poem, "The Base of All Metaphysics", the phrase "The dear love of man for his comrade, the attraction of friend to friend" occurs in line 13; on other uses of the word comrade see the Whitman entry under Calamus poems. He is also the author of the play Only Connect (from a phrase by *E. M. Forster). Interview: Gay News 184 (1980), Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, item 1613a: states his play As Time Goes By written in collaboration with *Drew Griffiths, London: *Gay Men's Press, 1981 (stated to be in poetry), is bound with Noel Greig, The Dear Love of Comrades. Greville, Fulke, Sir, also called Lord Brooke Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1554-1628. *Elizabethan lyric poet, who was a contemporary and friend of *Sir Philip Sidney who wrote a poem expressing strong homoaffectionalism towards him and *Sir Edward Dyer, "Join mates in mirth with me". Both Sidney and Greville attended Cambridge. Fulke Greville wrote an *elegy on Sidney, "Epitaph Upon the Right Honorable Sir Philip Sidney", and The Life of Sir Philip Sidney, first published in 1652. In later life he became Lord Brooke. He is famous for his poem "O wearisome condition of humanity". A lifetime bachelor, he was stabbed to death in mysterious circumstances by a servant, believing he had been left out of Greville's will; but the will, when read, revealed the servant to have been included. His sonnet sequence Caelica is fairly conventional (it includes poems with the *Cupid trope e.g., "Cupid thou naughty boy"). *Thom Gunn edited a Selected Poems in 1968; he states p. 10 "Sidney's death in 1568 was the most deeply affecting event in Greville's life." The epitaph on his grave reads: "Servant to Queen Elizabeth, Councillor to King James, Friend to Sir Philip Sidney". Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Ioläus (1902), 127: re attachment to Sidney. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 175-76. Trope in Arabic from Egypt. From 1250. Grey hair refers to homosexuality in the *Mamluk period (1250-1517) poetry. (Dr Abdul Jaleel, University of Cairo to the author, 22 February, 1987). See also *colors. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1959. A *black poet who lives in *New York. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 56-57: *prose poem "Joan"; biog., 176. Pseudonym of a poet from Australia writing in English. Active 1991. Pseudonym of *Adrian Rawlins. Poet from Russia who wrote in Russian. 1795-1829. He wrote plays in verse and was in the diplomatic corps in Persia where he was killed in an attack on the Russian embassy. He married in 1829. He is mentioned in the poem The Adventures of a Schoolboy in the erotic anthology * Eros Russe (source: *William Hugh Hopkins thesis on erotica in Russian, p. 343). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Terras, Handbook of Russian Literature. Criticism. Stern, Geschichte der offentlichen Sittlichkeit in Russland, volume 2, 568: stated to be homosexual (though this may not be reliable); name spelt Griboyedov. Translator from Latin to German. Active 19QQ. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 3B-39: translation of 'Catullus. Poet from the Netherlands writing in Dutch. Born 1947. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Naar vriendscaap zulk een mateloos verlangen, 1Q6-Q9: four poems from Restauratie, Amsterdam: Hagelwit, 1976 (books cited p. 117). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 315-16. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1974. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 1625-26: Night Music, New Philadelphia, Ohio: Pale Horse Press, 1974, Port Authority, Nashville, Tennessee: Brevity Press, 1975. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Male Muse, 45-46: two charming poems, "Rough Trade" and "Memphis Boarding House"; biog., 120: lives in Georgia in the United States *south. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 539. Anthologist fom the United States of works in English. Active 1970. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1627: editor of In Homage to Priapus, San Diego: Greenleaf, 1970, which includes some poets, e.g. *Whitman. Poet and dramatist from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1981. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1613a: co-author of the play As Time Goes By with *Noel Greig, London: *Gay Men's Press, 1981 (this work is stated to be in poetry). Poet, diarist and autobiographer from Austria writing in German. 1791-1872. An Austrian dramatist who wrote many celebrated works for the *Vienna stage; he was also a poet whose oeuvre is huge (running to forty-three volumes). He had difficult relationships with women. His mother, to whom he was devoted, committed suicide. His autobiography, written 1853-54, covers his life to 1836. His homosexuality became known with the publication of his diary and letters in 1903. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 578-80. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 60: "Gedicht aus dem Tagebuch auf der Reise nach Frankreich und England 1836" [poem from his diary of his travels in France and Britain, 1836]; also cites his autobiography and diary; no other details given. Herzer, Bibliographie zur Homosexualität, item 0582: critical study by *Hans Rau (pseud.). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 136. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 213: a poem about renunciation; biog., 193. Criticism. Raffalovich, Uranisme et unisexualite, 317-29. Mayne, The Intersexes, 256: re his creation in verse of a bisexual type; 302-07 re relationship with George Altmutter. Hirschfeld, Die Homosexualität, 663: stated to be *bisexual. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1995. A *black poet who is an actor, playwright and human rights activist. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Milking Black Bull, 109-121; biog., 109. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1977. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1628: Talking on Tiptoe, London: Sebrof and Warner, 1977. Translator from Italian to German and biographer in German from Germany. 1B2B-19Q1. Author of a biography of Michelangelo: Das Leben Michelangelos, 2 volumes, 1B6Q-63. He was Professor of Modern Art at the University of Berlin. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, B7: translator of the Italian poet 'Michelangelo. Poet from France writing in French. Born 1925. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 453-54: two poems "Love from a Martian" and "Arab Boy". Poet from the Netherlands writing in Dutch. 1BB7-1955. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Naar vriendscaap zulk een mateloos verlangen, 43-45: two poems from De Narcis ('Narcissus), Amsterdam: Van Munsters uitgeversmaatschappij, 1921, and Schijnwerper, 's-Gravenhage: eigen beheer1952; books cited, 117. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 2B7. Poet and editor from the United States writing in English. Active from 1989. He edited Whitman's Men: The Calamus Poems, 1996, with Tine photograhic illustrations by several contemporary photographers Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poets for Life, 82-83; biog., 235 - states he worked with Michael Klein on * Poets for Life. Bookseller and bibliographer in English from the United States. From before 1990. The bookshop, which is in Cambridge, near Harvard University, is the finest poetry bookshop in the United States. A computer printout was supplied by the proprieter Louisa Solano listing gay and lesbian poets mostly from the *nineteen seventies and *nineteen eighties; out of print items are listed and the printout constitutes the beginnings of a bibliography of gay poets in English for these years, especially for poets from the United States in these years. It did not list gay male and lesbian poets separately. Address: 6 Plympton Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States. Translator from the Netherlands from Greek to Latin. 1583-1645. Under the Latinized name of Grotius he made a complete translation of the *Planudean Anthology into Latin titled Anthologia Graeca, 1795-1822; reprinted 1864-90. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born ca. 1972. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gents, Bad Boys, and Barbarians, 75-79 ; biog., 74. Editor of works in English and biographer from Canada writing in English. Born ca. 1930. A Professor at the University of Toronto in 1964. Editor of The Memoirs of John Addington Symonds (London, 1984). John Addington Symonds was one of the first British gay pioneers to reveal the corpus of Greek gay poetry to English language readers; he was also a poet. His autobiography was left in manuscript and deposited in the London library by his friend and executor *Horatio Brown. The published text is not the complete text (which is in the London Library). She wrote a biography of Symonds entitled, in the United States edition, The Woeful Victorian (New York, 1964). The British edition is called John Addington Symonds (London, 1964); both 370 pp. She has written a fine biography * Byron.The Flawed Angel, New York, 1997 (review: New York Times Book Review, 13 April 1997, 13). This is the outstanding single volume biography of Byron to date and the only biography which adequately deals with his homosexuality. Groups need to be considered as a form of homosexual 'male bonding. They date in English in Great Britain from 1579 and later in other English speaking countries. Great Britain. Groups and circles containing homosexual poets go back at least to the 'Elizabethan period to ca. 1579: the 'Spenser/'Sidney circle, for example. At this time 'Shakespeare had his own group of 'actors. Coffee clubs were common meeting places of poets and literary groups in the eighteenth century, as were men's dining and drinking clubs: for a poem from this environment see 'Charles Morris. See Ned Ward, A History of the London Clubs, various editions from 1709, regarding Molly Houses, houses of assignation for gay sex in London (extracts are reprinted in ' Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, pp. 209-13). The eighteenth century group 'Thomas Gray, 'Richard West, and 'Horace Walpole was known as The Triple Alliance and the 'Romantic poets had alliances between them (e.g. 'Wordsworth and 'Coleridge). The 'Apostles group at Cambridge University started in the nineteenth century and included 'Tennyson, 'Arthur Hallam and 'G. L. Dickinson as well as 'Lytton Strachey. The Rhymers' Club (see Oxford Companion to English Literature entry) was associated with 'Lionel Johnson and other poets in the 'eighteen-nineties and produced two anthologies but does not seem overtly homosexual. The circle around 'Oscar Wilde was the main group in the eighteen-nineties; his lover 'Lord Alfred Douglas produced the first gay journal ' The Spirit Lamp ; see "Cafe Royal" in Oxford Companion to English Literature (the Cafe Royal was a gay meeting place in London frequented by Wilde and his circle). The 'Uranian poets formed a loose group, many being in close contact with others. The New Bohemians Club (ca. 1905), contained 'Richard Middleton (Men and Boys, p. 53). The 'Georgian Poets formed a loose confederation around 'Harold Munro and 'Edward Marsh while the emergence of 'Modernism saw other groups around 'T. S. Eliot and 'Ezra Pound. The 'Imagists were another group at this time. The 'Bloomsbury group produced little poetry though it was the subject of a 'satire by 'Roy Campbell. Compare 'Symposium, 'Männerbunde. 'Bawdy poetry with homosexual undertones was probably recited in some of these all male groups. United States. Literary Clubs in 'New York go back to the 18th century; such clubs were formed also at 'Yale. The 'Hartford Wits from Connecticut where Yale was situated included 'Timothy Wright. The Bread and Cheese Club was a 'New York literary society founded by the homoerotic novelist 'James Fenimore Cooper in 1822. Homosexual 'songs may date from these groups, though evidence is lacking in the form of texts. Bohemian groups dating from the 'eighteen-nineties were responsible for the first surviving homosexual oral poetry e.g. 'Eugene Field wrote homo 'bawdry for recitation for the Papyrus Club of 'Boston, 1888. 'Modernism and 'Surrealism saw the formation of loose literary groups with some gay members. The 'Black Mountain group of poets around 'Charles Olson emerged in 1950 (see 'Martin Duberman, 'Tom Clark) and contained the homosexuals 'Robert Duncan and 'John Cage. The 'Beat poets in 'San Francisco (including 'Allen Ginsberg) prefigured 'gay liberation and had a strong homosexual side. The poets of 'gay liberation have formed groups based around publishers (e.g. 'Ian Young's 'Catalyst Press, 'Paul Mariah's 'Manroot Press with its associated journal and 'Dennis Cooper's Little Caesar); they also produced 'journals (like ' Gay Sunshine) resulting in several 'anthologies. The 'New York School of poets of the 1950s and 1960s contained the gay poets 'Frank O'Hara, 'James Schuyler, 'John Ashbery and Kenward Elmslie. 'W. H. Auden, who lived in New York, even referred to a homintern (a gay clique) in the arts. The 'Good Gay Poets are a Boston poetry group most of whom were involved with such influential journals as ' Fag Rag and The 'Boston Gay Review. Canada. See 'Body Politic, 'Canadian Lesbian and Gay Archives (some men were in both groups). The 'men's movement provides a new locus of interest. Australia. Literary clubs which were bohemian in nature sprang up in 'Melbourne from 1868 and in 'Sydney from the 1890s. Many poets were affiliated with these groups which were a reaction to the straightlaced 'puritanism of the time. Homosexual behavior may have occurred between members; the clubs were certainly strongly homoaffectional as elsewhere in the world. The Yorick Club in Melbourne, founded in 1868, included 'A. L. Gordon and 'Hugh McCrae but was very staid. Some writers broke away from it to form a more bohemian group, The Cave of Abdullam. The Beefsteak Club dated from 1887. In Sydney, The Dawn and Dusk Club, dating from the 1890s, met at dusk and parted at dawn: it included 'Victor Daley, the leader, 'J. le Gay Brereton, 'Christopher Brennan and 'Henry Lawson. The Casuals and The Compliqués (French for "complicated") were other clubs. For midnineteenth century Sydney see Ann-Mari Jordens, The Stenhouse Circle: literary life in mid-nineteenth century Sydney, Melbourne, 1979, for a group with possibly some relevance. The Bread and Cheese Club in Melbourne (from 1938) was more literary. The Push was a loose grouping of bohemians dating from the 1940s in both Sydney and Melbourne, strongly heterosexual in ambience but with close male bonding amongst some members: see 'Robert Cumming, 'Harry Hooton. The Barjai group of poets in Brisbane included the gay poets 'Laurence Collinson, 'Barrett Reid and the poet 'Charles Osborne. From ca. 1975 dates the homosexual Club 80, a backroom meeting place in Sydney, exclusively gay (see 'Denis Gallagher) though not literary, simply sexual. The 'generation of 68 is another literary group some of whose members had homosexual liaisons and whose poetry features homosexuality. See Ken Stewart, "The Colonial Literati in Sydney and Melbourne", in Susan Dermody, editor, Nellie Melba, Ginger Meggs and Friends: Essays in Australian Cultural History (Malmsbury, Victoria, 1982), pp. 176-91, and "Literary Groups" in 'J. Le Gay Brereton, Knocking Around, 1930, pp. 15-31. See also entries in the Oxford Companion to Australian Literature for the groups mentioned above. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Ullstein Enzyklopädie der Sexualität : see "Clubs, sexuelle". Critic from the Netherlands writing in English. Active 1977. Author of the thesis: Gayness in a Literary Context: production and reception, Amsterdam: Insituut voor Algemeene Literatuurwetenschap, 1977, 213 pp. A doctoral dissertation. Not sighted. Source: *Rainer Feucht, Catalogue 58, Erotische Literatur, item 173. A photo of the author appears in Body Politic no. 53, June 1979, 25. See also *Historical and Social - Dutch. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active 1903. Not in Oxford Companion to German Literature or the *British Library General Catalogue. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10701: book Lieder eines Einsamen, Leipzig: *Spohr, 1903, described as "Homoerotic poetry". Criticism. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 6 (1904), 610-11: review. No first name given. Poet possibly from Germany writing in German. Active 1993. Book: "Wir sind wir vornehm"', Germany?, 1993, 95 pp. - collection of poetry and prose. Source of information: 'Prinz Eisenherz (editors), Lyrik. Grundy, Brother Poems of his were cited in the United States' court case about the distribution of One Magazine which, as a homosexual magazine, was regarded as being obscene. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10509-11: poems in One Magazine; items 10702,10702a (repeats items 10509-10). Item 10509 cites two poems in ONE Magazine 7:8, 16-20 ; item 10510 cites the poems "Lord Samuel and Lord Montagu" 2:8, 18-19 October 1954 which were "verses much at issue in ONE Magazine's Supreme Court test case"; 10511 is "Rough Trade", ONE Magazine 6:7, 11 July 1958. Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (1984), 139: poem "Recognition" in One February 1967, 11; he appears to be a Canadian. Poet possibly from Germany who wrote in German. Active 1920. Author of a book of poems in German, Sonnets to a *Boy. Not in Oxford Companion to German Literature . Bibliographies. Hayn, Gotendorf, Bibliotheca Germanorum Erotica, vol. 9, 290: lists Sonette an einen Knaben Vienna: Eduard Strache, 1920, 28 pp. under homosexuality. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 60: two books Dithyrambischer Herbst, Potsdam, 1920, and Sonette an einen Knaben, Berlin, 1920. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10703-04: same books. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 232: two fine homosexual *sonnets. Critic from Germany writing in German. Active 1993. Author of Walt Whitman: Die deutschsprachige Rezeption als interkulturelles Phanomen, Munich, 1991, 301 pp. - on Whitman's reception history and translation into German. See review in Walt Whitman Quarterly vol. 11 no 2, *Fall 1993. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active 1985. Book of poems: Kunzes Freunde, ca. 1985, 33 pp. - 14 poems and 14 illustrations; poems about *transvestism. Source of information: *Prinz Eisenherz (editors), Lyrik. Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. 1538-1612. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Criticism. Mayne, The Intersexes, 596: re his homoerotic *pastoral play Pastor Fido (ca.1583) read by *Platen. Poet from Brazil writing in Portuguese. Born 1944. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poemas do amor maldito, 45-49; biog., 44: states he is preparing his second volume of poems. Poet from Russia writing in Russian. Born 1967. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Out of the Blue, 342-43: "Three Poems" which appeared originally in the Russian gay journal Kristopher (1992); biog, 342 - lives in the Urals where he is a doctor. Poet from Cuba who wrote in Spanish. 1928-1967. A revolutionary *socialist from Cuba who was a close aide of Fidel Castro and who was killed when fighting in Bolivia. In Alan Bold editor, The Penguin Book of Socialist Verse, 1970, see "Song to Fidel [Castro]" pp. 445-46, translated into English by *Ed Dorn and Gordon Brotherston. Guevara and Castro spent some months in the jungle together at one stage. *Allen Ginsberg once confessed to erotic feelings towards Guevara. He was very handsome and became a martyr when killed by the Bolivian army; photographs of his dead body resemble artistic depictions of Jesus Christ and appear on the side of churches in Bolivia (visit to Bolivia by the author in 1996). Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. Died 1486. A famous folksinger who sang in *Florence in 1437. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 303-04: probably an attack on *Antonio Bonciani. Poet from France who wrote in French. Active ca. 1240. Author of part of the * Roman de la Rose which he wrote between 1225 and 1240 (it was completed by Jean de Meung). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Les Amours masculines, 60-62. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 396. Poet from France who wrote in French. 1071-1127. A *troubadour poet. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Les Amours masculines, 59: extract from a poem. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 395. Criticism. Goodich, The Unmentionable Vice, 6-7: about a poem possibly addressed to a boy, Arsene. Poet from Spain who wrote in Catalan. Active 1175. A wealthy Catalan landowner who wrote a poem rudely insulting several people including his enemy Ponc de Mataplana, by calling them homosexuals: see Martin de Riquer, Historia de la literatura catalana, Barcelona, 1964, volume 1, pp. 74-94. *Insult poems such as this occur in other cultures. Poet from Cuba writing in Spanish. 1902-1989. Virtually the poet laureate of Cuba, he has been a leading poet in that country. Translation. English: see "Madrigal" in Negro Verse, edited by Anselm Hollo (1964), p. 20. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Spanish Literature. Criticism. Allen Young, Gays Under the Cuban Revolution (1981), 28, states he is gay (though closeted); contradictory information is provided by *Guillermo Cabrera Infante. Poet from France writing in French. Active 1270. Goodich, The Unmentionable Vice, p. 10, states Guillot, in his poem "Dit des rues de Paris", of ca. 1270, cites the rue Beaubourg as a favourite homosexual trysting place in *Paris. See also *Stephen Murray and Kent Gerhard in Among men, Among Women (1987), p. 184 (same reference). Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Active 1598. Bredbeck, Sodomy and Interpretation, p. 13 refers to a theater goer supping with his "ingles" (gay companions) every night in his Skialethia, 1598. Not sighted. Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. 1240-ca.1276. Tuscan *troubadour of whom only five canzoni and perhaps fifteen sonnets survive. The Dante reference cited below is to Purgatorio, Canto 26. The first poet to write in the dolce stil nuovo (sweet gentle style) which Dante adopted, he is believed to be Dante's teacher. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Criticism. Hirschfeld, Die Homosexualität, 663. Goodich, The Unmentionable Vice, 6: placed by *Dante with the sodomites in the seventh circle of Purgatory. Critic and lexicographer from France writing in French. Active 1968. Author of Le Jargon de *Villon, 1968, which states each poem of Villon contains three levels of meaning, one of which is gay. The book is a major gay reading of a major French poet (and one who has been much read and admired in the twentieth century) which has proved controversial. He is also the author of the dictionary of sex words: Dictionnaire érotique, 1978, 639 pages (review: Gay Books Bulletin vol. 1 no. 1, 20, by *Wayne Dynes). Sexologist from Netherlands writing in English; he later lived in China and Japan. 1910-1967. Author of Sexual Life In Ancient China: A preliminary survey of Chinese sex and society from ca. 1500 B.C . till 1644 A.D. , Leiden, 1961, in English (reprinted 1974 and ca. 1990 in Taiwan but with the date 1974). This is the most comprehensive survey of sexuality in China in a western language. Homosexuality is discussed frankly but briefly and a few poets are mentioned (e.g., pp. 91-93); he is especially good on highlighting the homosexual nature of Chinese male friendships. See also his * Hsi K'ang and his Poetical Essay on the Lute, Sophia University, Tokyo: Monumenta Nipponica Monographs, 1941, a detailed study of the *Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove. Van Gulik was a Dutch diplomat who held posts in East Asia and was Netherlands ambassador in Japan; he had a large Chinese library which was destroyed in World War Two. In Japan, after the war, he later assembled another library which is in Leiden at the University of Leiden and has been reproduced by IDC publishers in microfiche. As publisher he printed four books on Chinese sexuality believed to be from his own library - see Jolan Chang, The Tao of Love, 1977, p. 31. Obituary: see Monumenta Nipponica 28 (1968), i-vii; T'oung P'ao 54 (1968), 116-24. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest westen Sinologists. Orientations volume 12, number 11 (November 1981) is a special issue devoted to him. A bibliography of his works was compiled by Boston University for its Van Gulik Collection; a copy is in the *Library of Congress. Poet from Russia who wrote in Russian. 1886-1921. See Burton Raffel, Selected Works of Nikolai S. Gumilev, Albany, 1972 p. 51: poem "Love" (a most unusual poem with love as a man, though he might be referring to the spirit of love, but, even so, an unusual work). The husband of *Anna Akhmatova and one of the leaders of the poetic movement Acmeism, he was shot after the 1917 Revolution. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Terras, Handbook of Russian Literature. Poet, biographer and critic from Germany who wrote in German; translator from English to German. 1880-1931. The pseudonym of Friedrich Gundelfinger. A *disciple of *Stefan George, he was an intimate member of the *George-Kreis, collaborating in the journal * Blatter für die Kunst, in which his two volumes of poetry appeared: Fortunat, 1903, and Zwiegesprache, 1905. His books were burnt by the *Nazis: see Oxford Companion to German Literature under "Ernst Bertram". He is the author of a major biography of *Goethe, portraying Goethe as a "Titan", the concept of him accepted in the first half of the twentieth century, and wrote Stefan George, Berlin, 1920, and a monumental study of *Goethe in 1916. He was a Professor at *Heidelberg from 1920. He translated from English *Shakespeare (published 1908-14). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 60: works cited above; 101: possibly trans. of Shakespeare's sonnets. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active 1985. Bibliographies. Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen, item 363: Gedichte, Frankfurt: Insel, 1985 (see pp. 33-35). English poet, editor and critic from Great Britain writing in English; he has been resident in the United States from 1955. Born 1929. He was born in Great Britain and went to *Cambridge where he was a contemporary of *Ted Hughes; he has lived in *San Francisco since 1955. He studied there under *Yvor Winters. Known as a *leather poet and a celebrator of male macho men (see My Sad Captains, 1961 about gay *bikies), he has latterly written masterly poems on *Aids: see the moving *sequence of poems on the deaths of friends titled In Time of Plague, published in his bookThe Man with Night Sweats, 1992 (reviews: The Times Literary Supplement, 1 May, 1992, 12-13, in James White Review vol. 9 no. 3, 23 by *Peter Daniels, and Gay's the Word no. 71, 1993, 11-12 by Peter Daniels). These poems alone guarantee him high status amongst the finest contemporary gay poets. Boss *Cupid (2000) deals with aging, sex and loss and includes an *elegy to *Robert Duncan (review: New York Review of Vooks, 15 June 2000, 45-46). Though many of his best poems are not overtly gay they are in fact very tender. His published books - which are uneven - may not contain all his gay poems. A poem by him in The Times Literary Supplement, 17 June, 1992, could be about his cat or lover or both (but certainly can be interpreted as a gay poem especially when he is known to be gay). In 1994 his Collected Poems were published (reviews: Times Literary Supplement, 18 March, 1994, 9-11; James White Review, vol. 11 no 5, fall 1994, 19 by *Kenny Fries). A gay poem "Bally Power Play", about Mafia influence in gay bars, was published in *broadsheet (Toronto: David Brooks, 1979). Unsought Intimacies, 1991, was published in a limited edition with illustrations by Peter Koch. As an editor, he has compiled a selection of the poems of *Fulke Greville. As a critic, see *Robert Duncan. A selection of his criticism is: Shelf Life: Essays Memoirs and an Interview, 1994. Interviews. See The Advocate no. 220, 27 July 1977, 39-40; London Magazine vol. 17 no. 6 (November 1977), 6-15, both with *W. I. Scobie; Gay News no. 134 (1978). Bibliography: see Jack C. Hagstrum and George Bixby, Thom Gunn: A Bibliography, 1940-1978 (London: Bertram Rota, 1979). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10706-09: Moly and My Sad Captains, London, 1971 and New York: Noonday, 1973, My Sad Captains, London: Faber and Faber, 1961 (repr.) and New York: Noonday, 1973, Touch, London: Faber and Faber, 1967 and "The Release" Gay News 74: 12, 1975. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 1635-40: Fight Terms, Swinford: Fantasy Press, 1954, Jack Straw's Castle, New York: Frank Hallman, 1975 (revised with additional material, London: Faber, 1976), My Sad Captains, London: Faber, 1961, The Sense of Movement, London: Faber, 1957 and Touch, London: Faber, 1967. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Male Muse, 47-48; biog., 120. Fra mann til mann, 80. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 34-49. Not Love Alone, 28-31; biog., 140. Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, 169-76; biog., 169. Poets for Life, 84-89. Name of Love, 66; biog., 73. Badboy Book, 129-36; biog., 386. Eros in Boystown, 51-52; biog., 61. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 57-58, 147-48, 224-27. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 795-801. A Day for a Lay, 11-15. Criticism. Martin, Homosexual Tradition in American Poetry, 179-190. Woods, Articulate Flesh: Male Homo-eroticism and Modern Poetry, 212-31: a brilliant reading of the poetry; bibl. of his works p. 255. Peters, Hunting the Snark: A Compendium of New Poetic Terminology, 182-83: re "Bally Power Play", "The Miracle" and "Talbot Road" from The Passages of Joy. Word of Mouth, 136-41. Translator from French to English from the United States. Active 1983. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 227 - translation into English, with *J. Murat (see his entry) of the French poet *Verlaine's "Ode: To My Lovers". Poet from Germany who wrote in German. Active 1920. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 60: book of poems Das Andere Land. Lyrik. Ein Skizzenbuch, Berlin: Wächter, 1920. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1890-1937. The poems in Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches cited below show considerable homoeroticism and also show the influence of *Whitman and *A. E. Housman (see "To His Love", Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, p. 181). He seems sexually repressed (see the *ballad "The Estaminet", Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, pp. 83-84). Shell-shocked in World War One, he was institutionalized in 1922 for schizophrenia until he died. He set to music two *Housman cycles titled: Ludlow and Teme and The Western Playland (both 1919). War poems were published in Severn and Somme, 1917, and War's Embers, 1919. After the publication of his Collected Poems, edited by P. J. Kavanagh, 1982, he was hailed as a major poet. (Review: Gay News no. 251 [1982] by Peter Parker: this states he was never a lover, and refers to "To His Love".) See also War Letters, 1983 and Ivor Gurney: Collected Letters, 1991, edited by R. K. R. Thornton. His sexuality is difficult to determine. Michael Hurd in The Ordeal of Ivor Gurney, 1978, states "Sex... does not appear to have entered his life in any serious way" (p, 196); one friend, the homosexual Arthur Benjamin, "believed that Gurney bore the same inflexion but never recognized the fact. Herbert Howells, an even closer friend, found the notion 'unthinkable'... (p.197)." As a youth at school, Gurney was a favorite of the apparently homosexual Reverend Cheesman (p.10). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionary of National Biography: Missing Persons. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 78-80, 83-84, 105, 113, 132, 175, 181, 190-91; biog., 235-36. Poet from Australia writing in English. Born 1935. Gay poems have appeared in London Magazine (April/ May 1987, 110-11: the poem "Zamboanga, January 1986"), Yellow Silk (California; no. 39, 1992, 24: "Zamboanga" - a different version to the preceding) and * Fag Rag (1993, issue 45/46" "Zamboanga" - an expanded and much more homosexual version from the two preceding versions, about sex in the third world with willing males). Book of poems: The Night, The Song and Tomorrow, Sydney, 1999; see "Zamboanga, January, 1986", p. 25 and " Who is *Karl Wolfskehl?" p. 39. He has written articles for Nation and Broadside in 1969 and wrote scripts for news and other broadcasts for Radio Australia in the 1970s. Pseudonym of a poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1974. Pseudonym of *Hugh Ashton. Guy de Couci Criticism. *Herelle manuscript 3188, f. 357-58; homosexual reference not stated. Sexologist and philosopher from France who wrote in French. 1876-1961. He wrote a six volume Etudes d'ethique sexuelle (1929+; Studies of sexual ethics). A seventh volume on homosexuality is unpublished and the manuscript is believed to be in the *Kinsey Institute. He lived in Thailand for the latter part of his life and edited an anthology on *Buddhism, Anthologie bouddhique, Paris, 1924. His volume of poems Les Paques paiennes (Pagan parks), Paris, 1911, 297 pp. may contain material of relevance. Not in Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 508-10. Gyatso, Tenzin, Fourteenth Dalai Lama Poet and philosopher from China (formerly from Tibet, how part of China) writing in Tibetan and English; he lives in India. Born 1935. As a poet see, in his lecture A Human Approach to World Peace, London, 1988, p. 24 - a poem expressing "affection and respect for all beings". It is assumed he has written poetry along similar lines in Tibetan. The Dali Lama is the *Buddhistic spiritual leader of Tibet; he fled into exile in 1959. China now dominates Tibet after invading it in 1950 and the country is now a province of China. The Dali Lama is chosen after the death of the preceding Dali Lama; he is a reincarnation of Buddha, is regarded as being a Living Buddha, and as having previous lives and thus has great prestige within the religion of Buddhism. The present Dali Lama was chosen as a child of two to be Tibetan spiritual leader and is in a long line of such rulers who formerly lived in the large palace called The Potala in the capital of Tibet, Lhasa; he lives in exile in northern India at Dharamsala. He is included here as a writer of poetry and a religious philosopher whose sentiments can be taken to reflect "affection and respect for all human beings" as his poem above states. Without condemning homosexuality he has stated that Buddhists who are homosexuals should not indulge in homosexual acts: see Leyland, Queer Dharma: voices of Gay Buddhists, pp. 351-58. Biography: see Frank Moraes, The Revolt in Tibet, New York, 1960, pp. 44-63; notes p. 61 that the spirit of Avalokitesvara lives in the Dali Lama as a person. (On the Buddha Avalokiteswara see Margaret Medley, Handbook of Chinese Art, third edition, 1977, p. 47: she states that in Chinese he is known as Kuan-yin, Lord of Compassion and was depicted first as a man and by the Sung [9601279] is usually shown as a woman). The present Dali Lama was awarded the *Nobel Prize for Peace in 1989. He has been a strong supporter of human rights. Poet from Japan who wrote in Japanese poet. Active before 1713. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Partings at Dawn, 123 (from the anthology *Iwatsutsuji). Poet and song writer from the United States who wrote in English. 1916-1986. Born in Great Britain, he was a naturalized citizen of the United States from 1946 and owner of the 1001 Nights of Tangier restaurant in *Tangier, Morocco, from 1953. He met William Burroughs in the restaurant. He invented cut-up technique in literature in Paris in the 1950s, the use of random words to make a literary work (this was employed by *Harold Norse and relates to *Surrealism and *Dada). Some poems are relevant. Poems appeared in Colloque du Tangier (ca. 1975), Town and Country, Evergreen and View. He published over twenty prose works and also wrote songs for rock pioneers in the 1970s. An overview of his artistic career is in his entry in the Dictionary of Art, edited Jane Turner (London, 1996). Brion Gysin: who runs may read (Oakland and Brisbane, 2000) is a collection of articles by and on him edited by Theo Green and Michael Spann (99 copies only printed); on p. 28 Gysin mentions his gayness. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors vols 117 and 120. Dictionary of Art. Pseudonym of a poet from the United States writing in English. 1886-1961. Her real name was *Hilda Doolittle but she wrote using the name H. D. She was married to *Richard Aldington and was a member of the *Imagist group and later lesbian: see Grier, The Lesbian in Literature, p. 38. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1647: Red Roses for Bronze, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1931 - presumably included in the Male Homosexual in Literature because it includes reference to male homosexuality. Poet from the Netherlands writing in Dutch. Born 1947. Gay Poetry Anthologies. David heeft ook een achterkant, 17-19; biog 59. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Active before 1243. Many entries in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, are under this name which means "friend, lover" and may be a pseudonym. From *Seville. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 132: trans. by *A. J. Arberry from * The Pennants. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 312: *saki poem. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1942. A *feminist poet. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Poets for Life, 90-92: about three dead gay friends. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active from 1989. She compiled the *Aids anthology * Unending Dialogue, 1991. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poets for Life, 93; biog., 235: teaches at Rutgers University. Unending Dialogue, 87-150: sixteen poems written while engaged in the workshops from which the book eventuated. Critic from Egypt writing in Arabic. Active before 1987. Author of Aspects of Arabian Poetry in the Second Century (in Arabic and published before 1987), a whole book on homosexuality in Arabic poetry referring to Arabic poetry in the *Abbasid period (Dr. Yousef Khailif, University of Cairo, to me February 1987). Not sighted. He worked at the University of Alexandria in 1987. Songwriter from Greece who wrote in Greek. 1925-1994. A composer as well as song writer; believed to have been gay and the lover of a Greek President. He was one of the first to take *rebetika seriously. He composed songs and musical works around the folk hero Karaghiozis (in Turkish *Karagoz). Obituary: Guardian Weekly, 26 June 1994, 26. Gay Poetry Anthologies. New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians Poet from Spain who wrote in Latin; he later lived in Italy. 76-138. A homosexual or possibly *bisexual emperor of the Roman empire (he was married, though whether the marriage was consummated is not known). He wrote some poems. His lover was a plumpish man of about twenty called *Antinous. Born in Spain, he was emperor 117-38, during which period it is believed *Straton compiled the Greek homoanthology the * Mousa Paidike; the Emperor's tastes may have helped bring this work into existence. Hadrian was much influenced by his admiration of ancient Greek civilization. His villa survives outside Rome, at Tivoli, and during his reign, the Pantheon, one of the most important surviving buildings in Rome, was constructed. He was especially fond of *Athens. There are few sources for his life. For the text of the four poems in Latin attributed to him see J. W. Duff and A. Duff, Minor Latin Poets, London and Cambridge, MA, 1934, pp. 444-447 (with English translation). None of his poems is homoerotic though his retort to the poet Florus may contain a pun on the word "Florus" meaning male *prostitute. His most famous poem "Animula vagula, blandula" ("Dear little fleeting passing soul") may be about Antinous (besides being in Minor Latin Poets, it is printed in The Penguin Book of Latin Verse, edited by F. Britain, 1962, p. 61, with English trans., and in Jan Oberg, Two Millennia of Poetry in Latin, 1987, pp. 20-21 (also trans. into English). He wrote in *Anacreontics. *Royston Lambert has written the most detailed study of him with a fine bibliography (however, items in German listed in this entry are not included in the bibliography). This work also includes photographs of surviving sculptures of Hadrian and Antinous. Criticism: see Henri Bardon, in Les Empereurs et les lettres latines, 1944. In the second century *Pancrates wrote a poem on a lion hunt of the emperor. Antinous became a cult figure with gay writers from the late nineteenth century e.g. the German poets *Oscar Linke, *Paul Heyse and *Ferdinand Pessoa, the gay Portuguese poet who wrote a poem, Antinous, in English. *Marguerite Yourcenar wrote a novel on the gay relationship of Hadrian and Antinous in French. Hadrian is a *trope for a man loved by a man in poems about Antinous. *Otto Kiefer's "Hadrian und Antinous", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 8 (1906), 56-82 (with bibl. p. 582, including literary works) is the most important gay study to date examining the Hadrian/ Antinous relationship in German literature; the bibliography lists four works in German - the poet Paul Heyse's drama Hadrian, 1864, and Oscar Linke's *epic poem Antinous, 1888 - and novels by George Ebers, Der Kaiser, 1880, and Adolf Hausrath (who apparently used the pseudonym George Taylor), Antinous, 1881. Dutch: see *Peter Spaan. A recent novel in English is Hadrian by Joel Schmidt (ca. 1990). Biography. In German: see Otto Theodor Schulz, Leben des Kaisers Hadrian, Leipzig, 1904. In English see also the biography Hadrian: The Restless Emperor, 1998, by Anthony R. Birley. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 484-86; gives sources of his life, 486. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 15761. Encyclopedia Britannica, Macropaedia vol. 8, 538-41: stating "four complete poems survive", p. 540. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 514. Dictionnaire Gay. Howes, Broadcasting It: see under "Adrian". Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 61: cites cross references to G. Ebers, P. Heyse, O. Kiefer, O. T. Schulz (see references given above). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: Die Männerliebe der Griechen, 129. Forberg, Manual of Classical Erotology, volume 1, 152-55: re *Antinous. Criticism. Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics, 33: citing a line from a poem in *anacreontics. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active 1906. The pseudonym comes from the Roman emperor *Hadrian. Compare *Hadrianus (pseud.). Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10710: book Phantasien eines Eigenen (Phantasies of a Uranian), Leipzig: *Spohr, 1906. Criticism. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 9 (1908), 602: review of his book Phantasien eines Eigenen, Leipzig: Max Spohr, 1906. Pseudonym of a poet who wrote in German. Active before 1964. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 61: under Hadrianus poem "Sirmione (In blaue Seeflut...)"; no other information given. (The title of the poem comes from *Catullus.) Poet from Iran who wrote in Persian. 1320-1389. One of the most famous Persian poets, Hafiz lived and died in *Shiraz. His poetry is sensuous and he was a famous free thinker and *libertine whose poems celebrate wine and men (compare *Omar Khayyam). There are also *Sufi elements in his work. He is one of the most famous writers of *ghazals in Persian and compiler of a * Saqi-nama (a work celebrating a *cupbearer). His Wild Deer *Mathnavi about the loss of a beloved companion uses masculine pronouns for the beloved: see Eric Schroeder, 'The Wild Deer Mathnawi", Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, vol. 7 (1952-53), 118-34 (with English trans.); however, this states the poem could refer to Hafiz's wife despite the masculine pronouns. Text. See his entries in the Dictionary of Oriental Literatures and Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, for editions. See also *Hermann Brockhaus, *Rosenzweig-Schannau. Criticism: see *Friedrich Veit, 'Annemarie Schimmel, *'Ali Dashti. See also "Criticism in homosexual terms" below. *Goethe was greatly influenced by him in a major homoerotic work. Translation. Hafiz was first translated into *European languages into Latin in 1771, then German in 1783 (it is possible translation into non-western languages could be earlier). Interest in his poetry formed part of the *Orientalism vogue of the late eighteenth century in Europe. Only the first translations and large collections are entered. He has been very popular, many selections being published. Homosexuality has been downplayed in many translations. See also Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance and Homosexuality, pp. 18-19. English: J. Richardson (1774; from Latin; selection), *S. Robinson (1875), H. Wilberforce Clarke (Calcutta, 1891), J. H. McCarthy (1893), Gertrude Bell (1897; repr.), Walter Leaf (1898; selection), John Payne (1901), Richard le Gallienne (1905), *A. J. Arberry (1947), Henry B. Lister (1950), Peter Avery and John Heath-Stubbs (1952), *Anthony Reid in The *Eternal Flame (1992 - important selection of homopoems, the best in English); French: A. L. M. Nicholas (1898), Arthur Guy (1927), Vincent Monteuil (1964); German: J. Friedel (1783; repr.), Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall (1812-13; this translation inspired *Goethe and *Platen), *Platen (ca. 1820), *Hermann Brockhaus (1854-1860), *Vincenzvon Rosenzweig-Schwannau (1858-64), Rolf-Dietrich Keil (1957); Hungarian: Fabian Gabor (1824), Harrach B. (1872-73); Latin: Count C. E. A. de Rewiczki (1771, see the *British Library General Catalogue entry; selection); Norwegian: Bjarne Aagard (1901); Polish: Ananiasz Zajaczkowski (1957); Portuguese: Aurelio Buarque de Hollandia (1946); Russian: trans. not known - see his entry in Great Soviet Encyclopedia (three translations are listed, though no names are given, 1956, 1963, 1969); Serbo-Croat: Dzevad Sulejmanpasic (1928; selection), Jovan Jovanovic (1933); Turkish: *Abdulbaki Golpinarli (1944). The *British Library General Catalogue and * National Union Catalog were checked. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures. Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 215. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 514-16. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 61: Gedichte, Stuttgart: Cotta, 1812. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10711: Thirty Poems, London: Murray, 1932. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 1650-51: Fifty Poems of Hafiz, Cambridge: University Press, 1947 and Thirty Poems, London: Murray, 1952. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: Die Männerliebe der Griechen, 93-95. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 81-84: trans. *Rosenzweig-Schwannau. Ioläus (1902), 113. Ioläus (1906), 190; additional material to the 1902 edition. Ioläus (1917), 103-05; additional material to the 1902 edition. Die Bedeutung der Freundesliebe, 18-19. Men and Boys, 20. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 126-32. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 54; very fine English trans; biog., 328. "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen", 56-58. Criticism in homosexual terms. Hirschfeld, Die Homosexualität, 664. Browne, Literary History of Persia, volume 3, 271-319. Arcadie no. 105 (September 1962), 469-77: article by Serge Talbot. Arberry, Sufism , 115. Rypka, History of Iranian Literature, 262-74. Levy, Persian Literature, 127-34. *Marc Daniel, "Arab Civilization and Male Love", Gay Sunshine 32 (Spring 1977), 10. Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance and Homosexuality, 18-19. *Ehsan Yarshater, "Persian Poetry in the Timurid and Safavid Periods", in Peter Jackson, editor, Cambridge History of Iran, volume 6, The Timurid and Safavid Periods, 1976, 974 (gay poem trans. English). Yarshater, Persian Literature, 214-225. Anthologist, critic, bibliographer and biographer from the Netherlands who wrote in Dutch. Born 1957. He compiled the anthology 'Naar vriendscaap zulk een mateloos verlangen with a very concise critical introduction. He also complied Pijlen van Naamloze Liefde, 19BB, with 'Maurice van Lieshout: a series of biographies of gay pioneers including 'Xavier Mayne (pseud.) and 'von Kupffer. See also the gay book catalog ' Boeken over Mannen and 'Willem de Mérode. Editor and critic of works in English from the United States. Born ca. 1960. He is a specialist on *eighteenth century English literature who is the author of Men in love: masculinity and sexuality in eighteenth century (1999) including discussion of John Dryden's plays, *Horace Walpole and *Thomas Gray. He edited the male volume * Gay Histories and Cultures (2000) of the two volume work Lesbian and Gay Histories and Cultures (New York: Garland). This is the second major gay encyclopedia in English. Prior to this he edited with Bonnie Zimmerman of Professions of Desire: Lesbian and Gay Studies in Literature, New York, 1995. He works in the English Department of the University of California at Riverside. Information on him is available on the internet. Poet from Japan writing in Japanese 1886-1942. A noted modernist poet whose poems are available in English translation as Howling at the Moon, translated by *Hiroaki Sato (Tokyo, 1978) and Rats' Nests: The Collected Poetry of Hagiwara Sakutaro, Stanwood, WA, 1993. He wrote a poem about imagining himself as a woman: see "Lover of Love" (translated by Hiraoki Sato) in Jerome Rothenberg, Poems for the Millenium, 1995, p. 158; this poem has been translated into English as "To Be A Girl" by *Graeme Wilson with a possible homosexual interpretation (letter to the author 22 January 1989). He had a close friendship with the poet Natsume Soseki. James Kirkup, In I, of all People, 1988, states, pp. 70-71, "As far as I know, he was not homosexual, though he was deeply neurotic and may have been bisexual; at any rate, he was the antithesis of the average Japanese family salaryman." Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan. Critic and translator from Albanian to German. Active 1853. He wrote an article in German which was the pioneer source of homosexual poems in Albanian: see *Oral poems - Albanian, *Necin Bey (possible poems only). The book referred to is Albanesische Studien, Vienna, 1853, 2 volumes; see especially vol. 1, pp. 166-68, vol. 2, pp. 147-50. See also *Paul Näcke. Not in Oxford Companion to German Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Ioläus (1902), 20-21; 113-14. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active 1991. Book of poems: Allegorie gegen die vorschnelle Mehreit, 1991, 71 pp., illustrated by Helge Leiberg. Source: *Prinz Eisenherz (editors), Lyrik. A poet who is also an artist. Book: Exogene Zerinnerung, 1994, 127 pp. - see Die schulen Buchläden, 94/v page 20. Poet from Bangladesh writing in Bengali. Active before 1972. See *"Rabindranath Tagore" in Poems from Bangladesh (in English, translated from Bengali), London, 1960, p. 60: a *mystical poem about Tagore's spirit permeating the poet's and showing mental homoeroticism: "And so now I have realised/ that you are part of my existence: like *god." Haiku Haiku are Japanese short poems of seventeen syllables 5-7-5 (they are the first three lines of * tanka, the poetic genre from which they emerged); they must contain a "cut word" which exists only in Japanese (so strictly speaking they can never be written in English or non-Japanese languages). A history of haiku has been written by *Harold Stewart in A Nest of Fireflies, 1960, and A Chime of Windbells, 1969. See also Harold G. Henderson, An Introduction to Haiku, 1958 (repr.). The form influenced English short poems from *Imagism onwards. A collection exists of Erotic Haiku edited by Rod Willmot (Windsor, Ontario, 1983); it has not been sighted so it is not known whether this work contains gay poetry. * Kyoka ("mad verse") are related to haiku. Japanese. For the form and history see entry in Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan. *Basho is one of the first masters; *Buson, Issa and *Shiki are regarded (with Basho) as the four great masters. *Kitamura Kigin and *Ihara Saikaku (pseud.) wrote haiku. Kenneth Yasuda, The Japanese Haiku (Tokyo, 1957), contains an excellent discussion of the form. In 1997 there were more than 700 haiku periodicals in Japan and over 1000 book titles issued per annum. *Indirect language is used. English: see *John Ashbery, *Paul Goodman, *James Kirkup, *Burton Weiss. Haiku are a widely written and homosexual material in other languages (such as French) probably exists. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics. Poet from Libya writing in English; he lives in the United States. Born 1956. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 59: "Whose Problem" (about the son of Martin Luther King saying gays have a problem); biog., 176: a *black poet who lives in *Los Angeles. Poet who wrote in Urdu. Ca. 1850?; date uncertain. Criticism. Rahman, "Boy love in the Urdu ghazal", Paidika vol. 2 no. 1 (1989), 20: poem about a beardless boy. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. 1821-1900. The pseudonym of *Richard Burton under which he wrote The Kasidah, a work inspired by *Edward Fitzgerald's Rubiayat. The work, purporting to be a translation from a Persian *Sufi, is a *fake: see Byran Farwell, Burton, 1963, pp. 342-345. First published in 1880, it has proved very popular. Translator from Arabic to English possibly from the Netherlands; critic in English. Active 1993. He translated *Abu Nuwas into English: O Tribe That Loves Boys, Amsterdam, 1993. This is a translation of forty-eight poems with a biographical and critical essay (with illustrations the German nineteenth century photographer Wilhelm von Gloeden). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poems of Love and Liberation, 20, 43-46, 51-54. Poet who wrote in Persian. Active ca. 159Q. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A'in i Akbari anthology, 664 - three homosexual loves poems; biog., 664 - states his name is Yadgar. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1995. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Badboy Book, 127: *S/M poem written in collaboration with *Allen Ginsberg; biog., 386 - he lives in *New York where he worked for Allen Ginsberg. Critic from Pakistan writing in Urdu. Active 1893. A moralist and a prude who opposed gay love in the Urdu ghazal being real. Criticism. Rahman, "Boy love in the Urdu ghazal", Paidika vol. 2 no. 1 (1989), 11 and foot note 8 p. 25: re his Muqaddama-e-Shair -o-Shairi (Lahore: Kashmir Kirtab Ghar, 1971), p. 112; originally published in 1893. Archive and library in Great Britain of works mainly in English. Established in 1982. The only British gay archive in a public institution, it is now held at the London School of Economics, University of London, where it may be used. It published the Hall-Carpenter News. 250 journal titles are held, 700 books and the records of eight individuals and 300 gay organizations from 1969. References. Directory of the International Association of Lesbian and Gay Archives and Libraries, 58-61. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1952. Books: Hermit with Landscape (1990), Strange Relation (1996). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Word of Mouth, 307-12. Novelist, short story writer and poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1926-1992. Obituary: James White Review vol. 10 no. 2 (Winter 1993), 2. *A New York based poet who died of *Aids. He wrote a poetry *postcard with *Richard Phelan but there are no published volumes of poetry. A memoir of him is in James White Review, vol. 11, no. 2 (Winter 1994), 16. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1811-1833. A close friend of *Tennyson at *Cambridge and member of the *Apostles group. Tennyson's long *sequence In Memoriam is based on his close relationship with Hallam who died suddenly when young. In his Remains (1834), edited by *Richard Le Gallienne, London, 1893, see "Meditative Fragments I" pp. 3-4 ("My bosom friend may we cleave to each other", p. 4) and the *sonnet, p. 77, "When gentle fingers cease to touch the string" (written to Charles Tennyson, Tennyson's brother: "When most I loved, I most have silent been"). Women in his poems are vague presences (see p. 36). The Remains were first edited by the poet's father, Henry Hallam. Hallam was engaged to Tennyson's sister Emily when he died suddenly. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Anthologist from Great Britain of works in English. Active 1993. Compiler of The *Book of Sodom. He lives in London, has made films and this is his first book; information from the dustjacket. Poet from Great Britain writing in English and translator from Greek to English and English to French. Born 1861. He translated the Persian poet *Omar Khayyam from Fitzgerald's English into French, 1912. He translated from the Greek the * Idylls of *Theocritus, London 1894; repr. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Bibliographies. Murray, Catalogue of Selected Books, item 25 (Carmina, 1889) and 80 (Theocritus, Idylls., 1894). Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10717: Carmina, London: Rivingstone, 1899. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1667: Carmina: A Volume of Verse, London: Rivingstone, 1899. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 97: two poems, one on *Ganymede. Poet from Sweden writing in Swedish; translator fom German and Greek to Swedish and from Swedish to English. Born 1907-1997. The finest Swedish homopoet whose poems vividly describe the sexual side of homosexual love and who was aware of the great Greek gay tradition. He produced a large volume of openly gay poetry, initially using the pseudonym *Jan Hogan (see books listed below). Poems of his translated into English by himself exist: see Isle of Love, Stockholm, 1965, 48 pp. - this states on the title page "Translation into English by the author". Unpublished manuscripts of translations of ten volumes of his work into English by *Anthony Reid also exist (see note in Reid Eternal Flame below). A German translation of his book of poems Oas, 1957, by himself, exists; the title is Oase, 1957, 48 pp. He has translated a selection of the Greek *Mousa Paidike into Swedish titled Nittionio grekiska karleksdikter ur Stratons Musa Puerilis, Stockholm, 1964, 48 pp.; index p. 48 (published under the pseudonym Jan Hogan). A selection of the Greek poet *Cavafy has also been translated into Swedish by him using the pseud Jan Hogan: KarleksdikteravKavafis, Stockholm, 1960, 48 pp. (300 numbered copies). All works of Hallbeck, except Alska och Do, bear the imprint Foibos Forlag: "foibos" possibly is from the Greek "ephebos" meaning young man (see *ephebe); "forlag" means publisher. Information from copies in the library of *Paul Knobel supplied by the author. Books published under Jan Hogan (pseud.): Alska och Do, Stockholm, 1951, 78 pp., Oas, 1954, 48 pp., *Eros, 1955, 48 pp., Rott Liv, 1958, 48 pp., Ogonblick, 1961, 48 pp., Lust och Langtan, 1975, 32 pp. (English poem p. 32, "Handsome, you are such a cute young kid"). Books published under the name Nils Hallbeck: Oas, 1954, 48 pp. (with woodcuts of youths); Oase, 1957, 48 pp.; Sexon, 1965; Liv ar lust/Life is lust, 1967, 48 pp. (English and Swedish) which has excellent English translations with poems dealing with the gamut of gay sex, *prostitution, *S/M etc; Het Hud, 1977, 40 pp.; Bla Eld, 1986, 48 pp. He has written an important defence and brief history of *pederastic love: Mannen och Pojken (Men and Boys),1980, 56 pp. (with illustrations by Wilhelm Von Gloeden); this work, which includes a selection of poems making it a defacto anthology of gay poems in Swedish, deserves to be translated into English. Some volumes are *pederastic in tone. (Compiled with the assistance of information supplied by Anthony Reid who is writing a biography of him.) Overall his achievement makes him one of the greatest gay poets in any language. His manuscripts are believed to be in the hands of relatives. His paintings were given to the Salvation Army when he died. Two articles (an interview and an analysis of his work) written on him by Greger Eman, editer of the Swedish gay journal Kum ut, are believed to have been published in this journal or possibly Lambda Nordica. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10718-19: Isle of Love, Stockholm: Foibos Forlag, 1965, and Life is Lust, Stockholm: Foibos Forlag, 1967. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 667-68: same books. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 400-12; biog. note p. 381. Poet and editor from the United States who wrote in English. 1790-1867. He was a *New York poet who, with a group of friends, formed the Ugly Club which advocated ugliness in all its forms. It is fairly clear from the poems discussed in Martin, The Male Homosexual Tradition in American Poetry (see below) that Halleck was actively homosexual. A study of him is John W. M. Hallock, The American Byron: homosexuality and the fall of Fitz-Greene Halleck (2000); bibl. references, pp. 196-216. Text. See The Poetical Writings, edited by James Grant Wilson, New York, 1869 (repr. 1969); see pp. 34-5 "On the Death of Joseph Rodman Drake", 51-52 "Love" (there is no female presence in the poem). Biography: see The Life and Letters of Fitz-Greene Halleck, New York, 1869, by James Grant Wilson. He edited *Byron's works in 1834, apparently the first United States edition of a significant volume of Byron's poetry. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Dictionary of American Biography: revealing he never married. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 472. Criticism. Martin, Homosexual Tradition in American Poetry, 93-97: "the central emotional fact of Halleck's life was clearly his emotional friendship with the poet Joseph Rodman Drake" to whom he composed the *elegy "On the Death of Rodman Drake". Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1956. Author of a book of poems with *David A. Bolduc, Shared Affections, 1994. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gents, Bad Boys, and Barbarians, 81-85; biog., 80. Critic from the United States writing in English. Born 1952. A leading proponent of *social constructionism. See his book Before Pastoral, 1983, on the Greek poet *Theocritus. A Hundred Years of Homosexuality (New York, 1990) is a series of essays focusing on male homosexuality in *Athens of the fifth and fourth centuries B.C. - e.g., "Heroes and their Pals" deals with *Achilles and Patroclus. Reviews: Times Literary Supplement, 1-7 June 1990, 571-73 and New York Review of Books, Jasper Griffin, "Love and Sex in Ancient Greece", 26 March 1990, 6-11 (there is a reply and rejoinder by Halperin and Griffin, "Greek Love: An Exchange", New York Review of Books, 26 April 1990, 60): Griffin attacks Halperin's view that homosexuality did not exist in ancient Greece as "a surprising claim" (New York Review of Books, 26 March 1990, 6). The editor, with others, of Before Sexuality: The Construction of Erotic Experience in the Ancient Greek World, Princeton, 1990, and a short work on Foucault, Saint = Foucault (1995). See *satyrs. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Criticism. Duberman, Hidden from History, 37-53. Critic from Germany who wrote in German. Active 1759. See Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, p. 521, which cites his book Sokratische Dendwurdigkeiten (1759) as emphasising the sensual element in true *friendship between males. See also *Socrates. Poet and critic from German who wrote in German. 1879-19S8. Author of the first work of criticism of *Stefan George in homosexual terms, for which work alone he is of major interest for gay poetry: "Der männlicher eros im Werke Stefan Georges" in Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 14 (1914), 1Q-2S. He also wrote a work of criticism on novels of friendship by *Lucian, *Montaigne, *Hermann Bang and others: Die Novellen der Freundschaft, Potsdam, 1919. This work seems to be the first study of the homosexual novel, and certainly the first such book length study in German. He was the author of several books of poems 19Q8-ca. 191S: see his entry in the * National Union Catalog. He published poems in *Der Eigene and admitted openly to being gay (*Manfred Herzer to the author, 1989). In Der Eigene he wrote "*Heinrich Kleists Liebesleben" (Heinrich Kleist's love-life) (see Der Eigene no. 154 [192Q], 154 ff). He compiled a list of titles of works by John Henry Mackay (see his entry for details). Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 61 : Bild und Traum, Wilhelmshaven, 191S, Entrechtet, Leipzig: *Spohr, 19Q6 and two articles including the one on Kleist cited above. Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen, items S67-68: Bild und Traum, Wilhelmshagen: Wegwalt-Werkstatt, 191S and Entrechtet! Eine Appologie (poetry portfolio not listed in any other bibliography; no date). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 2SQ. Criticism. Weindel, L'Homosexualité en Allemagne (19Q8), 276: part of a poem in French (apparently a translation). Criticism. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 8 (19Q6), 756-58: review of books. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1952. Books: Call and Response (1994). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Word of Mouth, 352-56. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1958. Bibliography. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10720: "Over on the East Side" in ONE Magazine 6:5, 16-17, May 1958. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1980. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1678: Hotel Chelsea and the Sound, Bay City: Texas, Orange Books, 1980. Historian and critic from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1844-1899. Author of the first sustained discussion of the *aesthetic movement in English: The Aesthetic Movement in England, third edition, London, 1882. In this study the movement was related to the *Pre-Raphaelites. *D. G. Rossetti, *W. M. Rossetti, *William Morris and *Swinburne were seen as major poets of the movement while John Ruskin was seen as a major influence. See in particular pp. 8294, "Punch's Attacks on the Aesthetes, pp. 95-124, "Mr. *Oscar Wilde" pp. 95-124 (poems on Wilde are cited 110, 119; no authors given). Poet from Germany writing in German. Active 1983. Bibliographies. Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen, item 371: Der Balken, Frankfurt: Fischer, 1983 (poems) and Die verschwindende Welt, Frankfurt: Fischer, 1988 (first edition 1984) - poems. Poet from Sweden who wrote in Swedish. 1905-1961. The author of a collection of prose and poetry, Markings. The son of a Swedish Prime Minister, he was a bachelor who was a much revered Secretary General of the United Nations 1953-61. He was mysteriously killed in a plane crash in Africa (there were suggestions that he was assassinated). See Jim Kepner, From the Closet of History, 1984 (no pagination): "Only after his death did his published poetic meditations Markings... reveal his mystic gay feelings." Markings, London and New York, 1964 (in Swedish, Vagmarken [Signposts], 1963) was translated into English by *W. H. Auden and Lief Sjoberg. See pp. 93 and 171 for poems (the condensed and obscure style needs to be taken into account when reading the book). Markings is mostly prose but contains a few poems (a famous one was on his pet monkey). It is a masterpiece of some of the innermost thoughts of its author presented in the form of aphorisms and was found among the author's papers after his death. Pages 16-17 discusses his character. He was a tortured soul whom Auden says was incapable of experiencing "a passionate devotion returned, or a life-long happy marriage" (p. 17). (Auden believed these remarks lost him the *Nobel Prize.) See p. 54 of Markings regarding a homosexual love with another man. Markings is discussed in Dag Hammarskjold's White Book by Gustaf Aulen, 1969. Biography. See Henry P. Van Dusen, Dag Hammarskjold, New York, 1964 (p. 78 notes his "lack of interest in women"). In Brian Urquhart, Hammarskjold, 1972, see p. 27 - rumours of homosexuality denied by Hammarskjold; but the book is very guarded on this subject. Karl Birnbaum, Den unge Dag Hammarskjolds inre varld, 1998, is a study of his early letter and diaries (in Swedish). He was awarded the *Nobel Prize for Peace in 1961. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopædia Britannica. Duroc, Homosexuels et lesbiennes illustrés, 17B-79: stated to be gay by 'Roger Peyrefitte. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 16B4: Markings, New York: Knopf, 1964. Poet from Germany who wrote in German. Born 1893. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 247: poem "One Night Stand". Hammer-Purgstall, Joseph, Freiherr von Translator from Persian to German from Germany; historian writing in German. 1774-1856. The most famous German language *Orientalist of his time, he married and lived in *Vienna after being an Austrian diplomat. He is especially important for making available Persian homopoets in German though The Oxford Companion to German Literature calls his works hasty compilations. It is suspected that he may have been homosexual. Persian. He published a German translation of *Hafiz in 1812-13, 2 volumes, which inspired *Goethe to write his East-West Diwarr, this translation preserved the homosexuality (see Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, p. 515). He published a selection of Persian poetry in 1818 with a history: Geschichte der schonen Redekünste Persiens. Turkish. In 1836-1838 he published a four volume Geschichte der Osmanischen Dichtkunst (History of Turkish Poetry), in Pest, Hungary, which is a collection of biographies based on Turkish sources. (Compare *E. J. Gibb who may have drawn on this work.) He also wrote Geschichte des Osmanisches Reiches (History of the Turkish state), 10 volumes, Pest, 1827-32 (cited as Herzer, Bibliographie zur Homosexualität, item 0088 as noted below). A work of his has been trans. into Turkish titled: Osmanii Tarihi, Istanbul, 1985. Arabic. Author of Literarisch Geschichte der Araber (Literary History of the Arabs), 7 volumes, Vienna, 1850-56. See also *Graf von Harrach. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Neue deutsche Biographie. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: Die Männerliebe der Griechen, 66-71, 93-95, 105-09, 143-48: trans. of Turkish poets, although the language 143-48 is not identified. (Hössli spells his name Hammer and on one occasion, 143, Hamer.) Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 84: trans. of *Rumi. Penguin Book of Turkish Verse, 35 (mention of his influence). Bibliographies. Herzer, Bibliographie zur Homosexualität, item 0088. Critic from the United States writing in English. Active 1974. *Norman Roth, " 'Deal Gently with the Young Man': Love of Boys in Medieval Hebrew Poetry of Spain", Speculum 57 (1982), 26 re his On the Art of *Medieval Arabic Literature, Princeton, 1974 (see pp. 74-75, 102, 107) which discusses the use of convention in Arabic poetry. Editor (from Iraq?) of works in Arabic. Active 850. The second editor in manuscript of *Abu Nuwas and *Abu Tammam: see their entries. Poet from Uzbekistan who wrote in Uzbek. Active before 1600. See "Gazel" in (no editior given), Uzbek Poetry, Moscow, 1958, pp. 61-62, a Tine poem on *friendship translated into English. See *ghazal. Poet from Malaysia who wrote in Bahasa Indonesia; translator from Dutch and Sanskrit to Bahasa Indonesia. 1911-1946. A Malay poet whose total oeuvre amounts to only seventy poems. "Padamu Jua", his most famous poem is *non gender-specific and is in the *Sufi mystical tradition. On him see A. H. Johns, Cultural Options and the Role of Tradition, pp. 124-40. Active as a poet 1930-36, he died at the hands of revolutionaries in Sumatra in 1946. He also translated from Dutch Persian and Sanskrit poetry and the Sanskrit * Bhagavad Gita. Poet from Malaysia who wrote in Malay. Died ca. 1600. A *Sufi poet. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Penguin Companion to World Literature; see the Classical volume, 249-50. Poet who wrote in Arabic. Active ca. 850. His work shows the influence of *Neoplatonism. Not found in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Orgasms of Light, 131; biog., 257. *Marc Daniel, "Arab Civilization and Male Love", Gay Sunshine 32 (Spring 1977), 7 - very good poem. Period in Chinese literature from China from 206 B.C.-220. The period is noted for its extreme refinement in art and *aesthetic feeling. Several *Emperors - e.g. Emperor Ai - were homosexual (all Emperors wrote poetry). The poets Juan Chi and *Xi Kang came at the end of the period and *The Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove soon after. The *Confucian classics were first *censored ca. 200 B.C. in this period. The greatest early Chinese historian *Ssu-ma Ch'ien lived in the period and records the homosexual favorites of emperors in his history the Shih-chi (Classic of History). See also *Actors, *Dictionaries, influence - Chinese (as Chinese began to be influential in Vietnam and Korea in this time), *Yin and Yang. References. Shasha, History of Homosexuality in China, xx. Hinsch, Passions of the Cut Sleeve, 34-54. Poet from Korea who wrote in Korean. 1879-1944. A Buddhist monk and poet who published one volume of eighty-eight poems, The Silence of Love, 1926. Nim (love) in Korean is a complex word meaning both the beloved (in allegorical poetry, the king, and in religious verse, the *god). In Han Yong-un's poetry it is both the subject and object of love, the nation, life, Buddha, enlightenment. For a selection of poems translated into English see Peter H. Lee, The Silence of Love: Twentieth-Century Korean Poetry, 1980, pp. 5-28. His poems, which are *mystical, can be read homosexually: "all living things are the beloved for Sakyamuni [i.e. Buddha]" (Lee, Silence of Love, p. 7); see also the poem titled "?" p. 19. He seems to have been influenced by *Christianity. Compare poets of *Sufism. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, vol. 1, 46. Poet from China who wrote in Chinese. Active ca. 780? A *T'ang poet or more probably, a number of poets. The name means "cold mountain" and is a pseudonym. The corpus of poems by "Cold Mountain" was probably begun by a poet using this name, poems being added later by other poets; the poems come from the Tang period - possibly ca. 780 - and are inspired by *Zen *Buddhism. They are the poems of a recluse. There is some homoeroticism in the sequence. See Burton Watson, Cold Mountain, New York, 1962, p. 26: poem about *cut sleeves; see also p. 8 re friends. Translation. See his entry in Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature. English: Arthur Waley (1954; see Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature entry on Han Shan), Gary Snyder (1958; repr. in Riprap and Cold Mountain Poems, 1975), Burton Watson (1962), Robert G Henricks (1999) - stated to be the only complete translation of all 311 poems into English, that one poet wrote the poems and, p. 9, that Han-shan "was married"; French: Jacques Pimpaneau (1975); German: Stephan Schuhmacher (1974). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature. Poet from the Netherlands who wrote in Dutch. 1912-1969. He was a *Dada orientated poet. There is an article on him in * Paidika vol. 3 no. 3 (issue 11) by *Hans Hafkamp with translation of the work "Karel and the Father of Ruins". Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Naar vriendscaap zulk een mateloos verlangen, 70-72: four poems from Verzamelde Gedichten, second edition, Amsterdam: G. A. van Oorschot, 1974 (books cited p. 118). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 300; 262: states he is the author of an evocative novel about a Moroccan boy. Poems of Love and Liberation, 38. Bibliographer from Denmark who wrote in Danish. Active 1975. Author of the Danish, Norwegian and Swedish bibliography, * Nordisk Bibliografi: Homoseksualitet, Copenhagen: Forlaget Pan, 1984, 25 pages (but unpaginated); in Danish. The sections were compiled separately and coordinated in Copenhagen. Male and female writers are combined and some poets are listed. Danish. This section consists of several categories including Fiction and Prose, Poetry, Biography and Sociology. Swedish. There are sections on Fiction and Prose, Drama, Poetry and Biography. The major Swedish homosexual poet *Nils Hallbeck is omitted as a poet. Norwegian. There are sections on Fiction and Prose and Biography. Finnish. There are sections on Literature and Biography. Norse (sometimes called Icelandic'). There are sections on modern Fiction and it lists a journal, on p. 25. There is a Note on the Norse Sagas. Bibliographies. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, item 17. Poet from Norway who wrote in Norwegian. Active 1985. Author of a poem on Handrian and Antinous. Criticism. Gatland, Mellom linjene: homofile tema i norsk litteratur, 260: poem "Hadrians sang" in the journal Arken no. 2-3, 1985 on the them of Hadrian and Antinous; includes lines from the poem. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active from 1969. He lives in *Los Angeles and a novel Early Graves, ca. 1989, deals with *Aids. He has also written short stories and novels (see Young, Male Homosexual in LIterature, items 1697-1705), some under the pseudonym James Colton, for Greenleaf Classics and Brandon House 1969-71 (see Young, items 742-79) and others using the pseudonym James Coulton (see Young, item 820). In an article in The Advocate 13 May, 1982, 25 he is noted amongst *West coast gay poets. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10721: five poems in Venice Thirteen, Venice, CA: Bayrock Press, 1971. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1701: One Foot in the Boat, Santa Monica, CA: Momentum, 1977. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poets for Life, 94-95; biog., 94-95. Poet from the Netherlands writing in Dutch. Born 1954. Gay Poetry Anthologies. David heeft ook een achterkant, 14; biog 59 - *Amsterdam based. Poet from France writing in French. Active 1922. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10724: Choix de poésies, "le bel éphebe", Paris: G. Charpentier, 1922. Poem in Norse from Iceland. Before 1200. The poem concerns an altercation between Odin and Thor and is one of the poetic * Edda. Stanzas 27, 42-43 and 51 have accusations of homosexual behavior. Criticism. Vanggaard, Phallos, 76-78: re Thor and Loki in first song stanza 38. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1956. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10722-23: two poems from ONE Magazine, "Commandent" 4:4, 13, April-May 1956 and "A Ride to Nowhere" 5:8, 13, October-November, 1957. Hardenberg, George Friedrich Philip von Poet from Germany who wrote in German. 1772-1801. He used the pseudonym Novalis. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 84: under Novalis he lists Heimweh nach der offenen Flamme [no other details]. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, item 10886: under Novalis (his pseudonym) lists Hymns to the Night and Other Selected Writings, New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1960, trans. Charles Passage. Critic and historian from the United States. Born 1923. Author of Homoaffectionalism: *male bonding from *Gilgamesh to the present, San Francisco, 1993, a thesis presented at *One Inc and awarded a Ph D. Published as a book San Francisco, 1993. He lives in *San Francisco. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1840-1928. Hardy, when aged 16, formed a strong emotional attachment to another teenager, Horace pillow: see Robert Gittings, The Young Thomas Hardy, 1975, pp. 36-37, and F. B. Pinion, relationship of both men to Tryphena Sparks, a girl of 16, remains speculative; it is unsure exactly what her relationship to Horace Moule was. Moule, who slept with a razor under his Thomas Hardy, 1992, pp. 49-58. The whether Hardy fell in love with her and Hardy was most famous as a novelist but was accused of pessimism and "immorality" by reviewers especially in Tess of the D"Urbervilles (1891), about a village girl seduced and made pregnant by a rich man whom she later kills, and in Jude the Obscure (1895), featuring a couple who live together unmarried. Hardy's first marriage was unhappy and was possibly not sexually consumated: on his sexuality and relations with women in early life see Denys Kay-Robinson, The First Mrs Thomas Hardy, London, 1979, pp. 37-41. The death of his first wife Emma Gifford in 1912 provoked a series of poems which make clear the sense of intense loss he felt. In 1914 he married Florence Dugdale who proteced him from adulation. Hardy lived a secluded life in the country mainly. There were no children of this second marriage. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 160; biog., 236. Translator from Latin to English. Ca. 1516-1612. Translator of *Martial's epigrams (1613; repr.). He was a courtier at the court of Queen Elizabeth and graduate of *Cambridge who married and had nine children. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Movement in English in the United States from 1920. Harlem is an area on the island of Manhattan in *New York, on the west side of the city above 110th Street. It extends some forty-five blocks and inhabited by *Negro Americans. The Harlem Renaissance was a great revival in United States black culture which took place in the 1920s following an influx of blacks into what was previously a white neighborhood from 1900. Major gay poets of the time are *Countee Cullen, *Langston Hughes and *Claude McKay (the most famous black writer of the time). *Bessie Smith and *Ma Rainey were jazz singers associated with the renaissance; Gladys Bentley was a black lesbian pianist who composed bawdy *parody versions of popular songs which appear to be *lost: see B. Kellner, The Harlem Renaissance (New York, 1987), 30-31 (with bibl.). *Carl van Vechten wrote novels. Oral poems and *bawdry may exist from this time. *Eric Garber has compiled a gay bibliography and *Porter Grainger wrote a famous song. The novelist James Baldwin wrote about Harlem in Go Tell It On the Mountain, 1953. For the contemporary period see *Sidney Smith and *Salih Michael Fisher. See also *Blacks. The movement called *Negritude emerged from the Harlem Renaissance. On the movement overall see Bruce Kellner, The Harlem Renaissance, 1987. For a gay critique, see *Gregory Woods, "Gay Readings of the Harlem Renaissance Poets" in Emmanuel S. Nelson, Critical Essays: Gay and Lesbian Writers of Color, New York, 1993, pp. 127-142. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 518. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Criticism. Woods, History of Gay Literature, 209-16. Dramatic work in poetry in English from Great Britain. Ca. 1879. It is ascribed by *Gershon Legman and others to *George Augustus Sala (Legman, Horn Book, London, 1970, p. 96) and Sala seems the likely author. The work is a play in verse, set in the Cave of Masturbation which delightfully describes the homosexual goings on of the chief protagonist and his friends. It is modelled on *Rochester's Sodom. It is discussed in Peter Mendes, Clandestine and Erotic Fiction in English 1800-1930, 1993, items 169A (the 1905 Private Case edition) and B (an undated edition) where it is dated 1879. The title page reads Theatre Royal, Olymprick/New and Gorgeous Pantomine/entitled/ Harlequin Prince Cherrytop,/and the/ Good Fairy Fairfuck/or/ The Frig - The Fuck - And the Fairy, Oxford: Printed at the University Press, 1879. 30 pp. in length. This appears to be the first printing and is listed in the * National Union Catalog; the *Private Case copy (below) appears to be a reprint. The New York Public Library has a copy of this work. A new edition of this work is believed to be being prepared. Bibliographies. Kearney, Private Case, item 878: Theatre Royal Olymprick. Private Reprint, 1905, 52 pp. (ascribed by Kearney probably to *Leonard Smithers as publisher, with London as the place of publication); the Private Case copy has manuscript notes by *Alfred Rose. Criticism. Kearney, History of Erotic Literature, 152-53: ascribed to G. A. Sala and others. Editor, biographer, collector and anthologist from the United States of works in English. Active 1893. One of the three executors of Whitmans estate, he was one of the three compilers of In Re Walt Whitman and was one of the editors of Whitman's complete works, for which he wrote biographical pieces (see essays in vol. 8, pp. 275-300 on Whitman and his *Boston publishers and on Whitman's ideas of health and physique pp. 261-74). See the Walt Whitman entry for details of his biography of Whitman which is in volume 1 of the complete works: this became in effect the authorized biography. Autobiography: Memoirs, edited by Peter van Egmond, Hartford, 1972, 58 pp.: see his entry in *British Library General Catalogue. The Library of Congress has a collection of Whitman manuscripts owned by him. Poet from Spain writing in Spanish. Active 1981. Bibliographies. Cuaderno bibliográfico gay, 13: book Sex Fiction, Madrid: Hiperión, 1981. Anthologist from Great Britain of works in English; the name is a pseudonym. Born 1966. Editor of the anthology * How Can You Write a Poem... His real name is John Yates: see the anthology p. 78. He is also the composer of the musical piece Undying Heart: A Requiem for *Aids. Addressee of poetry in German from Germany. Active ca. 1800. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: Die Männerliebe der Griechen, 105-06: regarding *Hammer-Purgstall's dedication; a suspected lover of *Hammer-Purgstall. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born ca. 1960. *Black poet who is a native New Yorker. He lives in *Washington, has worked in various editorial capacities and is published in various gay journals and anthologies. Excellent poems well crafted about gay relationships. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Tongues Untied, 23-40; biog. opposite title page. Road Before Us, 60-61; biog., 176. Brother to Brother, 148-54; biog., 271. Biographer and critic from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1856-1931. An English man of letters famous for his sexual memoirs, My Life and Loves, Paris: privately printed, 1922-27 (it includes some slight references to homosexual encounters at school in the early chapters); pp. 169-73 of the London 1964 printing describes a meeting with *Whitman and there is a description of a meeting with *Oscar Wilde. A fifth volume of this work is actually by Alexander Trocchi. (The work has been banned on several occasions in various places.) He wrote a life of *Shakespeare, The Man Shakespeare, 1909, which discusses candidly the homosexuality of the sonnets, pp. 23253, and a life of *Oscar Wilde (1916), which was never published in Great Britain in Harris's lifetime since Lord *Alfred Douglas threatened to sue Harris for *libel if it was. In Contemporary Portraits, Second Series, New York, 1919 see *Lionel Johnson and Hubert Crackanthorpe pp.179-191, *Walter Pater pp. 203-226 (Pater is called "the apologist of strange sins" p. 203). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1965. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 62: "Come See the Mapplethorpe Show" (a *satire on white voyeurism of blacks); biog., 176 - *black poet who lives in California. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born ca. 1967. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 63: "Last night i had a dream" (about being fucked by a *black man); biog., 176-77: a *black poet with a Masters in Fine arts who is a photographer. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1991. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 64: "Sunday Morning" (about having sex on Sunday morning); biog., 176-77 - a *black poet who is an associate librarian in Baltimore. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1958. Born in Sussex, he studied at Portsmouth Polyclinic and graduated in 1983, since then working in mental health. *Chapbook: Not Another Threesome, London: *Oscars Press, 1990 (with *Adam Johnson and *Gerry Pinkney); see pp. 5-18. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Sugar and Snails, 17, 33; biog. inside back cover. Take Any Train, 31-33; biog., 62. Poet and autobiographer from the United States writing in English. Born 1917. An openly gay composer of classical music, he published his first book of verse at the age of seventy-five (with his own drawings): Joys and Perplexities, The Jargon Society, 1993, 123 pp. (reviewed in Lambda Book Report vol. 3 no. 8 January/ February 1993, 3031). (The Jargon Society who published his autobiography is a press operated by the gay poet Jonathan Williams.) His poem "On Bill's Return from the Mountains" is about his life partner William Colvig. He has been openly gay from the 1970s and wrote the gay opera Young Caesar. Interviews. See Leyland, Gay Sunshine Interviews, volume 1, pp. 163-88. Other interviews are in Body Politic no. 55, August 1979, 28 and The Advocate no. 507, 13 September 1988, 54-56. Translator from Greek to English. Active before 1983. Possibly the major British poet of this name: in which case see his entry in Contemporary Poets, fourth edition (states he was born in 1937). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 58: trans. of the Greek poet *Alcaeus to English; 68-9: trans. of *Straton from *Mousa Paidike poem 185. Songwriter from the United States who wrote in English. 1895-1943. A writer of musicals, e.g. Pal Joey, 1940. He worked with Richard Rodgers. See *Roger Baker, "Haunting Refrains", Gay News no. 169 (1979), 24-25: states his songs (e.g. "The Lady is a Tramp" from the musical Babes in Arms) have *camp and homosexual subtexts and that he was gay - see the songs "My Heart Belongs to Daddy" and "Love for Sale". New York born and raised, he became an alcoholic and virtually committed suicide by heavy drinking; he was of Jewish background. Compare *Cole Porter, *Noel Coward. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of American Biography, Supplement 3: stated to be "A bachelor living with his widowed mother". Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Gay Histories and Cultures. Editor, publisher and letter writer from Great Britain writing in English. 1907-1999. Editor of Wilde's Letters, 1962, and More Letters of Oscar Wilde, 1985. The Letters contains the first complete text of *Oscar Wilde's long letter to *Alfred Douglas, written when Wilde was in prison and titled De Profundis. He was also the editor and publisher of *A. E. Housman's Letters (1971), and the Diaries of *Siegfried Sassoon 1915-1918 (1983) and Diaries of *Siegfried Sassoon 1920-22 (1981) and has edited War Poems of Siegfried Sassoon, 1983. As a publisher, his firm published several works of relevance: apart from Housman's letters, see *Mr. W. H., *Baring-Gould, *Frederick Rolfe. He was the literary executor of *William Plomer. His firm Rupert Hart-Davis was active 1946-1983. His letters to George Lyttleton, The Lyttleton Hart-Davis Letters covering the period 1955-56, reveal much about gay poets and figures (see review Gay News no. 145, 1978, p. 26). He published three volumes of literary memoirs. Obituary: Guardian Weekly, 15 December 1999, 18. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Literary Biography vol. 112 (1991): see the entry Rupert Hart-Davis Limited. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1946. He has lived and worked in *Washington, been a Peace Corps volunteer, cared for a stroke patient and travelled extensively. Since 1971 he has shared his life with *William Meredith. Books: Fourteen Women, 1979, Morocco Journal, 1981, Internal Geography, 1987 (poems are not specifically gay). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, 182-85: poems about aging; biog., 182. Poets for Life, 96-97; biog., 236. Poet from the Netherlands writing in Dutch. Born 1930. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Naar vriendscaap zulk een mateloos verlangen, 80-84: poems from Totemtaal, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 1966, Een lokomotief achter prikkeldraad, Amsterdam: De Bezige, 1970, Wat ken een manser betalen? Amsterdam: Em. Querido's uitgeversmij, 1977 and from the journal Maatstaf vol. 25, 1977 (books and journal cited p. 118). Het huis dat vriendschap heet, 180-85: five poems dated 1966-77. Drobci stekla v ustih, 103; biog., 181. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 305: poem based on *Catullus. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born ca. 1955 Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 65: poem "Drifting"; biog., 177: a *black poet born in Texas who lives in Seattle and has some twelve unpublished manuscripts including his current work Lovejoy: A Manuscript of Visionary Love. Movement in the United States in English from 1780 to 1810. A group of writers active 1780-1810, including John Trumbull, *Timothy Dwight, David Humphreys and Joel Barlow. They produced a body of political *satire, including The Anarchiad: A Poem on the Restoration of Chaos and Substantial Night (1786-87; first fully printed 1861) by the group members Lemuel Hopkins, David Humphreys, John Trumbull and Joel Barlow. They took their name from the town of Hartford, Connecticut and are sometimes called the Connectictut Wits. An example of strong *male-bonding in literary groups. The Wits were staunchly Federalist and strongly conservative, being opposed to republicanism. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Poet from Germany who wrote in German; he later lived in Italy. 1864-1905. A writer of plays and stories; tensions developed in his married life in his last years when he was contemplating divorce. He collected his poems in Meine Verse, 1902. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Bibliographies. Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen, item 377: Ausgewählte Werke. Erste Band: Gedichte (Collected Works: First Volume: Poems), Berlin: Fischer, 1919 (first edition in three volumes, 1909 noted). Criticism. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 14 (1914), 71: prints a poem reprinted from Pan no. 10 (January 1913), beginning "In Hellas und im alten Rom war einst die Liebe frei"; states that he was *bisexual. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1877-1943. A depressive and a deeply closeted homosexual known mainly as an artist while he was alive. See Howard Junker, "Marsden Hartley", Advocate no. 315, 16 April 1981, 14-15. He fell in love with a German army officer killed in 1914, Karl Von Freyburg: see the review of his art exhibition in James White Review vol. 12 no. 2 (Spring/ Summer 1995), 20. Biography: Townsend Luddington, Marsden Hartley, 1992 (reviews: James White Review vol. 9 no. 4, 17 - not highly regarded by the reviewer Jim van Buskirk; Times Literary Supplement, 18 June 1993, 21). See Emmanuel Cooper, The Sexual Perspective, 1986, pp. 120-26, for discussion of his art. He published three books of poetry in his life and travelled widely. Over 500 poems were found in manuscript after his death. Manuscripts are at *Yale. With *Robert McAlmon who published his Twenty-Five poems, 1923, he published the journal Contact. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Dictionary of American Biography. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 519 (biog. note); 1009: stated to be also a noted modernist painter as well as homosexual poet. Howes, Broadcasting It. Gay Histories and Cultures. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1721: Twenty-Five Poems, Paris: Contact, 1923. Collected Poems edited by Gail R. Scott, Santa Rosa, 1987; very little is immediately relevant but see pp. 311-13. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active before 1992. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 239: poem "Ruined Temple of *Eros" (possibly dates ca.1920). Poet from Germany writing in German. Active 1908. Criticism. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 11 (1910-11), 90: quotes his poem *"Michelangelo" from his collection Spate Lieder, Stuttgart, 1908. University in the United States where English is the spoken language. In existence from 1636. The oldest University in the United States, Harvard University, founded as Harvard College in 1636 in Cambridge, Massachusetts (now a suburb of *Boston) has the largest library in the United States, apart from the *Library of Congress. The university is noted for its *liberalism. Until the mid-nineteenth century, the Divinity School was the most important faculty and the main purpose of the university was to train ministers of religion. The library holds rare manuscripts (see *"Altercatio Ganimedis", *Rochester) and very rare gay books or books of gay relevance and sometimes unique copies (e.g., see *Georg Tanner, *Stanley Richardson). As could be expected with such an old institution, many gay poets were associated with it. There were a large number of *eighteen nineties poets associated with the University: see *George Santayana, *Edward Perry Warren, *Logan Pearsall Smith and *Trumbell Stickney (this entry gives further references). Other poets of relevance are *Michael Wigglesworth, *Edward Taylor, *Ralph Waldo Emerson, *Henry David Thoreau, *Witter Bynner, *T. S. Eliot, *Robert Frost, *George Woodberry, *Alan Seeger, *Cole Porter, *Robert Lowell, John Ashbery, *Frank O'Hara, *Kenward Elmslie, *David Watts, Stanley Ward, *David Melville. *Roger Horwitz, the lover of *Paul Monette whose death inspired a splendid *Aids sequence, went to Harvard. The critic *F. O. Matthiessen taught there; see also *Charles Eliot Norton and *David H. Perkins. From 1994 the * Harvard Gay and Lesbian Review has been published (now The Gay & Lesbian Review Worldwide), a serious journal publishing articles and reviews. The Harvard Monthly (1885+), a student journal, is relevant: see Journals - English. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica . Poet from Great Britain writing in Latin; letter writer in English and Latin; collector of books. Ca. 1550-1631. A close friend of *Edmund Spenser and possibly his tutor at Cambridge. He appears to be the Hobbinol who is unrequitedly in love with Colin who loves Rosalind in Spenser's Shepherd's Calendar - see the *Spenser entry. He is said to be "my very singular good friend" by *E. K. (pseud.) in his gloss to line 10 of January of The Shepherd's Calendar. E. K. (who appears to be Spenser) writes an introductory letter to Gabriel Harvey in The Shepherd's Calendar (1579). He wrote a series of letters to Spenser in 1580 and published Latin poems on his patron Sir Thomas Smith titled Smithus (1578); Latin letters also exist. Many of his books have survived; also a *humanist. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Poet from Australia writing in English. 1920-1995. See *"Ganymede", in Selected Poems, Sydney, 1975, pp. 36-7 (in the Professor Eisenhart sequence, which was first published in book form in Poems, 1963). The subject is the male homosexual favorite of the Greek god *Zeus - "the cause of his unrest: a boy". The poem was first published in Meanjin 17 (1958), pp. 388-89. She has used pseudonyms such as Walter Lehmann, Francis Geyer and Miriam Stone and some of her poems are *non-gender specific. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Dessaix, Australian Gay and Lesbian Writing, 24. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1939. Since 1967 he has lived in Brighton, Sussex and worked in various jobs. He has had twenty books of poetry published from 1965, including Penguin Modern Poets 19, 1971 (see "For John in the Mountains" with the line: "Your *kiss holds such towns") and several volumes of translations (including on the founder of *Dada, Tristan Tzara). He has edited several magazines and appeared in a number of anthologies. A selection is Crossing the Frozen River: Selected Poems 1965-80, Bolinas, California, 1984. Crossing the Frozen River: Selected Poems, London, 1988, contains a masterly collection of gay poems. Influenced by *surrealism, his work also shows the stylistic influence of *Charles Olson and the United States poets around Olson. He has given extensive readings and made a long playing record, reading from his work, Landscapes. He was married until at least 1981, though he is openly gay in his poetry from 1971. See also *Publishers - English. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition: reveals he is divorced with two sons and one daughter. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 1724-26: Landscapes, London: Fulcrum, 1969, The Man with Blue Eyes, New York: Angel Hair Books, 1966, The White Room, London: Fulcrum, 1968. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 357-58. Not Love Alone, 32-36; biog., 141. Take Any Train, 34-35; biog., 62. Of Eros and Dust, 66: *non gender speciific love poem, 80; biog., 66. Hasan, Umar Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1961-1994. *Black poet. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Milking Black Bull, 95-107; biog., 95. Trope in Arabic, English, French and Greek from ca. 800. Hashish is a *drug common in Morocco, Egypt and Turkey. Arabic. *Norman Roth, " 'Deal Gently with the Young Man': Love of Boys in Medieval Hebrew Poetry of Spain", Speculum 57 (1982), p. 26, cites the poem of *Abu Nuwas (active 800 in Iraq) "A handful of hashish, a pound of meat,/ A kilo of bread, and the company of a willing boy." Roth also cites Franz Rosenthal, The Herb: Hashish versus Medieval Muslim Society, Leiden, 1971, pp. 66, 67, 82, 83 and a poem on p.157. French: see *François Pirou re *Rimbaud. Greek: see *Rembetika. English: *Harold Norse refers. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1955. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 66: "Gossip"; biog., 177: a *black poet who is Afrocentric, lives in New York and is *HIV positive. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active 1979. This seems to be two poets, Jens Hass and Jutta Hertie who collaborated. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Milchsilber, 132-33: the poems are signed exactly as above; biog. information 189-90 (with photo). *Maldoror im blauen Mond (the author is given just as the name is given above, that is "Jens Hass/ Jutta Hertie"). Biographer from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1912-1963. Biographer of * Rupert Brooke (1964) and * Edward Marsh (1959). The Brooke biography has been called "overtactful and omits a great deal" (*Peter Parker in Gay News no. 198 [1980], 21); compare John Lehmann's biography of Rupert Brooke. He also published poetry though nothing relevant has been found. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1926. A published poet from 1973. Book of poems: Main Street (before 1983). A *New York poet who started writing in *prison. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Black Men/White Men, 54; biog., 235. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 67-77: "Freddi", a fine poem about sex in jail (see *prison). Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1994. Book: Stumbling Into Light, St John, Kansas, 1993. Reviewed in James White Review vol. 11 no. 2 (Winter 1994), 17. He edits Chiron Review. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1961. Book: Stumbling Into Light, 1993 (review: James White Review, vol. 11 no. 2, winter 1994, 18 by John Gilgun). Gay Poetry Anthologies. A Day for a Lay, 271-75; biog., 271 - lives in *St. John, Kansas with his best friend Rusty and twelve cats and edits and publishes Chiron Review, a journal he founded in 1982 with his mother Jane. Poet possibly from Spain who wrote in Spanish. Active before 1211. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Dar al-Tiraz: fine gay love poem. Poet from India who wrote in Urdu. 1699-1781. For his life see Sadiq, History of Urdu Literature, pp. 100-105. Not in Dictionary of Oriental Literatures or Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Criticism. *C. M. Naim, "The Theme of Homosexual (Pederastic) Love in Pre-Modern Urdu Poetry", in Studies in the Urdu Gazal and Prose Fiction, edited by M. U. Memon, 1979, 124: states he has very few verses with pederastic references. Poet from Japan who wrote in Japanese. 1653-1708. A *pupil of *Basho who carried on his traditions devoutly. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan. Criticism. Henderson, Introduction to Haiku, 53: "Play about do,/from grass-leaf to grass-leaf/jewels of dew"; this *haiku could be read as about two men masturbating together; page 54: possible erotic suggestion in poem. Poet from Germany who wrote in German. 1898-1986. A prolific author of novels, poetry and other works; see his entry in volume 5 of Walther Killy, editor, Literatur Lexikon, 1990. He published poetry from 1924. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Bibliographies. Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen, item 387: Hinter dem Perlenvorhang. Gedichte nach dem Chinesischen, Frankfurt: Foscher, 1956 (second enlarged edition; first printing 1954) - poems modelled on Chinese poems. Poem in Norse from Iceland. Ca 1275. Havamal (the sayings of Har) is 165 poems in the form of gnomic sayings. See number 47: "men are men's joy" which is quoted in a homosexual context in *Thorkil Vanggard, Phallos, 1972, p. 186, and in footnote 3 on p. 204. Some stanzas existed in the tenth century but the main surviving manuscript, the Codex Regius dates from ca. 1275. The same phrase is used in the *Runic poem in Norse. See also Jonathan Williams. Translation. English: see *W. H. Auden and Paul B. Taylor, translators, The Elder Eddda: a selection, (1969): see "The Words of the high One", pp. 37-60 (however the section with the words "Men are men's joy" was not translated). Lee M. Hollander, The Poetic Edda, Austin, Texas, 1962, p. 21. German: translated in Bedeutung der Freundesliebe für Führer und Volker. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Bedeutung der Freundesliebe fur Fuhrer und Volker, 18: trans. of the relevant four lines from Havamal above - "Als ich noch jung, da war einsam mein Gang/ Und ich irrte mich oft in der Strasse,/ Nun acht ich mich reich, da den Andern ich fand:/ Der Freund ist der Freude des Mannes" (the last line reads: "The *friend is the joy of men"). Editor from Canada of works in English. Active 1970. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1732: editor of Printed Matter: An Anthology of Black Moss, Windsor, Ontario: Sun Parlor Advertising Co., 1970. This work contains a selection of poems by *Ian Young: see * Ian Young: a bibliography (1962-1980), item C5. Hay, Henry (also called Harry Hay) Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1914. The founder of the homosexual organization The Mattachine Society which was active in *Los Angeles and *New York. He was a member of the *Communist Party for eighteen years from the 1930s to the 1950s. Biography: Stuart Timmons, The Trouble with Harry Hay: Founder of the Modern Gay Movement, 1991. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Bibliographies Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10725: the poem "Pursuit" in Pursuit and Symposium 1:20, 20, March/ April 1966. Criticism. Katz, Gay American History, 105-09 and 406-20. Poet from Turkey who wrote in Turkish. Died 1557. *Ottoman *Divan poet. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Turkish Verse, 87: *non gender specific; biog., 9. Poet from Iran who wrote in Persian. Active ca. 159Q. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A'in i Akbari anthology, 644 - 46 - a homosexual love poem is on p. 646; biog., 644. Poet from Iran who wrote in Persian. Active ca. 159Q. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A'in i Akbari anthology, 672-7S; biog., 672 - a merchant. Bibliographer from the Czech Republic writing in German. 1843-1923. Erotic bibliographer. His first publication was Biblioteca germanorum erotica (German erotic bibliography), 1875 under the name H. Nay (pseud.), an anagram of Hayn. This work is the first work of German erotic bibliography, predating in English the work of *H. S. Ashbee, and the first serious work of erotic bibliography in a European language; however it contains little homosexual material. He gives his address (in Latin) as Bratislava the capital of Slovakia. In collaboration with *Alfred N. Gotendorf he produced the detailed erotic German bibliography known as *Hayn Gotendorf (published 1912-29). He also produced a bibliography on marriage where he lists his address as Breslau. His three works were reprinted as Drei erotische Bibliographien, Zentral Antiquariat der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik, 1972. Not in Oxford Companion to German Literature . Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Lexikon des gesamten Buchwesens, second edition. Hayn, Gotendorf, Bibliotheca Germanorum Erotica, vol. 3, 110-111: lists published books. Deakin, Catalogi librorum eroticum, 12-14. Lover and songwriter from Venezuela writing in French. Born 1875. A Jewish pianist and composer who wrote the musical settings for the poems in *Proust's first book Les Plaisirs et les jours ; he and Proust were lovers and the affair of the hero in Proust's novel Jean Santeuil with Françoise is based on their relationship. He wrote a song cycle Les Chansons gris based on poems by *Verlaine. See Ronald Hayman, Proust, 1990, pp. 88-89. Editor from Great Britain of works in English. Born ca. 1906. Editor of the first modern edition of *Rochester, Nonesuch Press, 1926. For nine years he shared his flat with *T. S. Eliot and once described himself as "the most un-homosexual man in London" in response to Eliot putting his arm around him and kissing him when Eliot left to marry his second wife (see p. 160 of T. S. Matthew, Great Tom, 1964 - this book makes clear the relationship between the two men was deeply affectional; the author states that John Hayward found Eliot's gesture "most offensive"). He was confined to a wheel chair because of muscular dystrophy (creeping paralysis) and was editor of the journal The Book Collector. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography. Poet from Iraq who wrote in Hebrew. 939-1038. Criticism. Jefrim Schirmann, "The Ephebe in Medieval Hebrew Poetry", Sefarad I5 (1955), 64: states he was a Babylonian theologian who wrote the poem - "If you show your teeth to a boy in sensual lust, he will laughingly cover his genitals." *Norman Roth, "'Deal Gently with the Young Man': Love of Boys in Medieval Hebrew Poetry of Spain", Speculum 57 (1982), 23: makes clear the work is a poem. He-Strumpets: a Satyr on the Sodomite Club, The Poem from Great Britain in English. Published in 1710. Printed in John Dunton's Athenianism (1710) vol. ii, pp. 93-99: this, the revised and enlarged fourth edition, is the first surviving text of the poem, as the first printing of the poem, 1707, is *lost. The poem is a satire on the *London molly clubs of the time (clubs where men met to have sex). Line 9 cites the poets *Prior, *Garth and *Addison as suitable poets to describe the club and the mention of them in this context hints that they were thought gay by the writer. See Foxon, English Verse 1701-50: item D536 (no holdings of a separate copy listed though a copy of 1707 "Printed for B. Bragge" in London is noted). Criticism. Bray, Homosexuality in Renaissance England, 142. Poet from Canada writing in English. Active 1975. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1738: After a Time, Montreal: Spare Change Press, 1975. Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (1984), 139: same book. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1939. See "A Ship of Death" in The Haw Lantern (1987), p. 20, translated from the Old English *epic * Beowulf, showing homoerotic *male bonding - note the phrase "the great ring-giver" and compare the ring symbolism in *Wagner's The Ring of the Nibelung (Heaney's material comes out of a similar mythic stock). Winner of the *Nobel Prize for Literature in 1995. His complete translation of Beowulf appeared in 1999. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors. Contemporary Poets, fifth edition. Poet in English and translator from Persian, Greek, Latin and Italian to English from Great Britain. Born 1918. In his own books of poetry see in The Triumph of the Muse (London, 1958), "To the *Dioscuri" (trans. from the Greek of *Alcaeus) p. 40, "To *Dionysus" (trans. from *Anacreon) p. 42. In Selected Poems (London, 1975) see *"Hart Crane" p. 41, '"Alexandria" pp. 4349, "Tiberius on *Capri" p. 127 (on the sexually omnivorous Roman emperor), "To Constantine P. *Cavafy" pp. 139-40. In Collected Poems 1943-1987, Manchester, 1988, see, in addition to the preceding poems, *"A. E. Housman in Talbot Road, Bayswater" p. 120, "For *David Gascoyne" p. 171, "Memories of *Paul Verlaine" pp. 319-20, *"Gray's Ode to *Richard West" (trans. from Latin') pp. 42728. He translated the Italian poet *Leopardi into English: Selected Poetry and Prose (London, 1966; New York, 1967). Artorius (London, 1973) is a long *epic poem based on *King Arthur and relates to the work of *David Jones. A special issue of the journal Aquarius is devoted to him (no. 10, 1978) published by his friend *Eddie Linden. John Heath-Stubbs is a scholarly poet who has published a large oeuvre, including many critical works on poetry, and who is blind. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Contemporary Poets, fifth edition. Contemporary Authors vol. 13-16. Dictionary of Literary Biography vol. 27. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 127-32: trans. of the Persian poet *Hafiz with *Peter Avery; also trans. of *Omar Khayyam (see Peter Avery entry). Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 223. Book collector and poet writing in English from Great Britain. 1733-1833. A *collector of books on a vast scale he owned at least some 150,000 books and had houses in London and Paris filled with them. John Ferriar wrote the satiric poem "Bibliomania" published as Epistle to Richard Heber, Esq., in London in 1809, about him. Arnold Hunt, "A Study in Bibliomania: Charles Henry Hartshorne and Richard Heber", Book Collector, Spring 1993, 25-43 and Summer 1993, 185-212, discusses a homosexual scandal with a young protégé, Charles Henry Hartshorne, in the 1820s, which caused Heber to live abroad; on page 38 is printed Heber's only known poem Carmina Cornucerinia, which is about books, and on p. 207 part of *Don Leon referring to the homosexual scandal (see p. 34 of the London, 1866, printing of the poem). The relationship with Hartshorne is also discussed in Nicholas Basbanes, A Gentle Madness: Bibliophiles, Bibliomanes and the Eternal Passion for Books, New York, 1995, pp. 110-14. Heber's book collection has been estimated at 150,000-300,000 volumes here (see footnote to p. 110 on p. 545 of Basbanes, A Gentle Madness). The library was auctioned in sixteen sales in London, Paris and Ghent. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography : notes he had 8 houses of books and estimates his library at 146,000 volumes plus an immense number of pamphlets. Poet and critic from the United States writing in English. Born 1923. In Collected Earlier Poems, New York, 1990, pp. 150-151 see "The Feast of Stephen": "Boys for the first time frankly eye each other,/ Inspect each others' bodies at close range..." (p. 150). He is the author of the critical study: The Hidden Law: The Poetry of W. H. Auden, Cambridge, MA, 1993, a major reading of *Auden one of the major twentieth century gay poets in English. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition; states he is twice married with three sons. Editor of works in Persian from Iran and critic writing in Persian. Born 1903. Editor of the text of *Omar Khayyam (Tehran, 1934); it contains 143 quatrains. The foremost novelist and short story writer of Iran of the early twentieth century. He wrote a celebrated essay on Omar Khayyam in 1923: Roba'yat-e hakim Omar-e Khayyam, Tehran, 1923. This was published in an expanded form in 1934 in Tehran as Taraneha-e Khayyam. Heian period The first great period of Japanese literature. *Kyoto came into prominence in this period as the major city and *anonymous Japanese homopoems date from this period. A number of imperial poetry anthologies were compiled. See *Maggie Childs (re her article "Japan's Homosexual Heritage"), *Kokinshu, *Zen Buddhism, *Murasaki, *Saigyo. See also *Emperors (two Japanese emperors of the period were gay). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan : Philosopher from Germany who wrote in German. 1BB9-1976. His Sein und Zeit (1922; various editions; English translation, 1961, Being and Time), had a major influence on 'Sartre and 'Foucault and thus, through them, on 'gay liberation. See his entry in Paul Edwards, editor, Encyclopedia of Philosophy (1967). His works are in course of publication in a complete edition. He was accused of being a collaborator with the 'Nazis as rector of Freiburg University when he gave a public lecture in 1933, entitled, "The Role of the University in the New Reich". Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Encyclopædia Britannica . City in Germany where German is spoken; material in Latin, Greek and German is relevant from 1386. Heidelberg is a famous university town and one of the most beautiful towns in Germany. It was the seat of the Elector of Palatine from the twelfth century to 1720. The university, founded in 1386, was a centre of *humanism in the *Renaissance and famous as a centre of the classics where *pederastic texts were much studied. The library houses the manuscript of the * Palatine Anthology, the most important anthology of homosexual lyric poems in ancient Greek. For Greek and Latin: see *C. A. Klotz. In the *Romantic period it was the center for such writers as *L. J. Von Arnim and *J. von Eichendorff. *Hölderlin later wrote an *ode on the town. *Friedrich Gundolf (pseud.) was a Professor at the University and *Demetrios Capetanakis studied there. *Student songs from the university, first in Latin, later in German, exist and may be relevant. Poet from Sweden who wrote in Swedish. 1859-1940. Active as a poet from 1889, he travelled in Italy, Greece and the Middle East. See his * Endymion, 1889. Suspected of homosexual behavior. He won the *Nobel Prize for Literature in 1916. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Poet from Germany writing in German. 1797-1B56. A poet of 'Jewish background. He launched a 'homophobic attack on Platen in Die Bader von Lucca, 1B29, analysed by 'Max Kaufmann. His poem "Auf Flügein des Gesanges" ("On Wings of Song") set to music by Felix Mendelssohn can be read as a gay poem. See also 'Karl Immermann. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 63: Italien [no other details cited]; cross referenced to 'Max Kaufmann. Cuaderno bibliográfico gay, 13: Poemas, Madrid: Hiperión, 19B1 (Spanish translation). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Andere Lieben, 17B-BQ. Babilonia 24 (19B5), 23: a poem trans. into Italian. Criticism. Lexikon homosexuelle belletristik : discussion of Die Bader von Lucca (The Baths of Lucca). Derks, Der Schande der heiligen Päderastie, 479-613. . Poet from Germany writing in German. Active 1980. Bibliographies. Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen, item 390: Dialogik fürs Ohr (edited by Berndt Mosblech), Duisburg: Edition Ilex-Konzept, 1980. Historian and anthologist from the Netherlands writing in Dutch. Born 1951. He compiled the short anthology 'Mannenmaat. He has written a short overview of Dutch gay history, "Homoseksualiteit: van zonde tot geaardheid" in Spiegel Historiael, 19BQ, no. 6, 4B4-91, and a longer medical book Homoseksualiteit, een medische reputatie, 19B7, on homosexuality and medicine. With 'Maurice van Lieshout and others he is one of the authors of Goed Verkeerd, 19B9, a history of gay men and women in the Netherlands which consists of a series of articles by various authors; bibl. pp. 249-63. Interview: Paidika no. 1Q. See also 'Bookplates, 'Jacob Israel de Haan, 'Couperus. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active 1979. Bibliographies. Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen, item 396: An einen Freund, Cologne: Nachtschatten, 1979. Poem in Norse from Iceland. Before 1200. The work is a saga. Criticism. S0rensen, The Unmanly Man, p. 53: an *insult is hurled at another man in which he states he used the man as a woman to produce offspring. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1900? The date is uncertain. Book of poems: Sea Visitors, Monmouth, 1995, in the *Uranian tradition. Four full page illustrations and 1 vignette, edition of 75; pagination not known. Images by J. M. P. Not seen; information from *Timothy d'Arch Smith. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active 1960. Not in Oxford Companion to German Literature. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 63: poem "Knabe auf dem Brunnenrand" in Bertold Daut, Ultra I, Weisbaden: Wülffenpresse, 1960. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, second edition, item 10726: same reference. Critic from Germany writing in German. Born 1906. The author of the first extended critical study of homosexuality in German poetry (which also discusses novelists). This was his 1930 thesis presented at Leipzig. It was published under the name Hans Dietrich as Die Freundesliebe in der deutsche Literatur (The love of friends in German literature), 1931 (reprinted 1996). Real homoerotic poetry began with *Platen and *Albert H. Rausch was the most important modern writer, even more important than *Stefan George. The work also dealt with *Goethe, *Schiller and *Hölderlin as well as others. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Poet from Germany who wrote in German. Active 1922. His real name is unknown. The pseudonym refers to Greece, "Hellenos" being an adjective in Greek meaning Greek. Bibliographies. Hayn, Gotendorf, Bibliotheca Germanorum Erotica, vol. 9, 290: book Dichtungen des Eros paidikos, privately published, Leipzig, 1922, 67 pp; 150 copies. Concept and word from Greek used in French and English; the concept dates from from ca. 200 B.C. in relation to Hebrew. Hellenism meaning "homosexuality" came into prominence in English mid nineteenth century and was especially used in the late nineteenth century in the work of *J. A. Symonds. It is a coded way of referring to the subject and, as such, it presents problems and is not unequivocal in reference. In French its homosexual reference was more subtle. Hebrew. Ancient Hebrew culture was pervaded by Hellenism, in the sense of the influence of ancient Greek mores and culture.The Hebrew*Old Testament survives first in a Greek version, the Septuagint from ca. 200 B.C. See Martin Hengel, Judaism and Hellenism (1974; second edition 1981), Lee I. Levine, Judaism and Hellenism in Antiquity (1998), and Arnold J. Toynbee, The Crucible of Christianity: Judaism, Hellenism and the Historical Background to the Christian Faith (1969). The *Gospels, the main teachings of Jesus Christ which emerge out of Judaic culture also show the influence of *Plato and Greek culture. See the entry in The Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible, supplement. English. See *Matthew Arnold (not specificially referring to homosexuality however). See the footnote in John Addington Symonds, Male Love, New York, 1983, p. 144 regarding use in 1875 in the second volume of Studies in the Greek Poets. Richard Jenkyns, The Victorians and Ancient Greece, 1980, pp. 1-20 discusses the origin of the concept in relation to the *Victorian period. *Oscar Wilde wrote an essay, "Hellenism", in 1877 after visiting Greece (first published by *Tragara Press, 1979). See David J. de Laura, Hebrew and Hellene in Victorian England: *Newman, Arnold and *Pater, 1969. A recent book on Victorian England is Linda Dowling, Hellenism in Victorian *Oxford, 1994. French. H. Egger wrote L'Hellénisme en France: sur l'influence des études grecques dans la langue et de la littérature françaises , 1869; (repr. New York, Burt Franklin, 1980) - a major study of the influence of ancient Greek poetry on the French language and French literature, including discussion of important scholars and editors. In France Hellenism was linked with the first publication of ancient Greek homopoetry by, for example, *Henri Estienne and *Aldus Manutius. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 520-22. Period in Greek in Greece, Turkey, Egypt and Italy from 323 B.C. to 100 B.C. The Hellenistic period begins with the death of *Alexander the Great in 323 B.C. and is taken to finish with the Roman conquest of Greece in 146 B.C. (though it has been dated later to 100 B.C.). During this time the dominant Greek-speaking city in the eastern Mediterranean was *Alexandria (see *Alexandrian poets). Most of the *epigrams in the * Palatine Anthology were written in this period and the great volume of the surviving corpus of complete poems of ancient Greek *lyric poetry comes from this time (though much has been *lost). Poets were writing in Greek in mainland Greece, in Asia (Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Israel) and in Africa in Egypt and probably in Italy at this time. This occurred due to the growth of overseas Greek colonies. See entries * Garland of Meleager (compiled soon after the end of the period), * Anacreontea, *Antipater, *Asclepiades, *Dinos Christianopoulos (pseud.), *Endymion, *A. S. F. Gow, *Hermaphroditus, *D. L. Page, * Planudean Anthology, *Song. A study of homosexuality in the hellenistic poets of the Palatine Anthology is Otto Knapp, "Die Homosexuellen nach hellenischen Quellenschiften", Anthropophyteia 3 (1906), 255-60. T. B. L. Webster, Hellenistic Poetry and Art, 1964, is a major study of the period to date and has a chronology at the end. G. O. Hutchinson, Hellenistic Poetry, Oxford, 1988. discusses the poetry; bibl. 355-61. Anthology: see B. H. Fowler, Hellenistic Poetry: An Anthology, 1990. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active 1924-34. Died ca. 1935. See *René Crevel, Puttting My Foot in It, 1992 (with introduction by *Edouard Roditi); in the Introduction, p. xxv, Roditi states he was a homosexual poet from Berlin who was a close friend of René Crevel and that he died of an overdose ca. 1935. Not in Oxford Companion to German Literature nor is there any reference to any published works in the * National Union Catalog or the * British Library General Catalogue to 1975. The first publication of his work in book form seems as below. Bibliographies. Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen, Item 339: Lyrik und Prosa 1924-1934 (with afterward by Klaus Täubert), Gerbrunn bei Würzburg: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag A. Lehmann, 1980. Poet from Great Britain writing in English; he lives in Australia. Born 1946. A member of the *Generation of 68 who has experimented ceaselessly with poetic forms and was a key figure in the *Melbourne poetry scene in the 1970s. A poem on *Oscar Wilde exists in rhyme in manuscript; it was written in Great Britain before his first visit to Australia as a sailor in 1965 (information from the author). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Pseudonym of a poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Active 1B96. Pseudonym of 'Percy Addleshaw. Poet, anthologist and historian from the United States writing in English. 1957-1995. A *black literary activist, he features in the film * Tongues Untied by *Marlon Riggs and lived in Washington. He has published three books of poems: Earth Life, 1985, and Conditions, 1986, both by Be Bop Books, Washington, and a Selected Poems, 1991 (review: Out-Look, vol. 2 no. 4, Fall 1991, 77). The books are especially well designed (both with photographs of the poet). Ceremonies (1992) is a collection of poetry and prose. He was *editor of the black gay anthology of poetry and prose * Brother to Brother and co-founder and former editor of the Nethula Contemporary Journal of Contemporary Literature. See "Essex Hemphill" by Jim Marks, The Advocate no. 473, 71-72. Interviews: Village Voice vol. 33 no. 26, June 28, 1988, 24-27. Profile: Advocate no. 604, June 2 1992, 38. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Gay Poetry Anthologies. In the Life, 108-13,120-21, 222-23; biog., 251. Tongues Untied, 41-56; biog., 2. Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, 186-91; biog., 186. Road Before Us, 67-68; biog., 177. Brother to Brother, 57-58, 75-83, 110 12, 174-83 (prose). Name of Love, 21-22; biog., 73. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 804-06. Pseudonym of a poet from Germany who wrote in German. Active 1924. Pseudonym of *Hans Fritz. Poet from Australia who wrote in English. 1862-1928. In his Fortunate Days, Sydney, 1886, see "Salut a L'Homme - *Walt Whitman", pp. 29-29,*"Sappho" pp. 37-38. One of a group of poets in Australia (including Francis Adams in Melbourne and *J. Le Gay Brereton in Sydney) who worshipped Whitman as a disciple of democracy. Editor of the Sydney Morning Herald, 1902-1912+, the oldest continuous newspaper in *Sydney. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1849-1903. Minor poet who collaborated with *R. L. Stevenson on plays (their relationship has homosexual undertones: see *Wayne Koestenbaum). His poetry relates to the *decadent poetry of the eighteen nineties: see his Poems, 1898 (repr.). As editor of the National Observer, he formed a group of anti-Decadent writers: see J. H. Buckley, William Ernest Henley: A Study in the 'Counter-Decadence' of the Nineties, 1943. See also the entry "Counter-Decadence" in G. A. Cevasco, The 1890s: An Encyclopedia of British Art and Culture, New York, 1993. See *Dictionaries regarding his collaboration with *J. S. Farmer on the first dictionary containing English homosexual slang. Biography: John Connell, W. E. Henley, London, 1949 (however this work omits much). John Connell is believed to be a pseudonym. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Trope in French from France. 1551-1589. A gay king of France 1574-89. See the article in German in Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 4 (1902), 573-663, "Heinrich der Dritte" by *L. S. A. M. von Romer; several French poems referring to homosexuality and the king are cited and sources are listed pp. 656-663. His male lovers were called "mignons" (a word used in French for homosexual favorites): see Arcadie no. 117 (September 1963), 395-404, "Les Mignons de Henri III" by Gilbert Robin which discusses poems (continued in no. 118, 437-446). Gilbert Robin wrote on his sexuality L'enigma sexuelle d"Henri III, Paris, 1964, 209 pp. (reviewed in Arcadie no. 135. March 1965, 151-52). A discussion of him in relation to poetry is in Guy Poirier, L'homosexualité dans l'imaginaire de la Renaissance, Paris, 1996, pp. 10946. Several poets wrote poems on the mignons and anonymous poems were also written: see *Anonymous poems and poets - French, *Du Bellay, *Ronsard, *L'Estoile (who transcribed poems in his diary), *Aubigné. See also the article the "Sexual Outlaw in France, 1605" by Donald Stone, Journal of the History of Sexuality, vol. 2 no. 4 (1992), 597-608, on the book Les Hermaphrodites (1605). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Duroc, Homosexuels et lesbiennes illustrés, 182-84. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity ; name spelt "Henry". Gay Poetry Anthologies. Pour tout l'amour des hommes, 56-57: sonnets by *Ronsard; 83, an epigram apparently by the maréchal de Saint-Luc. Translator possibly from the Netherlands from Russian to Dutch; critic in Dutch. Active from 1983. The translator of the Russian poet *Pereleshin into Dutch titled Gedichten (Leiden, 1983), 30 pages, and Drie vanderlandanden, 1986 (rare: 40 copies only printed). As a critic see Verbannen muze, fifteen essays on Russian emigre writers (Leiden, 1990) which includes essays on *Ivanov, *Steiger and Pereleshin. He was responsible for getting Pereleshin's manuscripts into the University of Leiden. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1890-1971. Educated at *Oxford and an oficer in World War One. Herbert, George One of the *metaphysical poets, Herbert's poetry is strongly religious with sexual undertones in his poems addressed to *Christ; see also the poems "Affliction", "The Collar", "Love" (cited below). A graduate of *Cambridge, he was a priest from 1630 to 1633. He married in 1629 after the death of his mother to whom he was close. See also John Donne. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 195-96: the poem "Love". City in Italy where Latin and Greek were spoken. Material of relevance dates from ca. 90 B.C. The city is near *Naples. Latin was the spoken language but educated Romans in the ancient world were bilingual and spoke Greek. *Philodemus (110 B.C.-ca. 40), who wrote in Greek and part of whose library survives lived there; see also *Lucius Calpurnius Piso, possibly his lover. (On books and Herculaneum see "Herculaneum" in Lexikon des gesamten Buchwesens, second edition.) The city, which, in 79 A.D. was by the sea (it is now slightly inland), was buried in the eruption of Mt Vesuvius in 79 A.D. Because of the eruption, its houses were sealed and it was only excavated in the eighteenth century. The town was possbly a Greek colony and certainly had a Greek character with many luxurious villas. A large amount of homoerotic statuary and frescos were discovered in these villas and are now in the National Museum at Naples: they show the context in which the poetry was composed. The philosopher *Epicurus is associated with the city. Hercules, also spelt Heracles and Herakles Myth in Greek from Greece; trope in Greek and English. From 270 B. C. Greek. In Theocritus's "Idyll 13" *Hercules is in love with a youth *Hylas whose name, spelt *loläus, was used for the title of the first English gay anthology (see also Idyll 22). *Rictor Norton in The Homosexual Literary Tradition discusses gay literature in terms of the Hercules-Hylas story; he outlines his thesis, pp. 1-5; on p. 5 he refers to the story occurring in Apollonius Rhodius' Argonautica iii, 114 ff. (In traditional mythology, a nymph seizes the young companion of Hercules, Hylas, and drags him away.) For the artistic depiction see * Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae vol. 4, part i, pp. 728-83 (Herakles) and the plates. In *Renaissance European art, especially sculpture, depiction of Hercules is often an excuse to portray the naked male body, and frequently, as in the theme of Hercules and Antaeus, two naked bodies wrestling. See F. Brommer, Herakles, 2 volumes, Köln, 197984. Hercules thus came to represent the beautiful male. Herakles is the transliteration of the Greek spelling of *Hercules. The word "Herakles" appears in the modern Greek gay dictionary of *Elias Petropoulos meaning "woman". English: see 'Christopher Marlowe; Woods, Articulate Flesh: Male Homo-eroticism and Modern Poetry, 48-50. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionnaire Gay. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amour bleu, 46-48. Graves, Greek Myths, volume 2, 227-32. Buffiere, Eros adolescent, 375-84. Sergent, Homosexuality in Greek Myth, 137-79, 155-56: citing sources as *Theocritus "Idyll 13" and the Argonautica of *Apollonius Rhodius, i, 1177-1357. Kindlers neues Literatur Lexikon vol.18: "Herakleis" (re a Greek *epic poem on him of the fifth century). Translator from Greek to German from Germany. 1744-1803. The * National Union Catalog entry *Anthologia Graeca under the German entries lists a translation, first published in 1801, of the Greek poems of this work in 196 pages by him. He was mainly a prose writer. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: Die Männerliebe der Griechen, 69: comments on Greek *friendship; 82-88: trans. of *Anacreon; 132: trans. of *Anonymous poet from Greek. loläus (1906), 208-09. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 114-15. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 189: biog. note which states that in his prose he immortalized Greek culture and friendship cults. Criticism. Weindel, L'Homosexualité en Allemagne, 271-72; stated to be a German critic who was a close friend of *Goethe. Anthropologist and bibliographer from the United States writing in English. Born 1949. Gilbert Herdt did research from 1974 on Sambian culture in Papua New Guinea where boys are initiated for ten years with rituals involving ritualized homosexuality. He is the author of Guardians of the Flute, 1981, which has detailed discussion of Sambian ritualized homosexuality (see review by Jadran Mimica in Mankind vol.13 no. 3, April 1982, 287-88); see pp. 5-6 for a list of references in relation to *ritualized homosexuality in Australian Aboriginal languages. He was the editor also of Rituals of Manhood, 1982 (see review in Oceania vol. 54 no. 2, 1983, 165-66 by Jadran Mimica), and Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia, 1984 (see review Gay Books Bulletin no. 12 [Spring-Summer 1985], 31-330): both are collections of essays discussing male *initiation ceremonies in Papua New Guinea. These works have explored male homosexual ceremonies involving *chants and *songs in Eastern highlands tribes. As Jadran Mimica points out in his review, ritualized homosexuality is only one form of homosexuality in the tribes discussed and other forms exist. See Barry Adam's remarks in "Age, Structure and Sexuality" in Journal of Homosexuality vol.11 no. 3-4, Summer 1985, 25-29 for a concise summary of Herdt's achievement. Sambia sexual culture: essays from the field was published by him in 1999. Formerly assistant Professor of Anthrolology at Stanford University, he works at the University of Chicago and in 1992 was doing work on *Aids. See also "Representations of *Homosexuality", Journal of the History of Sexuality vol.1 no. 3 (January 1991), 481-504 (discussion of George Devereux article: see *Songs - Mohave) and Journal of the History of Sexuality vol. 1 no. 4 (1991), 603-32 (on *typology of homosexuality). Editor of Gay Culture in America: Essays from the Field, 1992, a collection of anthropological articles on contemporary United States gay culture. He is a leading contributor to the *social constructionist controversy. Third Sex, Third Gender, 1996, edited by him is a collection of essays by *Gert Hekma, *Will Roscoe and others on the idea of a third sex. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Tyrkus, Gay and Lesbian Biography. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. References. Herdt, Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia, 1-81: discussion of ritualized homosexuality in Melanesia 1862-1983. Murray, Oceanic Homosexualities, 33-68. Geraci, Dares to Speak, 11-33: interview. Here to Dare: 10 Gay Black poets Anthology in English from the United States. New York: Galiens Press, 1991, 160 pp. Compiled by *Assotto Saint (pseud.) this is an anthology of emerging *black gay poets of variable quality; biographical information is given before each poet's poems. See "An Open Letter to Black Men" pp. 138-39 by *Don Charles for the conflicts faced by black gays. Poets (see entries): Djola Bernard Branner, Don Charles, David *Warren Frechette, Cary Alan Johnson, Steve Langley, Craig A Reynolds, Harold McNeil Robinson, Robert Westley, John D. Williams, Arthur T. Wilson. Reviews: James White Review vol. 10 no. 3 (Spring 1993), 16-17; Lambda Book Report vol. 3 no. 9 March 1993, 26-27 by Craig Allen Seymour. French critic, historian and anthologist from France writing in French; translator from Italian to French. 1848-1934. A major Greek scholar, he was the translator into French of the Italian writer *D'Annunzio and other writers. Using the pseudonym *L. R. de Pogey-Castries he wrote the most important book in French on ancient Greek homosexuality before *Félix Buffière: Histoire de l'amour grec (History of Greek Love) (1930; repr. 1952, 1980). This work translates the 1847 German article by *M. H. E. Meier on ancient Greek *pederasty (see *paiderastia) incorporating the footnotes into the text and adding additional material, including a section on Rome (pp. 185-200), which has a discussion of the Latin poets *Virgil, *Horace, *Catullus and *Tibullus (see pp. 187-94) and a section on Christian law (pp. 199-200). He also translated from Greek into French a selection of ancient Greek poetry in Appendix II, pp. 234-74. Poets included in this appendix are put into three sections; biographical and critical notes are included. In Section One, Elegaic, *Lyric and *Bucolic Poets, the poets are: *Solon, *Theognis, *Ibycus, *Anacreon, *Pindar, *Phanocles, *Theocritus ("Idyll 23"). In Section Two, Epigrammatists, the poets are: *Artemon, *Adaios, *Asclepiades, *Callimachus, *Rhianus, *Posidippus, *Alcaeus of Messina, *Dioscorides, *Meleager, Diodorus (Palatine Anthology vi 122). In Section Three, Christian Era, the poets are: *Marcus Argentarius, *Automedon, Lucilius (Palatine Anthology xi 139), *Straton, *Rufinus, *Agathias Scholasticus, *Anonymous. This is in effect a French homosexual anthology. Appendix 4, pp. 282-91, is on ancient Greek *Law; Appendix 6, pp. 303-12 is a vocabulary of ancient Greek homowords. *Georges Hérelle was a teacher of philosophy who became a translator of Italian writers, including *D'Annunzio, after a visit to Italy in 1891 (a photo of him and D'Annunzio in 1895 appears in Annamaria Andreolli, Gabriele D'Annunzio, Florence, 1987, p. 126). His manuscripts at the Bibliothèque de Troyes, France, are of the greatest importance, containing much unpublished material on homosexuality; they have been assessed by *Claude Courouve who has made an annotated catalogue which he has on computer (a copy was supplied to this author). The manuscripts are listed in the Catalogue General des Manuscrits des Bibliotheques publiques de France, volume LXIII (1984), 2nd Supplement, pp. 936-291. The author of this encyclopedia visited the Bibliothèque de Troyes twice in 1989 to assess the manuscripts. Important manuscripts are: numbers 3170: literary memoirs; 3171: literary correspondence (some with *Gide); 3173: travel notes to Europe and Algeria, 1865-1921 ; 3175: a geography of homosexuality; 3176 (or 3177): Lexikon, 1924 - a very important dictionary of Greek words for homosexuality with French translations (being edited for publication by Marc Thibault); 3177 (or 3176?): list of gods and men who gave themselves to Greek love in ancient Greek and Latin writings; 3178: catalogue of 758 books given to the library of Troyes by Hérelle 1921-28; 3188: Nouvelles Etudes sur l'amour grec (New studies on Greek love) - 2,000 pages discussing homosexuality from ancient Greece to modern times with many references to European history and to poetry (incorporated in this encyclopedia as Hérelle manuscript 3188), and revealing knowledge of *Heinrich Hossli (f. 417) as well as stating Hitler was homosexual (f. 455) and references to poetry (incorporated in this encyclopedia as Hérelle manuscript 3405). Although Hérelle gave many books to the Troyes Library, it seems - from the list of works presented - that none of them were on homosexuality, though his extensive research and records suggest that he was a collector of gay books and had a large library which may have been dispersed on his death. In addition to the manuscripts, R196 is a collection of photographs, mainly of youths photographed by the gay photographer Von Gloeden. This collection of material is the largest collection of the manuscripts of a gay researcher to survive in a public library. Biography. Lucien Morel-Payen, Geroges Herelle: traducteur de Gabriele d'Annunzio, Troyes, 1929, 18 pp. (the author Lucien Morel-Payen was the librarian of the Bibliothèque de Troyes). See also Lucien Morel-Payen, "Georges Hérelle: traducteur de Gabriele D'Annunzio et des romanciers italiens", in Atti del primo congresso mondiale delle Biblioteche e di Bibliografia , volume 3 (Rome, 1931), pp. 239-42 (with bibl. of Herelle's translation). These works reveal Hérelle was initially a teacher of philosophy at Vitry-le-Francois (1876-80), Eveux (1885-87) and Bayonne in France and then a translator of Italian and Spanish writers from 1893 when he visited Italy (which seems to have had a liberating effect on him and marks a turning point in his life). A book on the Palatine Anthologie, with the author's name given as Charles des Guerrois, Etude sur l'anthologie grècque, Troyes, 1896, is believed to be authored by him. Poet from Germany writing in German. Born 1957. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Milchsilber, 54; biog., 199 with photo. Poet and critic from New Zealand writing in English; he lived in Australia for many years. Born 1955. He was born in Papakura, New Zealand. * Satires, Event-Horizon: 85 Johnston Street, Fitzroy, 1988, 52 pages, is a brilliant poetry sequence featuring homosexual *anal sex amongst other themes. His first book, Richard Lancaster Jones, 1981,12 pages, is based on an incident narrated by *Salvador Novo (in his prose memoir in the anthology * Now the Volcano); it has a cover featuring a man holding a gun to his mouth, based on a famous sequence in Jean Genet's film Un Chant d'Amour. Satires is one of the finest gay sequences published in Australia, and indeed in English, in the 1980s. Criticism by the author includes "The Body of Federico *Garcia Lorca" in Campaign no. 39 (August 1986), 22-23, a major discussion of Lorca's poetry in gay terms and "Reflections: on Male Homosexuality", a fine essay in Antithesis vol. 5 no. 1-2 (1992), 92-110. Broadsheet poems: "Filling Our mouths", Event-Horizen, 1989, and "Exile-Track", Event-Horizen, 1989. He has also written The Body of Man, 1992, a selection of poetry and prose and is the author of filmscript of Squeeze (1981), a New Zealand gay film. Poems appeared in the New Zealand gay anthology, Best Mates, edited by *Peter Wells; see the biographical note p. 285. In 1999 he lived in Auckland. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Hurley, Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia. Oxford Companion to New Zealand Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Dessaix, Australian Gay and Lesbian Writing, 61-64 (selection from Satires); biog., 376. When Two Men Embrace, 33: "The Rain in Spain", a poem set in Toldeo; biog., 47. Pseudonym relating to a poet in French from France. 1844-1896. Pseudonym used by *Verlaine to publish Les Amies, a sonnet sequence about *lesbianism, published in 1868 in Brussels: see the Verlaine entry under bibliographies for details. The name was printed on the book and was assumed to be the name of the publisher since the words "par le licencié" (by the publisher) were printed under the title (see Pia, Les Livres de l'Enfer, column 25); however, this information was designed to deceive. The book was seized by the French police. Bibliographies. Pia, Les Livres de l'Enfer, in the index at the end of volume 2; see also the four references here - to columns 25, 948, 967 (the name Pablo de Herlangez used on a copy of Verlaine's Œuvres libres, dated 1868, but really published in 1930), 970. Critic from the United States writing in English. Active 1976. Author of "The 'Sin against Nature' and its Echoes In *Medieval French Literature", Annuale Mediaevale, 17 (1976), 70-87, a seminal article on homosexuality in medieval French literature: see * Eneas, *Du Sot chevalier, *Roman de Renart, *De Prestre et du chevalier, *Marie de France. Attitudes to *sodomy expressed in there works were of horror and condemnation. Myth, trope and word in Greek from ancient Greece and later in Latin, Sanskrit, French, Italian, Portuguese and English. From 200 B. C. The condition of having both male and female sexual organs. The word comes from *Hermaphroditus; it is a combination of *Hermes and Aphrodite (the Greek goddess of love). Several animal species are hermaphroditic, but the condition is rare in humans. A famous classical sculpture in the Louvre called "The Sleeping Hermaphrodite" is an example of such a figure in art. Hermaphroditic sculptures appear also in Hindu art. For the ancient artistic depiction see the entry in * Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae in volume 5, part 1 and the plates. By extension the word refers to the concept of a person capable of male and female sexuality, hence bisexual or capable of being both active and passive sexually and therefore both homosexual and heterosexual. *Androgyne is another word for hermaphrodite and, in this sense, became a trope in gay poetry. Reference book: see Marie Delcourt, Hermaphrodite (in French), 1958; (English trans. 1961). English. See *Thomas Randolph re *Francis beaumont; see Eighteenth Century Life, vol. 9 no. 3 (May 1985), 135 and 163, footnote 12 where *Pope is cited calling *Addison and Steele "a couple of H------s" (the word unspelled probably being hermaphrodite, with implications of homosexuality; the word could not be "homosexuals" since this word was not invented at the time). See also *George Moore, *David Jones. French. See Dynes, Homosexuality: A Reserach Guide, item 763: re the book L'lsle des Hermaphrodites (1605), a prose *satire on the court of the gay French king *Henri III (copy sighted: *Enfer collection, Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris), *Béranger; see *Anonymous poets - French. Greek: see 'Bathhouses. Italian: see Donatella di Meglis, L'Invisible confine, Rome, 1990, Chapter 5, "Poesia e filosofia", 73-96; bibl. 151-56. Latin: see *Peter Riga, *Antonio Beccadelli, *F. K. Forberg. Portuguese: *Eugenio de Castro. Sanskrit: *Shiva is frequently depicted in art as an hermaphrodite. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Sexual Behaviour, volume 1, 472: "Hermaphroditism" by John Money. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 530-32. Ullstein Enzyklopädie der Sexualität. Gay Histories and Cultures : see "Hermaphroditism". Bibliographies. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, 621-23. Myth and trope in Greek from ancient Greece and later in English and Latin. From 200 B.C. In the *Hellenistic period, Hermaphroditus was a double-sexed creature, the son of the Greek goddess of love, Aphrodite, and *Hermes; his name combines those of both parents. As a double-sexed creature, both male and female, Hermaphroditus is capable of taking the female role in love making, explaining the homosexual aspects of his character. *Ovid, in the Metamorphoses, tells the story of the union in one body of Hermaphroditus and the nymph Salamacis. Compare *Androgyne and see also *Overview - Southeast Asia. English: see *Beaumont, *Shelley, *Swinburne. Latin: *Ovid, Metamorphoses iv, 285-388; *Martial; it is the title of a book by *Antonio Beccadelli. Bibliography: see Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, vol.7, part 1, 471-670; this is an annotated bibliography of over 2000 items mostly in German with some items in French, some in Latin, some in Italian arranged alphabetically by the medical doctor Franz von Neugebauer. It is continued in volumes 14 (pp. 278-96) and 16. See also *Hermaphrodite. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 502. Encyclopaedia of Sexual Behaviour, vol. 1, 472-84. Graves, Greek Myths, 68. Ullstein Enzyklopädie der Sexualität. Myth and trope in Greek from Greece and later in Latin and English from 300 B.C. The messenger of the gods, Hermes has traditionally been depicted in European art as a naked youth, sometimes with winged heels and a helmet. The most famous depiction in art is a bronze by Giovanni da Bologna in the Bargello Museum, *Florence (ca. 1565) which has been endlessly replicated in smaller bronzes. He is thus an icon of the beautiful male. As a peserver of health, he has become the emblem for the European medical profession. Greek. He appears in a homosexual context in poetry in the *Anacreontea (323 B.C.-900) and in *Nonnus's Dionysiaca (e. g. x 334-37). See also *Hermes Trismegistus (Hermes thrice great). Latin. He is called Mercury; see *Martial. English: see J. C.Squire. Compare *Cupbearer. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary. Figure in myth and trope in Egyptian from Egypt (and later English) from 1000 B.C.; also, traditionally, a scribe. The name given by the Greeks to the Egyptian god Thoth, the god of wisdom, learning and literature; the first word comes from the Greek *Hermes, "messenger". To him, as scribe of the gods, was attributed the authorship of all sacred books. Most Hermetic literature has perished. For the ancient artistic depiction see the entry in * Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae in volume 5, part 1 and the plates. In English *Aleister Crowley used him in his magical rituals involving homosexuality; see *Francis King, Magical World of Aleister Crowley, 1977, 83. See also *Magic and *Hermetic (that is, secret) readings. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary. Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Hermetic and secret readings of poems and secret languages Hermetic readings are secret readings not obvious to the reader. There is no rational way of detecting the meaning unless some secret knowledge is imparted to the reader. They exist from ca. 544 B.C. with the first gay *riddle in poetry in Greek. Poems with hermetic readings exist later in English, French, Italian, Hebrew, Arabic, Persian, Turkish, Arabic, Chinese, Japanese, and Tibetan. (Compare *allegory.) Hermetic comes from *Hermes Trismegistus and the word relates also to *magic. Such readings have flourished in times of persecution of homosexuals. *Color words are a form of hermetics. English: see *Riddles (from ca. 544 B.C.), *Aleister Crowley, *William Plomer. The entry *Words - English lists words known only to gays which might be used in a poem (see also Words - Arabic etc. for hermetic words in other languages). French: see *Villon. Hebrew: see *Kabbala; poems are strongly suspected in Hebrew. Arabic. Persian and Turkish: see *Sufism. Arabic. See Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, pp. 194 and 196. See also *Coded/ Indirect language for Chinese. Japanese and Italian. Tibetan: see *Overview - Tibetan. See also *Scribes. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. See "Hermeneutics and Hermeticism" in New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics. Meter in English from Great Britain and the United States from ca. 1700. An heroic couplet is a pair of rhymed lines of iambic pentameter (with five strong stresses to each line and five weak stresses alternating weak, strong). It is a standard meter for much eighteenth century English poetry and was especially used by *Dryden and Pope; see also *George Crabbe, * The Parson and His Clerk, *Sodom and Onan, *Sodom, or the Quintessence of Debauchery, *Kenneth Hopkins. Heroic poems are poems with a male as hero or the main person in the poem. They date from ca. 1200 B.C. in written foem in the Hittite version of*Gilgamesh with direct homosexual reference (though the Sumerian fragments of*Gilgamesh from Iraq date from before 2000 B.C). Heroic poems are usually called *epics. They are a major surviving poetic genre in the world; their importance lies in the fact that the qualities of the hero or heroes in the poem exemplified values which enabled the nation which produced them to survive. Many - such as the *Mahabharata and the *Manas epic - are also encyclopedia works which contain direct reference to physical homosexuality. The earliest were composed orally and only later written and many - such as the * Manas epic the world's longest literary work - are still recited orally as are the * Mahabharata and the *Ramayana in India. Primarily composed by males, they were addressed mainly to males in many cultures (this is not to say that women did not form part of their audience - or indeed were not major characters in them and *feminism in literature dates from these works). They show very considerable feelings of *homosexuality in the close *male bonding invariably depicted in them. Considerable interaction between heroic poems in different languages has occurred at the meeting points of adjoining cultures e.g. Greek and Serbo-Croatian in the Balkans, Persian and surrounding Turkish speaking areas in west Asia and, in the * Mahabharata and the *Ramayana both of which exist in many Indian languages. There are connections between central Asian material (e.g., in Turkish) and Balkans material, e.g. in Serbo-Croat (see Alfred Bates Lord, Epic Singers and Oral Tradition, 1991, Chapter 13, pp. 211-244) showing that the material of these poems can be widely dispersed and the first known heroic poem, * Gilgamesh, survives in three disparate languages. Heroic poems were widely dispersed over Europe from Russia to Ireland in the *Middle Ages. Outstanding heroic poems are * Gilgamesh, *Homer's Iliad, the * Mahabharata and *Ramayana, Firdausi's * Shahnama and * Beowulf and the * Manas epic but the principle of heroic action exemplifying ideal human behavior goes through these works in all cultures in which they exist. Poems based on heroes are also of major importance in *African languages: see *Epics, *Praise poems, *Oral epics - African languages (see also Oinas, Heroic Epic and Saga, pp. -336-68: "African Heroic Epic"). Only a selection of heroic poems are listed here; for other languages consult the references under Dictionaries at the end. Hittite. Akkadian. Sumerian: see *Gilgamesh which survives nearly complete in Akkadian and where the Hittite version has elaborate homoexual puns, while Sumerian fragments which date from before 2000 B.C. show close male bonding; Arabic: see the entry The Saga of the Banu Hilal in the article "Hilal" in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition (see also "Hilal" in Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition). This work is being recorded and translated by UNESCO. Greek: see *Achilles and Patroclus, *Homer. Sanskrit: see * Mahabharata, *Ramayana; translations exist in many *Indian languages, the languages of southeast Asia and Indonesia and latterly 'European languages. Bulgarian: material exists - see Oinas, Heroic Epic and Saga, 236 and Alfred Bates Lord, Epic Singers and Oral Tradition, p. 199, pp. 195-210; see also *Laszlo Nagy. English: see * Beowulf; German: see *Nibelungenlied. Kirghiz: see *Manas epic; Macedonian: material exists - see Oinas, Heroic Epic and Saga, p. 236; Persian: see *Firdausi. Russian: see *byliny. Serbo-Croat: see *Oral epics - Albanian, Macedonian, Montenegrin, Serbo-Croat, Ukrainian. Turkish: a long tradition of *Oral epics exists (see Oinas, Heroic Epic and Saga, pp. 310-35); see also *Book of Dede Korut. Oral poems on the Turkish hero Koroghlu exist (see "Koroghlu" in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition). German: see *Nibelungenlied. Felix J. Oinas, Heroic Epic and Saga, 1978, surveys fifteen epic traditions (with important and comprehensive bibliographies). On the concept of the hero see Joseph Campbell, The Hero with a Thousand Faces (second edition, 1968) and Robert A. Segal and others, In Quest of the Hero, 1990. See also *long poems and *Christine Downing for theoretical discussion. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion: "Hero"; includes bibl. Oinas, Heroic Epic and Saga: the whole work is relevant. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1591-1674. A noted lyric poet, Herrick's poems are in the *epigram form, modelled on *Martial. His Hesperides (1648) contains translations of *Martial and the * Planudean Anthology, and some offensive poems. See various poems written to *Cupid (e.g., "Upon Love" in Poetical Works, Oxford, 1915, p. 203), employing the *Eros motif; also see "To a *friend", "True Friendship". A graduate of Cambridge, he lived as a priest in the country. Much poetry is heterosexual in ambience, e.g., many poems are written to Julia. See *Gershon Legman, The Limerick, 1974, pp. xxv-vii, on sexual and *scatological *insult in his *limericks. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionaries. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 100 "To Music, to becalm a sweet-sick-youth". Poet from Germany writing in German. Active 1992. Book: Herzflekken, 92 pp., 1992. Source of information: 'Prinz Eisenherz (editors), Lyrik . Poet from Germany writing in German. Active 1979. See Jens Hass. Critic of Norse poetry writing in German; he was from Norway. Active ca. 1902. See the article in the Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, vol. 4 (1902), 244-63, titled "Spuren von Kontrasexualitat bei den alten Skandinaviern" (published anonymously titled in German "by a Norwegian scholar"). This is the first study of male homosexuality in relation to old Norse. It discusses poetry in *Locasenna and Sigurdharkvidha (as spelt in the article pp. 250-51). His real name was found by Raimund Wolfert who discusses him in two articles, one in Norwegian, the other in German. See "Ebbe Hertzberg om homofili hos vikingene" in L0vetann no. 4 of 1999, 20-22 (in Norwegian) and "Ebbe Hertzberg und die 'Spuren von Kontrösexualität bei den alten Skandinaviern'" in Capri no. 27 (December 1999), 18-23 (in German). Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Active 1873. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1776: The Taking of Alba and Other Poems and Translations, London, 1873. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reade, Sexual Heretics, 141-42: "Song" from The Taking of Alba. Hidden Heritage, 188-89: same poem - a daring homosexual love poem. Lover and autobiographer in English from Great Britain. 1696-1743. "This world consists of men, women and Herveys" said Lady Mary Wortley Montague (a remark also credited to *Horace Walpole). Lord Hervey was Vice-Chamberlain to King George II and, though the father of eight children, was also the lover on an Englishman, Stephen Fox (later Lord Ilchester), and a beautiful Italian man, *Francesco Algarotti, who wrote poetry. On his life see Robert Halsbrand, Lord Hervey: Eighteenth Century Courtier, Oxford, 1974, which quotes the above remark in the Introduction. Lord Hervey was the model for the homosexual *Sporus in *Alexander Pope's Epistle to Dr. Arbuthnot (lines 305 ff): see Chapter 10 of Halsbrand's biography. Autobiography: Some Materials Towards the Reign of George II, edited R. Sedgwick, 1931. See the article Lord John Hervey, Supplement to Body Politic no. 23, April 1976, 1-2. Poet from Germany writing in German. Born 1947. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Milchsilber, 43-45; biog. 191 (with a photo of the poet). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 249; note: his surname is given as "Frank-Birger") Bibliographer, historian, critic and biographer from Germany writing in German. Born 1949. He compiled the German language bibliography Bibliographie zur Homosexualität, covering non literary works from 1466 to 1975, Berlin: *Verlag rosa Winkel, 1982, 256 pages. This is the most comprehensive non literary German bibliography to date; it includes critical works but literature, including poetry, is excluded. (On page 256 the author states a proposed second volume on literature is envisaged.) Some Latin items are included, e.g. 0019. Bibliographie zur Homosexualität lists works by year from 1466 to 1975. Items 0001 to 0015 cover the years 1466-1700; 0016-0058 cover the years 1700-1800; 0059-0427 cover the years 1800-1900 and 0428-3300 cover the years 1900-1975 so that by far the majority of items are from 1900 onward. Some items are annotated but mostly it lists books (though without page references to the homosexual content that justified the book's inclusion or any comment on the book as a whole). The work is based on the great German bibliographical tradition starting with Hayn, Gotendorf, * Bibliotheca Germanorum Erotica (see *Bibliography - German). Appendix I contains a List of German homosexual *journals and Appendix II is a List of homosexual bibliographies (pp. 221-22). There is a subject index; see under Dichtung (poetry) in this for poetry entries. A name index is also included (but does not include pseudonyms). A preliminary list of the bibliography, with authors listed alphabetically, is in Joachim S. Hohmann, Der unterdruckte Sexus, 1977, pp. 171-95. In Berlin von Hinten, edited by Bruno Gmünder and Christian von Maltzahn, 1981, Manfred Herzer has written a survery of gay *Berlin from 1800: "Liebe und Vernunft der Urninge", pp. 7-37. Similarly in Berlin von Hintern 83/84, edited by Bruno Gmünder and C. von Maltzahn he has written a survey of Berlin 1945-70: "Auferstanden aus Ruinen", pp. 24-36. He has two articles in *Eldorado surveying German gay writers in Berlin in the nineteenth century; the article, pp. 93-96, is on Berlin and gay literature in the nineteenth century and that on pp. 97-101 is on gay literature in the first third of the twentieth century. His critical and historical writings are uniformly well written with concise information well researched. He is one of the leading German gay researchers and lives in *Berlin with his partner. In 1992 he published a biography of *Magnus Hirschfeld: Magnus Hirschfeld; Leben und Werk eines jüdischen, schwulen und sozialistischen Sexologen. Criticism. Eldorado, 93-101: see below. Goodbye to Berlin?: he wrote many articles in this work; see the contents page and index. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1975. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 672: poem *"Cruising", dated 1975 and first published in * Gay Sunshine. Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. Born 700 B.C. His poem The Shield of Hercules is relevant. (Some ancient authors have denied that The Shield is by Hesiod.) Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 510-11. Bibliographies. Courouve, Ces petits grecs, 21: citing Works and Days 327-28 and 733-36. Criticism. Brandt, Sittengeschichte griechenlands, volume 2, 178-80. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 463: re his long poem The Shield of Heracles referring to *Hercules and *Hylas, and stating that, according to *Suidas, Hesiod loved a youth named Batrachus, on whose death he had written an *elegy. Buffiere, Eros adolescent, 659. Poet from the Netherlands writing in Dutch. Born 1946. Gay Poetry Anthologies. David heeft ook een achterkant, 15-16; biog 59: a freelance journalist. Het huis dat vriendschap heet: mannerlijke Homoseksualiteit in de twintigste-eeuswe Nederlandse literatur Anthology in Dutch from the Netherlands. Amsterdam: B. V. Uitgeversmaatschappij, 1985, 399 pages. A mixed anthology of twentieth century Dutch gay poetry and prose arranged chronologically starting with *P. C. Boutens and compiled by *Ron Mooser with a critical introduction pp. 13-37. It is an excellent selection of poetry for the poets included. Poets (see entries): P. C. Boutens, Jacob Israel de Haan, Jaap Harten, Gerrit Komrij, Hans Lodeizen, Willem de Mérode, Gerard Reve, Hans Warren. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1996. Book of poems: To Collect the Flesh, St. Paul, MN: New Rivers Press, 1996 (see the advertisement in James White Review vol. 13 no. 4, Fall 1996, 20 and review in the same issue p. 23). Poems include a meditation on Mantegna's painting of *St. Sebastian, an *ode on a penis and a poem on the "love affair" between George Washington and Alexander Hamilton. Lover from Great Britain relating to English. Born 1917. A documented *lover of *W. H. Auden: see interview in The Sydney Morning Herald, Good Weekend, 1 June, 1991, pp. 34 ff.; this includes a poem Auden wrote to him 31 December 1938, "Oh beautiful city of Brussels". He was also the boyfriend of James Kirkup: see the latter's A Poet Could Not But Be Gay, London, 1991, p. 154, where he is stated to be "my Gateshead chorus-boy friend". Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1982. See the article on him in The Advocate no. 336, 18 February 1982, by Greg Day where he is said to be a *San Francisco gay disabled poet-playwright. Book of poems: The Careless Days, 1989, 12 pp. (favorably reviewed James White Review vol. 7 no. 4, p. 19). T ranslator from English to German from Germany. 1878-1914. He translated the English poet *Marlowe's EdwardII, Leipzig: Insel-Verlag, 1912. Author of several volumes of poetry, 1898-1907, he was a connoisseur of art and a founder of the periodical for bibliophiles, Die Insel (1899-1902). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature . Poet from Germany who wrote in German. 1930-1914. One of the *Munich school of poets, he was the older personal friend of *E. Giebel. He wrote the drama * Hadrian, Berlin, 1864 (noted in Weindel, L'Homosexualité en Allemagne, p. 272). He won the *Nobel Prize for Literature in 1910. Anthology. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Criticism. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, vol. 21, no. 1-2 (January and April 1921), 86-87: quotes his poem beginning "Suss ist das Haben". Criticism. Eldorado, 95: states he is an important poet who wrote many works with gay persons and with gay themes. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Active 1918. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1789: The Greater Love. Poems of Remembrance, London: Elkin Mathews, 1919. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 77, 95, 174-75 ("A Man's Man" - "My *comrade still in death - I loved him so."); biog,. 237. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Ca. 1574-1641. A dramatist who wrote many plays; about twenty survive including The Escapes of Jupiter. Little is known of his life. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Handbook of Elizabethan and Stuart Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 158-61: "Jupiter and *Ganymede" - a dialogue between the two. Anthropologist from Australia writing in English. Born ca.1935. See his "Secret Pseudo-Procreation Rites Among the Australian Aborigines" in Les Hiatt, editor, Anthropology in Oceania, Sydney, 1971, pp. 77-88. This is a major article on Australian Aboriginal ceremonies, showing the influence of *Geza Roheim, and arguing that pseudoprocreation is a key feature of aboriginal *initiation ceremonies in such tribes as the Aranda and the Walpiri in which, in the mica ceremony, the penis of the male is incised to resemble a vagina and that there are homosexual aspects to many tribal initiations. (Since the male becomes a female symbolically in these ceremonies he may be thought of as *bisexual at this time). He lectured at the University of Sydney in the Anthropology Department until retirement ca. 1994. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1994. His Rituals: Poetry and Prose, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1994, contains gay poems and the poet seems to be in drag on the cover. An *Afro-american poet. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gents, Bad Boys, and Barbarians, 87-92; biog., 86. Poet from the United States writing in English. 1934-1991. See The Advocate 13 May, 1982, 25. A *West coast gay poet. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1792: * Tiresias I:9:B Great Slave Lake Suite, Santa Monica, CA: Momentum, 1980. 112 pp. (Copy held: John Willis collection.) Gay Poetry Anthlogies. Word of Mouth, 167-73. Hidden Heritage: History and the Gay Imagination: An Anthology Anthology in English from the United States. New York: Avocation Publishers, 1979, 323 pages. Some copies have the date of publication 1980 pasted over the 1979 date. A combined poetry and prose anthology compiled by *Bryne Fone. It is mostly prose; Introduction pp. vii-xviii and personal afterword pp. 318-23. A *gay liberation anthology, historically centered, and attempting to put the events of gay liberation in perspective, it is an excellent and scholarly introduction to gay poetry in *European languages. In five sections: 1, "Arcadia: The Greek Experience" pp. 386; 2, "The Great God *Pan is Dead" pp. 89-123; 3, *"Middle Ages and *Renaissance" pp. 127-160; 4, 'The *Eighteenth and *Nineteenth Centuries" pp. 163-3; 5, *"Twentieth Century", pp. 164 to 323. Poets and persons associated with poetry (see entries): Peter Abelard, D. S. Bailey, Richard Barnfield, Eric Bentley, E. F. M. Benecke, Francis William Bourdillon, Horatio F. Brown, Lord Byron, Edward Carpenter, K. J. Dover, David and Jonathan, Lord Alfred Douglas, Havelock Ellis, Byrne Fone, André Gide, Lord Francis Hervey, Hilary, Homer, Charles Kains-Jackson, Hans Licht (pseud.), Christopher Marlowe, Xavier Mayne (pseud.), Michelangelo, George Moore, John Gambril Nicholson, Walter Pater, Plato, Marc-André Raffalovich, Rennell Rodd, Frederick Rolfe, William Shakespeare, Sodom and Gomorrah, Symposium, John Addington Symonds, Theocritus, Uranian Poets, Valerius Maximus, Richard Wagner, Johann Gottfried von Herder, Walt Whitman, Oscar Wilde. Prose writers have not been included in the preceding list except when they wrote poetry. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1288: New York: Avocation Publishers, 1979. Genre in Arabic Persian, Turkish and Urdu from ca. 700. Often translated as *satire, this term means in Arabic "curse, invective, diatribe". Frequently poets in the languages mentioned accused each other of homosexuality e.g., Jarir and *al-Farazdaq. The Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition article, is the place to start on detailed research on this genre in relation to homosexuality. *Oral poems in the languages are relevant. See also the entries for *Satire - Arabic, *Satire - Persian. Hiegentlich, Jacob Gay Poetry Anthologies. Naar vriendscaap zulk een mateloos verlangen, 68-70: poem "Sonnet" from the journal Helikon vol. 2 no. 2. (1932) and two poems from Helikon vol. 6 no. 1 (1936) (journals cited on p. 118). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 299. Hierodoulia and Kadesh (also called Qedishim) Concept in religion related to sexual behavior in Akkadian in Israel and Egyptian in Egypt from 716 B.C. and in Canaanite languages and Syriac. The practice probably did not last beyond the first centuries of the 'Christian era. Akkadian. Egyptian. Hierodouleia were male temple prostitutes who served the mother goddess innana; poems and *hymns relate to her cult need. For Akkadian see *"My hire goes to the promoter" (dated 716 B.C.). The Encyclopædia Britannica entry "Syrian and Palestinian religions" also discusses them; see p. 966. If having sex with a man, kadesh had to have either 'anal sex or 'fellatio. Sex with women was also involved. See also 'Prostitution - sacred. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Hastings, Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics : "Hierodouloi" (discussion relating to Babylonian - i.e. Akkadian - Sumerian [possible male prostitutes], Syrian, Phoenician and Punic, Arabian, Hebrew and Egyptian). Encyclopedia of Religion: "Hierodouleia". Canaanite languages (including Phoenician'). Kadeshim served in the Canaanite temples. Canaanite languages (see Encyclopedia of Homosexuality) include Hebrew, Moabite (which survives only in one inscription) and Phoenician; they are a Northern Central or Northwestern group of the 'Afro-Asiatic languages. Phoenician and Hebrew were dialects in the ancient world; on Phoenician see Queneau, Histoire des littératures, volume one, 277-91. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 191-2: "Canaanites" - this notes texts "are in a poetic language that is still being deciphered" (p.191) and Caananites were "those aspects of Syro-Palestinian culture" against which Hebraism defined itself. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion : see "Canaanite religions"; refers to prayers and liturgies, incantations and divinatory texts, p. 37; see poems especially to Baal trans. into English p. 41, 46, 53 (there are other poems included). Hebrew. Male prostitutes are referred to in 2 Kings, chapter 23 verse 7. They were abolished after the fall of the temple in Jerusalem 586 B. C. 'Hymns and 'prayers sung by them may be relevant. Edward Westermarck, A History of Human Marriage, London, 1921, 224, has detailed references. See also 'Allen Edwardes. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality : see "Kadesh". See the article "Cultic Prostitution" in Anchor Bible Dictionary, edited by David Freedman, New York, 1992, and "The male prostitute" under "Prostitution" in G. A. Buttrick, editor, The Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible, 1962, vol. 3, 933. Overall, compare 'Hijras (who show many similarities) and 'Eunuchs. It is possible the Indian custom of castration of males who became prostitutes goes back and connects with Hierodouleia. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Ullstein Enzyklopädie der Sexualität : see "Tempelprostitution". Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1972. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 1794-97: Amigo: A Sexual Odyssey, Barton, Vermont: Unpublished Editions, 1972, For Eugene in Germany, same place and publisher, 1973 (states it is bound with Cream Dreams by *Eugene Williams), Modular Poems, same place and publisher, 1974, Some Recent Snowflakes (and Other Things), New York: Printed Editions, 1979. Highly rated by *Ian Young. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gay Poetry, 6. Poet from Canada writing in English; he lives in Great Britain. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, first edition, item 1213: Owlscript: Scarborough, Ontario: *Catalyst, 1971. Homosexuality in Canada, first edition (1979), 10: see especially "The Boy Botticelli Painted" in Owlscript, Scarborough, Ontario, Catalyst,1971, 15 pp. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1798: same book Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (1984), 139: same book. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Male Muse, 49: poem "The Boy Botticelli Painted"; biog., 120 - states he lived in Canada many years where he published one book Owlscript but now lives in Lancashire, Great Britain. Historian and critic from the United States writing in English. Born 1906. Author of The Classical Tradition: Greek and Roman Influences on Western Literature, London and New York, 1949. This work is extremely important in tracing the influence of Greek and Latin poets and poetic modes (e. g., *ode and *pastoral) on later *European languages. It has very detailed contents pages. See Chapter 6 "The *Renaissance: Translation", Chapter 9 re *Pastoral, Chapter 11 *Shakespeare's classics, Chapter 12 "The Renaissance and afterwards: *Lyric Poetry". Check the index for individual authors e.g., *Leopardi, *Whitman. The author worked at Columbia University, New York. Homosexual poetry is not discussed directly. He wrote Juvenal The Satirist, Oxford, 1954 (with important annotated bibliography pp. 339-46, revealing, p. 339, that since 1800 well over one thousand books and articles have appeared; index of passages discussed pp. 364-73). This is a brilliant critical work on the Latin poet Juvenal, frankly discussing the homosexuality of his "Satire 2" (his discussion is titled "The Faerie Queenes") and "Satire 9". He also wrote the articles on Juvenal and *Persius in the Oxford Classical Dictionary. The National Union Catalog entry states he and Helen Highet translated *Otto Kiefer's Sexual Life in Ancient Rome, 1934, from German. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born ca. 1965. *New York poet. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gents, Bad Boys, and Barbarians, 95-99; biog., 94. Badboy Book, 141-44; biog., 386. Hijras, Transvestites and Singing and Dancing Boys - Indian languages Hijras are male *transvestites who sing and dance; they are normally *eunuchs, having had an operation in which their penis and testicles are removed. Many are homosexual *prostitutes and they exist in India, Pakistan and Afghanistan, singing songs in Hindi and other *Indian languages which are known from at least ca.1900. They sing songs for money (e.g., at weddings and the birth of babies). Bawdy songs are also sung; a song is quoted p. 2 of Serena Nanda, Neither Man nor Woman: The Hijras of India, 1989 (this work also has a bibliography). Languages in which they perform from Nanda's work are Hindi, Tamil, Bengali, Urdu, Kannada, Oriya, Gujarati (they also sing in other *Indic and *Dravidian languages). More is known about them in Gujarat and Rajasthan, two states south of *Delhi, than in other parts of India. They are documented from ca. 1900 but the custom undoubtedly goes back many centuries and possibly to a period before *Christ. Many hijras relate themselves to an incident in the * Mahabharata where, in the thirteenth year of exile of the Pandava brothers, Arjuna is advised to dress as a woman for a year to remain undetected (see the Nanda article in Medicine and Law, cited below, p.14). They conceptualize themselves as *Siva or his consort Radha (see the Journal of Homosexuality article below, p. 50). Compare *Mukhannath. Hijras are frequently called eunuchs in Indian English: see "Indian Eunuchs", Appendix 2 volume 3 of The Ocean of Story, being C. H. Tawney's translation of Somadeva's Katha Sarit Sagara, edited by N. M. Penzer, London, 1925, pp. 319-29: this states dancers were castrated in the Mahabharata (citing iii, xlvi, 50); the article also relates Indian eunuchs (that is, hijras) to the cult of the Syrian mother goddess (see *Innana entry for the mother goddess in Iraq). Hijras also are related to the *dancing boy traditions in the Middle East, India and Asia. See Zia Jaffrey, The Invisibles: A Tale of the Eunuchs of India, London, 1997. Guiarati. They worship the goddess Behechra. See further Morris E. Opler, "A Note on the Hijras of Gujarat", American Anthropologist vol. 63 (1961), 1325-1332. Raiasthani. See G. M. Carstairs, "Hinjra and Jiryan", British Journal of Medical Psychology 29 (1956), 128-38: on p.131 he states they performed in the epic Ram-Lila (i.e. the *Ramayana) and, p.130, that they perform lewd imitations of women's songs; there is discussion of the latent homosexuality in Indian culture associated with them on p. 131. Sindhi. A photo of a hijra is in Christopher Ondaatje, Sindh Revisited, London, 1996, 281. A film on hijras made in India features hijras in Gujarat, Rajasthan and Bombay; titled Eunuchs: India's Third Gender, it was made by Michael Yorke in 1991. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion: see *"Hierodouleia" p. 311 (states they are "found all over North and South India"); see also "Castration". Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Dancing Boys". Journal of Homosexuality, vol. 11 no. 3-4 (1985), 35-54: Serena Nanda, "The Hijras of India" (with bibl., p. 54). Serena Nanda, "The Hijras of India: A Preliminary Report", Medicine and Law 3 (1984), 58-75, is also relevant. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in Latin. Active 1150. Hilary's most famous poem, "To an English Boy" (Medieval Poems of Male Love and Friendship, p. 71), is an outstanding gay poem which concludes with word play on the Latin words for English and *angel (which are similar). He was a pupil of *Abelard. For letters in the form of poems see My Dear Boy: Gay Love Letters through the Centuries, pp. 42-43. Translation. English: see entries in Medieval Latin Poems of Male Love and Friendship and Boswell below. German: see Andere Liebe below. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1808: Hilarii Versus et Ludii, New York: Holt, 1929. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 124 (English trans.; text of Latin p. 123); *Ganymede trope. Hidden Heritage, 131. Medieval Latin Poems of Male Love and Friendship, 68-75: four outstanding poems of homosexual love; biog., 153-54. Andere Lieben, 61-62. Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance and Homosexuality, 372-74. "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen", 51-52. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 163-66. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 106-07. Criticism. Journal of Homosexuality, vol. 8 no. 3-4 (Spring 1983), 161-65. Poet from France who wrote in Latin. 10565-1133. His poems show a mixed attitude to homosexuality: on the one hand containing a satirical element, on the other finding it attractive. See the *British Library General Catalogue for several editions of his work. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Medieval Latin Poems of Male Love and Friendship, 54-62; biog., 151-52: stating, 151, he was the most famous poet of his day and was Archbishop of Tours from 1125. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 157-59. Poet and songwriter from Germany writing in Latin. 1098-ca. 1170. See the poem "O Euchari": a *mystical poem about Saint Eucharius and his devotion to *God; the text is in the Notes to A feather on the breath of God (Hyperion record A66039, London, 1982). The author was a famous abbess who wrote and composed songs in Germany. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English; translator from Latin to English. 1896-died before 1986. His death is recorded in *Ian Young, Sex Magick, 1986 (opposite the contents page; no date specified). See Collected Poems and Translations, 1974, 122 pp.; in this work only a few poems are directly relevant: see pp. 13, 14, 17, 20-21 (female persona), 33, 44, 52-53, 56, 57 ("No 8 College Street" - the house where *Rimbaud and *Verlaine lived in London), 75, 79 ("Consenting Adult"). His gay poems represent a modest but solid achievement. From Latin he translated *Martial (see below) and from French he translated *Rimbaud: The Drunken Boat, 1952 (36 poems). Review of Collected Poems: see Gay News 56 (1974), 19. The poem "Send for a fig-leaf!" in Gay News 102 (1976), 16 is about the statue of *Achilles by Sir R. Westmacott in London, probably in the south-east of Hyde Park. The *British Library General Catalogue entry lists him using the pseudonym Marcus Magill (with Joanna Giles). Bibliographies. Murray, Catalogue of Selected Books, items 27-28: Wild Geese, 1923 and Youth's Heritage, no date. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10728: The Sheltering Tree, London: Favil, 1945. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 1809-15: Collected Poems and Translations, Southrepps, Norfolk: Warren House,1974 (limited signed edition with extra poem; this edition was limited to 50 copies), Eight Poems, privately printed, no date, A Little Nonsense, London: Palatine Press, 1974, More Nonsense, London: Palatine Press, 1976, The Sheltering Tree, London: Favil, 1945, Wild Geese, London: privately printed, 1923; 2534-35 (translations of the Latin poet *Martial's epigrams): An Eye for *Ganymede: Forty Epigrams Translated by Brian Hill, London: Palatine, 1971, and * Ganymede in Rome: Twenty-Eight Epigrams Translated by Brian Hill, London: Palatine, 1971. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 262-63: "No 8 Great College Street" (on *Rimbaud and *Verlaine). Male Muse, 50-51 - trope of *Apollo; biog., 121. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 97, 99, 101-02,104 (*Martial translations). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 160. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1932. He has been hailed as a major British poet. Offa, the protagonist of his major *prose poem sequence Mercian Hymns, 1971, may be seen to have an *Oedipus complex (see Section x) and thus to be in *Freudian terms a repressed homosexual. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Contemporary Authors New Revision Series, volume 21. Anthologist from Great Britain of works in English. 1887-1968. An architect who published two books on British architecture. He was the compiler of The Garden of *Adonis, London: Philip Allan and Co, 1923, 50 pages; list of authors p. ix and index of first lines pp. x-xi. It is a collection of poems, many *non gender specific, with photographs of children, both male and female, taken by Oliver Hill illustrating the poems. There is a foreword by S. C. Kaines Smith, M. A. MBE, Lecturer in Art at Magdalene College, Cambridge, who was the author of Greek Art and National Life and other works. The book exhibits *pedophile themes, both homosexual and heterosexual; though as an anthology it is is not, as such, a homosexual work. It is a late example of *Uranian verse not listed in any bibliography. The authors listed on p. ix of The Garden of Adonis are: Anonymous, Francis Beaumont, Nicholas Brereton, E. B. Browning, Nora Chesson, Hartley Coleridge, W. de la Mare, Norman Gale, Edmund Gosse, Robert Herrick, Leigh Hunt, James Mackereth, John Milton, Lewis Morris, James Rhoades, George Russell, Sir Walter Scott, William Shakespeare, William Sharp, P. B. Shelley, James Stephens, R. L. Stevenson, Rabindranath Tagore, Thomas Traherne, J. G Whittier, William Wordsworth, Sir Henry Wotton. Rare. Copy sighted: *John Willis collection, Melbourne. These poems are non sexual. He compiled two other similar collections, Pan's Garden, London; P. Allan and Co, 1928 (based on the trope of *Pan), and Jonquil, London: P. Allan and Co, 1930: see his entry in the *British Library General Catalogue. Both these works consist of extracts in verse with photographs of children. Biography. See Alan Powers, Oliver Hill, architect & lover of life: 1887-1968, London, 1989; bibliographical references p. 83. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1968. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 640: see Jim Chapson. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1974. Author of the book of poems We Criminals, New York: Adsit Graphics, 1974, 64 pp. Cited in *William Parker, Homosexuality A Bibliography: Supplement 1970-75, Metuchen, New Jersey, 1977, item 3127, p. 269. Poet from Germany who wrote in German. 1885-1972. A German gay activist who was the author of the famous statement: "The liberation of homosexuals can only be the work of homosexuals themselves". James D. Steakley, The Homosexual Emancipation Movement in Germany, 1975, p. 73, lists twenty books written by him including a volume of erotic poetry. His 1908 volume Das Recht über sich Selbst (The right over one's self) is a crucial work. See James White Review vol. 9 no. 1, pp.13-15, for a translation of his "Ethical Tasks of Homosexuals" by David Thorstad. He was briefly imprisoned under the *Nazi regime and took refuge in Great Britain; he returned to Germany after the war. His *British Library General Catalogue entry reveals he edited the journal Das Ziel, Munich, 1916. In 1912 he edited the collection of poems which appears to have some gay poetry content, Der Kondor (repr. 1989), 192 pp., including poems by *Brod, Heym, Lasker-Schuler, *Werfel and Zech; source: cited in *Prinz Eisenherz (editors), Lyrik. See Lewis D. Wurgaft, The Activists: Kurt Hiller and the Politics of Action on the German Life, 1914-1933 (1977). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Hafkamp, Pijlen van naamloze liefde, 180-84. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 535. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10729-30: Unnenbares Brudertum, Wolgast, 1918 and " Verse aus fünf Jahrzenten", 5 poems in ... undliess eine Taube fliegen. Ein Almanach für Kunst und Dichtung, 1948: 143-46. Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen, item 416: photocopy of Der Unnennbare Verse 1918-1937 stated to be from an edition published in Peking privately in 120 copies. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 233: a poem "The Paragon" from his collection Arahangelos composed 1935-47 to celebrate his love for Walter Schultz; trans. English. Historian from Australia writing in English. Active 1982. Author of the most thorough study of homosexuality and the *Catholic and high Anglican Churches in English to date: "Unenglish and Unmanly: Anglo-Catholicism and Homosexuality", Victorian Studies 25 (1982), 181-210. He discusses: J. H. Newman, *Walter Pater, *G. M. Hopkins, *D. M. Dolben, *Frederick Rolfe, *R. H. Benson, *Raffalovich, *Montague Summers. He states that in the mid-nineteenth century "people were prepared to accept romantic friendships between men simply as friendships without sexual significance" (ibid., 186) and "Anglo-Catholicism provided a visible support nework of supportive and protective institutions" (ibid., 208). Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1895-died after 1960. He taught at *Harvard and his Collected Verse, 1933, 190 pp. won the Pulitzer Prize (reprinted in expanded edition 1961, 235 pp.). See his entry in the *British Library General Catalogue and *National Union Catalog. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1823: Five Books of Youth, New York: Brentanos, 1920. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 505: fine gay love poem "Sonnet xviii". Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Active before 1924. This poet may be *Robert Hillyer and his name misspelled. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 80: "The Boy in the Nightmare" - *boy-love poem. Religion and source of myth from India with records in Sanskrit, Hindi, Tamil, Nepalese and other *Indian languages from 200 B.C. Hinduism is the main religion of India and there are many branches. It is actually a number or corpus of religions (for example, *Saivism, *Tantrism, *Yoga). Difficult to define, Hinduism is characterized by tolerance and no core beliefs since religious truth does not depend on dogmatism; revererence for the divine in every manifestation is perhaps a core characteristic. It does not depend on the existence or non existence of God or whether there is one god or many gods. In some parts of India worship of female local deities co-exists with worship of major male deities such as *Shiva. The Sanskrit * Bhagavad Gita is a central text but the religion goes back at least to the * Upanishads and ultimately the ancient Sanskrit hymns, the* Vedas. Louis Renou, Hinduism, 1961, is a good introduction as is K. M. Sen, Hinduism, 1961; see also Nirad C. Chaudhuri, Hinduism, 1979. A. L. Basham, The Origins and Development of Classical Hinduism is an excellent introduction by a major scholar, written at the end of his career. The introduction to R. C. Zaehner, Hindu Scriptures, 1966, contains one of the best discussions of the religion. Sexuality has a strong place in Hinduism and homosexuality is not excluded, as it is in *Christianity and *Islam, though the emphasis is on heterosexuality. Lingam worship (worship of the phallus) occupies a strong place in some forms of the religion. Homoerotic hymns to *Krishna and *Shiva are the major works of relevance; poems have also been written in the persona of Siva's consort Radha by male poets. Hindi in the north and Tamil in the south are the two most widely spoken languages of Hinduism in India. *Ramakrishna is a modern philosopher. Marcel Eck, Sodome, 1966, pp. 28-29, has a discussion of homosexuality and Hinduism; he also refers to the work of *Alain Danielou and to secret sects called Scanda and Ganapati. Margaret and James Stutley, A Dictionary of Hinduism, London, 1985, is a fine reference work with a long bibliography, pp. 353-68, and an important dictionary of English and Sanskrit equivalents pp. 269-72. Hinduism and Christianity. Links with Christianity may be very ancient since there is a Christian belief that the Apostle Thomas took Christianity to India early in the history of Christianity. It is possible Christianity influenced Hinduism rather than the other way around, but the influence of ancient Hindu beliefs on the teachings of Jesus cannot be ruled out. See N. K. Devareya, Hinduism and Christianity, Bombay, 1969. On modern links see M. M. Thomas, The Acknowledged Christ of the Indian Renaissance, London, 1969. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Cassell's Encyclopedia of Queer Myth, Symbol, and Spirit. Gay Histories and Cultures. Other. Homosexuality and world religions, 47-80; by Arvind Sharma. Poet from Canada writing in English. Born 1936. Born and educated in Canada, he trained as a classical scholar, and did his Ph. D. on the Scottist *humanist *George Buchanan. He was editor of the prestigious Poetry magazine of Chicago from 1968 to 1978; the journal was not notable for openly supporting gay poetry during these early years of gay liberation. His poem in the Gay and Lesbian Poetry anthology (see below) is a selection called "March", from his *long poem Academic Festival Overtures, 1985, dealing with "the first time I confronted sexual fascism" at school, aged 13. His long poem In and Out, privately published, 1975, was hailed by *Robert Martin as "an epic of gay liberation" on p. 69 of his article "Coming Full Circle", in Modern Poetry Studies vol. 7 no. 1 (1977), 60-73. Despite what is said in Contemporary Poets, fifth edition (see below), Daryl Hine's poetry is elegant and crafted. He translated the Greek poet *Theocritus titled: Idylls and Epigrams, New York, 1982, and his translation is one of the best translations into English ever. A Selected Poems was published in 1981. Postscripts, 1992, is a selection of lyrics not openly gay. Compare *J. R. Ackerley and *Howard Moss who were also poetry editors of prestigious journals. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Canadian Literature. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition: states "His work resembles nothing more than an excellent, clear, but very dry wine." Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, first edition, item 1243: The Prince of Darkness and Co, New York, 1961. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10731: The Devil's Picture Book, [no place of publication listed]: Abelard Schuman, 1961. Homosexuality in Canada, first edition (1979), 10: citing the poems "Lines on a Platonic *Friendship" in Five Poems, Toronto, 1954, "The Destruction of Sodom" from The *Devil's Picture Book, Toronto, ca. 1960, "The Letter" (stated to be "possibly" relevant), "Patroclus Putting on the Armour of *Achilles" from The Wooden Horse, New York, 1965, "What's His Face" from Resident Alien, New York, 1975. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 1834-38: The Devil's Picture Book, Toronto: Abelard Schuman, 1960, Five Poems, Toronto: privately printed, 1954, The Prince of Darkness and Co, New York: Abelard-Schuman, 1961, Resident Alien, New York: Atheneum, 1975 and The Wooden Horse, New York: Atheneum, 1965. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, 192-201; biog., 192: states he "lives with a companion of twenty-one years, a philosopher." Poets for Life, 100. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 804. Critic, historian and bibliographer from the United States writing in English. Born ca. 1963. The author of the finest discussion of male homosexuality in relation to Chinese literature and culture to date in a European language: Passions of the *Cut Sleeve: The Male Homosexual Tradition in China, Berkeley and LA, 1990; bibl. pp. 205-15. This work treats poetry equally with prose. It does not deal with the *Republican period (1908+) except sketchily. The work is probably as fine as any in Chinese, as it shows close acquaintanceship with recent trends in literary criticism and shows close reading of the poems discussed. The author published the book before completing his Ph. D. at *Harvard. The index is defective and writers listed in the bibliography are not listed in the index in several cases. The work appears to rely on preceding works in Chinese. A bibliography of works on homosexuality in China appears at the end. Hinsch, Passions of the Cut Sleeve, pp. 205-207 lists works in Japanese and Chinese and on pp. 208-15 he lists works in European languages, mainly in English (the list omits *Karsh-Haack). It contains the finest overall bibliography to date on Chinese homosexuality. He lists Chinese *words for homosexuality p. 203. Compare *Sam Sha Sha (pseud.). Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1955. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10581: Alleh lulleh cockatoo and other poems, New York: Brigant Press, 1955, 47 pages. Sexologist, historian, critic, editor and book collector from Germany writing in German. 1868-1935. The most famous German gay activist and cultural figure of the period 1896-1933, Magnus Hirschfeld was also the most famous sexologist of his time. He established an Institute of Sexual Science in *Berlin in 1918, the Institut für Sexualwissenschaft, which had a library which grew to 20,000 volumes. His first book, published in 1896 by *Max Spohr in *Leipzig, under the pseudonym "Th. Ramien" was called * Sappho und *Socrates; it was the first serious gay study of the famous Greek literary figures. * Berlins dritte geschlecht (Berlin's third sex), Berlin, 1904 (repr.; trans. into French as Les Homosexuels de Berlin, Paris, 1908, and repr. Lyon, 1993) was a study of Berlin and homosexuality. He was the founder of the Scientific-Humanitarian Committee from 1897, formed to repeal laws decriminalizing male homosexual acts in Germany, and was the editor of the * Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen (1899-1923), the first serious combined scientific and cultural gay journal. It published annual bibliographies of new gay works. He was also the author of Die Homosexualität des Mannes und Weibes (Male and female homosexuality) (1914; second edition 1920), the finest study of homosexuality in a *European language to its time and still a great and seminal work. An English translation is being made by Michael A. Lombardi-Nash of the second, 1920, edition. Die Homosexualiät was the first comprehensive study of homosexuality in German and includes a list of homosexuals (relying on *Albert Moll), and a history of homosexuals, relying on *Xavier Mayne (pseud.). He was a founder of *sexology though his theory of homosexuals as intersexuals or a third sex was opposed by many gay activists (see *debate on homosexuality). Hirschfeld became the most famous European sexologist of his time following the success of the Institute for Sexual Science (in German, Institut für sexuelle Wissenschaft) which he founded in Berlin (it had a large sexological library). The Institute was destroyed by the *Nazis in 1933 when the library and collections were pillaged. The books were burnt in the street in the famous burning of the books, an incident which reverberated around the world as an instance of Nazi barbarity and an omen of things to come. A *bookplate for the Institute existed. In the Institute was a mural by *Austin Spare said to depict every known sexual act. Hirschfeld had left Germany at the time of the destruction of the Institute, having been warned of possibilty of trouble with the new Nazi regime. He died in 1935 probably by his own hand in exile in France. His last work Geschlectskunde, 5 volumes, 1926-30, is a summary of his knowledge of sexuality and includes many photographs from the Institute (these photgraphs are otherwise lost except for reproduction here). He had written 187 works in the space of forty years. Biography. See Charlotte Wolff, Magnus Hirschfeld, 1986; bibl. 455-75. A life was written by himself in Victor Robinson, Encyclopaedia Sexualis (New York, 1936), pp. 317-21. A biography in German was published by *Manfred Herzer in 1992 titled Magnus Hirschfeld; Leben und Werk eines jüdischen, schwulen und sozialistischen Sexologen; this has a chronicle of his life pp. 151 53 and a bibliography pp. 155-61. Bibliography. James D. Steakley has compiled a full list of his works: The Writings of *Magnus Hirschfeld, Canadian Gay Archives, Toronto, 1985, 53 pp. - this is the most comprehensive bibliography of Herschfeld's writings; there is also a bibliography of his works at the end of Charlotte Wolff's biography. An exhibition of his life was held in Berlin in 1985: see the catalog edited by Manfred Baumgardt, Rakf Dose, *Manfred Herzer and Hans-Gunter Klein, Magnus Hirschfeld: Leben und Werk, Berlin, *Verlag rosa Winkel, 1985, 79 pp. See also *homosexuality. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 18 (April-July 1918) was a special isssue devoted to him with a poem by *Sophie Hoechstetter. See also Goodbye to Berlin?, pp. 37-48. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 674-77. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 536-39; 1176-70: "Scientific-Humanitarian Committee". Dictionnaire Gay. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Hayn, Gotendorf, Bibliotheca Germanorum Erotica, vol. 9, 279-81; note: this is not a complete listing to its date 1929 and omits many items. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 65: list of works. Historical and social background - Arabic Arabic has been the main spoken language in Iraq, Syria, Spain, Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia and Saudi Arabia, from the seventh century when the countries were invaded by Arabic speaking Islamic peoples from Saudi Arabia. Works of relevance date from 1922 (there may be earlier works in Arabic). *Islam is the dominant religion in these countries. Homosexuality has been much reported amongst males in Arabic-speaking countries, notably males before they marry: social conditions such as the wearing of the veil by women and rigid separation of the sexes and the need for a dowry to enable men to marry have encouraged it. Males who are poor, as is mostly the case, may have to wait many years before marrying while the rigid separation of the sexes means that sex with women is not possible outside of marriage. Hence sex with men becomes the only outlet. Men in Arabic speaking countries frequently walk around hand in hand. Unemployment (as high as 30% in Morocco) may force some men into prostitution. This is rife in *Tangier in Morocco, a city frequented by European visitors to take advantage of this fact (the low cost of living in Morocco, a very poor country, means than men are more likely to turn to prostitution). *Marc Daniel (pseud.; active 1956) and *Arno Schmitt have written surveys of homosexuality and Arabic cultures; *Stephen O. Murray has edited a survey which includes articles on Arabic cultures. For an historical general survey on Arab customs and life see Bernard Lewis, The Arabs in History, third revised edition, 1964 (with bibl.) and Adam Mez, The Renaissance of Islam (in German 1922); in the English translation of the latter work, Patna, 1927, the section "Manners and Morals" pp. 257-63 discusses homosexuality (this section was a pioneering work in candour originally in German and in translation in English). See also *Sexologists, *Allen Edwardes, *Richard Burton. There have been extensive studies on Muslim Spain in Spanish. In English see especially Salma Jayyusi, editor, The Legacy of Muslim Spain, 1992 which highlights the acceptance of homosexuality in Spain and the prevalence of bisexuality. For Morocco, see Babilonia no. 8 (1983), 20-21, for an article by Gianni de Martino. In northern Africa, tribal and indigenous cultures have interacted with Islamic - for instance, the Berbers in Morocco (see *Singing and dancing boys and males - Berber). The * Spartacus Gay Guide contains contemporary information on countries. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 19-22 "Africa, north"; 615-20: "Islam". Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Morocco" Bibliographies. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 199-205. Daniel, "Arab Civilization and Male Love", Gay Sunshine 32 (Spring 1977), 2: concise discussion of homosexuality in middle eastern countries. Other. Murray, Islamic Homosexualities, 204-08 (re Iraq), 217-20 (re Morocco). Historical and social background - Bahasa Indonesia History relating to Indonesia in Bahasa Indonesia. From 1987. Bahasa Indonesia is spoken in Indonesia. A leading gay activist, Dede Oetomo, Airlangga University, Surabaya, has edited the journal Gaya Nusantara for over ten years (see Gay Times, July 1998, 74). He is well known on Indonesian television as the country's best known gay. See his "Gender and Sexual Orientation in Indonesia" in Laurie J. Spears, Fantasing the Feminine in Indonesia, Durham, 1996, 259-69. There are twenty-one gay male organizations and before the economic crisis of the late 1990s there were four newsletters. See R. M. Art, Gay: dunia ganjil kaum homofil, Jakarta, 1987, 105 pp.; copy: *Library of Congress. The first gay pride manifestation took place in Surabaya on 25 June 1999. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Indonesia"; deals with the very recent history only. Historical and social background - Chinese Chinese languages are spoken in China and Taiwan and, in south-east Asia, in countries such as Singapore (where it is the main language) and in Thailand, the Philippines and Indonesia. All literate Chinese can read the written characters but there are different spoken languages; Chinese here refers to the written language. Homosexuality first appears in China in the Zhou period (see *peach sharing); it is possible some Zhou *Emperors wrote poems. Material dates from 206 B.C. Male homosexuality was first referred to in a history of the *Han by Pan Ku (this period begins 206 B.C.). *Ssu-ma Ch'ien, called the Grand Historian (lived 145 B.C.-86 B.C.) referred to male homosexuality in discussing the favorites of the emperors, including a dozen lovers. See the various periods named after the dynasties ruling China at the time: *Han (206 B.C.-220), *T'ang (618-907), *Sung (907-1297, *Ming (1388-1644), *Ch'ing (1644-1911) and *Republican (1911+). The *Catholic order of priests, the Jesuits, recorded homosexuality in China in their works and were shocked at its extent, especially recorded in the works of Jean Baptiste Duhalde, Father Joachim Bouvet and Lecomte (see Jonathan Spence's essays, Chinese Roundabout, 1992). Jesuits missionaries were in Asia, including their founder Saint Francis Xavier who was sent to convert the Asians, and expanded from the time of the death of their founder Saint Ignatius Loyola in 1556. J.-J. Matignon, "Deux Mots sur la pédérastie en Chine", Archives d'anthropologie criminelle 14 (1899), 38-53, in French is possibly the first article in a European language (illustrated). Marriages in China were traditionally arranged by the couple's parents; polygamy was common. See also *Weixingshi (pseud.), *Louis Crompton, *Allen Edwardes, *Fang-tu Ruan, *G. D. Pan, *Chinese Novels. . Contemporary period. Dr Woo Chan Cheng, Erotologie de la Chine, Paris, 1963, is a work in French. Yin-he li (born *Beijing 1952), T'a Men De Shi, Taiwan, 1992 (also published in Hong Kong, 1992) is a survey of homosexuality in contemporary China with illustrations of meeting places, including toilets and beaches; catalogued in the Australian National Library as T'a men ti shih chieh by Yin-ho Li, Hsiang-kang, 1992, 316 pp. Chung-kuo jen ti T'ung hsin lien by Hui-ch'iu Chuang and Te-hui Yu, Taipei, 1991, is a recent general discussion of homosexuality. See also Fang-fu Ruan, "Male Homosexuality in Contemporary China", Archives of Sexual Behavior, vol. 17 no. 2 (1988), 189-99, and Fang Fu Ruan and *Vern L. Bullough, "Same-Sex Love in Contemporary China", in Aart Hendriks, editor, Third Pink Book, New York, 1993, pp. 46-53. There are articles in Gay Times no. 110 (November 1987), 46-48, and, in Christopher Street no. 62 (March 1982), 27-34: "There's Gay Life in China" by John Cabral. An article on Homosexuality and one on Gay Liberation has appeared in the Chinese edition of Encyclopedia Britannica, Beijing and Shanghai, 1985. A Chinese gay group, the Tongzhi Culture Society, exists in Hong Kong; a conference of 200 people was held in Hong Kong in 1996 (information from the International Gay and Lesbian Association on the *Internet) and again in 1999 (see Sydney Star Observer, 9 September 1999, 6). The word "tongzhi" means *comrade and is now used to refer to same sex love. A Tongzhi group is also believed to exist in Beijing and the city is believed to have several gay bars. The * Spartacus Gay Guide contains contemporary information on gay life in China and Taiwan. In Michelle Dutton, Streetlife in China, Cambridge, UK, 1998, see the article by Jin Ren, pp. 70-74, "Homosexuals in Beijing". Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Sexual Behaviour : see "Orient, Sex Life". Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 21520: China (by *Brett Hinsch). Gay Histories and Cultures: see "China", "Singapore", "Taiwan". Bibliographies. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, pp. 166-73. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 217-221. Other works. Van Gulik, Sexual Life in Ancient China: the whole book is relevant though homosexuality is only discussed briefly throughout. Shasha, History of Homosexuality in China : the whole book is relevant. Hinsch, Passions of the Cut Sleeve: the whole book is relevant. Leupp, Male Colors: The Construction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan, 11-17: brief overview of Chinese homosexual history. Historical and social background - Dutch Dutch is spoken in the Netherlands and has been spoken since ca. 1200. It was the language of administration in Indonesia and Netherlands colonies from 1602 (when the Dutch East India Company received its charter) to 1949. There have been many books in Dutch on Netherlands gay social history: see the bibliography in *Rob Tielman's Homoseksualiteit in Nederland, 1982, which is also a good basic introduction on the subject and is especially detailed from 1911. For the *middle ages see *Harry J. Kuster. *Gert Hekma has written a good overview. Peter Koenders, Homoseksualiteit in bezet Nederland (Homosexuality in the Occupied Netherlands) (1984), and Theo van der Meer, De Wesentlijke sonde van sodomie en andere vuylighhedeon in Amsterdam 1730-1811 (Homosexuality in Amsterdam 1730-1811), Amsterdam, 1984, are also good. A. X. van Naerssen, editor, Interdisciplinary Research on Homosexuality in the Netherlands, 1987, examines recent developments (reprint of the Journal of Homosexuality issue cited below). A concise discussion of twentieth century history is "Gayness in a Small Country" in Body Politic, June 1979, 23-25, by *Page Grubb and Theo van der Meer. In Dutch, Goed Verkeerd, Geschiedenis van homoseksuele mannen en lesbische vrouwen in Nederland, 1989, 16 pp. (with bibl. p.16), is a catalog of an exhibition at the historical museum *Amsterdam. *Adrian Venema has written a detailed literary history of gay writing. See also *Harry Oosterhuis. The * Spartacus Gay Guide contains contemporary information. Bibliographies. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, 127-31. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 892 (with bibl.). Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 192-93. Other references. Journal of Homosexuality vol.13 no. 2-3 (Winter 1986/ Spring 1987): special issue on the Netherlands (with an article on "Dutch Gay Emancipation History 1811-1986" by Rob Tielman). Historical and social background - English English is spoken in Great Britain, the United States, Canada, Australia, South Africa and India. It is also spoken in other former British colonies and widely spoken as a second language in many parts of the world. Probably more works have been written on male homosexuality in English than in any other language, including many books dealing with various periods; historical reference dates from at least 1550. See also 'Anthologies - English as these contain much historical material. Great Britain. An overall survey of British gay history was written by 'Montgomery Hyde; it concentrates on legal cases however. 'Medieval period. The 'Catholic Church was the dominant institution. See *D. S. Bailey, 'John Boswell. * Renaissance period. See 'Alan Bray, 'Gregory Bredbeck. 'Iwan Bloch has an overview from the Renaissance to 1900. * Eighteenth centurv: see Alan Bray, *G. S. Rousseau. Randolph Trumbach's Sex and the Gender Revolution: On Heterosexuality and the Third Gender in Enlightenment London, Chicago, 1998, is a major survey of sexuality. Romantic period: see 'Louis Crompton. For the 'nineteenth and 'twentieth century, including the 'gay liberation period, see 'Jeffrey Weeks. See also James Graham, The Homosexual Kings of England, 1968 - on William Rufus, Richard I, Edward II, Richard II, 'James I, William III. See also entries for each century and see 'London and other city entries e.g. 'Dublin, 'Glasgow, 'Oxford, 'Cambridge. For the period prior to World War 1 see 'Leo I. Pavia (in German). 'H. S. Ashbee and 'Havelock Ellis wrote the first surveys of male homosexuality in Great Britain and are relied on by subsequent authors. From the 'eighteen nineties important works surveying gay culture were written - e.g. by 'John Addington Symonds on ancient Greece and 'Edward Carpenter on homosexuality in different cultures; these works begin comparative studies. In German, Leo I. Pavia (pseud), active 1909-12) wrote a series of six articles on male homosexuality in Great Britain before World War 1 in Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, numbers 10, 11 and 12 (see Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, item 683). The articles rely on 'Ashbee but include contemporary material. The article in Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 11 (1910-11), 40-41 contains the first known list of English gay words. His name is believed to be a pseudonym, though he gives his address as London. See also the letter from him in Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 15 (1915) 94-95. A survey from 1895 is Hugh David, On queer street: a social history of British homosexuality, 1895-1995, London, 1997. 'Tarnowsky's survey of 'pederasty in Europe was published in English in 1898 by the publisher of erotica, 'Carrington, who worked in Paris. The Wolfenden Report of 1957 was a major report into male homosexuality and the main spur for decriminalization; Patrick Higgins in Heterosexual Dictatorship: Male Homosexuality in Postwar Britain, 1996, discusses the creation of the Report and the climate around it. Alkarim Jivani, It's Not Unusual - A History of Lesbian and Gay Britain in the Twentieth Century, 1997, accompanied a BBC television series. The microfiche set Sexual Politics in Great Britain (ca. 1990) should also be consulted. The ' Spartacus Gay Guide contains contemporary information. J. D. Davidson, Gay Britain, 1989, gives contemporary information. The journal ' Gay Times has excellent contemporary coverage. See 'Journals - English for other journals. References. Hyde, The Other Love, provides a basic overview with emphasis on legal cases. Rowse, Homosexual in History is a lightweight survey. See also Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, pp. 105-12. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 181-86. Gay Histories and Cultures: see "England". United States. 'Jonathan Katz has compiled two overviews which, together cover the period from 1620 when the English colonized the Indian lands. For the period from 1940, see John D'Emilio, Sexual Politics:The Making of a Homosexual Minority in the United States, 1940-70, Chicago, 1970, Barry D. Adam, The Rise of a Gay and Lesbian Movement, 1987, Daniel Harris, The Rise and Fall of Gay Culture, New York, 1997 and Dynes, Homosexuality; A Research Guide, pp. 185-97. See also 'Edward Sagarin. For the period from 1969 see 'gay liberation, 'Edmund White and Rosa von Praunhiem, Army of Lovers, 1980 (a work which covers important United States gay movement figures; trans. from German). Fred Wasserman and Molly McGarry's Becoming Visible: An Illustrated History of Lesbian and Gay Life in Twentieth-Century America, 1999, is based on the 1994 exhibition at the 'New York Public Library; despite its title it only deals with the period from 1969. 'Stephen O. Murray, American Gay, 1996, mostly concentrates on the period from 1969. Simon LeVay and Elisabeth Nonas, City of Friends: a portrait of the gay and lesbian community in America, 1995 surveys social conditions. "The Queering of America" by Randy Shilts, Advocate no. 567, 1 January 1991, 32-27 discusses outing and 'queer politics. GayellowPages (ca. 1971+) lists gay organizations, groups etc; there are also regional editions, e.g., for the north east, California etc. 'Spartacus Gay Guide has information city by city. Gay and Lesbian Almanac is a yearly publication listing major events and developments published from 1990. John D'Emilio and Estelle B. Freedman Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America, 1988 (bibl. pp. 401-13) has only marginal homosexual interest. John D'Emilio, "Not a Simple Matter: Gay History and Gay Historians", Journal of American History vol. 76, 43542, discusses theoretical issues. See 'Journals - English for journals. See also entries for cities e.g., 'New York, 'Boston, 'San Francisco and for the areas 'East Coast, 'West Coast, 'New England, 'Southern entries, 'Midwest. References. Katz, Gay American History, and Katz, Gay/Lesbian Almanac, are the basic books. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, pp. 146-51. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1341-52: "United States". See also Robert B. Marks Ridinger, The Gay and Lesbian Movement: References and Resources, 1997 (see review *Lambda Book Report, April 1997). Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 206-12. Australia. Two books exist of 'Sydney's gay history: Denise Thompson, Flaws in the Social Fabric, Sydney, 1985 (from 1970 onwards) and Garry Wotherspoon, City of the Plain, Sydney, 1990 (from 1920 onwards). Robert French, Camping by a Billabong, 1993, is a series of articles on Australian gays, giving much social background. Manning Clark in his History of Australia, 6 volumes, 1962-87, touches on homosexuality (e.g., in the outlaw and bushranger Ned Kelly and the poet 'Adam Lindasy Gordon). References to homosexuality occur in the series Australians: An Historical Library (Sydney, 1987). See also the series Gay Perspectives: Essays in Australian Gay Culture, edited by 'Robert Aldrich and Garry Wotherspoon, 1992, and Gay Perspectives II, edited by Robert Aldrich, 1993; four volumes were published to 1999. 'Spartacus Gay Guide contains contemporary information. References. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 93-97: "Australia" by 'Gary Simes. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 224-26. Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Australia" and "Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras". Canada. 'Toronto, which houses the 'Canadian Gay Archives, is the largest English speaking city. See 'Overview - English in Canada for books of relevance. See Peter Dickinson, Here is queer: nationalisms, sexualities and the literatures of Canada, Toronto, 1999. References Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Canada". Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 212. New Zealand. There is a good 'Internet site People with a History with a chronology of New Zealand gay and lesbian history. References. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 224-26. Gay Histories and Cultures: "New Zealand". South Africa. See Gordon Isaacs, Male Homosexuality in South Africa, Cape Town, 1992; this contains much sociological material but deals only with the white cultures; it has a chapter on Cape Town. References. Simes. Bibliography of Homosexuality, 205. Gay Histories and Cultures: see "South Africa". Refererences. Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Kenya", "Zimbabwe" India. The history of English speaking homosexuals in India, including indigenous Indians, remains to be written. See the anthology 'A Lotus of Another Color for basic sources of information. The Englishman who lived in India 'H. S. Jarrett compiled the first poetry anthology in English. Bibliographies. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 154-226: under 'History" see under the various countries, e.g., South Africa, Canada. Historical and social background - French French is spoken in France and Canada and some overseas French colonies (for instance, in Tahiti and New Caledonia, in Polynesia); French colonies (e.g., Senegal, Algeria, Tunisia) formerly existed in Africa. Material dates from 1150. Overall see *Raffalovich, *Pierre Duroc and *Anthologies - French as these have much historical material. Jean-Louis Chardans has compiled Histoire et anthologie de l'homosexualité, Paris: Centre d'Etudes et de documentation pédagogique, 1970, which is a general collection of writings on homosexuals covering mostly well-known people and aimed at a popular audience. The bibliographies of *Claude Courouve contain many references. To 1790, *Maurice Lever has written the most comprehensive history of gay male France. In 1790 there appeared a famous pamphlet with a list of homosexuals: Les enfans de la Sodome. The period immediately after the revolution of 1789 was a time of freedom when gay works were openly published. Seventeenth century : see Claude Courouve, "L'homosexualité a la fin du xviie siecle", Masques, 7 (Hiver 1980-81), 81 ff. Eighteenth centurv: see D. A. Coward, "Attitudes to Homosexuality in Eighteenth Century France", Journal of European Studies, 10 (1980), 213255. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, item 747 cites Pierre Nouveau's articles in Arcadie, numbers 254-260, and includes poems; this journal should also be consulted in general. For the nineteenth centurv Pierre Hahn (1936-1981) wrote Nos ancêtres les pervers: La Vie des homosexuels sous le second empire, Paris, 1979: a study of homosexuals in France in the middle of the century. (The author, who was gay and a heavy drinker committed suicide after completing the book; Pastor Joseph Doucé [died ca. 1991], Paris to the author, 1989. On Pierre Hahn see the entry on him in Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History.) *Guy Hocquenghem, *Michel Foucault and Anthony Copley, Sexual Moralities in France 1780-1980, London, 1989, is a survey of the period it its title. Twentieth centurv. Jeffrey Merrick Bryant and T. Raghan, Homosexuality in Modern France, 1996, is a survey. Journal of Homosexuality volume 42 numbers 3/4 (2001) is a special issue on Homosexuality in French History and Culture edited by Jeffrey Merrick and Michael Sibalis.. A thorough study to 1970 is Françoise d'Eaubonne, Eros minoritaire (Paris, 1970), though the book does not focus specifically on France. 1945-80. Jacques Girard wrote Le Mouvement homosexuel en France 1945-80, Paris, 1981, a survey of the French gay movement including discussion of the * Arcadie group; list of important dates pp. 189-90. *Gav Liberation period. For the period since 1968, see Frédéric Martel, Le rose et le noir: les Homosexuels en France depuis 1968, Paris, 1996. Forum 7 (1989), 102-114, has a discussion of contemporary gay writing in France in relation to French culture. See also *Robert Aldrich. See also Trois milliards de pervers: Grande Encyclopédie des homosexualités recherches, Paris: Félix Gauttari, 1974, 174 pp. Marcel Eck, Sodome (1966) is a general survey of homosexuality. Rare. Copy: *Library of Congress. A collection of articles dealing with France from 1700 is Jeffrey Merrick and Bryant T. Ragan, Jr., Homosexuality in Modern France, 1996. *Edouard Roditi wrote a general book with historical information. The *Spartacus Gay Guide has contemporary information. For Canada see *Historical and Social Background - English and in, French Jean-Guy Le Blanc, La différence dans la différence: essai sur l'univers des amours masculines, Montreal, 1992. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 421-27: "France". Gay Histories and Cultures : see "France". Bibliographies. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, pp. 112-22. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 186-88. Historical and social background - German German is spoken in Germany, Austria and Switzerland; it is a second language in eastern Europe, in Poland and Russia. Material dates from 1150. Germany. Overall see the historical anthology * Andere Lieben and *E. I. P. Stevenson for a brief literary overview. *Manfred Herzer's bibliography of non-literary works relating to homosexuality in German is the most thorough coverage of its subject and lists books from 1466. German has had major gay Journals. The catalog of the outstanding historical exhibition Goodbye to Berlin? of 1998 set new standards in such exhibitions and is of major importance (the title comes from a book by *Christopher Isherwood); it was preceded by a similar catalog titled * Eldorado. *Middle ages: see *Brigitte Spreitzer. See also Rüdiger Lautmann and Angela Taeger, Männerliebe im alten Deutschland, Berlin, 1992. From 1750 onwards coverage has been outstanding. 1750-1850: see *Paul Derks, author of an outstanding literary survey, Die Schande der heiligen Päderastie: Homosexualität and Öffentlichkeit in der deutschen Literatur 1750-1850 . Homosexual rights movement (1864-1933'): see John Lauritsen. James Steakley's The Homosexual Emancipation Movement in Germany, New York, 1975, is a major survey of homosexuality in Germany in the period 1862-1945 which is the most concise introduction in English. 1890-1933. This period witnessed a flowering of German gay culture; see especially 'Eighteen nineties, *Magnus Hirschfeld, Journals - German, *Erwin Haeberle. In Hidden from History , pp. 233-63, James D. Steakley, "Iconography of a Scandal", discusses the Eulenburg scandal around Kaiser Wilhelm II in the early part of the twentieth century. The German youth movement had a strong homosexual side: see Ulfried Geuter, Homosexualität in der deutschen Jugendbewung (Homosexuality in the German Youth Movement), Frankfurt, 1994. *Hans Blüher wrote on the youth movement. 1933-45: see *Nazis who instituted a dictatorship. For this period James Steakley, has a concise article in English, "Homosexuality and the Third Reich", in Ed Jackson and *Stan Persky, Flaunting It: A Decade of Journalism from the Body Politic, Vancouver, 1982, pp. 84-91. From 1945: see J. S. Hohmann, *Hans-Georg Stumke. From 1945 to 1990 Germany was split into east and west, the east being under the domination of the Soviet Union (controlled by Russia) until the reunification of Germany in 1989. Berlin, the former capital, was in the Soviet area but remained a free city in the west under the joint control of the United States, Britain and France. The eastern sector was divided from the western by a famous three metre wall built in 1961 which encircled the western part of the city together with an electric contact fence in parts; the wall was removed in 1989. *Hans-Georg Stümke is the author of Rosa Winkel, rosa Listen: Homosexuelle und "Gesundes Volksempfinden" von Auschwitz bis heute, 1981, 512 pp. (on homosexuality from the concentration camps to the present); his Homosexuelle in Deutschland: ein politische Geschichte, 1989, 183 pp., is a series of essays on homosexuality in Germany from 1860 to1989. Helmut Puff, editor, Lust, Angst und Provokation: Homosexualität in der Gesellschaft, Göttingen, 1993, deals with social aspects. An exhibition 100 Years of the Gay Rights Movement in Germany was held at the Goethe-Institut, *New York, *San Francisco, *Los Angeles, *Sydney and *Londo. An excellent English language catalog of 60 pages, 100 Years of the Gay Rights Movement in Germany, was compiled by Rainer Herrn and published in 1997 (with a bibliography on p. 60); this consists of a chronology by decade from 1890 to 1996, includes many photographs, and is a consise history of homosexuality in Germany for the years covered. A German edition of this work was published in Hamburg in 1999 compiled by Rainer Herrn and titled Anders Bewegt: 100 Jahre Schwulenbewegung in Deutschland; there is an excellent bibliography pp. 75-76. For East Germany, see Jürgen Lemke, Gay Voices form East Germany, 1991, 197 pp. (in English) which consists of interviews with gay men; see also Gay Times, no. 106 (July 1987), 40-43. 1970s: see Gay Books Bulletin no. 3, 24-26. A series of gay guides to German cities exists with the words "von Hinten" ("from behind") after the city e.g. Berlin von hinten, 1988-89 (there are guides for such cities as Frankfurt, Hamburg and Munich). *Spartacus Gay Guide has contemporary information. The activist Rosa von Praunheim (born 1942; see his entry in Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History) made a significant film on postwar Germany, It is not the homosexual who is perverse but the society in which he lives (1970), and compiled the book and film Army of Lovers (1978) on gay activists. See also *Berlin, *Munich, *Law - German, *Censorship - German, *Anthologies - German, *Rosa von Praunheim. References for German. Eldorado: the entire volume is important. Goodbye to Berlin? has a detailed overview. Austria and Switzerland: see 'Overview - German . Dictionaries. Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Germany". Bibliographies. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, pp.122-27. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 188-92. Historical and social background - Greek Greek is spoken in Greece and formerly, in ancient times, in Turkey, Egypt and southern Italy; there is a large Greek diaspora in countries such as Australia and the United States. Documentary material dates from the ancient world from ca. 450 B.C. from ancient *Athens. The entry *Bibliography - Greek and *Commentaries on Greek homosexual poetry provide the basic sources for the historical background to Greek gay poetry. The best general introduction to ancient Greek is John Addington Symonds' A Problem in Greek Ethics (1883), still an excellent account of ancient Greek homosexuality as it was written by a scholar who read and assimilated his sources. *M. H. E. Meier wrote the first general survey (published in 1847 and written in German). *Heinrich Hössli gives some background. Ancient Greek. Richard J. Hoffman, "Some Cultural Aspects of Greek Homosexuality", Journal of Homosexuality 5 (1980), 217-26 is a good concise introduction. See *Hans Licht (pseud. of Paul Brandt), *Georges Hérelle, *Félix Buffière, *J. Z. Eglinton (also the author of a fine concise introduction). *Kenneth Dover is good on fifth century *Athens and *William A Percy has written an important book on *pederasty. Entries for cities (e.g. *Alexandria, *Athens, *Cairo, *Istanbul, *Izmir) and periods (e. g. *Archaic, *Byzantine, *Hellenistic, imperial Roman) give references relevant to these areas. Virtually all discussion is marred by sweeping statements - e.g. data from fifth century Athens is frequently extrapolated to serve for ancient Greece overall or even the ancient Greek speaking world (which stretched from *Istanbul to Egypt to southern Italy and Sicily to Provence in France). On the gymnasium traditions see in German, "Gymnasium", in Reallexikon für Antike und Christendum, 1984, and, in Danish, Steffen Kiselberg, De gamle graeke og den nye mand, 1982. In Robert Flachère, Love in Ancient Greece, New York, 1960 (trans. from French), see Chapter 3, "Homosexuality", pp. 62-100. Paul Frischauer, La sexualité dans l'antiquité, Paris, 1974, and Tom Horner, Eros in Greece, New York, 1978 are relevant. Byzantine Greek. See the entry "Homosexuality" in Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Homosexuality in the period has been little investigated. Modern Greek. No work is known; see Journals - Greek for contemporary information (there has been some persecution of gay journals). See also *Law - Greek. Repression has occurred e.g. in the period under the Colonels in the 1980s when Greece was not a democracy. The *Spartacus Gay Guide has contemporary information. K. Siamakes wrote a work attacking homosexuals: Oi Ekfuloi, Thessaloniki, 1991. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Greece". Bibliographies. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, pp.79-95. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 194-95. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 11-15 (ancient Greek homosexuality). Historical and social background - Hebrew The historical and social background of Hebew from Israel dates from 200 B.C. Hebrew, the language of Judaism, is currently spoken in Israel and was formerly spoken in Spain in the *middles ages; it has also been spoken in many countries in the world where Judaism is practiced (there are several million Jews in the United States at present). The language nearly died in the late nineteenth century. Written documents in Hebrew begin from 200 B.C. with the *Old Testament (or *Tanach) which is the basis of Judaic belief. See also *Law - Hebrew, *Sexuality - Jewish culture. For the mores of the contemporary period see the article "Hear, O Israel" in The Advocate, no. 465, 38, 39, 40, 41, 44-49, 108-11: this discusses attitudes to homosexuality amongst the various United States Jewish factions, Orthodox, Reform, Conservative and Reconstructionist. Such attitudes also exist in Israel. *T. Carmi and *Dan Pagis relate the historical and social background to the poetry in their work. The *Historical and social entries for languages in which Jewish poets wrote are also relevant. The * Spartacus Gay Guide has contemporary information for Israel and countries in which Jews live. Historical and social background - Hindi Hindi is spoken in India. Material dates from ca. 1500 Hindi is the language of *Hinduism, the main religion of India. Native Hindu traditions were not strongly opposed to homosexuality except that, with the exception of *hijras, all men and women had to marry. Stanley H. Kurtz, All the Mothers are One, 1993 (reviewed New York Review of Books 16 December 1993, 66-68) claims there is a latent homosexual side to Indian men. This has been claimed before (e.g., by the sister of Prime Minister Nehru) and shows the influence of *Freudianism. Under the Persian speaking Mughals homosexuality was tolerated. For the British occupation from the eighteenth century to 1947, see K. Ball Hatchett, Race, Sex and Class under the Raj: imperial policies and their critics 1793-1905, London, 1980, p. 199. Under the British, *Puritanism and *Catholicism gave rise to laws based on *Christian beliefs of the time; upper class Hindus adopted British mores which were anti-sexual. See also *Krishna and *Historical and social background - Sanskrit as Hindi is descended from Sanskrit. The * Spartacus Gay Guide has contemporary information on India. There is also a large Hindi speaking Indian diaspora, especially in the United States and Great Britain. Historical and social background - Hungarian Historical and social documents in Hungarian from Hungary date from 1994. Hungarian is spoken in Hungary. See Toth Laszlo, A Homoszexualitasrol, Hungary, 1994, which has discussion of many homosexual issues and translation into Hungarian of some articles in the * Encylopedia of Homosexuality. Historical and social background - Indian subcontinent languages The Indian subcontinent, sometimes called south Asia, is the area occupied by India. *Indian languages include Sanskrit, Hindi, Urdu, Tamil and English; some 849 languages were listed as being spoken in the 1951 census. Material dates from ca. 400. India has been a sex positive society from ancient times and there is a huge literature on the sexual customs of India (see the bibliography in Allen Edwardes, The Jewel in the Lotus, cited below). Same-Sex Love in India: Readings from Literature and History edited by Ruth Vanita and Saleem Kidwai (New York, 2000) collects relevant documents. The majority religion is *Hinduism. Since marriages amongst Hindus were historically arranged by the couple's parents, the concept of marrying for love formed no part of traditional Indian life. Indian sex life has attracted much interest in European languages since *Richard Burton. References to homosexuality go back at least to *Vatsyayana (active ca. 400). See also *Sex Manuals, *Tantrism, *Hijras, *Eunuchs and *Indian philosophies and religions. Other *Indic languages apart from Sanskrit, Hindi, Bengali and Urdu and also the *Dravidian languages - notably Tamil - are relevant. Homosexuals have been invisible in recent centuries due to *Puritanism which was imported with the British from the eighteenth century (independence from Great Britain was achieved in 1947). A gay conference was held in December 1994 in Bombay (see Bombay Dost vol. 4 no. 1, 1995, 5; it was organized by Ashok Row Kavi the editor of the journal) - see the report in Bangkok Post 28 December 1994, 8. Material in English. The anthology Same-Sex Love in India: Readings from Literature and History edited by Ruth Vanita and Saleem Kidwai (New York, 2000), 368 pp., gives the background. See *Allen Edwardes, The Jewel in the Lotus, 1959 (discussion of homosexuality with extensive bibl. - see his entry). Johann Jacob Mayer, Sexual Life in Ancient India, 2 volumes, 1930, has some reference in volume 2. Sushil Kumar De, Ancient Indian Erotics and Erotic Literature, Calcutta, 1959 (repr.) discusses the tradition of erotic literature in Sanskrit. AIDS Bhedbhav VirVirodhi Andolan (author), Less than gay: a citizen's report on the status of homosexuality in India (New Delhi, 1991), 91 pp., surveys the situation of contemporary homosexuals (rare - a copy is in the *Library of Congress); p.17 lists gay journals. Mrinalini Sinha, Colonial Masculinity: The "manly Englishman" and the "effeminate Bengali" in the late nineteenth century, 1995, deals with perceived male role in Bengal. Jeremy Seabrook, Love in a Different Climate: Men who have sex with men in India, London, 1999, examines the sex life of Indian men from the point of view of homosexual behavior. Stanley N. Kurtz, All the Mothers are One, 1993, takes a *Freudian view of Indian sexuality and sees sublimated homosexual aspects in Indian men. German: see K. Schmidt, Liebe und Ehe in Indien (Life and Woman in India), Berlin, 1904. Dr B. Werner, Indisches Liebesleben (Indian Love Life), Berlin, no date but ca. 1930 should be consulted. The * Spartacus Gay Guide has contemporary information. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 586-93: "India". Bibliographies. Goodland, Bibliography of Sex Rites: see the index under India (a huge number of articles are listed). Encyclopaedia of Sexual Behaviour volume 1, 128-131. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 221-22. Historical and social background - Italian Italian is spoken in Italy (it is modern Latin) from 12QQ. Very little exists in print directly bearing on the historical background to Italian homopoetry. Raffaele Corso, Das Geschlechtsleben in Sitte, Brauch, Glauben und Gewohnheitsrecht des italienischen Volkes (The sexual life of the Italians), 1914, 254 pp., is the first study of Italian sexuality; it was one of the Beiwerke of the journal 'Anthropophyteia. There is an Arci-gay organization covering the country which has helped in setting up gay archives and centers. Consult the yearly publication Italia Gay (from ca.19BB) for contemporary information. The *Spartacus Gay Guide has contemporary information. See also 'Giovanni Dall'Orto (the major bibliographer to date), 'Archives, 'Sexology - European and the various cities e.g., 'Florence, 'Venice, 'Rome, 'Bologna. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 62Q-26: "Italy". Bibliographies. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, items 134-4Q. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 195-96. Historical and social background - Japanese Japanese is spoken in Japan. Material of relevance dates from at least 1676. Many books have been written on the history of homosexuality in Japan especially in Japanese. For the historical background to Japanese homosexual poetry see, in Japanese, 'homosexual Jun'ichi, *Noguchi Takenori (co-author of the article with *Paul Schalow "Homosexuality" in Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan; the encyclopedia is also published in English). *Hiratsuka Ryosen has written a popular history of homosexuality; see also Tawara Kofu, Nihon danshoku-ko (Tokyo, 1947). The anthology *Iwatsutsuji (1676) contains historical material. Chigo were young male pages who waited on male samurai and were used sexually. See also *Heian period and *Edo (a three volume history exists on this period). See also *Theater - Japanese. Marriages in Japan were traditionally arranged by the couple's parents. The Japanese folklorist Minakata Kumakusa (1867-1941) who travelled widely in Europe and the United States is believed to have written papers mentioning homosexuality (he has an entry in the Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan). In German see *Friedrich Krauss, *Tamio Satow. The first article in German seems to have been by Suyewo Jwaya in Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 4 (1902), 265-71, "Nan sho k' (die Pederastie in Japan"), which is a brief discussion of Japanese homosexuality with illustrations (e.g., with copies of an engraving of a gay tea house in *Saikaku's Great Mirror of Male Love). (This article cites the Japanese sexual *journal "Fuzok'-Gaho" numbers 58-60 and 62 written by Sasanoya; no date is given). His address is given as *Tokyo. He was a lecturer in Japanese at Berlin University (this is mentioned by *Hirschfeld in his memoirs; see also Hirschfeld's Men and Women: The World Journey of a Sexologist, New York, 1935). A. C. Tytheridge in Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 22 (1922), 23-36, "Beobachtungen über Homosexualität in Japan", is mostly social comment on homosex in Japan with little literary reference. See further *Taruho Inagaki, re his Asthetik des knabenleben. In English see *Maggie Childs, *Stephen Murray, *Paul Schalow (a very good concise introduction exists in his Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan article); Ian Buruma, Behind the Mask, London, 1984, pp. 115-31. *Havelock Ellis was also translated into Japanese (possibly with some material on the history of homosexuality). Nicholas Bornoff, Pink Samurai: The Pursuit of Politics and Sex in Japan, London, 1991, pp. 422-33 is a good introduction. *Gary Leupp has written a study of homosexuality in the *Tokugawa period (1600-1868), though, in the opening chapters, this has discussion on the periods before; on this period see also *Shoguns. Gregory M. Pflugfelder, Cartographies of desire: male-male sexuality in Japanese discourse, 1600-1950 (Berkeley, 1999) discusses homosexuality in the *Edo, Meiji and twentieth century periods; bibliographical references pp. 337-69 and index. Howard Levy, Sex, Love and the Japanese, Washington, DC, 1970 is a study with some material (see the copy in the *Library of Congress; the book only had limited circulation and was published in a small edition). The * Spartacus Gay Guide has contemporary information. An exhaustive study of Japanese sex life is Ikeda Yasaburo, Seifuzoko, Tokyo, 3 volumes (1989-90; reprinted from the 1959 edition); a copy is in the *Library of Congress. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Sexual Behaviour volume 1, 421; with bibl. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, pp. 173-77. Bibliographies. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 217-221. Other references. Murray, Oceanic Homosexualities, 111-51 and 363-73. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 445-53. Historical and social background - Latin Latin was spoken primarily in Italy; however, the *Roman empire, based in *Rome spread over western Europe, east to the Balkans and in north Africa along the coast from Morocco to Egypt. Ancient Latin was spoken over this area. Latin changed with time to become Italian in Italy, French in France, Spanish in Spain, Portuguese in Portugal and Romanian in Romania. Historical material on homosexuality dates from 1928; however the subject was discussed in old commentaries on the classical authors, which date from the *Renaissance and ultimately from the poetry of *Martial (ca. 40-104). Ancient Latin. For ancient Roman civilization and homosexuality *Otto Kiefer (active 1933) has written the most concise introduction. Craig A. Williams, Roman Homosexuality: Ideologies of Masculinity in Classical Antiquity, 1999, is a well rounded study and refers, among other sources, to poetry. A major study of the gay erotic literature, by *C. R. Dawes, remains unpublished as does much of the work of *Georges Hérelle. For ancient Roman society see L. P. Wilkinon, "Classical Approaches", Encounter vol. li no. 3 (September 1978), 20-31. *Michel Foucault discusses the rise of *Christianity and *Eva Cantarella has discussed bisexuality. F. Gonfroy is the author of a thesis Un fait de civilisation méconnu: l'homosexualité masculine a Rome (Poitiers, 1972), Lex Hermans wrote the pamphlet Pederasten en passieven, Leiden, 1990, 22 pages (reviewed in Homologie 1990 no. 4, pp. 28-29: a study of homosexual identity and male love in the Roman state from the late *republic to the triumph of *Christianity). Theodor Hopfner, Das Sexualleben der Griechen und Romer, Prague: J G Calve, 1928, 294+ pages, a discussion of the sexual life of the Greeks and Romans, is a work which contains only brief mention of homosexuality (rare, as it was printed in Prague; it is usually not referred to in the literature). Craig A. Williams, Roman Homosexuality, Oxford, 1999, deals mainly with sex roles and social conditions. See also Rabun Taylor, "Two Pathic Subcultures in Ancient Rome", Journal of the History of Sexuality, 1997, vol. 7 no. 3, 260-371 See also entries for *Rome, *Naples, *Roman Poets, *Republican Roman Poets (this period has been brilliantly surveyed as regards homosexuality in the poetry by *Sara Lilja), imperial Roman Poets. The Greek historical and social entry is also relevant since, after 146 B.C., when the Romans subjected Greece, Greek culture and customs permeated Roman. Middle ages onwards. For the *Middle Ages see *D. S. Bailey, John Boswell, *Michael Goodich, *Harry Kuster, *Thomas Stehling. Latin continued to be the language of the *Catholic church until the twentieth century and the language of learning in eastern Europe. See also *Bibliography - Greek, Latin. References. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, pp. 79-95. Historical and social background - North American Indian languages North American Indians live in the United States and Canada. Very little work has been done on homosexuality among them. Records exist from at least 1620 in English, French and Spanish by missionaries and explorers; this is a huge literature not yet assessed for homosexuality. W. C. Sturtevant, Handbook of North American Indians (Washington, Smithsonian Institute, 1978+; 20 volumes in progress) is the place to start in looking at individual cultures (see under "Sexual behavior" in the Index; references are slight, however). A recent popular survey is Alvin M. Josephy, 500 Nations: An Illustrated History of North American Indians (1994). See also George P. Murdock, Ethnographic Bibliography of North America, 1975, 5 volumes. The *Berdache homosexual role has received the most attention to date; however, it is only one type of homosexuality (male bonding, for instance, which characterizes male singing and dancing has not been examined). Mark Thompson, Gay Spirit: Myth and Meanings, 1987 deals with North American *Indian cultures pp. 69-78 (reviewed in James White Review, vol. 5 no. 2, Winter 1989, 5). The * Spartacus Gay Guide has contemporary information. See also *Indians. References. Gay Sunshine numbers 26-27, 16-17 and 15: concise overview of homosexuality and north American Indians. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 593-95; with bibl. Historical and social background - Persian Persian is spoken in Iran. Material dates from ca. 1980 in English; there may be other material in Persian. The ancient background to male homosexuality in Iran (or Persia), which has a long gay history, has been little investigated; conditions in the 1990s were strongly anti-gay with homosexuals being killed. In 2000, signs of liberalisation were apparent. The town of Ghazvin in Zanjan Province (also spelt Qazvin) has had a reputation for homosexuality. * Spartacus Gay Guide has contemporary information. See Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 330, an extract from the writer from Kai Ka'us (1019-1085), re the Qabus Nama (Precepts for Princes); see also p. 327. The Encyclopeda Iranica (1982+; in progress) edited by *Ehsan Yarshater is an excellent reference for all aspects of Iranian life. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Iran". Historical and social background - Polish Polish is spoken in Poland. Material of relevance dates from at least 1950. The country is strongly *Catholic in religion. See Body Politic no. 109 (December 1984), 27-29: discussion of gay life under *Communism. In Polish, see Krzystof Boczkowski, Homoseksualizm, Warsaw, 1992 (rare: *British Library holds). The * Spartacus Gay Guide has contemporary information. Historical and social background - Portuguese Portuguese is spoken in Portugal and Brazil; it is also spoken in former Portuguese colonies (e.g., Angola in Africa, Macao in southern China and East Timor in Indonesia). Portugal. The authors *Asdrubal Antonio de Aguiar and *Julio Gomes Viana, both from Portugal, and *Luiz Mott, from Brazil, have all written extensively of the historical and social background. Julio Gomes Viana has written a history of homosexuality which also gives the social background. *Lisbon is the capital of Portugal. Brazil. The situation in Brazil, formerly a Portuguese colony in South America and now one of the largest nations in the world with a population many times that of Portugal's, has varied from repression to toleration. *Aids has had a terrrible impact from 1983. There is a large gay culture at present and a number of books on homosexuality were published from the 1980s. *Joao T revisan has written an outstanding book on gay culture, one of the finest recent surveys of any gay culture. *Luiz Mott is an academic authority. Sao Paolo and *Rio de Janeiro (formerly the capital; it is now Brasilia) are the two largest cities. See Delicio Monteiro de Lima, Os homoeroticos, Rio de Janeiro, 1983, and Edward McCrae, A construcao da igualade: identidade sexual e politica no Brasil da abertura, Campinas, 1990 (bibl. pp. 313-21); rare - copy: *Library of Congress. Richard G. Parker, Bodies, Pleasures and Passions: Sexual Culture in Contemporary Brazil, Boston, 1991, has a small section on gay life and has an important bibliography; his later work Beneath the Equator: Cultures of Desire, Male Homosexuality and Emerging Gay Culture in Brazil, 1998, is more comprehensive. There have been a large number of books on Carnival (a period of abandonment before the Christian season of Lent, when Christians are supposed to practice abstinence) which occurs all over Brazil and is especially important in Rio de Janeiro - e.g. see Robert Da Matta, Universo do Carnaval, Rio de Janeiro, 1981. See also *Anonynous poets - Portuguese. The articles in David William Foster, Bodies andNiases: Sexualities in Hispanic Cultures, 1966, by Dario Borim, "Intricacies of Brazilian Gayness: A Cross Cultural and Cross-Temporal Approach", pp. 333-58 (with bibl.) attempts an overall perspective, including Indian cultures. The *Spartacus Gay Guide has contemporary information. References. Portugal. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, pp.131-34 for references. Brazil. Arcadie no. 83 (November 1960), 654-665: article by Max Jurth. See the special issue of Gay Sunshine, no. 38-39 (Winter 1979). Journal of Homosexuality, vol. 11 no. 3-4 (Summer 1985), 155-63: article by Richard Parker on the social meaning of homosexuality in Brazil. Murray, Male Homosexuality in Central and South America, 24-39, deals with "Gay life in Sao Paolo". Gay Histories and Cultures: see 'Brazil" and "Portugal". Historical and social background - Russian Russian is spoken in Russia; it was formerly a second language in the Soviet Union (which extended after 1945 from East Germany to central Asia to Uzbekistan and Tajikstan). Material of relevance dates from 1500. The French translation of *Havelock Ellis's Studies in the Psychology of Sex (published in French from 1921) included an essay on Russian sexuality including homosexuality not printed in the English edition. *Simon Karlinsky has written a series of articles incorporating the social and historical background. Russian attitudes to sexuality have varied from extreme *Puritanism (e.g., under the Soviet regime when persecutions occurred from 1934) to extreme sexual abandon. See Eve Levin, Sex and Society in the World of the Orthodox Slavs, London, 1989, pp. 197-204 and 290-92 for the religious background. *St Petersburg and *Moscow are the two largest cites. See also *Stern-Szana. Contemporary period. See Mikhail Stern, Sex in the USSR, New York, 1979, Chapter 16, "Homosexuality", pp. 214-63, and George Schuvaloff, "Gay LIfe in Russia", Christopher Street, September 1976, 14-22. The article by Laura Engelstein, "There Is Sex in Russia", in Slavic Review vol. 51 no. 4 (Winter 1992), 786-790, deals with sexuality in general in 1992. Igor Semenovich Kon, Lunnyi svet na zare: Liki i maski odnopoloi liubvi (Moscow, 1998) is a contemporary study of gay life in Russia. Attitudes have changed dramatically since 1989 - e.g. the anthology * Eros Russe has been republished and male homosexual acts were decriminalized in 1993. "Singing the blues: the Russian gay movement in the 1990s" by Christopher Williams in Perversions no. 4 (spring 1995) gives the latest background. In Igor Kon and James Rorpdan, Sex and Russian Society, London, 1993, see pp. 93115; this is an excellent summary of the situation in the early 1990s. A social history of Russian homosexuality written in English by Dr. Dan Healey is available on the *Internet; this is a scholarly work with footnotes. There are several Russian gay *journals from 1990. A special issue of the journal Index on Censorship, no. 1 of 1995, called Gay's the Word in Moscow is devoted to gay life in Russia. *Stan Persky, Boyopolis, 1996 deals with Russia and the former countries of east Europe. David Tuller, Cracks in the Closet: Travels in Gay and Lesbian Russia (1998) is a contemporary travel book. The *Spartacus Gay Guide has contemporary information. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Elllis, Encyclopaedia of Sexual Behaviour: see "Soviet Union". Bibliographies. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, pp.140-43. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1133-38: by Simon Karlinsky. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 197-99. Historical and social background - Shona Shona is the main spoken language in Zimbabwe. Material of relevance dates from 1990. See Mike Coutinho, "Lesbian and Gay Life in Zimbabwe" in Aart Hendriks, editor Third Pink Book, Buffalo, New York, 1993, pp. 62 65. A gay organization GALZ (Gays and Lesbians of Zimbabwe) emerged in1990. In 1995 there was controversy when a book stall at a fair devoted to the theme of Human Rights and Justice was refused permission to show gay material. The President Robert Mugabe was criticized by civil rights groups in the country and abroad. In 1998 GALZ protested at the meeting of the World Council of Churches assembly in Zimbabwe. Shona is spoken by 80% of people of Zimbabwe. Historical and social background - Spanish Spanish is spoken in Spain and in Central and South America in Cuba, Mexico, Nicaragua, Puerto Rica (an autonomous politcial entity in the Caribbean in association with the United States), Venezuela, Argentina, Uruguay, Chile, Peru, Bolivia and Columbia, all former colonies of Spain. Material of relevance dates from ca. 1478. Spain. The Catholic Church's Inquisition (from 1478) was the major fact of life for homosexuals in Spain from this time and much information on gay life survives in its records: see Rafael Carrasco, Inquisicion y repression sexual en Valencia...1565-1785, Barcelona, 1985; see also "Unnatural Crime" in H. C. Lea, A History of the Inquisition, vol. 6, 1966, pp. 361-71. *Arlindo Camillo Monteiro wrote the first comprehensive history of homosexuality. *Alberto Nin Frias, *Gregorio Marañon and *Antonio Velilla have also written relevant works. The article "Sodomia" in the Enciclopedia Espasa Calpe (1927 edition) should be consulted. Xosé M. Buxán Bran, Conciencia de un singular deseo, Barcelona, 1997 is a general work with bibliography pp. 319-337 as is Juan Vicente Aliaga and others, Identidad y diferencia sobre la cultura gay en España (Barcelona, 1997). Ian Gibson's biography of *García Lorca gives some material for the twentieth century to 1937. Many books have been published both in Spain and South America on homosexuality but not all have entered libraries. A series starting with the words Mala Vida... (bad life. i. e. vice) and referring to various cities details sexual life (including homosexual) in Spanish cities; e.g. Prof. Max-Bembo, La Mala vida en Barcelona, Barcelona, published before 1917; Jose Deleito y Puinuela, La Mala Vida en la España de Felipe IV, Masdrid, 1948. On Valencia see Begoña Enguix Grau, Poder y deseo: la homosexualidad masculina en Valencia, Valencia, 1996. See also the Spanish cities *Madrid and *Barcelona (though Catalan is the main spoken language in Barcelona). Central and South America. Generally the situation for human rights in South America, including gay rights, has vastly improved from the 1980s onwards. Recent work is being done by United States gay scholars in English; for instance, *Stephen O. Murray has edited a series of scholarly essays. Earlier material is scanty and mainly from the medical stance. Mexico and Argentina have the strongest gay movements; Peru suffered extreme repression in 1975 (see Gay Sunshine no. 42-43, 1980, 30: "Gay Life in Lima"). *Spartacus Gay Guide has contemporary information. Argentina. See Carlos A Da Gris, El homosexual en la Argentina, Buenos Aires, 1965, 298 pp., and Carlos Luis Jauregui, La Homosexualidad en la Argentina, Buenos Aires, 1987. There has been a flowering of gay culture in Argentina since the overthrow of the generals. Columbia. See Ebel Botero, Homofilia y homofobia, Medellin: the author, 1980, 233 pp.; bibl. pp. 231-33, a study of repression against homosexuals. Cuba. See Allen Young, Gays Under the Cuban Revolution, 1981, which shows the poor treatment under the Castro *Marxist regime. *Reinaldo Arenas in his autobiography Before Night Falls, 1993, has much information on Cuban gay life and on repression under Castro. See also Ian Lumsden, Machos, Maricones and Gays, Cuba and homosexuality, Philadelphia, 1996. Mexico. Overall see "Homosexuality in Michael S. Werner, editor, Encyclopoedia of Mexico, Chicago, 1997, 651 54 by Anthony G. Rominske. For articles, see Christopher Street, July 1977, 7-9 and August 1977, 34-42, "Gay Life in Mexico" by David Lennox and Murray, Male Homosexuality in Central and South America, pp. 4-21. See also José Antonio Ramos Frias, Estudio criminologico y medico legal de la homosexualidad, Mexico, 1966. Journal of Homosexuality vol.11 no. 3-4 (Summer 1985), 117-36: "Mexican Male Homosexual Interaction in Public Contexts" by Clark L. Taylor is excellent ; see also his article in Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 190-202, "Mexican Gaylife in Historical Perspective", an overview of gay life in Mexico (reprinted from *Gay Sunshine no. 26/27, Winter 1975-76). See also Ian Lumsden, Homosexuality, Sex and the State in Mexico, Toronto: Canadian Gay Archives, 1991 (Spanish edition, Mexico City: Solediciones, trans. by Luis Zapata, 1991). Edouardo David, Gay Mexico, San Francisco, 1993, is a guide. Peru. See Murray, Male Homosexuality in Central and South America, 101-117: re the capital Lima. India Bonita, Lima: Movimiento Homosexual de Lima, 1997, 127 pp. is a series of essays on Peruvian gay culture (rare: a copy is in the University of California, Berkeley, Library). Puerta Rica. See José Ramon del Puente, Homosexualismo en Puerto Rico, vol. 1, Rio Piedras, 1986 (rare: copy seen *Library of Congress). References. Spain. Dynes, Homosexuality : A Research Guide, pp.131 -34. Cuaderno bibliográfico gay, 22-29: the best bibl. so far of the historical background to Spanish homosex. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 194-5; see also 212-17. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1236-43: "Spain" by *Daniel Eisenberg (the best introduction; with bibl.). Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Spain". Central and South America. Encyclopaedia of Sexual Behaviour: "Latin America". Gay Sunshine no. 40-41 (Fall 1979), 22-26: "Latin America: Myths and Realities" by *E. A. Lacey. See Gay Hotsa (published in Bilbao, Spain), no.41 (April-May 1988): a special issue with articles on Argentina, Nicaragua, Puerto Rica. Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Argentina", "Mexico", "Spain". Historical and social background - Swedish Swedish is spoken in Sweden. Material of relevance dates from 1900. There is a special issue of the Journal of Homosexuality, vol. 35 no. 3-4 (1997) on "Scandinavian Homosexualities". See [no editor], Sant som historielararen glomde (?) [sic], Aseda, Sweden, 1981. Historical and social background - Turkish Turkish is spoken in Turkey. Material dates from at least 1986. The country has a long history of homosexuality (e.g. see *Sultans). The only detailed historical study is in Turkish by *Arslan Yüzgün, published in 1986. See also Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall, *Bernhard Stern, Jonathan Drake, *Ingeborg Baldauf. *Istanbul, the capital, has a long tradition of homosexuality, going back to the Greeks (see *Byzantine entries). Turkish encyclopedias, which are numerous, should be checked for articles on homosexuality, for instance Islam Ansiklopedisi. The Turks came to Turkey from east Asia only in the twelfth century. In Turkish, Resat Ekrem Koçu has written much on Ottoman customs and is cited in Yuzgun's bibliography in his 1986 book. Murat Bardakçi, Osmanli'da seks: sarayda gece dersleri, Istanbul, 1992, deals with sexual customs in Turkey, including homosexuality; bibl., pp. 227-28. See also the book Nashawati al sakran min sahba-i tidhkar il ghizlan (1896) by Mohammed Cadiq Hassan Khan cited in A. Bouhdiba, Sexualité en Islam p. 178 (note: transliteration of this book is the French system of transliteration): the book is said to be based on Hindi material like the Kama Sutra of *Vatsyayana and to contain material on homosexuality in Turkey of its time. See also Sema Nilgün Erdogan, Sexual Life in *Ottoman Society, Istanbul, 1996. The * Spartacus Gay Guide has contemporary information. References. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1229-30: "Turkey". Schmitt, Sexuality and Eroticism Among Males in Moslem Societies, 71-92: discussion of contemporary situation. Murray, Islamic Homosexualities, 172-86. Yüzgün, Türkiye'de Escinsellik, 159-61: concise overview. Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Turkey". Historical and social background - Urdu Urdu is spoken in Pakistan where it is the main language and in India, mainly in the north. Material dates from 1738. Homosexuality unquestionably has a long history but there has been lttle attempt at an historical overview, at least in English. See *C. M. Naim, "The Theme of Homosexual (Pederastic) Love in Pre-Modern Urdu Poetry", in Studies in the Urdu Gazal and Prose Fiction, edited by M. U. Memon, 1979, p. 126, re Dargah Quli Khan writing about homosexuality being common in *Delhi 1738-41 when he stayed there. Schmitt, Sexuality and Eroticism Among Males in Moslem Societies, pp. 93-104 discusses Karachi, the capital of contemporary Pakistan. *C. M. Naim has written the best introductory article on the poetry containing historical information. The *Spartacus Gay Guide has contemporary information. References. Murray, Islamic Homosexualities, 267-96: re the contemporary situation. Poet from Czech republic who wrote in Czech. 1874-1898. A decadent poet who wrote also much verse about the nationalist gymnastic movement Sokol. See "The Vampire" from his 1896 volume Pozde k ranu(The Small Hours) in Alfred French, Anthology of Czech Verse, Ann Arbor, 1987, 350-53. I am grateful to Professor Alfred Thomas of Harvard for drawing my attention to this poet. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Everyman Companion to East European Literature. Poem in English from Australia. 1999. "Ho hum/ stick a finger/ up your bum". Written on a toilet wall in Burgmann College, Australian National University, Canberra, and copied from the wall on 8 August 1999 by *Paul Knobel. The poem could be just as much applicable to heterosexuals as to homosexuals. Poet from Vietnam who wrote in Vietnames. Died ca. 1840. A remarkable woman poet, twice married, about whom little is known, including her birth and death. She refers to male homosexuality in her poetry and many references occur (source: a Vietnamese scholar, Hanoi, 1995). She lived in Hanoi and may have died under the reign of Minh Mang (ruled 1820-40). Text: see Huynh Sanh Thong, Heritage of Vietnamese Poetry, 1979, p. 302; biog., pp. 277-78. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1969. Book of poems: Rumour of Rebellion: Poems, London, 1982; reviewed in Gay News no. 248 (1982), 48 by *Martin Humphries (with a photograph of author and extensive quotation). This is a collection of poems 1969-82 of which the reviewer states some are *non gender specific and could have gay reference. Biographer from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1951. Author of Serious Pleasures: The Life of Stephen Tennant, London, 1990. *Stephen Tennant was the lover of *Siegfried Sassoon for a period of five years; he also wrote some poetry. The book is one of the most important biographies of the lover of a gay poet. His biography of *Noel Coward is the most candid on his homosexuality. Autobiographer from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1786-1869. A close friend of *Byron who insisted on Byron's Memoirs being burnt (this was done in the offices of Byron's publisher John Murray who had purchsed the manuscript); Hobhouse protested at the burning (see *Louis Crompton, Byron and Greek Love, 1985, 338-39). His Journey through Albania (1813) describes the same journey that Byron describes in Childe Harold. Hobhouse made Byron destroy Byron's *Cambridge journal when they were travelling in Albania (Louis Crompton, Byron and Greek Love, 1985, 339). His Recollections of a Long Life (1865) contains reminiscences of Byron. He later became Lord Broughton. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Philosopher from France who wrote in French. 1946-1988. A French *gay liberation philosopher and writer; he wrote for the left-wing journal Libération. His works include Le désir homosexuel, 1972 (trans. into English and Italian) and Race d'ep, 1980 (a century of homosexual pictorial images, later made into a film and a major visual survey of European homosexuality). He died of *Aids. Interview: Babilonia no. 4, 34-35. Biography: see brief note on the back cover of Race d'ep and Bill Marshall, Guy Hocquenghem: Beyond Gay Identity, 1999. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 543-44. Dictionnaire Gay. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Active 1917. Bibliographies. Murray, Catalogue of Selected Books, item 29: citing Poems, 1917. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1893-1916. Educated at *Oxford, he was an officer in the First World War, in which he was killed. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 63,129: two very homoerotic poems, "Glimpse" and "To a *Boy"; biog., 237. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 155: the fine poem "To a Boy". Hoe kan ik in woorden vangen: een bloembzing van homopoezie Anthology in Dutch from the Netherlands. Utrecht: Athmer, 1986, 34 pp. It was compiled by Martin de Zoete ("mit tek. van Paul Lemmens"). Not sighted. A copy is in the *Homodok library. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active 1918. See Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 18 (April-July 1918), 11-12: poem about *Magnus Hirschfeld, "Dem grossen Menschenfreund" (The greatest male friend). Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1923. Author of the long poem * Brotherly Love, 1980, which, though not about homosexuality in any physical sense, is philosophically based on *male bonding and love and is a major historical survey of *Philadelphia (Philadelphia in Greek means "brotherly love"). The city was founded by *William Penn as an expression of his ideas and Daniel Hoffman lives there. Technically Brotherly Love owes much to *Charles Olson's Maximus Poems and *T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. The work also relates to the *men's movement and *Walt Whitman, who lived and died in Philadelphia. Compare * Brother Songs. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Contemporary Literary Criticism, volume 23. Poet from Germany writing in German. Born 1887. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 252: poem "Backroom" - he used the pseudonym Ernst Mann. Translator from Spanish to German. Active 1B41. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 66: Blüten spanischer Poesie (Flowers of Spanish Poetry), Magdeburg: Baensch, 1B41. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 93-9: trans. of the Spanish poet 'Garcilaso de la Vega. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active before 1979. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Milchsilber, 66, 99-103; photo p. 192. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active 1994. Book: Hurenherz, 1994, 68 pp. - see Die schulen Buchläden, 94/v page 20. Poet and dramatist from Austria. 1B74-1929. A noted Austrian poet and dramatist. For a short time he was in touch with 'Stefan George and was one of the 'George Kreis and published some works in 'Blätter für die Kunst up to 19Q4; he later quit the group, refusing to be dominated by George. His poems are linked with the 'aesthetic movement and were published anonymously. Most poems were written before 19Q7. Letters with George were published in 193B. He used pseudonyms and married. He is famous for writing the libretto of the Strauss opera Der Rosenkavalier, 1911, in which the central character, a woman dresses as a man. There is possible lesbianism in the play Elektra, 19Q4, according to some readings. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 66: the poem "Ein Knabe", Briefe von der Freundschaft (Letters on 'friendship) and the play Elektra, Berlin: Fischer, 19Q4. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 1Q732: Der Prophet [no other details] with a note "About 'Stefan George". Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen, items 429 and 431 : Die Gedichte und kleinen Dramen, Leipzig: Insel, [1955] and Gedichte (Poems), Frankfurt: Insel, 1964. Criticism. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, vol. 7 part 2, (19Q5), BB3-B5: review of Elektra, 19Q4. Pseudonym of a poet from Sweden writing in Swedish. His real name is *Nils Hallbeck, 1907-1997. Under this name he translated the Greek poet *Cavafy. Books published under this name are: Alska och do, 1951; Eros, 1955; Rott liv, 1958; Ogonblick, 1961; Lust och langtan, 1975. Translation of *Cavafy: Karlsdikter av Kavafis, 1960. Publisher from Great Britain of works in English. From 1917. The press was established by Leonard and Virginia Woolf (the novelist who had an affair with Vita Sackville West). Writers of relevance published included *T. S. Eliot (Poems, 1917), *George Rylands (1931), John Lehmann (who was gay and worked for the press 1931-32 and became a part owner 1938-46) and *Cavafy. Translator from Greek to English. Active before 1983. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 69, 70: translator of the Greek poet *Straton (Palatine Anthology xii 192 and 213) into English. Poet from Germany who wrote in German. Active 1924. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 66: poem "Du! (for Karl)" and "Nachtsturm"; also cites the book Sommertage in Schweden, Berlin: Erz, 1924 (it is uncertain whether this is poetry). Poet and critic from Germany writing in German; anthologist of works in German; translator from English to German. Active from 1964. A major German gay anthologist and editor who is also a poet and has published at least four books of poems; listed in Bibliographies below. He compiled the anthology * Keine Zeit für gute Freunde. He is the translator of *Ian Young into German: titled Schwule Poesie, 1978, this is a selection of Ian Young's poetry with a critical essay. He edited selections from the journals * Der Kreis (published 1980) and *Der Eigene (published 1981), and has edited selections of important documents on homosexuality: Homosexualitat und Subkultur, 1976, Der unterdruckte Sexus, 1977, and Der Heimliche Sexus: Homosexuelle Belletristik in Deutschland von 1900 bis heute, 1979. He wrote Männerfreundschaften (Frankfurt, 1979) on male friendship. Der unterdruckte Sexus, 1977, is a collection of historical texts on homosexuality. Bibliographies. Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen, items 432-35: Gedichte, Frankfurt: Insel, 1964, Ladung zum Verhör, Gedichte 1971-76, Lollar: Aschenbach, 1976, Die Lumpensammler. Poetische Texte, Lollar: Aschenbach, 1977, Im Pfauengarten. Gedichte, Frankfurt and Berlin, 1980 and Schwierige Heimkehr. Ausgewählte Gedichte, Band2, Darmstadt: Foerster, 1992. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Milchsilber, 71-72; biog., 193. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 247: poem trans. English. Poet from Japan who wrote in Japanese. Active before 1713. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Partings at Dawn, 107 (from the anthology *Iwatsutsuji). Poet from Japan who wrote in Japanese. Active before 1713. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Partings at Dawn, 108 (from the anthology *Iwatsutsuji). Poet from the Netherlands writing in Dutch. Active 1993. His Raamwerk, Utrecht, 1993, is an unpaginated pamphlet of about 30 pp. of gay poems with illustrations of naked men. Poet from Finland writing in Finnish. Born 1927. Active as a poet from the 1950s he lived in France and has also written a novel. Bibliographies. Hansen, Nordisk Bibliografi, 21: book of poems Pitkiä sanoja, WSOY, 1980, 92 pp. Rossel, History of Scandinavian Literature, 359. Poet from Australia who wrote in English. 1921-1960. Described in Donald Horne, The Education of Young Donald, Penguin, 1982, p. 259, as wearing "a *green suit, green shirt, green tie" at a literary gathering. His previous remark, p. 209, "green was a homosexual's colour" indicates the significance of this: deliberately dressing, like a *dandy of the *aesthetic movement, so as to indicate homosexuality. The implication is that he was thought homosexual by Donald Horne at the time. A journalist, none of his poems have been published in book form. Some were possibly published in the Sydney University magazine Arna. He edited, with Marjorie Pizer, Creeve Roe (1947), a selection of the satirical verse of *Victor Daley. See also *A. D. Hope. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Translator from Greek to English from Great Britain. Active 1974. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition item 1851: Greek Pastoral Poetry: *Theocritus, *Bion, *Moschus, the Pattern Poems, Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin, 1974. This is the standard contemporary English language translation of these poets with a very good introduction discussing *pastoral poetry and its nachleben (existence after publication). Poet from Germany who wrote in German; translator from Greek to German. 1770-1843. A contemporary of Hegel and Schiller, in 1798 he left his wife and spent the next two years with a devoted friend Isaak von Sinclair (1775-1813); he later became mentally disturbed and lived in the care of a carpenter Zimmer 1807-43. Greek art and longing for Greece was influential in his work: for instance, he wrote a famous gay poem "Socrates and Alibiades" (see John Lauritsen) and a poem on *Ganymede. He was greatly attracted to a woman he called Diotima (compare a similar woman in the work of *Plato). *Friendship was a strong theme in his poetry. He translated *Pindar from Greek: see * Blätter für die Kunst 9 (1910). See also *Charles Causley. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 507-08. Duroc, Homosexuels et lesbiennes illustrés, 189. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 66: Hyperion oder der Eremit von Griehcenland. (Hyperion an Diotima), Leipzig: Reclam, [nodate] and the poems "Griechenland - An St." and "Sokrates und Alkibiades". Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen, items 421-26: Sämtliche Werke (Complete Works), Stuttgart: J. G. Cottasche, 1994+. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 128-31 (poems "Griechenland" and "Sokrates und Alkibiades" and the novel Hyperion ). Die Bedeutung der Freundesliebe, 21-22. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 21011: one poem on *Socrates; biog., 193 - states "Hyperion... is obviously Hölderlin himself, who meets his fascinating soul-mate, Alabanda". "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen ", 79: "Sokrates und Alkibiades". Criticism. Mayne, The Intersexes, 297-301 : stated to have been gay and Sinclair was his lover and re his novel Hyperion. John Lauritsen, The Early Homosexual Rights Movement in Germany, 1974, 8. Derks, Der Schande der heiligen Päderastie, 393-409. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1939. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1854: Song of Boy, London: privately printed, 1939. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1948. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10733: *Sappho: a drama in verse, New York: Scribner, 1948. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1953. The author of A Journal of the Plague Years: Poems 1979-1992, 1992, 122 pages: poems of a well travelled dancer from *New York which deal with losses and grief inspired by *Aids. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 774-75, 801. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active before 1964. No entry found in the *British Library General Catalogue or *National Union Catalog. Bibliography. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 66: poem "Am Strande (Er streifte...)". No other information given. Editor and critic from the United States who wrote in English. Born 1885. Author of a biography Whitman (1926). He was the editor of an edition of Leaves of Grass (1924), which was much reprinted and included the variorum edition of Leaves of Grass from the collected edition of *Horace Traubel and others; Holloway's edition was long the standard text of Leaves of Grass but is now superceded by the New York University edition edited by *Gay Wilson Allen and others. He also compiled an edition of Whitman (1938), which included his prose. Katz, Gay/Lesbian Almanac, pp. 388-91, cites an article by Emory Holloway in The Dial, 1918, in which the author debunks the theory that *Whitman had a romance with a woman; Holloway states the poem "Once I Passed Through a Populous City" came from the Calamus section of Whitman's Leaves of Grass revealed by examination of the manuscript. The article caused a great deal of interest and is an example of very scholarly work in relation to a gay poet. (Whitman was in 1918 thought by many to be heterosexual.) Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Biographer from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1917. Biographer of *Norman Douglas. His Norman Douglas (1976), is the fullest account of Douglas's life though it has been criticized as not being sufficiently frank. See pp. 112-18 for what the author states is the first homosexual encounter of Douglas (in 1897), pp. 183-87 re the boy Eric, pp. 229-32 for a court case involving a youth in London 1916 and pp. 363-85 regarding intimate relations. This biography was a landmark in discussing *pederastic gay relationships in English. Reviews: Spectator 11 December 1976, 18, by *Paul Fussell (where it is highly rated); Times Literary Supplement, 17 December 1976, 1576, by Anthony Burgess; Books and Bookmen vol. 22 (February 1977), 42-43 by *Harold Acton: not rated highly. He also edited Some Letters of *Giuseppe Orioli to Mrs. Gordon Crotch, Edinburgh: Tragara Press, 1974, 23 pp. He is the author of Heavens on earth: utopian communities in America, 1680-1880 (1951). Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1883-died after 1923. Not in Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 499: "My Boy Beyond". Foster, "Beauty's Purple Flame: Some Minor American Gay Poets", Gay Books Bulletin no. 7 (1982), 17 - states he wrote a dead-boy *elegy "My Boy Beyond: to a friend" (with a quotation from the poem); 18: notes his book Songs of the Silence and other poems, New York, 1923. Poet from the United States who wrote in English and who later lived in the Netherlands; he was also a translator from Latin and Dutch to English. 1924-1986. A United States poet who moved to *Amsterdam in The Netherlands. He is one of the finest gay liberation poets in English. His most famous poem was the "Asshole Poem" (* Son of the Male Muse, pp. 97-98); this work was almost certainly inspired by the poem on the same theme by *Verlaine and *Rimbaud. He was born in the United States, imprisoned as a conscientious objector in World War II, and moved to the Netherlands in 1949; from 1974 he was Senior Lecturer in Translation Studies at the University of Amsterdam where he translated such poets as the Latin poets *Catullus and *Martial (see Martial Music, 1983, published under the name of Jacob Lowland; rare: a copy is in *New York Public Library). See his essay "Translating Martial and Vergil" in Daniel Weissbort, editor, Translating Poetry, Iowa City, 1989, pp. 5772 (includes a translation of Vergil's homosexual "Second Eclogue"). The Gay Studs Guide to Ameterdam, Amsterdam: C. J. Aarts, 1979, was his most famous and openly gay book of poems and is a series of *sonnets whose theme is gay sex in the gay bars of Amsterdam (reviewed: Boston Gay Review, Fall 1979, by *Rudy Kikel). There was a revised edition 1980 with two extra sonnets written in 1979 (repr. Amsterdam 1981). This book, celebrating *leather sexuality, is a major work of poetry of the gay liberation period. He was called "the *Tom of Finland of verse" by Dennis Forbes (*Tom of Finland was a gay artist famous for drawings of *leather sex.) Billy and the Banquet (1979), 13 pp. is part of a gay *epic which is a *parody of gay life (rare: copy sighted *New York Public Library). He was active as a gay poet from 1978 and died of *Aids; his death was announced in the * James White Review vol. 4 no. 2 (Winter 1987), 2. Other books: Early Verse 1947-57, Amsterdam, 1985 (poems from 1950 are relevant e.g. "Put *Ginsberg Down" p. 43); Nine Hundred Rimes, 1979; View of Kent, 1980 and Piet Paaltjens Everlastings (1850-1852), Amsterdam, 1982, published under the pseudonym Jacob Lowland which contains one poem made gay in translation. Audio cassette: Jim and Jake at Jacques, 1983 (the title refers to himself and Jacob Lowland, his pseudonym); rare: a copy is in the gay collection in the *New York Public Library. For a biographical note see the last pages of Early Verse (which also contains a list of his verse). Poems were published in Maatstaf (Amsterdam), April 1987, 84-88, and James White Review vol. 1 no. 3 (Spring 1984), 9: Tine poem "Polaroid". Poems appear to exist in manuscript. Obituary: Forum 1 (1987), 89-92 by *Marita Keilson-Lauritz (written in German). Obituaries and articles in Dutch exist in the *Homodok archives. Translation. Translations into Dutch of his poems exist (J. van Marle, Holmes's partner, to the author, Amsterdam, 1995). He was interviewed in The * Advocate (including printing of "Asshole Poem"); exact issue number not located, but after 1982. Criticism: See *Marita Keilson-Lauritz. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1869a-71: "Asshole Poem" in The Rob Gallery (catalogue), Amsterdam: The Rob Gallery, 1980, Nine Hidebound Rimes. Poems 1977, Amsterdam: *Pink Triangle poets, 1978, View of Kent. A Cycle of Four Poems, Amsterdam: The Rob Gallery, 1980; 2395-96 (using the pseudonym Jacob Lowland which is here disclosed): The Gay Stud's Guide to Amsterdam and Other Sonnets, Amsterdam: C. J. Aarts, 1978 and The Gay Stud's Guide to Amsterdam and Other Sonnets, 1981 Edition, Amsterdam: C. J. Aarts, 1981; highly rated by *Ian Young. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Mannenmaat, 13-15. Son of the Male Muse, 97-100; biog., 188 (photo p. 97). Editor possibly from Canada of a work in English. Active 1995. He edited the collection of the work of five poets, *Plush, with *Lynn Crosbie. Holroyd, Michael He is best known as the biographer of *Lytton Strachey: Lytton Strachey: A Critical Biography, two volumes (London, 1967-68); there were revised editions of this work published in 1971 and 1973. Though Strachey only wrote a few poems, the biography was a landmark in its frank discussion of the homosexual love life of Lytton Strachey and those around him, including his lovers Maynard Keynes and Duncan Grant (see *Paul Roche). Its publication was propitious: just one year before the beginning of *gay liberation. The latest edition, the fourth edition, Lytton Strachey: The New Biography (New York, 1994), is a rewriting of the material. It omits some material but includes 100,000 new words (but still coming out at 100,000 words shorter than the1971 edition). Some people mentioned under pseudonyms in prior editions are correctly named and new material is added; see the introduction pages xi-xxxv for discussion of the problems in writing the first edition, its literary reception and the history of the text since then. The introduction is a major document concernig the open discussion of male homosexuality in *biography. He is married to the British novelist Margaret Drabble. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Contemporary Authors New Revision Series volume 35. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Active before 1924. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 68: "Lament" - "He is gone with his blue eyes/ Whom I love most." Poet from writing Czech Republic writing in Czech. 1923-1998. A poet who was also a scientist and a dissident under the Communist regime and whose works could only be published abroard where he achieved popularity as a great poet. In Poems Before and After, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1990, see "Homer", p. 181 (the poet asks whether Homer liked "young boys"). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors, New Revision Series, vol. 10. Encyclopedia of World Literature in the 20th Century: Supplement (1994). Poet from Greece or Turkey writing in Greek. Believed active ca. 700 B.C.; the date is uncertain and is taken from the Oxford Classical Dictionary. Homer is accepted as the poet who put the Homeric epics The Iliad and The Odyssey into their surviving form. Achilles is the hero of The Iliad and a focus of the poem is his close friendship with his fellow warrior Patroclus; Achilles makes a strong speech on Patroclus's death in Book 18. Homer may have come from Chios in Greece or *Smyrna now in Turkey. The entry *Achilles and Patroclus discusses this relationship from a gay perspective. Their relationship has been seen from *Aeschylus (active in the fifth century B.C.) as a homosexual relationship but there has been much later debate, which still continues, as to whether Homer meant us to present them as a gay couple. Homer barely touches on sexual desire, homosexual or heterosexual in The Iliad. His world, however, is one of intensely strong *male bonding with homoerotic undertones; see *Aeschylus, *Aristophanes, *Phaedrus. For relevant passages in The Iliad see Anthologies and Criticism below. See also the entry for *Pobratim in the various south Slav languages (e. g. Montenegrin, Serbo-Croat) and in Albanian since this custom may relate to ancient Greek customs. A reference to the abduction of *Ganymede occurs in The Iliad at Book 20, lines 230-35 but there is no sexual sense in the passage. (For further relevant passages in The Iliad and The Odyssey see those cited below under Criticism by J. A. Symonds.) Parodies of The Iliad. Burlesques and *parodies of The Iliad in Greek are known from ancient Greek (see Trypanis, Greek Poetry, 7677). *Satyr plays featured such burlesques. A modern burlesque poem * The Trojan War (ca. 1955), with homosexual references, has been recorded by *Mary Koukoules. The English language poet Thomas *Bridges who wrote Homer Burlesque; Poem 68 of the Latin *Priapea is a (heterosexual) burlesque of Homer. See also *Homer and Assoc. The text of Homer. The text of The Iliad we have it is that established by *Aristarchus in the 'Hellenistic period; references in *Plato may be to a different version of The Iliad. On texts see the articles "Homer-Ausgaben" in Lexikon des gesamten Buchwesens, second edtion. Early editions are described in Brunet, Manuel du libraire. In some legends his teacher was the homosexual *Thamyris. Biography. Little is known of Homer; for information see Dictionaries below. Although twentieth century authors have contended Homer could not write, Martin Bernal in Black Athena (1987 and 1991, two volumes) makes out a case that it was possible Homer could write, since the alphabet had reached Greece by the time he is believed to have lived (see the Indexes of this work for references). Translation. Translations are included mainly in relation to *Achilles and Patroclus; however the intensely strong *male bonding of The Iliad is also relevant. The * National Union Catalog reveals The Iliad was translated first into Latin in 1516, into Modern Greek in 1526, then into Dutch in 1658. Only the first translator and major translations (those which have been reprinted and thus had widespread readership) are listed. For a more extensive listing consult the National Union Catalog and the British Library General Catalogue both of which were used in compiling this list of translators. Arabic: Sulayman Khattar Al-Bustani (1904). Armenian: Hamazasp Asatowri (1955). Czech: A Skoda (1911-12) O. Vanorny (1926; repr.). Danish: C. F. E. Wilster (1836; repr.). Dutch: J. H. Glazemaker (1658); other translations exist. English. The main English translators are the first, Chapman (1611), followed by *Pope, *Cowper and then *Lang, *Leaf and *Myers. E. V. Rieu's Penguin translation has been widely available and Richmond Lattimore is currently a favored translator. *George Chapman - in poetry - (1611; repr.), Thomas Hobbes - in poetry (1674-75; repr.), *Alexander Pope - in poetry (1715-20; repr.), *William Cowper (1791; repr.), *W. C. Bryant (1870), *Andrew Lang, *Walter Leaf, *Ernest Myers - in prose (1883; repr), *Samuel Butler (1898), A. T. Murray (Loeb edition, 1925; repr.), *T. E. Lawrence (1938), *E. V. Rieu - in prose (1950; Penguin edition, repr.), I. A. Richards (1950), *Richmond Lattimore - in poetry (1951; repr.), Robert Fagles (New York,1991), Stanley Lombardo (New York, 1997). Esperanto: A. Kofman - incomplete (1895). Finnish: O. Manninen (1919, repr.) French: H. Salel (1577), Madame Dacier (1711; repr.), many translations, J. P. Bitaube (1817; repr.), P. Giguet (1844; repr.). Gaelic: J. Macdonald - Books 1-8 (1937). German: J. Spring (1601), *J. H. Voss (1751; repr.'). Modern Greek: K. Hermoniakos (1526; reort. Hungarian: KempfJozsef (1854), Jancso Lajos (1856). Icelandic (that is. Norse'): S. Egilsson (1855). Irish: J. H. MacHall (1844). Italian: A. M. Salvini (1760), F. Boaretti (1788). Latin: in the * editio princeps (1474), (1516) translator not known (1551), various translations; see the * British Library General Catalogue for copies. Latvian: Translator not known (1936). Lithuanian: Homero llijada verte J Ralys ir S Ciurlioniene-Kymantaite, P. Zadeikis ir J Talmantas. Redagaoo ir ivada parse prof. V Silkarskis (1930). Polish: F. Dmochowski (1800-01; repr.), P. Popil (1880), Partial trans., translator not known (1903). Portuguese: J. M. da Costa e Silva (1811). Russian: N. I. Gnedich (1839). Serbo-Croat: P. A. Kazali (1858). Slovenian: Anton Sovre (1950). Spanish: J. Gomez Hermosilla (1831; repr), I. G. Malo (1888). Swedish: B. Risberg (1928). Welsh: R. Morris Lewis (1928). Wendic (that is, Sorbian): M. Urban (1922). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary: dating him before 700 B.C.; consult also the third edition for the latest views. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 550-52. Gay Histories and Cultures. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 66: Ilias (Achilleus und Patroklos); cites various editions from Germany. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10734: a trans. of *Andrew Lang, London: MacMillan and Co., 1897, is noted; see also Achilles. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 1876-77: The Iliad, Edinburgh: Nelson, 1938 and The Odyssey, trans. by "T. E. Shaw" (*T. E Lawrence), New York: Oxford, 1932. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 183-84. Ioläus (1902), 68-73. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 16-20. Hidden Heritage, 79-82; see also *E. F. M. Benecke. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 51-52: trans. of *Alexander Pope. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 119-120: fine trans. by *Anthony Reid; biog., 114. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 197-98; from The Iliad (Book 18, lines 1-40 and 99-122, trans. *Alexander Pope). Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 16-22. Criticism. Symonds, A Problem in Greek Ethics, 3. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 44951: citing, p. 449, the most important passages as Iliad ix, 186, 663, xviii, 22 ff., 65, 315, 334, xix, 209, 315, xxiii, 84 (referring to the friendship of *Achilles and Patroclus) and, p. 451, The Odyssey xxiv, 78 (stating that after the death of Patroclus, Antilochus took his place). Buffiere, Eros adolescent: scattered references, see index. Courouve, Ces petits grecs, 21. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1967. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10735: A Bedside Odyssey, San Diego: Greenleaf, 1967, 160 pp. Song in Greek from Greece datable from 770 to 550 B.C. See *"Hymn to Aphrodite", one of the group called Homeric Hymns. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary: "Hymns". Homodok, also called Documentatiecentrum Homostudies Archive in the Netherlands whose main material is in Dutch; material in English and German and other *European languages is held. It was founded in 1978. It is one of the most important gay libraries and archives in Europe with extensive journal holdings (a computer printout of journal holdings is available; compare * Our Own Voices). A list of journals held was published in 1986 (14 pp.). It also has a library of gay books and is open daily. It is easy to use but in recent years has been operating under budgetary constraints. It is situated in *Amsterdam where it was affiliated with Amsterdam University (which teaches gay studies) until 1998; it has now moved to new premises affiliated with the Amsterdam lesbian archive. The center publishes the bibliographical column "Relevant" in the Dutch gay journal * Homologie. It had some 2,000 journal titles in 1991, making it the library with the largest holding of gay journals in Europe; in 1999 it had some 3,800 journal titles. It took over the library of the old Van Leeuwen Bibliothek of the Dutch gay club COC in existence from 1946 to 1970. There is a computer based author/title catalogue and a subject catalogue and the archive has an *Internet site. References. Directory of the International Association of Lesbian and Gay Archives and Libraries, 29-33. Verzeichnis der Schwulen und Schwul-lesbischen Bibliotheken, 6-7. Homoerotische Lyrik: 6. Kolloquium der Forschungsstelle fur europaische Lyrik des Mittelalters. Critical work from German relating to Latin, Greek, German, English, Persian, Turkish and Arabic. Tübingen: Narr, 1992, 254 pages. It contains critical articles on homoerotic lyric poetry of the 'Middle Ages and is part of a series on poetry of the Middle Ages published by the University of Mannheim, of which it is number 6. The material surveyed ranges from ancient Greek 'bucolic, 'boy love in classic poets of Rome, to 'Shakespeare, 'Stefan George and Persian, Turkish and Islamic poetry. Edited by Theo Stammler. Journal in Dutch from the Netherlands. Published from 1978. It was founded in connection with the Dutch *Homodok archive. Some poems by gay poets have been published (e.g. *Detlev Meyer, *Sybe Krol) and there have been book reviews on major new historical books and critical articles (e.g., on *Hubert Fichte). Each issue has an up to date bibliography in Dutch of items in European languages compiled from sources in Homodok; the bibliography is very comprehensive and after 1987 supplements that of *Wayne Dynes (see under "Non-fictie Mannen" for gay male poetry). It should be consulted by anyone wanting to be familiar with the latest gay research in *European languages. Poets with the same name. With two or more poets being confused, it is frequently difficult to identify who is meant. Homonyms survive from ancient Greek from Greece from ca. 544 B.C. Homonyms are a problem in the * Palatine Anthology where some poets are identified by a name and in other places by a name and place e.g. Alcaeus, *Alcaeus of Mytilene, *Alcaeus of Messina. See entries for *Diocles, *Flaccus, *Glaucus and also *ethnic. *Forgery is another aspect of the problem of homonyms: see *Anacreontea and *Theognidea (dating from 544 B.C.) where a deliberate attempt has been made to enhance the status of certain poems by ascribing them to a famous poet. With the Palatine Anthology, where little information is available, the problem of correctly identifying poets is especially difficult. Since for ancient Greek poetry, what is available has been passed down by manuscript for hundreds of years, mistakes by scribes in copying manuscripts must be taken into account in this matter. Homophobia and homophobic behavior Dislike and at times hatred of homosexuals. It dates from ca. 400 B.C. in ancient Greek in Greece and later in other languages. Homophobia is particularly manifested in anti-gay *laws, which, amongst other things, inhibit the writing and publishing of homosexual poetry (such laws have also contributed to the writing of *satires against homosexuality where homophobia may be exhibited) Greek. Homophobia may have played a part in the persecution of *Socrates (ca. 400 B.C.) and *Jesus Christ. The apostle *Saint Paul who exhibits it and who wrote the first surviving commentaries on the * Gospels in his letters In the early Christian church is the main person in establishing it as a key element in Christian theology. *Clement of Alexandria, an early church father, exhibited it in the second Christian century, as did Augustine of Hippo (both wrote in Latin') and later John Chrysostom in Greek (see Oxford Classical Dictionary for information on these writers). These writers were aiming to prove the superiority of Christian philosophy to that of the ancient Greeks with its strong homosexual element. *Michel Foucault has dealt with the overthrow of the Greek mores and the rise Christianity. See *Hymns - Greek, * Anacreontea, * Circle of Agathias Scholasticus, *Félix Buffière, *Law - Greek, *Law - Christian. Latin. It was promoted by Augustine of Hippo in his writings; see *also Middle ages. *Martial and *Catullus show it. Elements of homophobia appear in the writings of later poets. English. Australia: see *Hugh McCrae, *Douglas Stewart. Nigeria: see *Wole Soyinka. Great Britain: *Robert Graves, *F. R. Leavis, *Tommy Barclay. United States: *Amiri Baraka, *Robert Frost, *Justin Kaplan, *Michael Moon, *Ezra Pound, *Allen Tate, *Whitman, *Yvor Winters, *Kenneth Rexroth. French: *André Breton. German: *Henrich Heine, *Max Kaufmann. Italian: see Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, pp. 279-82, *Domenico del Prato, *Stefano Finiguerri, *Matteo Franco. Arthur Frederick Ide, Gomorrah and the Rise of Homophobia (Las Colinas, TX, 1985) is an excellent historical introuction to homophobia in the Christian tradition; no bibliography but an Index pp. 111-13. On dealing with homopobia in everyday life see Ronald R. Butters and *Michael Moon, Displacing Homophobia: gay male perspectives in literature and culture, 1989. *Byrne S. Fone Homophobia: A History, 2000, deals with the subject in relation to western civilization. John P. De Cecco, Homophobia: An Overview was a special issue of the * Journal of Homosexuality, vol. 10 nos. 1-2, published also as a monograph. A *Library of Congress *subject heading "homophobia" exists. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 552-55. Dictionnaire Gay. Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Hate Crimes", "Antigay Initiatives and Propositions (U.S. Law)". Bibliographies. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 363-65. Homosexual emancipation movement in Germany and the Netherlands Movement in German from Germany and Dutch from the Netherlands from 1838. A movement to assert the rights of homosexuals which started basically with 'K. H. Ulrichs. Prior to this 'Heinrich Hössli's 1838 anthology had emerged out of an argument about the validity of gay love and demonstrates consciousness of gay emancipation by Hössli. Compare 'gay liberation; however, the German and Dutch gay emancipation movements preceded it. Ideas of homosexual emancipation may ultimately go back to 'Plato and 'Jesus Christ. Geman. *Magnus Hirschfeld was a major figure from 1896. James Steakley has written a book on the movement: see 'Historical and social background - German. See also 'debate on homosexuality. The movement in German was brought to a halt by the 'Nazis in 1933. The attempt to abolish Paragraph 175 - which prohibited male anal sex - was not successful and the law remained in force until 1969. See 'Adolf Brand, 'Benedict Friedländer, 'Hans Blüher, 'Gustav Wyneken. Dutch. A movement in the Netherlands existed from 1911 founded by *J. A. Schorer with links to Hirschfeld; *Rob Tielman has written a detailed history. See also Homojaarboek 1, edited by Michael Dallas and others, Amsterdam, 1981 (with bibl., pp. 287-99) which has articles on the Netherlands from 1911; there may be later issues of this work. See John Lauritsen, The Early Homosexual Rights Movement, New York, 1974. References. Goodbye to Berlin?, 37-130. Archive in the United States with material in English. From 1968. Formed when One split with Don Slater and others (see *One Incorporated, now called One/IGLA), it had the original archives of One. It was moved to Louisiana or another *southern state. Don Slater died in 1997, aged 77, and his collection was found to be stored in a basement and mildewed (information from *Wayne Dynes, 16 March 1997). An obituary of Don Slater by *Jim Kepner appears on the *Internet on the *One/IGLA site. After leaving One, Don Slater published a magazine called Tangents. References. Directory of the International Association of Lesbian and Gay Archives and Libraries, 66-69; from the description here the archive seems somewhat disorganized. Bibliography in English from Canada dealing with works in English and French. 1979 and second edition, 1984. The first edition was published in Toronto: Canadian Gay Archives, Publication No. 1, 1979, 85 pages, edited by *Alex Spence. Most items are annotated and the work is divided into an Introduction and thirteen sections. A few items in the Literature section are not annotated so it is not known whether they are novels, poetry etc. The second edition, Toronto, Canadian Gay Archives, Publication No. 9, 1984, 378 pages, was edited by *William Crawford. It has the most extensive listing of Canadian gay poets in English and French prior to this encyclopedia and poetry is listed in a separate section with forty poets being listed (some seventy-four Canadian poets are include in this encyclopedia). The first edition relies heavily on *Ian Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, first edition (1975) for English poetry entries. Note: French poets were not included in the first edition and both editions include lesbian and gay male material, without differentiation. The second edition, which is based on the holdings of the Canadian Gay Archives, is the most thorough survey of a country's gay culture ever compiled in a single work. While the poetry entries in the first edition are annotated and cite poems in the books referred to (and sometimes journal publication), there are no annotations in the second edition (which simply lists books). In the first edition items are given stars (either one, two or three), which helps evaluate writers; these are absent in the second edition. Both editions have sections referring to Literary Criticism and Journals. Homosexuality in Canada (1979) pp. 5-18 lists literature (including lesbian material); anthologies are listed separately pp. 17-18. Not listed in both editions is *Henry S. Saunders. Homosexuality, in German Homosexualität Word in English which came from the German word "homosexualität" (first used in 1869 by *Kertbeny). Defining homosexuality is very difficult; perhaps experience which is "not 100% heterosexual" (definition by *Keith Howes to the author) is as good a definition as we can get. *Christopher Isherwood maintained that the mark of a true male homosexual is the ability to fall in love with another man. A *homosexual, though able to achieve an erection with men, may not be able to achieve one with a woman. Some of the best recent discussion has been in French by *Didier Eribon, focusing on the issue of a gay culture. English. The word was first used in English by *J. A. Symonds in 1891 in A Problem in Greek Ethics and is a common word from 1923 onwards but has been displaced by *gay from ca. 1965 and by *queer from 1990 especially in academic discourse (though *queer meaning homosexual dates from earlier in the twentieth century in general usage). When used here in this encyclopedia it refers to "sexual and/ or strong affectional relations between persons of the same sex" (a slight modification of the definition in the Encyclopedia of Homosexuality - see Dictionaries and Encyclopedias below - which itself relates to the Kinsey definition). *Michael Ruse has written a philosophical enquiry. *Sodomy, a word used in English earlier, centered on sexual activity and participation. Meaning "anal sex", it could refer to heterosexual anal sex as well as homosexual. See *Dictionaries and Words - English for other words. *Alfred Kinsey in Sexual Behavior in the Human Male, 1948, p. 612, defined homosexuality as "sexual relations, either overt or psychic, between individuals of the same sex" (see also p. 617). It will be noted that Kinsey's definition includes "psychic" sexual relations and therefore includes relationships which are not physical. For psychic homosexuality - what I refer to as strong affectional relationships - see entries such as *Sufism and *Christianity. The article "Homosexuality" by *Magnus Hirschfeld in Victor Robinson, editor, Encyclopaedia Sexualis, 1936 opposed the idea that heterosexual persons could become homosexual. The novelist Merle Miller's What it Means to be a Homosexual was published in the New York Times Magazine 17 January, 1971, pp. 9-10, 48-49, 57, 60 ff and later as a book. This is an excellent personal account. *Montgomery Hyde has written a history of British homosexuality and *A. L. Rowse a slightly more general history. Colin Spencer, Homosexuality: A History, London, 1995, is a generalized history mainly concentrating on Europe. There is no world history of homosexuality. Judd Marmor, Homosexual Behavior (1980) discusses homosexuality from many points of view. A comprehensive survey of the concept of homosexuality historically in the European tradition is Francis Mark Mondimore, A Natural History of Homosexuality, 1996 (includes a bibliography, pp. 273-75). Salvatore J. Licata and Robert P. Peterson, Historical Perspectives on Homosexuality, 1981 (reprinted from the Journal of Homosexuality, fall/ winter 1980/1981) is a series of historical essays including on Germany and Switzerland. William Masters (1915-2001) and Virginia Johnson in Homosexuality in Perspective (1979) claimed they could reverse homosexual orientation. Homosexuality in animals is dealt with in Bruce Bagemihl, Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity, London, 1999. German. In German the word homosexualität was coined by *Kertbeny in 1869, as noted above; it passed from German to English (see *Max Marcuse and *Gisela Bleibtreu-Ehrenberg for German use). There is a long article on homosexualität in Max Marcuse, editor, Handwörterbuch der Sexualwissenschaft (1923). *Magnus Hirschfeld wrote the first scientific book on homosexuality in German by a gay man, Die Homosexualität des Mannes und Weibes (1914). A huge *debate on the nature of homosexuality in German took place from 1890 to 1933. A general history is Gotthard Feustel, Die Andere Liebe: eine illustrierte Geschichte der Homosexualität (Leipzig, 1996). Rüdiger Lautmann, editor, Homosexualität: Handbuch de Theorie- und Forschungsgeschichte, Frankfurt, 1993, is a detailed introduction to theory and research. See *Dictionaries and Words - German for other words. Conceptualization of homosexuality. Various types of homosexuality exist. *Androphile homosexuality is homosexuality between adults in contrast to *pederasty (sex between an adult and a younger person or adolescent teenager) and *pedophilia (sex between and adult and a child) which are age differentiated. *Ritualized homosexuality, whereby homosexuality is incorporated into initiation and other ceremonies, occurs in *tribal cultures. Martin Dannecker, Theories of Homosexuality, 1981 (trans. from the German edition of 1978) discusses theoretical issues. See *Anthropology and *Sociology for other slants on the subject. Vern L. Bulllough, Human Sexuality: An Encyclopedia, New York, 1994, "Homosexuality and Lesbianism: Cross-cultural Perspectives" is a comparative analysis. For discussions in encyclopedias, see in the Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, the articles on "Homosexuality" pp. 556-60, "Typology of Homosexuality" pp. 1332-37, "Magnus Hirschfeld" (the most famous gay researcher to date) pp. 536-39, "Medical Theories of Homosexuality", pp. 820-22, "Homosexuals as a Minority". In Encyclopedia Britannica, fifteenth edition, 1991 printing homosexuality is stated to be "sexual interest in and attraction to members of one's own sex". In Gay Histories and Culures (2000) in "Homosexuality" *David Halperin, after an extensive discussion of the word in English, French and German from 1860, states, p. 454, that "homosexuality is more than same-sex sexual object choice". See also the entry in International Encyclopedia of the Social Martin S. Weinberg and Alan P. Bell, Homosexuality: an annotated bibliography, 1972, is based on work in the 'Kinsey Institute. C. A. Tripp, The Homosexual Matrix, New York, 1975 (second edition with new preface, 1987) also has an excellent discussion. French. See Courouve, Vocabulaire de l'homosexualité masculine, p. 54: a very important discussion of the word in French; see also the entry in Dictionnaire Gay. On homosexuality in general see Marcel Eck, Sodome; Essai sur l'homosexualité, Paris, 1966; 'Edouard Roditi has also written a major work. The finest and most extensive discussion is by 'Didier Eribon whose works contain extensive bibliographies. Danish. Jens Jersild, De Paedofile, 1964, is a notable book with important bibliography. Other languages. See entries beginning *Words and 'Dictionaries and the language concerned. Arabic. Mohamad Omar Nahas, Towards an interpretational model of homosexuality, was published in the Netherlands in 1997. In Chinese the characters for homosexuality mean "same sex love" as distinct from "opposite sex love" (written in different characters) and are very ancient. A *debate on homosexuality also took place in Japanese in the first part of the twentieth century. The word did not exist in ancient Greek and Latin: see the entry "Homosexuality" in Oxford Classical Dictionary, third edition (1996). However *words for homosexual acts or types of behavior did exist in these languages. The argument that homosexuality did not exist before the mid nineteenth century, put forward by some 'social constructionists, because the word did not exist, is irrational: people do many things without having a word for them. In addition other words (such as sodomy) existed referring to homosex before 1869. The Chinese conceptualization also refutes the idea that homosexuality only existed from 1869. Incidence of overt homosexuality. See Paul H. Gebhard, "Incidence of Overt Homosexuality in the United States and Western Europe" in John M. Lingood, editor, National Institute of Mental Health Task Force on Homosexuality: Final Report, Washington, 1972, a memo prepared for the National Gay Taskforce (these statistics, stating that 10% of persons were homosexual in the sense of sexual relations leading to orgasm for significant periods, only relate to the United States). This figure was also confirmed in a letter of 18 March 1977 by Paul B. Gebhard, the then Director of the Kinsey Institute, to the National Gay Task Force cited in Bob Hay and Terry Goulden, Gays and their Families (Sydney, 1981), p. 31 ; the statistics were based on continuing sexual surveys at the Kinsey Institute. The Kinsey survey Sexual Beavior in the Human Male (1948), which has been updated in later work of the the Kinsey Indtitute, is the largest survey of male sexuality to date involving many thousands of cases. Kinsey, Sexual Behavior in the Human Male, pp. 650-51, is a major statement giving incidence of homosexualiy from his research showing 37% of men had overt homosexual experience to the point of orgasm between 16 and 65 while 10% were more or less exclusively homosexual between 16 and 55 for at least three years and 4% were homosexual throughout their lives. In 'Papua New Guinea, in some tribes all males had to undergo homosexual experience so in some societies 100% of males have homosexual experiences. It has also been claimed that in ancient Athens sexual relations occurred between teachers and pupils: see 'William Percy, 'Pederasty. See also entries for 'debate on love. Compare 'Bisexuality, sexual relations with persons of both sexes. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Sexual Behaviour volume 1, 485-93: by 'Donald Cory (pseud); fine bibl. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 556-60. Dictionnaire Gay. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion: by 'Gilbert Herdt: defined as "sexual activity between persons of the same sex". Encyclopædia Britannica, fifteenth edition, 1991 printing: "sexual interest in and attraction to members of one's own sex". Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Ullstein Enzyklopädie der Sexualität; a very wide ranging article with many cross references; no bibliography. Gay Histories and Cultures; by 'David Halperin. Bibliographies. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 34-36: incidence of homosexuality; see also Chapter 3, 48-58; and Chapter 20, "Biology", 310-16. Word in English from the United States. A term which came into prominence from ca. 1985 promulgated by *Eve K. Sedgwick. See Sedgwick, Between Men, pp. 1-20; the whole book is also relevant - the subtitle of the book is English Literature and Male Homosocial Desire. On p. 1 she defines homosocial as involving "social bonds between persons of the same sex". City in China where Chinese is spoken. Material of relevance dates from 1964. Hong Kong was formerly a British colony before being returned to China in 1997. It was originally an island ceded by force to the British by the Chinese government in 1842. To it were added the new territories inland on the adjacent Chinese mainland which were leased for 100 years from 1997. Hong Kong is close to Canton, the largest city in southern China, and the spoken form of Chinese is Cantonese. English *law prevailed until 1997 when the colony reverted to China (but see also *Law - Chinese). Male homosexual acts were illegal under British rule until 1991 when they were decriminalized for males over 21 in line with the *age of consent in Britain. Before the Chinese takeover in 1997, two major works on homosexuality were published and Hong Kong was thus a major focus for gay scholarship: these works were by "a committee of scholars", Wei hsing shih kuan ch'i chu (pseud.) and by *Sam Shasha (pseud.). The United States poet *Louie Crew worked in Hong Kong a number of years in the 1980s. Hong Kong as a trading and business entity now has a special status in China. There is a gay group called the Tongzhi Culture Society in the city; they held a conference in 1996. Poet frm the Netherlands writing in Dutch. Born 1934. Gay Poetry Anthologies. David heeft ook een achterkant, 20; biog., 59: he works in a bank in Weert. Poet from Australia who wrote in English. 1908-1961. An *anarchist poet and writer, involved in the 1940s and 1950s with Sydney and Melbourne bohemian *groups (not excluding homosexual men) which were strongly heterosexist. These groups were loosely referred to as The Push. Although Hooton had relationships with women, there was a strong *male bonding relationship with his *disciple, *Robert Cumming. He was greatly influenced by *Whitman, *Wilde and *Nietzsche and his poems are strongly homoaffectional - see, for instance, "The Glories of Brass" in These Poets, 1941, pp. 8-10. His other volumes of poetry were Things you see when you haven't got a gun (1943) and It is great to be alive (Sydney, 1961); both rare: copies sighted, Mitchell Library, Sydney. His Collected Poems were edited by *Sasha Soldatow (Ringwood, Victoria, 1990) who is working on a biography of the poet. See also *mateship. Hooton made a series of tapes just before his death, now in the National Library, Canberra at Call Number TRC 95. On tape 5 he says: "Bob [Cumming] and I are both capable of falling in love not only with each other." Amongst his manuscripts is the following (referring to his experience in *prison and referring to a prison warder): "I said two [prison warders] were homo. This was understatement. Those who were not by nature, by circumstance, traded with them; we all I think accepted and condoned the fact in some degree" (p. 6 of the manuscript "Day That Gavest"; original in Margaret Fink collection, Sydney). His Collected Poems includes prose pieces discussing his philosophy (which also is displayed in his poems); they were reviewed by *Adrian Rawlins in Overland 122 (1991), 81-83. He had a heterosexual relationship with Margaret Fink. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Hurley, Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia: see entry "Harry Hooton: Poet". Poet from Australia writing in English. 1907-2000. A poet notable for writing works in rhyme at a time when *free verse is the dominant metre. Veiled references to homosexuality occur in Dunciad Minor (1970; initially published in 1950), a *satire in the vein of *Alister Kershaw's Denunciad (e.g., see p. 2). The reference to a "green aesthete", in the second stanza of "Standardization", may be to *Muir Holborn (see this entry) since both were at *Sydney University at this time; this poem was first published in the journal No 1 [the exact title], July 1943 (unpaginated), and later in his first book The Wandering Islands, 1955, pp. 63-64. See A Comination, Collected Poems 1930-70, Sydney, repr. 1972, pp. 148 51, re *Sodom ("this great Sodom of a world" - p.149). References to homosexuality in his poetry are largely anti-gay. He was part of a group at Sydney University in the 1940s which included *Harold Stewart and James McAuley. His hostility to the gay novelist *Patrick White in his review of the latter's The Tree of Man (1956) - which novel he called "pretentious and illiterate verbal sludge" - may have had an element of *homophobia. A. D. Hope's attitude to gays largely echoed the conventional attitudes of his time. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active ca. 1940. Jim Kepner, in Gay Los Angeles: The Early Days, Los Angeles, the author, 1988, p. 6, suggests he was a notable poet. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1844-1889. A *Victorian period poet who experimented with poetic form, writing complex poetry which was a precursor of *modernism. His poems were not published until after his death in 1918 in an edition edited by *Robert Bridges (to whom Hopkins had sent copies of the poems). At *Oxford where he was a pupil of *Benjamin Jowett he was strongly attached to *Digby Dolben (see the Dictionary of National Biography entry p. 325), he entered the *Catholic church under the influence of John Henry Newman and became a Jesuit (which committed him to a lifetime vow of celibacy). At Oxford he was much influenced by *Hellenism and the *aesthetic theory of *Walter Pater. Robert Bernard Martin has called his attachment to Dolben "the most momentous emotional event of Hopkins undergraduate years, probably of his entire life" (Gerard Manley Hopkins, New York, 1991, p. 80) and states: "the thought of Dolben.. underlay all of that sexually turbulent spring of 1865" (p. 103). From 1884 he was Professor of Greek and Latin at University College, *Dublin, where he experienced a religious crisis. In a letter to Bridges in 1882, Hopkins said about *Walt Whitman: "I always knew in my heart Walt Whitman's mind to be more like my own than any other man's living" (quoted in Paddy Kitchen, Gerard Manley Hopkins, 1978, pp. 206-07); in this letter Hopkins insisted that the "brotherhood of men" not homosexual love was Whitman's central message. Diaries and letters have been published. Diary. Hopkins's journal has been regarded as being in the form of prose poems: see Journals and Papers, 2 volumes, 1959, edited by Humphrey House and G. Storey (however this omits the journals for 1865 detailing the attraction of Hopkins for Dolben with its strong sexual basis). See also The Early Poetic Manuscripts and Notebooks edited by Norman H. MacKenzie, 1989. Letters. See The Letters... to Robert Bridges, 1935; Correspondence...[with] Richard Watson Dixon, 1935; Further Letters, second edition, 1956. Biography: see *Robert Bernard Martin. A critical study in homosexual terms is Julia F. Saville, A queer chivalry: the homoerotic asceticism of Gerard Manley Hopkins (Charlottesville, 2000). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography: Missing Persons; by *Robert Bernard Martin. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Howes, Broadcasting It. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10736: Selected Poems and Prose, edited W. H. Gardner, London: Penguin, 1953. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1879: Poems and Prose, Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin, 1953. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reade, Sexual Heretics, 72-73, 153-54, 223-25: poems "The Beginning of the End", "The Bugler's First Communion", "Epithalamion" (boys *bathing). Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 221-22: "The Bugler's First Communion". Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 60. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 103-04. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 288-90. Criticism. Woods, History of Gay Literature, 171-73. Translation from Latin to English from Canada. Active 1974. The Dead Slave, Catalyst, 1977, 16 pp. [no pagination] is a translation of the Latin poet *Martial's homosexual *epigrams in *heroic couplets from what is stated to be the unpublished Book 15, from a Latin *manuscript in the Royal Library, Brussels, said to be discovered in *Pompeii in 1776 (see Introduction to The Dead Slave). Epigrams 1-7, 9-11, 17, 23, 40 of this manuscript only are translated; subjects include *sado-masochism. 330 copies were printed. There was a limited edition of 26 copies published as The Dead Slave, 1974. These poems may be imitations of Martial; or even possibly *fakes. To the Uranian Mus: A Cycle of Sonnets (Toronto: A-Z Chapbooks, 2000) was published under the pseudonym of Vincent Holmes; the publisher was *Ian Young. He attended the funeral of *Aleister Crowley: see John Symonds, King of the Shadow Realm, 1989, p. 579. If this is the same Kenneth Hopkins who was a British poet who settled in the United States, see Betty Richardson, "Kenneth Hopkins: Writer, Critic, Publisher, Papers on Language and Literature" vol. 26 (1990), pp. 424-38 with bibl. pp. 436-38. The papers of the Kenneth Hopkins of Betty Richardson's article are in the *Humanities Research Center, Austin, Texas. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, first edition, item 1272-73: The Dead *Slave, privately printed, 1974 (published anonymously). Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 1882-83: same book and The Dead Slave and Other Poems of Martial, Scarborough, Ontario: *Catalyst, 1977. Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (1984), 139: The Dead Slave, Scarborough, Ontario, Catalyst, 1974 (note: this appears to be a wrong entry). Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 58. Critic from the United States writing in English. Active 1977. See the abstract of his Ph. D. thesis, University of Indiana, 1977, The Development of "Pornographic" Literature in Eighteenth- and Early Nineteenth-Century Russia, * Dissertation Abstracts International vol. 38A (1977) p. 2166A: this deals with *Lermontov and *Eros Russe amongst others; see pp. 338-50 for his discussion of Eros Russe (the only detailed account in English). The thesis is a major study of Russian *pornography. Poet from Italy who wrote in Latin. 65 B.C.-8 B.C. Horace is a Latin *lyric poet who has been continuously popular. There has been much contention about his sexuality. *Lilja, Homosexuality in Republican and Augustan Rome, notes male lovers are Ligurinus and Lycus (see "Criticism in homosexual terms" below). However, the persona of Horace in his odes is strongly heterosexual and male lovers - or companions - are only briefly mentioned. His poetry is somewhat artificial as regards sexuality, which, in any case, is not strongly present as in *Catullus or *Martial, and, if his male lovers are not convincing, his women, such as Pyrrha and Lydia, are not convincing either. Some male relationships are very nebulous indeed (e.g. Odes I xxxviii). So the question of Horace's sexuality as presented in his poetry is very tricky. *Otto Kiefer stated "Horace was certainly bisexual, with a strong tendency towards homosexuality" (see "Criticism in homosexual terms" below). Overall his poetry is only somewhat homoerotic (one reason his poems may have been acceptable reading and not subject to censorship as with Martial and Juvenal). He wrote * Odes, Epodes, Satires and Epistles. For homosexuality, see Odes Book I iii (to *Virgil) iv (re *Lycidas), xiii?, xxiv (Virgil and Quintilius), xxxii (Lycus), xxxviii? Book III xix (Lycus) Book IV i (Ligurinus), x (Ligurinus), xii (Virgil). Books I-III of the Odes were published in 23 B.C. and Book IV in 13 B.C. On homosexuality see also Epodes xi (re Lyiscus). Several poems (e.g. Odes I i) are dedicated to his bisexual patron *Maecenas and others flatter the Emperor Augustus (e.g., Odes IV 15), showing how Horace was prepared to adapt his thought to his audience. See Anthologies, below, for further references. His poetry in the Odes expresses the pleasure-loving philosophy of *Epicurus (compare such Persian poets as *Omar Khayyam) and he is justly regarded as one of the great poets in ancient Latin. *Wine drinking is a strong motif though this is not strongly homosexual in context in his work (as in the ancient Greek poets). Horace was strongly influenced by Greek poets such as *Alcaeus (see Odes I 32 re Lycus and II 13) and *Anacreon (Odes IV 9). Their work was known to him in greater detail than survives today and sets the tone of his poems (see Odes III 30). The names of his lovers both female and male frequently come from Greek (e.g., Lysicus). They seem pseudonyms or even imaginary names for non existent persons, in which case how to separate fact from fiction in Horace becomes a crucial issue in reading his poetry. Horace was also a literary critic: his Ars Poetica is an important early theoretical text of criticism. Influence. Horace was the most popular Latin poet from the Renaissance on and more editions of his work survive than for any other poet. The Odes - called Carmina (songs) in Latin - are his main work for homosexuality and have been greatly influential on the writing of odes in the west European languages. On Horace's English influence see Mary Thayer, The Influence of Horace on English Poets, 1916, and D. K. Money, The English Horace: Anthony Alsop and the Traditions of British Latin Verse, 1999. Text and criticism. After circulating for nearly 1,500 years in manuscript, the * editio princeps of Horace's works was 1470. Since then his odes have been continuously reprinted. For early editions see Brunet, Manuel du libraire and the Horace entry in Lexikon des gesamten Buchwesens, second edition. For the publishing history of the text of Horace, see E. Fraenkel, Horace, Oxford, 1957, and *Kenneth Quinn; consult also commentaries in earlier editions as listed in the Horace entry in the Oxford Classical Dictionary and see the *British Library General Catalogue for editions and criticism to 1975. V. Grassmans, Die erotischen Epoden des Horaz (The erotic odes of Horace), 1967, has a bibliograpjy to 1967 pp. xi-xv and a list of commentaries 1608-1959 pp. xi--xv. *Parodies of the Odes are separately listed in the*British Library General Catalogue (see pp. 369-70 for Latin and 383-85 for parodies in Latin, English and German). The Odes are entered in the British Library General Catalogue under their Latin name Carmina (songs). There has been a huge volume of commentary on Horace usually incorporated in the textual editions, due to his great popularity. The bibliography at the end of the Oxford Classical Dictionary entry under "Horatius Flaccus" is the best place to start for all scholarly information on Horace. See also "Criticism in homosexual terms" below. Translation. Horace has been enormously popular in translation. Only major translations are included here. He was very popular in French. For translations into English, German and French to 1906 see E. Stemplinger Das Fortleben der Horazischen Lyrik seit der Renaissance, 1906. Consult also the bibliography at the end of the entry in Oxford Classical Dictionary Horatius Flaccus. The entries for Horace in the *National Union Catalog and*British Library General Catalogue (under Horatius Flaccus) which have been consulted are complex. Only the first and major translations of the Odes in each language in the British Library General Catalogue - or of the Works (which include the Odes) - are included since homosexuality is underplayed in Horace. Other translations exist, especially for English, French, German and Italian and in many cases for other languages included here. In the British Library General Catalogue translations follow the entries for editions of Horace in Latin. "Translations of Works" begins at p. 359; note also that the Odes are here called Carmina (Latin for songs). Translation is on pp. 359-88. The National Union Catalog entry is more complex and the British Library General Catalogue entry is the best place for translations. Dutch: J. van Vondel (1703; repr.); English: The Works trans. by several persons (1666; repr.; a popular translation), Philip Francis (1743-46; repr.; very popular), *Christopher Smart (1756; repr.; used in *Bohn's Classical Library), C. Bennett (1914; repr.; Loeb edition; excellent trans.), *Dr John Marshall and C. Smart (1906; Everyman edition), James Michie (Penguin Classics, 1967); Finnish: Trans, not known - see British Library General Catalogue p. 363 (1891); French: L. de la Porte (1584, repr.); M. Dacier (1691; repr.; very popular), P. Daru (1797-18801; repr.), L. Hermann (Brussels, 1953), *Leconte de Lisle (1873; repr.), F. Villeneuve (1922; repr.; Budé edition); German: J. F. Schmidt (1780-83; repr.), K. W. Rambler (1800); Greek: Trans, not known, see British Library General Catalogue p. 378 (1912); Italian: Paolo Abriani (1680), other translations; Lettish (that is Latvian): K. Straubergs (1924-36); Polish: J. Libickiego (1647; partial trans.), J. U. Niemcewicza (1867; complete); Portuguese: Translator not given - see British Library General Catalogue p.362 (Lisbon, 1657; repr.); Romanian: D. C. Ollaneseu (1891), Lascar Sebastian (1961); Russian: *A. Fet (1856; repr.), M. Tasparova (1970); Spanish: F. de Sobrado (1813), D. M. Mendendez Pelayo (1882), Ismael Enrique Arciniegas (Bogota, 1950), Roberto Jaramillo (Bogota, 1954), Trans, not known, Madrid, 1980: see Cuaderno bibliográfico gay, 13; Swedish: A. Frigell (1870). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary: see "Horatius Flaccus". *Forberg, Manual of Classical Erotology. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 115-16. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 53 (listed under Flaccus): poems "An Pettius", "An Sestius" and "An Ligurinus". Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10737: Odes, with the note "Many translations and editions". Cuaderno bibliofráficao gay, 13: Odas y epodas, Madrid: Hiperión, 1980 (Spanish translation). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: Die Männerliebe der Griechen, 58. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 40-46: Epode 11, Odes I 4 & IV 1. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 85-87. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 86-87: Odes IV 1 and IV 10. Les Amours masculines, 45. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 172-73; biog., 164 (states he "revels in double-entendre"). "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen", 33-34. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 98-100: Odes iv 1 and iv 10. Gaio verso: poesia latina per l'altro amore. Criticism in homosexual terms Mayne, The Intersexes, 288. Kiefer, Sexual Life in Ancient Rome, 198-202; on p.198 he states: "Horace was certainly bisexual, with a strong tendency towards homosexuality." Courouve, Ces petits grecs, 21-22. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1936. Gay book of poems: Dreams and Speculations, London: *Gay Men's Press, 1986 (shared with *Paul Binding and with an introduction by *Martin Humphries pp. 38-39); biog. opp title. See pp. 37-62 for the very Tine sequence "Death of a Perfectionist", dealing with his life up to being a HIV positive gay man (see *Aids). He has been influenced by the philosopher Meher Baba (1894-1969); see his book Meher Baba and the Kingdom of Nothingness, 1981. Active as a writer since 1966. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gay Verse. Not Love Alone, 37-39: excellent poems about hugging; biog., 141. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English and possibly in Latin; he later lived in Italy. 1864-1916. In the *Lionel Johnson set, he was an *aesthete and editor of a journal produced by them, The *Century Guild Hobby Horse (ca. 1885-1894), and author of some verses, Diversi Colori, 1891 (the title is in Latin and means "different colors") with his own typography and design. He was an acquaintance of *Oscar Wilde. In *Verna Coleman, The Last Exquisite, Ryde, NSW, 1990, p. 20, he is stated to be "one of the most ladylike gentlemen in the world" (*Martin Boyd, A Single Flame, London, 1939, p. 35). An intimate friend of *Selwyn Image and a leading figure in the Rhymers Club, an 1890s literary group in London. There seems to have been a strong element of homosexuality in his character. Ian Fletcher states he was "indifferently heterosexual and homosexual" (p. 126): see "Herbert Horne: The Earlier Phrase" in English Miscellany 21 (1970), 126-29. From 1905 he lived in *Florence where he bought and restored an old Palazzo which became the Museo Horne after his death and is owned by the city of Florence; this may house his papers. The *British Library General Catalogue lists Amata loquitur, 1961 (the title is in Latin and the work may be in Latin) held in the *Private Case. Biography: see the Introduction to H. P. Horne, Botticelli, 1980 (repr. of 1908 edition) pp. ix-xi by John Pope-Hennessy; see also Ian Fletcher, Rediscovering Herbert Horne, 1990 (this only deals with his early life which is, however, very relevant). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography: Missing Persons. Reade, Sexual Heretics, 246. Pseudonym of a poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1993. Book: To Elizabeth and Eleanor: Great *Queens Who Loved Poetry, New York: Giorno Poetry Systems, 1993, 74 pp.: a *camp volume possibly composed by John Giorno. A photograph of a man aged about 60 in drag is on the back with the caption "Clothes are my weakness. Poetry is my strength." On the title page the author is stated to be Lita Hornick and her poet friends (various friends cooperate - e.g. on p. 16 *Allen Ginsberg and *Peter Orlovsky). Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10738: Collected Poems, London: Jameson Press, 1973, with the note "Experience of a British homosexual from *prison to Parliament". Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1891: same book. Bibliographer from the United States writing in English. Active 1954. Author of *Oscar Wilde's *Ballad of Reading Gaol: A Bibliographic Study, New York, 1954, 126 pages. The most detailed bibliography to date on Wilde's poem. Chapter 1: "The translations", pp. 11-32; Chapter 2: "The illustrated editions", pp. 33-68; Chapter 3: "The American editions", pp. 69-108. Chapter 1 is the most comprehensive study of the translations ever (the author questioned libraries all over the world and records their replies). A rare book; 326 copies were printed and 1-300 were for sale with the other 26, numbered A-Z, being for the author. Copy used: *New York Public Library. The author also wrote a book on the illustrated books of Pablo Picasso. Biographer and critic from the United States writing in English. Active 1937. The first biographer of *Hart Crane. His biography disclosed Crane's homosexuality and quoted from Crane's letter to Gorham Munson on the subject: see Hart Crane, New York, 1937, pp. 78-79. This is the first known explicit biographical reference to a poet's homosexuality in United States English. However, in his discussion, pp. 174-76, of the famous poem "Voyages II", widely read as a homoxexual poem, he refers guardedly to Crane's "relationship with his sea-going friend" . Myth in Egyptian from Egypt from ca. 2,200 B.C. The story of the god Horus violating Seth sexually by *anal rape appears in several Egyptian sources notably in the * Pyramid Texts (which are *chants) in a manuscript called "The Contendings of Horus and Seth". A manuscript referring to this anal rape in bawdy terms was published from the papyrus in the Chester Beatty Library, Dublin, in 1930 (reference: Gershon Legman, "Erotic Folksongs and Ballads" in Journal of American Folklore, volume 103 [October-December, 1990], 418-19, where he dates the papyrus he is referring to as 1160 B. C.). See J. Gwynn Griffiths, The Conflict of Horus and Seth(1960), 41-46. This myth seems to be related to a religious ritual involved with the sexual power of the Pharaoh. The episode is the basis of the *chant *"Go forth, plant thyself" (2,200 B.C.). Its occurrence in this encyclopedia is dated from this work. See also T. G. Allen, Horus in the Pyramid Texts (the date and place of this work could not be found; before 1990). Translation. English: see R. O. Faulkner, The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts (1969), 123. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Lexikon der Agyptologie ii 1977, 1272-72: see "Homosexualität". Encyclopedia of Religion. Kindlers neues Literatur Lexikon, vol.18. Lover from the United States relating to words in English. 1942-1986. The lover of the English language poet *Paul Monette, he was called Rog. He died of *Aids and Paul Monette has written movingly of their relationship. A graduate of *Harvard who was a lawyer: see the interview with Paul Monette, The Advocate, no. 507, 13 September 1988, 65. Anthologist from Switzerland of works in German; probable translator from Greek to German. 1784-1864. He was the compiler of the first German gay anthology which was contained within his two volume discussion of male homosexuality commonly known as *Eros: Die Männerliebe der Griechen (1836-38) in the second volume. This work was written in reply to a novel by his friend *Heinrich Zschokke called Eros (1821): Hossli disagreed with his friend about the nature of love - *eros - and compiled the anthology which he worked on for seventeen years. Hössli's Eros is a defence of homosexual love and includes much poetry within the anthology section (volume 2, pp. 53-150); the contents are summarized in Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, vol. 5, 482-84 (note: as Eros is in German Gothic script the contents are more easily read here). This is the first German gay anthology (excluding German translation of ancient anthologies such as the *Theognidea as anthologies). It is certainly the first separately compiled German gay anthology. Hössli seems to have translated the Greek poets. There are many poems from Persian and Turkish translated by *Von Hammer-Purgstall and it is possible Hössli may have had contact with him. Biography. A biography of Hössli was written by *Ferdinand Karsch and published in Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, vol. 5 part 1 (1903), 449-557. It was printed as a book, Die Putzmacher von Glarus (The Milliner of Glarus), by *Max Spohr, Leipzig, 1903. Hössli was a milliner from Glarus in Switzerland who lived apart from his wife (who lived in Zurich) and seems likely to have been gay or bisexual; he had two sons and did the interior decoration of the church in Glarus. One son was homosexual (he discussed this in correspondence with his father) and both migrated to the United States. For a brief dicussion of his life see Hubert Kennedy, Ulrichs, Boston, 1988, p. 104. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 544-45. Hafkamp, Pijlen van naamloze liefde, 29-33: biog. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 51: Eros: Die Männerliebe der Griechen, ihre Beziehung zur Geschichte, Erziehung, Literatur, Gesetzgebung aller Zeiten, 2 volumes, 1936-38 (repr. Berlin: Barsdorf, 1924); note: this title is not correct. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: Die Männerliebe der Griechen, 61-64, 67. Criticism. Derks, Der Schande der heiligen Päderastie, 454-78; not included in the bibliography. Publisher from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1832-1873. A *Victorian publisher of erotica. He published Payne Knight A Discourse on the Worship of *Priapus (1865) and was famous for publishing *Swinburne's Poems and Ballads (1866) after the original publisher refused to circulate it. He also published an expurgated edition of Whitman's poems (omitting the Calamus poems) which was edited by *W. M. Rossetti in 1868, an illustrated edition of *Thomas Moore's translation of *Anacreon, 1871, and the poems of *Sir John Mennes and James Smith. A possibly publisher of *The Rodiad. See also *H. S. Ashbee. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography. Criticism. Hyde, History of Pornography, 168-69. Stephen Marcus, The Other Victorians, 1966, 67-73. Poet from China who wrote in Chinese. Active 585? See Gay Sunshine no. 35 (Winter 1978), 10: translation by *S. W. Foster into English (the date is taken from here). In Babilonia 21 (1985), 14, is a gay poem trans. into Italian and dated 1400. Not in Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1924-1992. A gay Benedictine monk and *Catholic priest who wrote concrete poetry: see poems in Dom Sylvester Houedard (1972). Obituary: Gay Scotland no. 62, 18. T rope in Arabic from ca. 1500. Houris are *angels. See *Charles Wendell. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English; critic writing in Latin. 1859-1936. The most famous and popular British homosexual poet of the first half of the twentieth century. He only published two volumes of poems in his lifetime. The first volume was A Shropshire Lad (1896), a book of *ballads which, in its despair and negative feeling, caught the mood of homosexuals after Wilde's trial: see "The laws of God, the laws of man" which spoke for all homosexuals of the time about the capriciousness and injustice of British law. Notable poems are "When I was one and twenty", "Look not in my eyes", "Oh, when I was in love with you", "With rue my heart is broken". These poems are *non gender specific but become homosexual when the full facts of Housman's life is known and the use of such words as *friend are taken into account; the book itself has a masculine context and leaves little doubt as to whom the love poems are addressed. In A Shropshire Lad - which is set in the countryside - he set the tone for the *Georgians of whom he is the main precursor. Illustrated editions of A Shropshire Lad have been particularly numerous; they have not been systematically examined overall for homoeroticism. As an example see the illustrations of Agnes Miller Parker in the edition, London, 1940: e.g., pp. 40, 43, 47 (two men in bed?), 52, 54, 69 (especially homosexual in feeling), 90, 93, 97 (the figure seems to have an erection) and 98 (the *cup bearer, who recalls *Omar Khayyam). A Shropshire Lad was published at the poets' own expense, initially, but quickly became a classic volume of English poetry after publication of the second edition by *Grant Richards in 1898; it was especially popular in World War I. (An amusing heterosexual parody of the poems. "When I went with the pickers" is on p. 210 of Maledicta vol. 6 no. 1-2, summer and winter 1982.) Housman's second and last book was Last Poems (1936); The Manuscript Poems of A. E. Housman were published in London in 1955. His Letters, were published in London by Hart-Davis in 1971, edited by Jeremy Maas. They include letters to his disciple *A. S. F. Gow but not *Moses Jackson, with whom Housman apparently fell unhappily in love while an undergraduate at Oxford. Manuscripts of poems are in the Library of Congress. For their fate after Housman's death see Letters, pp. 392-93. Text of the poems: see the edition edited by Archie Burnett, The Poems of A. E. Housman (Oxford, 1998) - this includes surviving juvenilia and light verse. Christopher Ricks edited A. E. Housman: Collected Poems and Selected Prose (1988). In a biographic statement by the poet in a letter to Maurice Pollet (Letters pp. 328-29) he states "*Oxford had not much effect on me, except that I there met my greatest friend" (p. 328) and "'Reader of the Greek Anthology is not a good name for me" (p. 328) (see * Palatine Anthology for the full significance of this remark which could be an attempt to link him with homosexuality). The friend whom he met at Oxford was *Moses Jackson who did not, it seems, return Housman's love for him (though only when Housman's letters in the *Library of Congress to him are released will the full story be known). Housman later became a don at Trinity College, *Cambridge, specializing in Greek and Latin, where he was close friends with *A. S. F. Gow who compiled the first bibliography of his work and who in turn became a don at the same college, Trinity. Greek and Latin. He wrote in Latin a study of erotic poetry titled Praefanda (a work still not translated into English): see The Classical Papers of A. E. Housman, edited by J. Diggle and F. R. D. Goodyear, 1972, vol. 3, pp. 1175-84. Praefanda was reprinted from Hermes 66 (1931), 402-12. This work discusses passages from the Latin poets *Catullus, *Martial (several short articles on epigrams) and the *Priapeia and other works. The Classical Papers have an index of passages of Greek and Latin authors discussed in vol. 3, pp. 1287-1307 and of Greek and Latin words pp. 1308-1315. The whole emphasis of Housman's scholarship was to avoid discussion of homosexuality (compare his German contemporary *Paul Brandt). He is a good example of *gay critical paranoia in its negative form. He edited the Latin poet Juvenal though his edition lacks a *commentary. Translation. A Shropshire Lad was translated into Latin by Cyril Asquith (1929; Versions from 'A Shropshire Lad', Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1929, 31 pages - English originals with Latin verse translation). Bibliography: by *A. S. F. Gow and John Carter and John Sparrow - this last is very scholarly and the most comprehensive to date. Biography. That by *R. P. Graves is the most reliable. A collection of his works was formed by John Carter and there is a Housman Society Journal. Housman was one of the most important gay poets of his time in English - and published poems sufficiently open for readers to detect the homosexuality; but his poems were only open to the extent of being able to express negative feelings. His poetry is full of self pity. Nevertheless, his poetry provided literary expression for many homosexuals living in countries - such as Great Britain, the United States, Canada and Australia - where British *law prevailed, making all homosexual acts illegal (even holding hands). Contrast the poets of *gay liberation who were reacting to his type of poetry and compare his contemporary *Cavafy who similarly expressed negative feelings. A collection of erotica owned by him was left to Cambridge University Library (see the article on the poet in the Daily Telegraph (London), 25 March, 1996. Housman's brother *Laurence Housman, was also a poet. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 663-67. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 563-64. Briggs and Calder, Classical Scholarship. Howes, Broadcasting It: see "A. E. Housman" and "A Shropshire Lad". Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Murray, Catalogue of Selected Books, item 30: A Shropshire Lad, 1896. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10739-41: The Collected Poems of A. E. Housman, London: Cape, 1939, A Shropshire Lad, London: Kegan Paul, 1896, and the poem "The laws of God, the laws of man" in People's Gay Sunshine, 1:2. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 1896-1900: The Collected Poems of A. E. Housman, London: Cape, 1939, The Manuscript Poems of A. E. Housman, London: Oxford, 1955, Last Poems, London: Grant Richards, 1922, More poems, London: Cape, 1936, A Shropshire Lad, London: Kegan Paul, 1896. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 335-40. Reade, Sexual Heretics, 425-27. Gay Poetry, 1, 3. Rosen, Gay Life and Gay Writers, 46-47. Digte om mends kerlighed til mend. Fra mann til mann, 21-22. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 237-40. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 77; biog., 119-20. Name of Love, 15; biog., 73. Art of Gay Love, 54. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 346-50. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. 1865-1959. The brother of *A. E. Housman, who was also an artist and illustrator and wrote and lectured much on *feminism and *socialism. In the Heart of Peace, London, 1918 see "The True Lover" pp. 20-22, "The New *Narcissus" pp. 48-49, "Blind Love" pp. 50-51, "Beautiful Heart" pp. 71-82, "Concerning Kisses" pp. 100-03. In Love Concealed, London, 1928, an interesting title in view of the necessary concealment of feelings that homosexuals were subject to, see the title poem p. xi, "Love at Dawn" p. 7, "The Dream" p. 9, and intermittently to the end. Many poems in these volumes are addressed to Love, are *mystical in feel and are *non gender specific and show a strong homoerotic consciousness. His manuscripts are in the Library of Congress, *Washington. Autobiography: The Unexpected Years, 1937. Jeffery Weeks, Coming Out, London, 1977, 124, states he was homosexual (see also p. 122). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Men and Boys, 19 (spelt Lawrence: same person?): translation of Rumi. Poet from the United States writing in English. 1864-1900. He converted to Anglicanism, was an Art student, imitated *Oscar Wilde in clothing, was attracted to *symbolism and went to northeast Canada with *Bliss Carman in 1891 where he and Carman wrote Songs from Vagabondia (1894) together (see the Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature entry Vagabondia). Hovey's contributions to the book are the more homosexual: see the Bliss Carman entry for references. He married, aged 30, and had a son. Biography: see Allan Houston Macdonald, Richard Hovey, 1957. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Dictionary of American Biography. How Can You Write a Poem When You're Dying of Aids Anthology in English from Great Britain. London: Cassell, 1993, 78 pages; biographical notes on contributors pp. 77-78. Edited by John Harold, this anthology is not stated to consist only of poems by specifically gay poets, therefore it cannot be called a gay anthology, though it states opposite the title page that proceeds go to the Lesbian and Gay Bereavement Project. See p. 10 for a fine poem by *PeterTatchell, "Death is Not the End". The first anthology from Great Britain on the theme of *Aids. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1977. Book of poems: My Skin Inside, Los Angeles, 1977, 72 pp. Autobiographical work. Copy sighted: John Willis collection. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1903-1958. A famous *dandy and *aesthete, whose parents were United States citizens. He was educated and lived in Great Britain and dominated *Eton and *Oxford in the 1920s, with *Harold Acton, where they continued the *eighteen-nineties traditions. At Eton, he published a *journal The Eton Candle (only one issue) in 1922. It included much poetry and links *eighteen-nineties poetry styles with *modernism. One volume of his poems, First Poems, 1931, with elegant covers by the artist John Banting, was published in an edition of 150 copies. He later became an alcoholic, took to *drugs, and committed *suicide after his lover Sam died. He is more interesting as a personality than a poet and his poems do not feature openly gay themes as such. Biography: see *Marie-Jaqueline Lancaster, Brian Howard: Portrait of a Failure, London, 1968. This work openly and frankly discusses his life as a homosexual and includes a selection of his diaries and prose. Text of poems: a selection chosen by Philip Toynbee is contained in Lancaster's biography, pp. 571-601; they include all the poems in First Poems. See also *Martin Green, *Nevill Coghill. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Howes, Broadcasting It. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Criticism. Bronski, Culture Clash, 69: quotes a gay poem written at seventeen. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born ca. 1970. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gents, Bad Boys, and Barbarians, 101-05 ; biog., 100. Poet and critic from the United States writing in English; translator from French to English. Born 1929. A very prolific poet, openly gay in his poetry from his 1976 book Fellow Feelings (reviewed in Boston Gay Review no. 4-5, 1978, 21). His book Untitled Subjects won the Pulitzer Prize for poetry in 1969. His poetry is somewhat mannered (compare *Daryl Hine) and mostly not openly gay - but see "On Hearing Your Lover is Going to the Baths Tonight" in Lining Up, 1984, pp. 8-9. He has translated extensively from French, e.g. *Gide's The Immoralist and Corydon, Maurice Nadeau's History of *Surrealism, *Baudelaire's Les Fleurs du mal (1982); over 150 books have been translated by him including, from French, the diaries of Jean Cocteau. See the article in The Advocate, "The Long Distance to Selfhood: Richard Howard" no. 342 (13 May, 1982), 28, 33-35 by *Rudy Kikel. In 1995 he divided his time between New York and Houston. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 1907-09: Fellow Feelings, New York: Atheneum, 1976, Misgivings, New York: Atheneum, 1979 and Quantities, Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1962. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Fra mann til mann, 81-82. Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, 202-04: poem about *Cocteau's death; biog., 202 (with photo). Badboy Book, 145-56; biog., 387: states he is poet laureate of New York State. Word of Mouth, 142-46. Criticism. Crew, Gay Academic, 178-89: first gay reading of his poems by *Michael Lynch. Martin, Homosexual Tradition in American Poetry, 196-202. Peters, Hunting the Snark: A Compendium of New Poetic Terminology, 182: re his poem "On Hearing Your Lover is Going to the Baths" in Lining Up. Historian and critic from Great Britain writing in English; he lives in Australia. Born ca. 1950. He is the author of Broadcasting It (London, 1994), an encyclopedia of homosexuality on radio and television, in Britain, the United States and Australia, from 1922 to 1992. He has material in the book which includes reference to many poets in this encyclopedia (for example, *Allen Ginsberg, *Christopher Marlowe, James Kirkup, *Michelangelo, *William Shakespeare and *Oscar Wilde). *Songs and poems broadcast - especially on British BBC radio and television - are included. This is the first detailed survey of gay culture on radio and television and the only detailed survey: a scholarly work at the highest level. It reveals, in the case of poetry, that homosexual poets and poetry now reach a wider audience than ever before in the cinema and on radio and television. He was Features Editor and a reporter for * Gay News in the 1970s and compiled an index of the journal in 1977 (see Gay News entry). He emigrated to *Sydney to live with his then Australian partner and has remained in Australia. Outspoken (London, 1995), consists of his interviews in *GayNews from 1976 to 1983 (e.g., with *André de Shields). Poet from Germany writing in German. Active 1949. The * National Union Catalog lists him as the editor of the book of poems Dreikonigsbuch, Dusseldorf, 1949. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 67: poem "Knabenherbst (Wunderschöner Herbst)" [no other information given]. Hrabanus Maurus He was Abbot of Fuld and Archpriest of Mainz. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 117-18: trans. of poem of *friendship into English, "To Grimold, Abbot of St Gall" by *Helen Waddell. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 103-04: same poem and translation. Poet from Germany who wrote in Latin. Ca. 935-ca. 1022. See Hinsch, Passions of the Cut Sleeve, pp. 179, f. 6: a nun who condemned the Arabs for homosexuality in her poem "Passio S. Pelagii". Text: see Sister M, Gonsalva Wiegand, editor, The Non-Dramatic Works of Hrosvitha, 1936, pp. 129-58. Poet from China who wrote in Chinese. 223-262. Xi Kang was the central figure of the *Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove and the figure around whom the group revolved according to *R. H. Van Gulik, in Sexual Life in Ancient China, Leden, 1974, pp. 91-93 (he states the evidence points to him being homosexual). He wrote poetry and his relationship with Juan Chi was regarded as a famous homosexual relationship in Chinese. See R. H. Van Gulik, Hsi K'ang and his Poetical Essay on the Lute, Tokyo, 1941. Hsi K'ang apparently married. His name is Hsi K'ang in *Wade Giles, Xi Kang in *Pinyin. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature. Duroc, Homosexuels et lesbiennes illustrés, 192. Shasha, History of Homosexuality in China, xxi and 68. Criticism. Van Gulik, Sexual Life in Ancient China, 92-93: cites a source for his probable homosexuality (the source is however 150 years after his death). Hinsch, Passions of the Cut Sleeve, 68: states his lover was Ruan Ji (i.e. Juan Chi). Hsieh Hui-Lien, also spelt Xie Hui Lian Poet from China who wrote in Chinese. 379-433. Poet of the Southern and Northern dynasties. See J D Frodsham, The Murmuring Stream, 1967, vol. 1, p. 36: re the poet's inspiring poems in his cousin *Hsieh Ling-yun by his mere presence; see also pp. 61-65 re his intimate relationship with an official Tu Te-ling and poems to him which caused a scandal. He seems homosexual and is a minor literary figure. His name is spelt Hsieh Hui-Lien in *Wade Giles and Xie Hui Lian in *Pinyin. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature, 427-28: "Hsieh Hui-Lien". Shasha, History of Homosexuality in China, xxi, 91: name given as Xie Hui Lian. Poet from China who wrote in Chinese. 385-443. The foremost lyric poetry of the Six Dynasties and regarded as the father of landscape poetry. See J. Frodsham, The Murmuring Stream, 1967, vol. 1, p. 36: "There would seem to have been some psychic rapport between Ling-yun" and his cousin *Hsieh Hui-lien as "Hui-lien's mere presence was enough to inspire Ling-yun to the finest verse"; see also pp. 61-65. He seems a likely homosexual. Only 100 poems survive of a large body of work. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature, 428-30. Addressee and trope from China relating to Chinese. Active 1650. A homosexual boy actor with whom the scholar *Ch'en Wei-sung fell in love and about whom the anthology * Yun-lang Hsiao-shih was compiled. The date is only approximate. Poet from China writing in Chinese; he later lived in the United States and Taiwan. 1891-1962. A major force in the pai-hua movement in the early part of the twentieth century (a movement in China to bring the literary language closer to the vernacular). He studied at Columbia University in New York where he took a Ph. D. in 1917. He wrote Pai-hua wen-hsueh shih (History of Vernacular Literature, 1928): however, this is unfinished and only treats its subject to the *T'ang period. From 1937 he lived in the United State and later in Taiwan where he occupied himself with education reform. See *Achilles Fang for a homosexual interpretation of a poem. He only published one volume of poems: Ch'ang-shih chi (1919) - in vernacular style. His name Hu Shih is in *Wade Giles. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Boorman, Dictionary of Republican China. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, vol. 1, 57-58. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1973. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10743: four translations in *Manroot 9: 14-18, Fall 1973. Poet from Germany writing in German; translator from French to German. Active 1979. He was involved in the student protest movement from 1968 and with *anarchism. Härten der Schreibweise, Aachen, 1981, is a gay critical work about French gay writing with some French poems translated into German pp. 16-20 (including one by *George Bernes who also has a graffiti poem on the cover). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Schwüle Lyrik, schwüle Prosa, 75-85: two poems about demonstrations; biog., 76. Milchsilber, 23-25; biog., 194. Schreibende Schwule. Poet from Australia writing in English. Born 1913. In Ashes and Sparks (Adelaide, 1937) see "To a boy", p. 24, "Sonnet to a Friend", p. 43. Some love poems in As iron hills (Melbourne, 1944) are *non gender specific: see pp. 5, 148-49 and 151. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Poet from the Netherlands writing in Dutch. Born 1934. Gay Poetry Anthologies. David heeft ook een achterkant, 21; biog 59. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1902-1962. A *black poet who was a major figure of the *Harlem Renaissance from publication of his first volume The Weary Blues, 1926. He was very closeted and very few poems are relevant but see "Old Walt" (on *Walt Whitman), "Cafe 3AM". His poem "The Negro Speaks of Rivers" was one of the most famous poems of the Harlem Renaissance; he also influenced the *Negritude movement. On his homosexuality see Tish Dace, "Langston Hughes", The Advocate no. 377, 29 September 1983, 53-55. His family refused to let the film Looking for Langston, 1988, made by Isaac Julien, be shown at a gay film festival in San Francisco (on Isaac Julien see Outlook, Fall 1988, 68-69; on the film see the entry in Howes, Broadcasting If). Translation. He was translated into Spanish by *Rafael Alberti. Biography: see *Arnold Rampersand (author of a biography which is unsatisfactory from a gay point of view). Faith Berry's Langston Hughes: Before and Beyond Harlem, 1982, first noted in print Hughes's homosexuality. See also Bruce Kellner, The Harlem Renaissance, New York, 1987, pp. 176-77. His manuscripts are at *Yale and are restricted. Bibliography: Donald C. Dickinson, A Bio-Bibliography of Langston Hughes 1902-1967 (1972) and Thomas A. Mikolyzk, Langston Hughes: A Bio-Bibliography, Greenwood Press (1990). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Black Men/ White Men, 30. Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, 204-06; biog., 204. Poet from Australia writing in English; he lives in the United States. Born 1938. Author of The *Ballad of Alan Bond (Melbourne, 2000), 28 pp.; see p. 22 - "He truly loved the arts./ While men from Sotheby's knelt down to lick his nether parts,/ One year, he bid more for Van Gogh/ Than.......spent on tarts." The poem is about the Australian entrepreneur Alan Bond whose yacht won the Americas Cup for Australia (after it had been held by the New York Yacht Club for over a hundred years ) and who later went bankrupt. Since 1970 Robert Hughes has lived in the United States as art critic for Time. His study of the convict system in Australia The Fatal Shore(1987) discusses homosexuality amongst the convicts. Poet and critic from Great Britain writing in English. 1930-1999. In the sequence Crow, 1970, see "Song for A Phallus", pp. 75-77: the poem implies the protagonist Crow has an *Oedipus complex (and thus is possibly a repressed homosexual in *Freudian terms). He wrote an adaptation of Seneca's Oedipus in 1968. Hughes was married to the poet Sylvia Plath and later twice remarried. He was British *Poet Laureate at the time of his death. As a critic, see * Shakespeare and the Goddess of Complete Being, 1992: in his reading of Shakespeare's Sonnets he sees them as a conflict between Venus and *Adonis and *Henry Wriothesley as the young man (see *Mr W. H.); see especially pp. 50-53. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Hugo of Orleans, known as Primas Poet from France writing in Latin. Active ca. 1125. A bitter satirist and forerunner of *Villon. See "Dives eram et dilectus" in G. F. Whicher, The GolliardPoets, 1949 (repr. 1976), 90-101 (with English trans.); see especially pp. 97 and 99 (trope of *Ganymede). His pseudonym Primas means "of the highest rank, noble" (Oxford Latin Dictionary). Poet from Canada writing in English. Active 1968. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, first edition, item 1295: Three Ring Circus, Vancouver: Talonbooks, 1968. Homosexuality in Canada, first edition (1979), 11. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1920: same book. Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (1984), 139. All entries are the same book. An information database in anthropology in English from the United States from 1958. Human Relations Area Files is a major survey of over 300 representative cultures of the world based initially in New York but now in New Haven, Connecticut, centered at *Yale University. Each culture surveyed has a detailed bibliography. The literature on the cultures has been indexed in various categories, including homosexuality, and the bibliographies contain many valuable and little known references to homosexuality (including to literature) within them. When a subject is located in relation to a culture, an extract from the book or article is included so the book or article does not have to be found but the actual text can be consulted in the Human Relations Area Files. It is now published on *microform and new cultures are being added. An invaluable tool, especially for research on *tribal cultures. It was searched for this encyclopedia mainly for *Australian Aboriginal cultures: see *Songs - Murngin, *Songs - Aranda (references to male homosexuality and poetry were found only in these languages). For material found in other languages see *Singing - Korean, *Chentini (re Javanese) and * Gaguritan Brayut (re Balinese). There are over 317 Tiles with information on 325 cultural units, including over 620,000 text pages from 5,200 sources. Robert O. Legace, Sixty Cultures, New Haven: Human Relations Area Files, 1977, analyses sixty cultures in detail (rare: this work is a photocopied work). References. Greenberg, Social Construction of Homosexuality, 77. Movement in Italy, France and the Netherlands in Italian, French and Dutch from ca. 1480 to ca 1600. The idea that human beings are the center of the universe in contrast to the *Christian idea of *God being the center. This anthropocentric view of existence became influential in the *Renaissance and was a direct tilt at the authority of the *Catholic Church. Humanism led directly to the creation of the various Protestant Churches in the Reformation. A *Catholic counter movement, the Counter Reformation developed in opposition. Humanism dates from the printing of the ancient Greek and Latin classics from ca. 1480 - including the printing of homosexual poetry (see *Aldus Manutius) and such works as the Latin Theologica Platonica (Platonic Theology), 1482, of *Marsilio Ficino. As a movement it contrasts with the God centred theology of the Catholic Saint *Thomas Aquinas. The printing of the classical texts is the beginning of the tradition of *pornography, leading eventually to the Catholic Church setting up an index of prohibited books (from 1559). The rediscovery of ancient Greek homoerotic sculptures in Rome, such as the "Belvedere Torso" now in the Vatican (found in 1503), showed homoeroticism in ancient Greek art and influenced artists and poets such as *Michelangelo. Ficino's translation of the Greek philosopher *Plato into Latin (see Marsilio Ficino entry) and his commentary on Plato's *Symposium, 1469, revealed ancient Athenian homosexuality to the learned audience of the day - see *Athens. They showed that the much admired ancient Greeks had accepted male homosexuality. The Christian Church had suppressed the ancient Greek and Latin authors (and the extent of homosexuality in the ancient Greek and Latin literature) in the early Christian period (see *Michel Foucault) so this was an old battle resurrected. This time the ancients won - they were allowed to be read (but only initially in Greek and Latin, the languages of the learned; translation into vernacular languages followed only some centuries later). Overall the movement led to a freeing up of personal feelings in poetry and a flowering of personal poetry, including homopoetry (as in the Italian *Michelangelo and the English poet *Shakespeare's sonnets). Libraries need to be checked for unpublished manuscripts in vernacular languages and even in Latin and Greek (see, for instance, *Douglas Young). The publication of ancient Greek and Latin poets started with the * editio princeps of *Virgil in 1469 (see *Aldus Manutius, *editors, *scholars, *Henri Estienne). Many of these editions had commentaries and translations in Latin which were available to the learned audience: see, for instance, *Theognis (editio princeps 1495/96) and *Anacreontea (editio princeps 1554). In Italian, *epigrams were written on Greek and Latin models accusing other humanists of pederasty, a famous one by *Ludovico Ariosto stating "almost all humanists are pederasts". Italian humanism had its effect on English homopoetry in the *Elizabethan period. It was also influential in French, in France, through *Hellenism (see *Egger, *Scaliger). For Austria see *Georg Tanner. Latin. Giovanni *Pico della Mirandola's Oratio de humane dignitate (1486; published in 1496 - "Speech about the the dignity of man") - is accepted as a key document; see also *Beccadelli whose work dates from ca. 1425 and *Domizio Calderini. English. See *Gabriel Harvey. Humanism is also the name for a major intellectual movement in the United States in the twentieth century: see entry in Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature (however, this movement is more concerned with human values). German: see *Erasmus. Humanist poets. See for the respective countries - France: *Muret; Italy: *Andrea Dazzi, *Angelo Poliziano, *Niccolo Cosmico; Netherlands: *Erasmus. Library and archive in the United States with material primarily in English. It was founded in 1957. Situated at the University of Texas, Austin, it is a library which has concentrated on twentieth century literature, including huge manuscript holdings. On gay material see the article in The Advocate 378 (13 October 1983), 32-33, 35, 65. It has the archive of the British Sexological Society (1914+) including rare gay English language *journals. Papers of many gay writers of the twentieth century are held: e.g. *Oswell Blakeston, *Aleister Crowley, *Charles Henri Ford, *Walter Willard Johnson, *Kenneth Hopkins, *Tennessee Williams, *Charles Ives. Books by *Ralph Chubb are believed held. On the genesis of the HRC, as it is commonly called, see Nicholas Basbanes, Bibliophiles, Bibliomanes and the Eternal Passion for Books, New York, 1995, pp. 312-23; it was founded with money from Texas oil to establish a lasting cultural monument. Poet and editor from Australia writing in English. Born 1934. See The Barry Humphries Book of Innocent Austral Verse (1968), a *camp collection of poems which was also made into a vinyl record (Phillips 6357011). His threnody for *Patrick White - Sydney Morning Herald, 20 July 1991, 40 (included in Neglected Poems, Sydney, 1991) - is a savage attack on Patrick White in a *satirical vein which is somewhat *homophobic. He is a noted female impersonator and in his persona as the drag queen Dame Edna Everage has published several collections of camp prose which have had much appeal to gays. He is best known for his stage shows which have had a strong homosexual following, especially in the 1970s. An interview as Dame Edna Everage is in Gay News no. 91. With Australia moving towards becoming a republic, he has abandoned the use of the word Dame and Edna Everage is now Mrs. Edna Everage. The name "Everage" is a corruption of "average". Biography. See Peter Coleman, The Real Barry Humphries, Sydney, 1993. He has been four times married. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Howes, Broadcasting It: see "Dame Edna Everage" and "Barry Humphries". Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Poet, anthologist, editor and critic from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1955. Book of poems: Salt and Honey, London: Gay Men's Press, 1989, shared with *Steve Cranfield. He is the poetry editor with *Gay Men's Press and compiled the first post *gay liberation poetry anthology in Great Britain, * Not love alone, 1985. Also he is probably the compiler of *Tongues Untied. Other books: Mirror (1980) and Searching for a Destination (1982) (review: Gay News no. 260, 1982, 46). Openly gay as a poet from 1979, he has written introductions to books by John Horder, *Pat O'brien and edited * Twenty-something. A poetry anthology to be edited by him in 1993 for Gay Men's Press was cancelled; he lives in *London. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Not Love Alone, 7-9 (introduction), 40-43 (poems); biog., 141. Language of water, 54-55 (fine poem "Brother Talk"); biog., 79. Eros in Boystown, 35-36; biog,. 61. Autobiographer who was also a poet from Great Britain writing in English; translator from Greek to English. 1784-1859. As a poet, he was active 1810-44. His Autobiography, 1850, Chapter Four, mentions three close friendships at school ("I thought of him as an *angel" he states of one) and in one case his affections were turned to the boy's sister. The relationships seem best described as schoolboy crushes. Best known as an essayist, he was a close friend of *Byron and *Thomas Moore. Translation from Greek: see *"Cupid Swallowed", Poetical Works, pp. 184, 197: a translation from the *Palatine Anthology about *fellatio, on a somewhat *pedophile theme. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Ioläus (1902), 166-68: extract from his Autobiography. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 417: same extract. Reade, Sexual Heretics, 61-62: same. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1979. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1927: Substance Liquid Vapor Light, Chicago: Paper Stork Press, 1979. Hunter, B. Michael Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 69-74: "When Mommy Breaks Down"; biog., 177 - a *black poet. Lover relating to works in English from Great Britain. Active 1970. Lover of John McCrae: see *Not Love Alone, p. 142. Critic, historian, poet and prose writer from Australia writing in English. Born 1949. The introduction to *Pink Ink, which he wrote, is an important survey of Australian gay writing 1970-1991, including discussion of poetry; however, discussion of poetry is not as thorough as prose. This Introduction has been republished in Meanjin, vol. 51 no.1, Autumn 1992, 199-218. A Guide to Lesbian and Gay Writing in Australia, Sydney, 1996, is a dictionary survey of gay writers and includes entries on individual books, concepts such as *camp and such aspects of gay life as *beats. It includes reference to many book reviews and lists those in the gay press, otherwise inaccessible. It is the major survey of Australian gay writing to 1996. He wrote "Australian Literature" in * Gay Histories and Cultures. Formerly a lecturer at the University of Technology, Sydney, he has written short stories. In My Look's Caress, edited by Beth Yahp and others, Sydney, 1990, see "A Nicotine Romance" pp. 20-27: a *postmodernist *prosimetrum. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Pink Ink, 12-42: writer of the Introduction to the anthology * Pink Ink. Husain Baiqara of Herat, also spelt Husayn Bayqara Poet from Afghanistan who wrote in Persian. 1468-1506. He was Sultan of Herat. However, see *Husain Gazurgahi, since works attributed to him are now given to Husain Gazurgahi. Criticism. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 17: name spelt Husain Baiqara of Hera; *Stephen Wayne Foster here states he wrote poems about beautiful boys. Rypka, History of Iranian Literature, 280: "Sultan Husayn Bayqara"; see also the index. Biographer in Persian from Iran. Active 1502. See *Ehsan Yarshater, "Persian Poetry in the Timurid and Safavid Periods", in Peter Jackson, editor, Cambridge History of Iran, volume 6, The Timurid and Safavid Periods, 1976, p. 974: a *Sufi who wrote Majalis al-'ushshaq in 1502, stories about the love affairs of poets, mystics and saints whose only subject is homosexual love, leading ultimately to the love of the divine (the work was formerly attributed to *Husain Baiqara). Not in Rypka, History of Iranian Literature. Critic who wrote in Arabic from Egypt. 1899-1973. An Egyptian man of letters who was blind. He was Professor of Arabic Literature at the University of Cairo, where he was awarded the first doctorate for the first systemic study of an Arabic writer, al-Ma'arri. He wrote an essay "The songs where the *wine is drunk" which discusses homosexuality in Arabic poetry; this has been published in his essays, The Writings of Wednesday. The reference is probably Hadith al-Arabi'a, 1923, ii 71 (see Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, entry *"Khamriyya" at p. 91). (Information from Dr Yousef Khailif, University of Cairo, February 1987.) His name is also spelt Taha Hussein. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature: spelt Taha Husain. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, vol. 3. Poet probably from the United States writing in English. Active before 1996. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poems of Love and Liberation, 26. Historian and critic from the United States writing in English. Ca. 1902-died before 1988. James Hutton spent his entire life studying the influence of the * Greek Anthology, beginning with his Master of Arts thesis at Cornell University: The Greek Anthology in England, 1925. He was the greatest authority on the influence of the * Palatine Anthology and the *Planudean Anthology in English, French, Italian and Latin. His Cornell PhD, 1927, was called The Influence of the Greek Anthology (abstract sighted at *Harvard University Library). He wrote two books: The Greek Anthology in Italy to the Year 1800 (Ithaca, 1935) and The Greek Anthology in France and in the Latin writers of the Netherlands to the year 1800 (Ithaca, 1946; repr. ). For Italy, see the Register section of the 1935 book, pp. 618-19, for epigrams of the *Mousa Paidike translated or imitated into Italian and Latin (from 1606, when the manuscript was rediscovered); for France, see the Register pp. 774-78 of the 1946 book regarding French and Latin translations, imitations and allusions (this is a a more comprehensive listing than for Italy). Translations of homopoems from other books (e.g. Book Five) are also listed. The Registers of these books (that is, their indexes) are important sources for listings of translations of homosexual epigrams (see the Palatine Anthology and Mousa Paidike entries for lists of homosexual works). His papers may be at Cornell University where he lived with his mother (information from Eugene Rice, Columbia University). He used the *Dubner and *W. R. Paton editions (Hutton, The Greek Anthology in Italy, p. 1). Suspected of being gay. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1964. A brilliant *Buddhist poet, a student in the Tibetan Nyungma lineage of Sogyal Rinpoche. He lives in *New York. He uses the Buddhist name Jigme Thutop. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Leyland, Queer Dharma: voices of Gay Buddhists, 414: very fine Buddhist poem "Yabyum" about sexual intercourse (in the section "Queer Dharma Poetry") with another short work; see also 348-50 for his prose piece "A Brief Practice of the Bodhisattva Malibubarbi; biog., 348. Novelist from France who wrote in French. 1848-1907. His novel A Rebours (1884; translated English title: Against Nature) was a major work for the *aesthetic and *decadent movements. Its hero Des Esseintes is a *dandy who is determined to overcome his boredom by different and refined taste sensations. The novel became something of a sensation and greatly influenced *Oscar Wilde. The novel was extensively translated: see the *British Library General Catalogue and * National Union Catalog. Other novels featured the *Catholic church to whom many decadent writers turned. There was a Societé J.-K Huysmans in 1920, to which *Montague Summers belonged. On Huysmans' influence, see G. A. Cevasco, J.-K. Huysmans: A Reference Guide, 1980, 155 pp., and the same author's J. K. Huysmans in England and America: a bibliographical study, 1960, 30 pp. - a very fine detailed study of the influence of Huysmans (mostly he was read in French until the first English translation of A Rebours in 1922). See *J. Meyers, "Huysmans and Moreau", Apollo 99 (January 1974), 39-44, on covert homosexual interpretation of the Salomé theme (Salomé was the name of a verse play by Oscar Wilde). Biography. See James Laver, The First Decadent, 1954 (no discussion of any homosexual side to his character); James Baldick, The Life of J.-K. Huysmans, 1955. Huysmans had unhappy relationships with women and frequented female brothels. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 263-64: extract from A Rebours (trans. English as Against Nature ). Poet from Iran who wrote in Persian. Active ca. 159Q. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A'in i Akbari anthology, 6S5 - S6 - 'Ayaz trope; biog., 6S5. Myth, trope and word in Greek from Greece from ca. 10; later a trope in Latin, English and French. Hyacinthus was a beautiful youth who was loved by *Apollo and who was accidentally killed by a discus. Apollo mourned for him and he turned into a flower, the hyacinth (a type of iris). The word hyacinthus comes from the Greek words "ai, ai" meaning "alas" though there are no known surviving Greek usages in poetry in a homosexual sense. He is first known in Latin from *Ovid's Metamorphoses x, 201 ff, a work (composed 2-17 A.D. hence the date of ca. 10). See also *Martial, *Anthologia Latina, *Milton. For the ancient artistic depiction see the entry in * Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae in volume 5, part 1 and the plates under "Hyakinthos". English. The English word Hyacinth (referred to in Latin by the English poet *Milton) was used by *Byron and Skinner Matthews in their letters to refer to a beautiful youth (see the Index to Byron's Letters, edited by *Leslie Marchand). It was first used by *Arthur Golding (ca. 1565). Later it was used by *Oscar Wilde in letters in the same sense as Byron. The entry "hyacinth" in the Oxford English Dictionary omits the homosexual usage. See also *W. F. Allen, J. L. McClane, *P. Steffens, J. D. McClatchy. French. See *Louis Perceau. Persian. See *Abu 'l-Fayz-i Fayzi (not directly gay however). Jane Davidson Reid, Oxford Guide to Classical Mythology in the Arts 1300-1900s (1993) has an entry on him. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 533: stating he is pre-Hellenic. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 51 52. loläus (1902), 86-88. Criticism. Buffiére, Eros adolescent, 359-61. Sergent, Homosexuality in Greek Myth, 81-101. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. 1940-1972. He claimed gypsy origin and identified with *Rimbaud. Active as a poet after 1960 and his poetry derives from the alternative society of the 1960s. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Not Love Alone, 44-46; biog., 141. Poet possibly from the United States writing in English. Active 1970. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10744: Undertones [no place of publication given:] W. C. Hyatt, 1970, 15 pp. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1976. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1942: In Journeyings Often: A Collection of Impromptu Verse, Anderson, South Carolina: Ortho, 1976. Historian and biographer from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1908-1989. Author of The Other Love (London, 1970; titled in the United States The Love That Dared Not Speak Its Name, 1971). This, the pioneering extended history of male homosexuality in Great Britain, is based mainly on the homosexual court cases and omits much literary and cultural material. The author was a barrister. He also wrote A History of Pornography (London, 1964), again based on British cases: very few books discussed in this work are relevant, most being heterosexual. This work was translated into German in 1965. His large published oeuvre (see his *British Library General Catalogue entry) reveals an interest in homosexually-related subjects and he has written several biographies of gay poets: * Oscar Wilde (1976) - a standard life with excellent bibliography of manuscript and book sources pp. 441-49; Solitary in the Ranks: Lawrence of Arabia as Airman and Private Soldier, London, 1977, on *T. E. Lawrence; Lord *Alfred Douglas: A Biography, London, 1984, also excellent; and * Christopher Sclater Millard, Amsterdam, 1991, on the gay book dealer. He also wrote The Trials of Oscar Wilde (1948; revised editions 1962 and 1973) giving the text of the three trials of Wilde. Interview. *Gay News 94 (176), 11: states "I'm an unrepentent heterosexual. I've had three wives and lots of girlfriends" but he supports CHE (the Campaign for Homosexual Equality) and is a Vice President. Obituary: International Guardian 14 August, 1989, 23: states he was a member of MI 6, the British spy service, in World War Two and became a Barrister at the Middle Temple. Hyde, Mary, Dr., Viscountess Eccles Book collector and editor from Great Britain. Active 1982. The most important living collector of *Oscar Wilde manuscripts. The collection has been described by *Montgomery Hyde in Four Oaks Library, edited Gabriel Austin (Somerville, New Jersey, 1967). Her husband Donald Hyde (1909-66) is believed to have begun the collection. She edited the letters of *G. B. Shaw and *Alfred Douglas: Bernard Shaw and Alfred Douglas: A Correspondence, London, 1972, with a brilliant introduction. See *Richard Ellmann, Oscar Wilde, 1987, p. xi. Poet from India writing in English. Active 1993. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lotus of Another Color, 194-95; fine poem: "Love?" Myth and trope in Greek from Greece from ca. 270 B.C.; later a trope in Latin, French and English. A character in the Greek poet *Theocritus's "Idyll 13" where he is presented as the homosexual lover of *Hercules. In the form *Ioläus his name was used for the title of the first English gay anthology of *Edward Carpenter. *Rictor Norton analyses the Hylas myth in his book The Homosexual Tradition in Literature (1974), claiming, unconvincingly, that it is the underlying archetype of gay literature. Hylas also appears in Greek in the Argonautica of *Apollonius Rhodius (Book 1, lines 1208 to the end), where he is a close companion of Hercules (who is seized by a water nymph). For the ancient artistic depiction see the entry in * Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae in volume 5, part 1 and the plates. English. Great Britain: see 'Christopher Marlowe, *Charles Churchill, *Love in the Suds, *Love in Idleness (1883), James Elroy Flecker. United States: see *Bayard Taylor, *Robert Rogers; the trope occurs in United States poetry of the early twentieth century, e. g., *Hervey Allen, John Erskine, J. B. Kenyon. French: see *André Chénier. Latin: *Propertius, *Martial, * Anthologia Latina, *Sannazaro. Anthologies. Oxford Classical Dictionary. Bibliographies. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, item 506: see *Hermann Fuchs. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 11. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 21-23: re Theocritus "Idyll 13". Criticism. Norton, Homosexual Literary Tradition: the whole book. Sergent, Homosexuality in Greek Myth, 143-52. Poem in Greek from Greece. Before 500 B.C. This work contains the earliest reference to *Ganymede after Homer, if indeed it comes after Homer (the date is uncertain 700-ca. 500 B.C.) Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 534: see "Hymns". Bibliographies. Courouve, Ces petits grecs, 21: citing v: 202 ff. (re *Ganymede). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 23-24: trans. *F. L. Lucas. Criticism. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 463: same reference. Oral poems sung to or about a mythical figure (e.g. *Shiva) or *God (i.e., Jesus Christ); compare *chants. They survive from ca. 2160 B.C. in Egyptian and later in Hebrew, Greek, Sanskrit and other languages. ("God" here means anything or person worshipped.) Sexual sublimation is relevant to hymns many of which have strong homoerotic undercurrents, especially so as the god figure is male and the worshipper is male in at least half of all cases. Erotic feelings directed to gods are difficult to assess from a gay point of view: that sublimated homosexual feeling is involved cannot however be denied if a *Freudian view is adopted. Egyptian. Two hymns from the Old Kingdom, 2686-2160 B.C. listed in International Journal of Greek Love vol. 1 no.1 (1965) with English translation by *Terence Deakin, p. 32, are the earliest works: "Re' has no power over me,/ since I am he who takes away his breath. Atum has no power over me,/ since I copulate between his buttocks" and "It is an abomination to them/ if the god's arm falls upon them/ and the god's shadow abuses them sexually./ His semen shall not enter you." Hymns from the Middle Kingdom in Miriam Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature, vol. 1, 1973, 193-210 are strongly homoerotic when sung by males, including the Pharaoh. The Pharaoh *Akhenaton (active 1362 B.C.) wrote a hymn to the sun. See also *Spells. Greek hymns e. g., to *Apollo date from 700 B.C. Hymns to *Eros were written by *Pamphus; see also *"Homeric Hymn", *"Hymn to Aphrodite" (ca. 500 B.C.). Sublimated homosexual sentiment directed towards Jesus Christ and God in Greek hymns (especially granted the *homophobic character of the Greek Orthodox church from the time of Constantine on and the consequent redirection of homosexual feelings into quasi-mystical outlets). An anthology of early Greek hymns is Christ in Early Greek Poetry, edited by J. J. Thierry, Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1972; this brief work deals with material from the second to fifth centuries. Latin hymns directed to cult figures such as *Castor and Pollux are relevant. Christian hymns date from the early centuries of the Christian era; all male contexts such as *Christian monasteries have strong homosexual undercurrents (see also *male bonding). The earliest poet included in this encyclopedia who wrote hymns is *Prudentius (348-405); *Fortunatus was another early hymn writer. In the Penguin Book of Latin Verse, 220-22, one of the most famous hymns is "Jesu dulcis memoria" (The sweet thought of Jesus) of the twelfth century. Medieval Latin Christian hymns were collected in fifty-five volumes in Analecta Hymnica edited by Clemens Blume and Guido M. Dreves, 1886-1922 (reprinted also in microfiche). See also *songs - Latin. Hymns in Old Church Slavonic and other Christian languages may be relevant and 'Christian Hymns in other languages. 'European languages are relevant because of Christianity being the dominant religion in the last 2000 years in Europe; mainly from the *Renaissance Christianity spread to north and south America, Africa, Asia and Africa all European overseas colonies. English. Several men who were homosexual or had repressed feelings wrote hymns: see *William Cowper, *Charles Wesley, *F. W. Faber, *Fabian Loschiavo, Cardinal *Newman, John Gray, *Bishop Leadbeater, *J. G. Small. Hymns were sung in all the countries in which English was spoken e. g. Australia, Canada, India. Hebrew: see *Psalms. *lndian languages from India. *Mystical hymns occur in many of these languages. Puniabi: see *Sikhism, *Guru Nanak. Sanskrit: see *Upanishads, *Krishna, *Bhakti. Bengali: see *Vaisnavism. Hindi: hymns to *Siva contain homoerotic elements. Poem in Buginese from Indonesia. It existed from about 1400 in oral form and has existed in written form from 1814. An epic cycle of which some 6,000 folio pages exist; it is one of the longest epic poems in the world. The Bugis people live on the island of south Sulawesi (formerly called the Celebes). The cycle is performed on special occasions (for instance, at weddings) by traditional male *transvestite priests or bissu who were linked with its authorship. The epic tells the story of beings descended from heaven, including Bataru Guru and his wife; La Galigo is a grandson on whose exploits the epic mainly focuses. It has been called a sort of tribal encyclopedia. Photographs of bissu appear on pages 223-24 of Archipel 10 (1975); this issue also has an article on transvestism of the bissu: "Travestissement et bisexualité chez les 'bissu' du pays Bugis", 121-31. (Bugis Street, a gay area of Singapore, where transvestites are seen, is named after them.) For the most detailed recent discussion of the I La Galigo cycle see C. C. Macknight, Early History of South Sulawesi, Clayton: Monash University Centre of Southeast Asian Studies, 1993. See also "The I La Galigo Epic cycle of South Celebes and its Diffusion", Indonesia 17 (1977). The text has been published edited by R. A. Kern, I La Galigo, Yogyakarta, 1989, 1043 pages; see also Ian Caldwell, Bugis Texts: South Sulawesi AD 1300-1600: Ten Bugis Texts, unpublished dissertation, Australian National University, 1988. A text is in course of publication in Jakarta by Djambatan publishers of which volume 1 was published in 1995. Early manuscripts are in Leiden University library. The cycle also exists in Malaysia, taken there by trading; there may be a version in Makassarese, another of the languages of south Sulawesi. The Buginese were originally *Buddhists and were only converted to *Islam from 1600. They were only incorporated into the Dutch East Indies in 1906 following a series of wars. On the Bugis, see Christian Pelras, The Bugis, 1986 (see pp. 32-35 for La Galigo cycle and pp. 82-85 for the bissu; a photo of some appears on p. 83). For the Bugis see also the entries in Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life, volume 3, 1998, and Paul Hockings, editor, Encyclopedia of World Cultures, volume 3, 1993. I Promise You This: A Collection of Poems for Harvey Milk The anthology was provoked by the killing of Harvey Milk, the *San Francisco openly gay politician who was assassinated by Dan White (a film was made on his life, The Times of Harvey Milk, 1984). It serves as a tribute to his memory. Contributors, as cited in Young, Male Homosexual in Literature: *Steve Abbott, Steve Benson, Tim Blanchard, John S. Connolly III, Dennis Dunn, The Fag Nun Assunta Femia, Shirley Garzotto, Artful Goodtimes, *Freddie Greenfield, Jack Hirchman, Frank Hoffman, Noni Howard, Michael Koch, Todd S. J. Lawson, Mede, David Moe, Dennis Ryan, *Aaron Shurin, *David Emerson Smith. Not sighted. Highly rated by *Ian Young. The book is rare; only five copies were in United States libraries in 1995. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1943: San Francisco, Privately printed, 1979. Meter in Greek from Greece from ca. 700 B.C.; later used in Latin and English. Greek. A type of poetry whose name is taken from the meter in which it is written and refers to one short syllable followed by one long syllable; it was frequently associated with *satire. It was first used by *Archilochus (active 700 B.C.) (in fragment 20) and seems to refer to his satirical verse in this meter; later it was used by *Anacreon. In the 'Alexandrian period it was widely used by *Callimachus and *Sotades. It was sparingly used by the Roman Latin poets, notably *Horace. Later still it became a dominant meter in English where changed from a meter based on short and long syllables to one light syllable followed by one heavy syllable. Iambic pentameter, with five heavy stresses, became the main metre in *blank verse; it was used by *Shakespeare in his plays. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 537-38. Ian Young: a bibliography (1962-1980) Bibliography in English from Canada. Published by the *Canadian Lesbian and Gay Archives Collective (who appear as the authors on the title page), Toronto: Pink Triangle press, 1981, 58 pages; autobiographical note by Ian Young, pp. 5-6. There is no author as such. Over 500 items make this one of the most comprehensive bibliographies of an openly gay poet. Section A, "Books and Chapbooks" lists all poems; Section B, "Broadsides, Posters, Poemcards" (on poemcards see *postcard poems); Section C, "Contributions to Anthologies"; Section D, "Contributions to Periodicals, Miscellaneous"; Section E, "Commentary on Ian Young and his work". The "Addendum" pp. 57-58 is a checklist of *Catalyst Press titles 1969-80: 29 titles are listed. Ian Young was the founder and owner of Catalyst Press. Poet from Georgia who wrote in Georgian. 1894-1937. He possibly had a homosexual relationship with *Tatsian Tabidze (though this has not been proven and was possibly concocted for political purposes). After the Russian Revolution of 1917, he became an ardent *Communist but became a victim of the Stalinist persecution of the 1930s and shot himself when about to be purged. See Donald Rayfield, "The Death of Paolo Iashvili", Slavonic and East European Review, vol. 68 no. 4, 631-664; he states "Paolo Iashvili combined flamboyant masculinity... with a delicate feminity" (p. 632). Georgians are agressively heterosexual so effeminacy is despised (Professor David M. Lang, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 1987, to the author). Text: Stiki, 1968, 137 pp. (place of publication not known). See his entry in A. A. Surkov, editor, Kratkaia Literaturnaia Entsiklopedia, Moscow, 1975 (with portrait). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Everyman Companion to East European Literature: notes use of feminine persona. Languages spoken in the Iberian peninsula in Spain and Portugal: they are Spanish, Portuguese, Catalan, Galician and Basque. Material of relevance dates from ca. 1200. Basque, spoken in north west Spain, is a language isolate. The others are closely related and form a sub branch of the *Romance languages. The Romance languages emerged from Latin (since the Romans occupied the Iberian peninsula). Latin was used by the *Catholic church until the 1960s and formerly by *Universities. Spanish and Portuguese are now spoken in South America and formerly in colonies in Africa. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. 860-940. From *Cordova. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, volume 1, 676.Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 136: an amorous poem about the *coming fo the beard. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 309. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Died 1041/42. From Seville; only a few poems survive. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition (second entry). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 115-16: trans. by *A. R. Nykl of a gay love poem. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. 911-997. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 309: *bathing poem. Poet from Egypt who wrote in Arabic. 1181-1235. A celebrated *Sufi poet from *Cairo whose Divan includes poems which may be read as love poems or mystical *hymns. He has been extensively translated: see the list at the end of the article on him in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, and Lang, Guide to Eastern Literatures, p. 47. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, 763-64. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Criticism. Bullough, Sexual Variance, 236: "His Diwan deals with the Divine Reality, the Beloved whom the poet addressed and celebrated under many names both male and female." Ibn al-Hadjdjadj, also spelt al-Hajjaj and Ibn Hajjaj Poet from Iraq who wrote in Arabic. Ca. 941-ca. 1001. Born in Baghdad, he became wealthy and amassed estates by writing *satires. *Al-Tha'alabi gives a considerable selection of his verses. A complete manuscript of his Diwan which runs to ten volumes is in *Baghdad in the library of the Wakfs. He is the author of many "obscene" poems. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition: notes he wrote many obscene poems. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, volume 3, 780-81: see "Ibn al-Hadjdjadj"; states his divan has not yet been published. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 317: love poem to a man (his name is given as Ibn al-Hajj). Criticism. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, volume 5, 778 (in *"Liwat" article): states he made mudjun and sukhf his speciality and cited in connection as a homosexual poet. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 848-49: states his work "consisted of obscenity and *scatology in its purest form". Poet possibly from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Active before 1211. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Dar al-Tiraz: fine gay love poems. Poet from Iraq who wrote in Arabic. 861-908. English trans: see Abdullah al-Udhari and G. B. H. Wightman, Birds Through a Ceiling: Three *Abbasid Poets, 1975, pp. 67-96 - many poems are *non gender specific, some are to women; see *Saki poem p. 79. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, volume 3, 892-93. The Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, Index says see Ibn al-Mu'tazz. Criticism. *Marc Daniel, "Arab Civilization and Male Love", Gay Sunshine 32 (Spring 1977), 5: was caliph for a day. Poet from Egypt who wrote in Arabic. Died 1222. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, volume 3, 894: "Ibn al-Nabih" (mentions thirty-five poems to his patron with erotic prologues which make him a great love poet). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Orgasms of Light, 129: Tine love poem. Poet from Iraq who wrote in Arabic. 836-896. *Baghdad poet. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, volume 3, 907-09. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Delight of Hearts, 29, 129, 222, 225: gay poems. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Active ca. 1250. Not in the index of Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Gay Poetry Anthologies. In Praise of Boys, 11 : called Ben al-Sabuni. Orgasms of Light, 12 - fine gay love poems. Ibn al-Zaqqaq, also spelt al-Zakkak Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Ca. 1100-1134. The nephew of *Ibn Khafadja who is regarded as one of the great poets of Muslim Spain. Text. His works were edited and translated into Spanish by *Emilio Garcia Gomez titled Ibn al-Zaqqaq, Poesías, Madrid, 1956 (with an important introduction); Diwan, edited by 'Afifa Dairani, Beirut, 1954. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, volume 3, 971: Ibn al-Zakkak. Gay Poetry Anthologies. In Praise of Boys, 8: Ben Zaqqaq; very fine poem about a beautiful young *cupbearer. Orgasms of Light, 14. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 316: *saki poem. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 211-213. Criticism. Jefrim Schirmann, "The Ephebe in Medieval Hebrew Poetry", Sefarad I5 (1955), 66: re a poem stating he loves the Sabbath and by implication a Jewish man (spelt Ibn Alzaqqaq); f. 32 refers to *Brockelmann, Geschichte, Supplement, 1937, p. 481. Poet who wrote in Arabic. Active ca. 1350. See Chapter 39 of his Diwan as-Sababa (which includes verses and stories about men afflicted with love for women and boys); this appears to be in manuscript. Source: Lois Anita Griffen, Theory of Profane Love Among the Arabs, New York, 1971, pp. 135-36. Criticism. *Norman Roth, "'Deal Gently with the Young Man': Love of Boys in Medieval Hebrew Poetry of Spain", Speculum 57 (1982), 27. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Ca. 1031-1084. Ibn Ammar was the favorite of al-Mutamid, king of *Seville, who died in 1095 and who had amours with women. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Gay Poetry Anthologies. In Praise of Boys, 31: *non gender specific love poem (he is called Ben Ammar). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 307 (with biog.). Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 200-201. Criticism. *Marc Daniel, "Arab Civilization and Male Love", Gay Sunshine 32 (Spring 1977), 5, 10. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Active before 1025?. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Monroe, Hispano-Arabic Poetry, 224: *wine poem; biog. xv - his life is not known except that he was at the court of Ma'um in Toledo. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 210-11 Poet from Italy who wrote in Arabic. Active 1016-62. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 106: Verschiedene Gedichte (arabisch) (Selected poems [Arabic]); no other details. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 74 (translated from Italian of *Michele Amari by von Kupffer); biog. note - von Kupffer states he is a Sicilian poet who wrote in the reign of Mu-izz-ibn Badis who reigned 1016-1062; two poems are given, one trans. by von Kupffer from the Italian of Michele Amari and another translated from Arabic by *Graf von Schack. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic; some poems had Spanish couplets. Died ca. 1145. From *Cordova. He wrote *muwashshah in Arabic and with couplets in Spanish. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Dar al-Tiraz: several Tine gay love poems and several ascribed to him. Bellamy, Banners of the Champions, 203-04: a very fine gay love poem trans. into English. Poet from Spain who wrote in Hebrew. Active before 1300. Criticism. Jefrim Schirmann, "The Ephebe in Medieval Hebrew Poetry", Sefarad I5 (1955),, 60: stated to be a minor poet in whom the figure of the beautiful boy appears. Poet from Iraq who wrote in Arabic. Died 909. He lived in 'Baghdad. The codifier of semi-chaste love, he was the first codifier of Arabic 'courtly love, also called 'Udrite (or chaste) love. Text: see the edition of Kitab az-Zarah, edited by *A. R. Nykl, Chicago, 1932. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, volume 3, 744: Ibn Dawud. Duroc, Homosexuels et lesbiennes illustrés, 225. Criticism. 'Marc Daniel, "Arab Civilization and Male Love", Gay Sunshine 32 (Spring 1977), 5: name given as Ibn Daoud; re Kitab az-Zohrah or Kitab az-Zahrah (Book of the Planet Venus or Book of the Flower) which contains homosexual poems. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, item 1051 : states Kitab az-Zorah includes love poetry to boys by several authors. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. 958-1030. Born in Spain, his ancestry was north African Berber. A *court poet who died in Saragossa. Text: several editions exist: see Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 194 (not specifically a gay poem). Poet from Spain who wrote in Hebrew. Active ca. 1175. The son of *Abraham ibn Ezra, he was born in Spain and lived in Egypt and *Baghdad in Iraq where he may have converted to Islam. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Judaica. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 259. Criticism. Schirmann,"Ephebe in Medieval Poetry", 61: poems about the beloved boy - see his Sirim, edited by N. Ben-Menahem, Jerusalem, 1950, numbers 7 and 8. *Norman Roth, "'Deal Gently with the Young Man': Love of Boys in Medieval Hebrew Poetry of Spain", Speculum 57 (1982), 49-50. Poet and philosopher from Spain who wrote in Hebrew and Arabic. Ca. 1021-ca. 1055. A noted Hebrew poet from Spain influenced by *Neoplatonism. See *T. Carmi, The Penguin Book of Hebrew Verse, 1981, p. 313, "The testament of beauty" (trans. into English). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition states he wrote in Arabic a short treatise on morals. This work, Well of Life, which was an important Neoplatonic treatise, was translated into Latin as Fons Vitae. Text. Poems, edited by Bialik-Rawnitzki, 3 volumes, Berlin and Tel Aviv, 1924-32. Forty secular poems were published, edited by H. Brody and Jefim Schirmann, 1978. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Judaica: notes the influence of *Sufism on him. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 248-50. Criticism. Jefrim Schirmann, "The Ephebe in Medieval Hebrew Poetry", Sefarad I5 (1955), 59 footnote 15: cites volume 3A of poems above pp. 26, 27, 30 and volume 3B, p. 14. *Norman Roth, " 'Deal Gently with the Young Man': Love of Boys in Medieval Hebrew Poetry of Spain", Speculum 57 (1982), 37-42: Engish trans. Roth, " 'Deal Gently with the Young Man'", 150-53: re allegorical meanings and use of *gazelle trope. Poet from Spain who wrote in Hebrew. Active before 1300. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Judaica. Criticism. Jefrim Schirmann, "The Ephebe in Medieval Hebrew Poetry", Sefarad I5 (1955), 60: stated to be a minor poet in whom the figure of the beautiful boy appears. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. 1058-1132. Text: Diwan, edited by Ihasn 'Abba, Beirut, 1960. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 316: love poem. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 209-10: *cupbearer trope. Poet from Spain who wrote in Hebrew. Active before 1400. Rav Pnotn/ Anthnlnnioc Wilhelm Gay and I eshian Poetry 239-40 - Tine poem Educated in *Cordoba, he wrote a treatise devoted to the analysis of love, including homosexual love, and containing extensive poetic quotations: the Tawk al-Hamama (The Ring of the Dove; also called The Collar of the Dove and The Dove's Necklace). The metaphor of the title is of love as a collar around the neck (compare the English poet *George Herbert). There is a unique manuscript of the work in Leiden. This is the most important book on the theory of profane (that is, non religious) love in Arabic including discussion of whether loving men or boys is best. Text. It was first edited and published by D. K. Petrof (Leiden, 1914); see Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition, entries for other editions. Translations. Dutch: trans. by R. Kruk?, titled De ring van de duif, 1977. English: *A. R. Nykl (1931), *A. R. Arberry, The Ring and the Dove (London, 1953; repr. New York, 1981). French: Trans. Leon Bercher, Le collier du Pigeon (Algiers, 1949), N. Tomiche (1961); German: Max Weisweiler (1941; repr.); Italian: *F. Gabrieli (Bari, 1949); Russian: A. Salie (1933); Spanish: Miguel Asin Palacios (1927-32), *Emilio Garcia Gomez, El Collar de la paloma, Madrid, 1952, with important introduction (repr.). For lists of translations see Lang, Guide to Eastern Literatures, p. 47, and De Bary, Guide to Oriental Classics, pp. 24-25. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, volume 3, 790-99. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 198-200. Criticism. *Marc Daniel, "Arab Civilization and Male Love", Gay Sunshine 32 (Spring 1977), 5. Nykl, Hispano-Arabic Poetry, 73-103: analysis of Tawk al-Hamama. De Bary, Guide to Oriental Classics, 24-26. Poet from Spain writing in Arabic. Active before 1243. Not found in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Compare *Allah Muhammad Ibn Iyad (possibly the same poet). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 135-36: from *The Pennants; from *Cordova. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 321 (stated to have lived in the twelfth century). Ibn Khafaja, also spelt Khafadja and spelt Ben Jafacha Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. 1058-1139. Fine Andalusian poet from Alcira, near Valencia, whose divan is one of the few complete Arabic diwans of Spain. See *Arie Schippers on a fine homosexual poem. Text: edited by Mustafa Ghazi, Alexandria, 1960. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, volume 3: see "Ibn Khafadja". Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 134: trans. *A. J. Arberry into English from * The Pennants (name spelt Ibn Khafaja). In Praise of Boys, 15: love poem. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 201-209: the best translation into English. Other anthologies. Monroe, Hispano-Arabic Poetry, 242. Nykl, Hispano-Arabic Poetry, 227-31. Ibn Khaldun, also spelt Ibn Chaldun Poet from Tunisia who wrote in Arabic; he later lived in Egypt. 1332-1406. Famous as an Arabic historian. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 85: trans. into German by *Graf von Schack and name spelt Ibn Chaldun. Poet from Spain who wrote in Hebrew. Acive ca. 975. Most of his poetry is lost. From North Africa, he lived in *Cordoba where he was a friend of *Samuel Hanagid. Poems were discovered in the *Cairo Genizah (on which see *Manuscripts - Hebrew). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Judaica. Criticism. Jefrim Schirmann, "The Ephebe in Medieval Hebrew Poetry", Sefarad I5 (1955), 59: re the figure of the beloved boy in his poetry. Ibn Khallikan Biographer from Syria who wrote in Arabic; he later lived in Egypt. 1211-1282. Author of a famous Biographical Dictionary which quotes a gay poem in the entry *Yahya ibn Aktham and has a biography of *Abu Nuwas as well as *Ibn Sana. There may be other poems and references to homosexuality. He travelled extensively and lived in *Cairo and *Damascus. Translation of the Biographical Dictionary: it was translated into English by Baron Mac Guckin de Slane, 1842 (repr.); Persian and Turkish translations are stated to exist in the Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, entry. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Ibn Kharuf Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Died 1205. From *Cordova. Compare *Ben Jaruf: this may be the same poet. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Bellamy, Banners of the Champions, 200-201: fine homosexual poem about a *dancing boy and one with *gazelle trope. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 320: same poem. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Ca. 1080-1160. One of the finest Arabic poets from Spain he has been called dissolute and a libertine and frequently compared to *Abu Nuwas. *Wine drinking is a frequent theme in his poetry. *A. R. Nykl first revealed the extent of his achievement in his * editio princeps of 1933. He died at *Cordoba. *Bisexual interest. His name is transliterated in Spanish as Ben Quzman and also spelt Ibn Kouzman. Text. His Diwan was first edited by *A. R. Nykl, 1933, from a unique *St Petersburg manuscript, with partial Spanish translation; 149 poems were found. An edition was edited by *Emilio Garcia Gomez, Todo Ben Quzman, 3 volumes, Madrid, 1972. Translation. See Lang, Guide to Eastern Literatures, p. 47. English: see A. R. Nykl (1946); Spanish: A. R. Nykl (1933); Emilio Garcia Gomez (1981); see also Cuaderno bibliográfico gay, p. 14: El cancionero hispanoárabe, Madrid: Editora Nacional, 1984 (apparently a translation). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition, Supplement, 91-92: Ibn Kuzman - states that "only a third [of his love poems] are addressed to women and the others to males". Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, volume 3, 849-52: "Ibn Kuzman" (fifth entry). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 305; called Ibn Guzman. Nykl, Hispano-Arabic Poetry, 266-301: with English trans. of poems. Criticism. *Marc Daniel, "Arab Civilization and Male Love", Gay Sunshine 32 (Spring 1977), 10: "among the rank of great poets". Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, volume 5, 778 (in the *"Liwat" article): states his zadjals (*ghazals) deal with homosexual love. Wright, Homoeroticism in Classical Arabic Literature, 94-139 - discussion of ghazal 133 by James T. Monroe. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition: lists two poets. Nykl, Hispano-Arabic Poetry, 62: "wrote admiring verses about *al-Taliq when the latter was in jail". Poet from Portugal who wrote in Arabic. Active before 1243. From *Lisbon. Compare *Ben Muqana (possibly the same poet). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 135: love poem from *The Pennants. Possible editor possibly from Spain of works in Arabic. Born 1453? Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10745: states he is the editor of * Moorish Poetry. However this is not correct; nor is he mentioned as a poet in the work. Ibn Qutayba, also spelt Qutaiba Critic and historian from Iraq who wrote in Arabic; he later lived in Iran. 828-889. Compiler of the first Arabic encyclopedia, Kitab 'Uyun al-Akhbar, which has a chapter on *Friendship, Chapter 7, which contains quotations from old Arabic poets; this chapter has claims to be a gay anthology. He was a famous scholar and orthodox Muslim who wrote on the Koran and lived in *Basra and *Baghdad, as well as northern Persia where he held a post. He is the author of Kitab al-Shi'r (The Book of Poetry and Poets). See Robert L. Collison, Encyclopedias: Their History Throughout the Ages, New York and London, 1966, pp. 37-38, on the encyclopedia. Compare *Ben Muqana (possibly the same). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures. Ibn Rashik, also spelt Ben Rasig Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Active ca. 1050. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition: see both Ibn Rashik entries (which one applies cannot be identified). Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10468: re poems in Gay Sunshine 20: 13 (January 1974), translated into English by *Erskine Lane from French (name given as Ben Rasig). Gay Poetry Anthologies. In Praise of Boys, 13: name given as Ben Rasiq, dated eleventh century; a love poem about the *coming of the beard. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 311; states he died 1064. Ibn Sa'id al-Maghribi, also spelt al-Andelusi Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. 1213-1286. Born near *Granada, Ibn Sa'id left Spain in 1241 and lived in Egypt. His anthology Rayat al-Mubarrizin (1243) (The Banners of the Champions), called by A. J. Arberry * Moorish Poetry: A Translation of The Pennants includes homosexual poets. A manuscript of the work became the basis of *Emilio García Gomez's Poemas Arabigoandaluces, 1930, from which Spanish text the English gay anthology *ln Praise of Boys was translated (In Praise of Boys only translates homosexual poems from this work). This anthology was a famous Andalusian Arabic anthology with heterosexual and homosexual love poems interspersed (sometimes it is hard to distinguish whether the beloved addressed is male or female); it was started by Ibn Sa'id's grandfather, 'Abd al-Malik, who commissioned Abu Muhammad al-Hijari (1106-55) to begin the project and it was added to by his father. It has survived in a single manuscript. Text: see the new edition published in 1973 by al-Nu'man 'Abd al-Muta'al al-Qadi. Translation. English: *A. J. Arberry as * Moorish Poetry: A Translation of The Pennants (1953 - but censored, as Roth notes below); James Bellamy and Patricia Steiner, The Banners of the Champions, Madison, 1988 (partial selection): see pp. 177-193 for the section entitled "Homosexual Poems" (which are only a partial selection from the totality of homosexual poems); includes bibl. pp. 219-21; see Reid below for a selection. Spanish: *Emilio Garcia Gomez (1930; partial selection; repr.) which was used for translation into English as noted above. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, volume 3, 926: called Ibn Sa'id al-Maghribi. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 132-37: poems from his anthology. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 305-22; see note p. 308 stating all poems in this section come from Ibn Sa'id's anthology (they appear to be trans. from the Spanish - see below); p. 322 poems by Ibn Sa'id. Roth, "Deal Gently with the Young Man", 28 footnote 34. Criticism. Nykl, Hispano-Arabic Poetry, 361. *Norman Roth, "'Deal Gently with the Young Man': Love of Boys in Medieval Hebrew Poetry of Spain", Speculum 57 (1982), 28 footnote 28: important anthology with many homopoems. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1237: name given as Ibn Said al-Maghribi Poet from Spain who wrote in Hebrew. Active 1300. Criticism. Jefrim Schirmann, "The Ephebe in Medieval Hebrew Poetry", Sefarad I5 (1955), 60: stated to be a minor poet in whom the figure of the beautiful boy appears. Not to be confused with *Ibn Sahl. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic and possibly Hebrew; some poems had couplets in Spanish. Ca. 1212-1252. A Jewish convert to Islam. A number of poems are dedicated to a youth called *Musa and others to one called Mohammad: in a famous poem he stated Mohammed replaced Musa which could refer to his religious conversion, Musa being the Hebrew Moses and Mohammad the name of the Islamic prophet. The word musa is Latin for muse, and is feminine and means "a woman who inspires a poem" and this word play may be intended. He is fundamentally a love poet and his divan is one of the finest of Andalusian poetry from Spain. Born in *Seville. He wrote *muwashshah in Arabic and with couplets in Spanish. Text: see *Arthur Wormhoudt, Arab Translation Series no. 57, (1981). It is unclear whether any poems in Hebrew survive. The bibliography in the Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, entry above states his diwan has been reprinted several times e.g., in Cairo and Beirut (1885). Criticism and biography. M. Soualah, Ibrahim b. Sahl, 1914. Translation. Spanish. Ben Sahl de Sevilla, Poemas, introduction and translation by Teresa Garulo, Madrid, Hyperion, 1983 (repr.). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Duroc, Homosexuels et lesbiennes illustrés, 226-27. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, volume 3, 925. Bibliographies. Cuaderno bibliográfico gay, 13: Poemas, Madrid: Hiperión, 1983. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Orgasms of Light, 13: called Abu Ishaq Ibrahim Sahl (thirteenth century); 127: Ibrahim Ibn Sahl trans. into English by *Winston Leyland from French. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 213-221: the most complete selection of his poems in English. Criticism. Jefrim Schirmann, "The Ephebe in Medieval Hebrew Poetry", Sefarad I5 (1955), 66. *Marc Daniel, "Arab Civilization and Male Love" Gay Sunshine 32 (Spring 1977), 8 "openly blasphemous poems... converted from Judaism to Islam because of the beautiful eyes of a boy called Mohammed"; 10 "among the rank of great poets". Nykl, Hispano-Arabic Poetry, 344-45. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1237. Ibn Sana al-Mulk Poet and anthologist from Egypt who wrote in Arabic; he later lived in Syria. 1155-1211. He was the first person in the east to compose *muwashshah, a genre originated in Spain, and was born and died in *Cairo. He appears in *Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary, vol 3, trans. by Baron Mac Guckin de Slane, Paris, 1868, pp. 589-593, with translation of poems into English and *gazelle and Joseph tropes; some poems are heterosexual in translation; this states he lived in Syria for a time. He compiled the Arabic homosexual anthology *Dar al-Tiraz.. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, vol. 3, 929. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1237: note on Dar at-tiraz stating it is of *muwashshah. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Dar al-Tiraz. *Norman Roth, "'Deal Gently with the Young Man': Love of Boys in Medieval Hebrew Poetry of Spain", Speculum 57 (1982), 27: compiled an anthology "devoted exclusively to the love of boys" (* Dar al-tiraz). E Ibn Sara, also spelt Abd Allah ibn Sara Poet from Portugal writing in Arabic; he later lived in Spain. Died 1123. Born in Santarem, Portugal, he later lived in *Seville. In the Index of Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, see p.1338: Ibn Sarah? Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 136. Orgasms of Light, 11: fine love poem about the *coming of the beard. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 314. Criticism. Nykl, Hispano-Arabic Poetry, 233-34 (with biog. note). *Norman Roth, "'Deal Gently with the Young Man': Love of Boys in Medieval Hebrew Poetry of Spain", Speculum 57 (1982), 32. Poet from Spain who wrote in Hebrew. Active before 1300. Criticism. Jefrim Schirmann, "The Ephebe in Medieval Hebrew Poetry", Sefarad I5 (1955), 60: stated to be a minor poet in whom the figure of the beautiful boy appears. Ibn Shuhayd, also spelt Shuhaid Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. 992-1034. From *Cordova. See Monroe, Hispano-Arabic Poetry, xiii (spelt Ibn Shuhaid). See also the entry for the genre * Alba (citing a very fine homopoem). Text: see *Arthur Wormhoudt Arab Translation Series no. 133, (1991). His Diwan was edited by*Charles Pellat, Beirut, 1963. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 198: trans. English. Bellamy, Banners of the Champions, 188: fine homosexual love poem. Criticism. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, vol. 5, 778 (in * Liwat article): re dabib - i.e. crawling at night (stalking a man for sex while sleeping near him); states he also "uses the masculine form to designate the person in question [in his love poems], whose sex thus remains undefined"; 779 - wrote a homosexual poem in imitation of *Abu Nuwas. Philosopher from Iran who wrote in Arabic. 980-1037. From Central Asia he was educated in Bukhara and later lived in Iran eventually at Isfahan where his patron was the prince of Isfahan. His work was the basis of the whole system of Islamic scholarship was based on *Neoplatonism. His works covered medicine, mathematics, astronomy, physics, chemistry and music. In Europe he was known for his medical work under the name Avicenna which was translated into Latin; other works have been translated into French and Russian. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Gay Histories and Cultures. Poet who wrote in Arabic. Active before 945. An *Abbasid poet who wrote on homosexual themes (Dr Nassrat Abdel-Rahman, University of Jordan, Aman, to the author, 22 February 1987). No entry found in Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition or second edition; but see the Index of Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, p. 139. Ibn 'Ubada al-Qazzaz Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Active 1025. He wrote *muwashshah poems. A poet at the *court of al-Mu'tasim of Almeria. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Dar al-Tiraz: fine gay love poems. Monroe, Hispano-Arabic Poetry, 218-227 (biog. page xv): two gay love poems from *Dar at-Tiraz. Nykl, Hispano-Arabic Poetry, 194. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Born 1003. Regarded as one of the greatest of the Spanish Arabic poets, he is famous for his affair with the poetess Wallada. Born at *Cordoba. Translation. Spanish: Poesías, Madrid, 1979. Lang, Guide to Eastern Literatures, p. 47, gives translations of the poet: in French by A. Cour (1920) and German by *Helmut Ritter (1959). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, volume 3, 973-74: Ibn Zaydun. In Praise of Boys, 9: called Ben Zaydun - *non gender specific love poem. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 314: two poems including *fawn trope. Poet possibly from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Active before 1211. Ibrahim Ben Utman Not in the index of Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Gay Poetry Anthologies. In Praise of Boys, 23: *non gender specific poem about a *singer. Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. Active ca. 564 B.C. Known as a gay poet but very little poetry survives. Text: see *D. L. Page. See also *Schiller. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 539: states he was active ca. 564-61 B.C. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 11-12. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 64: poems "An Euryalos' and "Eros" (no other details). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 22. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 44 (mentioned). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 121. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 12-13. Criticism. Symonds, A Problem in Greek Ethics, 25: though "celebrated amongst the ancients as the lyrist of paiderastia, very little is preserved..." Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 8 (1906), 638-41. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 470. Bowra, Greek Lyric Poetry, 264: citing *Cicero Tusc. Disp. iv, 33.71. Dover, Greek Homosexuality, 196: noting fragment 288. Buffière, Eros adolescent, 257-61. Courouve, Ces petits grecs, 22: citing fragments 288, 289 (*Ganymede) and 309. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 497. Pseudonym of a poet from France who wrote in French. Active 1910. Kearney, Private Case, p. 25, states he wrote openly homosexual poems in imitation of *Pierre Louys. (These "homosexual poems" could be lesbian poems.) There is no entry under this name in the * British Library General Catalogue or the * National Union Catalog. Concept and philosophy In Greek, Sanskrit, German and English from 1100 B.C. Idealism, a philosophic approach that stresses the central role of the ideal or spiritual in human existence, dates from the * Vedas in India (from at least 1,100 B.C.) and from *Plato (active 390 B.C.) in the west. English. See the entry in Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. This deals with United States manifestations in philosophy and notes its influence on *Walt Whitman and the *Transcentalists. German. There is a strong idealistic streak in German philosophers such as Kant, Fichte, Hegel, Schelling, Schopenhauer and *Nietzsche which correspondingly manifested itself in the work of *Goethe, *Stefan George and the *George Kreis. English and Greek: see *Platonism. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Poet from Germany who wrote in German. 1759-1814. A noted actor, he wrote sixty-five plays and was in charge of the Royal Theatre, *Berlin. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Criticism. Mayne, The Intersexes, 295: stated to be gay. Derks, Der Schande der heiligen Päderastie, 432-45. Hirschfeld, Die Homosexualität, 665. Hirschfeld, Geschlectskunde, volume 4, Stuttgart, 1930, 579-81 (also an artist). Poet from Spain who wrote in Spanish. 1748-1791. A poet of the Salamancan school, he wrote *Anacreontics inspired by the example of *Villegas. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Spanish Literature. Pseudonym of a poet from Japan who wrote in Japanese; he was also a fiction writer. 1642-1693. A popular writer of *pornography who is now regarded as an early master of Japanese fiction; he was famous for writing a great deal of *haiku poetry. A major work was *Nanshoku Okagami (The Great Mirror of Male Love), 1687, a series of tales written by him and based on samurai and the theater. The book is a series of examples of gay love meant for the gay market. It includes poems and the second story quotes the *Kokinshu poem used for the title of the gay anthology * Iwatsutsuji. His real name was Hirayama Togo. He was born and died in Osaka and used other pseudonyms. Criticism: see *Paul Schalow; for works in Japanese see Richard Lane, "Postwar Studies of the Novelist Saikaku", Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 18 (June 1955), 189-99. *Edward Carpenter first discussed Saikaku in English in Intermediate Types Among Primitive Folk, 1911. Translation. English: *E. Powys Mathers (partial trans. from the French of Ken Sato), Paul Schalow (complete translation - includes reproduction of the original illustrations). French: Ken Sato (1928). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan. Princeton Companion to Classical Japanese Literature, 77-80. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1147-48. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Partings at Dawn, 66-95. Poet from New Zealand writing in English. Born 1944. A Maori writer who kept faith with his sexuality by publishing a gay novel Nights in the Gardens of Spain, 1996. WIth the publication of his novel Tangi in 1973 he became New Zealand's first Maori novelist. His libretto to the song cycle "Waiata Aroha" is in poetry and is dedicated to gay men and women living with *Aids; the works in the opera are highly romantic poems and are printed in the New Zealand gay anthology Best Mates: Gay Writing in Aotearoa New Zealand, Auckland, 1997, edited by *Peter Wells, "Waiata Aroha", pp. 176-83 (libretto for an opera by Rod Biss); there is a biographical note on him on p. 285. He works in the English Department at the University of Auckland. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to New Zealand Literature. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Criticism. Best Mates: Gay Writing in Aotearoa New Zealand, 30. Poet from Japan writing in Japanese; editor of works in Chinese. 1394-1481. *Zen monk and eccentric. His poem "Pleasing Oneself" trans. into English by "Graeme Wilson (Graeme Wilson to the author; the translation of the poem remains in manuscript) openly celebrates the fact that "boys are best". His chief work is the 1,000 poem Chinese collection, Kyounshu. Influence of *Gozan school. English translation: see Ikkyu and the Crazy Cloud, Anthology, trans. Sonja Arntzen,1990. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan: Pseudonym of 'Domenico di Giovanni. Ilankovatikal, also spelt Ilanko Adigal (also spelt Atikal) Poet from India who wrote in Tamil. Active ca. 500. In his *epic poem Shillappadikaram (also called Cilappatikaram) the hero, Kovalan, who has been in love with a woman, Matavi, turns to men: see Canto 7; Matavi laments this and eventually becomes the Goddess of Chastity. The title means "The ankle bracelet". The work gives a rich overview of Tamil society. Translations. English: trans. by *Alain Danielou as The Shillappadikaram: The Ankle Bracelet (New York, 1965; London, 1976). Translations in French. Russian and Czech exist (see entry in Dictionary of Oriental Literatures; authors of the translations and titles are not given). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures: under "Ilankovatikal" by *K. Zvelebil (this makes out that the action in the poem is entirely heterosexual). Zvelebil, Lexicon of Tamil Literature: see "Cilappatikaram". Poem in Greek from Greece. Ca. 700 B.C. The name of the first surviving Greek *epic which is attributed to *Homer who came from Turkey or Greece. It is normally dated from ca. 700 B.C. It was originally sung; see *singers. See *Achilles and Patroclus for detailed discussion of the homosexual aspect. Poet from Canada writing in English. Active 1977. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Larkspur and Lad's Love. Illustration of gay poetry dates from the work of the Chinese poet from China *Wang Wei (active 730). Manuscripts. Especially rich traditions exist in Chinese, Japanese and Persian, though these have been little examined. See the separate entries for *Illustration for Chinese and Japanese, Persian, Islamic manuscripts and Indian languages (also little examined to date). The manuscripts of such major gay poets as *Virgil (especially his Eclogues) need to be examined. Books. Of outstanding importance for illustration are the eclogues of *Virgil, the Sonnets of *William Shakespeare and the poetry of *Walt Whitman and *A. E. Housman all of whom have been published in editions with fine homoerotic illustrations. *Oscar Wilde and other *eighteen nineties writers were very aware of fine bindings and illustrations. *Ralph Chubb produced hand printed and illustrated works in small editions in Great Britain in the early part of the twentieth century. The poetry of the gay liberation period from 1969 has been especially rich in illustrations. One of the finest illustrated gay books by a writer who wrote poetry (but not in poetry) is *Jean Genet's Querelle de Brest (1947) by *Jean Cocteau. Jonathan Williams poetry books are some of the finest of the period from 1969. See the special entries for Illustration for English and German books of gay poetry (both of which languages have outstanding traditions). An outstanding *collector of fine illustrated books is *Anthony Reid. Illustration and design of books and poems - English Illustration and design of books dealing with homosexual poetry in English dates from 1707 with material of relevance from Great Britain, the United States, Canada and Australia. Great Britain. The early gay *broadsheet, The *Woman-Hater's Lament (1707), features a woodcut of two men kissing and is the first known depiction of homosexuality in relation to a printed poem. However, illustrated editions of *Elizabethan *pastoral poetry may contain relevant material. The edition of *Anacreon translated by *Thomas Moore illustrated by Girodet de Rougy Trioson (a French illustrator), 1871, is a Tine *Victorian example of homoerotic illustration. consisting of Tine line drawings. In the *eighteen-nineties careful attention was paid to the design of gay books. The greatest gay illustrator and designer of books of this period was *Charles Ricketts who designed *Oscar Wilde's books, notably The House of Pomegranates, 1891. He also designed the book of poems of the poet and protegee of Wilde, John Gray, titled Silverpoints (1893). Journals such as *The Artist and Journal of Home Culture, edited by *Charles Kains Jackson, encouraged Tine design, especially from 1888 to 1894. The work of *Aubrey Beardsley gives the *decadent tenor of the period 1894-97. The *Uranian poets continued the tradition with many of their works being published on *private presses, sometimes with tipped in photographs (see *A. Newman [pseud.]). Private presses have continued the tradition of Tine design (see, for example, *Tragara Press, active from 1954). *Timothy d'Arch Smith has written on the period 1890-1920 and is perhaps the greatest living expert of gay Tine printing of the period; *Anthony Reid has assembled a notable collection. *Bookplates, frequently featuring homoerotic motifs, are important indicators of the gay content of collections or the gayness of collectors (for example, *T. H. Fokker). Even illustrations on title pages can be important (see *Douglas Young). The *color used to bind books can be especially important: *green and *mauve date from the eighteen-nineties and can signifiy homosexuality. As an example, the British edition of Rupert Croft-Cooke's Bosie: The Story of Lord *Alfred Douglas, 1963, had a mauve dust jacket signalling its gay content. Recent British gay books have tended for the most part to be bland, unlike books of the *gay liberation period in the United States. However, *Nicholas Wilde's illustrations to the reprint of *Edmund John's poetry are outstanding. Finely illustrated editions of gay classics, such as *Shakespeare's Sonnets, *Housman's A Shropshire Lad and *Wilde's Ballad of Reading Goal are relevant and need thorough investigation since each is a crucial work. *Abraham Horodisch has listed all illustrated editions of Wilde's Ballad in a brilliant bibliography. For bindings, though Tine bindings occur at all periods the art nouveau period is especially important; on this period John Russell Taylor has written The Art Nouveau Book in Britain. See also *The Platonic Blow, *Frederick Rolfe, *J. R. Leslie, *Publishers - English. United States. Developments in Great Britain form the background to United States design where fine design of gay poetry books dates from the *eighteen-nineties. In the *gay liberation period outstanding books have been produced by Joe Brainard, *Ed Cox, *Guy Davenport, *Gavin Dillard and John Gill (who is the owner of *Crossing Press) and for this period design in United States printing is far superior to anything in the English speaking world. Erotic photographs and drawings are a special feature of these books, in keeping with the contents, as in the various editions of * The Platonic Blow. The artist Larry Rivers did a suppressed cover for the poems of *Frank O'Hara (showing the poet naked), later reinstated and used on the Vintage Books paperback Selected Poems, 1974. David Hockney and Duane Michaels have both illustrated *Cavafy in English translation. The relaxing of *censorship from 1970 has greatly helped the emergence of erotic design. Small *chapbooks from 1969 are often outstandingly designed (see *Nuki) as are poets *postcards and *broadsheets. As with Great Britain, there exists a tradition of binding homosexual books in *mauve binding (e.g. the US edition of Bosie: The Story of Lord Alfred Douglas by Rupert Croft-Cooke, Bobbs Merrill, 1963, is bound in mauve). Booksellers catalogs are a source of such works: see *Elysium Books. See also *Publishers - English. Canada. See *Catalyst Press. Australia. See Javant Biarujia, *Victor Daley (re At Dawn and Dusk, 1898), *Donald Friend, *Paul Knobel, * Love and Death, ian MacNeill, *David Malouf, *Roderic Quinn. Illustration and design of books - German Design and illustration of gay books in German in Germany, Switzerland and Austria has been high and dates from 1896. *Melchior Lechter designed and illustrated the work of the major homopoet *Stefan George in the eighteen nineties. *Anthologies, especially in the *gay liberation period, have been especially outstanding, as have journals such as * Der Eigene and *Der Kreis. For design see also *purple, *Elisar von Kupffer, *chapbooks, *Paul Brandt. For illustration see * Blätter für die Kunst, *Platonic Love (under Swedish and regarding Rolf Lagerborg), *Peter Baschung, Jürgen Baldiga, * L'amour bleu. Illustration of manuscripts - Indian languages Manuscripts of relevance from India in Sanskrit and other languages date from at least 1200. The *androgyny of the *Buddha, a creature embodying all aspects of male and female, is relevant: see Pratapaditya Pal, Buddhist Book Illuminations, Hong Kong, 1988; surviving Buddhist works in manuscripts in Sanskrit date from ca. 1200. Ilustrations of relevance in such indian languages as Hindi. Bengali. Urdu and Tamil date from at least 1600 from after the Persian invasions when Persian illustration influenced Indian illustrated manuscripts (see *Illustration of Manuscripts - Persian for Persian works). The Poona edition of the Sanskrit * Mahabharata has a *camp and *decadent element in the illustrations. The British Library Oriental reading room is a good place to start for illustration of *Indian language manuscripts (which have not yet been examined for homosexual illustrations to poetry); see their separate catalogs for the various languages. So called folk art manuscripts also contain camp elements especially of *Siva; camp elements also occur in Jain manuscipts. See Jeremiah P. Losty, The Art of the Book in India, 1981, for discussion of Indian manuscripts. Illustration of manuscripts - Islamic Illustration in Persian and Turkish manuscripts in Iran, Turkey and India dates from ca. 1500. The depiction of beautiful males and youths in a drinking environment is a major locus of gay illustration allied to the * saki convention in Persian and Turkish; Arabic manuscripts were usually "illustrated" only in the foliation of the writing. The works of all poets of relevance are relevant especially Persian poets (e.g., *Hafiz); only recently has such material been illustrated in books and the whole tradition is little known outside experts in Persian and Turkish poetry. *Libraries holding rare Islamic manuscripts such as the *British Library need to be examined for relevant illustrated manuscripts. Persian manuscripts were richly illuminated and show all male scenes with a strong homoerotic element; see the separate entry for Persian works. This Persian tradition spread over central Asia. The Persian tradition influenced the Turks and all * divan poets in Turkish wrote relevant works. Foliation and shaping of Arabic initials in an erotic way occurs in Arabic, Turkish, Persian and Urdu. For Turkish, see *Mehmed the conquerer. Persian. The Mughal emperor Akbar in India (1556-1605) commissioned such works. For a notable private collection with homoerotic material see Stuart Cary Welch and Anthony Welch, Arts of the Islamic Book: The Collection of Prince Sadrudin Aga Khan (Ithaca, 1982). Illustration of manuscripts - Persian Illustration of manuscripts in Persian with homosexual undertones dates from ca. 1500. All-male groups are a major feature of Persian illustrated manuscripts which are especially rich in the sixteenth century. The * saqi or *cupbearer is a notable feature in these manuscripts and a crucial nexus for homoeroticism. The works of *court poets, *Firdawsi. *Hafiz, Nizami and *Omar Khayyam in manuscript warrant perusal; manuscripts have been produced in facsimile. The volume of these manuscripts is huge and a large literature on them exists. The oriental reading rooms of major libraries have collections, e.g. the Oriental Reading Room of the *British Library: see Norah M. Titley, Persian Miniature Painting...: The British Library Collections, 1983. The oriental reading rooms of the *Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, and the Staatsbibliothek in Berlin contain much fine material as well as major University libraries (e.g., *Harvard, *Oxford). Collections in Russia. Much material exists in *St Petersburg. The former countries of the USSR in Asia, especially such republics as Kirghizstan in central Asia, have manuscripts in libraries and private collections. Iran. Though much material has been dispersed, much remains, especially in the libraries of mosques. India. See * Mahabharata for illustrations for the Persian translation made for the Emperor Akbar. Illustrations of Persian manuscripts in India under the Emperor Akbar (1556-1605) overall show much homoeroticism. Persian manuscripts exist in many Indian libraries. There are also many private collections of illustrated manuscripts in India, notably in the libraries of Maharajahs and former rulers of Indian states. A homosexual scribe was *Mir 'Ali. For a notable private collection which contains homoerotic material see Stuart Cary Welch and Anthony Welch, Arts of the Islamic Book: The Collection of Prince Sadrudin Aga Khan, Ithaca, 1982. Turkey. Libraries in mosques contain manuscripts as well as public and university libraries in *Istanbul; the national library in Ankara may have manuscripts. Illustration of scrolls and books - Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese Material survives from ca. 730 in Chinese in China and later in other languages. In Chinese and Japanese, both of which languages have ancient traditions of *aesthetes, *scholars were obsessed with beauty in writing and painting (both of which went together): e.g. paintings were usually illustrated with poems composed by the painter. Literary works, when published as books, were frequently illustrated with woodblock prints (see *Saikaku). All relevant works should be considered - e.g. *Murasaki's Tale of Genji. Chinese. Many Chinese poets were illustrators of their own work or wrote poems to illustrate the work of a painter; however, very little is openly erotic. Illustrations may have sexual suggestions but only in what is left out as *indirect language pervaded the poetry. Poems were very frequently written on scroll paintings: see *scribes, *calligraphy. Many paintings feature all male settings; all male drinking parties and strong male *friendships with homosexual undercurrents are common (e.g., in the *T'ang period). Erotic scrolls and paintings are known from the *Ming period (see Van Gulik, Sexual LIfe in Ancient China, pp. 317-20) but so far homosexual erotica relating to poetry are not known. See *Wang Wei (active 730), *T'ang Yin, *Zheng Bao, *scholars, *court poets, *aesthetes. *Ming and *Ch'ing period novels, some of which contained poems, were illustrated; erotic poems with illustrations are very likely from this period but so far none are known. On erotica in Chinese scrolls and paintings see Philip Rawson, Erotic Art of the East, 1970, pp. 227-78. Japanese. Traditions are based on Chinese artistic traditions, e.g., poets frequently illustrated their own or others' paintings with a poem. *Kiyomitsu did a print of an actor with a *bawdry poem; see also *Anonymous Poems - Japanese and *Yakko (pseud.) regarding a gay poem illustrated by the Ukiyo-e artist Hokusai. *Satow Tamio reproduced some erotic homopoems with illustrations in his seminal German article. *Saikaku's work is relevant since it was illustrated. *Court poets need to be considered and scenes in groups showing close male bonding. Suggestive postures and expressions on faces (especially brought about by *censorship) need also to be considered. Sexual scenes of a homosexual nature are known from the Catamite's Scroll (1321) which shows anal sex and has stories relating to *Buddhist monks written on it: see Philip Rawson, Erotic Art of the East, 1970, p. 294; it is held at the Sambo-in temple, Daigo, at *Kyoto and is a National Treasure. The illustrations appear to be accompanied by poems. This is the earliest example of a Japanese homosexual scroll. On the erotic tradition in Japanese scrolls and art see Rawson, op. cit., pp. 279-377; see also Theodore Bowie, "Erotic Aspects of Japanese Art" in Studies in Erotic Art, edited by Theodore Bowie and others, 1970, pp. 171-230. More poems written on shunga (erotic woodcuts of the pleasure quarters) are likely than the Kiyomitsu and Hokusai works cited. *Censorship operated from 1723, forcing erotic works underground. A major reference for Japanese illustrated books overall is Jack Hillier, The Art of the Japanese Book, 2 volumes (London, 1987); with bibl. See also *Onnagata. Korean and Vietnamese: traditions were based on Chinese traditions. 'Confucianism was strong in both these cultures. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Active ca. 1890. See *Verna Coleman, The Last Exquisite, Ryde, New South Wales, 1990, p. 20: stated to be a poet in the homosexual circle of *Lionel Johnson at *Oxford and the intimate friend of *Herbert Horne. For a gay poem see the journal * Century Guild. Movement in Great Britain in English. Active ca. 1910. A poetry movement in which the poets insisted on the primacy of the image. The poets involved are closely related to the poets of *modernism. See *F. S. Flint, *H. D., *Ezra Pound, *Glenway Westcott. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics. Criticism. Perkins, History of Modern Poetry, volume one, 329-47. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1991. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Unending Dialogue, 41: poem "Flying to Ireland". Poet from Germany who wrote in German. 1746-1840. He wrote a series of poems spoofing the fashion of writing oriental poems and clearly aimed at *Platen and others. These were contributed to the second volume of *Heinrich Heine's Reisebilder, 1826-31 (trans. into English as Pictures of Travel, 1855). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature . Collection in English from the United States. First published in 1927; this edition has not been examined. Immortalia is the earliest collection of English - and specifically United States - bawdy ballads. It was edited by "A Gentleman about Town". It consists, in fact, of material collated from previous works (though how and where they were published is unknown). It is the first known published collection of United States *bawdry to reach a general audience and which contains some homosexual material. Reprints exist. A Book of Vulgar Verse, Toronto, 1981, is a facsimile. The edition used in compiling this entry was the Venice, California: Parthena Press, 1969 (the typeface in this edition has been reset; Parthena is Greek for "virgin"); index of authors and titles pp. 179-83. Most references to homosexuality are slight and occur in an overall context of heterosexuality (as is usual with this material). See poems "Socratic Love" pp. 11-13 by *Eugene Field (an important work based on *Socrates), "Man the Human" p. 23 by Anonymous, poem from *Priapeia LXXXIV pp. 24-26, "The Bastard King of England" by *Rudyard Kipling pp. 46-47, "Poor White Trash" p. 49 (possible gay reference), "Berkeley" p. 64, "Madame du Barry" by *Don Blanding p. 77 (possible hidden meaning - see *fairy), *"Christopher Columbo" pp. 87-88, "The Engineer's Song" pp. 94-95, "Why Dogs Leave a Nice Fat Bone" p. 98, "Battle Hymn of the 58th" p. 109, "Kissing" p. 111, "The Bugle Hall" p. 113, "There Was an Old Man" p. 119, "The Young Man of Calcutta" p. 130, "Amour" p. 131, "The Night of the King's Castration" pp. 141-43, "Yankee Doodle" p. 149-51. Collections of poems in Japanese from Japan from 905. These were anthologies compiled for Japanese *emperors; some contained an occasional gay poem or one that can be read as a gay poem: see Partings at Dawn, p. 103 - the poem here, by *Shinga Sozu, is from the first gay Japanese anthology, * Iwatsutsuji, and several poets in this anthology appear to have been in Imperial anthologies. The * Kokinshu is the earliest imperial anthology. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan: Period in Latin poetry from Italy and Greece from 31 B.C. to 324. The Roman Empire, centered in *Rome, extended from 31 B.C. to approximately 324 when Constantine moved the capital to *Istanbul. Major poets with entries for the period 31B.C.-324 are *Horace (65 B.C.-8), *Virgil (70 B.C.-19), *Martial (ca. 40-ca. 104) and Juvenal (ca. 60-ca. 140). *Ovid (43-17) tells the stories of homomyths. More problematical is *Persius (34-62). Later poets of some interest are *Nemesianus (active 283) and *Claudian (ca. 350-405). The Greek gay anthology the *Mousa Paidike was compiled in this period in the reign of the Emperor *Hadrian (ruled 117-30). After 235 the state was in turmoil except for intermittent periods of calm. The later empire saw the rise of *Christianity and *Neoplatonism. Latin poets in general who wrote in the Roman period are discussed in the general entry *Roman poets including poets who wrote during the republic (that is prior to 31 B.C.). (The empire continued in existence after 324 and in 395 it was divided into an eastern and western part; in 410 Rome was sacked.) Poet who wrote in Arabic. Active before 1200?, possibly active 550. The date is very uncertain. Consult *Brockelmann for sources. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition; this is the name of several Arabic poets and a pre-Islamic poet who died ca. 550 and who wrote erotic poetry; the name means "slave of god". Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition: see *"Liwat" article, 778: re dabib, i.e. crawling, in his poetry; possibly the early poet who died ca. 550. Anthology in English from the United States. San Diego: Greenleaf Classics, 1970. Not sighted. Mostly prose, it contains some poetry. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, lists all contributors. Known poets: *Allen Ginsberg, *Thomas Meyer, *Orlando Paris, *Walt Whitman, Jonathan Williams. This is the first anthology of the *gay liberation period though it takes its title from the ancient trope of *Priapus. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1627: edited by E. V. Griffith, San Diego: Greenleaf Classics, 1970. Anthology in English from the United States. *San Francisco: *Gay Sunshine, 1975, 32 pages. The full title is In Praise of Boys. Moorish Poems from Al-Andalus, Translated by Erskine Lane. This is the only complete Arabic anthology of homosexual poems in translation; some poems are *non gender specific but most are openly homosexual. The work was translated from the Spanish Poemas arabigoandalucas of *Emilio García Gomez by *Erskine Lane; Poemas arabigoandalucas in turn was translated from an Arabic manuscript of *Ibn Sa'id al-Maghribi which contained homosexual and heterosexual poems. Only the homosexual poems in the work are included in In Praise of Boys. The poets are seemingly all from Spain (some may be from north African states). Poets (using Spanish transliteration - see entries for further details): Ben Jaruf of *Cordoba (thirteenth century) pp. 7, 14, Ben al-Zaqqaq (twelfth century) p. 8, Ben Zaydun (eleventh century) p. 9, Ben Saraf (eleventh century) p. 10, Ben al-Sabuni of *Seville (thirteenth century) p. 11, Muhammad ben Galib al-Rusafi (twelfth century) pp. 12, 18, Ben Rasiq (eleventh cemtury) p. 13, Ben Jafacha of Alcira (1058-1138) pp. 15, 20, 28, Ben Muqana (eleventh century) pp.16-17, Abd al-Aziz ben Habra (eleventh century) p.18, Abul Hasan al-Husri (eleventh century) p. 19, Ben Mutarrif of Granada (eleventh century) p. 21, Abd al-Aziz ben al-Qabturnuh (eleventh century) p. 22, Ibrahim ben Utman (twelfth century) p. 23, Ben Abi Ruh of Algeciras (twelfth century) p. 24, Abd al-Rahman (twelfth century) p. 25, Abul Walid ben Muhammad (eleventh century) p. 26, Al-Radi Billah Yazid (twelfth century) p. 27, Ben Aisa of Valencia (twelfth century) p. 28, Yusuf ben Harun al-Ramadi (eleventh century) p. 29, Abu Bakr al-Turfusi (1059-1126) p. 30, Ben Ammar (eleventh century) p.31. Overall a fine gay anthology. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10746: same as Young. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1946. Anthology in English from the United States. A collection of prose and poems about *Walt Whitman. Philadelphia: Published by the Editors, 1893, 436 pp. It was edited by Whitman's executors: *Horace L. Traubel, *Richard Maurice Bucke and *Thomas B. Harned. The book consists of tributes to Whitman in poetry and prose (but mostly prose) by those who knew him or were influenced by him; some material is translated from the French of Gabriel Sarazin, the German of *Karl Knortz, and the Danish of Rudolf Schmidt. The title is legal terminology and means "in the matter of Walt Whitman". The poems constitute an anthology of works on the poet and, since Whitman was homosexual, a gay anthology. Poems: "Love and Death" by *John Addington Symonds pp. 1-12; "An old man once I saw" by George Horton (not directly about Whitman, however) p. 22; "Walt Whitman" by an *anonymous poet from British journal Punch p. 56; "To Walt Whitman" by Albert Edward Lancaster p. 212; "Walt Whitman" by Hamlin Garland p. 321; "Walt Whitman: March 26, 1892" by Francis Howard Williams p. 436. This is a notable work in that it gives the flavour of Whitman's achievement by many close to him. In The Life: A Black Gay Anthology Anthology in English from the United States. Boston, Alyson, 1986, 255 pages. The first *black gay anthology. The anthology is a mixture of prose (both fiction and non fiction) and poetry; there are some critical articles and an interview. (The same model was used for the anthology * Brother to Brother.) It was compiled by Jim Beam. Overall it is of high quality. The editor later died of *Aids. Poets who have poems in it: *Oye Apeji Ajanaku, *Blackberri (pseud.) - with an interview pp. 170-84, *Melvin Dixon, *Essex Hemphill, *Brad Johnson, *Craig A. Reynolds, *Philip Robinson, *Assotto Saint (pseud.), Jerry Thompson, *Donald A. Woods. There is an article on *Bruce Nugent pp. 209-20. Review: James White Review vol. 5 no. 2 pp. 14-15 by *Ernest Clay; Gay Times no. 103 (April 1987), 36-38. In the Manner of Friends: an anthology of lesbian and gay Quaker poetry Anthology in English from the United States. Published in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. ca.1990. It was compiled by *Steven Kirkman. Information from Gay Poetry Anthology Index on the *Internet. Not seen. Poet and critic from Japan who wrote in Japanese. 1900-1977. A famous Japanese writer who became interested in homosexuality after 1930. In 1960, his Shonen'ai no bigaku (*Aesthetics of Pederasty) won him the Japan Literary Prize; this has apparently been translated into German. He was a poet early in his career and later turned to prose. He has argued that "anal sensibility" is superior to "vaginal sensibility". He married in 1950. He wrote a book on *Tantric Buddhism; another book Kinshoku no anus of 1972, translates as The *Violet Anus (or Forbidden Colors of the Anus; "kinshoku" means forbidden colors and only loosely violet). Information came from his works held in the *Library of Congress. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan. Sexual relations with a member of the immediate family. Gay material of relevance in poetry dates from *Firdausi (ca. 1000) from Iran and who wrote in Persian. In English see *Matthew Arnold, *Byron (but his incestuous relations were heterosexual, with his sister), *Gavin Dillard, *Paul Durcan, John Ewbank, *Ben Madigan, *Dorothy Porter, *Graham Pyper, *Lloyd van Brunt, *Wayne Koestenbaum. Arabic: see *Epic poems. Igwave: see *Cosmogenic song. Persian: see *Firdausi. In Papua New Guinea and Australian aboriginal languages homosexuality may be involved in initiation ceremonies involving a close male relative. Work of censorship in Latin from Italy from ca. 1559. It is also the title of translations by *Martial into English, which title parodies the Latin work. Latin. The Index Expurgatorius was a list of books which might be freely read after certain passages had been deleted from them. It emerged from the * Index librorum prohibitorum (1559+) of the Catholic Church. References. In Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, third edition, 1997, edited by F. L, Cross, see "Index"; no date is given for the first publication of the Index Expurgatorius but it must have been after 1559 when the Index librorum prohibitorum started. English. Index Expurgatorius is the title of a translation of *Martial, London: Printed for Private Circulation, 1868, which achieved notoriety as the only translation into English in the nineteenth century; the translation is very stilted. It is now believed to be by *Edward Sellon, *G. A. Sala and *F. P Pike (see note in the entry in Kearney, Private Case, item 1124). The authors were probably aware of the reference to the Catholic work involved in the title. Very rare; two copies are in the *Private Case of the British Library (see Kearney, Private Case, items 1123-24). The work includes all passages normally not translated: in short all those which, at the time of publication, were expurgated in translation. A British paperback reprint was issued in the 1990s by Wordsworth. Work dealing with censorship written in English; works in Latin, French, German, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese and English are included. London: privately printed, 1877. Volume one of *H. S. Ashbee's bibliography of erotica (1877) was called by Ashbee - with tongue in cheek - * Index Librorum Prohibitorum: list of forbidden books. The title parodies the Catholic compilation of the same name, except that Ashbee described the books listed - and supposed not to be read since they were then censored in Great Britain - in vivid detail. The other two volumes of his bibliography of erotic books had different titles. See the *H. S. Ashbee entry for detailed discussion. Compare * Index Expurgatorius, an English translation of Martial which also parodies a Catholic work. For a detailed description see the entry under Ashbee in Kearney, Private Case, pp. 100-102. A work of censorship in Latin from Italy. From 1559. The Index librorum prohibitorum is a list of authors and books which Catholics are forbidden to read; it was frequently called The Index. It was published in Rome from 1559 in Latin, though previously an index was set up in *Venice (see *H. F. Brown); there were also local indexes in various parts of Europe (e.g., Paris). The Index was mainly concerned with orthodox religious belief with most titles on it concerning works relating to Catholic religious doctrine (especially Protestant works arguing against the dogmas of the Catholic church). It arose in the period of the Counter Reformation in response to the emerging Protestant religions and set the pattern for later state sponsored secular indexes. It was also a product of the printing revolution which had made books freely available. (Ancient Greek and Latin poets - such as those who wrote about homosex - were not included although it was stipulated they must not be put in the hands of young people.) Inclusion of a work meant excommunication of the author from the church. The Index was cumulative, being basically the same from 1571 to 1897 except for the addition of a few new works. It was reformed by Pope Leo the Thirteenth in 1897 when many authors and works were deleted. However by 1930, when it was titled Indice dei libri proibiti di Pio Papa XI, it still ran to 563 pages. The Index fell into disuse after 1966. Very few works of poetry were included, although the possibility of going onto the Index acted as a deterrent against the writing of erotic poetry by Catholics. By prohibiting works against Catholic doctrine, the index also stopped discussion of ideas and thus dramatically inhibited change. (Significantly, after the French Revolution in 1789, there was an outpouring of erotic book printing in France: see *Publishers - French.) Works by *Beccadelli, *Beze, *D'Annunzio, *Edward Gibbon, *Milton (his epic poem Paradise Lost), *Henry More, *Piron and the *Priapeia (banned in Italy from 1471 on) were included. Bibliography: see R. A. Burke, What is the Index?, Milwaukee, 1952; this includes a lists of writers in various categories who have been in the Index pp. 87-105. In German, F. H. Reusch, Der Index der verboten Bucher, 2 volumes (1883-85; repr.), is the most thorough study to 1883. *Index librorum prohibitorum was the name for a celebrated listing of erotica: see the separate entry. See also *Index Expurgatorius. References. C. G. Herbermann, Catholic Encyclopedia, New York, 1908: see "Censorship of Books". Hastings, Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics. New Catholic Encyclopedia, New York, 1967: see "Index of forbidden books". Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church: "Index"; important bibl. Kindlers neues Literatur Lexikon, vol.18: see *Index Librorum Prohibitorum; important bibl. Hyde, History of Pornography, 153-54: noting the edition of 1948 had 4,000 books. Lexikon des gesamten Buchwesens, second edition. Languages spoken in India. Records exist from ca. 200. These languages divide into two main families: the *Indic group in the north (which languages are part of the *Indo-European language family) and the *Dravidian language family in the south. Two other major language families are present in India: the *Sino-Tibetan in the north east and the Austro-Asiatic family, whose main languages are the Munda group spoken in central and north east India. The Nahali dialect spoken in Bihar may be a language isolate. There are also tribal languages spoken in India. There are fifteen official languages in India: English, Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Malayalam, Marathi, Oriya, Punjabi, Sanskrit (spoken by only 3,000 people in the 1970s and probably less today, though used by *Hindu priests), Tamil, Telugu and Urdu. English is a lingua franca and, though an official language until 1967, has not been officially dropped from the constitution due to agitation by Dravidian speakers who fear that Hindi would become the dominant language. States are organized around languages and India has been called "a nation of nations". These languages are written in nineteen major scripts all descended from the ancient Brahmi script. The Indic language, Sanskrit, in which the sacred texts of *Hinduism are written, is the oldest Indian language known (though the earliest *writing from south Asia is in a Dravidian language). The various spoken dialects of Sanskrit were known as Prakrits and became the modern spoken languages of northern India. (The Prakrit language Pali was the language of *Buddhism.) Urdu and Hindi are close; Urdu is written in Arabic script and Hindi in the script of Sanskrit, called Devanagari. Persian, written in the Arabic script, was introduced with the Persian invasions from ca. 1250 and became a lingua franca for many centuries. A comparative dictionary by Ralph Lilley Turner exists: A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London, 1969. There are very strong traditions of erotic poetry in Indian languages; these traditions have not been investigated homosexually. For the *Islamic languages spoken in India see Annemarie Schimmel, Islamic Literatures of India, 1973. A script called the Indus script (which is not alphabetic) has been found at the ancient cities of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa and other cities of the Indus valley in Pakistan (but formerly, under the British occupation, in India). It has not been fully deciphered; see James G. Février, Histoire de l'écriture, Paris, 1984, pp. 144-46. The script dates from before the Indo-Europeans moved into India and is in a *Dravidian language; it is one of the earliest scripts, contemporary with Sumerian cuneiform and has been reliably dated to 3,200 B. C. (information from the internet). See Jan Gonda, History of Indian Literature, Weisbaden, 1970+ (a huge undertaking, published in fascicles, covering the major languages individually and currently incomplete). R. C. Majumdar, History and Culture of the Indian Peoples, 1951+, 11 vols, (second edition 1964-77) has discussion of various Indian languages in each volume (see the index of each volume); this work was compiled in India with articles by Indian experts. Tribal languages. There are several hundred tribal languages in India with strong oral cultures. George Morrison, Linguistic Survey of India, 1903-28, lists 225 main languages and dialects. Over 800 languages were listed in the 1951 census. Anvita Abbi, Languages of tribal and indigenous peoples of India, Delhi, 1997 presents the latest research (with bibl.). An entry exists for Andamanese (spoken in the Andananese Islands in the Indian Ocean): see *Oral poems - Andaman island. New tribal languages in India have recently been discovered. In south India, there is a center for the study of tribal peoples. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Encyclopedia Britannica, Macropaedia, vol. 9, 285-86: see Linguistic groups (of India) . New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics: see under Indian Poetry (there is no separate entry for each language). Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature, vol. 1 : see "Indian literatures" (there are sections on the major languages, e.g., Hindi, Tamil). Other references. Winternitz, History of Indian Literature, volume 1, 34-43. Basham, The Wonder That Was India, 386-478. Dimock, Literatures of India: whole book (excellent introduction). Great Soviet Encyclopedia : see "Indology" (this is the name for the study of all things Indian); the article gives sources. Queneau, Histoire des littératures, volume one, 1748-52: lists the contents of chapters of the various Indian languages discussed. Movement of religion and philosophy in India in Sanskrit, Hindi, Urdu, Bengali and Punjabi and other languages from ca. 200 B.C. There is a huge mystical movement in India with an enormous volume of religious poetry which has strong homosexual undertones; in Sanskrit and Hindi the movement relates to *Hinduism and in Urdu, to *Sufism, while in Punjabi it relates to *Sikhism. This movement dates from the *Upanishads and includes the * Bhagavad Gita, the major religious poem of India. All recorded poetry before the twentieth century is religious and mystical in inspiration. See also the general entry *mysticism and *Indian philosophies and religions. Sanskrit: an erotic mystic poetry existed in the tenth and eleventh centuries which is explicitly sexual (God is male and the devotee is female but 'allegorical interpretations may be applicable). Hindi: see Hinduism, *Kabir. Urdu: see Sufism. Puniabi: see Sikhism. Bengali: see *Vaisnava poets. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lotus of Another Color, 28: re the poets *Kabir, *Chandidas, *Tulsidas and other mystics. Indian philosophies and religions Indian philosophies and religions can be dated from the rise of *Buddhism (from ca. 500 B.C.; texts are in Pali), though the *Vedas are alleged by Hindus to be earlier. Other religions are *Hinduism (Sanskrit and Hindi but also most other *Indian languages), Jainism, *Saivism, *Sikhism (Punjabi), *Tantrism, *Bhakti (in *Indic languages), *Islam (Urdu). There have been many modern philosophers or gurus e.g. Swami Vivekananda and *Ramakrishna (1836-86) whose bonding with his *disciples, including his main disciple Vivekananda, was highly homoerotic (see Ramakrishna and his Disciples by *Christopher Isherwood, 1964 on his life); see entries in Encyclopedia of Religion on these philosophers and religious teachers. *Rajneesh and *Heart-Master Da Love-Ananda are contemporary Indian philosophers who have preached religions of love, including physical love. Compare Jesus Christ. See also *Chants. Influence of Indian religions. *Buddhism spread to east and south-east Asia notably China, Japan and formerly Indonesia; it is the main religion in Burma, Thailand and Cambodia. Indian religions have been influential in eastern Europe, the United States and Australia. There is a world-wide revival of Buddhism. English. The United States movement "Transcendentalism has been the area of most influence: see The Orient in American Transcendentalism, New York, 1932 (influence of Puranas, * Upanishads and * Bhagavad Gita on Emerson, *Thoreau and Alcott); list of books read by them 278-323. *Walt Whitman was deeply influenced (following *Emerson). The rise of the counter culture in the 1960s especially in the United States saw the influence of Indian gurus who supported free love - which included homosexual expression (see *Rajneesh). *Allen Ginsberg has been greatly influenced by Buddhism and Indian religions and philosophies. German. These philosophies have had a strong influence in Germany especially from 1890 following the Germanic idealism of philosophers such as Hegel. *Theosophy (influential from the late nineteenth century) was strongly influenced by Indian religions and, since Theosophists saw sexuality as something wholesome, Theosophy attracted homosexuals (as well as bisexuals). Compare influence - Persian and see also *Orientalism. See also *Plotinus. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica: see "Indian Philosophy". Encyclopedia of Religion: see "Indian religions". New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, vol. 9: under "India" see "Popular Religious Music" pp. 144-45 for discussion of *songs *Hindu and *Moslim. Group in Mohave and other *North American Indian languages. Indians are the original inhabitants of the United States and Canada. They have existed in the United States from before 1620 when written records begin. See *Overview - North American Indian Languages for poetry in their languages. A literature in English by gay American Indians is coming into being: see the anthology * Living the Spirit for poets writing in English as at 1988. *Maurice Kenny is the best known poet; see also *William Cody and James L. White. In Mohave, as an example of a United States Indian language, see *Songs - Mohave. Contrast *Cowboys. An Indian poet who lives with a cowboy lover is *M. Owlfeather. See also *Lawrence William O'Connor. References. Katz, Gay American History: Section Four pp. 281-334 (historical documents). Languages spoken in India and Pakistan. These languages are the languages spoken in northern India where the dominant religion is *Hinduism; major languages are Sanskrit, Hindi, Urdu and Bengali. Material dates from ca. 200. The languages contrast with the languages of south India, the *Dravidian languages. The languages are part of the *Indo-Iranian group of the *Indo-European language family. The *Iranian languages are adjacent to the west. Indic languages include classical Sanskrit, Pali (the language of *Buddhism, a language close to classical Sanskrit) the medieval Prakrits or vernacular languages and the modern Prakrit vernaculars: Hindi and Urdu (also spoken in Afghanistan) which are close, Bengali, spoken in the state of Bengal in eastern India (also spoken in the neighboring state of Bangladesh), Oriya, Pashto (also spoken in Afghanistan and Pakistan), Punjabi, Marathi, Gujarati, Maithili (sometimes called Bihari), Rajasthani, Assamese, Kashmiri, Nepali, Sindhi and Sinhalese (spoken in Sri Lanka). Apart from Urdu, which is mainly spoken by *Moslems, the main religion of these languages is *Hinduism. Romany, the language of the gypsies, is spoken in India and seems to have originated there. Hindi has the largest number of speakers; Bengali is next in number. In India, states of the Republic are usually organized around the main language spoken and India has been called "a nation of nations". In comparison with Urdu and Persian, little material has emerged in the Indic languages of Hinduism so far directly relating to physical homosexuality (but see *Hijras). However, homosexuality is sublimated into the cosmology of *Indian philosophy and religions and *mysticism and *allegorical interpretations of poems are highly important (see * Upanishads, *Siva, Jayadeva). Urdu has the most directly homosexual material. The languages have been strongly influenced by Persian which is close to Urdu. Strong *oral traditions exist in all these languages. See Ganga Man Garg, An Encyclopedia of Indian Literature, Delhi, 1982 for information on ancient authors; Dictionary of Oriental Literatures and Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. References. Katzner, Languages of the World, 2. Basham, The Wonder That Was India, 386-478. Dimock, Literatures of India: whole book Indirect language and coded language Words in Chinese, Japanese and Italian from China, Japan and Italy. From ca. 618. Chinese. Chinese has many euphemisms referring indirectly to sexuality - e.g., "stalk of jade" means penis. References to the peony flower are invariably references to sexuality. In the erotic anthology Stalks of Jade, trans. by Martin Booth, 1977, see poem p.17 on two lovers watching hares (possibly the poem is about homosexual lovers since t'zu-tzi, a hare, also meant a homosexual). Wang-pa, a tortoise, also meant a homosexual. Indirect language was much used from the time of the *T'ang period (which began in 618), but the custom may start with the * Shih Ching. See *Na-lan hsing-te on the phrase "orchid dress". "Clouds and rain" was a Chinese phrase referring to the period just after reaching orgasm (usually in heterosexual sex); "upside down clouds" was homosexuality. Chinese indirect expressions seem to have influenced Thai sexual expressions (see *Overview - Thai). Reid Eternal Flame, volume 2, p. p. 443, gives a list of euphemisms for sexual terms. Japanese. Japanese poetry was strongly influenced by Chinese and such language appears in *Haiku: see Henderson, Introduction to Haiku, p. 19. See *Kakinomoto Hitomaro, *Buson, *Kiyomitsu. Italian. See *Bernesque poetry. The genre Canzona de' fruttaouli in which various fruits are mentioned is relevant; grapes in these poems refer to sodomy, apples heterosexuality, peaches have homosexual reference aand chestnuts refer to the male member. See for instance Filippo Cambi, Canzona de' fruttaouoli, in Riccardo Bruscagli, editor, Trionfi e canti carnascialeschi toscani del rinascimiento, Rome, 1986 (an English translation exists by Professor Nerida Newbiggin, University of Sydney; collection: *Paul Knobel). See also *Hermetic readings. Language family which spreads from India to Ireland, from Europe to Asia and from the Atlantic Ocean to the Arctic Ocean to the Indian Ocean; it is now thought that the original Indo-Europeans came from the Steppes of Russia, north of the Caspian and Ural Seas. Records exist from before 1,200 B.C. with the Hittite version of * Gilgamesh. These languages are some of the most widely-spoken in the world. Ancient Indo-European languages with extensive homosexual poetry surviving in written records include Greek and Latin. The Indo-European languages consist of several groups: *Germanic languages (which includes English, German, Dutch, Norwegian and Swedish), *Romance languages (Latin, French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese and Catalan - these languages all being descended from Latin), *Iberian languages (Spanish, Portuguese and Catalan; a sub group of the Romance languages), *Slavic languages (Russian, Polish, Czech, Serbo-Croat - languages all spoken in eastern Europe and the Balkans), *Iranian languages (the languages of Iran and nearby countries all of which are close to Persian: they include Persian, Pashto - sometimes called Afghan or Afghan Dari, spoken in Afghanistan - , Kurdish, Ossetic, Tajik - spoken in eastern Iran - and Baluchi) and *Indic languages (the Indo-European languages of India: Hindi, Urdu, Bengali, Oriya, Pashto, Punjabi, Marathi, Gujarati, Bihari - usually called Maithili - Rajasthani, Assamese, Kashmiri, Nepali, Sindhi and Sinhalese - spoken in Sri Lanka). Note: the terms Indo-Germanic and Aryan were formerly used for Indo-European. The term *Indo-Aryan refers to the Indo-European languages of India as in Ralph Lilley Turner's dictionary. *European languages, the languages spoke in Europe, are discussed separately. English, the most widely-spoken language of the family is now a world language spoken in every country of the world and extensively used on the internet; Spanish and Portugese are also widely spoken. In Asia, Persian is closely related to Pashto and Urdu, Hindi is the most widely spoken language in India, while Bengali - spoken in the state of Bengal in India and the adjacent country of Bangladesh - is the most easterly spoken. The languages are documented from the Hittite version of *Gilgamesh (from before 1200 B.C.) from Turkey; literary remains in Luwian exists. Indo-Iranian languages, also called Indo-Aryan languages Language group from Iran and India. This subgroup of the Indo-European language family includes two branches: the *Iranian and the *Indic. Sanskrit has the oldest relevant material. Material survives from 200. The languages are sometimes called Indo-Aryan. Iranian languages include Persian, Pashto, Kurdish, Baluchi, Tajik, Ossetian, Afghan (see the separate entry). Indic languages include Sanskrit, Hindi, Urdu, Bengali and Punjabi (see separate entry). Romany is part of the Indic group. Colin P. Masica in The Indo-Aryan Languages, Cambridge, 1991, limits the use of Indo-Aryan to Indo-Europeanlanguages of India, Pakistan, Nepal, Sri Lankaand the Maldive Islands. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica: see "Indian Philosophy". Encyclopedia of Religion: see "Indian religions". New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, vol. 9: under "India" see "Popular Religious Music" pp. 144-45 for discussion of *songs *Hindu and *Moslim. Encyclopedia Britannica, Macropedia vol. 9; there is a map p.442. Katzner, Languages of the World, 2. Infibulation is the fastening up of the sexual organs with a clasp or brooch. References in poetry survive in Latin from Italy from *Martial from ca. 85. See Eric John Dingwall, Male Infibulation, London, 1925. Chapter 1, "The Roman Form" pp. 1-66, discusses Latin sources including *Martial, active ca. 85 (poems xiv 215, vii 82, xi 75, ix 27), and Juvenal ("Satire 6", lines 73 and 379; homosexual reference is slight and in connection with *actors. Chapter 2 is called "The Greek Form" pp. 67-123 (see pp. 70-71: two poetic fragments, not homosexual; material cannot be ruled out however). See also Chapter 3 "Phallus Curvatus" pp. 124-37. See also * Private Case. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Ullstein Enzyklopädie der Sexualität. Arabic, is the language of the *Islamic holy book, the * Koran, which in strict Islamic belief is only supposed to be read in Arabic. It therfore is a widely known language in all Islamic countries. Influence dates from ca. 650. All islamic languages were influenced by Arabic as the large number of adopted words in them from Arabic show (e.g. even Malay and Bahasa Indonesia and even in poetic genres - see *pantun); see also the tropes *wine, *saki and *coming of the beard. The European *Courtly Love tradition was widely influenced by Arabic poetry: see "The Arabic Contribution to *Troubadour Poetry" in Gustave E. Grunebaum, Themes in Medieval Arabic Literature, 1946, pp. 138-51 - this article is one of the most important studies of the influence of Arabic love poetry on the courtly love movement. Greek. See, in the Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium "Arabic Literature"; this article has a very important bibliography. Hebrew. Arabic exerted a major influence on the *Medieval Hebrew poets of Spain; see Roth, "Deal Gently with the Young Man", 24-28. Persian. In Encyclopedia Iranica, see the article "Arabic Influences in Persian Literature" (vol. 2, pp. 233-37); see also "Arabic Literature in Iran" following this article. After the Arabs invaded Persia in the seventh century, the Arabic alphabet being used for writing (e.g., in Persian, Turkish and Urdu) and Arabic poetic forms were introduced. The *qasida form was borrowed from Arabic. See also influence - Persian as Persian then in turn influenced other languages. The Arabic poet *Abu Nuwas was a Persian. Turkish. After Turkish conquests of Arabic-speaking countries influence was continuous; see influence - Turkish. Turkish influenced other Islamic languages in turn. *Turkic languages took Arabic across central Asia (called *Turkestan by some) as far as Mongolia. Spanish. See *Muwashsha and see Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality, p. 258. A large number of poets has been translated into Spanish, thus making homopoetry available in a *Romance language (this goes back to the time of *Garcia Lorca at least - see *Garcia Gomez). For the years 1982-1991, see Journal of Arabic Literature vol. xxii, 182-85. Catalan and Provencal: see *Courtly love. Hausa. This language of Africa shows strong Arabic influence and has a large corpus of islamic mystical poetry. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion: see "Islamic Poetry". Chinese gay poetry influence was strong on all languages which were written in Chinese characters: Korean, Japanese and Vietnamese. Influence dates from at least the *T'ang period, from ca. 900 at least. Other languages influenced by Chinese include languages of the Buddhist countries Tibet, Mongolia, Burma and Thailand. The *friendship tradition was especially strong in Chinese and its associated languages; *Li Bai and Tu Fu, classic poet friends in the Chinese *T'ang period, provided prototypes of perfect friendship. *Confucianism permeated Korean, Japanese and Vietnamese cultures. Chinese poetic genres influenced poetic genres in these languages. *Dancing boys, theater and gay tea houses all occurred in these languages on the Chinese model. Chinese influence on individual languages. Korean. See the Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature article "Chinese Literature in Korean Translation" (which dates from the invention of the Korean alphabet ca. 1443). Influence dates from the year 100. Japanese. See the Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature article "Chinese Literature in Japanese Translation". Influence dates from 712. There is a huge volume of literature written in Chinese in Japan. Chinese classics were also printed in Japan. In the Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan, see the article "Chinese literature and Japanese Literature". Vietnamese: see, in the Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature, the article "Chinese as a Literary Language". In Vietnam a Chinese administration was established in the year 42. The T'ang poets were translated into Vietnamese. Vietnamese was written in Chinese characters (called Chu'nom) from ca. 1200 and probably from the *Tang period. Chinese had a major influence on Vietnamese poetry themes and styles. Mongolian. See the article "Chinese Literature in Mongol Translation" in Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature. Thai. Northern Thai is written in a script based on Chinese characters. Manchu: see "Chinese Literature in Manchu Translation" in Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature. Manchu was the language spoken by the last Chinese dynasty, the *Ch'ing. The erotic novel Chin P'ing Mei (The Golden Lotus) which features homosexuality and includes some poems was translated into both Mongolian and Manchu (see *Chinese novels); Confucian classics were translated into Mongolian, including the * Shih Ching, the classic of poetry, but little poetry was translated into Manchu. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. See articles in Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature listed above. Belonging to the most widely spoken world language in numbers of speakers, English gay poetry has had an enormous influence on the work of other poets in non-English languages. Influence dates from ca. 1100 since the world of close *male bonding in *Old English relates to a similar world in old high German and old Norse. The founding of the United States colonies from 1620 saw the beginnings of the spread of English overseas; this was followed by colonies in Canada, India, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand where English literary models became the basis of local English language literatures. Contemporary gay poetry *anthologies are perhaps the major influence at work today as they are large in number and can even be bought on the internet. *Shakespeare's Sonnets, *Whitman (in French, Italian and German, and Japanese and other languages from 1880), *Edward Fitzgerald's * Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, *Wilde's Ballad of Reading Goal and *Allen Ginsberg are major gay poets and works which have circulated widely in translation. English influence was especially strong in the *eighteen-nineties period - e.g. *Alfred Douglas and *Oscar Wilde - and in the *gay liberation periods. French gay literature from France has been very influential on other *Romance languages especially Spanish, Italian and Portuguese. Influence has extended as far as South America and dates from ca. 1600. In the seventeenth century, homosexual amorous poetry written in French was probably known to the court of Charles II when it was in exile in France (it appears to have influenced the poetry of *Rochester). The fact that such poetry could be written must have come as a shock to the *Puritanical English. *Rimbaud, *Verlaine and the *decadent poets have had a huge influence and are the most influential French gay poets, influencing *Oscar Wilde, *Alfred Douglas and English *eighteen nineties poets and others across Europe as far as Russia and Greece. Rimbaud exercise most influence both in France and abroad, while Verlaine particularly influenced Russian poets of the late nineteenth century and his influence extended even to China. As an outlaw, *Villon has provided a model for twentieth century gay poets. *Symbolism and *surrealism, both movements which began in France, became major movements in poetry as well as art: for example symbolism influenced the German poet *Stefan George and surrealism was influential on the English poet *Hart Crane. The French translation of the poems of Lord Alfred Dougas, 1896, was widely read, as far as Greece. In the twentieth century, *André Gide, though not a poet, has been influential. Jean Cocteau, who was known to be gay, has had a huge influence outside France especially in Spain. Jean Genet has had the widest influence on other writers in the twentieth century - as far away as the United States and in Japanese in the work of *Takahashi Mutsuo; Genet's novels were some of the earliest works dealing with explicit homosexual sex to reach a general audience. German gay poetry has greatly influenced the Germanic languages closest to it: Dutch, Danish, Norwegian and Swedish where German is readily understood. There has also been corresponding influence from these languages on German, especially from Dutch. Influence has been especially strong in the *gay liberation period. Relevant German influence dates from ca. 1200. *August von Platen and *Stefan George have been the most influential earlier poets and *Goethe is the German poet who has been most widely read. The *pederast John Henry Mackay has been taken up in the United States. The contemporary poet *Detlev von Meyer has been translated into Dutch. In the Old German period German, Norse and Old English poetry all show close male bonding; these languages were then closer and influence was greater. German is widely spoken as a second language in Poland and Russia and in the south Slavic countries and was in 1997 the sixth or seventh largest spoken language in the world. Greek gay poetry has been very influential on the languages of western Europe from at least 146 B.C. and on Persian and islamic languages from at least this time. Influence on Latin and *European languages. Influence of Greek poetry on Latin poetry was huge after the Romans captured Greece in 146 B.C., since the Romans were enamoured of Greek culture and many were bilingual. The homosexual character of much ensuing poetry in Latin needs to be seen against the background of similar works in Greek. See *Alcaic, *Sapphic, *Epigram (especially for *Martial), *Catullus, *Pastoral. Through Latin models, Greek homopoetry had a strong influence on *European languages (e. g., *Virgil's "Second Eclogue" influenced *Pastoral poetry). Arabic. See Beeston, Arabic Literature to the End of the Umayyad Period, Cambridge, UK, pp. 460 - 82, "The Greek Impact on Arabic Literature" by L. E. Goodman (however, this mainly discusses the impact of philosophy and science). *Oral poems and *singing boy traditions are almost certainly major points of contact for homosexual poetry. Turkish. *Dancing boy customs and *drinking songs show influence. Influence between Greek and Turkish has been two way: see *Rebetika. Persian. Though the Greeks and the Persians were historically enemies and the Persians nearly captured *Athens, influence cannot be ruled out, especially through *oral songs and poems involving dancing boys, customs which also existed in other middle eastern cutlures. Persian gay poetry - and Persian poetry in general - has influenced Arabic, Turkish, Tajik and Urdu poetry as well as the poetry of other *Iranian languages (of which Persian is the dominant language). Influence dates from at least ca. 1100 with *Firdausi. The rise of *Orientalism in the late eighteenth century saw Persian poetry increasingly translated into European languages. The most widely read Persian poet in *European and other languages is *Omar Khayyam especially through *Edward Fitzgerald (whose translation has in turn been extensively translated). The poetry of *Hafiz inspired *Goethe and *Platen. Persian *Sufi poetry, strongly homosexual in basis - see *Rumi - has influenced the Sufi poetry of other *Islamic languages especially Turkish poetry (e.g., *Yunus Emre). *Sa'di was very influential in all Islamic languages, especially Turkish. The Persian *epic poem the Shahnamah of *Firdausi has greatly influenced epics of surrounding central Asia (see * Manas epic, *Epics) and in turn was probably influenced by them. There has been much movement by poets around the Islamic world; for instance, the Arabic poet *Abu Nuwas was Persian but lived in *Baghdad. See also the poetic forms * ghazal, *mathnavi, *khamriyya. Arabic. See Beeston, Arabic Literature to the End of the Umayyad Period, pp. 483-96: "The Persian Impact on Arabic Literature" by C. E. Bosworth (this is the place to start in research). Urdu. Influence was very strong - see *Muhammad Sadiq and see also Umar Muhammad Daupota, The Influence of Arabic Poetry on the Development of Persian Poetry, Bombay, 1934. India. See Rypka, History of Iranian Literature, pp. 711-34 - the article by Jan Marek, "Persian Literature in India" - and Annemarie Schimmel, Islamic Literatures of India, 1973. Influence on Hindi poets - e.g. *Kabir - was strong (Persian dynasties occupied India from ca. 1200 to 1700). English. United Kingdom and United States. See J. D. Yohannan, Persian Poetry in England and America, 1977 - a very detailed study of the publication and reception history of Persian poetry in English; with bibliography of translations pp. 303-51. Georgian and Armenian. See also 'Overview - Georgian and 'Overview - Armenian. Greek. Oral influence especially though 'dancing boy *songs cannot be ruled out; this may be very ancient and date back to ancient Greece when Persian and Greek were contiguous languages and *Alexander the Great invaded iran. References. See Arberry, Legacy of Persia, "Persian Literature" article: this discusses the influence of Persian. Encyclopedia of Religion: see "Islamic Poetry". Following the Turkish invasions of the Arabic speaking *Islamic lands from ca. 1400, Turkish poetry was highly influenced by Arabic and Persian poetry. The Turks were the dominant power in Syria, Egypt and Iraq (which they reached in 1483) until the early twentieth century and there was interconnections between Turkish, Arabic and Persian and other *Islamic languages (such as Urdu) from this point on - see *ghazal, *mathnavi. Poems were written in Turkish by *Babar as far away as India (which shows the extent of the spread of Turkish). Arabic, the language of the * Koran, was a mediating language in the spread of Turkish influence. See especially *gender switching regarding the convention of addressing love poems to a male beloved which may or may not be a man. This convention is very complex and appears in all *Islamic languages. *Turkic languages are all very close and influence between them was strong: see *Epics regarding Turkish languages of Central Asia. Turkish domination of the Balkans undoubtedly influenced Serbo-Croat and Greek oral poetry especially 'epics (see also * rebetika) - and vice versa. (Greece was occupied by the Turks for several centuries until the early nineteenth century.) Serbo-Croat: see Alfred Bates Lord, "The effect of the Turkish conquest on Balkan Epic", in Henrik Birnbaum, editor, Aspects of the Balkans, 1972, pp. 298318. See also influence - Arabic, - Persian. References. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion: "Islamic Poetry". Poet from Australia writing in English. 1913-1955. A poet who founded the Jindyworobak movement which espoused the Aboriginal cause. In At the Boundary (Adelaide, 1941), p. 6 see "To John": "How my eyes, misting/ at the outrageous cloud hearth/ follow you" (this poem may however be written to his son). He married a woman and had three sons. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Australian Dictionary of Biography. Initiation ceremonies are rites of passage from childhood to manhood. They are usually accompanied in oral cultures in Papua New Guinea, Africa and Australia by songs, oral poems and chants. Records exist from ca. 1900. The ceremonies frequently involve pain and have elements of *sado-masochism (e.g. in the Aranda - see *T. G. H. Strehlow); in this respect they are ceremonies to test males for the ability to stand pain. *Anal sex and *fellatio occur in Papua New Guinea rites, usually in relation to fertility rites (these practices are associated with homosexuality in some initiation rites in Africa, for instance in Nigeria - see 'Initiation songs and chants - Jjaw). In many cultures these ceremonies are no longer carried out. *Songs, *chants and rituals connected with initiations are relevant. Male bonding, involving long periods secluded from women, and ritual dances are a feature of these ceremonies and frequently feature elaborate masquerades with the wearing of masks, especially in Africa. 'Papua New Guinea languages: see 'Overview - Papua New Guinea Languages. Southeast Asian languages: see 'Overview - Southeast Asia. Australian Aboriginal languages. See 'Overview - Australian Aboriginal languages, 'Songs - Aranda. On homosexual aspects see 'Les Hiatt. 'African cultures. See *J. B. Laubscher (re 'Bantu languages'). 'Oral poems - Balonda, initiation songs and chants - Ijaw, *Songs - Kaguru. *Rachewiltz, Black Eros, p. 283, states "Sodomy is also known to occur among various tribes, and is often practiced as a fertility rite"; see also Chapter 5, pp.151-228, of this book regarding initiation ceremonies (with many illustrations, including masks). See also *African religions and initiation songs. References. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion: "Initiation"; notes, p.152, that one theory "emphasizes the sexual element" suggesting such societies are based on "homoerotic attraction"; see also "Secret Societies". Brongersma, Loving Boys, volume1, 158-71. Journal of Homosexuality 20 (1990), 19-20: in the article by *Bleibtreu-Ehrenberg. Initiation songs and chants - Asmat Songs and oral poems from Indonesia in Asmat. From 1964. Herdt, Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia, pp. 29-30, notes institutionalized homosexuality exists dating from 1964 but the situation is cloudy. *Chants and oral songs are relevant. The Asmat who live in south west Papua, the province of Indonesia formerly called Irian Jaya, along the coast have now had extensive modern contact since incorporation into Indonesia. Tobias Schneebaum in Where the Spirits Dwell, New York, 1988, records initiation ceremonies involving homosexual sex (p. 86) and homosexual contact on a personal level in 1975 (*songs are sung in everyday situations by the men he had sex with); he has an Asmat-English homoerotic lexis pp. 207-09. On Schneebaum see the interview with Joseph Beam, "Taking us to Where the Spirits Dwell", Advocate no. 503, 19 July 1988, 48-50. Initiation songs and chants - Baruya Songs and oral poems from Papua New Guinea in Baruya. From 1976. The Baruya live along the Kikori River in southern Papua New Guinea; the river runs into the Gulf of Papua. The Etoro are neighbors - see initiation songs and chants - Etoro. *Oral *chants and songs in connection with ritualized homosexuality have been reported (Jadran Mimica, University of Sydney Anthroppology Department to me). See Maurice Godelier, The Making of Great Men, 1986, pp. 51-52: notes the use of sperm in initiation ceremonies with *fellatio apparently involved; states the knowledge of this is *secret. Initiation songs and chants - Bedamini Songs and oral poems from Papua New Guinea in Bedamini. From 1976. The Bedamini live along the Kikori River in southern Papua New Guinea; the river runs into the Gulf of Papua. The Etoro are neighbors - see initiation songs and chants - Etoro. See Herdt, Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia, pp. 318-336: Arve S0rum, "Growth and Decay: Bedamini Notions of Sexualty" - *chants and oral poems in connection with ritualized homosexuality in initiation ceremonies. Analysis dates from 1976. Initiation songs and chants - Etoro Oral poems and songs from Papua New Guinea in Etoro. From 1977. See Herdt, Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia, pp. 277-78: *ritualized homosexuality and *fellatio in initiation ceremonies. The Etoro live along the Kikori River in southern Papua New Guinea; the river runs into the Gulf of Papua. Homosexuality exists in relation to ritual ceremonies. The Kaluli and Gebusi are neighbors (see initiation songs and chants - Kaluli, - Gebusi). *Oral chants and songs in connection with ritualized homosexuality are likely. On the Etoro see Raymond Kelly, Etoro Social Structure, 1977, and Peter Dwyer, The Pigs that ate the Garden, Ann Arbor, 1990. Initiation songs and chants - Foi Songs and oral poems from Papua New Guinea in Foi. From 1978. The Foi people live in the southern highlands of Papua New Guinea. *Chants and oral poems in connection with ritualized homosexuality in initiation ceremonies are relevant. Analysis dates from ca. 1988. See "Foi" in Terence E. Hays, Encyclopedia of World Cultures (Boston, 1991), vol. 2, "Oceania", pp. 59-62 by James F. Weiner, who has written anthropological studies of this southern highlands people; on p. 60 he refers to "the boys' homosexual initiation cult"; bibl. p. 62. Initiation songs and chants - Gebusi Songs and oral poems from Papua New Guinea in Gebusi from 1983. The Gebusi live along the Kikori River in southern Papua New Guinea; the river runs into the Gulf of Papua. The Kaluli are neighbors (see initiation songs and chants - Kaluli). *Oral poems and *chants in connection with ritualized homosexuality are relevant. See *Bruce Knauft and E. Cantrell, "Ritual form and permutation in the Strickland-Bosavi Area" (paper presented to the American Anthropological Association); cited in Journal of Homosexuality vol. 11 no. 3-4 (Summer 1985), 68. (This is an unpublished manuscript.) Initiation songs and chants - Ijaw Oral poems and songs from Nigeria in Ijaw. From before 1964. See Rachewiltz, Black Eros, 283: "ritual coitus may occur during the initiation of boys" in the Ijaw. Songs, chants and oral poems of these rituals are therefore relevant. They are an African tribe. Initiation songs and chants - Iqwaye Songs and oral poems in Papua New Guinea in Iqwaye a language in the *Papua New Guinea family. Known from ca. 1940. See Jadran Mimica, "The incest Passion: an outline of the Logic of Iqawye Social Organization", Oceania vol. 62 no. 1 (September 1991) 34 ff. and especially part two, Oceania vol. 62 no. 2 (December 1991), 81-112. *Chants and oral songs are relevant in regard to ceremonies involving *fellatio. The ceremonies were abandoned recently. The Iqwaye are a Yagwoia group (see also the entry for this language). Initiation songs and chants - Kaluli Songs and oral poems from Papua New Guinea in Kaluli. From 1976. The Kaluli live along the Kikori River in southern Papua New Guinea; the river runs into the Gulf of Papua. The Gebusi are neighbors - see initiation songs and chants - Gebusi. *Oral poems and *chants in connnection with ritualized homosexuality in initiation ceremonies are relevant. For discussion of initiation songs, see Edward Schiefflin, The Sorrow of the Lonely and the Burning of the Dancers, 1976, pp. 21-25 (re Gisaro ceremony), 12628 (re homosexual intercourse in initiation ceremonies), 170-71. Steven Feld, Sound and Sentiment: Birds, Weeping, Poetics, and Song in Kaluli Expression, 1982, is a work on these people. References. Herdt, Rituals of Manhood, 115-200 (discussion by Michael Allen). Initiation songs and chants - Keraki Songs and oral poems from Papua New Guinea in Keraki recorded from 1936. The Keraki live in southern Papua New Guinea below the Fly River along the coast adjoining the Gulf of Papua. See Herdt, Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia, pp. 20-22. F. E. Williams, in Papuans of the Trans-Fly, 1936, pp. 158-59, first recorded *ritualized *anal sex associated with initiation ceremonies; initiation is discussed in Chapter 11, "Initiation and the Bull-roarer" pp. 181-206. *Chants and songs associated with initiation ceremonies are relevant. Initiation songs and chants - Kimam Songs and oral poems from Indonesia in Kimam from 1965. See Herdt, Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia, pp. 292-317: "The Ritual Meaning of Homosexuality and *Pedophilia among the Kimam-Papuans of South Irian Jaya" by Laurent Serpenti. *Chants and oral poems in connection with ritualized homosexuality in initiation ceremonies occur. The Kimam people live on Kolepom Island, a large island, off the south coast of Papua, the province of Indonesia formerly called Irian Jaya, to the west of Papua New Guinea. Material dates from 1965. See also Journal of Homosexuality, vol.11 no. 3- 4 (Summer 1985), 55-68, "Growing Yams and Men: An Interpretation of Male Ritualized Homosexual Behavior" by J. Patrick Gray; bibl., 68. This article argues that ritualized homosexuality is linked with the fertility rites associated with yam growing and *magic. Sperm rubbing on the body and *anal sex occur in initiation ceremonies (p. 61); the suppression of the bachelors' huts (where all single male lived) following the advent of *Christianity has made collection of data difficult. Yams are part of religious rituals in many tribes in Papua New Guinea and even in Australia, where they are grown as far as central Australia. Initiation songs and chants - Kiwai Songs and oral poems from Papua New Guinea in Kiwai, a *Papua New Guinea language. From 1927. The Kiwai people live near the Fly River in southern Papua New Guinaea (the river runs into the Gulf of Papua). Ritual songs associated with the initiation ceremonies are relevant. See Herdt, Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia, pp. 282-84 in the article "Male Couples in New Guinea" by Eric Schimmer: states that ceremonies, involving sperm, related to increase in the number of dugong fish are the major focal point; males are fed male sperm mixed with female vulva secretion. See also *Bruce M. Knauft, "The Question of Ritualised Homosexuality among the Kiwai of South New Guinea", Journal of Pacific History, vol. 25 no. 2 (1990), 188-210 (maps of the area are on pp. 189 and 190). Ritualized rectal intercourse in initiation possibly exists. Ethnologic records date from 1927 - see Herdt, Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia, p. 282 - though anthropological reports date from 1885 (see Knauft article p. 193). Songs exist for everything. The culture is based on secrecy. Initiation songs and chants - Marind-anim Songs and oral poems from Papua New Guinea and Indonesia in Marind-anim, a *Papua New Guinea language. From 1935. The Marind-anim live in south western Papua New Guinea along the coast but mainly in the eastern part of Papua, formerly called Irian Jaya, the province of Indonesia adjoining Papua New Guinea. Ritualized rectal intercourse occurred in initiation (this practice has now ceased). *Chants and songs in initiation ceremonies are relevant. Material dates from 1935: see F. E. Williams, Papuans of the Trans-Fly, 1969, pp. xxv-xxvii, and J. van Baal, Dema: Description and Analysis of Marind-Anim Culture, The Hague, 1966, which has gay material; see Chapter xi, Part 7, pp. 645-56, 'Initiation Rites" and p. 975. See also *Bruce Knauft, *Overview - Oral languages of Southeast Asia and *snake and serpent motifs. References. Herdt, Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia, 128-66: article by J. Van Baal. Initiation songs and chants - Onabasulu Songs and oral poems from Papua New Guinea and Indonesia in Onabasulu from before 1964. The tribe live in southwest Papua and in southeast Papua, the province of Indonesia formerly called Irian Jaya. See Thomas M. Ernest, "Onabasulu Male Homosexuality", Oceania vol. 62 no. 1 (September 1991), 1 - insemination of males by males takes place in initiation ceremonies. *Chants and songs are relevant. The practice seemed to cease in 1964 when initiation rites were abandoned. Initiation songs and chants - Sambian Songs and oral poems from Papua New Guinea in Sambian. From ca. 1974. The Sambia are an eastern highlands tribe: see Herdt, Rituals of Manhood, pp. 44-98, "Fetish and Fantasy in Sambia Initiation" by Gilbert Herdt: examines the symbolic behavior surrounding the ritual flutes involving secret homosexual *fellatio in the first stage of the Sambia initiation ceremonies. See also Herdt, Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia, pp. 167-210, "Semen Transactions in Sambia Culture". *Chants and songs are sung in ritualized homosexual initiation ceremonies. The homosexual passing on of semen in these rituals is germane to the tribal cosmology of the world. *Gilbert Herdt's whole book, Guardians of the Flute, 1981, deals with ritualized homosexuality among the Sambia and was a landmark study of *ritualized homosexuality. Initiation songs and chants - Yaroinga Songs and oral poems from Australia in Yaroinga, an *Australian Aboriginal language. From before 1900. The tribe was at Port Headingly (it has not been possible to find out where Port Headingly is; it is possibly in Western Australia or maybe in central Queensland). This could be a mistake for Port Headland. See W. E. Roth, "Ethnopornographia" in Venus Oceanica, New York, 1935, p. 380 - singing and dancing in connection with ritual initiation (see remarks on pages pp. 379-80 and the illustration p. 380). Songs and oral poems are relevant. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1923. A poet who believes in *androgynous awareness. The author of several books. Poems appeared in * Gay Sunshine. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Orgasms of Light, 101-04; biog., 254 - a *Communist 1947-56 and married 1969-1975. Amerikanike homophylophile poiese, 33-34; biog., 70: trans. into Greek. Black Men/ White Men, 135-38; biog., 235. Voices Against the Wilderness, 53-56; from "Tucson". Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, 206-07; biog., 206. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 686-88. Library and archive from Spain with material mainly in Catalan and Spanish. In existence before 1988. Situated in *Barcelona, the library is well organized, part of the city's gay organization called Institut Lambda and publishes a journal titled Lambda. Institute for Advanced Study of Human Sexuality Archive and library in the United States relating to works in English. Active 1990. The institute is at 1523 Franklin Street, *San Francisco, California 94109. For a description of its library see the article by Gwendolyn L. Pershing, "Erotica Research Collections", in Libraries Erotica, Pornography, edited by Martha *Cornog, 1991, pp. 194-95. The literature collection contains over 250,000 items and there is a large art collection, including 300,000 slides and photographs. Poems in Latin, Mayan, Norse, Persian, Catalan, English, Maori and Tikopia from Mexico, Iceland, Iran, Spain, Great Britain and New Zealand date from 54 B.C. in Latin. Insult poems in which a man is accused of homosexuality are very widespread. On this subject see aslo *Effeminacy. Latin: see 'Catullus (active 54 B.C.), 'Martial (homosexual vilification frequently occurs in his poems). For Mavan see 'Songs - Mayan and * Books ofChilam Balam (ca. 1200). Norse. From 1200: see *Edda, Skaldic poetry, Helgakvitha Hundingsbana I. Poems involving homosexual insults are common in old Norse. Persian. See 'Paul Sprachman for discussion. Catalan. 'Conon de Bethune, 'Guillem de Bergueda. English. See 'Robert Herrick. Turkish. See 'Oral poems - Turkish. Maori. Such poems have not come to light in relation to homosexuality so far but as insult poems are very common, they are likely to exist. See 'Overview - Maori for details. Tikopia. Poems directly referring to homosexuality have not come to light so far but are likely. See *Overview - Polynesian for details. Library and archive in the United States mainly in English. Incorporated in 1979 in *Los Angeles. It was founded by Jim Kepner as a private institution in 1942. It publishes a newsletter, IGLA Bulletin, irregularly from 1984 and is open to the public. IGLA Bulletin contains important descriptions of material in the collection. The newsletter was called ONE/IGLA Bulletin in 1995 (when the number of journal titles had reached 3,000). It has an internet site and the library and archives are being moved to the University of Southern California, *Los Angeles, after being amalgamated with the library of *One, the two organizations being merged under the leadership of *Walter Williams. The new organization is called One/IGLA. There are now over 2 million items in the collection, making this the largest known gay collection. References. Directory of the International Association of Lesbian and Gay Archives and Libraries, 70-74: states 22,800 books and 1,200 journal titles held make this one of the largest gay archives in the world. International Gay Information Center Library and archive from the United States mainly in English. From 1954. A *New York based library of 8,000 books and 2,000 journal titles which includes the former Mattachine Homophile Research Library founded in 1954. This collection is now housed in the *New York Public Library where it has been since 1988. The library has fully cataloged the holdings. It is the most valuable collection in a United States public library. The collection is described in the New York Public Library Catalog; parts are restricted until 2043. There is a detailed finding aid. The collection consisted of 135 cartons and 103 boxes. References. Directory of the International Association of Lesbian and Gay Archives and Libraries, 75-78. International Journal of Greek Love Journal in English from the United States. 1965-66. The journal, published by Oliver Layton Press, New York, has a close connection with *Walter Breen. Two issues only were published. Its main focus was mainly *pederasty and *pedophilia and it was the most serious gay literary journal of its time in English. Volume 1 featured *Ralph Nicholas Chubb by Oliver Drummond (pseud?) "from London", two articles on *Shakespeare (one by *C. van Emde Boas), one on ancient Egypt by *Terence J. Deakin and one by *Paul Nacke on Albania (trans. by *Warren Johansson). Book reviews included a brilliant one of *E. G .Welter's *Bibliographie Freundschaftseros. Volume 2 featured Howard Stonefield on *Richard Burton's "Terminal Essay", Jonathan Drake on "'Le Vice' in Turkey", Toby Hammond "from London" on "Paidikion: A Paiderastic Manuscript" (with poems and identifying the author as *Arthur Kenneth Searight), *J. Z. Eglinton on *J. F. Bloxam. Book reviews and notes are exceptionally important and it was the most serious gay literary journal in English of its time. There were only two issues. An international system of information and bibliography from the United States and other countries in English and other *languages. Criticism, history and biography are other possible ways in which the Internet can be used to find information. From 1987. The Internet is an international system for searching for information via linked computers. Poets and critics included in this encyclopedia, both living and dead may have homepages where information on themselves is given (e.g. Jonathan Williams, *George Klawitter). These homepages are now major sources of information on writers. As *manuscript holdings of major libraries are frequently listed in full on the Internet (e.g. by the National Library of Australia) the Internet is a major source for locating the manuscripts of gay poets. Gay *journals frequently have sites, sometimes including indexing of the journals (e.g. * Paidika). *Publisers also have homepages which list their books published as do gay *bookshops. There are also many sites devoted to matters gay. A major site for gay history and culture is People with a History. Gay *archives (e.g., the *Canadian Gay and Lesbian Archives) also have homepages and list holdings - for example the Canadian Gay Archives lists its journal holdings. Major research libraries (such as *New York Public Library, the *British Library, *Library of Congress and *Harvard University) have their catalogs on the Internet and it is possible to find information on authors through them. In effect these library catalogs will preserve for future generations bibliographies of the writings of gay poets. *Subject searches are especially good at these libraries or any major library which has an Internet catalog. However since the works of many gay poets have been self published and have not got into libraries records rarely exist of the books of many (records of the publications of such poets may be found in gay archives). Sites like Amazon Books (at Amazon.com) are excellent for obtaining new books and Bookfinder.com for secondhand books. Discussion lists consist of persons in different parts of the world who exchange information in particular subject areas; these have proliferated with the growth of the Internet. Chat groups put people in touch with each other. The search engine google.com is an excellent search engine. Keyword searches may be used in searching but bound phrases (e.g., "People with a History") are more specific and find sites quicker. There were over 3.6 million Internet sites in 2000 and this number is growing daily. The Internet is now such a serious research tool that it should be searched for information on any person or topic. Word in French in France and in Italian and English. 1878-ca. 1925. See Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, pp. 610-11: noted as a common word for homosexuality 1878-ca. 1925 in French, though less common in English; in Italian, it is spelt "inversione". It was used by *Proust and was the title of a French gay *journal of 1924. Invisible Ghetto: Lesbian and Gay Writing from South Africa Anthology in English from South Africa. London: Gay Men's Press, 1993, 216 pages. A mixed anthology of lesbian and gay poetry and prose (including Accounts, Biographies, Episodes, Interviews, Poetry and Short Stories). Compiled by *Matthew Krouse and *Kim Berman. The Accounts etc and Interviews give considerable background to gay life in South Africa both from the black and white point of view. It was first published in South Africa by COSAW Publishing (Congress of South African Writers), PO Box 421007, Fordsburg, 2033, Johannesburg; date not known. Overall, a brilliant anthology dealing with the darker sides of gay life and the tensions of South Africa as they impinge on gay life. Poets are listed on page viii. Male poets (see entries): Johann de Lange, Stephen Gray, David Lan, Lucas Malan, Marcellus J. Muthien, Graeme Reid, Ernst van Heerden. Poet in Greek from Greece; translator from ancient Greek into modern Greek. Born 1932. He published in Greek a book of poems which are openly gay, titled in Greek, One Thousand Trees, ca. 1971, and was a teacher in a high school who transferred to Libya. See Stratonos mousa paidike, with thirteen illustrations by Vasile Vasileiade, Athens, Kedros, 1979, 249 pp.; a translation of the * Mousa Paidike into modern Greek. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Myth and trope in ancient Greek from Greece from 270 B.C.; later a trope in English. Another name for *Hylas, a companion and, in some sources, lover of *Hercules: his gay literary significance is discussed in more detail in the Hylas entry. The name Iolaus is came into prominence as the title of the English anthology * Iolaus compiled by *Edward Carpenter. Iolaus: An Anthology of Friendship Anthology in English from Great Britain. In print intermittently from 1902. The title page of the first, 1902 edition, gives three publishers and three places of publication: London: Swan Sonnenschein; Manchester: The Author; and *Boston: Charles E. Goodspeed, 1902; 191 pp.; text pp. 1-177; index pp. 184-91. The title is spelt here Iolaus. This is the first commercial edition and copies are rare; there was also a limited signed edition of 150 copies: see (no author), A Bibliography of Edward Carpenter, Sheffield: Sheffield City Library, 1949, for details. Many reprints exist in which there are variants in title, pagination, bindings and layout (*Anthony Reid to the author; his library contains many variants.) These later editions and reprints have name changes to the title and changes (and sometimes additions) to the text which was frequently reset; the textual history is very complicated. A second edition with additional material was published as follows: London: Swan Sonnenschein and S. Clarke: Manchester, 1906, 234 pp. The 1915 printing London: Allen and Unwin, of viii pages and 235 pages is called the third edition in the 1949 Bibliography of Edward Carpenter, p. 32. Important United States editions are: Boston, 1902 (as above); New York, Mitchell Kennerly, 1917, 190 pp. (with two extra pages of text of translations of *Hafiz and *Sa'di); New York: A. and C. Boni, 1935, 295 pp., published under the title An Anthology of Friendship and with two additional sections by another hand whose identity is not known (see below); Ann Arbor, Grypon Books, 1971, 234 pp. (reprints the 1920 London, Allen and Unwin edition); New York: Pagan Press, 1982, 192 pp. (reprint of the 1917 United States edition). Other printings than those cited exist: consult the National Union Catalog and *British Library General Catalogue. Iolaus is a mixed anthology of poetry and prose, compiled by *Edward Carpenter. Its title comes from *Iolaus, the male favorite of *Hercules (see the separate entry); the title was a coded way of referring to homosexuality at a time when homosexual relations between men were illegal in both Great Britain and United States. Special emphasis is placed on *friendship and *oral and non-European cultures are featured (excluding Chinese and Japanese cultures). Carpenter was familiar with the work of *Raffalovich when he compiled the 1902 edition. He also knew *von Kupffer's 1899 German anthology, Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe in der Weltliteratur, which may have inspired him, since he refers to it in the first edition of 1902, p. 153, and in the 1906 second edition, pp. 207 and 210-12. This was the standard British gay anthology until * Eros (1961) and the most influential before the * Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse. Poets, poems, translators of poetry, authors who relate to poetry and tropes in the 1902 editon are (see entries): Achilles and Patroclus, Agathon, Amis et Amile, Anacreon, Saint Anselm, Aristophanes, Athenaeus, Sir Francis Bacon, Richard Barnfield, Bathyllus, J. W. Baylis, E. F. M. Benecke, Bion, Sir Thomas Browne, Robert Browning, Giordano Bruno, Lord Byron, Edward Carpenter (as translator), Catullus, M. J. Chapman, Damon and Pithias, Dante, King David (Hebrew poet), G. Lowes Dickinson, Dorian, Sir Edward Dyer, Eberhard, Edleston, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Epitaph - Greek, Abraham Fraunce, Frederick the Great, Ludwig Frey, Ganymede, K. T. German, Nicolo Giraud, Fulke Greville, Goethe, Hafiz, Johann Georg von Hahn, Homer, Leigh Hunt, Hyacinthus, Hylas, Jami (pseud.), Benjamin Jowett, H. King, Andrew Lang, Hubert Languet, Martial, Meleager, Herman Melville, Michelangelo, Montaigne, Thomas Moore, William Morris, Moschus, Negin (or Nesim) Bey, R. A. Nicholson, Nisus and Euryalus, Oral poems - Balonda, Orestes and Pylades, Ovid, Parmenides, William Penn, Plato, Pindar, August von Platen, Plutarch, Raffalovich, S. Robinson, Rumi, Sa'di, Sappho, William Shakespeare, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Sir Philip Sidney, Socrates, John Addington Symonds, The Symposium, Tennyson, Thebes, Theocritus, Theognis, Henry David Thoreau, Tommaso de Cavalieri, K. H. Ulrichs, Virgil, Ludwig von Scheffler, Richard Wagner, E. H. Whinfield, Whirling Dervishes, Walt Whitman, Johann von Winckelmann, Xenophon. Significantly, Carpenter includes the *lovers and *addresses of gay poets. Of the additional material included in the section called Additions in the second British edition (1906) published by Swan Sonnenschein, the following authors are additional or extra material is provided (the German ones show further acqaintance with *von Kupffer's anthology): Aristotle, Francis Beaumont, Byron, Edward Fitzgerald, John Fletcher, Herder, Kaiserlink, von Katte, Joseph Kitir, Joseph Kopp, von Kupffer, Ludwig of Bavaria, Plato, Ruckert, Schiller. (These authors have been listed from the London, Allen and Unwin printing of 1920.) British editions following 1906 are identical in content to the 1906 edition and the same length, 234 pages. Some material from the 1906 edition was incorporated in the 1917 New York Mitchell Kennerley edition (repr. New York: Pagan Press, 1982). The title of the anthology was changed to Anthology of Friendship in 1915. Additional entries in the New York 1935 edition are : "Essays on *Friendship" by Montaigne, Francis Bacon, Sir Thomas Browne, Emerson; Poems by Ben Jonson, John Milton, Henry Vaughan, James Thomson, Hartley Coleridge, Tennyson, William Cory and A. C. Swinburne. The manuscript exists in Carpenter's papers at Sheffield Public Library. Iolaus was called in the booktrade, in Great Britain, "the bugger's bible" (Smith, Love in Earnest, p. 21). Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 598: list of contributors based on the text after 1906 (not 1902 as stated). Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. 490 B.C.-452 B.C. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 549: "Ion", entry (2). Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 67 "Aus der Heimat (Uber den Erastes Sophokles)"; no other information. Criticism. Courouve, Ces petits grecs, 22: citing fr. 6. Pseudonym of a translator from Greek to English. 1885-1971. Pseudonym of *Sir John Randolph Leslie. See *Ion of Chios for the possible significance. See also *William Cory (pseud.). Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1972. A brilliant but little known poet whose poems were some of the first to celebrate gay life in the fast lane of the *New York disco scene. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10747: poem "Some thoughts on Christopher Street" in *Gay Sunshine 13: 9, June 1972. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A True Likeness, 300-07 - see especially "Fag Art", "Last Night at the Flamingo"; biog./ critical note 300: cites his "private edition" of his book of poems Everything Reminds Me of Everything Else, 1974. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 748-50. Poet from Pakistan who wrote in Urdu. 1877-1938. See V. G. Kurnan, Poems from Iqbal, London, 1955: heavily influenced by *Rumi, *Sufism and *Islamic *mysticism. He is regarded as one of the great poets of modern Pakistan; also a statesman. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion: "a *Platonic idealist" in early life who wrote about "universal love" Poet from Iran who wrote in Persian. 1874-1925. Called by *A. J. Arberry (see reference below) the last of the classical poets and the first of the moderns. He wrote a famous couplet on *anal sex: 'What if the youth fucks me,/ I am so much a man it doesn't matter": the implication is that the man speaking has done everything sexually so that it doesn't matter if he is anally penetrated. Approximate transcription of the Persian text is: "Gar khoshgellaki mara begayad/ As kardaneh o mara khosh ayad". This poem is much quoted in Iran. Source: an Iranian living in Australia. His most famous book was Ghoti Cigare Zar (The golden cigarette box) which may contain this poem. Criticism. Rypka, History of Iranian Literature, 384-85. Arberry, The Legacy of Persia, 1953, 229: trans. of poem with homoerotic content into English. Languages spoken mainly in Iran and Afghanistan. Relevant gay poems date from 800. These languages include *Persian (from 800), Pashto (sometimes called Afghan or Afghan Dari, spoken in Afghanistan), Kurdish, Ossetic, Tajik (spoken in eastern Iran) and Baluchi and probably the extinct Khotanese and Old Sakian. They are a branch of the *Indo-Iranian group and are spoken in Iran, the Iranian plateau, the Caucasus, central Asia and formerly in India. At times Persian has been a lingua franca (for example in India from 1200). *Islam is the religion of these peoples. Bawdy songs with homosexual content sung by *dancing boys are likely in all these languages and have been confirmed in most. References. Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition: under "Persia" see "Language and Dialects". Katzner, Languages of the World, 2. 'Iraqi, also spelt 'Iraki and Fakhr al-Din al-'Iraki Poet from Iran who wrote in Persian. 1211-1289. Poet and *Sufi mystic who is one of the great love poets of Persian; many commentaries on his *prosimetrum Lama'at (Flashes) have been written, e. g., by Jami. See the Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition, article on Awhad al-din *Kirmani, p.166, re his work showing "the contemplation of the divine beauty in earthly forms, preferably in beautiful boys". He spent most of his life travelling in the Islamic world and died in *Damascus. Translation. English: *R. A. Nicholson (1911; repr. 1968), *A. Arberry, The Song of the Lovers, 1939; William C. Chittick and Peter Lamborn Wilson, Divine Flashes, New York, 1982. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, volume 3, 1269-70: denies the story of his attachment to a young boy as being true p.1269. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures: see "'Eraqi". Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 339-42. Criticism. Browne, Literary History of Persia, volume 3, 124-39. Arberry, Sufism, 115. Poet from Spain writing in Spanish. Active 1980. Bibliographies. Cuaderno bibliográfico gay, 13: Cielos e inviernos, Madrid: Hiperión, 1980. Irrumation, also called face fucking Sexual practice in Latin poetry from Italy from ca. 150 BC. Irrumation means face fucking, refering to the practice whereby a penis is inserted into the face and the face used like the anus (in contrast to *fellatio which is actively sucking on the penis - in irrumation it is the penis which moves and the face which stays still). Latin. See *F. K. Forberg re Chapter Three of his De figuris Veneris for Latin usage re *Ausonius, *Catullus, *Martial, *Priapeia (150 B. C.). Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1966. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 75: "Black Culture in the Park"; biog., 177 - *black poet. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1982. See The Advocate 13 May 1982, 26; *West Coast gay poet. Poet from Spain who wrote in Hebrew. Active ca. 1150. Son of *Abraham Ibn Ezra. He converted to Islam and later reconverted to Judaism. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Judaica: possibly the first entry Isaac Ben Abraham. Criticism. *Norman Roth, "'Deal Gently with the Young Man': Love of Boys in Medieval Hebrew Poetry of Spain", Speculum 57 (1982), 49-50: fine *muwashshah trans. English. Isaac ibn Ghiyath, also spelt ibn Gayyat Poet from Spain who wrote in Spanish. 1038-1089. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Criticism. *Norman Roth, "'My Beloved is like a Gazelle': Imagery of the Beloved Boy in Medieval Hebrew Poetry", Hebrew Annual Review, 8 (1984), 155-59: strongly homosexual religious poetry in piyyut form. Isaac Ibn Mar Shaul, also spelt Yishaq ben Mar-Saul Poet from Spain who wrote in Hebrew. Active ca. 1Q5Q. From Lucena, Spain. Text. His works were edited by 'Jeefim Schirmann, in the Assaf Jubilee Volume, Jesusalem, 195S; the poem cited below in the Roth article is on p. 51S. Most of his poetry is lost. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Judaica: see "Ibn Mar Saul, Isaac ben Levi". Gay Poetry Anthologies. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 2S7 - S8. Criticism. 'Jefrim Schirmann, "The Ephebe in Medieval Hebrew Poetry", Sefarad I5 (1955), 58: a poem which compares the male beloved to David, Joseph and Absalom but no female models of beauty are mentioned (spelt Isaac Ibn Mar Shaul); 59. *Norman Roth, "'Deal Gently with the Young Man': Love of Boys in Medieval Hebrew Poetry of Spain", Speculum 57 (1982), 30-31: trans. of same poem with *gazelle trope. Pagis, Hebrew Poetry, 64: same reference. Place and city in Italy relevant for English from ca. 1950. An island in the Bay of *Naples which dates back to before the *Romans. *W. H. Auden annually spent time on the island from the late 1940s: he also wrote a poem, "Ischia" (for *Brian Howard), published in Nones, 1952, 21-23. *Norman Douglas wrote an essay on it: Summer Islands: Ischia and Ponza, 1931. Compare *Capri which is on the other side of the Bay of Naples. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Pauly, Wissowa, Paulys Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft: see the entry "Aenaria". Enciclopedia italiana. Ise Monogatori, also called Tales of Ise Poet in Japanese from Japan. Ca. 870. The first entry in *Iwata Jun'ichi's Japanese gay bibliography. His work The Tales of Ise is a *prosimetrum (collection of prose and poems) centering on the poet *Ariwara no Narihira who wrote some of the poems. The date of composition is uncertain; it is here dated from *Ariwara (825-880). Leupp, Male Colors: The Construction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan, 24, translates a poem. *Parodies of the work exist. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Princeton Companion to Classical Japanese Literature, 169-70. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan: Poet from Turkey who wrote in Turkish. 1540-1542. Not found in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. *Ottoman poet. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: Die Männerliebe der Griechen, 121-22: trans. into German; called Ishak Tschelebi. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 371: fine gay love poem in the * ghazal form. Poet, lover, autobiographer and novelist from Great Britain who wrote in English; translator from Sanskrit to English who lived in the United States. 1904-1986. Best known for his short stories and novels about *Berlin where he lived in the 1930s, he later moved to Hollywood in *Los Angeles where he lived with his lover the artist Don Bachardy, as one of the most famous openly gay males and something of a celebrity (which was aided by his good looks and power of self promotion). "On his Queerness" is perhaps his most famous gay poem. His manuscripts are in the Huntington Library, California (see the article by John Sutherland discussing their sale "At Home in the Huntington", London Review of Books, 10 June 1999, 8-9). His autobiography, Christopher and His Kind (1976), is a frank account of his homosexual love affairs including one with *W. H. Auden with whom he collaborated on the play The Ascent of F6 (1936). On his and Auden's love relationship see *Charles Osborne, W. H. Auden, 1979, pp. 46-47. Auden and Isherwood had been school friends and were to remain lifelong friends. Auden is supposed to have given him a handwritten manuscript of the erotic poem *The Platonic Blow. His Diaries: Volume 1: 1939-1960, were published in 1996. *Peter Parker is writing a biography. See The Advocate no. 447 (27 May 1986), 50-52: *Claude Summers, "The Importance of Christopher Isherwood". Interview: Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 421-30 (reprinted from Leyland, Gay Sunshine Interviews, volume 1, 189-206). Isherwood wrote a book of children's rhymes, People One Ought to Know, 1982. He was a follower of *Hinduism, living in Los Angeles since 1939 where the guru Swami Prabhavananda has been his guide and he wrote a book on *Ramakrishna; see also *Indian Philosophy. Translation. He helped translate from Sanskrit the * Bhagavad Gita (1944) with Swami Prabhavananda. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Contemporary Authors New Revision Series, volume 35. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 614-15. Dictionnaire Gay. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Howes, Broadcasting It. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Male Muse, 52; biog., 121. Gay Poetry, 5. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 319: poem "On his Queerness". Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 38689. Poet from Japan who wrote in Japanese. Born 1952. Born in Yokohama in 1952 he works as a journalist for the Asahi Shimbun paper in Tokyo. The poems in Partings at Dawn are from his book *Bathhouse, Tokyo, a Tine *tanka sequence with notes at the end. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Partings at Dawn, 296-308: sequence "Tanka" from Bathhouse; biog., note and photo of the author 196. Figure in myth and religion in Akkadian and Syrian from Iraq and Israel from ca. 716 B.C. in relevant written records. Ishtar and Innana are the main names of the mother goddess of the ancient middle east; the cult dates back to the second millennium B.C. at least. Homosexual male prostitution - see * hierodouleia - was associated with her worship and her temples (in Syria she was worshipped under the names Attar and Astarte and in Egyptian, isis). The Akkadian prayer *My hire goes to the promoter (dated 716 B.C.) is the first work of possible relevance. Syriac. Dawes, A Phase of Roman Life, 160, states the Syrian priests "pedicated each other" therefore as homosexuals their *hymns and *prayers may be significant. Syria was a center of the goddess culture. See *Lucian, De Syra Dea (The Syrian Goddess), section 16 (also cited as De dea Syria sections 50, 51) which states they "sing divine and sacred songs" and tried to make themselves like the goddess (this seems to imply that they castrate themselves or allow themselves to be fucked). Indian *hijras (who are also called eunuchs in the literature and castrate themselves) may be related to these devotees of the mother goddess since hijras go back in antiquity to the * Mahabharata (see the source given in the *hijras entry from Ocean of Story, trans. C. H. Tawney, 1925). See James Frazer. Compare * Kadesh. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Hastings, Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion: see "Inanna". Figure in religion and myth in Egyptian in Egypt from ca. 1000 B.C.; her cult later spread to Greece and Italy. The cult of Isis relates to the cult of the mother goddess *Ishtar - see *"My hire goes to the promoter" (in Akkadian). *Richard Burton highlighted homosexuality in relation to the cult of Isis (see Dictionaries below). *Hymns sung in these temples need to be examined. The consort of Isis was Osiris (for the ancient artistic depiction of Osiris see the entry in * Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae in volume 5, part 1 and the plates). Seth and Horus, the sons of Isis, are recorded as having homosexual *anal sex with Seth fucking Horus; Isis later punished them and succeeded in making Seth pregnant with his own semen (see *Terence Deakin in International Journal of Greek Love vol.1 no.1, p. 34). The cult spread from Egypt to Greece and Rome. Reade, Sexual Heretics, 173, states "Isis was also a *hermaphrodite"; on 174 *Richard Burton states "in Rome as in Egypt the temples of Isis.. were centres of sodomy' (from Richard Burton's "Terminal Essay"). There was a Temple of Isis in London associated with *magic in the early part of the twentieth century which *Aleister Crowley attended. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica. Hastings, Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics. Encyclopedia of Religion. Islam and Islamic religion, also called Muslim (and Moslem) religion The religion of the prophet Mohammad, recorded in the * Koran and founded in Saudia Arabia in 622, the traditional date of the founding of the religion which is dated from the Prophet *Muhammad's flight to Medina. 622 is taken as the first year of the Muslim calendar. Islam means "submission to the will of Allah". The * Koran is the basis of the religion. Believers traditionally read it in Arabic; however, it has been extensively translated (see A. F. L. Beeston, Arabic Literature to the end of the Umayyad Period, 1983, pp. 502-520). There is a common saying amongst Islamic peoples that there are five meanings to every verse of the Koran and there exists in Islam a plurality of religious traditions. In Islamic *mysticism, expressed in Sufism, poets addressed God in erotic terms. Sufism is a sect regarded as heretical by some Islamic sects. Islam is a sex positive religion which, however, outlaws homosexuality between adult males who are Muslims: see *Law - Islamic. There has been strict separation of the sexes with women in purdah (that is, wearing a veil) in the stricter Islamic societies such as Iran. A book, entitled in Arabic, Homosexuality in Islam was published in Syria in the1980s (*Khalid Elasmar to the author; not seen); this work points out that sometimes homosexuality has been treated as equal to heterosexuality and sometimes stigmatized. In the fine German reference work, Islam-Lexikon edited by Adel Theodor Khoury and others (Freiburg, 1991, in 3 volumes), see the entry "Sexualität". Purdah undoubtedly has resulted in an increased frequency of homosexuality in both men and women and women in Islamic cultures. The need to raise money for a dowry in order to permit men to marry has encouraged homosexual behavior since, in poor countries (e.g. Morocco, Egypt and all Arab countries of the middle east), men can frequently not marry until late in their twenties unable to afford the dowry. From Saudi Arabia Islam spread in the west to Spain and north Africa and to the Balkans. In the east as far as from Afghanistan in the two centuries from 622. It is today the main religion in Iraq, Iran, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Bosnia, Albania, Turkey, Afghanistan, Kirghizstan, Kazakhstan and Tajikstan in central Asia. Islam later spread to India where it is the second largest religion after Hinduism. It is the dominant religion in Indonesia and Malaysia as well as being a major religion in the western provinces of China. Mecca, in Saudia Arabia, is the holy city to which all Moslems seek to make a pilgrimage. For India, in which Islam is now the second largest religion after Hinduism, see *Annemarie Schimmel, Islam in the Indian Subcontinent, 1980; bibl. pp. 248-60. In the Islamic heaven beautiful boys - houris - exist with women (see *Minoo S. Southgate). The * Encyclopedia of Islam (first and second editions) is a major reference work devoted to all aspects of Islam with editions in French and English; in Turkish Islam Ansiklopedisi (Istanbul, 1988) is the major reference work. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 615-20: by *Marten Schild. Cassell's Encyclopedia of Queer Myth, Symbol, and Spirit. Gay Histories and Cultures. See also Encyclopedia of Religion: "Islamic Poetry". Bibliographies. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, items 1013-1091. Other. Schmitt, Sexuality and Eroticism Among Males in Moslem Societies, 179-90. Murray, Islamic Homosexualities, 14-96; however the whole book is relevant. Homosexuality and world religions, 181-98; article by Khalid Duran. Poet from Bangladesh who wrote in Bengali; translator from Persian to Bengali. 1899-1976. The national poet of Bengal; he died of *syphilis (which rendered him insane from 1942), after reputedly having many affairs with women. His poem in *free verse "The Rebel" (trans. into English in Kazi Nzarul Islam by Basadha Chakravarty, New Delhi, 1968, pp. 63-70) espouses the position of being all things to all people: "I am the dancing *Shiva.../ I trample down all restraints, all bonds of do's and dont's" (ibid., 63-64) and shows the formal influence of *Whitman. He translated the Persian poets *Hafiz (1930) and *Omar Khayyam (1960) into Bengali. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, vol. 2. Contemporary Authors. The languages spoken by islamic peoples in which the customs of Islam are followed. Material of relevance dates from 622, the traditional date of the founding of the religion. These cultures are strongly male dominated; or rather, the world of men and women is sharply divided. Though Islam has spread throughout the world, the languages are spoken mostly in north Africa, the Balkans, in west and central Asia (in the former southern republics of the Soviet Union) and in Malaysia and Indonesia. Arabic, the language of the holy book, the * Koran, is widely read (the Koran is supposed to be read in Arabic). Several language families are involved. In west Asia languages include Turkish (from the *Turkic languge family) in Turkey, Arabic (from the *Afro-Asiatic familiy) in Iraq, Syria and Israel and Persian (which is *Indo-European and within this group part of the *Iranian group) in Iran. Iranian languages include Persian, Tajik and Pashto (sometimes called Afghan) and are spoken in Iran and countries surrounding; all are close to Persian. Turkic languages spoken in central Asia include Turkish, Uzbek, Kazakh, and Kirghiz; they are spoken also in the western provinces of China (for instance Sinjiang). Urdu and Afghan, which are Indo-European languages, are spoken in Pakistan, India and Afghanistan. Malay and Bahasa Indonesia (which are part of the *Austronesian group) are spoken in the predominantly Islamic countries Malaysia and Indonesia respectively. Istanbul, formerly Constantinople (also called Byzantium) City in Turkey where Turkish is the main spoken language. Greek was formerly the main spoken language until the Turkish conquest of the city in 1453. Latin was spoken from the early *Christian centuries until after 324 when the Emperor Constantine moved the capital of the Roman empire to the city from Rome. The city took the name Constantinople from him from 324 and the name Istanbul dates from the Turkish conquest; Greeks still call the city Constantinople. Minority languages spoken in Turkey (e.g. Kurdish, Armenian, Greek) are spoken in the city. As the former capital of Turkey, which administered a large empire of many nationalities, it was a meeting place of many cultures and many languages were spoken there by the minorities of these cultures (who came to the city for trade) and by traders from further afield in Europe, Africa and Asia. This role of the city as a melting pot of cultures goes back to ancient times. The city dates from at least ca. 600 B.C. and was founded in myth by Byzas in 667 B.C. who reputedly came from *Megara. Homosexuality is definitely known from 390 when the Emperor Theodosius (reigned 379-395) introduced burning at the stake for homosexuality; ancient Greek poetry was undoubtedly written in the city. The city was called in Latin Byzantium, a word derived from the ancient Greek name, Buzdantio, from Byzas the legendary founder. Under Constantine it became the capital of the *Byzantine empire. Istanbul was strategically significant being at the interface of Europe and Asia and was easy to defend as it was on a peninsula bounded by water on three sides. The crossing from Asia to Europe was easy here due to the narrowness of the straits. Caravans from central Asia could reach Europe quicker via Istanbul than by going around the Black Sea and this enhanced the city. For the ancient city see the entry in Pauly Wissowa cited below and "Byzantion" in Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. The city was under the control of *Athens for much of the fifth and fourth centuries B.C., but then went into a decline. At various times Persians, Gauls and Greeks fought over the city and it was under Persian rule 515-478 B.C. When Constantine defeated Licinius in 323 and became sole governor of the Roman world he chose Byzantium for his capital, solemnly inaugurating it as the seat of his government, under the name of Constantinople (City of Constantine in Greek) in 324. Latin was the language of the court until the sixth century. The church of Hagia Sophia (Holy Wisdom), the largest in the Christian world - a museum from 1935, but formerly a mosque after the Turks captured the city from the Christians in 1453 - was built by the Emperor Justinian in the sixth century, dating from 537. The ancient Greek *Orthodox Patriachiate of Constantinople based in the city is still one of the most prestigious in the Orthodox world. After a long decline, including capture by *Venice in 1204, the city was finally captured by the Turks in 1453 when the dominant language became Turkish and the city became the capital of the *Ottoman empire and changed names to Istanbul which means, in Greek, "eis ton polis", that is, " to the city". Greek *manuscripts from the city formed the beginnings of the humanistic *Renaissance in western Europe when they reached western Europe (though many were destroyed by the Islamic conquerors); on the saving of the manuscripts, see Janus Lascaris. The *Palatine Anthology, containing a major surviving corpus of ancient Greek homopoems, was probably compiled in the city ca. 980 and survives in only one manuscript, in which poems date from the *Hellenistic period. The libraries of the city's mosques are rich in Turkish poetry *manuscripts; Arabic and Persian manuscripts also abound. It has been estimated by *Helmut Ritter that the city contains 200,000 manuscripts. Because the Turkish empire extended all over the Middle East, there may be manuscripts of other languages of the Ottoman empire within its libraries (e. g. Syriac, Armenian and languages spoken in the Balkans - such as Serbo-Croat, Albanian, Bulgarian); until an accurate census of manuscripts is made it is impossible to form a complete picture. There is a rich heritage of *Ottoman gay poetry associated with the city and the modern Greek homopoet *Cavafy, lived in Istanbul for three years, 1882-85. See Greek entries: *Agathias Scholasticus, *Byzantine poets and editors, *Constantine Cephalas, 'Manuscripts, * Palatine Anthology. See Turkish entries: *Divan poets, *manuscripts, *Sultans. Many *Ottoman poets lived in Istanbul (e. g. *Nef i). *Fadil Bey wrote a poem on *dancing boys of the city. In the eighteenth century *Enderunlu Fazil wrote a poem describing dancing boys and other works dealing with gay life in the city. *Yayha Bey (active 1550) describes a famous meeting place of beautiful boys, the At Maydani or Horse Square (formerly, under the Byzantines, the Hippodrome or horse racing circuit near St Sophia Cathedral). On the homosexual background see Ludwig Adler Bey, "Die 'Prostitution in Konstantinopel", Zeitschrift für Sexualwissenschaft, vol. 1 (April 1914-March 1915), 72-74; Paul Näcke, "Die Homosexualituät im Oriente", Archiv für Kriminal-Anthropologie , 16 (1904), 35355; "Die Homosexualität in Konstantinopel", same journal, 26 (1906), 106-08. In the contemporary city the Beyoglu district, especially the Qihangir quarter, is a center of gay life. Istanbul University Library is rich in manuscripts and the Turkish Historical Society has done much to preserve the literary past. For information on the city (in Turkish) see Resat Ekrem Kogu, editor, Istanbul Ansiklopedisi, Istanbul, 11 volumes, 1946 to 1987; this is an entire encyclopedia devoted to the city. See also Strolling Through Istanbul: A Guide to the City, by Hilary Summer-Boyd and John Freely, London, 1972, John Freely, Istanbul: the Imperial City, 1996 and Philip Mansell, Constantinople: City of the World's Desire 1453-1924, 1995. Bernard Lewis, Istanbul and the Civilization of the Ottoman Empire, 1963, is a concise history of the city under Turkish control. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Pauly, Wissowa, Paulys Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft: see "Byzantion" (the ancient city before 300). Encyclopedia Britannica, eleventh edition: see "Constantinople" (fine introduction with bibl.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition: see "Constantinople". Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition: see "Istanbul" (this article only deals with the city from 1453). Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium: see "Byzantion" and "Constantinople" (from 300 to 1453). Consult also encyclopedias in Turkish such as Islam Ansiklopedisi. There is a Turkish encyclopedia devoted to the city; this is rare and a copy is at 'Harvard University library. Criticism. Mayne, The Intersexes, 292. Poet who wrote in Persian. Active ca. 159Q. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A'in i Akbari anthology, 65B-59; biog., 65B. Critic and editor from the Netherlands writing in Dutch. Active 1951. He wrote critical works about German poets (see below) and edited the work of the poet Frank Thieß. Arabic: see "De Pan-erotische aard der Arabieren", * Vriendschap 5 (September 1951), 8-11; a discussion of homosexuality and Arabs, quoting two poems (trans. from German by F. v. M.). He compiled a work on dance in Africa: Tanz in Afrika, Berlin, 1960, 63 pp. (see *Singing and Dancing in Tribal Cultures). Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 68: editor of Frank Thieß Werk und Dichter, Hamburg: Krüger, 1950 (on the German novelist: see his entry in Oxford Companion to German Literature ), *Hans Henny Jahnn, Hamburg, 954, * Henry Benrath in Memoriam, Stuttgart, 1954. Poet (from the United States?) writing in English. Active 1972. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10748: Unicorn: Portfolio Number One. Graphics and Poems, Los Angeles: Quest Institute, 1972. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition: same book. Poet and letter writer from Russia who wrote in Russia. 1866-1949. His book of poems *Eros, 1906 is notable. He was bisexual, married and a *symbolist. Criticism. See Russian Literature Triquarterly no. 4 (Fall 1972). Translation. German: Werner von Matthey (1956); his letters were trans. into German as Beifwechselzwischen..., 1948; Italian: Letters were trans. as Corrispondenza.., Lanciano, 1932. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Terras, Handbook of Russian Literature. L'amour bleu, 225: called Vsevolod V. Ivanov. Les Amours masculines, 290. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 428: fine sonnet "Friends" (trans. into English from the French of Claude Frioux: see 418); 418 biog. note - married to a lesbian. Out of the Blue, 140-41. Criticism. Gay Sunshine no. 229-30 (Summer /Fall 1976), 7: trans. of two poems from the *sequence Eros, 1906. *Simon Karlinsky, "Russia's Gay Literature and History", Gay Sunshine, 29-30 (Summer/ Fall 1976): 3 and 26 (trans. of poem into English). Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1007. Poet, diarist and critic from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1867-1950. Born in Germany, George Ives was passionately devoted to the cause of homosexual liberation and from the mid 1890s the chief luminary of a secret homosexual society, the Order of Chaeronaea (*Laurence Housman was another member). He was the author of two books of poems: The Book of Chains, 1897, and Eros' Throne, 1900. Both books of poems were published by Swan Sonnenschein and The Book of Chains was published anonymously; both have been reprinted (Garland, New York and London, 1984). Ives's poetry is passionate in its defence of the right of all to love and and shows the influence of *Edward Carpenter and *Whitman; most poems are *non gender specific (in Book of Chains, see "To Many Who Have Asked" p. 3, "We Two" pp. 17-19; "Young God of Love", p. 25, is more open). He wrote a poem, *"Sydney" (Eros' Throne, p. 53) dated 1899, about the Australian city, which he appears to have visited. His book The Graeco-Roman View of Youth, London: *Cayme Press, 1926, is a defence of gay love, originally a talk for the British Society for Sex Psychology. It contains a critical discussion of ancient Greek poetry amongst its argument, pp. 27-54, and ancient Latin poets pp. 54-62. Ives kept a voluminous private diary of three million words and 20,000 pages which came into the possession of *Anthony Reid (see Weeks, Coming Out, p. 258 f. 6) and is believed now to be in the library of The *Humanities Research Center, Austin, Texas, having been sold to them by Anthony Reid. See "George Ives" by *Timothy d'Arch Smith, Gay News no. 204 (1980), Literary Supplement, pp. 2-3. George Ives also wrote several books on prisons. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Murray, Catalogue of Selected Books, item 31: Eros' Throne, 1900. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10748-49: Book of Chains, London: *Swan Sonnenschein, 1897, and Eros' Throne, London: Swan Sonnenschein, 1900. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 1984-85: the same books. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, item 663: re Man Bites Man, London, 1980, which is a selection from his scrapbook. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reade, Sexual Heretics, 427: poem from A Book of Chains (written 1896, published 1897). Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 258-59. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 90. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 297-98. Criticism. Smith, Love in Earnest, 110-13; bibl., 245. Poet from Russia who wrote in Russian. 1891-1981. The pseudonym of Mikhail Alexandrovich Kovalyov. A *decadent poet associated with Futurism. Homosexuality with *sado-masochistic overtones is a motif in his poetry. After 1917 he became an enthusiastic supporter of the *Communist regime. Criticism. See the article by Gordon McVay in Oxford Slavonic Papers New Series 4 (1971), 83-104: strong implications of homosexuality are given and the author states that the sex of the beloved is never specified (the author, Gordon McVay, wrote a biography of *Esenin). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Terras, Handbook of Russian Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Out of the Blue, 159-69. Criticism. *Simon Karlinsky, "Russia's Gay Literature and History", Gay Sunshine, 29-30 (Summer/ Fall 1976), 3. Duberman, Hidden from History, 356: his "obsessive theme was a dream of being burned or singed by a male lover". Poet from Poland who wrote in Polish; translator from French to Polish. 1894-1980. * Dionysus, his 1922 expressionist volume of poems, is a crucial work. After the second world war, he was a leading literary personality in Poland and president of the Writers Union. He wrote the libretto to the opera King Roger (with music by the homosexual Karol Szymanowski). He translated the French poet *Rimbaud into Polish. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Penguin Companion to World Literature. Everyman Companion to East European Literature. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Criticism. Milosz, History of Polish Poetry, 389-93; notes a touch of *Wilde's *aestheticism in his early poems on p. 390, the influence of *Ivanov and fascination with *Stefan George and Jean Cocteau; two mystical centers, *Sicily and *Venice, and interest in the middle east are a focus of his poetry. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1013: stated to be homosexual and his marriage was a facade. Bibliographer and critic from Japan who wrote in Japanese. 1900-1945. Compiler of the first Japanese bibliography of homosexual literature: *Nanshoku Bunken Shoshi (published Ise: privately printed, 1973). He also wrote a series of articles on gay history (which were published by his son, Sadao Iwata). He was a painter born in Toba city, Mie prefecture (near Nagoya in the central part of Honshu) who published a volume of paintings. His other work, Honcho Nanshoku Ko, Ise: privately printed, 1974, is his general discussion of homosexuality, written 1930-40, and articles here were first published in *journals; the first four essays were published 1930-31 in the criminology journal Hanzai kagaku (between Showa 5 and 6 [this refers to the year of the reign of the Emperor Hirahito]) with a prologue by Hirai Taro using the pseudonym Edogawa Ranfo (i.e. "Edgar Allan Poe"). Discussion of homosexuality only covers to the end of the seventeenth century. Letters. His correspondence with his teacher Minakata Kumagusu (1867-1941), an ethnographer and botanist, which was written from 1931 to 1941, is a mine of information on Japanese homosexuality; Minakata lived in London for a time and in San Francisco, 1887-1893, writing in English in the journal Nature. The correspondence has been published as Minakata Kumagusu danshoku dangi: Iwata Jun'ichi ofuku shokan, Tokyo, 1991; five letters are translated into English in Partings at Dawn, pp. 134-71 with Minakata's replies. These letters constitute a *debate on homosexuality in Japanese. The letters were first published in Japanese in (title in Japanese here translated into English) The Collected Works of Kumagusu Minakata, vol. 9, Heibon-sha, 1973. Biography. See note p. 9 of Tsuneo Watanabe and Jun'ichi Iwata, The Love of the Samurai, trans. by D. R. Roberts, London, 1989. Translation. English: four essays from Honcho Nanshoku Ko have been translated (from the French translation of the work by Tsuneo Watanabe titled La Voie des ephebes, Paris, 1987) by D. R. Roberts as The Love of the Samurai, London, 1989. Criticism. Schalow, The Great Mirror of Male Love, 313. Iwatsutsuji, called in English, Cliff Azaleas Anthology and work of criticism from Japan in Japanese. Published in 1713. The first Japanese homosexual poetry anthology; it consists of poetry and prose. The title refers to a *non gender specific love poem in the *Kokinshu (see Schalow, The Great Mirror of Male Love, pp. 10-11 and footnote 21, p. 314, attributed to Shinga Sozu [801879]). The 1713 edition contains woodcut *illustrations. While the work was first published in 1713, the text was apparently compiled in 1676. There are thirty-four stories and poems most of which are not dated but some come from old imperial anthologies possibly. Some poets are from the *Heian period (e.g., *Ariwara Shigeharu), the earliest period of recorded Japanese literature. About thirty-three poets have poems in it with almost all poets being little known poets. It is a * prosimetrum with some poems forming part of the text of stories. The poems usually have a simple comment attached to them giving the homosexual background (which is usually not obvious from the poem). Text. See Ota Nampo, editor, Misonoya, vol. 1. The book was reprinted in Japan in 1980. For early printings see the discussion on p. 97 of * Partings at Dawn ; it was reprinted up to 1849 in several printings, which shows it was popular. A complete translation of the work is included in * Partings at Dawn, pp. 97-124, with illustrations from an early edition. A critical introduction with more critical apparatus by *Paul Gordon Schalow is in Monumenta Nipponica vol. 48 no 1, Spring 1993, 1-31 (this is a longer version than his discussion in Partings at Dawn cited below). See also Paul Gordon Schalow, "Kukai and the Japanese Tradition of Male Love" in José Ignazio Calezon, Buddhism, Sexuality and Gender, Albany, 1992, pp. 221-222. Poets (see entries): Ariwara Shigeharu, Daisojo Gyoson, Gon no Sozu yoen, Gyonin, Hoin Josei, Hokkyo Uzen, Jien Sojo, Jiju, Jishin Shonin, Jitsuei Hoshi, Jogon Hoshi, Kakucho Sozu, Kan'yu Hoshi, Mikawa, Ninsho Hoshi, Rencho Hoshi, Risshi Enshin, Risshi Keii, Risshi Nin'yu, Saigon Hoshi, Saisho, Saki no Risshi Kyosen, Sangi Takasue, Sensai shonin, "Shinga Sozu", Soin, Sozu Hangen, Sozu Henku, Sozu Kakuga, Sozu Kakuki, Sozu Koen, Taisho Koen, Captain Taisho, Zasu. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Partings at Dawn, 97-124 (English trans. and critical notes by *Paul Gordon Schalow, 97-102). Critic, historian and editor from Turkey writing in English; editor of works in Turkish. Born 1911. A Turkish scholar who is an expert in *Ottoman Turkish and co-editor of the * The Penguin Book of Turkish Verse (with Nermin Menemencioglu, who chose the modern poets). He has lectured in Ottoman Turkish at universities in Europe and the United States and is compiler of two volumes of Classical Turkish Verse and The Oxford Turkish Dictionary. In his critical essay on Ottoman poetry in the Penguin Book of Turkish Verse see pp. 40-41 regarding the problem of the sex of the beloved. On p. 40 he states the beloved may be male or female and states, p. 41, that "divan poets are not necessarily homosexual when they give human beauty the masculine attributes considered more decorous in a society in which women veil all but their eyes". What is significant about these statements is that they admit of significant homosexual lovers in Turkish *classical poetry. Biography: see the first page of Penguin Book of Turkish Verse . Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Turkish Verse, 35-47: a critical essay on *Ottoman poetry. Criticism. Woods, History of Gay Literature, 59: comments of Fahrir Iz on p. 40 wrongly attributed to Nermin Menemencioglu. City in Turkey in which Turkish is spoken; Greek and Turkish were spoken prior to 1922. Izmir is the Turkish name for *Smyrna, and the name which has been used since 1922; before this the city had a large Greek population since ancient times. It is a large trading center in the south west of Turkey on the coast. in 1922, following the invasion of Turkey by the Greeks, and the subsequent defeat of the Greek army, the army retreated to the coast to Izmir and when the Turks reached the town there was a slaughter of the Greek population (this forms the background to a book of short stories in English by *Patrick White: The Burnt Ones, 1964). After 1922, the Greek and Turkish populations in each country were exchanged. *Rebetika came from Izmir and other cities around the turn of the twentieth century and Turkish songs which are relevant may still be in existence. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1888. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 293-94: poem "Brotherhood" from *The Artist and Journal of Home Culture - a very fine poem, it is actually a love poem and the title, giving it an all male context, makes it homosexual. Poet from Iran who wrote Persian. Active ca. 159Q. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A'in i Akbari anthology, 64S - 44 - openly homosexual love poems including one to "the lovely boy", 64S; biog., 644. Poet from Canada writing in English. Born 1949. A *Toronto writer of plays, his first book of poems The Apothecary Jar was published by *Catalyst, 1973. See also * Body Politic for which he wrote articles. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Male Muse, 53-54: two fine poems, one on *anal sex; biog., 121. Larkspur and Lad's Love. Gay Poetry, 4. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 539. Name of Love, 16; biog., 73-74 (states he is the author of a book of Japanese inspired poems and he practises as a *Jungian analyst). Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1955. *Black poet who was the editor of the black journal *Blackheart (ca.1982-86). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Not Love Alone, 47-55: poems of powerful expression of *black gay rage; biog., 141. Tongues Untied, 5780: includes poems about life in *New York; biog., 2. Road Before Us, 76-77; biog., 178. Possible lover from Great Britain and letter writer in English 1858-1923. *A. E. Housman fell in love with him, though the exact nature of their relationship is unknown: see R. P. Graves, A. E. Housman: The Scholar Poet, Oxford, 1981, pp. 49-50. Housman wrote in a letter "*Oxford had no great effect on me, except that there I met my greatest *friend" (op. cit., p. 49). Jackson married and later lived in Canada and wrote to Housman until his death (which was ten years before Housman's). A letter survives in a private collection in France (there are typescript copies which cannot be reproduced in the Lilly Library, University of Indiana, Bloomington, US and St John's College, Oxford); according to one person who has seen it, this letter reveals nothing about any possible sexual relationship with Housman. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Active 1887. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reade, Sexual Heretics, 225: poem "Joy Standeth on the Threshold", subtitled "A Reverie of *Walter Pater", written 1887-ca. 89 (from Thomas Wright, The Life of Walter Pater, 1907, Appendix X); the poem is a love poem attributing to Pater love for Richard Jackson; it employs the trope of *lilies. Poet from France writing in French. 1876-1944. A homosexual poet born Jewish who converted to Catholicism. He was a friend of Picasso, and his poetry is extremely complex. He died in a concentration camp during the German occupation of France. John Richardson in A Life of Picasso: 1907-1917, volume 2, states, p. 204, he "fell in love" with Picasso (see also pp. 203-07 and the index). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Duroc, Homosexuels et lesbiennes illustrés, 231-32. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 627: article by Ward Hauser. Dictionnaire Gay. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Frà mann til mann, 29. Les Amours masculines, 326-28. Drobci stekla v ustih, 20-21. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 436. "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen", 109. Pour tout l'amour des hommes, 182-84. Criticism. Arcadie no. 97 (January 1962), 42-45: article by Rene Soral; no. 192 (December 1969), 573-77: article by Sinclair; no. 206 86-90: article by André Calas. Cooper, The Sexual Perspective, 139. Poet from Germany who wrote in German. 1740-1814. A professor at Halle, he wrote poetry; his poems may not be relevant. He does not appear to have married. See *Gleim. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature . Editor from Germany of works in Greek; critic writing in Latin; translator from Greek to German 1764-1847. He twice edited the poems of the * Palatine Anthology. His first edition, Anthologia Graeca, Leipzig, 1798-1814, was based on *Brunck's edition and the poems are in the same order as Brunck. In his second edition, Anthologia Graeca ad fidem codicis olim Palatina, 1813-17, Leipzig, 3 volumes, the poems were first published in the order of the manuscript and with this edition the Palatine arrangement was finally adopted: this arrangement revealed that the poems were put together in groups, such as the * Mousa Paidike anthology. The numbering in all subsequent editions remains that of the Palatine Anthology manuscripts. On these points see H. Beckby, Anthologia Graeca, second edition, 1964, p. 100. He also published in Latin in 1819 a commentary on the Palatine Anthology (repr. 1829, 1866) and translated the Palatine Anthology into German as Die griechischen Blumenlese, Leipzig, 2 volumes, 1824 (repr. 1884). A translation into German of the Palatine Anthology by F. J., printed in 1803, may be by him (see the * National Union Catalog entry * Anthologia Graeca). Poet from Norway who wrote in Norwegian. 1847-1885. Novelist and poet whose novel Niels Lynne (1880) deals with bisexuality; *Hans Blüher wrote an article on this aspect of the work. During his lifetime he published only six poems. His cycle of poems Gurresänge, 1869, was set to music by the modernist composer Arnold Schoenberg in 1913 as Gurrelieder. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Criticism. Rossel, History of Scandinavian Literature, 8-13: biography, including a poem on *Pan, pp. 10-11. Pseudonym of José Augusto do Amaral, a poet from Brazil, active ca. 1945. Bibliographer from the United States writing in English. Active 1989. The bibliographer of the major gay poet Jonathan Williams: Jonathan Williams: A Bibliographical Checklist of his writings 1950-1988 (Haverford, 1989). This bibliography lists 179 books. The author is a book seller in Haverford, Pennsylvania. Song writer from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1943 Famous British pop musician whose sexual appeal made him very popular to gays. "Cocksucker Blues" sung by him is a famous underground poem in the *pop music genre, but a song which was never officially released. It circulated in Europe unofficially. "Well. I'm a lonesome schoolboy and I just came into town/ ...where can I get my cock sucked, where can I get my ass fucked?" The text was printed in a German Rolling Stones songbook, ca. 1980. (From a copy in the author's possession; details were not supplied.) Twice married. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music; includes bibliography. Poet from Germany who wrote in German; he later lived in Norway. 1894-1959. A famous counter-culture figure who was an *anarchist and pacifist who lived in Norway in World War I with his friend, Gottlieb Harms. His oeuvre is huge and mostly novels, but some plays are in verse and two plays, Die Freunde (The Friends) and David und Jonathan (*David and Jonathan) are strongly homoerotic. The Dictionary of Literary Biography entry on him is a major article by Gerda Jordan showing the influence of * Gilgamesh on him and noting, p.139, "The motif of the twin brothers is the dominant one in Jahnn's work". He married in 1922. *Wolfgang Popp has written books on him and articles have appeared in * Forum: e.g., issue 3 has the article "Männerliebe bei Hans Henny Jahnn" (Male love in Hans Henny Jahnn), 79-90 by Wolfgang Popp; issue 8 was devoted to him. Around 1986 a colloquium on homosexuality and literature was held on him; proceedings have been published titled Siegener Hans Henny Jahnn Kolloquium, edited by Dietrich Molitor and *Wolfgang Popp, Essen, 1986. On whether Jahnn was gay see Wolfgang Popp, in Schwulenreferat im Allgemeinen Studenternausscchuß der FU (editor), Homosexualität und Wissenschaft, Berlin, 1985, 103-114. He was very influential on *Hubert Fichte. Biography: Thomas Freeman, Hans Henny Jahnn, 1986, 792 pp. See also the biographical note in * Andere Lieben, pp. 241-43 and 278-79. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Dictionary of Literary Biography. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen Journal in German compiled in Germany. 1899-1923. The first scholarly journal in German containing serious literary analysis of gay material which was published from an openly gay perspective; there were annual reviews of new literary material. It did not publish poems. Its main orientation was scientific but there was a considerable cultural content in each issue. It was edited in *Berlin by *Magnus Hirschfeld who established it to help the Scientific-Humanitarian Committee in its quest for the legalization of male homosexuality. A selection of articles exists, titled Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, edited by Wolfgang Schmidt, 2 volumes, Frankfurt, 1983-84; this selection omits some footnotes and bibliographies. Volume 2 contains a reprint of the contents list of each volume of the whole journal pp. 286-309. See also * Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen - Bibliography. The journal is rare e.g. only some fifteen, mostly incomplete, sets are in the United States (a complete set is in the *Harvard University medical library); the British Library hold a few issues. Private holdings include *Egmont Fassbinder (complete set), *Paul Knobel (Vols 4-9 and 1910). German *archives hold issues: see Verzeichnis der Schwulen for a list of archives. Bibliographies. Herzer, Bibliographie zur Homosexualität: entries from 1899 provide a list of all non-literary articles in the journal (with authors listed). Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 628-30. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, bibliographies in Bibliography from Germany written in German. 1899-1923. There was a bibliography in each issue of the Germany gay journal * Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen. Overall, literary material is indexed for the years 1899-1918. The bibliography in volume 1 (1899), 215-238, was compiled by *Richard Meienreis and, while mostly scientific material, contains a fair proportion of literary references. Most references are in German but French is well represented, especially scientifically, though there are some poets mentioned (e.g. *Verlaine); there are also references to poets in Latin (e.g. Juvenal), Greek and Italian (e.g., *Baffo). This bibliography thus constitutes the first scientific and literary bibliography for homosexuality for these languages. The 1899 bibliography was translated into English and printed in the New York edition of *Tarnowsky's Pederasty in Europe, 1933, pp. 201-33 augmented with a few items. From volume 2 onwards, the annual bibliography is by *Numa Praetorius (pseud. of *Eugen Wilhelm). The bibliographies usually list gay works published in the previous year. They are in two sections in the earlier volumes - scientific works and literary works - and are annotated in detail. (The scientific section also includes literary criticism in some issues.) Volume 2 (1900) occupies a hundred pages 345-445. Volume 3 (1901) pp. 326-519 has a section Belletristik (i. e. literature) 431-68 but with only one poetry reference; pp. 490-519 has a list of literary works works omitted from previous years. In volume 4 (1902) see pp. 840-97 (a few items are relevant). In Volume 5, Part 2 (1903) 1019-98, some items are relevant for poetry. Volume 6 (1904), 595-641, has a few relevant items; Volume 7 Part 2 (1905), 857-906 (some items relevant); pages 907-40 is a Dutch bibliography by *J. A. Schorer (the first Netherlands gay bibliography pertaining to items in Dutch'). Volume 8 (1906), 685-868 (some items relevant). Volume 9 (1908) 425-618 covers the years 1905-06. In Volume 11 (1910-11) each of the four issues has a bibliographical review section; see also 319-340. Similarly in Volumes 12 (1911-12) and 13 (1912-13) each section has a bibliography with a detailed list of books discussed at the beginning. Volume 14 (1914) has discussion of the bibliography for 1912 in each issue. Volumes 15 (1915), 16 (1916), 17 (1917), 18 (1918) have no bibliographies. Volume 19 numbers 1 and 2 (1919), 69-81, contain a bibliography for the years 1913-18. Volume 20 numbers 3 and 4 (1920), 160-70 contains a bibliography for 1913-17. Volume 21 numbers 3 and 4 (1921) contains a bibliography for 1917-18. Volume 22 (1922) contains a bibliography for the years 1917-18. Issue 1 is examined in the Tarnowsky entry. The bibliography was incorporated into *Welter's * Bibliographie Freundschaftseros and *Vern L. Bullough and others' * Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, though these are not reliable. Non literary articles have been listed in the bibliography of *Manfred Herzer. Bibliographies. Herzer, Bibliographie zur Homosexualität: entries from 1899 provide a list of all non-literary articles in the journal (with authors listed). Religion in India from ca. 5QQ B.C. relating to works in Sanskrit, Hindi, Tamil and other 'Indian languages. Jainism is an aescetic religion based on monasticism. There are 24 major saints and the saints have an element of 'androgyny about them in artistic depiction (e.g., sculptures). Oral poems and songs may be relevant. One of the three major religions of India, Jainism has as its philosophy the doctrine of ahimsa (non-violence or non-injury to all living creatures); as such it is favourable to homosexuals. It arose in opposition to 'Vedic Brahmanism. Compare 'Buddhism. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopædia Britannica. Winternitz, History of Indian Literature, volume 2, 4QB-571. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures : see "Jain literature". Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Critic and editor from Russia writing in Russian and English; he later lived in the United States 1896-1982. A linguist originally from Russia he later lived in Prague before moving to the United States. In the Tine article on him, in the International Encyclopedia of Social Sciences, edited by David L. Sills, Biographical Supplement, volume 18, London, 1979, pp. 335 -41, see the statement on linguistics on p. 340 regarding communication being on one level "exchange of mates" (this implies a *homosexual element when both parties are the same sex). His article "What is Poetry?" in Selected Writings, volume 3, The Hague, 1971, pp. 740-50 is a major statement on the topic of *poetry. He regarded all language as innately poetical and this theory extends the boundaries of poetry to all language, spoken and written. Jakobson married and appears heterosexual; he was one of the great linguists of the twentieth century and in early life was in close contact with Mandelstam and other Russian poet from whom his theories evolved. He was a major figure in the Prague School of Linguistics and a major figure in *Semiotics and compiled a great edition of the *Lay of Igor. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Terras, Handbook of Russian Literature. Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Poet from Australia writing in English. Born 1952. Some poems, rather *Surrealistic in mode, were published in the journal LiNQ, ca. 1972-73 after he became editor: see vol. 3 no. 3 - poem on "Love" - and vol. 3 no. 4 (1974), 10-11, and vol. 4 no. 1 and 2 (1975), 28. Openly gay and also an artist who held a homoerotic exhibition at Exile's Gallery, Sydney, ca. 1982. In 1999 he is the art critic for the Sydney Morning Herald. He married and had a son whom he is raising alone. Critic and poet from Australia writing in English; he lives in Great Britain. Born ca. 1945. His "Auden's Achievement", in Commentary vol. 56 no. 6 (1973,) 53-58, is one of the first critical discussions of *Auden openly referring to his homosexuality - see 52 and 55. An Australian critic who went to Great Britain where he has become a media personality. As poet, see "To *Gore Vidal at Fifty" in Other Passports: Poems 1958-85, London, 1986, pp. 119-21. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1907-1984. The *British Library General Catalogue lists several books of poetry but not Carmino amico cited below; it states he used the pseudonym Edward Selsey. A copy of the book is in the *Private Case: there are twenty-eight sonnets and a preface poem to a man called Lakon. Reading into The Picture, London, 1954 is illustrated. Edward James was an eccentric British gay rumored to be the illegitimate son of King Edward the Seventh. During the 1930s, he published John Betjeman's first book of poems and was involved in *Surrealism (he was a patron of *Salvador Dali) and was married. He left Great Britain in 1939 to settle in *Los Angeles. He was an eccentric who built beautiful houses and was involved with the interior decoration of them. Biography. See Philip Purser, The Extraordinary Worlds of Edward James, 1978 and John Lowe, Edward James: A Surrealist Life, 1991. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10753 (title in Latin): Carmina amico: opus quintum (Songs to a friend: opus five), privately printed in Verona: Bodoni, 1932. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1997: same book. The place of publication of this book may be fictitious. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 320-21. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 162: two sonnets. Criticism. Smith, Love in Earnest, 246: same books as those listed in Bullough. Poet from the United States writing in English; he was born in Jamaica. Born 1967. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 78: "To Be Brave" (about facing death); biog., 178 - *black poet, born in Kingston, Jamaica, who lives in *New York. Milking Black Bull, 81-93; biog., 81. Critic from the United States who wrote in English. 1843-1916. James was a famous United States novelist, the brother of *William James. He has been thought homosexual by some, asexual by others. He wrote a review of Calamus: A Series of Letters to ... *Peter Doyle, 1897 (the review is reprinted in the critical collection, Walt Whitman: A Critical Anthology, edited Francis Murphy, *Penguin Books, 1969, p.151). The one volume biography of him by Leon Edel, Henry James (1985), discusses homosexuality in a more candid way than in the author's previous multi-volume biography (see the index, pp. 73-34), of which the relevant volume The Treacherous Years 18951900 was published in 1969 (this volume does not mention the Calamus Letters review). James seems sexually diffident (if he had sex it seems cursory and little); but he certainly knew about homosexuality in European culture from the Greek and Latin poets onwards and knew many homosexuals (e.g. John Addington Symonds). Sheldon Novick in the most recent biography Henry James: Young Master (1996), claims James had his first sexual experience in *Boston with Oliver Wendell Holmes in 1865 (see Sunday Times, 8 December 1996, 11: James refers in his diary to "l'initiation permiere [the first initiation] (the divine, the unique)". Oliver Wendell Holmes, 1841-1935, son of the writer Oliver Wendell Holmes, was later a judge on the United States Supreme Court where he became famous as a dissenting judge (see his entry in Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Poet and letter writer from Great Britain who wrote in English and Latin. 1566-1625. James the Sixth of Scotland (ruled 1567-1625) became King James I of England in 1603, ruling until 1625; there were strong rumours about homosexuality at his court (e.g., about him kissing men) and he is famous for saying about George Villiers, first Duke of Buckingham (1592-1628), "*Christ had his John and I have my George" (quoted in *Rictor Norton, editor, My Dear Boy: Gay Love Letters through the Centuries, 1998, p. 65); another saying relating to him is also quoted in this work, p. 64: "Elizabeth was King [the preceding monarchm Elizabeth I, did not marry]; now James is Queen." In 1591 he published Poetical Exercises at Vacant Hours wrote poems in Latin as well as versions of the *Psalms. Buckingham was assassinated after James's death. On Buckingham see the article in Arcadie no. 298 (October 1978), 497-504; Buckingham promoted the homosexual *Francis Bacon to office. Other reputed lovers of the king were Esme Stuart, Duke of Lennoz and Robert Carr, Earl of Somerset. James married a woman. David M. Bergeron, King James and Letters of Homoerotic Desire, 1999, includes selected letters between James and Buckingham. For the text of some see letters Rictor Norton, editor, My Dear Boy; Gay Love Letters through the Centuries, 1998, pp. 64-68. Michael B. Young, King James and the History of Homosexuality, 1999, relates King James to his times. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 322-28. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 630-31. Dictionnaire Gay. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Howes, Broadcasting It: see "James I" and "Villiers, George". Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Criticism. Mayne, The Intersexes, 233. Hirschfeld, Die Homosexualität, 665. Bray, Homosexuality in Renaissance England, 37 and 121 f. 4. Journal in English from the United States. From 1983. The most important United States journal for the printing of new gay poetry and poetry reviews of work in English from 1983; published quarterly in Minneapolis, Minnesota, in the United States mid-west from 1983 to 1997 and after this in *Washington, DC, by the Lambda Literary Foundation. It was funded by a bequest of the poet James L. White and the main editors from 1983 to its sale in 1997 were *Greg Baysans and *Phil Wilkie. Each quarterly issue contains high quality poetry (about ten poems) and prose (mainly short stories but also important reviews of new gay literature). Each issue also has an editorial which discusses the latest literary developments. The first critical articles appeared from vol. 3 no. 4 (Summer 1986) and book reviews appeared from Winter 1987, vol. 4 no. 2. Very Tine gay photographs and drawings are reproduced to illustrate the poems. There are very important biographical notes (usually on the last page) and books published by poets are listed so it acts as a bibliography for United States poetry for the years from 1983. From the Winter 1988 issue a list of books received is sometimes included, divided into poetry and prose. The standard has been consistently high. The journal has many writers from the mid-west. Circulation reached 600 in 1985 and there were 500 United States subscribers in forty-four states in 1986; by Summer 1990 there were 1000 subscribers in forty-seven states and eight countries. Apart from the founding editors, there were a number of other editors including Tom Young (died 1989): see James White Review vol. 6 no. 3, p.16. From Spring 1992 there have been separate Art, Poetry and Prose editors: Terry Carlson, Clif Mayhood and Phil Wilkie (also the publisher). *Kenny Fries, *Peter Daniels and *Robert Peters have all been guest poetry editors. A printed 30 page index to Volume 11, 1994, exists (also available on disk for DOS or MAC as either Filemaker Pro or d-Base formatted Tiles); it is updated yearly. There is an internet site. Philosopher from the United States writing in English. 1842-1910. The first well-known United States psychologist. He was the brother to the homosexual novelist *Henry James and a very influential thinker in his time who was one of the founders of *psychology. He married in 1878 and had five children. He is regarded as an exponent of pragmatism, the idea that experience should be taken into account to test any scientific speculation. The Will to Believe, 1896, is a major work. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of American Biography. Encyclopedia Britannica. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amour bleu, 206: stating he obseved in The Principles of Psychology, 1890, that most men probably contain the seeds of homosexuality. Pseudonym of a poet from Iran who wrote in Persian. 1414-1492. Generally regarded as the last of the eminent Persian classical poets. He was a *Sufi mystic. Jami, his penname, means *cup. His Baharistan (Orchard of Spring) is modelled on *Sa'di's Gulistan; it is a *prosimetrum, consisting of tales and verse, several stories concerning *boy love. He had a large oeuvre and worked in *allegory. Translation. The Beharestan. English: *S. Robinson (1873), *Richard Burton and *E. Rehatsek, The Beharistan (Abode of Spring), Benares: Kama Shastra Society, 1887; French: Henri Masse (1925); German: Rosenzweig (1840), M. Wickerhauser (1855). Various other works have been translated; see his entry in the *British Library General Catalogue. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2005: The Beharistan (Abode of Spring), Benares: Kama Shastra Society, 1887. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Ioläus (1902), 109. Men and Boys, 19: listed as a poet but no poem appears in the text. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 137-38. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 342: *non gender specific poem; biog., 328. Criticism. Browne, Literary History of Persia, volume 3, 50747. Arberry, Sufism, 115. Surieu, Sarv e Naz: An Essay on Love and the Reception of Erotic Themes in Ancient Iran, 172, 174-75: re Baharistan and homosexual love. Pseudonym of a poet from India who wrote in Urdu. 1818-1897. He used to dress as a woman and recite verses peculiar to them called Rekhti; compare *hijras. The poetic name of Mir Yar 'Ali Khan. Criticism. Sadiq, History of Urdu Literature, 197-98. Poet from Austria who wrote in German and English 1926-2000. A poem on promiscuity in his last book was written in English: "if its up to me/ there's gonna be/ total promiscuity". He was named one of the ten most important German-language poets of the 20th century by a jury extablished by Das Gedicht(The Poem). An obituary appeared in the New York Times in July 2000. He was strongly anti *Nazi. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Kindlers neues Literatur Lexikon. Poet and songwriter from Australia who composed in Anmatjarra, a central Australian language. Active 1971. See the song cycle, "Honey-Ant Men's Love Song," in The honey-ant men's love song and other Aboriginal song poems, edited by R. M. W. Dixon and Martin Duwell, 1990, pp. 48-69: a song cycle sung in corroborees to make men attractive to women; the role of the woman is acted by a man in the cycle (trans. into English here is by Stephen Wilde). See also *Songs - Walpiri as Walpiri is an adjacent language. The cycle shows the extreme allusiveness of Aboriginal material as "These songs are rarely explicitly sexual or erotic" (p. 49). As with much Australian Aboriginal material relating to myth and religion *hermetic meanings must be considered. This language is spoken in Central Australia near the Macdonnell Ranges. Poet from the Czech Republic writing in Czech. Active 1994. See Hledej Lasku, Prague, 1994, 79 pp.; with fine photographic illustrations of naked men. The first book of gay poems from the Czech Republic after the fall of Communism. Poet from Germany writing in German. Born 1957. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Milchsilber, 50-52; biog., 195 (with photo). Poet from Germany who wrote in German. 1879-1945. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 68: book of poems Vom Kern des Lebens, Leipzig: Amelang, [no date] and the drama * Antinous [no further information given]. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 231. Critic from Germany who wrote in German. 1904-1962. Author of Die Lyrische Dichtung der Jugendbewegung, 1929, 144 pp. A study of the lyric poetry of the German youth movement. There is a biographical note on the author at the back of the 1974 reprint of the work (published by dipa-Verlag, Frankfurt). Publisher from the United States of works in English. From ca. 1971. A small press controlled by Jonathan Williams in existence from at least 1971 and publishing works in 1993. The standard of publication has been consistently high, both in quality of publishing and content. Poets featured have usually published gay erotic works. Poets published include *Richard Emil Braun, James Broughton, *Lou Harrison, *Tom Meyer, Jonathan Williams. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active before 1992. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 554: *incest poem "My Brother and I". Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1972. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2007: Greek Feet, Trumansburg, NY: New Books, 1972 - posssibly there is some connection with John Gill who lived in Trumansburg; the title suggests ancient Greek poetry. Translator from Persian to English from India and critic writing in English. 1839-died after 1906. He translated the second and third volumes of the * A'in i Akbar (see the entry *Heinrich Blochmann in Encyclopedia Iranica on page 314); this included the gay anthology in the third volume. (The A'in i Akbar is itself the third volume of the history of the reign of the Emperor Akbar, the Akbar Nama. The whole work, including the anthology, was compiled by *Abu 'l-Fazl 'Allami.) In the third volume, in the gay anthology at the end, he points out that, in many cases, the featured beloved is a beautiful youth, thus making the homosexuality clear; these remarks were a critical comment on the work and were quite daring for the time (though the work was published in India not in London where the remarks might have resulted in the work being banned). Biographical information is in C. E. Buckland, Dictionary of Indian Biography (London, 1906; repr. New York, 1969); he was alive in 1906 when this work was published. He was in the British Army in India from 1856 and was assistant secretary to the legislative department of the Government of India 1870-1894. The author of History of the Caliphs. He used the pseudonym Stratheir (disclosed in his entry in the * British Library General Catalogue to 1975) under which name he published a translation from German of *Heinrich Heine, titled The Book of Songs. A precursor of *Surrealism. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Les Amours masculines, 314-15: a poem from his play Ubi Roi (1896) - "Si j'expire d'etre misée". Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 435: fine poems. Critic from France who wrote in Latin. Active 1868. Author of De pueris apud antiquos poetas, a thesis in Latin published in Lille and Paris, 1868, 105 pp. The work discusses the depiction of beautiful boys in ancient poets. Chapter 1 discusses boys in the Greek poet *Homer, Chapter 2 in Greek Theater, Chapter 3 in Latin tragedy, Chapter 4 in Latin rhetoricians after Seneca, Chapter 5 Ascanius in *Virgil's Aeneid, Chapter 6 in Philosophical and *lyric poets (*Lucretius, *Horace etc.). Translator from Great Britain from Greek to English; editor of works in Greek. Active 1973. Editor of The Greek Anthology (London, 1983), a selection of 850 poems in English from the * Palatine Anthology. This is the largest selection in verse translation in English, with translation by various translators, and the most readable contemporary edition. It does not omit homosexual poems (which many prior English translations did). The poets are arranged chronologically, there is a good introduction, an excellent bibliography pp. 423-24, Notes on Contributors (listing the poems each has translated) pp. 425-30, an Index of Greek Poets pp. 431-33 and Index to Poems from the Palatine Anthology (by book) pp. 434-39. A brief introduction precedes each poet and some sixty poems translated from Book 12, the * Mousa Paidike are listed on p. 439. Altogether an excellent collection which does not distort the gay poems. He has also translated *Meleager into prose in The Poems of Meleager (1975), with simultaneous translation into verse by *Peter Whigam. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2012: The Greek Anthology, New York: Oxford, 1974. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 56-57, 63. Poet from India who wrote in Sanskrit. Active 1150. From Orissa, south of Bengal, his erotic poem Gitagovinda (Song of the Cowherd), one of the most popular works in India, expresses the intense eroticism between *Krishna and his female devotee Radha. It influenced *bhakti and the *Vaisnava movement and has been interpreted *mystically and *allegorically so that a homosexual interpretation is possible (with the physical relationship being seen as only one dimension - as always in the *Siva/Krishna relationship with Radha). See Arthur M. Macdonnell, History of Sanskrit Literature, Delhi, 1971, pp. 290-91, on allegorical interpretations. Love poems within this work written from the point of view of Radha by this male poet may be relevant: in George Keyt's translation (Delhi, no date [ca. 1985?]) see Section 5, Poem 2, pp. 57-60. See also * Bhagavad Gita, *Upanishads, and compare *Sikhism. There have been numerous commentaries. Translation. English: Sir Edwin Arnold, trans. as Light of Asia and the Indian Song of Songs (1875), G. Keyt (Bombay, 1940; fine trans.), M. Varma (Calcutta, 1968) Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, vol. 2, 69. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics, 590. Other. De Bary, Guide to Oriental Classics, 140 42. Poet who wrote in Persian. Active ca. 159Q. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A'in i Akbari anthology, 665 - 66; biog., 665 - states his name is Padishah Quli. Lover from France relating to works in French. Active 1098. See Goodich,The Unmentionable Vice, pp. 31-32: re numerous ribald street *songs about his being made Bishop of Orleans reputedly in return for sexual favours to the Archbishop of Tours. Called *Flora (pseud.), Latin for flower. The songs are *lost. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Ca. 1965-1989. A *black poet and *actor who died of *Aids. He was the fiction editor of Other Countries. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 79: "Hejira" (poem which inspired the title of the anthology * The Road Before Us); biog., 178. Milking Black Bull, 73-79; biog., 73. Poet from Australia writing in English. Born 1957. Poem "When I look at you" in High Jinx, Sydney: Transit Poetry, 1983, p. 34. Source: *Austlit Record 111941. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1887-1962. A Californian poet famous for his nature poems inspired by his home on the *west coast at Carmel. Almost all his poems are about birds and animals; nature and humans only very rarely enter them. He had a strong reputation in the 1920s, 1930s and 1940s (following the success of his 1924 volume Roan Stallion). He adopted a pessimistic anti *Neitzschean philosophy and married. His poems move on allegorical and symbolic levels - e.g. the woman in Roan Stallion is called California - and he was influenced by Jungian and *Freudian ideas. On *friendship see the poem "No Resurrection" in The Selected Poetry, 1937, p. 474 (subconscious anal suggestions). The Cretan Woman, 1954, is a verse play based on the play Hippolytus of the Greek dramatist *Euripides; the main character Hippolytus is homosexual and there is also a suggestion of homosexuality in the relationship of the close friends Alcyon and Andros (characters added by Jeffers and not in the Greek original): see pp. 324-27. The phrase "the dear friendship of the young men his comrades" (p. 324) used to describe Hippolytus is based on *Whitman and *Edward Carpenter. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2015: citing the play in verse The Cretan Woman in Hungerford and Other Poems, New York: Random House, 1954. Criticism. Perkins, History of Modern Poetry, volume 2, 52-59. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active before 1992. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 551. Poet from China who wrote in Chinese. 460-508. A courtier in the court of Emperor Wu of Liang (ruled 502-59), he was something of an *aesthete and established the *Orchid Terrace Association (from 502-07). Possibility exists of his being actively homosexual; he was a *collector of books and scrolls and had a library of over ten thousand items. About twenty six poems only of his survive. His name Jen Feng is in *Wade Giles. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature, 459-60. Critic and historian (from Great Britain?) writing in English. Active 1980. His The Victorians and Ancient Greece (Oxford, 1980) is a major study of the influence of ancient Greek culture on *Victorian English culture. On homosexuality see the index and pp. 280-93; he also deals with *Hellenism pp. 1-21. He is the author of Three Classical Poets: *Sappho, *Catullus, *Juvenal, London, 1982. See also *Platonism, *Decadence. Poet writing in English from Great Britain; translator from Italian to English. 1926-2001. For relevant poems see "Caravaggio's 'Narcissus' in Rome" in The Mind has Mountains, 1966, p. 24, "Narcissus" in Relationships, 1972 (on the trope of *Narcissus) and "Friendship" in Familiar Spirits, Manchester, 1994, p. 63; "First Love" in this sequence is an interesting sequence with lesbian undertones. Author of a fine translation of *Michelangelo's Sonnets (1961; repr.). She is a noted British poet who is a Catholic and has never married; she had a nervous breakdown and several suicide attempts: see the obituary by *Michael Schmidt in The Independent 31 October 2001. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors New Revision Series volume 39. Dictionary of Literary Biography vol. 27. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1958. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 80-81: poem "Hell (in High Heels)" about a lesbian stage dancer; biog., 178: a *black poet. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1944 Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 82-83 - "Hi-speed *Queen"; biog 178 - *black poet who is married with a daughter. Editor possibly from Germany of works in Greek. Active 1754. The first editor of the complete * Palatine Anthology, edited with *J. J. Reiske (see his entry for details). Not found in in Sandys, History of Classical Scholarship. Translator from English to Danish from Denmark. 1873-1950. Translator of the English poet *Whitman with Otto Gelsted: Digte (Poems), 1919, 143 pp. This was the first Danish translation of Whitman. A novelist, poet and essayist, he was an admirer of Whitman and won the *Nobel Prize for Literature in 1944 mainly for his poetry. He married in 1904. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Translator from Hebrew and Greek to Latin from Slovenia, Italy and Israel; critic writing in Latin. Ca. 347-420. Saint Jerome's translation of the *Bible became the accepted Latin translation of the Bible in Latin speaking western Europe. This was for over a 1,000 years the accepted text of the Bible in the Christian west as the language of the Church was Latin. It was through this translation that knowledge of homosexuality in the Bible became known and the teachings of *Jesus Christ were spread. He was born in Slovenia, educated in *Rome and later lived in a monastery in Israel where he established by 389 a monastery in Bethlehem, near Jerusalem. City in Israel in which Hebrew, Arabic and Armenian and other languages are spoken; Greek, Latin and Aramaic were formerly spoken. English is widely spoken in the contemporary city. Material of relevance dates from *King David (died ca. 970 B.C.). The city is divided into the old city - which is very ancient and consists of Christian, Armenian, Jewish and Islamic quarters - and the modern city which surrounds it. *King David (possibly alive 1000-970 B.C.), also ostensibly a poet, ruled from the city where the Temple of the Jews existed (dating from before 586 B.C.), the focus of Jewish worship and which housed *hierodoulia (temple prostitutes). The city was much conquered and the Temple several times destroyed. At the time of Jesus Christ, the city was Greek speaking, but governed by Latin speaking *Roman conquerors. The Aramaic speaking Jesus, whose teachings in the * Gospels were influenced by *Plato (especially The Symposium), taught and was crucified there. The city became a Greek polis - Greek, "city" - in 175 B.C.: see Hershel Shanks, The Mystery and Meaning of the Dead Sea Scrolls, 1998, p. xviii. Both the *Old Testament and the Gospels emanate from the city which is now the capital of Israel and which the Palestinian people aspire to make their capital. The Dome of the Rock in the Arabic speaking quarter is a sacred shrine of *Islam. The city has an Armenian quarter which has a fine library: see *Gregory of Naureg and *Nahapet Kuchak. Jerusalem has major Hebew *libraries and *manuscripts and is a publishing center of Hebrew books: see *Isaac Ibn Ezra, *Todros Abulafia. The first German translation of *Cavafy was published in the city in 1942 by Walter Jablonski. Major Hebrew scholars such as Jefim Schirmann and *Dan Pagis have lived there. The name Jerusalem has come to stand for the perfect city to which other cities (such as *Istanbul, formerly Constantinople, under the Christian *Orthodox religion), should aspire. James K. Baxter lived in a city of the same name in New Zealand. The American *Puritans who conquered the United States in 1620 sought to "build Jerusalem" in the United States. *Torquato Tasso wrote a poem based on the liberation of the city by the Christians from Islam and *William Blake also wrote a poem entitled Jerusalem. The poet *Robert Friend who write in English lives in the city. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Brittanica. Encyclopedia Judaica. Poet and philosopher from Israel relating to history, myth and religion; later a trope in poetry and in French a word for homosexual. He spoke in Aramaic and his teachings and life were first recorded in Greek though some words spoken by him in the Gospels are in in Aramaic. Ca. 1-ca. 33. Some authorities give his birth year at 4 B.C. or thereabouts. Poetry and the teachings of Jesus. The Jewish founder of the Christian religion, Jesus Christ had twelve disciples, all male, according to the four * Gospels, which are accepted by the Christian church as a record his life. The Gospels are in strophic prose which some see as *poetry. The teachings of Jesus in the Beatitudes, central documents of his teachings ( Gospel of Matthew, Chapter 5, verses 3-11) are directly in poetry - or at least strophic poetry. Jesus frequently speaks in poetic language - e.g in Saint John's Gospel when he says "I am the true vine" (chapter 15, verse 1) using metaphor. Jesus Christ was unmarried. His command to "Love one another" ( Gospel of John Chapter 13, verse 34) is central to his philosophy and has homoerotic undertones. Speculation on his sexuality has taken place over the centuries. See Tom Horner, Jonathan Loved David, Philadelphia, 1978, Chapter 9, "Jesus and Sexuality", pp. 110-26, and Robin Scroggs, The New Testament and Homosexuality, Philadelphia, 1983. The Gospels refer to a disciple "whom Jesus especially loved" ( Gospel of John, Chapter 13, verse 23): this has been taken to be *John though there has been some confusion as to which John: *John the Beloved Disciple, John the Gospel writer or *John the Baptist (these Johns may all be an identical person or two of them may be the same person). The Last Supper is also important in considering Jesus's sexuality; it was held in a *symposium setting and, in the Gospel of John Chapter 13, verse 23, states that one disciple "reclined in the bosom of Jesus". It is certainly clear in the Gospels that Jesus is never on record as condemning homosexuality (although his disciple *Paul does). In terms of this encyclopedia, because of the strong male bonding relationships between his disciples, Jesus is regarded as being gay. In *Gnosticism, regarded as a heretical sect, the Secret Gospel of Mark and the Gospel of Thomas are relevant (the texts of both works were only rediscovered in the twentieth century). Parts of the Gospels, e.g. the Beatitudes (sayings of Jesus: see Gospel of Matthew Chapter 5, verses 3-11) are directly in poetry. Aramaic. Jesus spoke the *Afro-Asiatic language Aramaic, and his teachings existed in oral form before being written down; they have since been translated into many of the world's languages, and become more widely diffused than any other religious works. Basil Fletcher, The Aramaic Sayings of Jesus (London, 1967) deals with the Aramaic basis; see chapter 2 "Aramaic Words" for discussion of Aramaic words used by Jesus and chapter 5 "Aramaic Poetry" for discussion of the poetic basis. The following words used by Jesus are in Aramaic: Eli, eli, lama sabachthani? ("My god, my god why have you forsaken me?" - said on the cross by Jesus as he was dying), abba ("father"), corban (the amount of money given to the Temple as a person's contribution to worship), talatha cumi ("Little girl, get up" - in Saint Mark's Gospel - said to a dying girl), raca (word of contempt for another man), mammon (worship of riches) and ephphatha ("Be opened" - said in Saint Mark's Gospel to a deaf and dumb man to cure him). These words are discussed in chapter 2 of Basil Fletcher's book. On Aramaic see *Overview - Aramaic. Jesus has become a mythic figure (compare *Apollo) and, like such figures, perception of his character has been historically and socially determined. He has been widely regarded as being asexual since Paul's condemnation of homosexuality and its acceptance as Christian teaching meant that the founder of the religion could not be what was prohibited); but Paul's remarks only constitute and interpretation of Jesus's own words which are paramount. References in poetry reinforce the view that Jesus Christ has been perceived by poets through the ages as homosexual. See also *Debate on Love - Greek. Biography. The question of the historical Jesus began to occupy scholars from the eighteenth century and was especially a feature of Christian scholarship in the nineteenth century. Albert Schweitzer surveyed the literature in Von Reimarus zu Wrede (1906; English translation The Quest for the Historical Jesus, 1910); see the bibliography at the end of the article on Jesus in Encyclopedia Britannica for a detailed bibliography. Albert Schweitzer, in The Psychiatric Study of Jesus (1948), after surveying the psychiatric literature on Jesus, deals with the issue of whether Jesus was psychopathic and concludes he was not; in the forward to the English translation, p. 13, Dr. Winfred Overholser states that "the emotional and homosexual factors [of Jesus's life] are highly important", Roderic Dunkerley, Beyond the Gospels, Penguin Books, 1957, is a thorough study of knowledge of Jesus from information outside the Gospels. For Islamic references see Wismer Don, The Islamic Jesus: An Annotated Bibliography of Sources in English and French, New York, 1977. Jesus Christ as a oav trope in poetrv. The idea of Jesus Christ being a homosexual (regarded as heretical for much of the history of the Christian church) appears in the work of many poets and poems; his relationships with John the Beloved Disciple and John the Baptist is one nexus and another is the Crucifixion (with which homosexuals could be expected to identify in ages and places when homosexuals were condemned to death: see *Law - Christian and compare *Saint Sebastian). Underlying feelings of homoeroticism expressed *mystically, especially in Christian *hymns are relevant. Iconographic depiction of the Last Supper (with the Beloved Desciple lying in Jesus's lap) appears in Byzantine Art and continues in later western art (e.g., in the homosexual Leonadro da Vinci's painting The Last Supper in *Milan). Greek: see also *Hymns. Latin. The Latin text of the * Gospels translated by *Saint Jerome was for over 1000 years the text by which they were read in western Europe. There are many hymsn addressed to Jesus in Latin. English. See the following poets: James I, *Drummond of Hawthornden, *Edward Taylor, *Swinburne, *D. M. Dolben, John Gray, *Cuthbert Wright, the poem *"The Ballad of Joking Jesus", *Royal Murdoch, John Berryman, James Kirkup, *Paul Knobel, *Andre de Shields, *Amiri Baraka. See Woods, Articulate Flesh: Male Homo-eroticism and Modern Poetry, pp. 42-48 - important discussion. French. See Courouve, Vocabulaire de l'homosexualité masculine, Paris, 1985, pp. 147-49: re the word Jesus refering to a homosexual *prostitute and later meaning "*pederast" in *Bruant (ibid., p. 148) and see Dictionnaire Gay; see *Frederick the Great in Gay Books Bulletin 7 (1982), 14 and see his entry. German. See *Elisar von Kupffer. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 122-29. Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 637-39. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion ; contains a fine annotated bibliography to 1987. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 201. Criticism. Mayne, The Intersexes, 258-260. Jews are followers of the religion of Judaism, originally from Israel; Hebrew is the language of the Jewish scriptures, which correspond to the *Old Testament (or Tanach) records of which survive from at least 200 B.C. The Greek version overall precedes surviving Hebrew records; there is no complete surviving Hebrew text from this date though individual fragments do survive from before the time of Jesus Christ, the founder of *Christianity, who was Jewish. Since all poets listed in this encyclopedia in Hebrew are relevant, see 'Overview - Hebrew. Poets date from *King David (allegedly alive ca. 1000 B.C., though the text of David's "Lament for Jonathan" which has been ascribed to him dates only from 200 B.C.) Note: homosexuality has been ascribed to Jews by others in poems, sometimes derogatively (see *Chants, *Coingy). English: see isaac Rosenberg, *Lorenz Hart, *Charles Brasch, *Edward Field, *Harvey Gillman, *Allen Ginsberg, Jesus Christ, *Simeon Solomon, *Raffalovich, *Edouard Roditi, *Leonard Bernstein, *Dennis Altman. See also in Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage, the article "Jewish-American Literature". Dutch: see Jacob Israel de Haan. French: see *Marcel Proust, *M.-A. Raffalovich. German: see *M. Brod, *M. H. E Meier, *Magnus Hirschfeld, *Franz Kafka, *Karl Wolfskehl. Under the *Nazis (1933-45) six million Jews in Europe were murdered and Jewish culture in Europe almost decimated. Yiddish. This language was spoken by Jews in eastern Europe. See 'Overview - Yiddish. Hebrew: see *1 bn Sahl. Italian: see *Umberto Saba. Persian: see *Sarmad. See also *Angel, *New York. There is a Jewish literature in Arabic: see the entry "Judaeo-Arabic Literature" in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. All languages spoken by Jews are relevant. Sometimes, special Jewish dialects developed such as Judaeo-Arabic, Judaeo-Berber, Judeo-Spanish and Judaeo-Persian; for information on these languages see the Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Jianwen, Emperor, also called Emperor Chienwen and also called Hsiao Kang Poet from China who wrote in Chinese. 503-551. He was *emperor 550-551 and was a Liang emperor. Translation. English: see "The Young Catamite" in John Marney, trans., Beyond the Mulberries: An Anthology of Palace-Style Poetry by Emperor Chien-wen of the Liang Dynasty (505-551), Taipei and San Francisco, 1982, pp. 114-16. His name Jianwen is in *Pinyin; Chienwen (and his alternate name Hsiao Kang) is in *Wade Giles. Gay Poetry Anthologies. New Songs from a Jade Terrace, 200-01; biog., 353. Hinsch, Passions of the Cut Sleeve, 74-75: very fine poem regarding the *peach sharing lovers Dong Xian and Mizi Xia and *Zhou Xiaoshi whom he compares to a man he loves. Poet from Japan who wrote in Japanese. Active before 1713. A Buddhist prelate, poet and scholar. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Partings at Dawn, 117-18 (from the anthology * Iwatsutsuji). Poet from Japan who wrote in Japanese. Active before 1713. A youth of fourteen or fifteen with whom *Captain Taisho was in love; they exchanged poems. He was also loved by a priest *Saisho. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Partings at Dawn, 121-123 (from the anthology * Iwatsutsuji). Lexicographer from Mexico writing in Spanish. Active 1960. He compiled Picardia Mexicana (*Mexico City, 1960-64); 19 editions of 5000 each have been published. This work is very famous in Mexico though it is a rare book outside of Mexico. It is a discussion of sexual and obscene words; the 1960 edition has a bibliography pp. 235-51 (copy used: *Library of Congress). The book is not listed on the Library of Congress Computer Catalogue but is listed in the card catalogue. A poem with homosexual reference from the book is cited in Maledicta 5 (1981) 226 with English translation. Little seems relevant though the bibliography is a source of possible gay material in Mexico, which may yield more poetry. Critic from Spain writing in Spanish. 1881-1958. See Gay Sunshine no. 42-43, p. 18 (interview with *Gil de Biedma): refers to an attack on the *Generation of 1927 published possibly in El Sol in the 1930s in which he accuses them of homosexuality. A poet who has been seen as something of a *dandy through his poetry. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Spanish Literature. Poet from Japan writing in Japanese. Active before 1713. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Partings at Dawn, 117 (from the anthology * Iwatsutsuji). Poet from Japan writing in Japanese. Active before 1713. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Partings at Dawn, 115 (from the anthology * Iwatsutsuji). Critic from Germany writing in German. Born 1903. Not in Oxford Companion to German Literature. The work cited below is a discussion of the influence of Latin and Greek classical writers on *Platen and is a thesis. Rare: there is a copy in the United States in The Center for Hellenic Studies, Dumbarton Oaks, Washington CD. A book of poems Antinoos; Gedichte, Dessau, 1925, was apparently published by him though the first name is spelt Hanns in a cataloged record (a copy is in *Harvard Library); the title refers to *Antinous. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 69: Uber den Einfluss der Antike auf der Antike die Dichtung August von *Platens, Munich, 1928. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10754: same book. Poet from France who wrote in French. Active 1868. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10755: Le triumph de Sodome. Œuvres et méslanges, Paris: Poétiques, 1868. Poet from Japan who wrote in Japanese. Active before 1713. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Partings at Dawn, 107, 115 (from the anthology * Iwatsutsuji). Editor from France of works in Latin. 1770-1851. See Brunet, Manuel du libraire, under "Martial"; at the end of the listings, Brunet discusses his book Epigrammes contre *Martial, Paris, 1835, 160 pp. It probably contains homosexual material. Not sighted. This book is not listed in his entry in the *British Library General Catalogue ; his entry in * National Union Catalog shows *Harvard library holds it. Pseudonym of an historian and critic from the United States who wrote in English. 1934-1994. One of the two associate editors of the * Encyclopedia of Homosexuality who wrote many articles including many on literature (e.g., on *Aristophanes, Beloved *Disciple, *Walter Pater and *Voltaire). His real name was Joseph Peter Wallfield, which only became known to those around him when he applied for a passport in 1992. A *New York independent scholar of Jewish background, he read some twenty-five languages and learnt German by reading the * Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen (information stated orally to the author by Joseph Wallfield). He was born in *Philadelphia, was a graduate of various universities including Columbia University, New York, and his fields were Slavic (see Jiri Karazsek ze Lvovic), Indo-European and Semitic philology. He assisted *Walter Breen in writing Greek Love and contributed to the * International Journal of Greek Love (see *Paul Näcke). In Summers, *Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage, he wrote the article on *Aleister Crowley. He had researched on homosexuality since 1952 and was writing a comprehensive synthesis on homosexuality when he died called Homosexuality, Pederasty, Intersexuality. With *William Percy he wrote Outing (1994): this discusses the making public of a person's homosexuality either voluntarily or involuntarily and the ethics surrounding it. He also aided William Percy in the writing of the latter's Pederasty and Pedagogy. He died in Boston of cancer of the mouth. His father left him a small income, but by the time he died this was insufficient for his expenses and he was looked after by *William Percy, the other associate editor of the Encyclopedia of Homosexuality. He was a close friend of Wayne Dynes, who however did not know where he lived. Warren Johansson was one of the greatest of all gay scholars. Obituary: Lesbian and Gay Studies Newsletter vol. 21 no. 3, November 1994, 4-5 by *William Percy; * NAMBLA Bulletin vol. 16 no.1 (July 1995), p. 6 (reprinted from *ONE/IGLA Bulletin and written by Jim Kepner). Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1883-1917. The author of fairly dull and conventional *Uranian poetry; many poems in his oeuvre are *non gender specific. His book of poems The Flute of Sardonyx, first published in 1913, was reprinted with masterly illustrations and introduction by *Nicholas Wilde and printed by Nicolas McDowall at The Old Stile Press, 1991 (in two signed editions, one of 260 copies and a Special Edition of 26 copies numbered A-Z); the introduction reveals that John died in Taormina in Sicily, Italy, then a center of *boy love, almost certainly by his own hand. The 1991 reprint is one of the finest of gay printed poetry books. Bibliographies. Murray, Catalogue of Selected Books, items 32-34: Flute of Sardonyx, 1913, Symphonie Symbolique, 1919, and The Wind in the Temple, 1915. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10756-59: The Acolyte, London: *Timothy d'Arch Smith, 1967, The Flute of Sardonyx: London: Herbert Jenkins, 1913, Symphonie symbolique, London: Erskine Macdonald, 1919, The Wind in the Temple, London: Erskine Macdonald, 1915. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 2022-24: The Flute of Sardonyx: Poems, London: Herbert Jenkins, 1913, Symphonie symbolique, London: Erskine Macdonald, 1919, The Wind in the Temple: Poems, London: Erskine Macdonald, 1915; highly rated by Ian Young. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 56-57. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 138-40. Blue Boys. Poems of Love and Liberation, 62-63. Criticism. Smith, Love in Earnest, 133-37; bibl., 246. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1008: cites The Seven Gifts as a lyric masterpiece. Pseudonym of a singer in English from Great Britain. Born 1947. His real name is Reginald Kenneth Dwight. He is the best known openly gay British *pop singer who has a sense of humor and is able to mock himself. With his boyfriend, he attended the funeral of Princess Diana in Westminster Abbey, London, in 1997 and sang a famous song "Candle in the Wind" which was broadcast worldwide on television. He is one of the richest men in Great Britain. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music; includes bibliography. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Poet from Spain who wrote in Spanish. 1542-1591. A Spanish mystic and poet. His Spanish name is San Juan de la Cruz. His poems are based on the * Song of Songs and are very erotic; in some, e.g., poem 13, the lover's partner (i.e. *God) is male. He influenced *Garcia Lorca in Lorca's Sonnets of Obscure Love. John of the Cross also wrote commentaries on his own poems. Translation. English: *Roy Campbell. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1239: notes his poems describe making love with Christ from the female point of view. Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Juan de la Cruz, San". Possibly the lover of Jesus Christ relating to material in Greek from Israel and active ca. 30; later a trope. That Jesus and John the Baptist were lovers cannot be proved in the physical sense and remains only a possibility (see also John the Beloved Disciple, another possible lover). Material exists in Greek and other languages of the * Gospels where the story of his baptising Christ is told: see Gospel of Luke, chapter 3. Many poets and artists have implied that Jesus Christ and John the Baptist were lovers: see Jesus Christ. From the *Renaissance on he is frequently depicted in art (e.g., in the paintings of the probably homosexual Guido Reni) in close intercourse with Jesus, baptising him (i. e., pouring water over his head). *Leonardo da Vinci did a famous painting of him as an effeminate man with his forefinger pointed up (which could suggest the phallus). Compare *Ganymede. Lover and trope from Israel in Greek and later in English and German. Active ca. 30. Possibly the lover of Jesus Christ. Though this can never be proven, it was certainly believed to be such by some poets: see the English poets *Chistopher Marlowe, James I and the poem *"Ballad of Joking Jesus" and the German poet *Elisar von Kupffer. There is confusion as to whether John "the beloved disciple" (also referred to as the disciple "whom Jesus especially loved" - Gospel of John, Chapter 13, verse 23) and the Greek * Gospel writer John are one and the same. Both in turn have been confused with John the Baptist. In Persian compare *Beloved. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 125-26: "Beloved Disciple" (unsigned, but probably by *Wayne Dynes or *Warren Johansson [pseud.]). Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Born 1930. Best known as an abstract artist. For poems he wrote see Richard Francis, Jasper Johns, New York, 1974, pp. 109-12. See Cooper, Sexual Perspective, pp. 232-33, regarding a homosexual liaison with his fellow artist Robert Rauschenberg. Biography: see Jill Johnston, Jasper Johns: Privileged Information, New York, 1997 which discusses his homosexuality. Bibliographies. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, item 1681: re affair with Robert Rauschenberg. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1965-1993. Chapbook: Not Another Threesome, London, *Oscars Press, 1990 (with *D. I. Harrison and and *Gerry Pinkney); see pp. 20-29; biog., pp. 3-4. His poems have also appeared in the Faber anthology Hard Lines 3. He lives in *London. Two collections of poetry have been published The Spiral Staircase (1993) and The Playground Bell (1994). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 78, 171, 234-36; biog., 238. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1952. Active from 1986. *Black poet who studied at *Yale, graduating in French in 1974 and who was in the United States navy. The author of Tine erotic poetry about the navy. Gay Poetry Anthologies. In the Life , 116-18, 133; biog., 252. Road Before Us, 84; biog., 178. Milking Black Bull, 59-71; biog., 59. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1877-1962. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 72: "The Truant" (uses *faun trope). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 492: same poem. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1960. *Black poet from *New York City. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 85: "First Rain in Dakar" (about poverty in Bangladesh); biog., 178. Here to Dare, 102-14; biog., 101. Name of Love, 35-36: fine *African love poem about two black African men; biog., 74: stated to be "an author, Africanist and human rights activist" who has travelled in Africa, Europe and north America. Eros in Boystown, 40-42; biog., 61. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English and Latin. 1867-1902. A noted *eighteen-nineties poet who converted to *Catholicism in 1891 and became an alcoholic; he graduated from *Oxford in 1890. He was one of the most admired of the eighteen nineties poets, especially by *W. B. Yeats, and was a member of the Rhymers Club. He was something of an *aesthete, greatly influenced by *Walter Pater. His poetry epitomises what is meant by *decadent poetry in English. His sexuality is very problematical and he may have been largely asexual after 1891. His first volume of poems was published in 1895, four years after his conversion and at a time when gay Catholics were urged to repress all sexual desires outside marriage. His second volume was entitled Ireland and other Poems (1897). He may have had a sexual relationship with *Alfred Douglas. Text of poems. See the second edition of his poems by *Ian Fletcher (with a long introduction and discussion of his life). Fletcher states, p. xiii, "Formerly, I was confident about Johnson's '*Uranian' tendencies, but offered little evidence. Now I am less confident, but offer more evidence"'; see also pp. xxxvi-vii of this work. This edition has important notes on major eighteen-nineties figures to whom poems were addressed and an important bibliography pp. 363-70. Poems of interest: "The Dark Angel" pp. 52-53, "The Destroyer of a Soul" p. 74 (possibly to Alfred Douglas), "Love's Ways" p. 175; many other poems are relevant in mood. His love poems are addressed to *non gender specific anima figures. His verse falls into three categories: Celtic poems, poems on situations, figures and themes from literature and personal poems dealing with religion, friends and personal life. For a Latin poem see Richard Ellmann, Oscar Wilde, London, 1987, pp. 305-06: a very witty poem in Latin regarding Wilde's novel The Portrait of Dorian Gray; see also *S. W. Foster on translation into English. Nine Latin poems are printed in Fletcher's edition. See also *Arthur Galton (who apparently had a homosexual affair with him at Oxford), * Century Guild. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionary of National Biography. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2027: Poems, London: [Elkin] Mathews, 1895. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reade, Sexual Heretics, 303. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 89. Poet from the United States writing in English. 1935-1998. Born in Ashland, Kansas. Influenced by the *Black Mountain school. Books of elevance: ARK, Northpoint Press, 1996 and To Do As Adam Did: Selected Poems, 2000. He is believed to have been a lover of Jonathan Williams (*Burton Weiss to the author, 1995). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2030: Valley of the Many-Colored Grasses, New York: Norton, 1969. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Male Muse, 5557: Tine poems from the sequence "Letters to *Walt Whitman" from his book The Different Musics; biog., 121. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 528. Word of Mouth, 194-203. Biographer from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1709-1784. His Lives of the English Poets (1779-81) were standard lives of the English poets up to *Pope and include a life of *Rochester. In his life of *Thomas Gray he refers to "an affectation in delicacy, or rather *effeminacy" which implies homosexuality (see the paragraph beginning "Perhaps he was the most learned man in Europe"). He is more guarded than *John Aubrey and the lives have an element of *Puritanism. Johnson's relationship with his *disciple James Boswell involved strong *male bonding and has homosexual elements. It resulted in the classic biography Boswell's Life of Johnson (1791). Educated at *Oxford he suffered periods of depression and married a widow considerably older than himself with whom he was unhappily married (1735-52). He was also a poet who wrote in English and Latin. He edited an edition of *Shakespeare. His satirical poem "London" was based on Juvenal. Johnson, Sidney Curtis A *black poet who is a dancer. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 86: poem "Sunday, November 6, 1987"; biog., 179. Poet, letter writer and lover from the United States who wrote in English. 1897-1968. The lover of *Patrick White in 1939 (this is disclosed in *David Marr, Patrick White: A Life, 1991, pp. 184-205). He is the author of one book of poems, Horizontal Yellow, Santa Fe, 1935 (examined in the *Library of Congress which has a copy). It includes some fine *non gender specific love poems e.g., p. 51. He lived in Taos, New Mexico at this time; he was also a lover of *Witter Bynner (see Jeffrey Meyers, David Herbert Lawrence, New York, 1990, p. 210) and was nicknamed Spud. Letters of Patrick White to him survive from 1939-45 and are now in the *Humanities Research Center, as are his papers: some are printed in Patrick White, The Letters, edited by David Marr, 1994, pp. 29-36; see also the biographical notes on him pp. 6-17 and 638-39. More papers are at the University of California, Los Angeles (information from David Marr). Biography: see *David Marr, Patrick White: A Life, 1991, pp. 184-85: notes he brought a journal Laughing Horse east with him from Berkeley and published a local newspaper called Horsefly. On him see also the index of Patrick White: A Life and the index of Patrick White, The Letters, 1994. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1823-1892. The original name of *William Cory: see this entry for details. After dismissal from Eton in 1872 he changed his name to William Cory. Translator from Australia from Greek to English. 1949-1990. An Australian poet, one of the *Generation of 68. See Selected Poems and Prose, edited by John Tranter, 1993, on his translation of *Cavafy (on p.118 is a gay poem) and on *Klephtic folksongs 127-42 (very slight homoerotic content except pp. 128-29). He was partly educated in Greece where his writer parents lived while he was growing up Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Active 1895. Bibliographies. Murray, Catalogue of Selected Books, item 36: Ballads of Boy and Beak, 1895. Jonas, Stephen (pseud.), also called Steve Jonas Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1927-1970. A *black, he was raised in the *south of the United States and attended universities in *Boston; he was associated with anarchist circles, *drugs and drank heavily, refusing to appear in gay *anthologies and resisting any label. His Two for Jack Spicer (*Manroot, 1974), shows the influence of the major *San Francisco poet as well as, on a technical level, *Charles Olson. He was also published in *Little Caesar (*Gerrit Lansing to the author; see also the poem by Gerrit Lansing about him, "Amazing Grace & A Salad Bowl", in The Heavenly Tree Grows Downward, 1977, pp. 80-81). A Selected Poems was published in Boston, 1973. Critical essay: see Fag Rag/ Gay Sunshine, Summer 1974, 19 by *Charley Shively with a bibliography (adding 75 Poems and a Narration, in the journal Caterpillar no. 15-16, April-July 1971, to the four books listed in Young, Male Homosexual in Literature as cited below). This essay reveals that his manuscripts have not all been published and Fag Rag was refused permission to publish any of them. His real name was apparently Rufas Jones and Charley Shively also states the poem "Love, the Poem, the Sea & Other Pieces Examined", dedicated to Michael Farmer, United States Navy, August 1956, is "one of the finest love poems in any language". (The poem is the title of Stephen Jonas's first book, Love, the Poem, the Sea & Other Pieces Examined, San Francisco, 1957.) If his real name was Jones, Jonas may be a pun: the common surname Jones plus "ass". Text. Selected Poems, edited by Joseph Torra, Hoboken, New Jersey, 1994, gathers his poems with an Introduction by Joseph Torra. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10761-62: Love, the Poem, the Sea and other Pieces Examined, San Francisco: White Rabbit Press, 1957 and Two for Jack Spicer, San Francisco: *Manroot, 1974. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 2034-38: same books plus Exercises for the Ear: Being a Primer for the Beginner in the American Idiom, London: The Ferry Press, 1968 and Selected Poems, Boston, 1973. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Angels of the Lyre, 110-14; biog., 241 (by John Wieners). Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 347. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 644. Word of Mouth, 104-114. Poet from Australia writing in English. Born ca. 1950. See poem in Australian Poetry Now, edited by *Thomas Shapcott, 1970, p. 144: "Phil reached in Bill's coat pocket/To grab his cock/It was only a book of Shelley's poems." The author has published several volumes of verse which are copies of manuscripts printed in his handwriting. His work comes out of the 1960s counter culture. He lived in Queensland in the country in the 1980s. Poet from Australia writing in English. Born 1956. Book of poems: The Times of Zenia Gold: a verse novel, Sydney, BlackWattle Press, 1992 (reviews: see Hurley, Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia, under The Times of Zenia Gold). This is a powerful and well crafted *sequence of the *Sydney Oxford Street gay scene. See also "Loose White Tee Shirts" in Poetry Australia no. 122 (1989), 39-43: a fine gay poem from the issue, On Struggle Street: An Anthology of New Poets, edited by *Dorothy Porter (also *Austlit Record 113936). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Hurley, Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Pink Ink, 25863; biog., 298-99. Eros in Boystown, 9-10. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1996. Author of Sweep, 1996, 62 pp. Review: James White Review vol. 13 no. 4, Fall 1996, 21, by Walter Holland - poems about "street and ghetto life with *AIDS, *drug addiction, and prostitution lurking in the background". Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1895-1974. His *long poem In Parenthesis set in the First World War, and which is in poetry and prose, has been hailed as a masterpiece. A gay anaylsis has not been attempted. The title of the first section is "The many men so beautiful": this phrase shows homoerotic interest and the frontispiece drawing of a naked soldier (naked, except for a helmet and shirt) reinforces this; the soldier seems at the same time both asexual and erotic. Use of language in the works also shows homoeroticism: in the Faber 1963 edition, see p. 161 referring to "two lovers from Ebury Bridge,/ Bates and Coldpepper/ that men call the *Lily-white boys". Footnote 11, p. 221, refers to the phrase "his batty" on this page and explains that "Jonathan was certainly David's 'batty" (see *David and Jonathan); on David and Jonathan see also p. 42. As these examples show, the level of sophistication in the use of language of the poem is very high and the poem needs to be examined overall in this light. It was the opinion of the great art collector H. S. Ede who knew Jones very well that there are many levels of meaning in Jones' paintings: see H. S. Ede, Kettle's Yard: A Way of Life, 1984, p. 72 ("always in one of David Jones's paintings, meaning underlying meaning can be found"). This may applies too, to his complex poetry. He was a graphic artist who worked with the English artist, Eric Gill. He converted to *Catholicism in 1921 and did not marry. Sexuality in his work seems very repressed; compare *Alexander Pope. He may have been asexual, sexually repressed or have had a low sexual drive. In The Sleeping Lord and other fragments, 1974, the title poem personifies the country as a male and has some homoerotic connotations. Criticism: see the essay on the 'hermaphrodite in Jones's art by Paul Hills in his Backgrounds to David Jones, 1989. John Matthias in his introductory essay to David Jones, Man and Poet, no date [ca. 1986], discusses his repression of sexual feelings pp. 26-27 and relates this to the *Oedipus complex; see also Paul Hills, "The Pierced *Hermaphrodite: David Jones Imagery of the Crucifixion", pp. 425-442 in the same work. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Contemporary Authors New Revision Series, volume 28. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2039: In Parenthesis, London: Faber, 1937. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 78-79, 92-94: from In Parenthesis, Part 7; biog., 237. Translator from Latin to English. Active before 1961. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 124: trans. of the Latin poem *"O admirabile Veneris idulum" into English. Historian and critic from the United States writing in English. Active 1986. Author of The "Third Sex" in German Literature from the Turn of the Century to 1933, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1986. This is a Ph. D. thesis. It was published as a book, We of the Third Sex, 1990, 346 pp., and deals with Wedekind, Musil, *Thomas Mann and John Henry Mackay (review Forum 10 [1990], 99-103). Pseudonym of a poet from Australia writing in English. Born ca. 1960. See her fine poem "Franz Schubert Contemplates Death" in Flagging Down Time, Sydney, 1994, pp. 60-62. The poem deals with Schubert's homosexuality and has the *Ganymede trope. The author of "Election Night Mardi Gras" in The Book of Possibilities, Sydney, 1997, pp. 25-26, about the Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras. A well known Sydney poet. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1991. A *black poet. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 87: "Jones Beach Bather"; biog., 179. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1934. See *Donald Allen for a homosexual poem published in 1960 written under his then name LeRoi Jones. An important precursor to the new generation of openly gay poets, despite his later repudiation of the above work. He changed his name from LeRoi Jones in 1969 and now calls himself *Amiri Baraka (where his work is discussed in more detail). He published the journal Yugen in 1958. His second book Preface to a Twenty Volume Suicide Note, 1961, had *camp elements in its poetry. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, third edition. Poet from Australia writing in English. Born 1941. See: "the generator", "poems written in a railway tunnel", in The Mad Vibe, Sydney, no date [ca. 1975], pp. 10-11,14. (This book was dedicated to *Henry Lawson and *Donovan Clarke.) Some of his poems are in the style of *Frank O'Hara. See also *"O'Hara" by John Tranter in Meanjin vol. 37 no.1 (1978), 84. He is also a novelist. Criticism: see John Tranter, "Growing up Gracefully", Meanjin vol. 37 no.1 (1978), 83-84. He was at one time President of the Poets Union in Sydney. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Hurley, Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Edge City, 6769; biog., 221. Dessaix, Australian Gay and Lesbian Writing, 56-57; biog., 377. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born ca. 1958. Book: Watching them Dance, 1982. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Son of the Male Muse, 101-03: fine gay liberation poems including *"Cruising the Bar"; biog., 188 (with photo). Voices Against the Wilderness, 59; a *black poet who lives in Tucson, Arizona. Poet from Great Britain writing in English and translator from Latin to English. 1572-1637. A noted lyric poet and dramatist. His poems are *epigrams, showing the influence of *Martial and *Horace, but are not lascivious (though see epigram 25, "On Sir Voluptuous Beast" which has the *Ganymede trope). A successful dramatist, who moved in the homosexual ambience of the English stage, Jonson was surrounded by *disciples known as the T ribe of Ben or The Sons of Ben (including Carew and *Herrick): see the entry in the Oxford Companion to English Literature on who constituted this group. He led a wild life and was appointed the first poet laureate by James I in 1616. See also epigram 101, "Inviting a Friend to Supper", especially the last line; the poem can be read as an invitation to sexual licence if "liberty" is taken to refer to this. He translated a Latin poem attributed to *Petronius: see poem 88 in The Underwood. *"Ode: To Himself" refers to classical authors he cherished (*Alcaeus, *Horace, *Anacreon, *Pindar). The Cary/ Morison Ode, cited above, is the first sustained attempt at a Pindaric *Ode in English. "Her man described by her own dictamen" is a *love poem in the persona of a woman which is a satire on the sexual tastes of the time. He was a close friend of *William Drummond of Hawthornden; their conversations have been recorded in note form. Biography: see *J. A. Symonds. Criticism. Edgar C Knowlton, Jr., "'Kiss'd out Anos' in Ben Jonson's The Alchemist", in Maledicta vol. 8, 1984-85, 119-22, discusses a pun on anus in a play. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Iolaus (1935), 263-64: part of "An Ode (from To the Immortal Memory and *Friendship of That Noble Pair, Sir Lucius Cary and Sir H. Morison)". Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 178-79: *"Epitaph on Salathiel Pavy" (a poem on a boy *actor who acted women's parts); note: the title is incorrect and the boy's name is Saloman Pavy. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 38; biog., 114. Poet from the United States writingin English. Born 1972. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10763: We Gotta Love One Another, New York: Wegloarn, 1972. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2044: same book. Poet from Norway who wrote in Norwegian. 1916-1951. A tortured and divided poet who committed *suicide. Close friends with the poet *Jan-Magnus Bruheim who wrote a poem addressed to him after his death. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1989. A professor of English at the State University of New York. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poets for Life, 116-20: about mistreatment of a black gay homosexual; biog., 236. Poet from Brazil writing in Poruguese. Active from 1977. Possibly born ca. 1950. Poems are in Gay Sunshine no. 38-39, Winter 1979, 3. Fine gay poems. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Now the Volcano, 274-75; biog., 269. Drobci stekla v ustih, 153; biog., 186. Trope in Hebrew from Spain and in Hebrew, Arabic, Persian, Turkmen, Tajik and Yiddish from ca. 1000. Joseph was a handsome man sold into slavery in Egypt by his brothers and purchased by Potiphar. The story occurs in the Hebrew *Old Testament (the Book of Genesis, 37-50). The *Old Testament story makes clear he was used sexually by his Egyptian master Potiphar: see Edwardes, Erotica Judaica, pp. 102-05. It also appears in Arabic in the holy book of Islam the * Koran in Sura 12 (where he is called Yusuf); also see Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, "Yusuf b. Ya'kub". Joseph as a handsome and desirable man, desired homosexually by men, is widespread in the middle east. Hebrew. See Jefrim Schirmann, "The Ephebe in Medieval Hebrew Poetry", Sefarad 15 (1955), p. 58, re isaac Ibn Maul: stated to be the archetype of the beautiful male beloved. Compare *King David as beautiful man. Persian. See *Katibi of Turshiz; see also *Anne-Marie Schimmel. Rypka, History of Iranian Literature, pp. 155-57, discusses the forgery of an epic poem called "Yusuf and Zulayka" ascribed formerly to Firdausi. The story of Joseph's resistance to the advances of his master Potiphar's wife, Zulayka, is used by several Islamic poets - e.g., in Persian by Jami and in a poem formerly ascribed to *Firdausi. Tajik. Rypka, History of Iranian Literature, pp. 514-14, states a poem called "Yusuf va Zulaikho" was composed by the poet Junaidullo Makhdum Hoziq 1823-24 and published in Tashkent, 1905. Turkmen: see isma'il I. Yiddish. See The Penguin Book of Modern Yiddish Verse, edited by Irving Howe and others 1987, p. 4: mentions a poem about the beautiful youth Joseph found in the *Cairo geniza (see Manuscripts - Hebrew). Poet from Spain who wrote in Hebrew. Active ca. 1000. Raised in Spain where he studied in *Cordoba, he later lived in Israel. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Judaica: see "Ibn Abitur, Joseph". Criticism. *Norman Roth, " 'Deal Gently with the Young Man': Love of Boys in Medieval Hebrew Poetry of Spain", Speculum 57 (1982), 22: a Rabbi who was a poet and who was reported to have had sexual relations with an adolescent boy. Joseph ibn Hisdai, called Jusuf ibn Hasdai Poet from Spain who wrote in Hebrew. Active 1945. See "How did the lovely *gazelle" in *T. Carmi, The Penguin Book of Hebrew Verse, 1981, p. 302: an extraordinary poem which is the introduction to a panegyric addressed to *Samuel Hanagid (biog., p.100). This is the poet's only surviving poem. The poem is translated in full into English and annotated in *Norman Roth, "Satire and Debate in Two Famous Medieval Poems from al-Andalus", Magreb Review, 4 (1979), 105-113, where his name is spelt "Hasday". Translator from Greek to German. Active 1983. The translator of *Cavafy's complete poems into German (with Doris Gunert): Brichst de auf gen Ithaka: Samtliche Gedichte, Koln, 1983 (second edition, 1987). This has been the main German translation of Cavafy. Journal in English from the United States. From 1974. Occasional issues are devoted to cultural articles, especially from 1990, though the journal is predominantly sociological in approach. Only rarely has it had articles on poetry though several issues have been devoted to literature and art; e.g., see *Baudri of Bourgeil. For examples of the quality of articles see *Anthropology, *Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, *Homosexuality, *Hubert Kennedy. It is edited by John De Cecco, San Francisco State University. Journals, also called serials and periodicals Gay journals or journals of gay relevance exist from 1879 in English, German, French, Italian, Greek and many other languages from Great Britain and other countries. A journal is a printed work published at regular intervals; some works are now published on the internet. Gay literary journals are of major importance in that frequently poets make their first appearances in journals. Journals also record the work of little known poets, book reviews and critical articles on poets. Some poets are never published in book form so their journal publications constitute the only record of their work in their lifetime. Journals also act as valuable records of the taste of the time. *Our Own Voices (1991) is the largest list of gay journals so far and lists the holdings of the *Canadian Lesbian and Gay Archives as well as all other gay journals known (about 7,200 in 1991) of which the archives had in its collection some 3,300 titles in 1991 - see the Introduction, p. 1; this work can now be checked on the Internet. These works include the newsletters of gay groups. *Robert H. Malinowsky has listed 1,900 journals published in 1987 in his selection of journals in print. *Homodok, *Amsterdam, have a computer based list of mostly European journals. Gay *archives hold extensive journal holdings and the *Kinsey Institute also has rare gay journals. Material of gay poetry relevance can be traced from the English journal * The Pearl, 1879, though this is not a gay journal (they begin in Europe from 1892 with *The Spirit Lamp); in English *Addison's journals may qualify in the eighteenth century. The *eighteen-nineties was a rich period in *European languages. Journals are extremely important sources for locating poems by poets not published in book form. In addition, not all poems by poets are included in books; journals may also record variant versions of poems. Journals are especially helpful in identifying new gay poets and new trends in gay poetry. In western languages gay poetry is now entering mainstream journals e.g., The Times Literary Suppplement has published a gay poem by *Thom Gunn. See entries for Journals - Chinese, - Czech, - Danish, - Dutch, - English, - French, - German, - Greek, - Italian, - Japanese, - Polish, - Portuguese, - Russian, - Spanish and Catalan. Separate entries have been compiled only for languages where it is known poetry has been published; journals of relevance exist in other languages. Ulrich's Guide to Periodicals under homosexuality lists journals which are currently being published; The Union List of Serials, 5 volumes, 1965, lists holdings of rare journals in United States libraries (these are now on *computer listings such as *RLIN or *OCLC or in Australia, *Kinetica). Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, 334-50: English, German, French journals listed. Journal in Chinese from Taiwan. Active 1994. The only known journal in Chinese is an issue of Isla Margin, no.10, 1994, titled "Queer" and published in Taiwan. The contents are in Chinese, as is the title. The title is also given in English as is the word *Queer. There are newsletters in Chinese and English for gay Asians living in the United States and Great Britain; some may contain poetry. Journals in Czech emanate from the Czech Republic. Material appears from 1995. The gay journal Soho published a gay poem in issue 3 of 1995 signed T. A. on page 21. An issue of Historie had a gay issue; this is mentioned in Index on Censorship no.1 of 1995 where the title page is reproduced. Journals in Danish from Denmark date from 1948. The first Danish gay journal Vennen ("friends"; 1949-69) published an occasional poem (copies: *Kinsey Institute, *Forbundet); it was co-founded by Knud Rame (born 1935) - see his entry in Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History - who, from 1958 began publishing the journal Eosand , from 1963, Amigo. This journal was prosecuted in the 1950s. Pan-bladet (1954+) is published by *Forbundet, who have the Danish gay archives and library; it was edited by *Wilhelm von Rosen for some years. Pan-bladet has also published poems as has Bossetryk (1983+), a magazine for young gay writers. EOS (1963-66) and Amigo (1963-66) both had some poems. The gay archives Forbundet has a list of Danish journals. Dutch journals from the Netherlands publishing poetry date from 1949. *Vriendschap (1949-64) was the journal of the COC (a gay organization and gay club) from 1946; some poems were published. * Homologie (1979) is the major serious gay journal with an important *bibliography of gay studies (it is published bimonthly); poems have also been published, e.g. by *Detlev Meyer. The journal Maatstaf (Amsterdam, published in 1985) has published gay material; the title means "opinions about things". A list of Dutch gay journals appears on p. 325 of *Rob Tielman, Homoseksualiteit in Nederland, 1982. *Amsterdam is a center of gay journal and newspaper activity. Gay Krant is a journal published every two weeks. See Journal of Homosexuality vol. 12-13 no. 2-3, 1985-86, 108, for a list of journals from 1946 published by the COC, the Dutch gay organization. Journals in English of gay relevance date from 1879 from Great Britain and later in other English speaking countries. English is the language in which by far the greatest number of gay journals have been published, including a rich tradition of gay literary journals. Significant material dates from 1879; the journals of Jospeh Addison in the eighteenth century may be relevant. For details of journals (when they were first published, for instance), consult * Our Own Voices, the listing of gay journals compiled by the Canadian Gay Archives. Great Britain. The rich tradition of British English language gay journals is concentrated in two periods: the *eighteen-nineties, which saw a burst of journals publishing gay poems, and the period from *gay liberation (from 1969). Most have emanated from the capital, *London. The * Artist and Journal of Home Culture published gay poems ca. 1888-ca. 1894 under its editor *Kains Jackson. The Victorian erotic journal *The Pearl, 1879-81 (repr.), contained some flagellation poems by *Swinburne and *limericks. * The Century Guild Hobby Horse (1884-1894) was an aesthetic journal with considerable gay interest edited by *Herbert Horne. The *Spirit Lamp is the first British gay journal as such; it was edited by Lord *Alfred Douglas from 1892 to 1893 when it had a strong gay tone and published poems. December 1894 saw the first and only issue of The *Chameleon (repr.) which was referred to at the trial of *Oscar Wilde; its title means "a person who changes his character as the occasion demands" and was a suitable title for gay people of the time, when male homosexual acts were illegal and people were forced to hide their homosexuality; its poems included the homosexual love poem *"Love in Oxford" by an unknown author and two poems by Alfred Douglas. The journal publication of homopoems was brought to an abrupt end by the 1895 trial of Oscar Wilde. Art magazines such as The Dial (1889-97) published by *Charles Ricketts, who designed poetry books by *Oscar Wilde and John Gray, give the flavour of the eighteen-nineties. The Yellow Book (1894-97), influenced in style by The Dial and published by John Lane, had *Aubrey Beardsley as art editor and was a *decadent journal, as was its successor, The Savoy (1896), named after a hotel in London frequented by homosexuals and mentioned in the Wilde trial. These English eighteen-nineties journals were influenced by contemporary French journals and, in turn, influenced German gay journals of the time. The Academy was edited and owned by Alfred Douglas, 1907-1910, but was anti-gay. *Aleister Crowley published a journal, Equinox, 1909-19 (during a period when he wrote homopoems) and then intermittently until the 1940s. At *Eton the gay *Brian Howard published The Eton Candle in 1922 as a schoolboy (only one issue was published), linking the *eighteen-nineties and *modernism. The Quorum: A Magazine of Friendship (ca. 1920) may have included poetry but no copy is known. The London Mercury (edited by *J. C. Squire 1919-39) published *Patrick White and had poetry along *Georgian lines. From 1939 to 1950 ,the important literary journal Horizon was edited by the bisexual *Cyril Connolly and *Stephen Spender and published a few poems, including poems by *W. H. Auden (an Index exists to 1948). The influential literary journal Scrutiny (1932-53) edited by *F. R. Leavis was strongly *Puritanical and opposed to Auden and his friends, as well as any poet showing tendencies to *estheticism; the *Bloomsbury Group were also opposed. The BBC journal * The Listener under *J. R. Ackerley, who was editor 1939-59, published gay poems by James Kirkup and *Frances King and others, though it was rigorously censored in other ways (see the Ackerley entry). * London Magazine (1954+), though not a gay journal, has published gay poets (e.g. by John Betjeman) and been sympathetic to gay culture (e.g., see *Edouard Roditi). The homosexual poet *Eddie Linden publishes the poetry journal Aquarius (ca. 1973+), which has recently published gay poems and poets. Come Together (1969-1973), the journal of the London *gay liberation front, published a few poems. * Gay News (1972-1983) was the major cultural journal of the period of *gay liberation, with important book reviews and articles on poetry but it only occasionally published poems; an index of the first 160 issues was put together by *Keith Howes. Quorum (1972-ca. 76) was a serious literary journal which published criticism and poetry (including *Ian Young: see *Ian Young: A Bibliography, pp. 24-28). The Journal of the Eighteen Nineties Society (1976+) is the major journal for the eighteen nineties. The two issues of The Gay Journal (1978-79) had some poems and an article by *Laurence Collinson and were edited by *Roger Baker. The * European Gay Review (1986+) has had serious coverage of European poetry in English. Rouge (ca. 1993+) and Perversions (ca. 1993+) are contemporary gay literary journals both London based. * Gay Times (1983+), though at first a glitzy mag, has book reviews and increasingly good cultural emphasis and has taken over from Gay News. Identity (*Dublin, 1982+), emanating from Ireland and Gay Star (*Belfast, 1980+), from the province of Northern Ireland, are contemporary Irish journals publishing some poems. Gay Scotland (*Edinburgh, 1978+; from 1971 to 1978 published as SMG News) covers Scots gay culture and has published poems. There was no journal devoted to British gay poetry or even gay literature in Great Britain in the 1990s in contrast to the situation in the United States. Openly gay poetry is starting to enter major literary journals e.g., The Times Literary Supplement (see *Thom Gunn). For a list of British gay journals based on the holdings of the National Library of Scotland see Brian Dempsey, Pink Papers, 1995, 30 pp. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, see pp. 334-50. United States. As publishing outlets and for serious criticism of gay poetry, United States gay journals have been unparalleled since the *gay liberation period from 1969. The *nineteen-seventies were an especially rich period; *Boston, *New York, *San Francisco and *Los Angeles have been centers of production. The first journal of relevance is the * Harvard Monthly founded by the homosexual *George Santayana and friends in 1885 (May 1890 featured a dialogue with *Walt Whitman). *Horace Traubel's Conservator (18901919) was a vehicle to promote the homosexual Whitman's ideas and reputation. The homosexual poet *Hart Crane was associate editor of the journal The Pagan in 1918 and published gay poetry: see *Bill Wright; Hart Crane's own poem on *Oscar Wilde was published in 1916. The title of this journal was about as daring as was possible at the time. Fire!, a black gay journal of the Harlem Renaissance edited by the gay Wallace Thurman, published *Bruce Nugent (pseud.) in 1926; only one issue appeared. View, the *surrealist journal of the gay writers *Parker Tyler and *Charles Henri Ford was active ca. 1940-ca. 1947. The * Mattachine Review (1955-63), the journal of the then leading gay organization in the United States, published some poems, as did One (1952+), the journal of One Inc edited by Don Slater. One Institute Quarterly (1958-1970) had some serious critical articles on poetry (see *A. E. Smith); it was the first United States gay journal to take gay poetry seriously from a critical point of view. Dorian Book Quarterly (1960-64) had literary articles. Vector (1965-1976?) has a few poems (see *The Platonic Blow). The two issues of The International Journal of Greek Love, 1966, had major critical articles of relevance. Pursuit and Symposium (1966-67, two issues only) published by *Jim Kepner, featured poetry (see *Sidney Bronstein). The longest running gay news and cultural journal is *The Advocate (1967+), based in Los Angeles; it has published reviews of poetry and articles on poets (though only rarely has it published a poem, e.g, by James S. Holmes). Tangents (edited by Don Slater, ca. 1965-ca. 1970) published some poems. The San Francisco based *Gay Sunshine (1969-81) edited by *Winston Leyland, was the major west coast *gay liberation literary journal featuring much fine poetry and criticism (see the anthology * Gay Roots); it produced the anthologies * Angels of the Lyre (1975) and *Orgasms of Light (1977) amongst others. The Detroit Gay Liberator newspaper (1970-76) published poems and poetry reviews by *Don Mager. Sebastian Quill (San Francisco, 1970-72) was a serious literary magazine publishing poems. Manroot (ca. 1970-79) edited by Paul Mariah published gay poetry; issue ten (1974-75) was devoted to Jack Spicer. * Fag Rag (1971+), put out irregularly by a collective in Boston, of which one of the main guiding spirits is *Charley Shively, has featured much experimental gay poetry and important review articles; the Boston newspaper Gay Community News (1973+) has also published poems and reviews. The gay poet *Harold Norse briefly published the journal Bastard Angel in 1972, including poems by *Allen Ginsberg. * Mouth of the Dragon, edited and published by *Andrew Bifrost in New York 1974-80, was devoted exclusively to gay poetry and was outstanding. The Journal of Homosexuality (1974+) has had a few critical articles of relevance. *Sidney Smith's Dragonfly (1975-80; four issues) was the first United States *pedophile journal to publish poetry. Little Caesar (1976-82), edited by the poet *Dennis Cooper, published gay poetry and poets, but was not exclusively a gay journal. Gay Literature edited by Daniel Curzon flourished briefly, 1975-76, with four issues. Fuck You/A Magazine of the Arts, edited by *Ed Sanders, 1975-ca. 1976, published erotic poetry including homopoetry by *John Wieners and *Allen Ginsberg but was not a gay journal. The Boston Gay Review (1976-81) was of major importance in its support for poetry and included very good book reviews. The *S/M journal Drummer published poetry in its early issues (ca. 1977). Gai Saber put out by the New York Gay Academic Union became *Gay Books Bulletin (1979-85) which had serious critical articles on poets (such as *Sandro Penna). The New York based monthly *Christopher Street (1976+), edited and published by the poet *Charles Ortleb, has published reviews and discussions of gay poetry as well as printing poems. College English published a special gay issue in November 1974 on the gay imagination edited by *Rictor Norton and *Louie Crew. A circle of gay male writers were said to be published in the general literary periodical Ploughshares (ca.1982; see The Advocate no. 354, 28 October, 1982, 24). The San Francisco based No Apologies (1984-ca. 1985) edited by Brian Monte was a serious literary journal publishing poetry and articles on poetry. * Evergreen Chronicles has published poetry from the mid west only (1985+). The journals *Pan (1979-ca.1984) and Paidika (1988+), though originating in *Amsterdam, have circulated mainly in the United States, and have published serious articles on *pedophile poets. Major journals such as Poetry Chicago and The New Yorker have generally not been notably supportive of gay poetry, despite having gay poetry editors such as *Daryl Hine (editor of Poetry Chicago 1968-1978) and *Howard Moss (editor of the New Yorker 1948-1987). The onset of *Aids from 1981 saw a diminution of gay literary journals. Issue two of the *City Lights Review in 1988 was devoted to Aids. Gay bookshops publish journals: in *Washington, * Lambda Rising Book Report (1987+) and, in San Francisco, A Different Light Review (1988+). The gay poets *Gerrit Lansing and John Wieners have also published journals. The founding of black gay journals has been a recent development: these include *Blackheart (ca. 1982-86; three issues only) and Other Countries (1988+), the major black gay cultural journal. The * James White Review (1983+) is the most widely read United States contemporary gay literary journal, featuring a large section on poetry in every issue and good book reviews; recent issues have featured much poetry on *Aids. The Gay Caucus of the Modern Language Assocation puts out a newsletter on research: * Gay and Lesbian Studies Newsletter (ca. 1976+). The Pyramid Periodical (New York, 1988+) is for people of color. Tribe (1989+) is a serious gay literary journal based in Baltimore publishing a few poems in each issue (2,500 copies are stated to be published). Bay Windows, the Boston gay and lesbian journal had *Rudy Kikel as poetry editor in 1995. OutWeek (1990-91) published some poetry edited by *David Trinidad and Outlook (1988-1992) published poetry; the editors have sponsored an Out Write writing conference. Holy Titclamps (San Francisco, ca. 1990+) has published poetry. Out, a monthly published from 1993, has a serious coverage of the arts, including book reviews, and serious articles on political issues both in the United States and other parts of the world; it publishes an annual list of the hundred most interesting and influential gay men and women. The Gay Review (Boston, 1990+) has published articles on gay culture and an occasional poem. The Northwest Gay and Lesbian Reader emanating from *Seattle (active 1992) has a poetry section. Empathy vol. 4 no. 2 (1994) had a special lesbian, bisexual, gay and transgender issue with some poetry. Chiron Review scheduled a gay and lesbian issue in 1992. * Harvard Gay and Lesbian Review (1994+) publishes poetry and excellent critical articles and has changed its name to Gay and Lesbian Review. The Journal of the History of Sexuality (1990+) has exceptional reviews of gay literary criticism and some gay literary works. Sexualities is a new journal covering sexuality in general. Walt Whitman Quarterly is a journal devoted entirely to the gay poet and is edited by *Ed Folsom. * Maledicta: The International Journal of Verbal Aggression (1977+) is a serious journal devoted to *bawdry and has printed rare homosexual bawdry poems (see *Mary Koukoules). Recent gay journals publishing poetry include Wilde Oaks (1992-93; two issues), Art and Understanding (1992.; *Aids issues) - see James White Review vol. 10 no. 3, Spring 1993, 2, where these three journals are discussed. Modern Words is San Francisco based (ca.1993+). Spade (active 1992) based in Washington had poetry and prose by black Americans. Gerbil (1994) based in Rochester, New York, publishes poems. Gayme (ca. 1994+), a pedophile journal published in *Boston, publishes poems. RFD (active 1994), a journal for country gays, also publishes some poems. Dwan, a title that recalls the word diwan (1991+?) is believed to have published some gay poems. The journal Sexology (ca. 1934+) had serious literary articles and may have material of relevance in some issues (very rare: a copy is probably in the *Kinsey Collection; only a few copies are in US libraries). As can be seen, the United States from 1969 is richer by far in gay literary journals than any other country. For a listing of 1,900 journals said to be operating in 1987 see *Robert H. Malinowsky. For a list of journals active in 1990 see Alyson Almanac, 1990, pp. 234-43. Accessing gay journals can be very difficult. *Archives are the main sources, especially the *Canadian Gay Archives (which has a computer list of its holdings published in book form as *Our Own Voices: the best place to check for the complete details of a journal; this listing is now available on the internet). The *Quatrefoil Library had some 490 gay journal titles in 1995; *New York Public Library has many journals which have been cataloged from the international Gay Information Center collection. The *IGLA archive has major holdings; other *Archives hold journals (including in Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United Kingdom). See Alan M. Greenberg, Gay/Lesbian Periodicals Index (in microform) from 1990 (but not examined). Some rare journals are now being microfilmed, e.g. *Gay Sunshine; consult Micforms in Print for information (e.g. for titles beginning "gay"). Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, p. 273 lists important literary journals 1970-82. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, pp. 334-50. Miller, Our Own Voices: gives publisher, place of publication, dates and issue numbers of journals. Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, p. 391 : list of contemporary journals publishing and reviewing poetry. Canada. Almost all Canadian journals are held by the *Canadian Lesbian and Gay Archives which has published * Our Own Voices, listing its holdings. The Body Politic (1971-87) was the most important literary journal and included book reviews by *Ian Young. For French Canadian journals see Journals - French. Bibliographies. Homosexuality in Canada, first edition (1979), pp. 43-50. Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (1984), pp. 2666. Together these two sources list journals to 1984. Australia. A gay poem appeared in Hermes, the journal of the University of Sydney under the editorship of *J. Le Gay Brereton in 1894; from this date work appeared only sporadically in journals (e.g. see *Don Maynard). 1970 saw the advent of gay journals addressed to a gay audience. Camp Ink (1970-77) had a few poems, mostly bad, by women and men; see also *Gary Dunne. GLP (1974-75) had eight issues: see *Garth Clarke. Campaign (1975+), the longest running gay journal, has had some poems in odd issues but the quality has varied enormously; see also *Martin Smith. * Ganymede (1980-ca. 1981) was the first magazine devoted completely to gay poetry in Australia; it was multilingual and edited by *George Daniel. The journals inVersions and inVersions 2 (1980-81) had some poems - see *Gary Dunne and *Dave Sargent. Gay Changes (197779), Adelaide, published a few poems. * Cargo (1987-1992), edited by *Laurin McKinnon was the most long-lasting gay literary journal. hell bent (1990-91), edited by *Kerry Bashford was on the *decadent model containing some poetry, in issue one, by Javant Biarujia (pp. 18-19) and in issue two by *Ian Birks, *Mikol Furneaux and *Paul van Reyk (pp. 20-21). There are scattered poems in the more serious gay journals after 1970 such as Gay Information (1980-87) and newspapers such as the Star Observer (1979+ first called The Sydney Star): see *Denis Gallagher. Gay poets have also been involved in the production of journals as in Great Britain and the United States: e.g. *Laurence Collinson and *Barrett Reid in Barjai (1943-47) and in Overland, which Barrett Reid edited (though it did not publish openly gay poetry), both non-gay journals. Antithesis vol. 5 no. 1-2 (May 1992; produced at the University of Melbourne) and the *men's movement journal XY (Canberra based, see issue vol. 2 no.3, Spring 1992) have both had gay issues including poems; in the issue cited of XY for poems see pp. 15 and 24. The Anthithesis issue of May 1992 concentrates on gay and lesbian theory; it has an article by *David Herkt and, pp. 135-36, two fine poems by Michael Farrell (the only poems in the issue). A journal of criticism published by the University of Melbourne is critical inQueeries (1996+). Meanjin published a gay and lesbian issue in 1996 titled Meanjin Queer (see volume 55 number 1) which contains some poetry. Queer Zine is a journal published by *Mikol Furneaux in Sydney which publishes queer poetry. See also *Ern Malley. India. Bombay Dost (1990+) is a serious journal founded by Ashok Row Kavi which includes poems and has published serious literary articles: see *Hoshang Merchant, *Sarmad (rare; copies: *Library of Congress). The title means Bombay friend. There is now a large overseas expatriate Indian gay population (e.g., in the United States and Great Britain) who publish gay journals e.g., Trikone (ca. 1985+) published in San José, California. For further details of gay journals see the entry *Overview - English in the Indian subcontinent. Netherlands. The journal Forum on Sexuality (from ca. 1993) contains much gay information. It emanates from the Netherlands and *Gert Hekma is an editor. It gives the contents of major gay literary journals including * Forum, *Babilonia, Journal of Homosexuality, plus much up-to-date information including reports on gay Conferences and gay sites on the internet. Journals in French from France, Switzerland, Belgium and Canada, date from ca. 1876. French gay literary journals have had an influence not only in France but in all *Romance languages. France, Switzerland and Belgium. Le *Décadent (active ca. 1876) and Décadence (published by Rene Ghil) are the first journals of relevance. (These journals influenced the English language * The Spirit Lamp.) *Kryptadia (1883+) published some material and the * Mercure de France was active from 1893. * Akadémos (1909) was the first gay journal as such (eleven issues only were published). A literary journal * Inversion (ca. 1924) is known. *Der Kreis/Le cercle (1932-67), in Switzerland, published some material of relevance though it was mostly in German. * Arcadie (1954+) was the most famous French gay journal of its time which was read in Italy, Spain and Portugal and probably also in Central and South America as well as in France; a complete set is in the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris. The left wing newspaper Libération (ca. 1980) featured gay articles. Gai Pied was a contemporary light weight gay journal in existence 1979-92 (see the article in Dictionnaire Gay, pp. 221-25). Masques (from 1979) was a serious literary journal which published some poetry: six issues were published to 1980. Mec was a Paris based journal of the early 1980s. A scholarly journal of papers given at the Sorbonne, Actes du colloque internationale: Homosexualité et lesbianisme: Mythes, memoires, historiques , has had three issues published from 1989. In Belgium, Tels Quels (ca. 1983+) is a gay monthly journal which publishes some poems. Canada. Sortie was a general gay journal from 1982 to 1988 published in Montreal with poems in some issues; copies were examined at the National Library, Ottawa. The journal Messieurs, mes amours (1978) was especially devoted to gay poetry; there were five issues and it was published in Montreal by Les Enterprises Normand Vaughan. The journal Hobo Québec (active 1975) associated with the Quebec counter-culture may contain material (see *Andre Roy). See *Journals - English for Canadian gay journals in English which may have influenced Canadian gay poets. Gay journals in German have been published in Germany, Switzerland and Austria from 1B92. Journals discussed originated in Germany unless otherwise noted. 'Blätter für die Kunst (1B92-1919), the journal of 'Stefan George, is the first journal of relevance; it specialized in poetry. While not overtly gay its founder and guiding spirit and many contributors were. For the period 1 B96-ca. 193Q ' Der Eigene, edited by 'Adolf Brand, was the outstanding gay literary journal; it was initially modelled on The Yellow Book (see 'Aubrey Beardsley). Pan (Berlin, 1B95-99; see Hayn, Gotendorf, Bibliotheca Germanorum Erotica, vol. 9, pp. 444-45) was another journal with some gay material. For 1B99-1923, the 'Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen was the first serious European journal to analyze homosexuality from a scholarly point of view and included literary articles as well as scientific articles. Poetischen Flugblattern edited in 'Vienna by 'Josef Kitir, 1B9B-99, published gay poems and is the first Austrian journal of relevance so far discovered. The 'folklore journals ' Kryptadia (1BB3-1911) and 'Anthropophyteia (19Q4-1913) contain some material of relevance. Many journals in the 1920s - e.g. Freundshaft und Freiheit, 1919-1933 (which included poems)—and later of the 1950s and 1960s—e.g. Der Weg zu Freundschaft und Toleranz, 1952-1970—which were ostensibly *friendship journals were actually gay journals (see the bibliographies of Herzer and Welter below for details); poems were published in these journals. The Zeitschrift für sexuelle Wissenschaft (Journal of Sexual Knowledge; 1914-30) published some historical and literary articles: see *Brandt, *Praetorius, *Wilhelm Kroll, *Placzek; it also contained an annual bibliography with a homosexual bibliography in vol. 4 no. 9, 1917 (and possibly other years); it has now been microfilmed. * Eros (1919-25 fl.) is believed to contain some relevant material. * Der Kreis (1932-67), published in Switzerland, was the longest running German journal and published poems and cultural articles; the French journal *Arcadie was founded from it. After the war, Pan: Literarische Monatblätter der Freundschaft (1951-52) published a few poems. * Forum (1987+) is the most serious contemporary literary journal analyzing gay literature emanating from Germany and concentrating on criticism. Literatussi (1990+, 16 issues to 1993) is a serious literary journal published in Hamburg by Männerschwarm bookshop and publishes poetry. There are many gay papers in Germany in the big cities and many guides to these cities (notably the von Hinten series - Berlin von Hinten, Hamburg von Hinten etc - which have included some material of relevance and are upgraded regularly). Die Insel (1899-1902) was a high class bibliophile work with art nouveau illustrations. On the early gay journal Pan and Die Insel (1899-1902; see entry in Lexikon des gesamten Buchwesens, second edition) see Dushan Stankovich, Otto Julius Bierbaum, Bern, 1991 (the life and work of the editor of these journals who also wrote poetry) - see pp. 176-88 regarding Pan and pp. 192-98 regarding Der Insel (Bierbaum's poetry is discussed on pp. 58-99). Some rare issues of German gay journals are in the *British Library and in United States libraries. Gay *archives hold journals. Zeitschrift für Sexualforschung (from ca. 1995) is a general journal of sexual research with some articles on homosexuality, including cultural material. A list of German periodicals, 1880-1970, held in the Deutsches Literaturarchiv (German literary archive) at Marbach am Neckar is Literarische Zeitschriften und Jahrbucher 1880-1970, 1972, 227 pp.; this archive will help in locating rare material. Thomas Dietzel, Deutsche Literarische Zeitschriften 1880 - 1945, Munich, 1988, lists all known literary periodicals including gay ones (e.g., * Der Eigene). Check also the German *computer database ZBD (these initials mean Zeitschriftendatenbank [Journal database]); this supplements Dietzel and also lists rare gay journals (see * Der Eigene as an example of what this checking can yield). Austria. Various gay newspapers in Vienna exist which publish literary material. Lambda-Nachtrichten is a quarterly journal published in *Vienna (active 1989). Bibliographies. See Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 115-20: list of journals. Herzer, Bibliographie zur Homosexualität, pp. 215-222: lists German journals. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1033. Greek journals have been published in Greece from 1978; there is a large Greek diaspora but no journals are known. The Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, p. 502, cites three gay magazines: Bananas (now defunct), Amphi (April 1978+) and To Kraksimo (1984+) and states that the literary review, Odos Panos, "though not strictly gay, publishes works of a homophile nature." Amphi, published bimonthly, usually about 100 pages in length, publishes cultural articles and occasionally poetry. It was founded by the poet *Loukas Theodorakopoulos; see also *Nikos Spanias. On its history see "Amphi: storia d'una rivista", Babilonia 10 (1984), 18. To Kraksimo is a serious monthly newspaper with cultural articles. Both Amphi and To Kraksimo have been prosecuted: see *censorship. On To Kraksimo see Outrage (Melbourne) no. 66 (November 1988), 16-20. The gay poet *Dinos Christianopoulos has published a literary journal Diagonal from 1958; it is not specifically gay. *Arcadie (1954-82) published some material from Greece. Journals in Italian from Italy of gay relevance date from ca. 1918. *Eros (1918) is believed to be the first such journal; not seen (only one issue was published by the Italian futurist Italo Tavolato). It opposed the social conventions of the time. Rassegna di studi sessuali (1921-28), a *sexological journal, edited by the homosexual Aldo Mieli (1879-1950), was an attempt at a serious sexual journal and discussed gay issues. Fuori! (Come out!, published from 1971; 32 isssues to 1982) was the first *gay liberation journal and originated in *Turin; a list of the contents of the first fifteen issues is contained in issue 16. It published much literary material including poems. Dalla cantine frocie (From the queer cellars) had poetry (ca. 1980; see issue 3). * Babilonia is the only monthly cultural journal and publishes literary articles. Quaderni di critica omosessuale (ca. 1976+) edited by *Stefano Casi is an occasional series on special subjects e.g., no. 2 is on *Pasolini. * Sodoma (1984+) is a serious critical journal. The long running journal *Ompo (1974+), edited by *Massimo Consoli, has published some poems. Con Noi is probably relevant. QUIR (ca.1993+) is published in *Florence and centers on the city; it has some cultural content. Hot Line (1991) had literary material. For a list to 1986 see: *Stefano Casi, Catalogo dei periodici omosessuali italiani, Bologna, 1986. See also * Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen. Journals of gay relevance in Japanese from Japan date from 1894. A journal of criminology 1930-31 had pioneering articles by *Iwata Jun'ichi on the history of homosexuality in Japan: the first four essays were published 1930-31 in the criminology journal Hanzai kagaku (between Showa 5 and 6 [this refers to the year of the reign of the Emperor Hirahito]) with a prologue by Hirai Taro using the pseudonym Edogawa Ranfo (i. e. "Edgar Allan Poe"). The euro-guro-nansensu journals of the 1930s and post-war period have some poems of relevance (source: Monumenta Nipponica, vol. 53. no. 1 [Spring 1998], 110). There are many gay journals at present published in Japan, most associated with the vast bar culture ( Barazoku is a famous English language journal). The National Diet Library, Tokyo should have copies of these journals under copyright privilege. See *Historical and Social background - Japanese re Suyewo Jwaya for the earliest journal reference (dated before 1902) to an article and see *Anonymous Poems - Japanese for a reference to a poem in a journal in 1894. Journals in Polish from Poland date from ca. 1995. The gay journal Inaczej (published in Poznana - in English, Posnan) published some gay poems by I. Marun in issue 4 of 1995, on page 53. (It is not known if I. Marun is a man or a woman). Journals in Portuguese from Portugal and Brazil date from 1915. Portugal. The *modernist journal Orpheu (1915) featured *Pessoa and *Sa Carneiro in two issues and is believed to contain gay poems. There was a large *decadent movement whose journals are relevant. Brazil. See *Lampiao (1978-81). Journals in Russian from Russia and France date from 1979. The Paris based emigre journal Vremya i my in December 1979 published a number of poems of *Gennady Trifononov; however, it was not until 1990 that openly gay journals emerged in Russia following the fall of the Communist regime. (The openly gay Diaghilev's Miriskusstva [World of Art] an art journal published 1898 to 1904, perhaps Russia's first gay journal - in the sense that it was edited by a gay person - published literature but not poetry. On this journal see the article in Terras, Handbook of Russian Literature : "Mir Iskusstva".) From 1990 an openly gay journal emerged in Moscow called Tema (also the name of a group); it is not known whether this has a literary input. Risk (published in Moscow from 1990, firstly in two trial issues and then from March 1992) is published by Argo (Association for Equal Rights for Homosexuals); its content is not known. The journal titled 1/10 (i.e. one in ten, referring to the number of homosexuals), published in Moscow, published some gay poems in issue 17 in 1995. * Gay Slavyiane! (Gay Slavs) is published in *St Petersburg from 1993, edited by *Gennady Trifonov and others, and is a serious literary journal publishing poetry (including Gennady Trifonov). In 1991, the Siberian city of Barnaul had an issue of a gay newspaper. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Out of the Blue, 10: list of journals in 1997; states 1/10 has a reputed distribution of 50,000 copies. Journals - Spanish and Catalan Journals in Spanish and Catalan from Spain and in Spanish from south and central American countries (Mexico, Argentina) date from 1920. Spanish. Spain. La Pluma (1920-23), edited by Manuel Azana seems the first gay journal. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, p. 329, mentions the journal Cantico published in *Cordoba (ca. 1980) regarding poetry by *Pablo Garcia Baena, Julio Aumente and Juan Bernier. Litoral (1926-29), edited by *Prados and *Altolaquirre, was literary. Aghois (1972-73), published in *Paris but prepared in *Barcelona, was the first *gay liberation journal. Gay Hotsa (1978+), published in Spanish in the Basque-speaking Bilbao, has some literary material and is a major gay cultural journal. It lists new books in Spanish. Entendes has been published in Madrid from ca. 1987. South America. Paz y Liberación (ca. 1979+) published in Houston, Texas, keeps abreast of new organizations and publications. The Mexican gay journals Y/Que! (see September/ October 1985) and Crisalida (see numbers 4 and 8, 1983-84) had some poems (sources: *Labardie Collection). A two page discussion of South American gay journals appears in the bulletin of *IGLA, possibly in issue 5; journals discussed are mostly gay community papers distributed in gay bars which arose from 1970. Many South American gay poets have been involved with the publication of journals. A number of gay journals have been published in Argentina from 1984. The first gay journal Somos, 1973-75, contained some poems; a bulletin from 1970 was called Nuestro "Mundo" (this was a ronoed sheet). From 1984 with the demise of the military government (1976-84), journals include Differentes (1984-86), Confidencia (from 1992; publishes an occasional poem) and Nexo (from 1993; no poetry). References. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1240-41: mention of various journals. Catalan. Juventut (ca. 1900) seems the first journal of relevance; it was modelled on the English journal The Yellow Book and published in *Barcelona. The journal of the *Institut Lambda Lambda (ca. 1978+) publishes literary material. All journals discussed above are extremely rare; only Gay Hotsa and Lambda were examined. Bibliographies. Cuaderno bibliográfico gay, 29: list of contemporary journals in Spanish and Catalan. Translator from Greek to English from Great Britain. 1817-1893. Benjamin Jowett is the most famous English translator of the Dialogues of the Greek philosopher *Plato. His translation appeared in 1871 (revised edition 1875; third revised edition 1892). As it was not a censored translation, omitting the homosexuality, his translation greatly contributed to knowledge of the homoerotic atmosphere of the circle around the chief protagonist *Socrates. As well, it made clear to English readers that *Athens in the fifth century B.C. had a thriving gay culture and thus gave powerful impetus to *Oscar Wilde and his circle and others for the validity of their homosexuality. Jowett was an *Oxford Don, an Anglican priest from 1845, Professor of Greek at Oxford from 1855, Master of Balliol College from 1870 and Vice Chancellor of Oxford. He lived a bachelor existence. According to the Dictionary of National Biography entry, "In 1848, he began the practice, which he continued till near the end of his life, of taking pupils with him in the vacation to some quiet place" (op. cit., pp. 92-23). A favourite pupil was the homosexual John Addington Symonds whose many letters to Jowett have been preserved. In one, of 1 February 1889, discussing "Greek love" (i.e. homosexuality; text in Letters, edited by H. M. Schueller and R. L. Peters, 1969, vol. 3, pp. 345-47) Jowett's remark, quoted from a letter to Symonds, that this is "mainly a figure of speech" in Plato, needs to be read in the context of strong disapproval of homosexuality in Great Britain at the time and the problems for Jowett in even discussing the idea rationally in such a climate. In the introduction to his translation of The Symposium, Jowett states that Socrates is represented "as one who has overcome his passions" and exemplifies the fact that "The highest love is not of a person, but of the highest and purest abstraction" ( The Dialogues of Plato, second edition, 1875, vol. 2, p. 121). This is an example of *Platonism in the *Victorian period when *Platonic love came to mean non-physical love. Jowett was involved in theological controversies in Oxford and in 1855 was accused of heresy and forced to swear to the Thirty-nine Articles of the Anglican faith (see Dictionary of National Biography entry, p. 924). He edited *St Paul's epistles (1855; revised 1859). Biography: *Geoffrey Faber, Jowett, London, 1957: pp. 296-313 speculates on why he didn't marry; it states he was in love with some women but the relationships didn't work out. Apart from Symonds, the poet *Gerard Manley Hopkins was another pupil of Jowett's. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography: by E. A. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Iolaus (1902), 32-35, 48-59, 72-73. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1882-1841. A twentieth century experimental novelist whose most famous novel Ulysses (1922) was banned. In Pomes Penyeach, London, 1927 (repr. 1933), "She Weeps Over Rahoon" p.12 is a love poem to a man cast in a woman's voice; "On the Beach at Fontana" p.14 is addressed to a man and is *non gender specific. In his volume of poems Chamber Music, 1907 (repr): see poem 1 (re *Amor, i.e., Love, trope) and poem 17 ("Because your voice was at my side") - homosexual undertones in relationship between men. Language is used very subtly in this book; for instance, the title of the book has *scatological connotations and refers to peeing in a pot. The last two lines of poem 1 "With fingers straying/ Upon an instrument" may refer to *masturbation. Joseph Valente, Quare Joyce (Ann Arbor, 1998), discusses homosexuality in Joyce's work. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10764: Pomes Penyeach, Paris: Shakespeare and Co., 1972. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 2049-50: Pomes Penyeach, Paris: Shakespeare and Co., 1927; repr. in Collected Poems, New York: Viking, 1957. Poet from Mexico writing in Spanish. Born 1949. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 370-71: fine gay poems. Pseudonym apparently of a poet from Iran who wrote in Persian. Active ca. 159Q. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A'in i Akbari anthology, 66Q; biog., 66Q - states his name is Sayyid 'Ali and he was educated in Tabriz. Judah Halevi, also spelt Ha-levi and Ha-Levy Poet from Spain who wrote in Hebrew. Born before 1075-1141. One of the most famous *medieval Hebrew poets, particularly for his religious verse. He was born in Navarre, later lived in *Granada, where he was a protege of *Moses Ibn Ezra, and died on a ship to Palestine. About eighty love poems addressed to a deer or *gazelle survive; his total oeuvre is 800. Text. He was edited by H. Brody, 2 volumes, Berlin, 1894-1909. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Judaica. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature iii 762. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 255-57: four poems trans. into English. Poems of Love and Liberation, 28; although the name is given as Sadah ha-Levi, this seems a mistake. Criticism. Jefrim Schirmann, "The Ephebe in Medieval Hebrew Poetry", Sefarad I5 (1955), 59, footnote 13: cites poems 19-20, 38, 63 in the text of Brody's text vol. two (his name is spelt Yehuda Halewi); 60 - poems 112, 131 in vol. one and 8 and 22 in vol. two of the preceding; it notes also a poetical jest adapted from *al-Mutannabi and homosexualized. *Norman Roth, "'My Beloved is like a Gazelle': Imagery of the Beloved Boy in Medieval Hebrew Poetry", Hebrew Annual Review, 8 (1984), 46-48: several poems of the sevi (*fawn) genre. Roth, "'My Beloved is like a Gazelle'", 159-62. Pagis, Hebrew Poetry, 65 (spelt Judah Halevi): delights in describing the "downy beard" of his beloved. Religion from Israel first surviving in written form in Greek in the Septuagint, the Greek version of the *Old Testament from 200 B.C. and later in Hebrew. The language of the scriptures of Judaism, the *Tanach (called in a slightly different form, the * Old Testament) is Hebrew; the Greek translation of the Tanach, the Septuagint, precedes surviving complete Hebrew versions so the date of the religion must be taken from here. Material of gay poetry relevance dates from at least ca. 200 B.C. but probably dates from much earlier (see *King David who reputedly lived ca. 1000 B.C.). Judaism is the religion of the Jews (among whom homosexual behavior between men was condemned - see *Sodom); as a religion it dates from before 500 B.C. and is based on a belief in *God. It has spread all over the world so many countries and languages are relevant, not just Hebrew: see Jewish poets. Orthodox Judaism was, until recently, fairly hostile to male homosexuality (but *medieval Hebrew poets from Spain wrote much gay poetry). The Californian based liberal Jewish liberal journal Tikkun (1985+) has in recent years had favorable articles on homosexuality while Jewish liberal synagogues have accepted homosexuality. A gay synagogue exists in *Los Angeles and there is one in *New York (see the ethnography by Moshe Shokeid, A Gay Synagogue in New York, 1995). See "Judaism and Homosexuality" by Bradley Shavit Artson in Tikkun vol. 3 no. 2 (March-April 1988), 52-54 and 92 and the article with the same title by Rabbi Yoel H. Kahn in Journal of Homosexuality vol. 18 nos. 3 and 4 (1989-90), 47 ff. See also the book by Christie Balka and Andy Rose Thrice Blessed: On Being Lesbian, Gay and Jewish, 1989, 305 pp. (reviewed in Tikkun vol. 5 no. 2 [March-April 1990), 102-105]). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 641-48: "Judaism, Post-Biblical"; "Judaism, Sephardic". Cassell's Encyclopedia of Queer Myth, Symbol, and Spirit. Gay Histories and Cultures. Bibliographies. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, pp. 349-52. Other references. Homosexuality and world religions, 103-43: article by Lewis John Eron. Jugular Defences: An Aids Anthology Anthology in English from Great Britain. London: Oscars Press, 1994, 112 pages; biog. notes pp. 109-112. Edited by *Peter Daniels and *Steve Anthony. This is the second British *Aids anthology. The poets are from both the United States and Great Britain and most have established reputations; many of the British poets are from the London gay poetry group the *Oscars. Most contributors are men and there are about fifty male contributors. Review: James White Review vol.13 no. 2 (Spring 1996), 21. The work is not as such a gay anthology. Filmmaker from Great Britain working in English. Born 1960. He made the major gay film Looking for *Langston [Hughes], ca. 1989. This is one of the rare films on gay poets (for others see *Allen Ginsberg, *Oscar Wilde and *Sayat-Nova [pseud]). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Howes, Broadcasting It. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Brother to Brother , 174-80: interview with him by *Essex Hemphill. Trope in Latin from Italy. From ca. 44 B.C. Julius Caesar was a *Roman ruler and general who lived 100 B.C.-44B.C. He conquered Gaul (France) and is referred to as a passive homosexual in several sources, including several poems. *Suetonius in his life of Caesar, Chapters 49 and 52, refers to Caesar's homosexuality; Chapter 49 has several references and cites two oral poems *"Gallias Caesar Subegit" being one of the poems. These are the first known references to homosexuality in oral poems in Latin. *Catullus poem 57 cites him as a passive homosexual or pathicus; poem 93 by Catullus also refers. Compare the name of the journal *Little Caesar. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 185. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 88-90. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Biographer from France writing in French. 1919-1977. A biographer of *eighteen-nineties and *decadent writers. He has written biographies in French of * Montesquiou (1965; trans. into English 1967), *Wilde (1967; trans. English 1969) and the Italian poet *D'Annunzio (1971; trans. into English 1973). He has also compiled volumes on *symbolist and decadent painters and Art Nouveau. His Oscar Wilde (English trans. 1969), has an important bibliography in English and French on pp. 411-14. Biography (in French): Ghislain de Diesbach, Un Esthete aux Enfers (Paris, 1993). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors. Jung, Carl and Jungian philosophy Philosopher from Switzerland who wrote in German. 1875-1961. A Zurich based psychologist and psychiatrist and founder of analytical psychology who believed in archetypes in the unconscious mind which ruled human behavior (as distinct from *Freud's emphasis on sexuality). He collaborated with Freud 1907-14 but they had a famous falling out. Jung had homosexual sex when young. See William Macquire, The Freud/Jung Letters, Penuin Books, 1991, letter 49J of 28 October 1907, p. 84. A key passage in this letter from Jung to Freud was mistranslated: "as a boy I was a victim of a sexual assault by a man" should read "I submitted"; Eric H Ericson pointed out in his article "Themes of Adulthood in the Freud/ Jung Letters" in Themes of Work and Love in Adulthood, 1980, p. 55. On homosexuality in Jung's life see Ronald Hayman, A Life of Jung, 1999, pp. 20, 29 and 94-95. Richard Noll, The Aryan Christ: the secret life of Carl Jung (1997), also refers to homosexuality. His Wandlungen und Symbole der Libido, 1912 (Psychology of the Unconscious, 1921) is a crucial work. His concept of the animus and anima underlying human nature (masculine and feminine sides of a person's nature) has elements of *androgyny and can accomodate homosexuality. Jung was not negative on homosexuality: see Robert Hopcke, Jung, Jungians and Homosexuality, 1990 (review: The Advocate no. 546, March 13, 1990, 62-63). See also *Christine Downing, *Graham Jackson. Biography: Frank McLynn, Carl Gustav Jung (1997). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 649-51: a brilliant article on Jung and homosexuality. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Gay Histories and Cultures. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 69: "Das erotische Element in Kunst und Dichtung" in Zeitschrift für Sexualwissenschaft no. 11 (1924), 11. Poet from Germany who wrote in German. Born 1898. He wrote gay poems in the *Hitler period: see his book Missouri, ca. 1993 (a boy meets another boy and spends the night with him by the river). No other details are known. Translator from Greek to German. Active before 1B99. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 24-25: trans. of the Greek poet 'Anacreon into German. Figure from myth in Latin poetry from Italy. From ca. 8. Jupiter is the Roman name for *Zeus, the chief Greek god who was most important, homosexually, for his relationship with *Ganymede. He is also called Jove. See Oxford Latin Dictionary, 754, Ganymedes (cites reference to Jupiter and Ganymede in *Ovid's Metamorphoses x, 155-61 [dating ca. 8]). See Medieval Latin Poems of Male Love and Friendship, 59 (poem 67) for usage in a poem by *Hildebert of Lavardin (ca. 1055-1133); see also *Prudentius. Poet from Australia writing in English. Born 1940. Poems in *Pink Ink (see below) are *non-gender specific. He has published over thirty books, including several books of poems and holds a personal chair at the University of Queensland, where he is the editor of the journal Outrider. See the poems "Sex" (non gender specific) and *"Aids" in Redoubt no. 5 (April 1989), pp. 24-25. A gay poem, "David of Florence" was published in the Queensland gay paper, Queensland Pride no. 13 (June 1992), 26. As critic, in German see Beschworung und Erlosung, 1990, 483 pages: a study of *pornography including *de Sade and Jean Genet. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Hurley, Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Pink Ink, 66-68; biog., 299. Poet from Australia who wrote in English. 1893-1958. The author of a verse play Icarius (Adelaide, 1941): see the dialogue of Icarius and Dion, pages 9-12, which deals with their love. This work shows the strong influence of English *Uranian poetry and especially Uranian works relating to ancient Greek gay traditions. (A later version of the text exists with some changes.) His play The Administrator, first produced in 1955, which is also in poetry, is also relevant as it deals with *Damon and Pithias; the text is in The Sun in Servitude and other plays (1961). He came from a wealthy Adelaide family, was educated at *Oxford and later lived abroad including travels to Italy, including Taormina in *Sicily, a gay mecca. John Bray was in his circle. He was strongly influenced by ancient Greek and Latin poetry and was Professor of English at the University of Adelaide 1946-1949 (the chair had been endowed by his mother). Later he wrote a column in the Adelaide Advertiser newspaper. His papers are in the State Library of South Australia. For his biography and discussion of his works see South Australiana (1966), vol. 5. no. 2 (September 1966), 79-114 (by Barbara Wall); references to homosexuality in this article were removed at the instigation of John Bray (information from Barbara Wall). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Australian Dictionary of Biography, volume 14; states Icarius "is a courageous treatment of... homosexuality" (written by Barbara Wall). Poet from India writing in English. Born 1940. Born in Bombay he mostly lived in London and Oxford 1957-69. Two books of poems: Land's End(1962) and Missing Person (1976). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Yaraana: Gay Writing from India, 145-51; biog., 207. Poet from Italy who wrote in Latin. Ca. 60-ca. 140. A major Latin poet for homosexuality. His Satires 2 and 9 are the main works and they are extremely explicit. "Satire 2" reveals male homosexual *transvestism and is an attack on philosophers for being homosexuals. "Satire 9", a conversation between Juvenal and a male *prostitute, Naevolus, who is kept by a stingy rich man, Virro, reveals a rich homosexual culture in ancient Rome, if it is accepted as being realistic. "Satire 6" is a *parody of Virgil's "Second Eclogue" and refers to *misogyny. The Satires were written 100-ca. 127 at the time of the Emperor Domitian. They only became well known in the fourth century. The * editio princeps was 1470. Juvenal is mentioned in Martial's epigrams as a friend of the poet (see *Martial entry); in Book 12 of Martial, poem 16 implies Juvenal is homosexual. See also *Bathyllus (referred to in "Satire 6") and *Satires - Latin. Text and editions. His entry in the Oxford Classical Dictionary lists editions. Brunet, Manuel du libraire lists early and rare editions, frequently with commentaries. He was first noticed by Servius, the fourth century commentator on Virgil and first edited at this time. An edition by the homosexual poet *A. E. Housman was published in 1931; however, it contains little homosexual comment. See also *Guy Lee. Criticism. Fine commentaries exist by *E. Courtney and *Gilbert Highet who called "Satire 9" "one of the most shocking poems ever written", in his The Satires of Juvenal, 1954, p. 117. The commentary by *Domizio Calderinini, 1475, in Latin was the first important one. On "Satire 2" lines 117-142, see J. Colin, "Juvenal et le *marriage mystique de Gracchus", Atti della Accademia dells Scienze di Torino, 90 (1956), 114-126: this discusses Juvenal's abuse of Gracchus' *"marriage" to a male. Lustrum vols. 7-8 (1962-63) surveys criticism 1941-61. See also "Criticism in homosexual terms" below. Censorship. Earlier commentaries by J. E. Mayor omitted "Satires 2, 6 and 9" and that by J. D. Duff omitted "Satires 2 and 9" and passages elsewhere. For his influence - which was enormous - see, for example, *Picccolomini, *Charles Churchill. See also *Ludwig Friedlander. Translation. The "Second and Ninth Satires" are the major works. Translations of selected Satires have usually not been included here; none has been found which includes "Satire 9". Translations commonly were combined with translation of *Persius and have proved very popular. The first translation was into Italian in 1480, then partially into Spanish in 1519, followed by French in 1607. Censorship - by means of omitting text in the translation - has occurred. Danish: O. Worm (1801). Dutch: A. Valentijn (1691), Trans, not known (1709). English: The *British Library General Catalogue and National Union Catalog reveal translations were especially popular from the eighteenth century. Only complete translations are mainly included. Translators: Sir R. Stapylton (1647; repr.), B. Holyday (1673), John Dryden and others (1693 and repr. - not complete), T. Sheridan (1739), Trans. not known (Dublin, 1741; repr.), E. Owen (1785; repr. - censored edition), Rev. M. Madan (1789; repr), *W Gifford (1802; repr.; complete), various translators, J. D. Lewis (1873; repr), G. G. Ramsay (1918; repr. - Loeb edition), Rolf Humphries (1958), Hubert Creekmore (1963; repr. - Mentor Books edition), Jerome Mazzaro (1965), Peter Green (1967 - Penguin books edition), *Guy Lee. French: A. de Chesne (1607), M. de Marolles (1658), M. Dusaulx (1782; repr.). Other translations exist. German: Rost (ca.1805), W. E. Weber (1838). Other translations exist. Hungarian: I. Barna (1876). Italian: G. Summaripa (1480; repr.), C Silvestri (1711; repr.), T. Gargallo (1844), R. Vescovi (1875), Corrado Gallo (ca. 1943-Satire 2). Portuguese: Francisco Antonio Martins Bastoa (Lisbon, 1839), A. de S S Costa Lobo (Lisbon, 2 volumes (1878-81). Romanian: A. Marinescu (1922). Russian: Andreya Adolfa (1888). Spanish: Don Jeronimo de Villegas and others (Valladolid, 1519 - "Satires 6 and 10"). The British Library General Catalogue and National Union Catalog were checked. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 571-72 by *Gilbert Highet. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 651-52. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 69: Satiren [no other details]. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10765: The Satires of Juvenal, Bloomington , IN: Indiana University Press, 1958 and also trans. by Rolfe Humphries, New York, 1963. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 2053-54: Juvenal and Persius, London: Heinemann, Loeb Classical Library, [no date] and the same book as Bullough. Gay Poetry Anthologies. *Forberg, Manual of Classical Erotology. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 100-102: "Satire 2". L'amour bleu, 67-68: "Satires 6 and 9". Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 104-110: from "Satire Two"; "Satire Six", lines 301-349 and "Satire Nine". Les Amours masculines, 47: brief reference. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 198-201. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 129-33: ii 159-170, v 49-66, ix 27 ff. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 83-88. Criticism in homosexual terms. Mayne, The Intersexes, 288. Kiefer, Sexual Life in Ancient Rome, 287-89; p. 288 noting "a strong element of homosexuality in his character" and his *misogyny. Lilja, Homosexuality in Republican and Augustan Rome, 153. Courouve, Ces petits grecs, 24: "Satires 2, 4 , 6, 7, 9 and 10". Lover of *Catullus referred to in poems in Latin from Italy. Active ca. 64 B.C. The name means youth and is probably a pseudonym. Juventius is one of the most important known gay lovers of *Roman poets inspiring several poems of Catullus: see Catullus Poems 24, 48, 81, 99. Poems 48 and 99 are especially fine. Very little is known about him, since no details are given in the poems. He apparently lived in *Rome (see poem 81). Kabbala (also spelt Cabbala) and kabbalistic knowledge Work of philosophy in Hebrew from France, Spain and Israel. The Kabbala is the book of a Jewish mystical movement originating in Provence in France ca. 1300 but traceable to Israel from 100. The main Kabbalistic work was the Zohar ("Book of Splendour") composed by Moses de Leon (ca. 1240-1305). The Kabbala was written in a language which is a mixture of Aramaic, Hebrew and Spanish. The Zohar is regarded by some as being in poetry and it has strong erotic elements. The Kabbalistic movement which originated from the work was very strong in Spain until 1492, when the center moved to Israel after the expulsion of the Jews from Spain. The system evolved a secret way of interpretating the Old Testament (or Tanakh to Jews) by interchanging words whose letters have the same numerical numbers when added called gematria. Each letter of the Hebrew alphabet corresponded to a number: aleph the first letter was 1 or 1000, beth the second 2 or 1000 and so on (the nineteenth letter kef is 100). Criticism. See Georg Langer, Die Erotik der Kabbala (The erotics of the Kabbala), Prague, 1923 (reprinted, Munich, 1983), Chapter 4: "Die Männerliebe" (Male love), pp. 52-67, with a poem translated into German pp. 55-57 (this book is described in Hayn, Gotendorf, Bibliotheca Germanorum Erotica, vol. 9, p. 337). *Androgyny was important in the Kabbala; e.g. Adam was depicted androgynously. *Allegorical interpretations of *medieval Hebrew poetry have been proposed in relation to homosexual material which may have been influenced by the Kabbala tradition. Medieval Hebrew poetry needs to be read with this tradition in mind. It must also be kept in mind that homosexuality was illegal in Spain under the *Christian church before 1492. Shabbetaianism, a 17th century movement related to Jewish mysticism reached a peak in the 18th century with the followers of Jacob Frank who allegedly sought redemption thorough orgies at mystical festivals. See also *A. E. Waite, The Holy Kabbala, 1929 (a *Theosophical view) and WIlliam Wynn Westcott, An Introduction to the Study of the Kabbalah (London, 1925). *Todros Abulafia was a Kabbalist. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Judaica: the major survey to date (by Gershon Sholem, the greatest twentieth century scholar of the subject). Encyclopedia Britannica: see "Kabbala"; "Jewish Mysticism", "Shabbetaianism". Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion : see "Qabbalah"; see also "Zohar". Poet and philosopher from India who wrote mainly in Hindi but also in Persian; a poem in Urdu exists. Ca. 1440-1518. A *mystical poet whose poems are strongly homosexual with emphasis on brotherhood and *friendship. He is the most popular of Indian saints and wrote in a mixture of Hindi dialects; he was influenced by *Sufism (especially *Rumi). He was a pervasive influence on *Guru Nanak the founder of *Sikhism. *Tantric concepts also occur in his verse - see Charlotte Vaudeville, Kabir, volume 1, 1974, Chapter 5, pp. 120-48 - and he influenced the *Bhakti cult which is widespread in India. His main work is the Bijak. Many of his works remain in manuscript. Biography: see Charlotte Vaudeville, Kabir, 2 volumes, 1974 (vol. 1 contains a biography of the poet). Urdu. See Rahman, "Boy love in the Urdu ghazal", Paidika vol. 2 no. 1 (1989), 22: gay poem. Hindi and Urdu were close at this time and this poem may be considered to be in Hindi. Translation. Bengali: a manuscript is known. English: translated by *Tagore with E. Underhill from a Bengali manuscript, published as One Hundred Poems of Kabir, London, 1915; however, this is a very stilted translation; *Robert Bly, The Kabir Book, 1971 and 1977 (a reworking of the translation of Tagore: very strongly homoerotic); Charlotte Vaudeville (1974); Paul Smith (Melbourne, 1988). French: Charlotte Vaudeville (1959). Sanskrit: see entry in Catalogue of the Indian Office Library: Sanskrit Books vol. 2 Part 1, London, 1951 under Kabir. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Hastings, Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, vol. 2, 72. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Genre in Punjabi from India. From ca. 1550+. A *Sufi genre in which the poet assumes the female persona (typically singing a love song about a young woman longing for her lover): see Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, "Pandjabi" entry p. 256. The first writer was the sixteenth century poet of Lahore, Shah "Madho Lal" Husayn; other writers are 'Abd Allah "Bullhe Shah" (1680-1758) and Sultan Bahu of Jhang. This genre awaits analysis from a gay point of view; some poems may, of course, have been written by women using male pseudonyms; some may be by homosexuals. Compare *love poems written in the persona of a woman (in Chinese, Korean, Japanese and Vietnamese). Poet and novelist from Czech Republic who wrote in German. 1883-1924. The Jewish writer Franz Kafka is best known for his novels of alienation, The Trial and The Castle; he wrote a few poems (e.g. see Ronald Hayman, Kafka: A Biography, 1981, p. 28). He lived in Prague and lived a tortured existence dying of tuberculosis. He seems to have fallen in love with the actor Jizchak Lowy (ibid., pp. 112-120); his first real intimacy with a woman occurred only when he was twenty-three (ibid., p. 51). His manuscripts were saved by his devoted friend *Max Brod. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopædia Britannica. Poet from Finland who wrote in Finnish. Born 1937. Whether this author is a man is not sure. Not in Rossel, History of Scandinavian Literature, or Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Bibliographies. Hansen, Nordisk Bibliografi, 21: book of poems Maan viini, Otava, 1937, 95 pp.: contains some homosexual themes. Poet from Finland writing in Finnish. 1901-1933. Obsessed with *Christian guilt and fear of death, he was involved with the creation of *modernism in Finnish poetry and was influenced by *Baudelaire and German expressionism. Bibliographies. Hansen, Nordisk Bibliografi, 21: Runoja, WSOY, 1977, 251pp. Criticism. Rossel, History of Scandinavian Literature, 239-40. Kains Jackson, Charles Henry (also spelt Kains-Jackson) Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1857-1933. *Anthony Reid, * The Eternal Flame, volume 2, p. 118, states he was sexually attracted to his thirteen year old nephew, Cecil Castle, possibly supplying the name Castle to whom he wrote the book of poems Lysis, 1924. (Lysis is the name of a dialogue of *Plato). He used the name Philip Castle (pseud.), for his volumes * Blue Roses, Mytilene, 1924 (manuscript seen in the library of *Anthony Reid) and Lysis, 1924. He was the editor of The *Artist and Journal of Home Culture and published homopoems in it (1888-1894): see the list at the end of Smith, Love in Earnest, pp. 235-39. The publication of these poems was a daring act for its time. In Hidden Heritage and Sexual Heretics his name is spelt Kains-Jackson. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Murray, Catalogue of Selected Books, item 39a: Lysis (Aet. xiii, xiv, xv) A Memory, 1924; published under the name of Philip Castle. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10751-52: Finibus cantat amor: an epicede, Richmond: Privately printed, 1922 (published anonymously) and Lysis: a memory, London: Privately printed, 1924. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 1989-90: same books; states Lysis is "by Philip Castle". Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reade, Sexual Heretics, 225-26, 247 (*Antinous trope), 313-19. Hidden Heritage, 218-24. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 74: listed under Charles Philip Castle Kains Jackson; biog., 119 (see below). Criticism. Smith, Love in Earnest, 245-46; bibl., 274 - noting he used the pseudonyms Philip Jackson and P. C. Harmodius. Addressee from Germany of poems in German. Active 1750. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Ioläus (1906), 207-08: two poems to him written by *Frederick the Great whose lover he appears to have been (printed 1750 at the Villa of Sans Souci, Potsdam). Poet from Japan who wrote in Japanese. Active possibly ca. 700. The most famous poet of the *Manyoshu, he wrote *waka. His dates are uncertain. See the poem translated into English opposite the title page of Part One of *William Plomer, Double Lives, New York: Noonday Press, no date (ca. 1970): this love poem presents us with a male world and seems a gay poem in the context. William Plomer, who had visited Japan, was homosexual and was fond of double entendres (note the title of Plomer's book). The poem can certainly be interpreted homosexually and could be an example of Japanese *indirect language. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan. Princeton Companion to Classical Japanese Literature. Poet from Japan writing in Japanese. Active before 1713. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Partings at Dawn, 117 (from the anthology * Iwatsutsuji). Poem from Finland in Finnish. The Finnish national *epic recorded from 1835 by Elias Lonnrot (formerly it existed only in oral versions). It consists of several cycles of songs based on Finnish *heroes. The poem was sung. It shows strong *male bonding e.g. in F. P. Magoun's translation (see below), p. 3. The material relates to the Estonian epic the * Kalevipoeg (see entry Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature) and to Lithuanian folk songs; compare also the Russian * Lay of Igor. Translation. English: W. F. Kirby (1907; repr); Francis Peabody Magoun (1963; based on 1849 text), Keith Bosley (1998). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Poem in Estonian from Estonia. From 1857 in written form. The Estonian national poem. Close *male bonding occurs. Compare the Finnish * Kalevala which is based on similar material. See W. F. Kirby, The Hero of Esthonia, 2 volumes, 1895. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Great Soviet Encyclopedia: see under "Kalevipoeg". Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature : see entry in vol. 1; lists English translation, The Hero of Estonia, 2 vols., 1895 by W. F. Kirby. Lover, partner and poet from the United States; he wrote in English. 1921-1975. He was the partner of *W. H. Auden from 1939, whom he and *Harold Norse met together. *Dorothy Farnan has described the Auden-Kallman relationship (which was sexual in the beginning only). He was especially interested in opera, collaborated with Auden on the libretto to the opera The Rake's Progress by Igor Stravinsky, and is also the author of three books of poems. See the biographies of Auden by *Charles Osborne and *Humphrey Carpenter, 1981, for details of his life with Auden. (See especially pp. 257-59 of Carpenter's life). Books of poetry: his first book was Storm at Castelfranco; this was followed by Absent and Present, 1963, and The Sense of Occasion: poems, 1971. After Auden's death, he was in very poor health and drank heavily. He died in *Athens. See *Kirby Congdon, "Chester Kallman Reconsidered", Boston Gay Review no. 3 (1978), 12-13. For a note on him see the note in Schuyler, Diary, 307: this states "Kallman was probably Schuyler's closest friend" and cites eight lines from an unpublished elegy by Schuyler. As a gay poet Chester Kallman is not notable. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors New Revision Series, volume 3. Critic from the United States who wrote in English. 1932-1986. Author of the critical work Five Temperaments: Elizabeth Bishop, *Robert Lowell, James Merrill, *Adrienne Rich, *John Ashbery, 1978. This was much criticized by *Michael Lynch in a review in Christopher Street (August 1978, 51-53) stating "four of the five poets are gay" but Lynch did not state who the non gay poet was (Lowell was the only one not gay). There are two letters replying to Lynch's review in Christopher Street, November 1978, 62-64; in one, Edmund White points out that Adrienne Rich did not come out as a lesbian until her volume The Dream of a Common Language published after Lynch's book. He died of *Aids. He was a Professor of English at Rutgers University. James Merrill was a friend. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors, vol. 119: obituary. Poet who wrote in Persian. Active ca. 159Q. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A'in i Akbari anthology, 67Q - includes a homosexual love poem to "the beautiful boy"; biog., 67Q. Poet from Japan who wrote in Japanese. 1697-1796. He famously made the observation that a virile way or masculine streak characterized Japanese literature (thus hinting at a homosexual basis): see "Interview: *Takahashi Mutsuo" in Gay Sunshine, no. 31 (1977), 1-4, footnote 2, p. 4. He was famous for a commentary on the *Manyoshu. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan: Poet from Japan who wrote in Japanese. Active before 1713. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Partings at Dawn, 105: openly gay poem (from the anthology * Iwatsutsuji). Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1960. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10766: "Objet d'art" in ONE Magazine 8: 6, 22 June 1960. Poet from Japan writing in Japanse. 1895-1975. Fine modern Japanese poet; he identified with *Oscar Wilde on reading The Portrait of Dorian Gray and was strongly influenced by the French *Symbolist movement. He is famous for saying "to oppose is to be alive". Active as a poet from 1916, he married in 1921, but had affairs. He translated *Rimbaud into Japanese. See Shijin: Autobiography of the Poet Kaneko Mitsuharu, 1976, trans. by A. R. Davis; contains biog. notes. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan : by *Hiroaki Sato. Poet from Russia who wrote in Russian. Active 1917. See *Simon Karlinsky, "Russia's Gay Literature and History", Gay Sunshine, 29-30 (Summer/ Fall 1976), 4: a poet who appears to have had an affair with *Esenin. He assassinated the Cheka Chieftain in 1918 in Russia in a celebrated case. Jewish background. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1960. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10767: Poems for the John , New York: Kanrom 1960. (John in United States English is slang for *"toilet".) Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Active from 1975. *New York gay activist, who is the author of a gay autobiography Under the Rainbow: Growing Up Gay; he teaches at the City College of New York. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, Volume 2, item 10768: poem "Fire" in Gay Literature 2:49, Spring 1975. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gay Poetry, 2. Poets for Life, 121: "At a *Queen's Funeral" Biographer in English from the United States; editor of works in English. Born 1925. Author of the disappointing *Walt Whitman: A life, New York, 1980. This is one of the most recent complete lives of Whitman which, however, is inadequate in its dealings with Whitman's homosexuality and gay relationships: see e.g., pp. 311-16 on *Peter Doyle where he states p. 313, "Whitman extended himself with Peter Doyle farther than he had with any other man and at greater risk to his psychic safety". The book suffers from a failure to take into account fully Whitman's language in his poems and letters. On Whitman's life this is a better work than *Gay Wilson Allen but not to be compared with *Charley Shively (who, however, does not cover all Whitman's life). Review: Body Politic no. 25 (July/August 1981), 28-29, by *Robert Martin. He is the editor of Walt Whitman: Complete Poetry and Prose, Library of America, 1982, which is the most complete affordable text of the poet. He has compiled a film and video entitled Walt Whitman (1986). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors, New Revision Series, vol. 8. Poet from Germany writing in German. Born 1955. He lived in *Munich in 1977. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Schwüle Lyrik, schwüle Prosa, 87-97; biog., 88, photo 87. Figure from myth in songs, oral and written poems from Turkey, Greece and France in Turkish, Greek and French. From ca. 1150. He is the principal character in the Turkish shadow play; the word means "black eye". There are homosexual suggestions at times in these plays (sometimes he appears with a *phallus). A so-called "stage *ghazel" is used. Frequently the play begins with Hadjiwad singing a song of longing for his companion Karagoz; their relationship may be seen as inherently homosexual. See *Helmut Ritter, Karagos, 1924 (in German). Ritter was expert on Karagoz. The Turkish shadow play spread to Europe and was a popular entertainment. Translation. English: see James Kritzek, editor, Anthology of Islamic Literature, 1964, pp. 371-77; see poems on pp. 374-76 re strong friendship. French: see *Verlaine's poem "Hombres XII", line 10, in the translation by Alan Stone, Royal Tastes, New York, 1984 and the note p. 191 regarding the play of Karagoz in Paris in Verlaine's time; this poem is entitled "Dans ce café" (beginnning, "Dans ce café bonde d'imbéciles, nous deux"). Greek: see *Manos Hadjidakis regarding songs. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition: by Helmut Ritter. Poet from Greece writing in Greek and translator from Greek to English; he lives in Australia. Born ca. 1960. He is the author of two books of *mystical religious poems. Book of poems: Ode ston Georgio Plethona, Athens, 1992. A senior lecturer in modern Greek at the University of Sydney from 1992 who was formerly a monk on Mount Athos. As translator from Greek to English see *S. S. Charkianakis. He is translating Patrick White's novel Voss into Greek. He has a B.A. and Ph.D. from the University of *Athens. Poet from Czech Republic who wrote in Czech. 1871-1951. The only known Czech poet to write openly of homosexuality: see his volumes Sodoma (1895) and Sexans necans (1897). He wrote Ideje zitrku: Henrik Ibsen-Walt Whitman, 1894-98, published in 1898, apparently on the influence of *Whitman on the Norwegian dramatist Ibsen. The poem "The Spectral Ship" in Anthology of Czech Poetry, edited by Alfred French and René Wellek, 1973, pp. 348-49, is an interesting poem possibly suggesting homosexual practices in the sailors in it. See A. Novak, Czech Literature, 1976, p. 263: states "he did not disdain to use themes of homosexuality'" Biography: see his entry in Sovik Navcny, 1934. He was also a book and art collector. The author express gratitude to Professor Alfred Thomas, Harvard University, for help with this entry and the late *Warren Johansson (pseud.) for telling me about Karasek. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Everyman Companion to East European Literature : states "as the leading *Decadent poet he wrote poems on homosexual love". Poet from Russia who wrote in Russian. Active before 1879. He was an *actor. The transliteration of his name is the German transliteration. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros Russe. Criticism. Stern, Geschichte der offentlichen Sittlichkeit in Russland, vol. 2, 582: states he wrote homosexual poems for *Eros Russe. Historian from the United States writing in English. Active 1971. Author of Sexuality and Homosexuality, London: Macdonald, 1971, 666 pages; bibl. pp. 619-46. The work is an international survey, well written with concisely put information. Chapter 6 on the *Renaissance is excellent; Chapter 13, Beyond the West, pp. 228-47 deals with all non-western cultures. The book emerged out of the sexual revolution of the sixties. See entries *Charles Churchill, *David Garrick, *Ganymede. Biography: see dustjacket. He was a journalist and writer in 1971 teaching at Pennsylvania State University. Compare *Vern L. Bullough. Critic from the United States writing in English. Born 1924. The outstanding historian and critic of gay Russian culture to date who is also a major translator into English of Russian gay poetry. His seminal article in *Gay Sunshine in 1976 (see below) has been extended with additional information in the subsequent articles cited below. He has published another version of the Gay Sunshine article on the internet. He has written many articles on *Gennady Trifonov and is the author of The Sexual Labyrinth of Nikolai Gogol, 1976 (discussing the homosexuality of the gay Russian novelist). For a list of his writings, see Simon Karlinsky: A Bibliography 1950-1993, compiled by Molly Molloy, Berkeley, 1994; this is included in For SK: In Celebration of the Life and Career of Simon Karlinsky, Berkeley, 1994 (a number of articles forming a festschrift for him) on pp. 2-31, preceded by a biographical note. This last work includes two poems for Simon Karlinsky by *Alfred Corn and *J. D. McClatchy. The bibliography includes book reviews and articles on *Kuzmin, *Esenin. *Pereleshin and Trifonov. He was a Professor of Slavic Studies at the University of California, Berkeley from 1961 unitl his retirement in 1993. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Orgasms of Light, 75: trans. *Sergei Esenin; 115-16, trans. into English of *Klyuev; 117-19 trans. of *Kuzmin; 224-26 trans. of *Trifonov; biog., 255. Now the Volcano, 263-8: trans. of *Valery Pereleshin. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 394-95: trans. of *Gennady Trifonov. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 650-52: trans. of Klyuev, *Esenin, Kuzmin. Gay Sunshine no. 29-30 (Summer/Fall 1976), 1-4, "Russia's Gay Literature and History" (11th-20th centuries) (with a ripost about *Communism in Gay Sunshine no. 31, Winter 1977, 25-6); reprinted in Italian in Sodoma no. 3 (1986), 47-70, with some additional material. Hidden from History, 347-64: an article compiled from the article in Gay Sunshine with some additional material (discussing the period from 1917). Out of the Blue, 30-35: the latest version of his essay on Russia's Gay Literature and History is the Introduction to this anthology; with bibl., 26. Criticism. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1133-38: author of "Russia and USSR". Gay Roots .Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 81-104: revised version of the Gay Sunshine essay. Poet from Australia writing in English. Active 1991. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Pink Ink, 244-46; see also p. 298 - he states that he "believes the poems should stand by themselves". Sexologist, anthropologist, bibliographer, biographer and critic from Germany who wrote in German. 1853-1956. His Das gleichgeschlechtliche Leben der Naturvölker (Same sex love of tribal people), Munich, 1911 (reviewed in Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 13, 101-109), is the basic bibliographical source of homosexuality and tribal peoples to 1911 with many cultures cited and sources given - see pp. viii-xvi for a detailed contents survey; bibliography, pp. 596-656. It is in two sections: male homosexuality (to p. 448) and female homosexuality (pp. 448-668.) The book is a basic source for oral poetry in non-literate cultures. "Die Rolle der Homoerotik in Arabertum", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 23 (1923), 100-170, is a survey of homosexuality in Arabic speaking cultures discussing some poets and citing a few poems, e.g., *Abu Nuwas pp. 152-53. As a critic he wrote an article on the Latin poet *Théodore Bèze: Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 4 (1902), 291-349. On Chinese, Japanese and Korean homosexuality, see his Das gleichgeschlectliche Leben der Ostasiatischen Kulturvolker: Chinesen, Japaner, Koreer (Same sex love of east Asian peoples: China, Japan, Korea), Munich, 1906 (reviewed in Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 8, 1906, 773-79). This is the first European study of homosexuality in China, Korea and Japan; with bibliography and many detailed references. Korean: see pp. 127-34; bibl., p. 34. He was one of the most important and wide ranging German researchers of the time of *Magnus Hirschfeld. He was a zoologist and his papers are in the Department of Zoology, East Berlin University. His biography of Hössli is of major importance. He also called himself Ferdinand Karsch. See also Goodbye to Berlin?, p. 44 (note on him with a photograph reproduced from Magnus Hirschfeld, Geschlectskunde, 1930, vol. 4). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 69: cites four articles. Herzer, Bibliographie zur Homosexualität : see index. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 2 (1900), 126-60: article on homosex in animals. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 3 (1901), 72-203: article on homosexuality and *tribal peoples with bibl. 182-203; repr. Schmidt, Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen (1984), vol. 1, 229-96 (without bibl.). Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, vol. 5 part 1 (1903), 449-556: "Der Putzmacher von Glarus Heinrich Hössli, ein Vorkämpfer der Männerliebe" - biography of *Heinrich Hössli (also published separately as a book in 1903; reprinted in Documents of the Homosexual Rights Movement in Germany, edited by Leslie Parr, New York, 1977). Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. 1896-1928. See Trypanis, Greek Poetry, pp. 685-87. A very bohemian and tortured poet who committed suicide. The Trypanis, Greek Poetry, entry notes he was "a strident anti-feminist" influenced by *Villon and *Cavafy. Poet from Austria writing in German. 1947-1978. See poems in his Gesammelte Werke, vol. 1, Innsbruck, 1988; source: Forum 9 (1990), 121. See also poems in his Gedichte (Poems), 1988, 544 pages; cited in *Prinz Eisenherz (editors), Lyrik (Poetry) list of 1993 (no pagination but alphabetical listing) with a note. See his biographical entry in Walter Killy, editor, Literatur Lexikon, 1990. He was an alcoholic. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors. Genre in Arabic, Persian, Turkish and Urdu from ca. 1000 in Spain, Iran, Turkey and Iraq. A major lyric genre, sometimes called an *ode. It is a rhymed poem in couplets. Arabic. In Arabic the qasida begins with an erotic prelude, the nasib (see the entry in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition), in which the poet weeps over the deserted campground of his beloved; this is followed by a description and then a panegyric. Persian. See *Farrukhi, *San'ai. Turkish. See Penguin Book of Turkish Verse, pp. 38-39. Hebrew. *Norman Roth, " 'Deal Gently with the Young Man': Love of Boys in Medieval Hebrew Poetry of Spain", Speculum 57 (1982), p. 26: re a gay Kasida by *Samual Ibn Magillah. English. *Richard Burton wrote a parody. German. *Platen wrote kasidas. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition: see "Kasida". Dictionary of Oriental Literatures iii: "Qasida". New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics: "Qasida". Criticism. Monroe, Hispano-Arabic Poetry, 392. Poet from Germany who wrote in German. 1899 - 1974. A very satirical and noted left-wing poet whose works were banned by the 'Nazi regime. He lived in Zurich, Switzerland, 19SS - 45. "Ragout 'fin de siècle" appears in the anthology Erotic Poetry, compiled by William Cole, London, 196S, p. 452. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 7Q (prose). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, S1S-14: poem, "Ragout 'fin de siècle", about cafes in Germany, somewhat anti-gay (trans. into English by 'Walter Kaufman), though a brilliant poem nevertheless. Poet possibly from Iran who wrote in Persian. Died ca 1435. A prolific and accomplished poet. Criticism. *Ehsan Yarshater, "Persian Poetry in the Timurid and Safavid Periods", in Peter Jackson, editor, Cambridge History of Iran, volume 6, The Timurid and Safavid Periods, 1976, 974: in Mir 'Ali Shir's Majalis al nafa'is he states "Katibi was enamoured of a youth (pisar), as is the wont of those cities" - an openly gay poem with Joseph trope. See also Rypka, History of Iranian Literature, 284. Bibliographer from Greece who wrote in Greek. Active 1943. He published a bibliography of *Cavafy: Bibliografia K. P. Kavafe (Athens 1943; repr. 1944). Katte, Lieutenant von See Ioläus (1906), pp. 204-08: the close companion of *Frederick the Great. Frederick and he plotted to leave the Prussian court in 1730. They were discovered and Frederick's father, the King of Prussia, ordered von Katte to be put to death for treason in front of Frederick. Von Katte's last words were: "La mort est douce pour un si aimable Prince" (Death is sweet for such a lovable Prince). Possibly the lover of Frederick. Historian and critic from the United States writing in English. Born 1938. His Gay American History (1976) is an important collection of source documents of United States gay history and is in six sections, "T rouble 1566-1966"; "T reatment 1884-1974"; "Passing Women 1782-1920", "Native Americans/ Gay Americans 1528-1976", "Resistance 1859-1972" and the sixth section "Love 1779-1932" which is especially relevant; it was reviewed in Gay Saber vol. 1 no. 2, Summer 1977, 162-67 by James Levin. There is a second edition with some additional material, 1990. The book is especially good on social life, particularly in the big cities. Poets dealt with in section six are *Whitman, *Emerson, *Melville, *Thoreau, *Badger Clark, * Frost. His Gay/Lesbian Almanac (1983) continues the preceding work. Part One "The Age of Sodomitical Sin 1607-1740" mostly documents on *law cases and Part Two is titled "The Invention of the Modern Homosexual 1880-1950"; on poets see *Wigglesworth, *Whitman. His going back to primary documents and close reading of texts make his contribution to the reading of gay poetry and the elucidation of its background outstanding. Reviews: * Body Politic no. 97, October 1983 and *The Advocate no. 366. He is a leading *social constructionist who was based in *New York and is now in *San Francisco. He has latterly been concerned mainly with gay art. Interviews: * The Advocate no. 207, 12 January, 1977, 19-21, by *Richard Hall; Advocate no. 370 37, 39, 41, 79 by Richard Hall. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Contemporary Authors, volume 85-88. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1971. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gents, Bad Boys, and Barbarians, 107-111; biog., 106. Badboy Book, 151-56; biog., 387: he lives in *Seattle and is published in several magazines. Translator from German to English. Active before 1983. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 313-14: trans. of the German poet *Erich Kästner (from Twenty German Poets) into English. This is probably the same Walter Kaufmann who translated *Nietzsche into English. Book collector from the United States who has collected works in English. Active before 1987. See *Richard Ellmann, Oscar Wilde, 1987, p. xi, regarding his *Oscar Wilde collection donated to the Library of Congress. Critic from Germany who wrote in German. Active 1907. His Heinrich Heine contra Graf August von Platen und die Homo-Erotik is an analysis of *Heine's *homophobic attack on *Platen Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 70: Heinrich Heine contra Graf August von Platen und die Homo-Erotik, Leipzig: *Spohr, 1907; two other works. Critic from the United States writing in English. Active 1976. Author of Dante's Swift and Strong: Essays on Inferno XV, Lawrence, US: Regents Press, 1976, 446 pp. A detailed discussion of the issue of *sodomy in Canto Fifteen of the Italian poet *Dante's Divine Comedy. Review: University Publishing 9 (1980), 10-11. He argues that the sodomy portrayed is not literal but is figurative and spiritual. Poet from Ghana writing in English. Active 1975. Criticism. Woods, History of Gay Literature, p. 304: re his poem "The Happy and the Free" from The Drummer in Our Time, 1975, about homosexual feelings amongst youths. Critic and historian from Japan writing in Japanese. Active 1982. Author of Reaearch on Homosexual Literature, a study of Japanese homosexuality, a dissertation presented at Kochi University, 1982. Bibliographer and historian from Great Britain of works mainly in English. Active 1981. Compiler of The Private Case, 1981, a bibliographical listing, with some notes, of the books in the *Private Case erotica collection of the *British Library up to 1975 (books de-accessioned prior to 1975 are not dealt with). It is reviewed in Smith, Books of the Beast, pp. 104-08. His History of Erotic Literature, 1982, is the only history in English covering *European languages (bibliography, pp. 186-8). This work has hardly any references to homosexuality. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1795-1821. A *Romantic poet whose long poem Endymion is relevant. The Greek youth *Endymion, a beautiful youth whom the moon goddess Diana liked to gaze on, is a gay motif in ancient Greek and Roman art and later European art from the *Renaissance. Endymion became a prototype of the beautiful youth. In his poem Hyperion (1820) lines about *Apollo - "so young Apollo anguish'd:/ His very hair, his golden tresses famed/ Kept undulation round his eager neck" - were used by the homosexual composer Benjamin Britten for the motto for his 1941 homoerotic work Young Apollo; Keats also wrote an "Ode to Apollo" and "Hymn to Apollo". On Apollo or any other word in Keats see A Concordance to the Poems of John Keats by Michael G. Becker and others, New York, 1981, p. 24. The *ballad "La belle dame sans merci" indicates terror of women and shows an early use of the * femme fatale trope. Keats fell in love with the actress Fanny Brawne in 1818 but his love was not returned. He died in Rome of tuberculosis in the arms of his close friend, the artist Joseph Severn, who had prevented him from committing suicide; they are buried together in the Non Catholic Cemetery in Rome with nearly identical gravestones, Keats with the lyre symbolizing poetry, Severn's motif symbolizing art. (Severn later married in 1828 and had six children; see his entry in the Dictionary of National Biography.) There is a photograph of a portrait of Keats in *Magnus Hirschfeld, Geschlechtskunde, 1930, vol. 4, p. 542: as it is in the homosexual section, this implies he was thought homosexual by Hirschfeld. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 226-27: from Endymion, Book 2. Poems of Love and Liberation, 30: from Endymion, Book 2. Translator from Greek to English from Great Britain; critic in English. Born 1928. Translator of the Greek poet *Cavafy. His translation is entitled Passions and Ancient Days (New York and London, 1971) and was done with *George Savidis (it is a selection of previously unpublished poems). With *Philip Sherrard he did a translation of Cavafy titled Collected Poems (Princeton, 1975): the latter has a biographical note on Cavafy pp. 247-51 and bibliography of editions, translations and criticism pp. 253-57. The Collected Poems has been widely read; but see *Memas Kolaitis for a later translation into English. He is also the author of Cavafy's Alexandria: Study of a Myth in Progress (Cambridge, Mass., 1976); this includes a list of poems associated with particular cities about which Cavafy wrote, pp. 168-69. From at least 1976, he has been Professor of English and Creative Writing at *Princeton University and in 1995 was director of the Hellenic Studies Program. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Orgasms of Light, 41-42: trans. of Cavafy. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 243-47: trans. of Cavafy. Name of Love, 42-43; biog, 74. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active before 1964. No entry in the *British Library General Catalogue or *National Union Catalog. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 71: poem "Freundesaugen (Wie zwei blaue)". No other information given. Critic from the Netherlands writing in German and Dutch; she lives in the Netherlands. Born 1935. Author of the most detailed study yet of *Stefan George in gay terms and one of the finest critical studies of a gay poet: Von der Liebe der Freundschaft heisst: Zur Homoerotik im Werk Stefan Georges (Of the love called *friendship: the homoerotic in the work of Stefan George), Berlin: *Verlag rosa Winkel, 1987, 167 pages; it includes a bibliography. This is the most detailed study of a gay German poet to date. Review: Forum 5, 1988, 89-93. See also her article in Forum 2 (1987), 27-51, "Durch die goldene Harfe gelispelt: Zur Stefan George-rezeption bei Hubert Fichte" (on *Hubert Fichte's reading of Stefan George). An article on the homoerotic in George appears in Schwulenreferat im Allgemeinen Studenternausscchuß der FU (editor), Homosexualitat und Wissenschaft, Berlin, 1992, pp. 121-140. In 1997, she published her doctor's thesis Die Geschicte der eigenen Geschichte, Berlin: rosa Winkel, on literature and criticism at the beginning of the gay movement in German, especially * Der Eigene and the * Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, both of which she has indexed; 552 pages with bibliographical references pp. 363-529. She has also written brilliantly on *Hubert Fichte. "Speaking about the unspeakable: de poezie van Jim Holmes", in Homologie vol.10 no. 3 (May/ June 1988) 10, is about the poetry of James Holmes. She has assembled a complete set of the German gay journal * Der Eigene, some issues being photostats. Bioaraphv: see Forum 1 (1987), 93 for a note on her life. She lives in the Netherlands. Keine Zeit fur gute Freunde: Homosexualitat in Deutschland 1933-1969 Anthology from Germany in German. Berlin: Foerster Verlag, 1982, 208 pages. It was edited by Joachim S. Hohmann. The title means: "no time for good friends" and, as the period covered, 1933-1969, indicates, it refers to poetry and prose written from the *Nazi period until *gay liberation. It contains some poems by the following poets (see entries): Heinz Birken (pp. 64, 122-23), Christl (p. 82), W. Eumo (p. 69), Wolf Keller (p.131), E. L. (pp. 144-45, active 1953; 156-57), Erich Lifka (p. 126; published in 1957; 132-33, published 1953), Julius Neuss (p. 125 ; active 1956), Friedrich Schmitz (p.132). Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Active 1979. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2076: Loving Fruits, Philadelphia, privately printed, 1979. Poet from the Netherlands who wrote in Dutch. 1915-1990. Noted Dutch novelist. See the article on him in * Homologie 1990 no. 3 by Wim Hottentot. His 1986 novel Mystiek Lichaam was on *Aids and he appears to have died of the disease. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Mannenmaat, 19 (short poem). Poet and novelist from Switzerland who wrote in German; he later lived in Germany. 1819-1890. Born in Zurich, he also lived in *Munich. He did not marry. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 70: "Vier Jugendfreunde (An Fenster schlägt)" [no other details]. Poet possibly from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1969. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Art of Gay Love, 22: Tine poem about affairs (no title). Poet from Germany writing in German. Active before 1982. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Keine Zeit für gute Freunde, 131: poem "Für den Freund". Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 240: trans. into English of the preceding poem. Poet from Canada writing in English. Active 1978. Bibliographies. Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (1984), 139: White Silk and Cobras, [no place], 1978. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1943. He is a poet who uncompromisingly celebrates gay sexuality. Chicken (1979) features many poems about *oral sex and has some *pederastic interest (review Boston Gay Review no. 7-8, Spring-Summer 1980, 7). Chicken and Size Queen and other poems (1981) have collage illustrations of men with large penises by the author; there was a special hard bound edition of Size Queen of 26 copies with a hand written poem by the author. Both works were published in San Francisco by *Gay Sunshine Press. He was educated at Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, and followed his gymnast lover to Seattle in 1969. Latin versions of poems based on *Catullus occur in Chicken; these are not translations. In Size Queen and other poems, 1981, in the biographical note, p. 112, he is said to be working on a *long poem Cantos Northwest. See also *Cowboys. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 2078-79: Chicken, San Francisco: *Gay Sunshine Press, 1979 and Size Queen and Other Poems, San Francisco: Gay Sunshine Press, 1981. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 265-66. Son of the Male Muse, 104-07 (photo 104); biog., 188: states he lives in Seattle, Washington. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 669-71. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 530-31; biog. note, 466. Badboy Book, 157-62; biog, 387: states he lives *in Seattle. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1965. See the poem "Apples of Sodom" in Not this island Music, Los Angeles: Black Sparrow, 1987 (this author is possibly the same person as the editor of the anthology below; but not confirmed). Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2267: editor of A Controversy of Poets, Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1965 (with *Paris Leary) - apparently a collection containing one or some gay poems. Poet from Turkey writing in Turkish. Died 1534. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 371: re a naked youth. Song writer and singer from Great Britain who wrote in English. Active 1600. An Elizabethan *actor and comic dancer who danced from London to Norwich: see the book Kemps Nine Daies Wonder (1600; repr. with *Tarlton's jests, New York, 1972, edited by J. P. Feather) - see the poem opposite p. 3 especially the lines about the "pricke" (penis) and "Cutting Dicke". He was chief clown of the Chamberlain's Men. Kemps Nine Daies Wonder relates to *lost Elizabethan oral *bawdry traditions and has many sexual undertones and much suggestiveness. See *Dancing - English. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Kennedy, Geoffrey Anketell Studdert Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1883-1929. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography: Missing Persons: see "Studdert Kennedy, Geoffrey Anketell". Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 111-13,147-48: poems "His Mate" (see *Mateship) and "Passing The Love of Women" ("Yes, I've known the love of a woman, lad,/ I knows a stronger love than theirs,/ And that is the love of men"; see *David and Jonathan for the significance of this phrase); biog., 237 - he was an Anglican minister and married; three books of poems listed. Biographer and critic from the United States writing in English. Born 1931. Author of Ulrichs: The Life and Works of Karl Heinrich *Ulrichs, Pioneer of the Modern Gay Movement, Boston: Alyson, 1989 (trans. into German by Menso Folkerts, 1990) (reviews: European Gay Review vol.1, 70-74; James White Review vol. 7 no. 4, 19). This book is one of the finest biographies of a German gay poet and activist with fine critical comment on his work and a bibliography of Ulrichs (pp. 231-41). He is also the author of Anarchist of Love: The Secret Life of John Henry Mackay, New York: Mackay Society, 1983, 24 pages, a concise biography and discussion of the literary career of the *Scottish poet who wrote in German (with trans. of some poems). He has written the most detailed critical study ever of the journal *Der Kreis in Journal of Homosexuality, volume 38, numbers 1/2, 2000. Biographical information: see Journal of Homosexuality, vol. 38, no. 1/2, 2000, p. xvi. He holds a Ph. D. and in 1999 he was a Research Associate at the Center for Research and Education in Sexuality in San Francisco State University. Kennedy, Tom He lives in *San Francisco and is a clerical worker "striving towards that difficult synthesis of *communism, art and faggotry" (Orgasms of Light, p. 254). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Orgasms of Light, 105-06: poem "Chao Ching" about a sexual relationship with a member of the People's Liberation army in Shanghai, China (fine poem); biog., 254. Rosen, Gay Life and Gay Writers, 54-56; song from Orgasms of Light. Amerikanike homophylophile poiese , 35-37: trans. of "Chao Ching" into Greek; biog., 70-71. Drobci stekla v ustih, 159-60; biog., 187. Criticism. Lavender Culture, 131: quotes a poem - "the fantasies have expired/ &/ i have had all men/ in all ways". Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Ca. 1460-ca. 1508. See his poem "Flyting with Dunbar" line 527 (referring to "sodomy insatiable"); source: see the Oxford English Dictionary entry under sodomite. *William Dunbar and Kennedy were rivals. Flyting was writing obscene poems in rivalry with another poet (it also occurred in Norse.) He was a *Scots poet who lived in Scotland. Few poems survive: see the Oxford Companion to English Literature for sources. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Criticism. Bray, Homosexuality in Renaissance England, 19 and 117 (re footnote 24 and citing Dunbar, Poems, edited by Kingsley pp. 85 and 94): these references are to *sodomy. Critic and bibliographer from the United States who wrote in English. Active 1928. Author of The Fight of a Book for the World: A Companion Volume to Leaves of Grass, 1926; with a bibliography of Whitman's writings pp. 237-70. This is one of the finest works of the reception history of a writer: see especially Part One, "Story of the Reception of Leaves of Grass by the World", pp. 3-150. On setting of poems to music, he notes p. 36, there are "more than 160 settings to music of parts of Whitman's work". He states the Calamus poems are in "praise of pure sexless love" (p. 254). Appendix I: "Index of Important Whitman Articles in The Conservator (which was edited by *Horace Traubel); Appendix II: "A Conspectus of Friends and Foes". He is also the author of Reminiscences of Walt Whitman. His entry in the * National Union Catalog reveals some very interesting works, including manuscripts and articles. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1929. A member of the Mohawk *Indian nation, he was born in Upper New York State. He published several books from 1958, including the volume Only As Far as Brooklyn, Boston: Good Gay Poets, 1980. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Orgasms of Light, 10709: see "Winkte" (the Sioux word for male homosexual); biog., 254. Voices Against the Wilderness., 57-58; from *New York. Son of the Male Muse, 108-12 (photo 108); biog 189. Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, 211-12: a shortened version of "Winkte"; biog., 211 (with photo). Living the Spirit, 153-56; biog. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 113-124: "Tinselled Bucks: An Historical Study in Indian Homosexuality" (article in prose). Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Ca. 1725-1779. Author of the poem *Love in the Suds, a poem attributing homosexuality to *David Garrick; it shows close knowledge of gay tropes and appears to have been written by "one in the know". The Dictionary of National Biography entry gives the evidence for Kenrick being the author, including a written apology inserted in *London newspapers, 26 November, 1772. The poem went through five editions and Garrick tried to buy up every copy. Kenrick was a writer and satirist with a temperament both violent and vain as well as being a drunkard. He did not marry. He was possibly also the author of the homosexual satire * Sodom and Onan. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography. Poet from Australia writing in English. Active 1992. See the title *sequence in Practicising Breathing, Sydney, 1991, pp. 42-63: it is about an implied homosexual's *suicide though the homosexuality is not made completely clear (see p. 48 re "partner" and p. 52 re "guys next door"). Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1858-1924. See The Harvest Home: Collected Poems, New York, 1920. Not in Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 486: "Hylas and Hercules". Criticism. Foster, "Beauty's Purple Flame: Some Minor American Gay Poets", Gay Books Bulletin no. 7 (1982), 16, 18: re poem, *"Hylas and Hercules", containing the line "Never yet was boy so fair". Poet from France writing in French. Active before 1992. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 458-49 - *pedophile poem "Love Victory of a Young Thai Boy" who has his first orgasm (aged ten) which was written with *Dominique Rameau; a very amusing work which has elements of spoof and burlesque. Poet, book collector, bibliographer and archivist from the United States who wrote in English. 1923-1997. Two books of poems are known: Songs of Sorrow and Beauty; Ashes and Embers, 1944 and Picket Lines, Los Angeles, ca. 1990, 32 pages. He was editor of One magazine from the second issue and was gay from four years old. Initially intending to be a Presbtyterian missionary, he later became a member of the*Communist Party 1945-48, writing for the Daily Worker in 1948 before joining the Mattachine Society in 1953. He was a co-author of * Homosexuality: An Annotated Bibliography and founder of international Gay and Lesbian Archives Los Angeles. He edited and published the magazine Pursuit and Symposium (1966-67). He is the author of Becoming a People: 4000 Years of Gay and Lesbian Chronology, 1983 (sold by the International Gay and Lesbian Archives). He discusses his life story in Square Peg (June/ July 1892), 29-30. He also wrote the pamphlet Gay Movement History and Goals, Los Angeles, 1985. He wrote a pamphlet on the gay history of the city of *Los Angeles. An obituary appears on the internet. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10771-72: Songs of Love and Lament and Songs of Sorrow and Beauty with note "Juvenilia, several gay" (no other information supplied apart from the two titles). Translator from Latin to English from Great Britain. 1853-1929. Editor and translator of the standard, until 1993, Latin-English poems of the Latin poet *Martial in the *Loeb Library, 1919, 2 volumes (revised edition 1968); bibliography - see volume 1, 1968, pp. xvii-xx; "Index of Proper Names" vol. 2, pp. 535-44. In the pre 1968 edition epigrams deemed obscene were translated into Italian (e.g. vol. 3, p. xcvii); after 1968 they were translated into English. The title page lists the translator as being a sometime scholar at Trinity College, Cambridge, and a barrister at the Inner Temple, London. The Italian parts of the translation are a useful way of finding out which parts are the most homosexual. After 1993 this translation is superceded in English by that of *D. R. Shackleton Bailey. See the *Martial entry regarding the text. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1950. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gents, Bad Boys, and Barbarians, 113-117: includes "News" 116-17 on *William Barber's death; biog., 112. Anthologist from the United States writing in English. Active 1979. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2098: *Gay Bards. An Anthology of Poetry, New York: X Press, 1979, co-edited with *Mark Sullivan and *Bill Wertz. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1922-1969. One of the founders of the *beat movement who wrote poetry and whose novel On the Road, 1957, was the first beat novel; he was a a proponent of *open form. Brought up a *Catholic, he remained close to his mother and later became an alcoholic and violent to his friends. Sexually he was very confused. He was close friends with *Allen Ginsberg, *William Burroughs and for many years *Neal Cassady. In the late 1990s there has been a revival of interest in him and he became again something of a cult figure after being in eclipse for some years. Text of poems. Several volumes of poems were written. In Scattered Poems, San Francisco: City Lights, 1977, see the poem about *group sex "Pull my Daisy", written by Kerouac, Ginsberg and Cassady pp. 2-7 (this is also printed in Ginsberg's Collected Poems in which see also *"Rimbaud", pp. 32-39). Not all his poems appear to have been published and a complete poems is needed. In Poems All Sizes, 1992, very few poems are relevant but see "Mexican Loneliness" pp. 78-79. Biography: see Gerald Nicosia, Memory Babe, 1983 (reviewed in The Advocate no. 381, 24 November 1983, 60 by *Harold Norse). This biography first revealed the extent of Kerouac's homosexuality and his inability to come to grips with it or to form a relationship with a man or a woman (see e.g., p.154). The Encyclopedia of Homosexuality article states "the one great love of his life was surely Neal Cassady... and being unable to express his feelings, he gradually sank into alcoholism and despair". See also references in *Barry Miles's biography of Ginsberg. Boyd McDonald, in Filth (New York, 1987), p. 106 states he had sex with Kerouac. There is a film on his life made in 1986 which includes interviews. The Kerouac Connection is a journal devoted to him (Autumn 1991 is no. 22). Steve Turner, Angelheaded Hipster: A life of Jack Kerouac (1996), has interesting photographs of him and his circle. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 658-59: by *Wayne Dynes. Howes, Broadcasting It. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Poet from Australia writing in English. Born 1921. See The Denunciad in The Penguin Book of Australian Satire (Ringwood, 1986), pp. 207-10. On p. 208 the surrealist painter James Gleeson is presented as an effete *dandy. The Denunciad was first published in Angry Penguins, 1943, and the author states that it "was written under the influence of *Roy Campbell" (p. 285). See also *satire, *Ern Malley, *A. D. Hope. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Kertbeny, Karoly Maria, also called Karl Maria Benkert Translator from Hungarian to German from Hungary; he also lived in Germany. 1824-1882. German-Hungarian writer and journalist and homosexual emancipist who is famous for the first use of the word homosexuality ("*homosexualität" in German); it was used in a 1869 pamphlet published in *Berlin where he lived 1869-1874. He used the name Benkert until 1847 when he was authorized to use the Hungarian noble name of his family, Kertbeny. Compare *Ulrichs. See also the article "Homosexual Studies and Politics in the 19th Century", Journal of Homosexuality, vol. 19 (1990), 23-47 by Jean-Claude Feray and Manfred Herzer. Biography. Detrich Marta, Kertbeny Karoly, 1936 (in Hungarian): his life and works with bibliography. He translated *Petöfi Sándor and other poets into German from Hungarian. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 659-60: fine article by *Manfred Herzer. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 70. Herzer, Bibliographie zur Homosexualität, items 169, 180 (under the name Benkert): stated to be the inventor of the word homosexual in 1869; Herzer, Bibliographie zur Homosexualität, p. 6 contains a photo. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, item 61. Criticism. Eldorado, 95. Journal of Homosexuality, 12 (1985), 1-25: "Kertbeny and the Nameless Love" by *Manfred Herzer. Poet from Turkey who wrote in Turkish. Active 1460. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 371: love poem about a youth. Genre in Arabic and Persian in Iraq, Egypt, Syria and Iran. From ca. 800. Poems to do with wine drinking. There is a huge repertoire of poems extensively discussed in the Encyclopaedia of Islam article below, many of which contain strong homosexual undercurrents centered around the figure of the *Cupbearer. In Arabic *Abu Nuwas (active 800) is a good example, predominant in the *Abbasid period. The genre passed to Persian in the work of *Omar Khayyam (pseud.) who in turn influenced others. The homosexual aspects have still not been studied. See also *winedrinking where poets are listed. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition: "a bacchic or *wine poem" so identified since *Taha Husayn. Poet from India writing in English. Active 1999. He has initiated LGBT India a natonwide network of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender groups in India. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Yaraana: Gay Writing from India, 101-05; biog., 210. Poet who wrote in Urdu. Active ca. 1850?; the date is uncertain. Criticism. Rahman, "Boy love in the Urdu ghazal", Paidika vol. 2 no. 1 (1989), 15 Poet from Russia who wrote in Russian. 1941-1981. A major Russian gay writer who portrayed the situation of being homosexual in Russia powerfully in his work. Though mainly a prose writer, he also wrote some poetry. The publication of his two volume collection of poems and other writings, Slezy na tsvetakh (Teardrops on the Flowers) in Moscow, 1993, by Glagol Publishers, was a major literary event: see discussion "A revolution delayed" in Index on Censorship no.1 of 1995, 41-44 by Alexander Shatalov and "The last unprintable writer" pp. 54-57; on p. 43 he states "The overt homosexuality of his texts is without precedent in Russian literature". These volumes consist of poems, short stories, plays and jottings. No literary work of his had been published during his lifetime. He called his manuscript Under House Arrest. Nothing of the writer had been published in official journals in Russia. He lived in *Moscow where he died of a heart attack, a copy of Under House Arrest with him at his death (copies had been made and given to friends). He taught acting and pantomime at VGIK, the state film institute and lived a haunted life in fear of imprisonment for homosexuality, being constantly under KGB surveillance. His work is complex and one version of it is that for him homosexuality was a burden and he was haunted by sin. But there is defiance as well as self loathing in his work. His anti-semitism was something of a pose to shock Jewish readers. There is a homepage on him on the internet by *Kevin Moss. A selection of his stories was translated into English as Under House Arrest(London, 1998). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Anthologies. Out of the Blue, 197-225: three short stories and a gay manifesto "Leaflet", 224-25; biog. note p. 196. Genre from Spain in Arabic, Hebrew and Spanish from ca. 900. The kharja is the final couplet of the *Muwashshah, a lyric genre, the body of which was written in Arabic or Hebrew. It was usually written in Spanish or vulgar Arabic or Hebrew and was chosen before the writing of the main part of the poem was written (only very rarely did a poet compose his own kharja). They are the earliest Spanish poems and date from 900 but are found most commonly in the period 1000-1200. See A. Deyermond, A Literary History of Spain: The Middle Ages (1971), "The Kharja's Nature and origin", pp. 4-10; he notes, p.6, that "the majority are panegyrics and other poems, or are the expression of homosexual love." Die Bisher Veroffentlichten Hargas und Ihre Deutungen, edited by Klaus Heger, Tubingen, 1960 (with excel bibl. pp. ix-xviii), is a survey of all Kharjas published to 1960 relating to the Muwashshah in Hebrew and Arabic (the work is volume 101 of Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie); this book contains homosexual works e.g. poem no. 53, pp. 176-78. Otto Zwartjes, Love Songs from al-Andalus: History, Structure and Meaning of the Kharja, Leidon, 1997, is the most up to date study. Hebrew: see *Yosef Ibn Saddiq. Arabic: see Muwashshash entries. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Spanish Literature: first discovered in the modern period by S. M. Stern (see his Hispano-Arabic Strophic Poetry, 1974). Criticism. *Norman Roth, "'Deal Gently with the Young Man': Love of Boys in Medieval Hebrew Poetry of Spain", Speculum 57 (1982), 32. Poet from the Turkmenistan who wrote in Turkmen. 1487-1524. Khata'i was the *penname or pseudonym of Shah Isma'il, founder of the Safavid dynasty in Iran. He wrote in Turkmen Turkish. See "The Diwan of Khata'i: Pictures of the Poetry of Shah Isma'il", Asian Arts (Fall 1988), 37-63 by Wheeler M. Thackston: discussion of an illustrated manuscript with translation into English of his poetry, relating the poetry to the illustrations (see p. 41 re the convention of the beloved being a young boy in *Sufi poetry based on the boy Joseph, the epitome of the beautiful boy). He compares the poet with *Amir Khosrou. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition: see "Isma'il I". Translator from Arabic to French from France. Born 1917. He has translated *al-Tifashi from Arabic to French and also translated *al-Nawadji, *al-Nafzawi and The *Arabian Nights into French. See these entries for details. Poet from France writing in Arabic. Born 1964. Author of a poem in Arabic, "To my friend in Sydney", published in the London based Arabic paper al-Hawadith (ca. 1995) inspired by a gay poem by *Khalid Elasmar. Poet who wrote in Persian. Active ca. 159Q. Ki no Tsurayuki The editor of the first Japanese imperial anthology, the *Kokinshu. He wrote the Preface, which is the first surviving work of literary criticism in Japanese. In the Kokinshu see poems 78 (strongly homoerotic), 240 (about purple trousers once sent to a friend). There is no female presence in his poetry for the most part. A leading *waka poet of the Heian period. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan. Critic and historian from Germany writing in German; translator from Greek to German. 1868-died after 1943. He wrote two articles for the * Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen. "Platos Stellung zur Homosexualitat" (*Plato's Position on Homosexuality), Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 7 i (1905), 107-26, is the first modern discussion on Plato. In *"Hadrian und Antinous", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 8 (1906), 567-82, his address is given as Stuttgart and his title as Doctor. See also *Socrates. As most writers for the Jahrbuch were homosexual, it is possible he was. Liebesgedichte aus der griechischen Anthologie (Love poems from the Greek anthology), Munich,1906, is a translation of poems from the Greek * Palatine Anthology into German (Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 9 [1908], 215, says this is vol. 10 of the collection Die Fruchtschale); it was also published in a limited signed edition of 110. Not sighted. He is best known for his Kulturgeschichte Roms unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der römischen Sitten (Roman Culture History), Berlin: Paul Aretz, 1933 (repr.); English translation: Sexual Life in Ancient Rome (1934; repr.) by *Gilbert Highet. This survey of Roman sex life contains the major survey of sexuality in ancient Latin poets to date. It was meant as a companion volume to *Paul Brandt's work on ancient Greece. The Chapter, "Love in Roman Poetry", openly discusses homosexuality in the poetry and in the lives of the poets. The * National Union Catalog reveals he wrote a novel, Frauen und Nero, 1935 (Women and Nero). He appears to have supported Hitler as he wrote a work on National Socialism: Heroischen leben!, Nurnberg, 1943. A letter about homosexuality to *Elisar von Kupffer survives; a typescript copy is in the possession of *Paul Knobel (given to the author by *Manfred Herzer). He translated *Plotinus from Greek to German (1905). Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 70: list of four articles and books. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, item 34: cites "Der Knabe in der Literatur", Liter Echo 18: 1287-1304, 1916. Herzer, Bibliographie zur Homosexualität: see Index. Poet, editor and critic from the United States writing in English. Born 1942. A *Boston based gay critic and poet. His article "After Whitman and Auden: Gay Male Sensibility in Poetry Since 1945", Gay Sunshine no. 42-43, 1980, 34-39, is one of the most brilliant articles on United States gay poetry to 1980 and explores three themes, gay love, gay doom and gay *camp; there is an important list of gay volumes on p. 38. His article "In Search of a Muse: East", The Advocate, no. 342, 13 may, 1982, 22, 24, 27, is a discussion of *East coast United States poets; list of books p. 27. He has been published in journals such as Fag Rag and Christopher Street. First gay book of poems: Lasting Relations, New York, Sea Horse, 1984 (review: The Advocate no. 403, 18 September 1984, 47). Chapbook: Shaping Possibilities, 1980. Second book of poems: Long Division, 1992 (review: Lambda Book Report, vol. 3 no. 8, January-February 1993, 31, by Jeffery Beam). His third book is Period Pieces (1997); some poems in this work wer published as a *chapbook titled Gottscheers in 1998. Unfortunately his poetry is disappointing. He was also a book reviewer for the * Boston Gay Review (of which he was an editor) and he has a Ph.D. from *Harvard. He was compiler of the 1995 anthology of new gay male poetry * Gents, Bad Boys and Barbarians. He has a homepage on the internet which includes a photograph and notes on his books. His first gay poems were published in One magazine 1964-1966 under the pseudonym R. J. Stark. He has written many essays and reviews for the gay press and is involved with the Boston gay magazine Bay Windows where he is Arts and Entertainment editer and Poetry editer. See also * A True Likeness, *Kirby Congdon, *Richard Howard, *Allen Ginsberg, *Harold Norse, *Frank O'Hara, * Orgasms of Light, John Weiners. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2109: Shaping Possibilities, Cambridge MA: Imaginary Press, 1980. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A True Likeness, 254-60: from his *sonnet *sequence "Local Visions" ("a very contemporary gay male poem about how a relationship begins, continues, begins to unravel and ends"). Badboy Book, 163-80; biog., 387. Eros in Boystown, 37; biog., 61. Poet from Australia writing in English. Born ca. 1958. His short story which won the 1993 Gay and Lesbian Short Story competition in Outrage (Melbourne) January 1993, 34-37, "thoroughly post-modern me", contains a poem on p. 26; photo p. 25. In 1993 he was a *Sydney writer and in 1996 he was studying for a postgraduate degree at the University of Melbourne. He writes a column in Outrage. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1952. Books: ARgento Series (1996) and I Cry Like a Baby (2000). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Word of Mouth, 317-25. Critic from the United States writing in English. Active from 1989. Author of Whitman's Poetry of the Body: Sexuality, Politics and the Text, Chapel Hill, 1989. The book substantiates the centrality of homosexuality in *Whitman though this is not the primary focus. It is part of recent efforts at a gay reading of Whitman. Chapter 3 discusses the 1860 edition of Leaves of Grass and the Calamus poems, while Chapter 4 discusses the effect of the Civil War on Whitman's writing and Chapter 5 his later writing, 1871-92. It includes a reading of the Calamus poems pp. 97-111. Reviews: Journal of the History of Sexuality, vol. 2 no.1 (July 1991), 124-25; Walt Whitman Quarterly Review vol. 7 no. 4 (Spring 1990), 19497 - states homosexuality is presented "not as a background but as a foreground" (p.197). The book shows the influence of *Foucault. Poet from Korea who wrote in Korean. 1902-1934. For poems see Lee, Poems from Korea, pp. 166-67, and *Peter H. Lee, The Silence of Love: Twentieth-Century Korean Poetry, 1980, pp. 32-44 (biog., pp. 30-31). A noted and popular folk poet who committed suicide; he wrote *non gender specific love poems influenced by *Buddhism. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, vol. 1, 79-80. Kinetica, formerly the Australian Bibliographical Network (or ABN), also formerly called the National Bibliographic Database (or NBD) A *computer network of the catalogs of the major research libraries in Australia (such a combined catalog is called by librarians a union catalog) with access to *RLIN, with records in English and other languages. From 1981. The Australian Component of Kinetica is called the National Bibliographic Database (or NBD) and has been in existence from 1981 (it was previously called the Australian Bibliographic Network or ABN for short); sometimes the term Kinetica is loosely used for the NBD. It is being extended progressively to include many council libraries. It contains over 13 million records of books, journals, film and other library materials with 27 million holdings statements and is one of the best national systems of union catalogs; as older libraries convert to computer form (from card catalogs), it is becoming more and more comprehensive. It includes the computer records of the British National Bibliography, the *Library of Congress, the New Zealand National Library and the Canadian National Library; Australian holdings are attached. Possibly only the United States based *Research Libraries Information Network (RLIN) and the *On-Line Computer Library Center (OCLC) are bigger. Great Britain, for instance, has no national union catalog online. See *Val Vallis, *Yoskitaka Nukina. It is available on the internet individually on payment of a subscription; it can be used free in the State Library of New South Wales, Sydney and the National Library, Canberra. Oral poem from Greece in Greek with translation into English. About 1971. Printed in English in Maledicta no. 6 (1982), 93-94; there are some *bawdy references, e.g., see the fifth stanza. It was collected by *Mary Koukoules who states it was also collected by students of *Thessaloniki University. Poet, historian and autobiographer from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1923. Poems were published in The Listener in the 1950s (then edited by *J. R. Ackerley): see, for example, "The Sailors" (2 October, 1952, 555). He has published novels and a book on *Tantrism was published under this name (but see comments below; this work is apparently not by him). A close friend of J. R. Ackerley: see Ackerley, Letters , pp. 849 (poems), 174 ("gay"). A brief critique (in Greek) of his achievement as a gay writer is in the Greek journal Amphi no. 12-13 (1982), 90. He is primarily a novelist - see the homosexual work A Domestic Animal, 1970. He is also a short story writer who has lived in Greece and who has published one book of poems: Rod of Incantation, 1952 (not seen); this work has obvious connotations of magic and seems to point to a preoccupation with magic. Openly gay: see interviews in Gay News no. 100 (1976), 23-24, and in Gay Times no. 79. A graduate of *Oxford, he became homosexual after a period of heterosexuality. He was President of English PEN, the writers organization, from 1978 and worked for the British Council in Greece. Autobiography: Yesterday Came Suddenly, 1993 (reviewed Sunday Times 19 September 1993, Books 6, by *Humphrey Carpenter) - this mentions that his one time lover David Atkin died of Aids, refers to the alleged homosexuality of *T. S. Eliot, p. 197, and implies homosexuality in *Lord David Cecil pp. 203-04; it also deals with his friendship with James Kirkup pp. 170-73. Apparently he is not the author of Sexuality Magic and Perversion, 1974, and Magic: The Western Tradition, 1975 (material on *Edward Sellon, *Tantrism, *Yin and Yang, *Crowley, *Leadbeater and *Ralph Chubb) or Astral Projection, 1987 all sometimes attributed to him. John Heath-Stubbs in Hindsights (1993), pp. 26, 99 and 143 states there were two Francis Kings and he knew both and they are not to be confused. No information on this second Francis King appears in the prior mentioned books. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Contemporary Authors New Revision Series, volume 1. Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology: cites the novelist as the author of various books on magic (apparently incorrectly: see above).Gay Poetry Anthologies. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 37, 56, 146. Translator from Latin to English from Great Britain. Active 1871. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Ioläus (1902), 87-88: trans. of the Latin poet *Ovid - from Metamorphoses, London, 1871 (*Apollo and *Hyacinth). Poet from Australia writing in English; he lives in Great Britain. Born ca. 1955? Born and educated in *Sydney he has spent his adult life in Great Britain as a violinist. The author of well crafted poems. Books of poems: Strange to Arrange, Sydney: The Saturday Centre, 1982 (not specifically gay); *chapbook, Breakfast in Bed, London" *Oscars Press, 1987 (shared with *Peter Daniels and *Kieron Devlin): see pp. 35-47; biog., 35. . Gay Poetry Anthologies. Take Any Train, 36-37; biog., 62-63. Of Eros and Dust, 51, 69-70; biog., 86. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1995. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Badboy Book, 181-88: fine *S/M and erotic poems; biog., 387: states his work appears in the journals Drummer and Mach and he lives in *New York. Poet from Great Britain writing in English and Latin. 1663-1712. The Toast is a savage satirical attack on Lady Frances Brudenell. It is posssibly relevant because of references to Myra, the main character, being an *hermaphrodite. The Latin origin of the poem (see below) is spurious but Latin poems are included with the poem. He used pseudonyms (see Bibliographies below); it should be noted that two pseudonyms were used, Peredrine O'Donald and Frederick Sheffer. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Bibliographies. Ashbee, Bibliography of Prohibited Books, vol. 2, 301-325; vol. 3, 456: The Toast (Ashbee lists the first edition as 1732); Ashbee, Bibliography of Prohibited Books, vol. 2, 307 notes it appeared in the works of William King, 1736. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10773: The Toast..., Dublin: *Peregrine O'Donald, 1732. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2901: The Toast: An Heroick Poem in Four Books, Written Originally in Latin, by *Frederick Sheffer..., second edition, Dublin, 1736 (listed under Peregrine O'Donald, a pseudonym of the author). Kings are rulers of countries and formerly held absolute power in many countries from *King David in Israel who composed a relevant poem in Hebrew and who allegedly lived ca. 1000 B.C. As an institution kingship is very ancient and goes back to the ancient middle east (see * Gilgamesh, *Akhenaton). Some kings were gay (for instance, the German king, *Frederick II) and wrote poetry (James I, *Frederick II) or were romantically involved with poets (*Ludwig II with *Richard Wagner). Compare *emperors (another word for the same concept). Kings bestowed *titles on their subjects. The concept of kingship relates to the Egyptian title of pharaoh. English: James I. German: 'Frederick II, *Ludwig II. French: 'Frederick the Great (his native language was German though he wrote poems in French). Hebrew: see *King David (active ca. 1000 B.C.). Korean: *King Kongmin. For European languages see also the mythical *King Arthur. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1959. He lectures at the University of Strathclyde and is co-founder of the magazine Verse and author of Dustie-fute (1992) and Paris-Forfar (1995). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 73-75, 166; biog., 239. Poet from Australia writing in English. Active 1980. A poem "At the *Baths" (ca. 1980) shows the homosexual undertones of this all male milieu (photostat given to the author by *Adrian Rawlins; source not traced). He wrote a poem "AIDS" (though the title could be A IDS) published in If I abscond: New Poems and Short Fiction (Melbourne, 1977), p. 106. Poet from Australia writing in English. Born 1963. Poem Luna Silens: Asham in Night Parrots, Freemantle: Freemantle Arts Centre Press, 1989, 68; cited in *Austlit Record 109148. His autobiography, Auto (Perth, 2002) describes a homosexual incident though it appears not to relate to the author. Kinsey, Alfred C. and the Kinsey Institute Sexologist and poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1894-1956. The most famous United States sexologist, he compiled the Kinsey reports, Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (1948) and Sexual Behavior in the Human Female (1953) and founded the Kinsey Institute for Sex Research. He also wrote some poetry in his youth though no poems have come to light (mentioned in the biography of James H. Jones). Kinsey's sexuality. James H. Jones in his biography Alfred C. Kinsey: A Public/Private LIfe (New York, 1997) claims that Kinsey was bisexual and gives evidence that Kinsey had extensive homosexual experiences. Jonathan Gathorne-Hardy in his biography of Kinsey, Sex: The Measure of All Things, 1998, raises the issue of whether Kinsey was bisexual or homosexual (see review in the Times LIterary Supplement, 30 October 1998, 12). For an earlier life see Cornelia V. Christenson, Kinsey, 1971; written by one who knew him, this work does not touch on his sexual life (a shortened version of her book is in Medical Aspects of Human Sexuality, May 1972, vol. 6 no. 5, 136-173). On Kinsey, see also his entry in *Vern L. Bulllough, Human Sexuality: An Encyclopedia, New York, 1994. See also Wardell B. Pomeroy, Dr Kinsey and the Institute for Sex Research, 1972. Kinsev's achievement. The two surveys Kinsey published are the most wideranging empirical sexual surveys to date and were based on 5000 interviews. The data was reconfirmed by his successor at the Kinsey Institute, Dr. Paul Gebhard, in 1977 in a memo to the US National Gay Taskforce. The survey found that 37% of men between the ages of sixteen and sixty-five had had some homosexual experience to the point of orgasm (Sexual Behavior in the Human Male, p. 623) and that 4 % were exclusively homosexual between these ages, while 8% were exclusively homosexual for three years between the ages of sixteen and sixty-five (see p. 651). It thus revealed that homosexuality was not an activity practise exclusively by a tiny minority of persons; it was an activity which was much more widespread. On p. 639 of Sexual Behavior in the Human Male, Kinsey makes the statement: "Males do not represent two discrete populations, heterosexual and homosexual. The world is not to be divided into sheep and goats." The work of Kinsey was an effort at a more rational and sensible approach to sexuality in a society, the United States, which was largely anti-sexual and imbued with *Puritanism. The two reports are analyzed in Donald Porter Geddes, An Analysis of the Kinsey Reports on Sexual Behavior in the Human Male and Female, New York, 1954. The Kinsev Institute and Library. The Kinsey Institute, at Indiana University, Bloomington, has the largest collection of sexual material in the world (including many art works). Rare books and journals are held (the library was built up with the royalties from the sale of Kinsey's books). For a description of the library see the section, "The Kinsey Institute", in Gwendolyn L. Pershing, "Erotica Research Collections", in Libraries Erotica, Pornography, edited by Martha *Cornog, 1991, pp. 188-193. See Martin S. Weinberg, Sex Research: Studies form the Kinsey Institute, 1976 for works published by the Institute to 1976; important bibl., pp. 315-320. Jeanette H. Foster, who compiled a lesbian bibliography, was librarian 1948-54; *Gershon Legman also worked there. Two printed catalogs of the Kinsey Institute Library exist: Catalog of the Social and Behavioral Sciences Monograph Section, 4 volumes, Boston, 1975, and Catalog of Periodical Literature, 4 volumes, 1976. The monograph catalog includes books cataloged through September 1973 (but does not include the library's holdings in erotic literature and art). The library had 30,000 volumes in 1975. The Catalog of Periodical Literature lists 10,000 articles acquired to October 1973 and monographs accessioned October 1963 to November 1975. (There is also a vertical Tile collection and an art and literature catalog which have not been published in book form.) These catalogs are indexed using the Institute's special vocabulary, Sexual Nomenclature: A Thesaurus (Boston: G. K. Hall, 1976); see also *subject cataloging. Because of the rarity of the Institute's collections, the two printed catalogs are major bibliographical tools. By 1994, portions of the library catalog were available on the computer network, the internet, where it may be searched. A microform collection of 200 rare books exists called Sex Research, 1983; these are mostly works of literature. A pamphlet on the Institute (ca. 1988) is available from it. From 1957, it has been open to serious scholars. Translation of Sexual Behavior in the Human Male has been into French titled Le comportement sexuel de I'homme, 1948, and into German titled: Das sexual Verhalten des Mannes, Berlin, 1955. There may be translations into other languages. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of American Biography, Supplement 6 (1956-60). Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 662 66. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English; he also lived in India. 1865-1936. He is best known as a writer of short stories who was born and lived in India. Author of Barrack Room *Ballads, 1892: see the remarks by *Martin Taylor in * Lads, 1989, pp. 37-41. Barrack Room Ballads depicts the all male world of soldiers in India: see "Soldier", pp. 13-15, for homoerotic suggestions. He was a major influence on the poets in * Lads (see Lads, p. 37). A homoerotic poem by him appeared in *Immortalia. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Pseudonym of a poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1924. Pseudonym of *Kirby Congdon. Kirkman, Steven Co-editor of the anthology The * Poetic Friends Nosegay, 1978. He is also included in the anthology. An internet site, Gay Poetry Anthology Index, states he compiled In the Manner of Friends: an anthology of lesbian and gay Quaker poetry, published in Fort Lauderdale, Florida posssibly in 1990. He is apparently a *Quaker. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2135: Poetic Friends Nosegay, 1978. Poet, autobiographer, critic and publisher from Great Britain writing in English; translator from French, Italian and Japanese to English. Born 1918. One of the major gay poets of the twentieth century of Great Britain, James Kirkup lived for many years in Japan and now lives in Andorra (on the border of Spain and France) of which he is a citizen. He is a major gay poet whose first book of poems was Indications of 1942 (with John Ormond Thomas and John Bayliss). Homosexual themes appeared from his earliest volumes. His second volume The Drowned sailor and other poems (London, 1947), included "*Hart Crane", p. 19, while in The Submerged Village (London, 1951), see the poem opposite the title page: "Meeting with a Stranger". James Kirkup has a huge oeuvre. Over forty volumes of poems have been published and a gay reading of his work overall is needed. Most of his poetry before 1975 was not openly gay and in his early life he was *bisexual at one stage. A separate book of gay poems has been published: So Long Desired, London: Gay Men's Press, 1986, pp. 5-42 (shared with John McRae). The book is consistently excellent and well crafted and includes a fine *elegy on *Pier Paolo Pasolini. Gay volumes were published in Japan from 1978 and are difficult to obtain and in this year, he established his own publishing company, Kyoto Editions, which produced eight volumes of his verse to 1984. Not all his gay poems have been published it seems. In *Gay News, no. 96, the publication of the poem by him, "The Love That Dares To Speak Its Name", about the homosexual love of a Roman centurion for Jesus Christ, became the subject of a prosecution for blasphemous *libel, the first prosecution of its kind in Great Britain for fifty years (see * Gay News). James Kirkup, who did not live in Britain, was not prosecuted, only Gay News. The poem was reprinted in the United States in * Gay Sunshine no. 38-39, p.19; various British publications reprinted it, such as The Leveller and The Free Thinker to support freedom of expression; they were not prosecuted. An article appeared in Gay News covering the case. The poem refers to the Roman centurion at the Cross having sex with the dead Jesus and finally being taken to heaven with him. A teacher and Professor of English in many parts of the world - in Sweden, Spain, Malaya, Japan (where he lived for half the year in *Kyoto from the late 1970s) - he has been a prolific author, publishing travel books and translations as well as poems. After his residence in Japan from 1959 where he taught at the Japan Women's University, the influence of the Japanese gay poet *Mutsuo Takahashi, whom he admired, must not be underestimated. There is some doubt as to the real date of his birth (the date is taken from Oxford Companion to English Literature but it is variously given as 1919 and 1923). The text of his poems. The University of Salzburg, in Austria, has been publishing what amounts to a collected poems. For his shorter poems see Omens of Disaster: Selected Shorter Poems, volume 1, Salzburg, 1996, and Once and for All: Selected Shorter Poems, volume 2, Salzburg, 1996. His longer poems have been collected in An Extended Breath: Collected Longer Poems and Sequences, Salzburg, 1996, and Measures of Time: Collected Longer Poems, volume 2, Salzburg, 1996. Some of his poems written in Japan have been published as Broad Daylight: Poems East and West, Salzburg, 1996 (this collects six books written from 1971 to 1992, works inspired by Zen Buddhism). This Salzburg series includes separate volumes, for instance: Strange Attractors, 1995, 73 pp. (see "Love is not love" p. 16) and The Patient Obituarist, 1996, 148 pp. (this latter book lists recently published *chapbooks on the verso of the title page; some poems in the book are previously published). Overall over fifteen volumes of poems have been published by the University of Salzburg. The entry on him in The Oxford Companion to Twentieth-century Poetry in English, edited by Ian Hamilton (1994), by Lewis Turco, states that "he began to divert his energies into minority causes" from mid career and includes a reference to a book The Bad Boy's Bedside Book of Do-It-Yourself Sex, Tokyo, 1978, which Kirkup has stated does not exist. After living in Japan he was been deeply influenced by *Zen *Buddhism. He has written a fine article on *Phallicism: see "Phallic Worship" in Alan Bold, The Sexual Dimension in Literature, 1982, pp. 145-62, showing the influence of phallic objects in Japanese beliefs. *J. R. Ackerley was a major support in his career and published many of his poems in The Listener (including gay ones); they were friends. He has experimented widely with poetic forms and written *one line poems which he regards as a type of *haiku. Autobiographies. There are five autobiographical works so far. The Only Child (1957) was the first. Sorrows, Passions and Alarms (1959), deals with his life from aged 6 to 18 (i. e., 1924-1936). I, of All People (1987), revealed *bisexuality and covers the years 1936-56. A Poet Could not but be Gay (1991), is the fourth (review: London Review of Books, 15 August 1991, 16). A Poet Could not but be Gay is the most open on his homosexuality, a major gay autobiography and deals with his life from 1956 to 1958. It details an intimate gay relationship with a Spaniard, Jordi, and an American poet, *Dana, and explains the background to many poems which it prints. Another lover mentioned is Jackie Hewit. A fourth volume is Me All Over: Memoirs of a Misfit (1993) deals with his first years in Japan, his leaving of that country and living in *Vienna, teaching in Malaysia and then return to Japan. Tropic Temper is an earlier memoir about his year in Mayaya. Interview. See London Magazine vol. 18 (July 1978), 58-63. As a critic, see his review of *Gregory Woods' book of poems, in P. N. Review (March/April 1993, 55-56) which he felt fails to "prompt a phallic stir". As a translator. He has translated Jean Genet from French and translated the Japanese poet *Takahashi many times into English (see A Poet Could not but be Gay, p. 21); he translated the poet in Modern Japanese Poetry, St. Lucia, Queensland, 1978 (the only confirmed gay poet in the volume is Takahashi - see pp. 267-71). He has translated *Sandro Penna from Italian. Over thirty prose works have been translated by him mainly from French, German and Japanese: for those to 1975 see the * British Library General Catalogue to 1975. Bibliography. See Takeyoshi Yamaguchi, Preliminary Checklist of the Writings of James Kirkup, Tokyo: Japan's Women's University, 1972. To 1975 see his entry in the * British Library General Catalogue to 1975 and to 1984 the bibliography in his entry in the Dictionary of Literary Bibliography, volume 27. Journal. James Kirkup Newsletter is edited by Michio Nakano (November 1979+) and probably published from Kyoto. Interview: Gay Times no. 151 (21 September-4 October, 1978). The *Library of Congress has a recording of him reading his poems. *Yale University has 26 boxes of his manuscripts. Criticism. For a critique of his work in gay terms see *Stephen Coote. *Gregory Woods has written a very fine gay reading. The best discussion of his work overall to 1984 is the discussion by Laurence Steven in Dictionary fo Literary Biography cited below. Many of his gay poems are discussed by the poet in A Poet Could Not But Be Gay. Diversions: A Celebration for James Kirkup on his Eightieth Birthday, edited by James Hogg, Salzburg: University of Salzburg Press, 2000, contains a variety of articles including a preface by the poet defending himself against criticism by *Francis King in relation to the Gay News trial. Information is also available from the internet. Translation. Japanese: Japan Physical, 1969, contains translation of poems into Japanese by Fumiko Miura (other books are being translated into Japanese). See also James Kirkup, Nihon bungaku, 1973, 215 pp. - an essay on translating Japanese literature written by Michio Nakano (born ca. 1936), apparently with an essay on Kirkup; Michio Nakano, Nichi-Ei hikaku, 1987, 260 pp. is about translation into Japanese with references to Kirkup. These books may be rare; copies were used in the Library of Congress. Greek. See the anthology Amerikanike Homophylophile Poiese below. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Contemporary Authors. Dictionary of Literary Biography, vol. 27 (1984); by Laurence Steven. Contemporary Authors Autobiography Series, vol. 4 (1986). Howes, Broadcasting It. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10775-79: volumes from 1947 to 1973, The Body Servant, London: Dent, 1971, The Descent into the Cave, London: Oxford, 1957, The Drowned Sailor and Other Poems, London: Grey Walls Press, 1947, Refusal to Conform, London: Oxford, 1963, White Shadows, Black Shadows, London: Dent, 1970. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 2136-48: the same books as Bullough plus A Correct Compassion, London: Oxford, 1952, Paper Windows, London: Dent, 1968, The Prodigal Son, London: Oxford, 1964, Refusal to Conform, London: Oxford, 1963, The Submerged Village and Other Poems, London: Oxford, 1951; item 2148 (with Ross Nichols): The Cosmic Shape, London: Forge, 1946 (note: Ross Nichols does not seem relevant as his book of poems was combined with Kirkup's merely to save paper in the years after the Second World War when paper was scarce in Great Britain). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Male Muse, 58-62; biog., 121. Orgasms of Light, 110-14; biog., 254. Digte om mends kerlighed til mend. Fra mann til mann, 62-63. Amerikanike homophylophile poiese, 39-40 - Greek trans.; biog., 71. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 328-30, 333-34 (translation of the Italian poet *Pasolini). Not Love Alone, 53-60; biog., 141-42. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 684-85. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 171-72: includes *Zen Love. Drobci stekla v ustih, 75-76. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 52-53. A Day for a Lay, 77-81. Kirmani (also spelt Kermani), Awhad al-Din (also spelt Awhaduddin) Hamdi ibn abi 'l-Fakhr Poet from Iran who wrote in Persian. Ca. 1163-1238. An eminent Iranian *mystic who lived in *Damascus and *Baghdad. Sometimes his work shows the influence of *Omar Khayyam. There is an article on him "Contemplation of the Unbeared - The Rubiyyat of Awhadoddin Kermani" in * Paidika no. 12 by Peter Lambourn Wilson; this issue also prints some of his poems in Englsh translation. Text: see Hearts's Witness, Tehran, 1978 (edited and with introduction by Bernd Manuel Weischer and translated into English by him and Peter Lamborn Wilson). This contains the Persian text of 120 poems of the approximately 1700 taken from five manuscripts and includes an English translation (see review in Boston Gay Review, no. 7-8, Spring-Summer 1980, 8-9). The *manuscripts are corrupt, as with Omar Khayyam, and constitute an anthology (compare * Anacreontea). Many poems are *non gender specific. Section 13, pp.161-71, contains undisputed poems, almost all homosexual and none heterosexual. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, volume 5, 166: states he contemplated "divine beauty in earthly forms, preferably in beautiful boys" (by B. M. Weischer); this article also links homosexuality and *Sufism. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2153: Heart's Witness The Sufi Quatrains of Awahaduddin Kirmani, Tehran, 1978. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 336; biog., 327. Criticism. Browne, Literary History of Persia, volume 3, 139-41. Gay Sunshine no. 40-41 (Summer/ Fall 1979), 33: review of Heart's Witness. Poet and autobiographer from the United States writing in English. 1907-1996. Involved in the world of ballet in *New York, he co-founded the New York Ballet. He married but had homosexual affairs. His poems were collected in The Poems of Lincoln Kirstein, 1987. *Paul Fussell in Wartime, London, 1989, states p.109, "In Rhymes of a PFC... Kirstein does sketch a couple of episodes of homosexual interest" and cites the poem "Load", p.108, which deals with *masturbation in wartime by soldiers (the poem is reprinted in Poems of Lincoln Kirstein, p. 224). Prose works of relevance include By, With, To and From: A Lincoln Kirstein Reader, New York, 1991, and Mosaic: Memoirs, New York, 1994 - this last work is his autobiography to about 1940, including disussion of homosexual love affairs (a lover was *Carl Carlsen, a sailor who had sexual relations with *Hart Crane), *W. H. Auden and T. E. Lawrence. He married Fidelma Cadmus, the sister of the painter Paul Cadmus and was a friend of the Russian ex-patriate gay artist Pavel Tchelitchew who painted his portrait; he wrote art criticism. Obituary. New York Times, 6 January 1996 by Jack Anderson - states he had homosexual and heterosexual love affairs. For a bibliography to 1977 see Harvey Simmonds, Lincoln Kirstein: The Published Writings 1922-1977, New Haven: Yale University Library, 1978. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10780: Rhymes and More Rhymes of a PFC, New York: New Directions, 1966. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2105: Flesh Is Heir, Carbondale, ILL: Southern Illinois University Press, 1975; highly rated by Ian Young (note: his name is mispelled here Kerstein); item 2154: same book as Bullough. Genre in Korean in Korea. From ca. 1499. Erotic songs sung by women but male *transvestite *prostitutes must also be considered as singers; many are *non gender specific (at least in English). See *"Winter Night" (and other poems) in Lee, Poems from Korea, pp. 60-62. Male-male erotic kissing survives in poetry from the Latin poet Catullus from Italy. It was previously referred to in Greek in relation to *Diocles in a comment on the work of *Theocritus (active ca. 280B.C.). Latin: see *Catullus (84-54 B.C.) - Poem 99, *Martial. English: see *Bawdry - English, *Raymond Carver, *Robert Davenant, *Edward Dyer, *Royston Ellis, *Giles de Gillies, *Lee Harwood, * Love and Death, John S. Patterson, *Swinburne, *Robert Peters. Hebrew. See *Norman Roth, " 'Deal Gently with the Young Man': Love of Boys in Medieval Hebrew Poetry of Spain", Speculum 57 (1982), 24 - states that in *medieval Hebrew poetry the only homosexual activity referred to is kissing. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gay Histories and Cultures. Poet and anthologist from Japan who wrote in Japanese. 1624-1705. He compiled the first Japanese homosexual anthology *Iwatsutsuji (Cliff Azaleas) and was a famous scholar who wrote a commentary on *Murasaki's The Tale of Genji. For a time he taught *Basho. He wrote *waka and *haiku and was a student of the haiku masters, Yashuhara Teishitsu and Matsunaga Teitoku. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan; with bibl. of printed works 1648-74. Princeton Companion to Classical Japanese Literature. Pseudonym of a poet from Austria who wrote in German. 1867 - died after 1899. A Viennese poet and journalist. His real name was Edwin Plug. He edited Poetischen Flugblattern (apparently with 'Emmerich von Stadion: see Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros) in 1898-99 in 'Vienna which published some gay poems: see Neda Bei, Das lila Wien um 1900, 1986, pp. 15 - 2Q. Not in Oxford Companion to German Literature . Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 71: poems "Straßenbild", "Sturmliebe", "Zaudernde Liebe" and Lyrische Radierungen, Vienna: Hasenberger, [no date] and Eros im Bordell [no other details; possibly a books of poems]. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, Volume 2, item 1Q781: Die neuen Hellenen. Gedichte aus "Lyrische Radierunge", Vienna - Liepzig, 1898. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 17Q - 71: three poems "Strassenbild", "Zaudernde Liebe", "Sturmliebe"; biog note 17Q. Ioläus (19Q6), 21S. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 222: two gay poems (discloses his real name is Edwin Plug); biog. note 197 - states he contributed to ' Der Eigene. Criticism. Mayne, The Intersexes, S2Q. Weindel, L'Homosexualité en Allemagne, 19Q8, quotes a book of poems p. 284, Eros à la maison de tolerance, as worth reading. Tarnowsky, Pederasty in Europe, 215. Poet from Japan writing in Japanese. Active ca 1760. See the poem on p. 145 in Frank A. Turk, The Prints of Japan, 1966, on the *onnagata *actor Nakamura Tomijuro: "At his coming - infatuation/At his going - applause.../The black peony." The poem appears to be on a print of the actor. A. Turk comments: "the phrase "koku-botan" [black peony] in eighteenth-century *Edo slang meant an artificial model of either the male or female genitals'"(same page). This is an example of indirect language. (Cited as printed in D. B. Waterhouse, Harunobu and His Age, London, 1964; no page is given by A.). Not in Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan: Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1985. See *The Advocate, February 19, 1985, 45-46. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active 1976. Bibliographies. Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen, item 600: Neuland, Bielefeld: Pusteblume, 1981 - diary, letters, poems, photos 1976-80. Critic, biographer, editor and poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1942. One of the finest contemporary critics of gay poetry. Author of a major gay reading of John Donne: The Enigmatic Narrator: The Voicing of Same-Sex Love in the poetry of John Donne, New York: Peter Lang, 1994, 285 pp.; bibl. pp. 247-64 (reviews: James White Review vol. 12 no. 3, Fall 1995, 19 by John Lauritsen; Journal of Homosexuality, vol. 36 no. 1, 1998, 128-134). Poems of Donne relating to male homosexuality are listed pp. 265-66; these include the four verse letters to "T. W" (likely a young man named Thomas Woodward) and "Sappho to Philaenis". He finds Donne penned very explicitly loving sentiments to another man in early verse letters and later love poems can be read homosexually. He is the editor of The Complete Poems of *Richard Barnfield, 1990 (reviewed James White Review vol. 9 no. 3, 18-19) which contains the latest biography of the poet and a brillliant scholarly reading of his poetry (see pp. 29-37 suggesting Charles Blount inspired Barnfield's The Affectionate Shepherd; expecially pp. 31 and 36). Biography: see James White Review, vol. 7 no.1 (Summer 1990), 20 - stated to be a poet and teacher who lives in La Crosse, Wisconsin. He has been an excellent reviewer of gay poetry in the * James White Review from 1989: see *Antler, *Of Eros and Dust, *Edward Field, *David Bergman, * Poets for Life, *Kenny Fries, *Gavin Dillard, *Takahashi Mutsuo, * Take Any Train; see reviews in James White Review vol. 5 no. 2, Winter 1989, 4. For a poem written by him see James White Review vol. 2 no. 1 (Fall 1984), 3: "Persimmons". He published two other poems in this journal: "Scenes from a Movie Names Michael" and one of his Brian poems (information from the author). He is the author of one book of gay love poems The Colt Poems (1998). See also *Mark Doty. He has a very fine homepage on the internet. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active before 1992. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 241: poem *"Gay Liberation". Poet, anthologist and critic from the United State writing in English. Born 1954. Editor of the *Aids anthology * Poets for Life. He also wrote the introduction, pp. 11-16, surveying the contents. *New York based. Book of poems: 1990, Provincetown, 1993. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poets for Life, 123-28; biog., 237. Gents, Bad Boys, and Barbarians, 118-23; biog., 118. The World in Us: Lesbian and Gay Poetry of the Next Wave, 144-49; biog., 365. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1949. A very promising younger poet, admired by *Allen Ginsberg. In Like Cities, Like Storms, Sydney, 1992, see "After *Catullus", p.14 (*bathhouse reference). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors , vol. 125. Poet from Germany who wrote in German. 1715 - 1759. A poet who was in the army and never married. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 71: the poems "Fantasie einer Winternacht", "Ich suche dich", "Sommermorgen"; also the book Wolf Bergen. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Die Bedeutung der Freundesliebe, 27. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 2S9. Poet from Germany who wrote in German; he also lived in Switzerland. 1777-1811. Kleist, who is best known for his plays, led a stormy life subject to fits of depression. He eventually committed suicide. He spent periods in Switzerland where he met *Zschokke, the friend of Hössli (compiler of the first German gay poetry anthology). He wrote passionate homosexual love letters. His diaries are believed to reveal him to have been gay. Biography. See Dr J. Sadger, Heinrich von Kleist, 1909 (reviewed Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 10, 1910-11, pp. 429-38). *Peter Hamacher wrote an article on his love life. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 576-78. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 666-67. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity.Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 71: Briefe [Letters], Criticism. Ellis, Sexual Inversion, 38-39: states he "seems to have been of bisexual temperament". Mayne, The Intersexes, 295: states he was gay. Eldorado, 93. Derks, Der Schande der heiligen Päderastie, 432-45. Oral poems and songs in Greek from Greece. From before 1820. Songs sung by Greek shepherds called klephts - i.e. bandits - in the mountainous region north of Isthmus. The klephts were Christians who took to the hills to fight the Turks. One famous ballad concerns a man who held his friend's head after it was cut off (this was adapted into a long poem by *Aristotle Valaoritis). The ballads were sung until the Greek war of Independence (1821-29); they show strong affection between men. For English translation see *Martin Johnston. Kliem, Hans Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 71: citing Sentimentale Freundschaft in der *Shakespeare-Epoche, thesis, Jena, 1915 - discussion of *friendship in the era of *Shakespeare. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active 1994. Book: Wo das Dunker Dunkel Genug, 1994, 80 pp. - see Die schulen Buchläden, 94/v p. 20. Poet from the Netherlands who wrote in Dutch and German. 1859-1938. He is generally accepted as the central figure of the "Movement of 80s" and had a homosexual component in his nature though he married in 1900 aged 41. He had a close friendship with *Albert Verwey and had a nervous breakdown when Verwey married. German. In 1879 he wrote a sequence of nine gay poems entitled Knabenlagen (Boy Laments) dedicated to *Platen; repr. Amsterdam 1981 in 75 copies. Biography: see P. van Eeten, Dichterlijk labirint, Amsterdam, 1983. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Naar vriendscaap zulk een mateloos verlangen, 14-16: four poems from Willem Kloos. zijn jeugdzijn leven, Den Haag: Bert Bakker, 1972 (book cited on p. 119). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 269: two *sonnets; 262: notes he was notorious in the *eighteen nineties. Poet from Germany who wrote in German. 1724-1803. *Friendship was one of the main themes of his poetry and he wrote mainly *odes. He wrote in the *Sapphic and *Alcaic meters. See also *Gottinger Hainbund, *Songs - German. Dictionaries. and Encyclopedias Oxford Companion to German Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Die Bedeutung der Freundesliebe, 20. Editor of works in Greek from Germany; he was also a poet writing in Latin. 1738-1771. The first editor of the * Mousa Paidike as a separate work: titled Stratonis aliorumquo veterum poetarum graecorum epigrammata nunc primum a Christ. Adolpho Klotzio edita, Altenburgi: ex officina Richteria, 1764, 88 pp. (possible translation of the poems into Latin): see the * National Union Catalog entry *Straton. (Compare *J. J. Reiske who published an edition titled Erotika of erotic poems from the Palatine Anthology in 1752.) He became a Professor at *Göttingen University at twenty-four and transferred to Halle in 1765. Most of his works were written in Latin. He wrote in Latin the *satires Mores eruditorium and Genius saeculi (1760) and Antiburmanus (1762) - originally published anonymously - about the learned circles in Leipzig at the time; a German translation of his these satires - Christian Adolph Klotz Klotzens Satyren, Leipzig, 1775 - was made by B. G. Weinart. It is unclear whether these are in poetry or prose. Involved in a controversy with Gotthold Lessing and *Herder for which he is mainly remembered today (see Sandys, History of Classical Scholarship, volume 3, 28-29, p. 33), he was called dissolute and blamed for the corruption of the morals of his student G. A. Burger (who later married three times and also wrote poetry - see Oxford Companion to German Literature, p. 120). Klotz seems a likely candidate to have been gay. Volumes of poems in Latin bv him exist: Carminum liber usus, Leipzig 1759, 56 pp. (containing elegies) and Opuscula poetica, 1761, Christiani Adolph Klotzii Carmina omnia, 1766, 100 pp. See his entry in the * National Union Catalog. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Allgemeine deutsche Biographie. Oxford Companion to German Literature, 477: describing him as "a man of dissolute habits". Klyuev, Nikolai (also spelt Kliuev) Poet from Russia who wrote in Russian. 1887-1937. Possibly the lover of *Esenin for whom he wrote an *'Elegy for Esenin'. The author of Brotherly Songs, 1912, he was a peasant poet who wrote poems and religious songs for a *flagellation sect called khlyst (flagellant) and also called Khristy (Christs). He died in Siberia after imprisonment under Stalin in mysterious circumstances and a suitcase of his manuscripts disappeared. His poems were only republished in Russia from 1977. See also *Anna Akhmatova. Text. Sochineniya, edited by Boris Filippov and Gleb Struve, 2 volumes, Munich, 1969; with critical introductions. Bibliography: see Boris Filippov's bibliography in his edition; this includes some 900 items. This edition also contains a life by Filippov. Manuscripts. In 1994 it was reported that "many verses" of his were found in the KGB archives, the archives of the secret police ( Guardian Weekly, 1 May 1994, 18); this includes the text of the 4,000 line masterpiece The Song of the Great Mother (see Gay and Lesbian Review, March-April 2001, 38). Translation. English: see Poems trans. John Glad, Ardis, 1977; this includes the Russian text of the selection chosen and an introduction (which is the only extended piece of criticism on him in English). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Terras, Handbook of Russian Literature. Gay Histories and Cultures. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Orgasms of Light, 115-16: trans. by Simon Karlinsky; biog., 255. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 650. Drobci stekla v ustih, 26. Out of the Blue, 151-52. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 458-60; trans. Simon Karlinsky. Criticism. Gay Sunshine no. 29-30 (Summer/Fall 1976), 7: trans. of three poems. Critic from Germany who wrote in German. Active 19Q6. See Anthropophyteia 3 (19Q6) 254-6Q: discussion of poems from the Greek 'Mousa Paidike. This is possibly a pseudonym of 'Otto Kiefer (the name has the same initials "O. K"). Anthropologist from the United States writing in English. Active from 1987. Author of "The Question of Ritualised Homosexuality among the Kiwai of South New Guinea", Journal of Pacific History vol. 25 (1990), 188-210; detailed discussion of the Kiwai and other *Papua New Guinea Tribes including the Kolopom (a Trans Fly people) and Marind-Anim: this includes a map, p.189, of tribes where 'ritualized homosexuality has been reported. Initiation songs in relation to initiation rituals are relevant in the three languages. See also his article "Homosexuality in Melanesia" in Journal of Psychoanalytical Anthropology 10 (1987), 155-91. For the Marin-anim, see his book South Coast New Guinea Cultures, 1993, which has a discussion of homosexuality in the language and culture. See also initiation songs and chants - Kiwai, - MarinAnim, - Gebusi. Critic and poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1897-1895. Famous for his Shakespearean studies, as a critic he is most relevant for The Mutual Flame (1955) a frank discussion of *Shakespeare's sonnets in homosexual terms (see especially Chapters 2 and 3) and a work which was especially frank for its time. His The Christian Renaissance (Methuen, rev. ed., 1962) includes "The Seraphic Intuition", pp. 269-339, an important essay on homosexual themes in English literature; see also *"Eros" pp. 200-223. He discusses *Byron's homosexuality in Lord Byron's Marriage: The Evidence of Asterisks, 1957 - see especially pp. 28-38 on John Edleston; on p. 38 he states "the pattern of Byron's emotional life repeated *Shakespeare's" i.e. both were *bisexual: "He himself [Byron], like so many men of genius, was a bisexual type" (p.45). (See also the index of the book under homosexual love affairs.) Pages 159-97 discuss *Don Leon and Leon to Arabella. Lord Byron's Marriage was the first detailed study of Byron's homosexuality in the contemporary period. Neglected Powers (London, 1971) discusses "Don Leon," *D. H. and *T. E. Lawrence, *Rupert Brooke and others. Educated at *Oxford, Professor of English at *Toronto 1931-40, he moved to Great Britain in the war to be near his mother and brother and was Reader of English at Leeds 1946-62. He was unmarried. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionary of National Biography. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10782: Gold-Dust With Other Poetry, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1968. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2160: same book. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 226: re *Byron. Poet from the United States, writing in English. Active 1991. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 88: "Loneliness"; biog., 179 - a *black poet from United State who has lived in Venezuela. Poet, bibliographer, critic, historian and book collector from Australia writing in English; some poems have been translated into Arabic. Born 1948. Books of poems. Events (Sydney: Orianna Press, 1982), 83 pages - all the love poems in the book were inspired by men. A Tale of Sydney Uni (Sydney: Veritas, 1998), 4 pages, is a *queer *satire with gay reference. Poems have appeared in fourteen anthologies of poetry. Two gay *broadsheet poems written by him have been published "Our Garden" (1983) and "On Darlinghurst Hill" (1985). "Our Garden" was printed in *pink ink on pink paper; it is based on a poem by the Indonesian poet *Chairil Anwar. Three *postcard poems have been published: "My Homeland" (1992) - not specifically gay - the gay poem "The Friendship Garden" (1995) and "Don't Forget" published in 1998 ("Don't Forget" was also published in Gay and Lesbian Studies in Australia, edited by Raymond Donovan and Leong K. Chan, Sydney, 1999, p. 73); it was alos broadcats on the Australian Broadcasting Commision's poetry program Poetica on the gay program "Seeling Same' on 2 December 2000. "At the National Library", a gay poem, was published in 1997. "The Personality of Jesus" was especially printed on *green paper for the Eleventh National Australian Gay Conference, 1986. Seventy-six poems have been published in anthologies, journals and newspapers, including the gay journal * Cargo. He has had two poems published in Japan in Kyoto Review in 1999 (though these poems are not gay poems). The poem "My Homeland" has been translated into Arabic by Raghid Nahhas and was included in the Arabic anthology Whispers from the Southern Land, Beirut, 1999; three poems in Arabic were published in Kalimat no. 2 (Summer 2000) published in Sydney. As a critic, he is the author of the critical essay Male Homosexuality and Australian English Language Poetry (Sydney, 1999), 40 pages. "Homosexual Anthologies" in The Age Monthly Review (July 1984, 5-7) was a review of * The Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse and the first Australian gay anthology * Edge City. A lecture illustrated with slides "Homosexuality and Mateship" (on *Whitman, *Brereton and *O'Dowd) was given at the Gay History Conference in *Toronto, in 1985; a copy of the text is in the *Canadian Gay Archives. He has travelled to some fifty-nine countries. He gave a paper on this encyclopedia at the *Queer Lit Conference in Sydney 30 July -1 August 1993 - see the text in A Cold Collation: Papers from the Inaugural QueerLit Conference (Sydney, 1993, unpaginated) - and contributed two articles to The Encyclopedia of Homosexuality (New York, 1990): "Burma" and "Etruscans". He has written an obituary on *Gershon Legman. See also *Donovan Clarke. Seminar Papers: "Male Homosexuality and Australian English Language Poetry: 1788-1983", Australian Gay History Seminars, University of Sydney, August 1990 (the basis of Male Homosexuality and Australian English Language Poetry); *"Patrick White from a Gay Point of View" was given in the same series October 1992. A paper titled "Male Homosexual Poetry and Asia" was given at the Emerging Homosexualities Conference, University of Sydney, 1995. He has the largest collection in Australia of contemporary gay poetry books (mainly in English) and many rare journals in languages from German to Thai. A slide lecture "4,000 Years of Male Homosexuality in Art" was given as part of the 1990 Sydney Gay Mardi Gras. He is also compiling An Encyclopedia of Male Homosexual Art which has 4,900 entries drafted. He lives in *Sydney and is an honours graduate in English Literature of the Universities of Queensland and Sydney and is a trained high school teacher of English with a Diploma of Education from the University of New England. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Hurley, Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Love and Death, 34-35: the poem "Fuckerama" (written in the early years of the *Aids epidemic to help the cause of safer sex). Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1972. Author of a fine poem "Words on Mother" (in Faggotry, Summer 1972, 45-47). See *Kenneth Pitchford regarding his co-authorship of the Effeminist Manifesto. He lived in New York in the early seventies and in 1993 worked for The *Advocate and lived in Los Angeles. Translator from German to English from Switzerland; critic in German. 1841-1918. Translator of the English poet *Whitman with *T. W. Rolleston: Grashalme, Zurich, 1889, 180 pp. The first translation of Whitman into German: see the Rolleston entry for details. As a critic, see his Walt Whitman, 1911. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Active 1902. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10783: co-author of A Book of Poems, London: Swan Sonnenschein, 1902, with *Arthur Linton: see his entry for bibliographical entries. Poet from Sweden writing in Swedish. Active 1971. Bibliographies. Hansen, Nordisk Bibliografi, 14: book of poems Är jag den Du ser, Götebeg: Författarförl, 1971, 3B pp. Influenced by 'Jean Genet. Poet, lover and songwriter from Russia who wrote in Russian. 1887-1937. A *bisexual poet who was one of the two great loves of *Kuzmin (see Michael Green, Mikhail Kuzmin, 1972, p. xx). He became a leading *Marxist poet after the Revolution of 1917 in Russia but was a victim of Stalin's purges. He wrote Chastushki poems (see in Terras, Handbook, the entry "Chastushka", a short rhymed folk lyric sung to the accompaniment of the balalaika or accordian). See also *Anna Akhmatova. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Terras, Handbook of Russian Literature. Kobo Daishi, also called Kukai Poet from Japan who wrote in Japanese. 774-835. The founder of Shingen (True Word) *Buddhism at Mt Koya who was popularly believed to have brought homosexuality from China. He was also a poet. See also * Kobo Daishi's Book, *Shinga Sozu. He is also credited with bringing *Tantrism to Japan. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Criticism. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 635. Schalow, The Great Mirror of Male Love, 7. Poem in Japanese from Japan Ca. 1598. A book which claimed to reveal secret teachings about the love of youths based on allegedly brought homosexuality to Japan. It contains poems. See the translation in Tradition of Male Love" in José Ignazio Calezon, Buddhism, Sexuality and Gender, *Kukai, the founder of a Buddhist sect who Paul Gordon Schalow, "Kukai and the Japanese Albany, 1992, pp. 217-221. Poet from the Netherlands writing in Dutch. Born 1948. Gay Poetry Anthologies. David heeft ook een achterkant, 22-24; biog., 59. Critic and poet from the United States writing in English. Born ca. 1960. Author of the work of criticism Double Talk: The erotics of male literary collaboration, New York, 1989. This is an analysis of "how authors affectionately combine literary identities" in *Freudian and psychoanalytical terms. The book discusses the close relationships of *J. A. Symonds with *Havelock Ellis (Chapter 2), the poets *Wordsworth and *Coleridge (Chapter 3, pp. 71-111), *Ezra Pound and *T. S. Eliot (Chapter 4, pp. 112-139) and *fin de siècle authors (see Chapter 5, pp. 143-77, including * R. L.Stevenson and *W. E. Henley pp. 145-51). Books of poems: Rhapsodies of a Repeat Offender, 1994; features the *long poem "Rhapsody". See New Yorker, 4 April 1994, 80: a fine poem with homosexual *incest undertones. The milk of inquiry: poems (1999). He has written a book on opera, The *Queen's Throat, New York, 1992 which touches briefly on *Richard Wagner. In 1995 he taught at *Yale University. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poets for Life, 132-39; biog., 237. Badboy Book, 189-98; biog., 387-88. The World in Us: Lesbian and Gay Poetry of the Next Wave, 150-59; biog., 365. Word of Mouth, 368-78. Critic and bibliographer from Germany writing in German. Active 1980. An important critic of *Oscar Wilde. The German edition of his book Oscar Wilde, of *Oscar Wilde to 1980 on pp. 521-686 and is a major bibliography (for instance into German are listed). English edition: see the English translation, Oscar Wilde. 411-26) - this is one of the most detailed recent critiques in English. 1980, contains the most recent detailed bibliography , over ten translations of The Portrait of Dorian Gray - The works of a conformist rebel, 1989 (bibl. pp. Poet from Denmark who wrote in Danish. 1850-1942. In 1887 he was involved with a homosexual scandal and in1893 he was arrested and spent three weeks in jail for grossindecency with a 16 year old teenager and was known as a homosexual in the 1880s and 1890s. He published "patriotic and nationalistic poetry" (*Wilhelm von Rosen) and was in the Conservative Party. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity: by *Wilhelm von Rosen. Anthology in Japanese from Japan. Compiled in 905. The second collection of Japanese verse which set the pattern for future collections. It is a collection of * waka. Books 1-6 are seasonal poems, Books 11-15 love poems. The anonymous poem in the Kokinshu Book 11, poem 495 was interpreted homosexually by *Saikaku. *Ki no Tsurayuki, who wrote the preface, has the largest number of poems in it; many are relevant. Translation. English. Laurel Rasplica Rodd and Mary Catherine Henkenius (1984). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan. Criticism. Schalow, The Great Mirror of Male Love, 8 and footnote 21 p. 314: re the title poem of *Iwatsutuji ascribed later to *Shiga Sozu. Schalow, The Great Mirror, p.10 re *Ariwara no Narihira. Poem in Kirghiz from Kirghizstan. It dates from ca. 1856 in a written version. This is a Kirghiz epic poem from Central Asia first written down in 1856 and one of the finest specimens of Kirghiz epic poetry. Text and translation: see The Memorial Feast for Kokotoy-Khan, edited and trans. into English by A. T. Hatto, 1977; see p. 63 as an example of homoeroticism and male bonding. Taking into account the strong male bonding in *central Asian epic, the poem is likely to yield more material on closer study. Compare *Firdausi. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition: see *"Manas" (this reveals this work to be part of the larger Manas *epic material). Editor and translator into English of C. P. *Cavafy, The Greek Poems: Volume One: The Cannon and The Greek Poems: Volume Two: The Unissued and "Repudiated" Poems (New Rochelle, N. J., 1989). This is the latest and most complete translation of *Cavafy into English including seventy-five "unissued" poems and thirty-four "repudiated" poems and including the Greek text. Many poems in Volume 1 are relevant. In Volume 2, in the section "Unissued poems", pages 1-87, see pp, 36 "La Jeunesse blanc" (see *Rodenbach), 63-64 "December of 1903, January of 1904", 66-67 "On the Stairs", "At the Theatre", 72 "Awareness of Love" (a crucial poem dated 1911). In the "Repudiated poems" (in Volume 2) in pp. 89-122 (all poems written before 1901 and which are not openly gay in content) see pp. 109 "Ode and Elegy of the Streets" and 122 "The Tarentines Amuse Themselves" (on debauchery and lust in *Tarentum, which was known as a pleasure loving city in the ancient world). Review: Times Literary Supplement, 24-30 August, 1990, 887-88 by Henry Gifford, who highly praises the translations. The author also wrote Cavafy As I Knew Him, Santa Barbara, California: The Author, 1980; with 12 translations of Cavafy's poems. Poet from Australia writing in English. Born 1950. Poems written when he was a resident poet at St Vincents Boys Home, Sydney, 1992, and read at a Poets Union reading, Sydney, 5 July 1992, contain reference to homosexuality and its roles. The text in Komninos by the Kupful, Sydney, 1995, "Diary of a Residency", pp. 59-73, is more subdued. His full name is Komninos Zervos under which name the book is published. He is a Greek Australian. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature, second edition. Poet from the Netherlands writing in Dutch. Born 1944. Included in two Dutch anthologies. Translation. English. The Comreigh Critter (1982) - a selection of poems. See also James S. Holmes, Dutch Interior, New York, 1984, 150-51 and 285 (biog note). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Naar vriendscaap zulk een mateloos verlangen, 101-03: four poems "Bleke roeier op weg naar de stad", "Fiat Lux", *"Endymion" "Fiat Nox", "Een vriend" from books 1975-79, Fabeldieren, Amsterdam: Arbeiderspers, 1975, Capriccio, Amsterdam: Sub Signo Libelli, 1978 and Het schip De Wanhoop, Amsterdam: De Arbeiderspers, 1979 (books cited on p. 119). Mannenmaat, 24-27. Het huis dat vriendschap heet, 258-65: two poems "Capriccio", 1978 and "Peper en zout", 1980. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 313. Poet from Korea writing in Korean. Active 1352. See *Richard Rutt, "The Flower Boys of Silla", Transactions of the Korea Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, vol. 38, 1961, p. 57: painter, *scholar, calligrapher and king of Korea who had five male catamites. He was king 1352-74. He probably illustrated his poems as was the custom of painter-poets. Poet from Japan writing in Japanese. Active 1953. He wrote a relevant poem: see * Green HiIl Poems. Poet from the Netherlands writing in Dutch. Born 1943. Gay Poetry Anthologies. David heeft ook een achterkant, 25-27; biog., 59. Critic from the United States writing in English. Active 1994. Author of Love's Litany: The Writing of Modern Homoerotics, Stanford, 1994. English authors in this work: see *Oscar Wilde, pp. 1548; French: see on *Gide pp. 49-73 and *Barthes, pp. 129-50. Possible lover from Germany relating to works in German. Active before 1866. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Iolaus (1906), 212-13 - stated to be the friend of *Friedrich Ruckert (died 1866) who wrote a poem comparing their relationship to *David and Jonathan. Historian and critic in Turkish from Turkey. 1890-1966. The most famous Turcologist of his time whose works mark the beginning of the European school in Turkish literary history. A Professor at Istanbul University, he was a founder of the Democratic Party and Turkish foreign minister 1950-57. He was the author of over 500 works in Turkish including The First Mystics in Turkish Literature, 1913, History of Turkish Literature, 1928, and Turkish Folk Poets, 1940-41. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Work of religion in Arabic from Saudi Arabia; translations exist in many languages. Traditionally it is believed to date from 622, the traditional date of the founding of the religion, dated from the Prophet *Muhammad's flight to Medina. The Koran (in Arabic: "reading", "recitation") is the holy book of *Islam. It is in rhythmic prose - compare * Gospels - and shows the strong influence of oral poetry traditions. It consists of a number of suras (chapters or *prose poems) each of which has a particular name. The work is arranged from the longest suras to the shortest with the longest suras first with the shortest at the end; the shorter ones are the oldest. The work is believed by Muslims to have been dictated to the prophet Mohammad in the twenty years before his death in 633. Sura 1 is a *hymn to *God (in Islam 'Allah) showing a strong affectional relationship. All suras begin with the phrase "In the name of God, the compassionate, the merciful" showing a close link with the teachings of Jesus Christ. There have been several schools of interpretation of the Koran as with the Christian *Bible (the two major sects are Sunnis and Shi'ites) and there is a Moslem saying that there are five meanings to every verse. There are several references to homosexuality in the Koran e.g. the story of *Sodom (see Sura 26: 165-66) and the trope of *Yusuf. Other Old Testament persons referred to include *King David and Moses. Jesus Christ is referred to in many suras (e.g., sura 61). For an index to persons and concepts giving references to suras where they are mentioned see the index to *A. J. Arberry's translation, The Koran (1955), pp. 670-74. A strong homosexual element appears in *Sufism, a form of Islamic *mysticism; Sufism is regarded as a heretical sect by some schools of Islam. See the commentary of Bukhari (active 850) vii 159 regarding men who wish to resemble women. See also *Law - Islamic. For detailed discussion on homosexuality see Amreen Jamal, "The Story of Lot and the Qur'an's Perception of the Morality of Same-Sex Sexuality", Journal of Homosexuality vol. 41 no. 2 (2001), 1-88; with bibl. 86-88. Possibly the best introduction is in the article Qur'an in Encyclopedia Britannica: "Qur'an" in Macroepaedia, vol. 15. More detailed is the entry in The Shorter Encyclopaedia of Islam, edited by *H. A. R. Gibb and J. H. Kramers, New York, 1953 (which consists of articles from Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition, relating to Islam): see "al-Kur'an" pp. 273-86. See also R. Bell Introduction to the Qur'an (1953). Text: see the entry "Koran" in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Fragments of mechanically printed texts of the Koran exist from Egypt from ca. 1000 but otherwise the work was handed down by hand copying; the first mechanically printed edition in Arabic appeared only in Europe in the *Renaissance. On problems with the text see Toby Lester, "What is the Koran?", Atlantic Monthly, vol. 238 no 1. (January 1999), 43-56. For recent scholarship on the origin of the Koran see Fred M. Donner, Narratives of Islamic Origins: The Beginnings of Islamic Historical Writing (1998) and Christoph Luxenberg, Die Syro-Aramaische Lesart des Koran (Berlin, 2000). Commentaries. Commentaries on the Koran exist in abundance. There is also a collective body of sayings about Muhammad called the Hadith. Translation. The article "Koran" in the Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition has a list of translations at the end of the article, in Section 9 which discussed translation, pp. 429-32. Translations exist into most of the languages of Asia and Europe and some African ones. Manuscript translations were made into Persian from 923 (at least 48 translations known), Turkish from ca. 1050 (with over seventy translations existing in many hundreds of manuscripts and with mechanically published editions from 1920s), Urdu. Bengali (innumerable, e.g., in 1908) and other indian languages, Burmese (1938), Thai (1968 and 1971 ; apparently in manuscript in the Wason Library, *Cornell University), Japanese (from 1950), Svriac (ca. 1171; in manuscript), Hebrew (in manuscript and published in 1857) Armenian (ca. 1650), Swahili (three versions from 1923) and other *African languages including Yoruba (1924), Ganda (1965) and Amharic (1961). Many manuscript translations exist. Translation into European languages was first into Latin in a manuscript by Robert of Ketton in 1143 (unpublished until 1543; repr 1550). An Italian translation was published from this Latin text in 1547 and translation into other languages followed (a complete list is on p. 432). A second Latin version was published in 1698 by Ludovico Marraci with additions in 1721. The first French translation was by Du Ryer in 1647 and an English translation was made from this (1649; repr.) Other significant English editions include that of M. M. Pickthall (1930), 'Abdallah Yusuf'Ali (1946) and *A. J. Arberry (1955) - which has been the most popular in English - and Dawood (1956). French. The most popular translation is by Régis Blachère (1947-51). German. The translation by Rudi Paret (1963-66) has earned wide admiration. Other dates for the first mechanically published editions: Dutch (1641), German (1616), Russian (1716), Serbo-Croat (1895), Spanish (1844). Most European languages have several translations. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica : "Qur'an" in Macroepaedia, vol. 15. Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition, and Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition; by far the most comprehensive introductions. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. see "Qu'ran". Criticism. Murray, Islamic Homosexualities, 87-96. Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. 1553-1617. His *long epic or heroic verse romance poem Erotokritos (Tormented by love) uses *allegory and was later interpreted in allegorical ways when it became a national poem. It is the masterpiece of Cretan poetry and concerns the love story of the hero, Erotokritos, and Aretousa, based on a French work Paris et Vienne which Kornaros probably knew through an Italian version. It was published in Venice in 1713 but written before 1587. There is a strong emphasis on *friendship in the poem. Translation: translations into Turkish and Romanian exist; English: trans. Theodorre Ph. Stephanides, Athens, 1984 - see pp. 68-69 re the trope of *Eros with some homoerotic suggestion. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Everyman Companion to East European Literature. Critics. Trypanis, Greek Poetry, 567-72: re Erotokritos. Poet (from Germany?) writing in German. Active before 1964. No entry in the *British Library General Catalogue or 'National Union Catalog. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 72: poem "Erinnerung an Mario (Ein kleines Lächleln...)" [no source or date provided]. Poet and singer from Turkey who wrote in Turkish. 1550-1600. See Louis Mitler, Ottoman Turkish Writers, New York, 1988, pp. 81-82 (with bibl.); states, p. 82, he had a constant companion, Ayvaz, a beautiful youth. He was an * ashik, a wandering minstrel. The phrase "bir Koroglu bir Ayvaz" (a Koroglu and an Ayvaz) meant a husband and wife without children. The name Koroglu refers to a Turkish rebel of 10th century: see entry in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition: "Koroghlu". Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1994. Celestial Rust, New York, 1994, is the poet's first *chapbook of poems (review: James White Review vol. 13 no. 2, Spring 1996, 20). His article "The Writing Life: The Business of Poetry", Lambda Book Report, April 1999, 18, is about publishing poetry - this states a book The Sentence that Ends with a Comma, is to be published by Bill Sullivan's press Painted Leaf Press (Bill Sullivan is the partner of Jaime Manrique); includes a photograph of the poet. Editor, anthologist and critic from Greece writing in Greek; translator from Greek to English. Active 1982. She is a folklorist who lives in France and who has compiled the first twentieth century collection of *bawdry: Loose Tongued Greeks: A Miscellany of Neo-Hellenic Erotic Folklore, Paris, 1983, trans. into English by John Taylor, with an important introduction by *Gershon Legman. Loose Tongued Greeks contains a wealth of homosexual oral poetry (e.g. *"The Trojan War", *"King Cyrus" and many other works); its gay material is so strong that it constitutes in effect a homoanthology, though it is by no means exclusively so. The material was collected ca. 1944-ca. 1980. See the *Loose-Tongued Greeks entry for a list of homosexual poems. Her article "In the Time of *Masturbation: Greek Burlesque Folk Verse", Maledicta 6 (1982), 89-100, includes translation of two oral poems with homosexual subject matter: "King Cyrus" (recorded 1971) and "The Trojan War" (first recorded 1955). She is married to *Elias Petropoulos and now lives in Paris. Criticism. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 503: mentioning her continuing series Neoelleniki Athyrostomia (1984+). Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 2001. Author of Poems for Paco a cycle of poems about a gay love affair. Published by Mayajala Books, Birmingham, 2001. The publisher has a website, and the work is a Buddhist imprint. Kovida is a *Buddhist. Lexicographer apparently from Russia of Russian words and critic in Russian. Born 1947. Author of Argo russkoi gomoseksual noi subkul'tury; materialy k izucheniiu (Russian homosexual language materials towards a study), Chalidze Publications, 1986, 228 pp.; this includes material and analysis of gay Russian words and a dictionary. It is a major lexicographical work and includes an article on the poet *Gennady Trifonov, pp. 180-195. It was published in the United States by Chalizde Publications, General Delivery, Benson, Vermont, 05731. Rare; copies: *Cornell University, *Library of Congress, *British Library. The work is out of print. Sexologist from Germany who wrote in German. 1840-1903. His enormously influential Psychopathia sexualis, 1886 (reprinted; seven editions by 1893 and twelve editions by 1906) was one of the first works to discuss homosexuality in detail, citing cases; however it presented homosexuality as abnormal and pathological, thus doing immense damage to the acceptance of homosexuality as a normal sexual variant. He strongly influenced *Freud. The work was widely translated. Translation. English: trans. C. G. Craddock (1892; repr.), F. J. Rebman (1922); French: Emile Laurent (1895): Hungarian: S. K. M. (before 1926; 1891?); Italian: Enrico Sterz and Luigi Waldhart (1889). The National Union Catalog was checked. Obituary: Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, vol. 5 Part 2 (1903), 1292-97. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Neue deutsche Biographie. Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 668-69. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amour bleu, 206: states he wrote in the preface of Psychopathia Sexualis that homosexuals "in most cases have great spiritual and social qualities and are often exceptionally sensitive people". Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1991. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Unending Dialogue, 33, 50, 69-70, 72, 82 - fine poems by a gay man about having *Aids. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active before 1984. No entry in the *British Library General Catalogue or *National Union Catalog. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 72: poem "An 'Michelangelo (Weil du groß warst...)". No source or date provided. Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. Active before ca. 350 B.C. From *Thebes. No entry in Oxford Classical Dictionary. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Der kleine Pauly, volume 3, 327 (3). Criticism. Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 8 (1906), 635-36: citing *fragments. Translator from English to German from Austria. 1874-1936. A novelist famous for his long novel based on World War I The Last Days of Mankind, and published in 1922. He translated *Shakespeare's sonnets: Sonette, Wien, 1933, 160 pp. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Bibliographer from the United States writing in English. Active 1980. Author of Allen Ginsberg: An Annotated Bibliography 1967-77, 1980, 328 pp., a very detailed work for the period covered. This is one of the finest bibliographies of a gay poet. Compare *George Dowden who covers Ginsberg for the period to 1967. Anthologist from Germany of works in German. Active 1977. Compiler of * Schwüle Lyrik, schwüle Prosa. Sexologist, editor and historian from Austria writing in German. 1859-ca. 1938. A Viennese Jewish folklorist, journal editor and editor. Editor of the first *folklore journals studying erotic material: * Kryptadia (1883+) and *Anthropophyteia (1904+) - though these journals were not exclusively limited to erotica. In Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 13 (1912-13), 477-81 he discusses homosexuality in the journal Anthropophyteia. He also edited a folklore journal Am-Urquell (1881-98; later called Der Urquell); see his entry in the * National Union Catalog and see in the*British Library General Catalogue, the entry Periodical Publications, under "London". He is the author of Das Minnelied des deutschen Land und Stadtvolkes, 1929, 319 pp., a study of German songs. He edited in Serbo-Croat, the south Slav epic Smailagic Meho in 1886 (on homoeroticism in this work see *Avdo Mededovic) and in 1885 compiled Sitte und Brauch der Südslaven (Morals and Customs of the South Slavs). A work on German folk song, Das Minnelied des deutschen Land-un-Stadvolkes (1929) which he edited, includes an essay on student songs. His Das Geschlectsleben in Sitte, Brauch, Glauben und Gewohnheitsrecht des japanishen Volkes (Sexual life of the Japanese people) (Leipzig, 1907), is one of the first extended studies of Japanese sexuality in a western language; Chapter 6, "Uranier und Urninden", pp. 75-109 has a section on homosexuality by Doriphorus (pseud.) pp. 81-109, and the text forms volume 1 of the Beiwerke of * Anthropophyteia, printed in 1931. When first published it was reviewed in Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 13 (1913), 112-15. He wrote an article on *Eduard Kulke, a gay poet, for the * Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen. Very possibly gay. He was the uncle of *Gershon Legman and disappeared in Vienna in 1938, apparently killed by the Nazis after the Nazi takeover (Gershon Legman to the author - a letter from Gershon Legman was returned and he was not heard of again; meeting with Gershon Legman, 4 April 1989). He had a large collection of sexological books; these were offered to a United States library at one dollar each in an attempt to raise money so that he could leave Austria but the library was not interested (information from Gershon Legman). Biography and bibliography: see Raymond L. Burt, Friedrich Salomo Krauss (1859-1938), Vienna, 1990. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Judaica; reveals he used the pseudonym Suljo Serhatlya; includes a photo of him. Bibliographies. Hayn, Gotendorf, Bibliotheca Germanorum Erotica, vol. 3, 617 and vol 9, 330-31. Journal in German, French and English from Switzerland. 1932-1967. The journal was founded by the Swiss lesbian Mammina in 1932 (she was then the leader of the Swiss Friendship Band, a Swiss gay organization). It was later edited by *Rolf (pseud.), an actor whose real name was *Karl Meier. Der Kreis (the circle) is the longest running gay journal so far published; it was published for 45 years from 1932 to 1967 and included poetry (including poets from the past). It was finely illustrated with reproductions of drawings, works of art and photographs by such photographers as the American George Platt Lynes (who used a pseudonym in the journal). Issues had articles in German, French and English (mostly German and, to a much lesser extent, French). In the final issue of December 1967, the longtime editor of the French section, Charles Welti, gave a brief summary of that section (reprinted in English in Journal of Homosexuality, volume 38, numbers 1/2, 2000, 51-55). Out of the French section, which was called Le cercle, evolved the French journal * Arcadie. There were links with the United States and the English editor Rudolph H. Burkhardt visited the United States in 1958. See the article on the journal in The Advocate vol. 2 no.1 (January 1968), pp. 1 and 2. A selection of articles was edited by *J. S. Hohmann, Berlin, 1980 (with a few poems and illustrations) and has discussion of the journal pp. 223-83. Very rare. Copy consulted: *One Inc; there are also some issues in the United States in the *Quatrefoil Library for the period 1946-67; the *Canadian Gay and Lesbian Archives hold it from 1956 to 1967 complete. German *archives may hold issues; see Verzeichnis der Schwulen und Schwul-lesbischen Bibliotheken for a list of these archives. Swiss libraries probably hold a complete set. See also *Ta-Kang, Lo. A special issue of the Journal of Homosexuality, volume 38, numbers 1/2, 2000, is devoted to a critical analysis of the journal by *Hubert Kennedy: amongst the ten chapters, chapter 2, pp. 21-28, is on Rolf, chapter 4, pp. 35-50, is on English writers, chapter 5, pp. 51-58, is on French writers and chapter 6, pp. 59-72, is on German writers. In German see Hubert Kennedy, Der Kreis: Eine Zeitschrift und ihr Orogramm (1999), 352 pp. References. Goodbye to Berlin?, 238-44. Gay Histories and Cultures. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1976. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2188: Selected Poems, Portland-Gorham, Me: Presumpscot Review, 1976 (with *Ross Timberlake). Critic and editor from Germany writing in German; translator from Greek and Latin to German. Active from 1970. Author of Erotika Antiqua, 1990, a collection of works which includes translations of *Martial and *Straton. See his brilliant article *"Masturbation in der Antike" (Masturbation in the antique world) in Wissenchaftliche Zeitschrift der Wilhelm-Pieck-Universitat Rostock, Gesseiischafts-.... Reihe 28 (1979), 159-78 (with illustrations); it refers to 'masturbation in the Greek *Paiatine Anthology and Latin writers such as *Juvenal and the *Priapeia. His "Pueri meritorii" in the same journal vol. 28 (1970), 179-89, is on male *prostitution with discussion of some Latin poems. "Apelles bei Petron und Lucilius", in the same journal, vol 17 (1968), 689-95, refers to a painting showing *Apollo as the god of pederasty in *Petronius and *Lucilius and discussing homosexuality in Lucilius. Erotika Antiqua appears to be a collection of his articles on sexual themes in ancient Greek and Latin writers published in the above journal, possibly including the articles cited; rare: it has not been sighted. He is a classical scholar at the *University of Rostock who has edited an edition of Lucilius, ca. 1990. Krishna and Krishnaism, also spelt Krsna and Krsnism Figure from myth and religion from India in Sanskrit and *Indian languages known from ca. 500 B.C. A major Indian god whose name means "black". He appears in the ancient Indian *Vedic hymns (from 1200 B.C.) in a minor way and in the Sanskrit *Mahabharata (dated from ca. 300 or earlier). He was particularly admired as a handsome youth. Poets frequently wrote in the persona of Radha, his beloved, as well as writing intensely homoerotic devotional poems to him. He is a central god of *Hinduism. (*Shiva is another of his incarnations.) He appears strongly in Hindu art with his consort or else *androdgynously. Commentators have identified a certain feminine element in his character which has influenced the character of Indian men: see, for instance, Stanley M. Kurtz, All the Mothers Are One (1993) which explores *Freudian and *Oedipal aspects of Indian culture. As devotional religious cults with strong homosexual components, compare *Kabir, *Sufism, *Sikhism with his cult. *Theosophy was influenced by the cult of Krishna. See Milton Singer, Krishna: Myths, Rites, and Attitudes, 1966. Sanskrit: see *Jayadeva. Gujarati: see *Mira Bai. Hindi: *Tulsidas. Bengali: *Vaisnava poets, 'Candidas, *Caitanya. English: see Hushang Merchant - brilliant poem with the line "Everyone is Radha, everyone Krishna." See also In Praise of Krishna: Songs from the Bengali, trans. by Edward Dimock and Denise Levertov, 1968 (with important bibl. 24-25); for poems trans. into English see pp. 29-30. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica, fifteenth edition: concise article. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion: see "Krsna; Krsnism". Bibliographer in English from Great Britain. Active 1973. Compiler of the catalogue The *Eighteen-Nineties: A Literary Exhibition, London,1973. This contains books by over 700 authors and each entry is described. The period is defined as 1890-1914 and the work is the most valuable bibliography of literature of the period though it is not complete; it is illustrated. A small supplement exists (not sighted). See also *Leadbeater. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Poet from the Netherlands writing in Dutch. Born 1921. Gay Poetry Anthologies. David heeft ook een achterkant, 29-34; biog 59 - he is an *actor. Poet from the Netherlands writing in Frisian. 1946-1990. Openly gay. He lived in Friesland (in the northern Netherlands). His native language, Frisian, is close to Dutch. See the article with Dutch translations of his poems "de wurde binne earmtlik/mar de meldij/is betsjoenend" in Homologie 2 (1990), 32-35, by Hans Warmerdam and Yde Venema; there is a note on the poet on p. 26. Books of poems include: Fossyl fan fur, 1978, Korrektyf, 1983, and Rymtwang, 1984. On Frisian literature see Queneau, Histoire des littératures, volume two, 1224-30. Historian, critic and editor from Germany who wrote in German. 1869-1939. He was one of the greatest scholars of ancient Greek and Latin of his time and his entry in the Neue deutsche Biographie cited below reveals he was editor of Pauly, Wissowa, Paulys Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, including in bibl below: CHANE ELSEWHERE, the German encyclopedia of ancient Greek and Latin civilization, from 1908. He wrote important articles pertaining to homosexuality in this major work, including the articles "Knabenliebe" (boy love), "Kinaidos" (see *cinaedic songs) and "Ephebos" (see *Ephebe). The article "Knabenliebe" (with bibl.), has many references to homopoetry in Greek and Latin. See Bibliographies below for other articles dealing with eroticism. He is the author of a work on the age of *Cicero: Die Kultur der ciceronischen Zeit, 2 volumes, 1933 (with bibl.) (repr. Darmstadt, 1975); see "Knabenliebe" in this work, p. 177 (vol. 2, p. 55 in 1933 edition). He is also the author of the important pamphlet * Freundschaft und Knabenliebe (Friendship and Boy Love, 1924 (repr. 1983), 39 pp.; Herzer, Bibliographie, item 1584 reveals 6,000 copies were in circulation by 1927. See also *Friendship - German. He wrote a history of classical philology in German: Geschichte der klassichen Philologie, 1908. In Latin, he compiled an edition of *Catullus (1923; fifth edition, 1967) with commentary in German. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Neue deutsche Biographie: revealing he married and had three sons and one daughter and his major work was on the age of *Cicero. Bibliographies. Herzer, Bibliographie zur Homosexualität, items 1443 (citing the article "Knabenliebe" in Pauly Wissowa); 1584; 1896 (citing the article "Romische Erotik" [*Roman Sexuality] - in Zeitschrift für Sexualität; note: this may possibly be a mistake and the journal referred to may be Zeitschrift für Sexualwissenschaft), vol. 17 no. 3 (1930-31), pp. 144-78 (repr. Sexualitat und Erotik in der Antike, edited by A. K. Siems, Darmstadt, 1988, 70-117; see especially the section "Paderastie", 88-94). Poet from German writing in German. Active before 1964. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 73: poems "Sommer eines Knaben (Oft zog er lässig...)". No source or date provided. Possible lover of of Stefan George called *Maximin (pseud.) who died aged sixteen. 1888-1904. See Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, p. 1009: stating *Stefan George wrote his volume of poems The Seventh Ring in his honour. This volume, Die Siebente Ring (The Seventh Ring), was published in 1907. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active 1989. Book of poems: Leporello, 1989. He has written relevant poems (*Egmont Fassbinder, *Verlag rosa Winkel publishers to the author, 1989). Anthologist and poet in English from South Africa. Active 1993. Compiler of the anthology * Invisible Ghetto. He has worked in the theater in Johannesburg and written plays. His poetry appeared in the poetry anthology Essential Things (1992). Much of his work in film and theater remains banned in South Africa. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Invisible Ghetto: biog. note, p. 210. Translator from German to Slovenian possibly from Slovenia. Active 19B9. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Drobci stekla v ustih, B (trans. of 'Stefan George), 157 ('Detlev Meyer). Historian from Russia writing in Russian. 1871-1942. An *orientalist who was one of the first to regard the history of the orient as part of world history, probably due to the fact that the Russian empire in the form ot the USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) then extended over central Asia. On Arabic writers he wrote Istoriia arabov..., 3 parts, Moscow, 1911-13. He was the author of Istoriia Turtsii i ee literatury, 2 volumes, Moscow, 1910-1916: the second history of Turkish literature in Russian. Source: Great Soviet Encyclopedia vol. 26, p. 477. He was the author of two histories of Persian literature: Istoriia Persii, Moscow, 1909-17, and Kiev, 1923. For Persian works see also Rypka, History of Iranian Literature, p. 768. Though not sighted, homosexual references (which can hardly be escaped in such Arabic poets as *Abu Nuwas and in traditional Persian poetry in general and in Turkish *Ottoman poetry) are very likely in these works: see *Abu Nuwas, *Critics - Arabic. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Journal mainly in French (with some articles in German) from France; some material is in Latin, Spanish and English. It is the first journal of erotic folklore, published 1883-1911, and totals twelve volumes in all; material is in French and German with much relating to France and some relating to such countries as Ukraine and Norway. The title is in Greek and means secret things. The publisher was H. Welter. No more than 210 copies of volume one were printed; 135 copies of volumes 2 to 4; 175 copies of volumes 5 to 7 and 9 to 11 (see Kearney, Private Case). Volume 9: prints the English poet *Rochester's Sodom edited by L. S. A. M. von Romer, 1904, from the manuscript in the city library of Hamburg. In Volume 12, Index lexicorum eroticorum linguae latinae, is a Latin dictionary of erotic words containing the word stock of Pierre Pierrugues with 770 additions (see *Dictionaries - Latin). Copy sighted: *Deane Erotica, Fisher library, University of Sydney. Other copies: *Private Case. Reprinted Darmstadt: J. G. Blaschke, 1970. Bibliographies and Encyclopedias. Ashbee, Bibliography of Prohibited Books, volume three, 359-72: describes volume 1 and reprints the introduction to this volume in French. Hayn, Gotendorf, Bibliotheca Germanorum Erotica, vol. 3, 626-28: lists contents of each volume to volume nine. Stern-Szana, Bibliotheca Curiosa et Erotica, 79-82. Pia, Les Livres de l'Enfer, vol. 1, columns 699-704: detailed description of contents. Legman, Horn Book, 477-79: stating the editors were *Friedrich Krauss and Isodore Kopernicky and specialists for various countries. Kearney, Private Case, item 960. Poet from Armenia who wrote in Armenian. Active 1590-died 1592. For relevant poems see Hovanessian, Anthology of Armenian Poetry, pp. 89-101 and Aram Tolegian, Armenian Poetry Old and New, 1979, pp. 73-77. He also wrote in Turkish. He is sometimes compared to *Omar Khayyam whose influence he shows (as well as Persian poetry in general). His name means the Youth or *Bard and he was the greatest ashik (or *troubadour) of the sixteenth century. Little is known of his life. Poems refer to homosexuality; source: an Armenian poet in Jerusalem to the author. Text. Many poems have been attributed to him (see editions listed in citations below); some poems are heterosexual. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, vol. 3, 131. Great Soviet Encyclopedia: see "Kuchak, Nahapet". Translator from English to German and French to German. Active 1947. He translated the English poet *Whitman into German with Elizabeth Derelman-Kuchler in 1947 (331 pp., apparently a complete translation of Leaves of Grass). He also translated *Rimbaud from French (1946; repr.). Poet from Germany writing in German. Active 199Q. Book with relevant poems: Bloss nicht beiden Beinen auf der Erde stehn, 1991, BB pp. Source of information: 'Prinz Eisenherz (editors), Lyrik. Poet from the Netherlands writing in Dutch. Born 193B. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Naar vriendscaap zulk een mateloos verlangen, 94-95: poems "Communicant", "Mororjijder", "Paar" from books Het slechten van de cel, Amsterdam: De Beuk, no date, Waarnemingen, Amsterdam: De Beuk, no date and Windstilte, Amsterdam: De Beuk, 1979 (books cited on p. 119). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 3Q9. Poet from Germany who wrote in German. Active 1861-died 1894. His entry in the *British Library General Catalogue reveals he appears to have been Jewish and that he wrote on *Wagner and *Nietzsche's quarrel. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 218: two fine gay poems to *Peter Cornelius. Criticism. Hirschfeld, Die Homosexualität, 666: states he was openly gay, died 1894. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, vol. 9, 313-24: biog. by *Friedrich Krauss titled "Eduard Kulke, ein Uranier" ("Eduard Kulke a homosexual"; includes several poems to *Peter Cornelius, dated 1861). Bibliographer from the United States writing in English. Active 1982. Author of Walt Whitman 1940-75: a reference guide, Boston: G. K. Hall, 1982. This lists 3,172 items in two sections, one of books. Books and shorter articles are listed separately year by year. Each entry has a detailed annotation. The Introduction, pp. ix-x, briefly discusses bibliographical developments for Whitman scholarship for the years covered and lists journals devoted to Whitman from 1948 (p. ix); there is a list of principal editions and issues of Whitman's writings pp. xiii-iv. This is a very thorough and brilliant work and amongst the most detailed bibliographies of a gay poet ever. The author was Associate Professor of English, University of Wisconsin, Parkside Campus in 1982. Pseudonym of a critic and poet from China who wrote in Chinese. 1892-1978. His real name was Kuo K'ai-chen. A major Chinese literary figure, he trained as a doctor before becoming a *Marxist. He was the author of a major book on *Li Po and Tu Fu touching on homosexuality: see the article "Li Po and Tu Fu as Friends" from the book translated into English in Chinese Literature no. 4 (1972), 61-93, in which the homoamative nature of their relationship is brought out: see p. 62 discussing the poem "Tu Fu's Call at Fan's Hermitage with Li Po" where the lines are quoted: "We drowse on the same bed while drunk/ And hand in hand we go for walks." The article is from his book Li Po yu Tu Fu written in Chinese in 1968-69 during the cultural revolution and published in Beijing in 1971, 429 pp.; this work appears to show the influence of *gay liberation. He is also a poet in whom the influence of *Whitman and *Tagore can be discerned and wrote *free verse from his first book Nu-shen, 1921. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, vol. 1. Publisher and poet from the United States writing in English. Active before 1964. Publisher, with *Ed Sanders, of * The Platonic Blow. His poem "I say", in Fuck You, a Magazine of the Arts vol. 2 no.5 (1963), espouses fucking in general terms (it is not specifically gay). Kupffer, Elisar von Anthologist of works in German from Estonia; he lived in Estonia, Russia, Germany, Italy and Switzerland. Poet in German and Italian; translator from Greek, Latin, French, Italian and Russian to German. 1872-1942. Elisar von Kupffer was the compiler of the second modern German gay anthology, * Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe in der Weltliteratur. This anthology inspired *Edward Carpenter since he refers to it in his 1902 anthology loläus, p. 153 (and later editions of this work). Born in Estonia, Elisar von Kupffer lived in Russia and later Germany, Italy and eventually Switzerland. The banning of the 1899 edition of Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe in der Weltliteratur because of a poem by von Kupffer referring to Jesus as a homosexual brought notoriety in Germany and he lived in *Florence 1902-1915. He moved to Switzerland in 1925 with his lover *Eduard von Mayer, whom he had met in 1891. In Switzerland von Kupffer and von Mayer lived in Minusio in Italian Switzerland in the south east of the country. Besides being a poet he was also an artist and painted a huge circular painting Il Chiaro Mondo dei Beati (The clear world of the blessed) in 1923. A separate annex to his house in Minusio in the shape of a rotunda was built to house the painting, a work which is intensely *narcissistic and in which all figures are based on himself, painted nude. The house was also decorated with murals painted by himself. It is now a museum called the Sanctuarium artis Elisarion and Il chiaro mondo is housed at nearby Monte Verità in the bathhouse (see Harold Szeeman and others, Monte Verità. Berg der Wahrheit, Milano, 1987). Edouard von Mayer lived on in the house after von Kupffer's death until his own death ca. 1965. Elisar von Kupffer was a gay activist in his early years, publishing articles in the German gay press and active as a poet in German from 1895; poems may possibly exist in Estonian. He used the pseudonym *Caesarion and also wrote under the name Elisarion. He founded the publishing firm Klaristiche Verlag Akropolis in 1911 (linked with his idea of Klarismus) to publish his works. Right wing sympathies have not endeared him to later gay activists: he praises Hitler in his autobiography Aus einem wahrhaften Leben, 1943 (*Manfred Herzer to the author, August 1989). Poems. Four books were published in German. Leben und Lieben, 1895. Auferstehung: indische Gedichte, 1901 ; repr. Leipzig, Max Spohr, 1903 (repr.). An Edens Pforten: Sufische Gedichte (*Sufic poems], 1907 (repr.). Hymnen der Heiligen Berg, 1913. Gesprache der Klarwelt, 1942. (Fuller details are cited below.) In Italian he wrote the book of poems published as I versi d'un esule, Bellinzona, no date (but published after his death in 1942). Nine prose pamphlets and works were published as well as a novella and five plays; the pamphlets include Die ethisch-politische Bedeutuung der Lieblingsminne (The etihcial-political meaning of the iieblingsminnne). Autobiography. A collection of biographical prose edited by von Mayer was published as Aus einem wahrhaften Leben, Minusio, 1943, 327 pp.; this lists his published books on p. 327. He also wrote articles in journals. Biography: see Ekkehard Hieronimus, Elisar von Kupffer, Basel, 1979, 19 pp. A special supplement of four pages in the newspaper Eco di Locarno 28 March 1987 discusses his life (in Italian) and has the only known complete reproduction of Il chiaro mondo dei beati. Manuscripts exist at Minusio and also in Luneberg, Germany, at the town library (Manfred Herzer to the author). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Hafkamp, Pijlen van naamloze liefde, 159-63: outline of his life (in Dutch). Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 669-70. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 73-74: the most accessible bibliography of his work; books of poems include Auferstahung. Irdische Gedichte (he cites the poems "Ungeweihte Liebe", "Kommende Zeiten", "Bajanisches Idyll', "Im Perstylion", "Sizilien", "Im Kurpark", "Kreuzt die Schönheit Deine Pfade" and "In der Märchenstunde") [no other details], Aus Meiner Welt. Neue Gedichte [no other details], Ein Neuer Flug and eine Heilige Burg. Gedichte, 1911, Gedichte [possibly a volume with this title, i.e. "poems"], citing poems "Antinous", "Der Genesende spricht" and "Der Lieblingsjünger", Hymnen der heiligen Burg. Gedichte, Munich, 1914, Leben und LIeben. Gedichte (poems "An Dich", "Eine Bitte", "Regenlaune", "An einen Käfer", "Aide toi-Dieu t'aider"), Dresden, 1895, Sufische Gedichte. An Edens Plorten - aus Edens Reich. Mit Bildern, Kompositionen und Erläuterungen, Leipzig: Klaristicher Verlang Akropolis, the anthology * Lieblingminne unde Freundesliebe in der Weltliteratur, Leipzig: Spohr, 1900; other works cited. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10784-89 An Edens Pforten - Aus Edens Reich, Dresden, E. Pierson, 1907 "Some of the poems have homoerotic themes", Auferstehung: irdische Gedichte, Leipzig: *Max Spohr, 1903 "Collection of poems, many having homosexual themes", Aus meiner Welt [no publishing details], Ein neuer Flug und eine heilige Burg, Munich: Akropolis, 1911, Hymnen der heiligen Burg, Munich, 1914, Leben und Lieben, Dresden, 1895. Herzer, Bibliographie zur Homosexualität: see index for non literary works. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 20-24, 26-28, 33-39 (all the preceding trans. from Greek), 40-42 (trans. of *Virgil from Latin), 47-50 (trans. of *Tibullus from Latin), 3-56, 73-74 (trans. of the Arabic poet Ibn at Tubi from the Italian of *Michele Amari), 84, 86-89 (trans. of *Michelangelo from Italian), 92 (trans. of *Della Casa from Italian), 96,106 (trans. of the English poet *Shakespeare's "Sonnet 107"), 108-11,142-44 (trans. from Russian of *Lermontov), 159 (trans. of *Verlaine from French), 177-81 (poems in German including *"Antinous" 178-80), 183-207; biog., 177. Ioläus (1902), 153. Ioläus (1906), 189-90, 210-13 (trans. from Kupffer). Ioläus (1917), 103-05, 153-55. Die Bedeutung der Freundesliebe, 25. L'amour bleu, 124-26, 151, 153, 179, 279: illustrations of his paintings. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 226-27: from his poem *"Antinous"; biog. note, 195. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 441-44 (prose). Criticism. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, vol. 5 Part 2 (1903), 1061-65: review of his book of poems Auferstehung: iridische Gedichte, Leipzig: Max Spohr, 1903 (second printing). Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 9 (1908), 71-167: long article on the painter Il Sodoma. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 12 (1911-12), 494-94, review of Ein neuer Flug. Weindel, L'Homosexualité en Allemagne, 276-77: poem quoted in French. Eldorado, 94. Poet from Canada writing in English. Born ca. 1950. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Male Muse, 63: "The *Slave's Promise"; biog., 122 - aged 23, he feels his poetry is "somewhere in a Romantic's bedroom." Addressee of poems in Greek from Greece. Active before ca. 544 B.C. Possibly the lover of *Theognis. Theognis (probably alive 544-541 B.C) wrote many poems to him. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1931. He was born in *New York and is the author of two plays and two books of poems: Night Fishing, 1976, and Head, 1986. Love Uncut: Poems, 1986, is another book dealing with back alleys and sex *bars. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, 218: "Up" (*camp style poem); biog., 217 (with photo). Critic from the Netherlands writing in Dutch. Born 1951. Author of a Ph. D. dissertation in Dutch Over homoseksualiteit in middleeeuws West-Europa (Some Observations on Homosexuality in Medieval Western Europe), University of Utrecht, 1977. A précis of the dissertation in English is "Old Views and New Trends" in Studi Medievali, third series, vol. 25 no. 2 (1984), 587-610 (bibl. included in footnotes). The work is a brilliant study of the *Middle Ages (especially Latin material) which quotes from several Latin poets: see pp. 592-93, 595, 596 of the above précis. In the work itself see the English précis pp. 97-102 and bibliography pp. 145-65. For Catalan see *Guillem de Bergueda. Many references here are not cited in John Boswell's work. He wrote an article on homoeroticism in medieval poetry: "Homoerotiek in de middeleeuwse poezie", in the journal Maatstaf, January 1976. Poem in Ainu from Japan. From before 1970. The Ainu live in northern Japan; their *epic poetry is rich and several epics exist. A major epic is the Kutune Shirka (Golden otter) translated into English by *Arthur Waley (translated from the Japanese translation). See *A. T. Hatto, Shamanism and Epic Poetry in Northern Asia (Foundation Day Lecture), School of Oriental and African Studies., University of London, 1970; he quotes from Waley's translation: male bonding (pp. 14-15), homoerotic description of a man (p.15). The epic was recorded by Professor Kindaichi in the 1920s and published in 1932 together with a Japanese translation (see the Hatto lecture, p.14). This Japanese translation was used as the basis of the English translation published in Waley's Secret History of the Mongols, 1964, his last published book, pp. 194-210 (see p. 204 re homoeroticism.) There is also an English translation by Donald L. Philippi, Songs of gods, songs of humans, San Francisco, 1979. On Ainu religion see Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion: "Ainu Religion". On the demise of the Ainu see Stephen Lunn, "Another culture bites the dust in name of assimilation", Poet and editor from Russia writing in Russian. Born 1968. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Out of the Blue, 344-45: two gay poems reprinted from Vavilon (Babylon), no. 3, Moscow, 1995; biog. 344: a graduate in philology from Moscow University, he is editor of Vavilon, a young writer's journal, and Risk, a gay literary magazine. Poet, novelist and diary writer from Russia who wrote in Russian. 1872-1936. Kuzmin was one of the most open homosexual poets writing in Russian of the early twentieth century: he was openly gay from his 1908 volume Nets (see the section "Alexandrian Songs" which was written in *free verse and refer to the *Antinous trope). Prior to this he was acquainted with the homosexual Mir Iskusstva group, centered around the homosexual impressario Sergei Diaghilev who published the journal of this name. He visited Egypt and *Istanbul at this time. About 1922, he published a collection of seven erotic poems, Zanavesennye kartinki (Pictures under Wraps), in St. Petersburg but with the imprint "Amsterdam", with illustrations by Vladimir Milashevsky, in an edition of 310 copies. He wrote *free verse and his *long poem Forel' razbivaet led (The Trout Breaks the Ice; 1929) forms a story of homosexual love. He considered it his masterpiece. Lovers included *Knyazev, *Ivanov, *Klyuev. His partner at the time of his death was *Yuri Yurkun and, as the biography of John E. Malmstad reveals, his two major lovers were Yurkun and Knyazev. He died in poverty after a period of severe bad health in 1936. Kuzmin translated *Shakespeare's Sonnets (to "Sonnet 110") and Byron's Don Juan, from English into Russian in the early 1930s but no copies are at present known. He was very literary and earned his living as a translator from the 1920s. Gay tropes in his poetry include *Antinous: see the poem of this title, in * Out of the Blue, 113-14; this trope occurs elsewhere. His diaries are to be published in Russian; they have much homosexual material and are generously cited in John E. Malmstad's biography. Text. Sobranie stikhov, 3 volumes, Munich, 1977-78 with a biography by the editor John E. Malmstad in volume 3 and a critical study in Russian in the same volume by *Vladimir Markov, the co-editor. A fine review of the Malmstad edition and biography is by Simon Karlinsky (see Slavic Review vol. 38 [1979], 92-96). A collection of verse and prose was published in Russia in Leningrad in 1989 in an edition of 300,000 copies titled Izbrannye Proizvedeniia and a selected works was published edited by A. Lavrov and R. Timenchik in 1990 in an edition of 200,000. A complete edition of Kuzmin's poetry was published in St Petersburg in 1996 in an edition of 3,000, titled Stikhotvoreniia, edited by *Nikolay Bogomolov with a fine introduction; this includes Pictures under Wraps loosely inserted in facsimile reproduction into the text. Two selections in English translation were compiled by Michael Green in 1972 and 1980 (see below). Biography. John E. Malmstad wrote a major biography published as the third volume of his edition of Kuzmin's works published in 1977-78; see his entry for more details of Kuzmin's life. An expanded edition of the Malmstad biography written with Nikolay Bogomolov was publised in book form in 1999: Mikhail Kuzmin: A life in art. Bibliography. See Klaus Harer, Mikhail Kuzmin: Studien zur Poetik der frühnen und mittleren Schaffensperiode (Munich, 1993), pp. 253-306. Criticism. See Gay News no. 226, 30-31: "Mikhail Kuzmin" by *Michael Green; this work was published in Russian in 1996. *Vladimir Markov has written the most detailed critical study. John E. Malmstad, "Bathhouses, Hustlers, and a Sex Club: The Reception of Mikhail Kuzmin's Wings", Journal of the History of Sexuality vol. 9 no. 1-2 (January-April 2000), 85-104 deals with homosexuality and his novel Wings. See also *Jacob Stockinger. A conference on Kuzmin was held in St. Petersburg at the *Akhmatova museum and published as Mikhail Kuzmin i russkaia kul'tura XXreka: lektsii imaterialy konferentsii 15-17maia 1990g., ed. G. A. Morev, Leningrad: Sovet po istorii mirovoi kul'tury AN SSSR, 1990; the Alexandrian Songs are discussed pp. 39-42. Translation. English: V. Markov and Merill Sparks in Modern Russian Poetry, 1967 pp. 206-33; Neil Granoien and Michael Green (1972), Michael Green (1980; includes "Alexandrian Songs" and The Trout Breaks the Ice). German: Geschichten, trans. Edgar Mesching, Munich, 1911, 317 pp., translation of stories only apparently (not seen; reviewed in Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 19, no. 1-2, January and April 1919, 74-76); see also the article by *Kurt Hiller "Ich las Michael Kusmin..." in Die Aktion, vol. 2, no, 41 (1912), 1296-1300 (cited in Herzer, Bibliographie zur Homosexualität, item 1183). Italian: Sodoma no. 1 (1984), 107: poem "Per strada" (On the way); a critical piece by Sergio Trombetta on pp. 109-110 follows. See also *Marina Tsvetaeva. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Terras, Handbook of Russian Literature. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 670-71. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 74: "Der süße Josef" [The sweet Josef; no other details given]; name spelt Kusmin. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10790-91: Poems in *Body Politic 12: 1974 and the novel Wings, Ann Arbor, 1972; his name misspelt Krezmin. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2194: Selected Prose and Poetry, Ann Arbor, Michigan: Ardis, 1980 and Wings: Prose and Poetry, Ann Arbor, Michigan: Ardis, 1972. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Orgasms of Light, 117-19: trans. *Simon Karlinsky; biog., 255. L'amour bleu, 226-28. Digte om mends kerlighed til mend. Fra mann til mann, 27-28. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 662. Drobci stekla v ustih, 14-19. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 418-19: biog note. " Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen", 102-08. Out of the Blue, 69-114; photograph of Kuzmin and Ivanov together page 14. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 462-68; trans. Michael Green. Criticism. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 14 (1914), 69: re his novel Flügel (Wings; title in German); another article in Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, ca. 1913 discusses him. Out of the Blue, 115-26: two essays on the poet by Michael Green. Poet from India who wrote in Persian. Active ca. 159Q. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A'in i Akbari anthology, 64S - 44; biog., 64S - lived at the court of Humayun. Kwaja Husayn Sana'i of Mashhad Poet from Iran who wrote in Persian. Active ca. 159Q. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A'in i Akbari anthology, 6S4 - 5 - 'non gender specific love poems with a homosexual love poem on p. 6S4. Genre in Japanese from Japan. From ca. 1650. Literally "mad verse". Many contain homosexual satire and hundreds of relevant ones exist (Dr Harper, Japan Centre, Australian National University, 1985 to the author). The form was taken up by *haiku poets. Various styles were associated with various cities eg *Kyoto, *Edo, Osaka. See Donald Keene, World Within Walls (1976), pp. 513-24. Many works were illustrated by Ukiyo-e artists. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan. City in Japan. Japanese is spoken. Material of relevance dates from 794. Kyoto was the capital of Japan and the main cultural center from 794 to 1868; the city is one of the world's most beautiful cities. It is sited among scenic country and is a center of *Buddhism - see *Gozan literature - with many temples with outstanding gardens. The University library is one of the best in Japan. The pleasure quarter, a center of gay life and publishing of ribald books (such as the work of *Saikaku), was called the Shimabara. Japanese poets: see *Hiroaki Sato. English poets associated with the city: James Kirkup, *Harold Stewart (a long-term inhabitant of the city). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan. Poet from Korea who wrote in Korean. 917-973. See Lee, Poems from Korea, pp. 43-47: "Eleven Devotional Poems" (addressed to the *Buddha). *Mystical poems, strongly homosexual. A collection of erotica in the Bibliothèque Nationale, *Paris, which was commenced after the French Revolution of 1789: the name means "hell" in French. Unlike the *Private Case of the British Library, the books were entered in the catalog and have long been available for consultation (showing the much more relaxed attitude of the French to erotica). There have been two published catalogues: firstly, that by *Apollinaire, *Perceau and *Fernand Fleuret titled L'Enfer de la Bibliothèque Nationale (1913) and secondly, that by *Pascal Pia (pseud.) published in 1978. Pia's catalog *Les Livres de l'Enfer, 2 volumes, is very thorough in its bibliographical descriptions and notes on the works. It is a basic bibliographical tool for this difficult area of erotica, especially as the Enfer contains books not in the Private Case. The collection of the Enfer is the most important collection of *European language erotica in continental Europe and Pia's catalog lists 1,730 items, 108 in English. Though richest in French work, important English, Latin and German works are held. For Latin: see *Théodore de Bèze, *Hermaphrodite, *Quinque illustrium poetarum. See also A. Stora-Lamarre, L'Enfer de la IIIe République. Censeurs et Pornographes (1881-1914), Paris: Imago, 1990; discussion of the Enfer in the period 1881 to 1914. Poet from France who wrote in French. 1546-1611. A diarist who transcribed poems against *Henri III. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Les Amours masculines, 93-97; biog., 93. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 401: two *sonnets re Saint-Luc; see also 385. Pour tout l'amour des hommes, 60. L'Huillier, Claude Emmanuel called Chapelle Poet from France who wrote in French. 1525-1686. He seems to have used the pseudonym Chapelle. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Les Amours masculines, 139: poem written in relation to the poet Charles Coypeau d'Assoucy (1604-79) with *François Bachaumont. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 410. Pour tout l'amour des hommes, 86: same poem as in the preceding anthologies, Voyage en Languedoc, about a page boy. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1959. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2206: The Clever Body, San Francisco, 1959. Poet and prose writer from France who wrote in French. 1621-1695. He wrote a poem * Adonis, 1657, his earliest written poem. He wrote fables in verse based on Aesop and wrote licentious tales, Les Contes. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Les Amours masculines, 134-36: extracts from his Contes (Tales) re *Ganymede) and fables. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 408. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1988. *Indian poet who is half from the Yupik Eskimo tribe in Alaska. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Living the Spirit, 208 - fine poem; biog., 224. Poet from the Netherlands writing in Dutch. Born 1943. Gay Poetry Anthologies. David heeft ook een achterkant, 35-40; biog 60. Labadie Collection of Protest Literature Library and archive in the United States with material mainly in English. From ca. 1955. An important collection of little known gay journals and some gay archival material. The collection is housed in the Harland Hatcher Graduate Library, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; it houses material of the greatest rarity but is readily accessible, unlike much material in gay archives (e.g. a set of *Lampiao, *Voices Against the Wilderness). There is a guide to the gay journals in Sexual Minorities: Serial Sources of Information, by E. F. SantaVicca, 1975. The collection was built up by the librarian Ed Webber. English poet from Canada who lived in Mexico, Brazil, Greece, Thailand and Indonesia and other countries in South America; translator from Spanish and French to English and a critic in English. 1938-1995. The Forms of Loss, Toronto: no publisher, 1965 is his first book. It has only slight gay interest (rare; a copy is in the *Canadian Lesbian and Gay Archives and one in the Australian National LIbrary, Canberra). His other books are Paths of Snow: Poems 195173, Toronto: *Catalyst, 1974 (reviews: Body Politic no. 14, July-August 1974, 11 containing biog. information; Boston Gay Review no.1 p. 5), and Later: Poems 1973-78, Toronto: Catalyst, 1978 (reviews: Boston Gay Review no. 1?, p. 13; Gay Sunshine no. 42 43, 1980, 27). A final volume Third World: Travel Poems (1994) was published in Jakarta by the poet's friend Byron Black (it includes photos of the poet and a biography at the beginning); no pagination. *Manuscript commentaries on his poems by the poet are in the possession of *Anthony Reid sent to him by E. A. Lacey; these amount to a work of criticism on his poetry written by the poet himself. He is the translator of * Delight of Hearts from French. He lived abroad for much of his life in South America where he taught English. He translated from Portuguese the Brazilian gay novel, Bom-Criouolo by Adolfo Caminha (1982). E. A. Lacey's poetry owes something to *Cavafy but is more openly sexual and he is one of the finest poets of the *gay liberation period. Outstanding poems include the much admired and frequently reprinted "Meson Brujo". He is a major gay poet, the finest gay poet from Canada in English and a major Canadian poet, though unacknowledged as such. His poems from 1974 mostly concern homosexual encounters in countries he was visited (he travelled extensively in South America, north Africa, south-east Asia and Greece). Loss is a major theme as are hustlers and drugs. Letters. A selection of his letters to the Canadian poet and playwright, Henry Beissel, have been partially published as A Magic Prison: Letters from Edward Lacey, no place of publication (Toronto ?), 1995; biographical note, pp. 5-16. These letters are outstanding documents and relevant to Canadian culture, from which he felt alienated (he has not been given a full entry in the Oxford Companion to Canadian Literature in either of the two editions). Other letters remain unpublished. Biography: Toronto Globe and Mail 25 April, 1985, column of Robert Fulford: titled "A very special poet". He graduated in languages from *Toronto in 1959 and went to the Univeristy of Texas for graduate studies in German, then taught at the University of Alberta in Edmonton and in Trinidad. He was denied entry to the United States when the customs officers found some marijhuana on him, so could never work in the United States and, since he disliked Canada, this meant he had to find employment in other countries. He lived by teaching English mainly in South America before inheriting his mother's estate which he spent on travel over ten years. An alcoholic and depressive, he had a difficult personality but could also be charming company. He lived in Thailand in the 1980s and then in Indonesia, teaching English in both countries, before returning to Thailand where he was hit by a car in Bangkok when drunk. Left severely disabled, he was repatriated to Canada where he died, bedridden, depressed and in poverty. He disliked Canada intensely, its coldness in winter and its *Puritanism. A bibliography of his published and unpublished poems has been compiled by the Canadian poet Fraser Sutherland, his heir, who also has other material; he has written unpublished poems on him: "Traveller", "For E. A. L." and "Edward Street" (copies are in the possession of *Paul Knobel). Obituary: Books in Canada, October 1995, 53. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, first edition, items 1502-03: The Forms of Loss, Privately printed: Toronto, 1965 and Path of Snow: Poems 1951-1973, Scarborough: *Catalyst, 1974. Homosexuality in Canada, first edition (1979), 11: the same books. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 2198-200: the same books with the addition of Later: Poems 1973-1978, Scarborough, Ontario: *Catalyst, 1978. Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (1984), 139: same items as preceding. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Male Muse, 64-65; biog., 122. Angels of the Lyre, 115-22; biog., 241. Orgasms of Light, 12021; biog., 256. Larkspur and Lad's Love. Gay Poetry, 6. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 331-32: translation from Spanish of *Cassiano Nunes; 385-92. Drobci stekla v ustih, 150-51; biog., 186. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 606-11. Gay Roots: An Anthology of Gay History, 247-63; biog., 240. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 546-47; biog., 466-67. A Day for a Lay, 151-57. Poet from Canada writing in English and French. Active 1970. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, first edition, items 1504-07: Air 13, Vancouver: Air (A Bryte Raven Production), 1973, Cock Tales, Vancouver: Talonbooks, 1973, Eyes Open, Vancouver: Blewointment Press: Vancouver, 1970, Street Flesh, Vancouver: Blewointment Press, 1972 (on Blewointment Press see *bill bissett). Homosexuality in Canada, first edition (1979), 12-13: same books as in the preceding plus Tes Rivières t'attendent, Vancouver: Blewointment Press, 1971(in French). Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 2201-05: same books as the preceding. Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (1984), 139: same books as preceding. Translator from English to German and editor of works in German. 1793-1851. One of the pioneers of early German philology. He applied methods of classical philology to the editing of early German works - e.g., he edited *Wolfram von Eschenbach's works, 1833. He was the first translator of the complete sonnets of *Shakespeare into German (1820); it was followed by some thirty other translations of the sonnets. He also edited *Lessing's works and wrote poetry in his youth. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Neue deutsche Biographie. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Ladlad: an Anthology of Philippine gay writing Anthology in Tagalog and English from the Philippines. Pasig, Metro Manilla: Anvil, 1994, 294 pages. Not seen. A mixed anthology of stories, poems, essays and plays published in Quezon City in 1994 and compiled by *Danton Remoto and *J. Neil C. Garcia; it is in English and Tagalog. The introduction is reprinted in J. Neil Garcia, Slip/pages: Essays in Philippine Gay Criticism (1991-1996), 1998, pp. 55-59. The anthology opens with stories followed by poetry, essays and plays. Poets: Jimmy Alcantara, Ronald Baytan, Manny Espinola, *J. Neil C. Garcia, Ralph Semino Galan, Jaime An Lim, R. Zamora Linmark, V. E. Carmelo D. Nadera, *Nicholas Pichay, Raul Regalado, *Danton Remoto, Glenn Jospeh Toscano, Juan Rufino Vigilar. It is not known which poets have poems in English and which poets write in Tagalog. The title means "to unfurl, to come out". It is the first gay anthology from the Philippines. Rare: a copy is in the *Library of Congress. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Hurley, Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia (no reason is stated as to why a Philippine anthology is included in this work). Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches Anthology in English from Great Britain. London: Constable, 1989, 251 pp. The anthology was compiled by *Martin Taylor who has written a long introduction pp. 15-58 with bibliographical notes pp. 223-28 and 246; biographical notes pp. 229-45 (mostly giving educational details and war records); index pp. 247-51. For subtlety of reading, this is one of the most brilliant gay anthologies ever compiled. The author concentrates on homoeroticism in his choices, i.e., poems dealing with tenderness and affection - or, as he defines it using *Paul Fussell's definition: "a sublimated .. form of... homosexuality like the 'idealistic' passionate but non-physical 'crushes' which most... officers had experienced at public school" (p.16). Despite this, many poets either were homosexual (e.g.,*Sassoon) or had homosexual experiencs (e.g., *Robert Graves, *Rupert Brooke). Contributors (see entries): A Tommy (pseud.), Richard Aldington, Philip Bainbrigge, Frederick W. D. Bendall, Edmund Blunden, Harry Brander (pseud.), Rupert Brooke, John L. Crommelin Brown, Arthur Newberry Choyce, Edward de Stein, Geoffrey Dearmer, Richard Dennys, Godfrey Elton, Geoffrey Faber, James Griffyth Fairfax, F. S. Flint, Gilbert Frankau, Hugh Freston, Wilfrid Gibson, Louis Golding, Robert Graves, R. D. Greenway, Ivor Gurney, Thomas Hardy, A. P. Herbert, Raymond Heywood, W. D. Hodgson, David Jones, G. A. Studdert Kennedy, T. E. Lawrence, Joesph J. Lee, Walter S. S. Lyon, Murray McClymont, Patrick MacGill, E. A. Mackintosh, Frederic Manning, R. B. Marriott-Watson, Harold Munro, Robert Nichols, Sydney Oswald, Wilfred Owen, Ezra Pound, Frank Prewett, Herbert Read, Ernest Rhys, Edgell Rickwood, Owen Rutter, Siegfried Sassoon, Edward Shanks, Henry Lamont Simpson, Edward Thomas, W. G. Thomas, Eric Fitzwater Wilkinson, George Willis, F. S. Woodley, James S. Yates, Edward Hilton Young. Not all poems are homosexual or even homoerotic. All poets are from Great Britain with the exception of two Australian poets: J. G. Fairfax, F. Manning. Review: Gay Times, April 1989, 56. Poet possibly from Italy who wrote in Italian. Active ca. 90 B.C. He wrote * Erotopaegnia, playful lyrics on amatory themes, now *lost (except for fragments which suggest the collection was of love stories from mythology; a known title refers to *Adonis). He used the *anacreontic meter. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 576. Lagail, A.-S., Doctor (pseud.) Pseudonym of a purported autobiographer and poet. Active 19Q4. The author's real name was Alphonse Gallais. He was the author of Les Mémoirs du Baron Jacques: Lubricités infernales de la noblesse décadente, 19Q4, which are purported memoirs which cast aspersions on 'Jacques Fersen. The book contains a poem of 14 stanzas, "Notre-Dame des Verges Fortes" (Our lady of the sturdy cocks), a word play on Jacques d'Adelswärd Fersen's novel Notre-Dame des Mers Mortes of 19Q2 which was condemned at the Cour d'Assizes de la Seine of France on 11 October 1913. See the discussion by Will H. Ogrinc in 'Paidika vol. 3 no. 2 (Issue 1Q), "A Shrine to Love and Sorrow: Jacques d'Adelswärd Fersen (1BBQ-1923)", 3B-39. Lahuti (also spelt Lohuti), Abolqasem Poet from Tajikstan who wrote in Tajik. 1887-1959. A *Communist poet who wrote in Tajik (also in Persian). Biography: see entry in Rykpa, History of Lranian Literature, pp. 546-66 (spelt Lohuti). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures: see "Lahuti". Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics: states he "took Stalin as his beloved" - an extreme instance of imputed homosexual feelings (this source has not been located). Critic from the United States writing in English. Active 1976. Author of a major survey of United States gay poetry of the early *gay liberation period, "Gay Poetry Reaches Adolescence", Christopher Street, December 1976, 34-42, with extracts from such figures as *Ian Young and *Andrew Bifrost. He states p. 34: "What is a 'gay' poem? A poem that sleeps with other poems?". Nothing is known of this author. Figure from myth from Greece in Greek. Active before 600 B.C. The founder of *Thebes who was later banished from Thebes He is said to have *raped the youth *Chrysippus in the period of his banishment. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, vol. 2, 1303-04. Criticism. Symonds, A Problem in Greek Ethics, 5. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 463. Sergent, Homosexuality in Greek Myth, 67-70. A term in Persian from Iran and in Arabic, Turkish and Urdu meaning nickname and similar to a pseudonym. From ca. 900. A lakab is a nickname or honorific given to a poet; in poetry it is similar to a pseudonym in *Islamic languages since it conceals the real name of the poet. However, the term is not quite the same as a pseudonym. For example, in the name Omar Khayyam, the lakab Khayyam means "the tentmaker" in Persian. See also *takhallus. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition: defined as a nickname. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1942. A *bisexual English poet from the *gay liberation period and the first poet from this period to genuinely acknowledge his bisexuality. He has published over twenty volumes of poems including Hollywood Magic, *Little Caesar Press, 1983. The poem "My Life" (in None of the Above: New Poets of the USA, 1976, pp. 155-62) is a Tine long poem dealing with, amongst other things, his gay experience. See also "Amazing Lust" pp. 175-80 (which parodies the religious *hymn "Amazing grace") in his book Attitude, 1982. In Just Let Me Do It (Love Poems 1967-1977), New York, 1978, see "I'll be sure to remember you this time" (no pagination) - a gay love poem - and the poem titled "9.13.73" (bisexual poem). Many *non gender specific poems exist. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 2208-11: Just Let Me Do It, New York: Vehicle Editions, 1978, (editor), None of the Above, Trumansburg, New York: Crossing Press, 1976, Rocky Dies Yellow. 1967-1972, Berkeley, CA: Blue Wind Press, 1975. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Angels of the Lyre, 123-24; biog., 241. Son of the Male Muse, 113 14 (photo p. 113): a poem without a title about loving both men and women; biog., 189: states he is married to actress Penelope Milford and has two children. Translator from Latin to English. Active 1821. No information as to who this could be has emerged from perusal of the * National Union Catalog and * British LIbrary General Catalogue. Frederick Lamb (1830 fl.) was Viscount Melbourne; whether this is the same person has not been ascertained. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Ioläus (1902), 84-85: trans. of Catullus (1821) by "Hon. F. Lamb", i.e., the Honorable F. Lamb. (Honorable is a British *title.) Lambda Book Report and Lambda Rising News Journals in English from the United States. From 1984. Lambda Rising Book Report (1990+) is a book review journal of new gay books published by Lambda Rising Bookshop, Washington. This bookshop suppports the annual Lambda awards for the best gay books. It features very thorough book reviews by well known writers and in 1999 was edited by Jim Marks. Over 11,000 copies are published. It has an internet site. The Lambda Rising News (1984-87; then 1990+) was a catalog of new gay books and thus acted as a bibliography of new books published in the United States. There was no copy in the Library of Congress in 1995. Gay archives - such as the *Quatrefoil Library - hold it. Lambda Rising News is the place to look for important new books of or about United States poetry; a large number of copies are distributed both in Washington DC and also it is believed in other cities such as Chicago. Both these were preceded by a newsletter from the bookshop from 1987. See also * Poets for Life. English biographer and critic from Great Britain. Died ca. 1984. Author of Beloved and God: The Story of Hadrian and Antinous, London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1984 (repr.). This is the most detailed and up to date biography of the *Roman Emperor *Hadrian (a sometime poet) and his lover *Antinous. See especially Chapter 7: "Hadrian and Antinous", pp. 89-109, and chapter 15, pp. 184-97, on the cult of Antinous. It contains a list of Antinous sculptures (by country and then by museum within each country), pp. 224-37, and Coins and Gems featuring Antinous, pp. 238-43 and a bibliography pp. 277-88 (this is the most detailed bibliography on Hadrian and Antinous to date but even so misses items - especially in German; see *Hadrian and *Antinous for these additional references). The book has many photographs of Antinous and some of Hadrian. A biographical note on the author is on the back flap of the book. He studied history at *Cambridge and *Oxford and was a Fellow of King's College, Cambridge, for eight years and for the last few years lived mainly in Greece where the book was conceived and written. He committed suicide after completing the book which was published posthumously (information from his research assistant). Languages and language groups in the Encyclopedia The names of languages have been taken as found in reference books. In most cases there are no problems with the name but in a few cases it has not been possible to find the exact name of the language so the place where it is spoken is used to identify it (e.g., *Oenpelli language). Variant forms are also listed here beside the main name (e.g. Khmer for Cambodian) as are variant spellings. Some "languages" may be in fact on closer inspection be language groups (e.g., Bantu, Mongolian, Canaanite languages). This list also includes several languages no longer spken (e.g., Etruscan, Akkadian, Hittite, Sumerian, Egyptian) and two made up languages, Esperanto and Completo. The entry *Languages of the world discusses what a language is and gives details of the number of languages at present spoken and spoken throughout history. Languages in An Encyclopedia of Male Homosexual Poetry number 243: Acehnese, Afghan Dari, Afrikaans, Agenais, Ainu, Akarama, Akha, Akkadian, Albanian, Amharic, Andamanese, Anmatjarra, Arabic, Aramaic, Aranda, Armenian, Asmat, Assamese, Aymara, Azande, Azeri (i.e. Azerbaijani), Badayuh, Bahasa Indonesia, Bahima, Balinese, Balonda, Baluchi, *Bantu, Baruya, Basque, Batak, Bedamini, Belorussian (sometimes spelt Byelorussian), Bengali, Berber, Bhutanese, Big Nambas, Brajabuli, Buginese, Bulgarian, Burmese, Cambodian (also called Khmer), Canaanite languages, Caroline Islands language, Catalan, Cebuano, Chaco, Chagatay, Cheyenne, Chinese, Chuvash, Completo, Coptic, Creole, Czech (see also Slovak), Danish, Desyandhram, Dutch, Dyirbal, East Bay language, Eblaite, Egyptian, English, Esperanto, Estonian, Ethiopic, Etoro, Etruscan, Faroese, Finnish, Flemish, Foi, French, Frisian, Friulian, Fulani, Gaelic (sometimes called scots Gaelic - see *Gaelic languages), Galician, Ganda, Gebusi, Georgian, German, Gothic, Greek, Guarani, Gujarati, Haitian, Hausa, Hawaiian, Hebrew, Hindi, Hittite, Hungarian, Hurrian, latmul, Iban Dayak, Ibibio, Icelandic (see: Norse), Ifalik, Igbo, Ijaw, Inuit, Iqwaye, Irish (sometimes called Irish Gaelic - see *Gaelic languages), Italian, Japanese, Jat, Javanese (also called Kawi or Kavi), Kaguru, Kaluli, Kannada, Karakalpak, Kashmiri, Kayan, Kazakh, Keraki, Kimam, Kimberley languages, Kirghiz, Kiwai, Kolopom, Korean, Kukatja, Kurdish, Kwakiutl, Laotian, Latin, Latvian (sometimes called Lettish), Lithuanian, Luo, Macedonian, Maithili (i.e., Bihari), Makassan, Makiritare, Malagasy, Malay, Malayalam, Maltese, Mambai, Manchu, Mandekan, Maori, Marathi, Marind-Anim, Marquesan language, Mayan, Mohave, Mongo, Mongolian, Montenegrin, Murngin, Náhuatl, Navajo, Nepalese, Ngadju Daya, Norse, Norwegian, Nubian, Nuer, Nyanga, Oenpelli language, Old Church Slavonic, Olo Dusun, Olo Nyadju, Onabasulu, Oriya, Pali, Pashto, Pawnee, Persian, Phoenician, Pilbara languages, Pintubi, Polish, Portuguese, Provençal, Punjabi, Quechua, Rajasthani, Rapa Nui, Romanian (i. e. Rumanian, as formerly spelt), Romany, Russian, Sambal, Sambian, Samoan, Sanskrit, Sant Brasan, Sepik languages, Serbo-Croat (used for Serbian and Croatian), Shan, Shona, Sindhi, Sinhalese, Slovak (see also Czech), Slovenian, Sogdian, Somali, Sorbian (alternate names: Wendic or Lusatian), Sotho, Spanish, Sumerian, Sundanese, Swahili, Swedish, Syrian, Tagalog, Tahitian, Tajik, Tamil, Tatar, Telugu, Thai, Tibetan, Tikopia, Tiwi, Tongan, Toraja, Trobriand Islands language, Tswana, Tupi, Turkish, Turkmen, Uighur, Ukrainian, Urdu, Uzbek, Vietnamese, Walpiri, Warramunga, Welsh, Winnebago, Wintu, Wudaabe, Xhosa, Yagwoia, Yangoru Boiken, Yaroinga, Yiddish, Yirrkala, Yokut, Yoruba, Zulu, Zuni. Since the * Bible has been translated into more than 2,200 languages and this work has an entry in this Encyclopedia, the total number of relevant languages could well be this number; however translations of the Bible may be only of one book (or portion) which may not necessarily be relevant to male homosexuality. In many languages only one * Gospel has been translated. However since most translation has been by Christians and relate to the Gospels and *New Testament, it is likely that probably around the number of 2,200 languages are actually relevant for homosexual poetry (see the preceding entries for an elaboration of this statement). Ways of finding copies of books or portions of the Bible which have been translated are discussed in the Bible entry. For information on languages by continent, see entries beginning *African, *Australian, *Asian, *North American, *Central and *South American and *European languages. Some language groups have separate entries. Many of these groups constitute a family of languages (e.g. *Indo-European languages). See entries: *Afro-Asiatic, *Altaic, *Australian Aboriginal, *Austronesian (also called Malayo-Polynesian), *Bantu, *Caucasian, *Dravidian, *Gaelic, *Germanic, *Iberian, Indian languages - India, *Indic,*Indo-European, *Indo-Iranian, *Iranian, islamic, *Non literate languages (also called oral and tribal languages), *North American Indian, *Papua-New Guinea, *Romance, *Sinitic, *Slavic, *Turkestan, *Turkic and *Uralian languages. *Languages of the USSR discusses the languages of the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. *Languages of the USSR discusses the languages of the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. How to find information about languages. William Bright, editior, International Encyclopedia of Linguistics, 4 volumes, New York, 1992, is a recent reference with thorough coverage and bibliographies. More comprehensive still is R. E. Asher, editor, Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, 10 volumes, Oxford, 1994, the most detailed reference work on language ever compiled. Volume 10 has a list of the world's known languages (some 33,000 language names are known; see p. 5189). For shorter reference, D. S. Parlett, A Short Dictionary of Languages (London, 1967) and Kenneth Katzner, The Languages of the World (London, 1986) are helpful. Mario Pei and Frank Gaynor, Dictionary of Linguistics, New York, 1954 is also useful. Languages may be mentioned in the article "Languages of the World" in the 15th edition of Encyclopedia Brittannia (however, this article is set out by language group and it is hard to locate information on particular languages using the published copy). For information on unusual languages - but excluding African and American Indian languages - see H. J. Goodacre and A. P. Pritchard, Guide to the Department of Oriental Manuscripts and Printed Books (London, 1977). Dictionary of Oriental Literatures lists Asian languages at the end of each volume. See also Bernard Comrie, The World's Major Languages (London, 1987), and Rudolph C. Troike, Bibliography of Bibliographies of Languages of the World volume 1 (Amsterdam and Philadelphia, 1990). Paul Jules Antoine Meillet Les Langues du monde (Paris, 1924; new edition with atlas, 1952) is an earlier survey. Very good maps of the languages are available in Liana Lupus, Languages of the World (New York, 1992), pp. 81-109; this publication of the Bible Societies lists translation of at least one book of the * Bibles into over 2,000 languages and is regularly updated. The * Bible is the most translated work and the library of *Cambridge University has the most complete number of translations having been given the copies of the British and Foreign Bible Society (which aimed to have one copy of each translated work of the Bible). The large library database *OCLC, a combined library catalog of major research libraries, has at least 400 languages in its database. *RLIN and *Kinetica also have material in many languages. These databases can also be checked for information on a particular language. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1978. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2221: Aleph, Tucson, Arizona: New West Trails, 1978. Lampiäo The first important Brazilian gay cultural journal; it was modelled on *Gay Sunshine. Book reviews (see *Paulo Augusto) and poems were printed in almost every issue. The editorial co-ordinator was the gay novelist Aguinaldo Silva (see * Gay Sunshine no. 38-39, Winter 1979, 1); *Gasparino Damata (pseud.) was also an editor as was the writer *Joao Silverio Trevison. There were thirty-seven issues from 1978 to 1981 when it ceased publication. The title means "torch". Rare. Copies examined: *Labadie Collection (which has a complete set). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gay Histories and Cultures. Other references. Now the Volcano, 254. Miller, Our Own Voices: entry lists 37 issues. Trevisan, Perverts in Paradise: see illustrations 128-29. Poems in English from Great Britain. Ca. 1689-1702. See John H. O'Neill, "Sexuality, Deviance and Moral Character in the Personal *Satire of the Renaissance", Eighteenth Century Life, vol. 2 (1975), 16-19; see pp. 17-19 of this article: this discusses several poems in manuscript in the British Library and Bodleian Library, *Oxford, accusing King William III (1650-1702) of homosexuality. On William III see his entry in Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. He reigned in England 1689-1702 and is usually accepted as being homosexual. Poet from South Africa writing in English. Born 1952. Born in Cape Town in 1952 he has lived in England since 1972. Author of a book on the liberation struggle in Zimbabwe, Guns and Rain, a number of plays and films. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Invisible Ghetto, 141-42; biog., 210. Biographer from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1968. Author of * Brian Howard: Portrait of a Failure, London, 1968. This is one of the frankest biographies of a homosexual poet ever written and deals openly with Brian Howard's homosexuality. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1951. See the poem on the wedding of the homosexual *Tom Driberg in Francis Wheen, Tom Driberg, 1990, pp. 253-55 - a witty work, which hints at Driberg's homosexuality. The *British Library General Catalogue reveals he was a prolific author who wrote on architecture and also published books on cartoons. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active before 1982. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2224: Ballad of the Sad Young Men and Other Verse, London: Polytantric Press, no date. Poet and diarist writing in English from the United States; translator from Spanish to English. 1940-ca. 1985. Translator of the Spanish and Portuguese poets (except Cernuda) in * Now the Volcano. He was the translator of the Arabic poets in *In Praise of Boys from Spanish to English. Game Texts: A Guatemalan Journal, 1978, is a diary which beautifully evokes his life in Guatemala, including sex with men and contains some poems in Japanese interspersed with the prose (see *prosimetrum). The poems are translated into English: see pp. 24, 31, 72, 113. These poems are not openly homosexual. For a review of Game Texts see Boston Gay Review, no. 4-5 (Fall 1978), 7. The author is best known as a translator. He is believed to have committed suicide in Guatamala in 1987 (*Harold Norse to the author, 1995); he was an educated southerner from Alabama. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10795-96: "Zakeribal" in ONE Magazine 11:7, 27, July 1963 and as translator of the gay anthology *In Praise of Boys. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 1946; 2227. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Orgasms of Light, 11-18 (trans. of Arabic poets of Andalusia from Spanish); 20: trans. of *Fernando Alegria; 26-27: trans. of *Porfirio Barba-Jacob; 44-45: trans. of *Cernuda; 122-23, 227-28: trans. of *Xavier Villaurutia; biog., 256. Amerikanike homophylophile poiese , 41-43; biog., 71. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 316-17: trans. of Cernuda. Gay Sunshine no. 20, January 1974: trans. of Arabic poems. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1963. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Of Eros and Dust, 41-42: "The C90 *Queen" (a fine poem), 60-61; biog., 86-lives in Birmingham; poems published in * James White Review. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 76, 169, 232-33; biog., 239. Publisher from Great Britain of works in English. 1854-1925. A *fin de siècle publisher who, with *Elkin Mathews established The Bodley Head in 1887 and published *Le Galliene, *J. A. Symonds, *Oscar Wilde and John Gray's Silverpoints (1893) as well as an edition of *Marlowe's Hero and Leander illustrated by *Charles Ricketts in 1894. The partnership broke up in 1894 and as John Lane publishers, he published the *journal The Yellow Book (1894-97) illustrated by *Aubrey Beardsley. He married but had no children. See Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume two, item 10516: *Douglas Byng. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionary of National Biography. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active before 1982. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2230: Wheeling, Grand Rapids, Michigan: Free Press, no date. Translator from Greek to English from Great Britain; critic and historian in English. 1844-1912. He is best known as the translator of *Homer's * Iliad (1883) with *Walter Leaf and *Ernest Myers; this was a popular translation in its time. He published * Theocritus, Bion, Moschus (London, 1880) which was a prose translation of the three Greek poets with introduction, "Theocritus and his age" (dedicated to *Ernest Myers); the translation is poor but the homosexuality of *Theocritus's Idylls 12 and 13 is not obscured (the work was frequently reprinted). He wrote the article *"Fairy" in Encyclopedia Britannica, eleventh edition, 1910. He published several volumes of poems including a Collected Poems, 1923, and the Dictionary of National Biography entry reveals some are still in manuscript. He married but had no children. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography 1912-21. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Ioläus (1902), 85: list of homosexual lovers of the Greeks. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 16-19 (translation of Homer's Iliad, with W. Leaf and Ernest Myers). Poet from Switzerland who wrote in German. Born 1887. The 'National Union Catalog lists his collected poems thus: ...Vom andern Ufer: gesammelte Gedichte in Auswahl 1909-42, Zurich, 1944, 2S7 pp. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 75: book Gedichte (cites poems "Auftrag", "Begegnung", "Du", "Mir träumte") Bern: Francke, 19Q6. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 1Q797: same reference. Not in Oxford Companion to German Literature. Poet from Germany writing in German. 1851 - 19Q7. Not in Oxford Companion to German Literature. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 75: poems "Ahnung (Werd ich ihn findedn...)", "Liebe (Nach Liebe duurstet...) [no other details]. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, Volume 2, item 1Q798: same works. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Active 1924. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 81: *"Boy Lovers" - fine poem. Poet in Afrikaans writing in Afrikaans. Born 1959. Works include the groundbreaking Nagsweet (1991). Two volumes of gay poems exist and some have been translated into English (*Stephen Gray, letter to the author, 8 July 1991). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Invisible Ghetto, 177-80: poems trans. into English by the poet; biog., 210. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active 1959. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 75: Mithras: Lyrik und Prosa, Frankfurt: Fischer, 1959. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume two, item 1Q799: same work. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1989. A black poet who featured in the film based on the anthology * Tongues Untied by *Marlon Riggs and is a singer and songwriter as well as poet. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 89: "Butch", a brilliant poem about black men who have sex with men but are secretly *homophobic; biog., 179. Here to Dare, 89-100; biog., 87. Language is an system of communication using sounds and symbols (when written). Oral language is very ancient and predates written language. Written language dates from before ca. 3,100 B.C. (the approximate date of the invention of cuneiform and Egyptian hieroglyphics). Sumerian, from Iraq, was the first language written in cuneiform, an early system of representation of sounds: see *writing. The Indus script from the Indus valley, now in Pakistan, civilizations of Harappa and Mohenjodaro is undeciphered but dates from around 3,100 B.C. or possibly a little earlier (it is known to be in a *Dravidian language); Egyptian hieroglyphics also date from this time. The alphabet was only invented in a practical form in Syria in 1,100 B.C. though goes back to 1800 B.C. (it has spread all over the world and all alphabets are related). The alphabet was and is a simple system of linking sounds to written symbols which enables written language to be quickly recorded. Other systems of writing such as that of Chinese and Mavan hieroglyphics are non alphabetic and more cumbersome. Symbolic systems used for communication not involving the alphabet may have existed in *African cultures and in *Australian Aboriginal cultures. As an organized oral communication system intelligible in a certain area of the earth a language may be related to contiguous languages and such groupings (e. g. the *Indo-European languages, the *Sinitic languages) are called language families. It has been posited that there was a common language to the various language families of Europe and Asia and this is called Nostratic, thought to have been spoken from 15,000 to 10,000 B.C. Similar common originating languages to Nostratic may have existed in other parts of the world - for example, a similar proto-language has been posited in North America for *Indian languages. On the other hand, as all land masses of the world were at one time linked, it is possible that there was a single language from which all languages descend. Language, that is, may have been invented independently in various parts of the earth or it may have been invented in one place. It may be impossible to ever satisfactorily answer this question. No single definition of a language is adequate. Mutual intelligibility is the usual criteria but some languages which are accepted as being separate languages (such as Spanish and Italian) may be mutually able to be understood. A coarser definition of language is "a dialect with a gun". Some definitions of languages have been influenced by political and religious considerations. The article "Dialect, Language, Nation" in American Anthropologist, vol. 68 (1996), 922-35, raises some crucial issues. Linguistic research is only in its infancy and sometimes what are called a language (e.g. Mongolian, Bantu) is actually a number of languages, something to be kept in mind. The invention of mechanical printing using woodblocks in east Asia, in China or Korea, around 600 allowed for the wider dissemination of written texts, especially as the invention of paper, allegedly by Tashai Lun (died 121) allowed for a cheap method of distributing texts. Around 1150 Pi Sheng in China invented metal type and this process was first used in Europe by Johannes Gutenberg (ca. 1395 - 1468). The strength and longevity of metal type enabled books to be printed in large numbers and even reprinted on several occasions. Circulation of written languages increased rapidly from this time. The internet is the latest form of the dissemination of conveying language globally. In modern times *film and *aural media also added to its dissemination and the conveying of language globally. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica. International Encyclopedia of Linguistics. Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics; see "Writing" and "Nostratic". Other. Adler, The Great Ideas, volume 1, 656-70. Language of Water, Language of Fire Anthology in English from Great Britain. London: Oscars Press, 1992, 80 pages; biog. notes, pp. 78-80. A combined male and female anthology compiled by *Berta Freistadt and *Pat O'brien. Of the fifty poets, fifteen are men. The selection of poems is excellent and most are finely crafted and deal with open gay relationships. This anthology is a fitting recent addition to the great British gay heritage, revealing in its choice of poems a body of poetry that honestly addresses gay issues. The anthology grew out of The Oscars, a *London forum for gay and lesbian poetry. Male poets (see entries): Steve Anthony, Paul Boakye, Steve Cranfield, David Critchard, Peter Daniels, Timothy Gallagher, Ryan Gilbey, Dinyar Godrej, Martin Humphries, Dene Reynolds, Michael Russoff, David Semple, Michael Verino, Gregory Woods, Peter Wyles. Review: James White Review vol. 10 no. 1 (Fall 1992), p.10, by George Klawitter. An errata slip which prints Elizabeth Carola's poem "Milk Anyone" correctly should be enclosed. Two poems, "I want to be a dandy" by Viv Acious and "A Day in March" by Anonymous, though stated to be by women on p. 78, read as if by men. Languages of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, also called USSR Languages spoken in The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (or USSR) which was in existence from 1917 to 1991 when this former Russian *Communist empire broke up into separate nation states. The USSR was a federation of states under the control of Russia (which had formerly dominated northern and central Asia in the nineteenth century). In effect it was a huge multicultural empire stretching from Europe to Asia where over 250 languages were spoken. Under *Communism, the USSR was severely repressive of homosexuality which remained illegal in Russia (but not in all countries under Russian domination: for instance Poland and east Germany were countries where homosexual acts were legal). *Slavic languages, from the *Indo-European language family, are spoken by Europeans. Russian was and is the most widely spoken Slavic language, being spoken over the whole area as a language of administration. Polish, Ukrainian and Belorussian are the next three *Slavic languages in numbers of speakers. Other language families are the *Uralic, *Altaic, *Caucasian (spoken in the Caucasus which was part of Russia) and the Palaeoasiatic family. *Turkic languages were spoken in the southern part and the Turkic languages were the most widely spread after Russian. There was a large translation industry into Russian and from Russian into the languages of the other Republics. The oral literatures of many Turkic languages were only written down under Soviet domination using the Cyrillic alphabet; however, because of repression of homosexuality little gay poetry can be expected. The Great Soviet Encyclopedia (written in Russian) in its various editions from the 1920s includes articles on the languages, poets and literary researchers. See W. K. Matthews Languages of the USSR, 1951, for discussion of the languages; there is a list of individual languages pp. 156-58 and a map of the republics and provinces on p. 121. The principle languages of the republics were: Russian, Polish, Ukrainian, Belorussian, Moldavian, Estonian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Azeri, Kazakh, Turkmen, Uzbek, Kirghiz, Tajik, Georgian and Armenian (the last two being spoken in what was then Russia). Finnish is also of relevance as Finland was invaded by the Russians in World War Two and was under strong dominance afterwards. Mongolian is spoken in north-east Asia. References. Encyclopedia Britannica: under "Soviet Union" see the map "Distribution of Nationalities". Everyman Companion to East European Literature: see entries under languages. Jünger, Literatures of the Soviet Peoples: the whole book is relevant. Some 33,000 language names are known throughout world history since the invention of *writing (which took place from before 3,000 B.C.) to the present time.This includes both living and dead languages (that is, languages no longer spoken - though written records of these languages may exist). These 33,000 language names are listed in volume 10 of the Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, from p. 5189. (On the question of what is a language and what is a dialect see the general entry *language.) However, the exact number of presently spoken languages is disputed. A survey of the world's languages by UNESCO, the United Nations Cultural, Scientific and Cultural Organization, working under David Dalby, director of the Observatoire Linguistique based in Hebron in Dyfed in Wales in the United Kingdom has found there are 10,000 languages; a 1,600 page global registry has been published The Linguasphere Register of the World's Languages and Speech-Communities (preview edition), London: Linguasphere Observatory in association with the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 1997. David Dalby claims about 5,000 languages were formerly believed to be currently spoken. About 30% of the world's languages will possibly become extinct by 2030 according to some experts; most will be non written languages; however this has been disputed by David Dalby. Charles Moseley, Atlas of the World's Languages (1994) claims some 6,500 languages are spoken; 2,000 languages being spoken with less than a 1,000 speakers. The article "Speaking in Tongues" in Time, 7 July 1997, by James Geary states "roughly 6,500 languages" are spoken in 1997 (page 50). The article "Languages of the World" in Encyclopedia Britannica, fifteenth edition, has another detailed listing and discussion by reputable scholars. Languages are usually grouped by family (a group of closely linked languages deriving from a common ancestor, e. g . *Indo-European, *Altaic, *Sinitic). For information on the *languages of the world consult the Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics (1994) and International Encyclopedia of Linguistics (1992). Information giving the place where a particular language is spoken is available from the maps covering the world in Liana Lupus, Scriptures of the World (New York: United Bible Societies, 1992), pp. 81-109; updated edition Scriptures of the World, 1996 (New York: United Bible Societies, 1997). Information is also contained in Barbara F. Grimes, Ethnologue: languages of the world, thirteenth edition, (Dallas, TX: Summer Insititute of Linguistics, 1996); this latter work has excellent maps and is available as a CD ROM. More concise information is given in such works as Parlett, A Short Dictionary of Languages and Katzner, Languages of the World, both cited below. Earlier work in charting the languages of the world was done by Paul Jules Antoine Meillet Les Langues du monde (Paris, 1924; new edition with atlas, 1952). Bonwick's Rudimentary Dictionary of Universal Philology (1873) was an early work in comparative language analysis. See also Mario Pei, The World's Chief Languages (London, 1961) and Bernard Comrie, The World's Major Languages (1987). R. M. W. Dixon, The Rise and Fall of Languages, Cambridge, UK, 1998, examines loss of languages. Much scholarly work has been done since European scholars discovered the *Indo-European language family in the nineteenth century, the beginning of serious comparative study of languages. A recent theory has been the Nostratic theory which posits a single common language ancestor to various language families of Europe and Asia (see entry in Encyclopedia of Language and LInguistics); it has been hypothesized that Nostratic was spoken as recently as 15,000 to 10,000 B.C. which may indicate that language is a recent human development. (Other common language ancestors have been hypothesized for other parts of the world.) Many poetic conventions, stories and genres exist across language families (thus showing that poetic materials and subject matter have travelled extensively across the earth despite the apparent difficulty of learning languages from different families and thus widely different): see, for example, *Giigamesh, *epics. The earliest materian relevant to this encyclopedia is in Egyptian (see 'Overview - Egyptian) and Sumerian (see Gilgamesh). References. Katzner, Languages of the World. Parlett, Languages of the World. International Encyclopedia of Linguistics : a good place to start for information on languages. Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics : the best place to start in finding out about individual languages and language families; entries contain bibliographies. Letter writer in Latin from France. 1518-1581. A *Protestant scholar and theologian. His letters to Sir Philip Sidney reveal close bonding between them. These Latin letters need to be translated into other languages. For some homoerotic letters see My Dear Boy: Gay Love Letters through the Centuries, 1998, pp. 61-63. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Ioläus (1902), 127-29: re strong attachment to Sidney - states "the tone of Languet's correspondencce can only be matched by that of Shakespeare in the sonnets written for his unknown friend." Criticism. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 302-03: re his letters in Latin to the poet *Sir Philip Sidney, with whom he lived in Germany for some time. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1928. He published the journal Set and was a friend of *Charles Olson and stylistically, as a poet, very influenced by him; he was also a friend of John Wieners. He was the owner of a secondhand bookshop in Gloucester, Massachusetts, in 1988 in which town Olson lived (personal visit of the author in 1988). Book: The Heavenly Tree, 1966 (enlarged edition 1977). A few poems are gay e.g., "To the Boy Charioteer" pp. 73-75 and "Amazing Grace and a Salad Bowl" (about *Stephen Jonas). Review: see Boston Gay Review no. 4-5, 1978. Heavenly Tree/Soluable Forest was published in 1995. There may be unpublished poems of relevance. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2239: The Heavenly Tree Grows Downward, Plainfield, VT: North Atlantic Books, 1977. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Angels of the Lyre, 125-28; biog., 241. Word of Mouth, 115-122. Poet from Greece writing in Greek. 1888-1944. Starting out as a poet in the *decadent style and influenced by *Oscar Wilde and especially *Alfred Douglas, whom he read in French, he later became a drug addict and committed suicide. His poetry is very bitter and he only published one volume called Ta Poemata (Poems), in 1939, 82 pp. Collected poems: Ta Poemata, Athens, 1964, 325 pp. A Greek film was made on his life, 1988, with the English title being Meteor and Shadow when shown on Australian television on the SBS (Special Broadcasting System) television channel. See "Une poète homosexual: Napoleon Lapathiotis (1888-1944)" in Chroniques d'autres cultures 6 (juillet/aout), 1989, pp. 8-9, with brief extracts translated into French which also appear in full, translated by Jean-Marie Olingue and Kostis Konstantinou in the journal Luknos (no. 38, January 1989); states he is in the decadent tradition, i.e., taking the view that human life is miserable; he lived a marginal existence from 1917, was deeply affected by the death of his mother and shot himself in 1944. A very famous poet in Greece, his poems are explicitly homosexual. He was very effeminate. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Duroc, Homosexuels et lesbiennes illustrés, 252-53. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Drobci stekla v ustih, 44. Criticism. Trypanis, Greek Poetry, 681 : stating he committed *suicide and was an admirer of *Walter Pater and *Oscar Wilde. Arcadie 124 (avril 1964), 191-97: critical article by D. Constandinou. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, vol. 2, 503: stating he "wrote explicit homoerotic poetry". Poet from Spain writing in Catalan. Active before 1978. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poemes Gais, 15-20; also trans. into Spanish. Anthologist and biographer in French from France. Born 1933. Compiler of the anthologies *Les Amours masculines (1984) and *Pour tout l'amour des hommes (1998), both comprehensive anthologies including a large number of mainly European poets. He also compiled the dictionary of homosexuals and bisexuals: Homosexuels et bisexuels célèbres: le dictionnaire, Paris, 1997. He is a comedian, theater director and author of a play: Le Sexe au bucher, 1973 (information from the dust jacket of Les Amours masculines). Anthologist in English from the United States. Active 1988. Co-editor of *Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time. She has taught creative writing at Brooklyn College, *New York, for nearly twenty years and previously edited Lesbian Poetry, 1981, with Elly Bulkin. Poet and letter writer from Great Britain writing in English. 1922-1985. Widely regarded as a major British poet, his Selected Letters 1940-85, edited by Anthony Thwaite, London, 1992, mention homosexuality intermittently, though with a certain posing, e.g., p. 63: "all women are stupid beings... A lonely bachelorhood interspersed with buggery and strictly-monetary fornication seems to me preferable" (letter to *Kingsley Amis, 20 August 1943); they show *misogyny. His Collected Poems, 1988, edited by Anthony Thwaite, reveal a bachelor's world though he did write a novel, Jill, 1946, about an affair with a woman and had several affairs with women. Larkin was scrupulously careful of what he published. His early poetry emerges from the *Georgians and *A. E. Housman and is a reaction to the romanticism of *Dylan Thomas. A few love poems in the Collected Poems are to women (e.g. in Collected Poems, "If My Darling", p. 41, "Love Again", p. 215) but overall relations with women seem very unsatisfactory. Many love poems are *non gender specific, e.g., "Talking in Bed" p. 129, "Love" p. 150, "Disintegration" p. 266, "The horns of the morning" p. 275, "Love we must part now" p. 280. His poems have been frequently contrasted with *Ted Hughes: Hughes being robust and outward looking, Larkin inward looking, reticent and timid. Biography. Andrew Motion, Philip Larkin, 1993, is a detailed biography; see the review London Review of Books 24 March 1993, 3-9, which notes that the biography portrays a few messy homosexual encounters at *Oxford but after Oxford these "evaporated". Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active before 1976. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, Volume 2, item 10801: I speak my name, typescript, 16 pp. No other details supplied. Anthology in English from Canada. Carlisle, Ontario: Brandstead Press, 1977, 62 pages. 150 copies were printed. Edited by *Clare MacCullough. Brandstead Press was a private press owned by *G. Brender a Brandis. Contributors as listed in Young, Male Homosexual in Literature (see entries): Will Aitken, Albert Collignon, Michael Illingworth, Graham Jackson, E. A. Lacey, Clare MacCulloch, Merv Thomson, Chris Wilson, Ian Young, Clovis Zanetti. The only completely Canadian gay poety anthology to date. Rare. Not sighted. A copy may be in the *Canadian Lesbian and Gay Archives. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second editinon, item 2423. Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (1984), 140: "A Collection of Canadian poems for gay men"; linocuts by *G. Brender a Brandis. Carlisle, Ontario, Brandstead Press, 1977. Poet from France writing in French. Ca. 1928-1967. See * Arcadie no. 159 (March 1967), 133-34: apparently homosexual and he seems to have committed suicide. Poet from Australia who wrote in English. Active 1918. See "L'Envoi: December 1918" in David Holloway, editor, Dark Somme Flowing: Australian Verse 1914-1918, Melbourne, 1987, p. 81: a poem about *mateship first published in the Australian Infantry Force's Palestine magazine Kia Ora Cooee in 1918. Larrie may be the poet's first name or a pseudonym. Pseudonym of a poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1974. Pseudonym of John Mitzell. Scribe, editor and poet from Turkey who wrote in Greek; he also lived in Greece, Italy and France. 1445-1535. A Greek from Turkey, he was taken to the Peloponnese and Crete on the fall of *Istanbul, later living in Italy and France as emissary of *Lorenzo de Medici of *Florence; he twice went east to collect manuscripts. He was famous as an editor of ancient Greek classics, including the *editio princeps of the *Planudean Anthology, Florence, 1594, as well as *Callimachus and *Apollonius Rhodius. He is an important copyist of manuscripts of *Theognis: see *Douglas Young in Scriptorium 7 (1953), 3. Young states eighteen of forty-five manuscripts of Theognis, which he located in 1949, were copied by Lascaris and that he "seems mainly responsible for the *editio princeps of Theognis issued by Aldus *Manutius at *Venice in February 1495-96" (p. 3). The fact that so many copies of the works of Theognis were made by him demonstrates great interest in this gay poet, either by patrons of the copyist, or the copyist, or both (whether the copies included the homosexual Book 12 is another matter). Trypanis, Greek Poetry, p. 577 states he published epigrams titled Epigrammata, Paris, 1527. He appears not to have married. See Sandys, History of Classical Scholarship, volume 2 (1908), pp. 78-79, for an excellent summary of his life. He is also called John Lascaris. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica. Poet and anthologist from the United States writing in English. Born 1947. His volume Decade Dance, Boston: Alyson, 1990, has several poems on *Aids. *"How to Watch Your Brother Die" in Poems for Lost and Unlost Boys, 1985, pp. 59-61, has become something of a classic Aids poem. (The book was reviewed in James White Review vol. 8 no 3, 15.) The Hard Way, 1994, is a collection of poetry and prose published between 1983 and 1993 (review: James White Review, vol. 13 no. 3, Summer 1996, 22 by *George Klawitter). Other volumes exist. A native of *New York he worked in *Los Angeles for several years. His poems chart gay life in the *nineteen-eighties and Nineteen-nineties. Interview: Advocate no. 568. 15 January 1991, 70: notes he has moved back to New York after 14 years in Los Angeles. Educated at Colgate and *Yale universities. Compiler of the fine gay anthologies * Name of Love (1995), *Eros in Boystown (1996) and *The World in Us: Lesbian and Gay Poetry of the Next Wave (2000). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, 223-31: "How to Watch Your Brother Die" (fine poem on Aids); biog., 223. Poets for Life, 141-44: "How to Watch Your Brother Die". Name of Love, 54-56; biog, 74. Badboy Book, 199-214; biog., 388. Eros in Boystown, 49-50; biog., 49-50; biog., 62. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 801-03. A Day for a Lay, 184-99; biog., 184. The World in Us: Lesbian and Gay Poetry of the Next Wave, 168-79; biog., 364. Poet from the Netherlands who wrote in Dutch. 1898-1972. Dutch novelist and poet. A *socialist, he fought in the Spanish Civil War. In later years his socialism became religiously based. He married in 1923 and had three daughters. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Naar vriendscaap zulk een mateloos verlangen, 51-54: two poems from De bevrijde Eros (Free *eros), second edition, Amsterdam: De Beuk, 1963; p. 119 gives the source of the poems. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 288-91: poems including "Hassan" set in Morocco about a Berber *dancing boy. Poet from Italy writing in Italian. 1220-1294. *Dante's teacher who is placed by him in the seventh circle of Hell with the sodomites in Dante's Divine Comedy. His "Favolello" in Italian is on friendship. He translated *Cicero from Latin and wrote an encyclopedia in French. See his long love poem directed to a man, Bondie Dietaiuti: "S'eo son distretto inamoramente". Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amicizia amorosa, 35-38: poem "La verace amicizia"; biog., 33. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 213. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 204-05 Translator from Greek to English from the United States. 1906-1984. He translated *Pindar's Odes into English: The Odes of Pindar, Chicago, 1947. In 1965 he translated *Homer's * Iliad, possibly the most widely read translation in English at the time; he has also translated The Odyssey. See also *Epitaph. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10802: Greek Lyrics, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1955. Bibliographies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 34-35: trans. of *Pindar's 6th Pythian Ode. Poet from Germany who wrote in German. Active before 1923. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Die Bedeutung der Freundesliebe, 28: poem beginning "Ihr Augen, schon wie Morgensonne". Anthropologist from South Africa writing in English about Bantu. Active 1937. In his Sex Custom and Psychology, London, 1937, see pp. 4 and 284 re the Abakweta initiation ceremony of the Tembu tribe, a tribe of the south eastern Cape *Bantu. On p. 284 he states, in reference to the high incidence of male homosexuality, "This may be largely due to the Abakweta ceremony which solves the *Oedipus complex and admits the young man into the community of men, so that loving his own sex carries the approval of his social morality." On p. 4 he states "dancing and *chanting" may continue for days. Oral poems and songs in connection with the ceremonies need investigation. The language of the tribe may be Tembu, a Bantu language. Poet possibly from Italy writing in Greek. Active before 130. Possibly Marcus Tullius Laurea, a freedman of Cicero: see Oxford Classical Dictionary, 583 under Laurea. See also *homonyms. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Garland of Meleager. Garland of Philip (his name is given as Tullius; therefore only possibly this poet). Palatine Anthology xii 24. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 34. Criticism. Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 9 (1908), 273. Poet from France writing in French. Ca. 1880-ca. 1908. Mayne, The Intersexes, p. 345, refers to "the recent suicide in *Venice of Raymond Laurent, a young Parisian homosexual and litterateur, just fairly started on his career: the author of some poems dealing with Uranian studies". See also the article : "In Memoriam Raymond Laurent" in *Akademos no. 1 (January 1909), 62-65. Not in Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Anthologist and poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1996. He compiled the excellent * Badboy Book of Erotic Poetry. Anthologist. Badboy Book, 215-222: poems include a brilliant *parody of *Robert Frost; biog., 388. Poet and critic from the United States writing in English; translator from German to English. Born ca. 1950. Gay poems in Poems and Translations, 1975, on *Stefan George (pp. 3-7) and *Holderlin p. 32 (also *Socrates and Alcibiades). The book also contains some good original gay poems by John Lauritsen pp. 8-13, 28-31. The poems by *Brecht are social protest works not specifically gay. Very fine illustrations. A *New York gay activist. He has written, with John Thorstad, The Early Homosexual Rights Movement, New York, 1974 (trans. into German as Die frühe Homosexuellenbewegung 1864-1935, Keil, 1984); revised edition 1995, 127 pp. (review: James White Review vol. 13 no. 3, summer 1996, 20-21. He wrote the pamphlet Poppers and Aids, 1985. He was briefy a *publisher. He has also written book reviews for The *James White Review. For a critical article by him see Gay Books Bulletin no. 5 (Spring 1981), 18-23: *"Uranian love in the Tarot" (see *Magic). He has been active in the field of *Aids writing a pamphlet on poppers and Aids and The Aids War: Propaganda, profiteering and genocide from the medical industrial complex (1993) as well as many journalistic articles on Aids. A bibliography of his work is available on the internet. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10803: same book as Young. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2250: Poems and Translations [: English Translations and Poems in the original German by Stefan George, Bertold Brecht and Friedrich Hölderlin], New York: Come! Unity Press, 1975, [32 pp]. Lautreamont, Comte de (pseud.) Pseudonym of a poet from France writing in French; he was born and lived his early life in Uruguay. 1846-1870. His real name was Isadore Ducasse. His Chants de Maldoror is a long prose poem with significant homosexual content which greatly influenced the *decadent movement (see also *chants). See B. Guitard, "Lautreamont's Les Chants de Maldoror, Homosexual Love Songs" in Europe, August/September 1987, pp. 68-77 (source: Forum 5/88 p.108). Little is known of his life. He was raised in Montevideo. Biography: see Jean-Jacques Lefrère, Isidore Ducasse, Paris, 1998. Translation. English: John Rodker (1924). German. Ré Soupault (1981): see Bibliographies below. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Gay Histories and Cultures. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10804: Maldoror, New York [no date]. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2251: Maldoror. Les Chants de Maldoror, New York: New Directions, no date. Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen, Item 668: Die Gesänge des Maldoror (trans. into German by Ré Soupault with a study of the poet's work by the translator), Munich: Heyne, 1981. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amour bleu, 164-65. Les Amours masculines, 24950. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 681-82; states "The homosexual theme ... is central" in his Chants de Maldoror; page 1010 notes his Chants de Maldoror, 1868, "has some pederastic scenes". Pour tout l'amour des hommes, 147-48. Lavender, Lilac, Mauve and Violet A color associated with homosexuality from the eighteen-nineties, from 1893, in English, German, Russian and Japanese in Great Britian, Australia, the United States and other English speaking countries and Russia and Japan; see the *purple entry as well, since purple is a darker shade of lavender. Mauve and lilac are alternative names for lavender as a color. The color lilac comes from a plant which is a native of Persia. Use in English. Australia. See *Victor Daley, *design, ian MacNeill, *Roderic Quinn. Great Britain. *Brian Reade's anthology *Eros: An anthology or Friendship, is bound in this colour; see also *The Platonic blow re the British printing of A Gobble Poem, 1967 (another title for the preceding). Simon Garfield, Mauve: How One Man Invented a Colour that Changed the World (London, 2000) is about William Perkin, a *Victorian chemist who persued the color mauve. United States. The novelist Thomas Beer wrote a novel The Mauve Decade (1926; reprinted 1941) which deals with the United States *eighteen-nineties: see the Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature entry "Mauve Decade". The entry for Thomas Beer in Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature states he was more ironic than the homosexual Lytton Strachey. The title page of the book defines mauve in the words of Whistler as "*pink trying to be purple". (Purple is the color of royalty.) The book deals with bohemian life. As examples of the use of mauve in book design, the British edition of *Rupert Croft-Cooke's Bosie, 1963, has a mauve dust jacket with yellow printing; in contrast the United States edition of the same year has mauve binding on the cover, a yellow spine and mauve printing on the spine (the dust jacket of this edition was not examined). In German the word *Lila means lilac; see *Felix Rexhausen. Russian, a 'lilac tea service' appears in *Kuzmin's 1908 sequence A Summer Affair, see *Outofthe Blue, 92. Japanese: see inagaki Taruho. Arabic is the language of Islam and islamic law forbids homosexuality between adult Islamic males. Laws survive from ca. 622 in Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Syria, Spain, Tunisia, Morocca and Iraq and other Arabic speaking countries. Secular laws apply from the twentieth century but Islamic law may still apply in some countries; there has been a movement to make it apply in many countries of north Africa and the middle east (e.g. Algeria and Egypt). The Arabic diaspora of the twentieth century means laws in countries in which Arabic writers live apply. Western systems of law in Arabic speaking countries - e.g. English law in Egypt and the *Code Napoléon in Syria - are relevant since, for instance, Egypt was under British domination from the nineteenth century. Syria and Tunisia were under French domination from this time. In Spain under the Arabs, *Christian law also applied. See *Law - Islamic for detailed discussion of the religious law. For Egypt and Iraq, see IGA Pink Book 1985; homosexual acts are not illegal in both of these countries. The death penality applies for male homosexual acts in Kuwait and Saudi Arabia in 1997; the death penalty has been reported as applying in Pakistan, under the control of the Taliban, an Islamic fundamentalist sect. The * Spartacus Gay Guide gives the most recent information. *Buddhism does not condemn homosexuality; the legal system survives from ca. 100 B.C. relating to Sanskrit, Pali (a literary language related to ancient Sanskrit used in Sri Lanka and southeast Asia), Chinese, Tibetan, Nepalese, Korean, Japanese and Sinhalese in south and east Asia in the countries of India, Sri Lanka, China, Nepal, Korea, Japan. A Buddhist legal system exists in southeast Asia in Burmese, Thai, Cambodian and Vietnamese in Burma, Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam. Buddhist law is mainly concerned with the behavior of monks since monasticism is basic to Buddhism. Buddhism has also now spread to such countries as the United States, Australia and Europe and to south America. Laws were of two kinds: relating to monks in monasteries and to the laiety. In many countries (e.g. Thailand), all males have to be monks for a short period. However, monks are not supposed to emit semen (see Encyclopedia of Homosexuality entry). In Buddhist monasteries homosexual activity is reputedly common. Since Buddhism never condemned homosexuality for the laiety, no men were burnt at the stake or tortured in Buddhist lands (as happened in Europe and its overseas colonies). Note: there are various schools of Buddhism which have differing approaches and hence differing legal emphases. References. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 169. Laws in Chinese are known from ca. 1429 relating to China, and Taiwan. Perhaps because Chinese law for over 2000 years consisted simply of the dictates of the emperor and emperors had absolute sexual freedom, Chinese law has never condemned homosexuality absolutely (as *Christianity and *Islam have). There are many overseas Chinese e.g. in Singapore and formerly in Hong Kong; some overseas Chinese live in the United States, Canada and Australia. The laws of the countries in which these overseas Chinese live are relevant for them. China. *Confucius emphasised family values but strong *male bonding was also a feature of Confucianism as it is of *Communism (from 1948). The Yuan code in essence deals with heterosexual relations (see Dun J. Li, The Essence of Chinese Civilization, 1967, pp. 408-13: "The Yuan Code: Illicit Sexual Relations"). Mention of homosexuality occurs in the *Sung period. Penalties in Chinese law on homosexual behavior when imposed were never as severe as in the west - e.g., under the Sung dynasty, a law of a maximum of one month and 100 blows only for male *prostitution was in force (contrasting with a death in the west at this time for consenting homosexual sex). In 1429, by imperial decree, the Xuande emperor ordered Chinese males to desist from consorting with courtesans causing them to use male *trasvestite *prostitutes. The law from 1679. The *Ch'ing Kang Xi Emperor instituted laws in the Ta Ch'ing Lu Li, Chapter 33, against rape of youths and murder and in 1690 a law prohibited consensual homosexual activity (see Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, pp. 217-18). Chinese clan, guild, and council of gentry laws, largely unwritten, also operated. See M. J. Meijer, "Homosexual Offences in Ch'ing Law", T'oung Pao vol. 71 (1985), 109-33: a very detailed survey of the law in this period. For mainland China since 1949, see IGA Pink Book 1985, p. 136. Homosexuality is not mentioned in the law but legal sanctions using such offences as offensive behavior have been used against homosexuals and homosexuals have been sent to re-education camps (see Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, p. 219). The population problem may continue to ensure that homosexuality is not criminalized. Taiwan. Taiwan, an island off southern China is officially the Repulic of China. After the Communist takeover of mainland China in 1949, the anti-Communist forces evacuated to Taiwan and claimed to be the legitimate government of China. Taiwan also has a native Chinese population dating back several centuries. Homosexual acts between consenting adults are not an offence and Taiwan has a large gay scene. Emphasis is on *Confucian values emphasising the family. Since the Taiwan government regard themselves as the legitimate government of China (there has never been a peace treaty with the mainland Chinese since 1949), under their legal system, homosexuality is legal in China. The * Spartacus Gay Guide gives the most recent information on Chinese laws. Hona Kona. *Hong Kong was a British colony from 1842 to 1997. In 1865 British law was introduced and male consenting homosexual sex was criminalized under British law and has remained so. See H. J. Lethbridge, "The Quare Fellow: Homosexuality and the Law in Hong Kong", Hong Kong Law Journal vol. 6 no. 3 (1976), 292-326: about a sensational case involving a senior British member of the Hong Kong police force who committed suicide. In 1991 male homosexual acts were decriminalized for males over twenty-one in line with the *age of consent in Britain. Christian laws against male homosexuality originated in Israel in the * Old Testament and have since spread to all parts of the world where *Christianity is practiced. Its original records were in Greek from Israel and date from ca. 30; later material is in Latin and other languages. Christian laws descend from Jewish law (see *Law - Hebrew); they have also varied from country to country. Until the fifteenth century Chistian laws mainly applied to Europe, the middle east and north Africa. These laws, being hostile to homosexuality from the early Christian centuries, have greatly inhibited the writing of homopoetry. For the law to 529 see *Law - Greek. Christianity became the dominant religion in the Roman Empire in the fourth century when burning at the stake for homosexuality was introduced in 390 by the Roman emperor Theodosius (reigned 379-395). Laws in the various cities applied until this century. Saint John Chrysostom (ca. 347-405), patriarch of *Conatantinople, railed against homosexuality. The statutes of Justinian (483-565) of 529 became the basis of all subsequent laws (though ecclesiastical sanctions preceded them). (For the *middle ages see *Vern L. Bullough, "The Sin Against Nature" in Sexual Practices and the Medieval Church, 1982, pp. 55-71; see also references below.) As with *Buddhism, religious laws relate mainly to the clergy and monks on the one hand and the laiety on the other. The rise of monasticism, and an emphasis on celibacy for monks and the clergy, dates from 200; perhaps because of the extent of homosexuality in monasteries, Christian sanctions against homosexuality became less severe than civil sanctions and usually involved severe penances only (see the Encyclopedia of Homosexuality entry "Penitentials"). The Christian church became the dominant institution in Europe in the *middle ages and continued as such in western Europe until the *Renaissance; Christian churches were major institutions in northern Africa and in the middle east (as far north as Armenia and Georgia). The various Orthodox Churches are still dominant institutions in Eastern Europe, and the Catholic Church in Poland. In eastern Europe, the rule of St Basil for monasteries emphasized celibacy (e.g., lighted candles at night in dormitories) and that of St Benedict in Western Europe also did the same. Self mutilators like Origen became models for Christian piety. This emphasis on celibacy shows how the idea of spiritual *friendship could become an option and homosexual feeling in poetry could follow this outlet (see *Aelred of Rievaulx). In Latin and Greek a dramatic decline in poetry dealing with physical homosexuality occurred with the rise of Christianity. However, based on poetry discovered in Latin (see *Thomas Stehling) monasteries may be a source of *manuscripts of homopoems, particularly in Eastern Europe and need investigation. A series of schisms led to a final split between the eastern and western Christian church in 1054: the eastern church becoming Orthodox and the Western Catholic. The strong legalistic and anti-homosexual tradition continued: homosexuals could and were burnt at the stake in many countries - another reason for avoiding the writing of incriminating poems. The Reformation in the sixteenth century saw the emergence of the *Protestant churches with emphasis on the * New Testament, especially *Saint Paul's writings, as final authority in Christian belief (as distinct from the Church). From this time too, date the overseas colonies in south and central America, Africa, north America, Asia and Australia (colonized by Great Britain from 1788). The Reformation also saw the gradual rise of secular law: but, following Paul's teachings, Protestant churches continued to be anti-gay (except for isolated groups such as the *Quakers) until the present: see *Calvinism, *Puritanism, *Lutheranism. The *Catholic church's * Index prohibiting the reading of certain books from 1559. In Christian countries there have usually been two types of law against homosexuality: the secular laws of the state and the mores of the Churches (laws of the Catholic church are called Canon Law - which is discussed in Goodich, The Unmentionable Vice, pp. 25 35). See also entries for the various languages: these deal with secular law for writers in the particular languages. In Catholic church law, laws were not always applied rigorously e.g., Portugal and Poland were more tolerant than Spain. The Inquisition was introduced by the Catholic Church in the sixteenth century to check the promulgation of heresy in the Counter Reformation and the * Index introduced to stop the spread of such ideas through books. In the Protestant churches, toleration of homosexuality has varied: e.g., The Netherlands was more tolerant than Great Britain. People were also told in the Catholic Church in the twentieth century that they could be homosexual "but don't do it", an approach that undoubtedly dates from earlier centuries. Today some churches adopt a much more supportive stand but Christian fundamentalists (especially in the United States) continue to oppose the physical expression of homosexuality. The Orthodox churches are still strongly anti-gay, pursuing their historical position for over one thousand and seven hundred years. The anti-homosexual stance of Christianity must be related to the propograting of the faith by breeding. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 194-97 "Canon Law"; 971-74: "Penitentials". Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium: "Homosexuality" (*Byzantine law). Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Canon Law", "Inquisition". Bibliographies. Courouve, Ces petits grecs, 48-50: list of *Catholic Councils and penitentials. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 287. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 100-101: laws of Justinian. Other references. Bailey, Homosexuality and the Western Christian Tradition. Goodich, The Unmentionable Vice, 23-69. Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance and Homosexuality, 91-166. References to male homosexuality in Danish law, which is applicable in Denmark, date from 1227. Although sodomy was punishable by death, prosecutions were rare. The law was changed in 1930 to legalize male homosexual acts and the age of consent lowered to fifteen in 1976; consensual sexual activity with a boy twelve to fifteen is a misdemeanour. In 1989, same-sex unions were legitimized in law. Publishing laws for erotica have been more lenient in Denmark from 1945 leading to increased availability. The * Spartacus Gay Guide gives the most recent information. References. Journal of Homosexuality vol. 16 no. 1-2 (1988), 177-204: "Sodomy in Early Modern Denmark". Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 311-12: see "Denmark" (extensive discussion of the laws). The law in Dutch in relation to male homosexuality in the Netherlands dates from at least 1730. See *Law - Christian for the religious law which prevailed until the rise of Protestantism in the sixteenth century. The early legal situation is difficult to assess; *Catholic and *Protestant religious laws applied and apply in the Netherlands which has been basically Protestant since the Reformation (ca. 1550). The Netherlands saw a massive persecution of gays in 1730-31 when anti *sodomy legislation was introduced and trials for male homosexuality were organized all over the country. In 1811, the *Code Napoléon legalized homosexuality and since then attitudes have been relaxed; in 1866 the *age of consent was set at fourteen (though there were laws against indecency). In 1911 the age of consent was put at twenty-one and in 1971 lowered to sixteen. The age of consent is now twelve in certain circumstances though generally sixteen. The Nazi ocupation 1940-45 was a dark period. Dutch law formerly extended to overseas Dutch colonies such as Indonesia to 1945 (when Independence was declared). The *Spartacus Gay Guide gives the most recent information. References. Journal of Homosexuality vol. 13 no. 3 and 4 (1987), 155-79: "The Dutch Penal law and Homosexual Conduct" by Maarten Salden. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 885-86. Hidden from History, 141-52. English law has applied in Great Britain from ca. 725 and in its overseas colonies (now countries) in the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, India and Pakistan and other colonies. Great Britain and Republic of Ireland. With Roman occupation Roman law (see *Law - Latin) was the first known law to apply in Great Britain. In the tribal *Old English culture little is known about laws but, although homosexual acts were stigmatized, no specific reference occurs in known laws. Sodomy - anal intercourse either between men or a man and a woman - was made a criminal offence in the civil courts by Henry VIII (1533); see Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, p. 158 for the text. Before this, homosexual acts fell under the jurisdiction of the Church: see *Law - Christian for the legal situation. To 1734, see Select trials for murders, robberies, rapes, sodomy, London, 1734-35, 2 volumes (available in the *Kinsey Institute collection Sex Research in microform). In 1781, it was decided by a court case that not only penetration but emission of seed must be proved in *sodomy cases. A raid on a homosexual "molly house" in London in 1726 resulted in a trial and the exposure of the gay subculture (see "Margaret Clap" in Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity and Select Trials, second edition, London, 1742). The need to prove emisssion in all sodomy cases was abolished in 1828 when the laws were tightened. The death penalty applied for sodomy until 1861 when ten years imprisonment became the minimum penalty and life the maximum (see Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, p. 268) with attempted buggery from three to ten years. For the eighteenth century see Netta Murray Goldsmith, The worst of crimes: homosexuality and the law in eighteenth-century London (1998). Up to 1885 only sodomy was punishable but the 1885 Labouchère amendment, by adding the crime of "gross indecency" to the laws, criminalised all consenting homosexual acts as well as sodomy - on this statute see Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, p. 335; the maximum penalty for "gross indecency" was two years. It was under this amendment of gross indecency that *Oscar Wilde was imprisoned. (On Henry Labouchère who moved the amendment see his entry in Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity.) Homosexual acts in private between consenting adults were decriminalised in 1967 with an *age of consent of 21 (as distinct for 16 for heterosexuals though the heterosexual ages of consent had been 12 in the *Victorian period until 1875). This was reduced to 18 in 1991. The British House of Lords refused to lower the age to 16 in 1999 however it was lowered to 16 in 2000. Various other laws still operate in public (see Gay News no. 140, 1978, 13, for the laws in general). In 1988, Clause 28 was introduced against the dissemination in schools of information on homosexuality and against local support of gay groups. All these laws have had a severely inhibiting effect on the writing of homosexual poetry in Great Britain. There is an excellent discussion of homosexuality and British law in Norman St John-Stevas, Life, Death and the Law, London, 1961. See also Francis Lafitte, "Homosexuality and the Law", British Journal of Delinquency vol. 9 (1958-59), 8-19, for a fine overview of the laws and Paul Crane, Gays and the Law, London, 1982. *Censorship of literature was rigorously practised from the *Elizabethan period onwards: see Censorship - English. British laws have been the basis of laws in the United States, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, India and other former British colonies; they became active in the United States from 1620, in Australia from 1788, New Zealand from 1841, India from 1781, South Africa from British control from 1795 (from 1650 Dutch law applied to the white population) and Canada from 1670; they were also applicable in other British colonies. After the colonies became self-governing nations, the British legal system largely continued. However, there are considerable variations in these laws. For instance, the United States in 1999 has many different ages of consent for heterosexuals and homosexuals in the different states: it is 13 in New Mexico, 15 In Colorado and 16 in Indiana, Washington and Maine both homosexuals and heterosexuals. In Canada it is 14 for homosexuals and heterosexuals; in Australia it varies from 16 in Victoria to 21 in Western Australia for homosexuals and some states such as Western Australia have discriminatory ages of consent. Britain is a signatory to the European Convention on Human Rights; see *Law - European. In a famous appeal to the European Court set up under the European Human Rights Convention called the Dudgeon Case, a northern Ireland gay activist, Jeffrey Dudgeon, succeeded in getting male homosexuality legalized in northern Ireland. With regard to *S/M, laws against assault may be applicable and a famous case of the 1990s, the Spanner case, found several gay men convicted of assault for engaging in S/M (an appeal to the European Court was not successful). Libel laws are also relevant and blasphemous libel was used in the case of * Gay News involving a poem about Jesus Christ by James Kirkup. See also *Censorship. For an overview of recent developments see Stephen Jeffery-Poulter, Peers, Queers and Commons: The Struggle for Gay Law Reform from 1950 to the Present, 1991. Laws in relation to marriage are also increasingly applicable. The *Spartacus Gay Guide gives the most recent up to date legal information. Northern Ireland. In the province of Northern Ireland (which is still part of Great Britain) see The Law and Gays in N. I., Belfast, no date, 16 pp. Northern Ireland in 1993 was a province of Great Britain and, following the Dudgeon case taken to the European Court, male homosexual acts are legal. Republic of Ireland. Male homosexual acts only became legal for males over 17 in 1993 (the law criminalizing male acts dated from 1863). The Republic of Ireland has been a separate country since 1921. References. Bailey, Homosexuality and the Western Christian Tradition, pp. 145-52. Hyde, The Other Love: various cases are discussed throughout. Goodich, Unmentionable Vice, pp. 71-73; re Tribal laws in Old English period p. 77. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, pp. 254-56: Common Law. Katz, Gay/Lesbian Almanac, pp. 36-37; 88-89. Second ILGA Pink Book, pp. 231-32: current siutuation. United States. The legal situation in the United States is quite complex. British laws were transferred to the United States from 1620 and are especially relevant to 1776 when independence was declared. On the death penalty in relation to male homosexuality see Journal of Homosexuality vol. 1 no. 3 (1976), 277-91 : Louis Crompton, "Homosexuals and the Death Penalty in Colonial America" - in 1776 male homosexuals in all 13 states were subject to the death penalty (though only two deaths are known) and in 1786 Pennsylvania took the lead in dropping it. (Spanish and French law were also applicable in parts of the south.) The United States has been a federation of states since 1776, when it declared independence from Great Britain, though laws are still based on British law; state and federal laws apply. At present, male homosexual acts are legal in a majority of American states with *ages of consent varying from 13 in New Mexico (see above); as of February 1999, 13 states ban both homosexual and heterosexual oral and anal sex while in Texas, Arkansas, Missouri, Kansas and Oklahoma only same-sex sodomy is illegal (see "Georgia Sodomy law overturned", Gay Times, February 1999, 54). For the situation in 1960 see *Edward Sagarin. Anal sex was first decriminalized in 1961 in Illinois, followed by Connecticut in 1971. Homosexual sex is legal for adults in over half the states in 1991 : see the United States supreme court case Bowers vs Hardwick, 1985, for citation of important cases (which are also listed in Katz, Gay/Lesbian Almanac, p. 9); see United States Supreme Court Transcripts of Records and File Copies of Briefs vol.158 Case no. 85-140; also United States Reports vol. 458, p.186. The Bowers vs Hardwick case is discussed in Yale Law Journal no. 97, pp. 1072-1103. Twenty-four States still criminalized sodomy in 1985 and twenty-three still did in 1994; in 1998 only 19 States and Puerto Rico retained arguably enforceable sodomy laws. The * Spartacus Gay Guide gives the most recent up to date information. The eighth amendment relating to cruel and unjust treatment is also relevant to laws criminalizing consenting homosexual sex. Rigorous *censorship laws applied in many states until recently. The *Puritan and *Calvinist traditions of the *New England states, which were amongst the first settled, was particularly anti-sex and this influenced laws as white settlement moved west in the nineteenth century. *Censorship laws were particularly rigorous in the eastern states, though more lenient in California, e.g., *Walt Whitman's Leaves of Grass was prosecuted for obscenity in some states but not in others; a poem by *Allen Ginsberg cannot be read on the radio or television in the daytime. Recent law changes from the *Gay Liberation period onward have helped promote poetry dealing with gay sexuality. Antidiscrimination laws have been enacted in some states. (Attacks on the work of the gay photographer Robert Mapplethorpe in 1991 seemed to signal a change in attitudes. The Supreme Court upheld the right of his photographs - which showed male homosexual acts - to be publicly displayed. Jonathan Katz was a protester.) US Supreme Court gay cases are discussed in Joyce Murdoch and Deb Price, Courting Justice: Gay Men and Lesbians v. the Supreme Court (2001).The United States has signed and ratified the International Covenant of Civil and Political Rights in 1994; this may ultimately have the effect of making consensual sexual acts legal. See also *Libel. See overall Stacey Wayne Dorian, Homosexuality and the Law: an annotated bibliography (1989; has 2,800 items) and William B. Rubenstein, Lesbians, Gay Men and the Law (New York, 1993). References. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, pp. 645-80. Katz, Gay Lesbian Almanac: Part I, 1607-1740 (details many cases in the various United States states), see especially pp. 34-40. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 692-98: "Law, United States" (only deals with laws from 1960). Canada. Canadian laws are based on British law (which became applicable from 1670; Canada only became a fully independent nation in 1926). Laws in Canada from the British and French occupation in the seventeenth century have been severely anti-gay. The first *reported sodomy case dates from 1648: see Gary Kinsman's book below. French and British law was applicable in early Canadian recorded history, depending on which part of the country one lived in, French in Québec province and English in the English spealing provinces. After 1867, Canada was a federation with laws taken from the British legal system. In 1969, Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau changed the law making homosexual acts legal for people over 21 ; because of this, Canadian gay poets of the *gay liberation period were less inhibited than, for instance, Australian poets (where male homosexual sex was still illegal). Other laws have been used to harass gays (such as those relating to bawdy houses used in 1981) and The * Body Politic, the leading gay journal, was harassed from 1977. The provinces of Ontario and Québec have human rights charters and the country overall introduced in 1982 a Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which has had the effect of making the age of consent uniform at 14. Laws in cities are also relevant. Laws of native Indian peoples may be applicable. See also *censorship. A survey of change in Canada is outlined in the life of Pierre Trudeau (1919-2000) in Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History; he also introduced the Charter of Rights and Freedoms in 1982. See Gary Kinsman, The Regulation of Desire: Sexuality in Canada, Montreal,1987 (refers briefly to the Indian tribes of Canada in Chapter 4 pp. 71-74 and discusses law cases from 1648 in Chapter 5, pp. 77-80). Kathleen A. Lahey, Are we 'persons' yet?: law and sexuality in Canada (Toronto, 1999) deals with homosexuality. See also *Libel and defamation since these laws are applicable. The * Spartacus Gay Guide gives the most recent information. References. Homosexuality in Canada, first edition (1979), pp. 34-38. Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (1984), pp. 190217. Australia. Laws in Australia after 1788, following the British colonisation of what was then totally Aboriginal land, were based on British laws (which were deemed to be in force following the British invasion). The legal system in the colonies was firstly vested in the Governors of the separate colonies, later in parliaments (from 1843 starting with the state of New South Wales where the largest city *Sydney, the capital of the state, is located). After 1901, Australia became a Commonwealth with a federal government in Canberra. The state Partliaments continued to make laws, but since 1901 political power has tended to be more and more centralized in Canberra. Male homosexuality - in the form of anal sex initially with other offences being added after the 1880s - was illegal from 1788 to 1975 when the law was repealed in the state of South Australia and then in other states gradually: Victoria in 1980, New South Wales (the largest state) in 1984, Western Australia in 1990, Queensland in 1991. Only in 1997 was the law changed to make consenting analsex unpunishable in Tasmania, following an appeal to the United Nations by the Tasmanian activist Nick Toonen. Even so legal ages of consent differ from state to state being from 16 to 21 in Western Australia. Other forms of male-male sex were illegal in varying degrees over this period and other laws were used against gays - such as laws of "offensive behavior". Affectional behavior was illegal for much of the period as with other countries with laws emanating from Britain - e.g., men holding hands was illegal. 1788-1972 was a period of persecution which greatly inhibited the writing of homosexual poetry referring to sexual acts, though not affectional relationships between men (the anti-gay laws are a reason why *mateship may have emerged as a strong form of male bonding between men). Anti-discrimination laws covering homosexuality were introduced from the 1980s in some states e.g. New South Wales in 1983. Australia was a founding member of the United Nations and is a signatory to various United Nations Covenants such as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Tasmania in 1994 was found to be in conflict with the ICCPR because of its antigay laws though an actual ruling as to the applicability of the ICCPR in Australian law was never made. United Nations conventions are also now strong factors in shaping Australian laws, such as the anti-discrimination laws: see *Law - International. Strong *censorship laws also operated in Australia before 1973. Aboriginal laws also operated and operate in Australia in this period and continue for some tribal Aborigines. Australian laws operated in southern Papua New Guinea from 1883 until independence in 1975. See also *Libel. With regard to *S/M laws against assault may be applicable. The * Spartacus Gay Guide gives the most recent information. Bibliographies. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 288-96. Law in France, Germany and other European countries relating to French, German and other *European languages. From 1953. The European Convention of Human Rights came into force from 1953 and guarantees sweeping rights for those *European countries which are signatories; it is valid in most west European nations and has been progressively extended as countries join the European Union. It should be pointed out that the French Code Napoléon is used as the basis of law in Spain, Portugal, Italy, Poland, Greece and Mexico, formerly a Spanish colony. British law has been transferred to former British colonies so laws from European countries have long applied to other countries in Europe and abroad. There have been appeals to the European Commission on gay rights, notably the Dugeon case in northern Ireland which found that the anti-gay laws there (prohibiting consensual homosexual acts) were invalid. In 1999, Britain was found to be in conflict withe the European Convention for not prohibiting discrimination against gays in its armed forces. A discussion of European laws to 1922 was carried out by *Monteiro. A major survey of European laws from ancient time from Sweden to Italy to Russia in French is Flora Leroy-Forgeot, Historire juridique de l'homosexualité en Europe, 1997. See also *Peter Tatchell, Europe in the Pink, London, 1992. Compare *Law - International. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality: see "Law (Major traditions in the west)". Bibliogrphies. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 287-88. Gay Histories and Cultures : see "European Commission of Human Rights". French law applies in France and its overseas colonies; parts of Canada were formerly under French control. Records exist from ca. 1260. French laws were under the control of the *Catholic Church initially from the time French was spoken in France (ca. 1000). Male homosexual acts were legalized under the *Code Napoléon in 1791 but laws still remained and remain for offences against minors (see Jacques d'Adelsward Fersen). A huge number of sodomy cases has come to light: see Courouve's article below and Dr Ludovico Hernandez, Les procès de sodomie aux xvie, xviie et xviiie siecles, Paris, 1920 (Dr Ludovico Hernandez is the pseudonym of Fernand Fleuret and *Louis Perceau authors of a catalogue of the *Enfer, the pseudonym being disclosed on p. 423 of *Maurice Lever, Les buchers de sodome, 1985). French law applied in French Canada from 1604 until federation in 1867. In 1942 homosexuality became illegal in France under the Petain government (until 1945). In 1985 discrimination on homosexual grounds became illegal. See also *Censorship - French. D. Borrillo, Homosexualités et Droit, 1999, is a recent study. The * Spartacus Gay Guide gives the most recent information. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionnaire Gay: see "Legislation". Other References. Arcadie no. 96 (December 1961), 618-27: history of the French legislation by *Marc Daniel (pseud.); no. 97 (January 1962), 10-27 (continuation of preceding). SecondILGA Pink Book. Gay Books Bulletin vol. 1 no. 1 (Spring 1979), 22: list of sodomy trials from 1317 by Claude Courouve; no. 12 (Spring 1985), 9-10: regarding the 1791 Law Reform in France by Claude Courouve. Goodich, The Unmentionable Vice, 77-79: re early French laws from 1260. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 683-84. Laws relating to German speaking peoples relate to the separate countries of German, Austria and Switzerland. Laws date from ca. 1300. Germany. Early Germanic tribes it seems, as with Norse practices, stigmatized passive male homosexuality only (though there is some doubt on this point). Roman law formerly applied in Germany under the Romans who conquered parts of Germany. The introduction of *Christian Law saw the introduction of the *Catholic Church's stigmatizion of homosexual sex. From the *Renaissance, all German civil law was centred on that of individual cities and homosexuality was stigmatized in some cities (e.g. from 1507 in Bamberg). With the rise of the German states - such as Prussia and Bavaria - law became state centred. Bavaria legalized male homosexuality in 1813 - following its legalization in France in 1791 under the Code Napoléon - but it remained illegal in Prussia; it was legal in three other states. The unification of Germany in 1872 criminalized male homosexuality throughout Germany and the Prussian code became the basis for German law (mutual masturbation was never illegal however). German law applied in overseas German colonies - e.g., in Africa and New Guinea - to 1918. Attempts were made from 1896 by the Scientific-Humanitarian Committee headed by *Magnus Hirschfeld to repeal Paragraph 175 (the offending law - which, however, only criminalized anal sex)) but these were unsuccessful and the law remained on the statutes through the *Nazi period 1933-45. The Nazi period was especially grim with homosexuals being imprisoned, forced to wear pink triangles and killed in concentration camps. In the Nazi period the law was even tightened to include homosexual inclination. Paragraph 175, which prohibited anal sex, was only repealed in West Germany in 1969 for males over eighteen (in East Germany homosexuality was legalized in the law code under Article 151, for males over eighteen, in 1953). In 1935 the Nazis added paragraph 175a which criminalized ten possible acts including a kiss, an embrace and even homosexual fantasies (see Ed Jackson and *Stan Persky, Flaunting It: A Decade of Journalism from the Body Politic, Vancouver, 1982, p. 87). The * Spartacus Gay Guide gives the most recent information. References. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen vol. 7 part 1 (1905), 1-67: re the Prussian law in 1851. There was continuing discussion of the efforts to abolish Paragraph 175 in * Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen until the final issues. Goodich, The Unmentionable Vice, 73-75. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 687-89: "Law, Germanic"; 692 - re municipal laws; 944-45: "Paragraph 175"; 996-97: "Pink Triangle"; 1198-99. Austria, Switzerland. Austria. Male homosexual acts are legal over eighteen. Paragraph 220 makes it an offence to publicly advocate homosexuality. The * Spartacus Gay Guide gives the most recent information. Switzerland. Mayne, The Intersexes, pp. 68-68, states that male homosexual acts were punished (in 1908) in the German speaking cantons (which are in the north) but not in French (in the south west), and that the legal situation depends on the canton. For this period see also Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 18 (1918), 18-23. The entry *Law-Switzerland has a discussion of the complex legal situation in the country overall (the country has four official languages and a legal system derived in places from three countries, Germany, France and Italy). The laws regarding homosexuality in the German cantons appear to have been based on laws in neighboring Germany. Bavaria is to the north. The present situation in Switzerland is that male homosexuality is legal for men over twenty; cantonal law was replaced by federal law in 1938. See also Peter Schmutz, Die Unzuchtsparagraphen 191 und 194 im Schwiez, Basel, 1980, 57 pp. (copy seen: *Library of Congress). A recent book on Basel's gay history of the twentieth century for a 1988 exhibition titled Männergeschichten: Schwule in basel 1930-1980, 1988, has been reputedly banned from sale. The journal * Der Kreis was able to operate freely in Switzerland from the 1930s to 1967. Greek law through the ages has been valid not only in Greece but in Turkey, southern Italy and Egypt, parts of which were under Greek control at various times in history; in ancient times Greek civilization even extended to the French riviera (to Marseilles). Known laws dealing with homosexuality date from 450 B.C. in Athens. In ancient Greece and Turkey laws differed from city to city (they also extended to the overseas colonies of the various cities in Asia, Africa and Italy). In Athens, after *Solon, only a single law referring to physical homosexuality is known, used to prosecute Timarchus discussed by *Sir Kenneth Dover (see also "Aeschines" in Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity): this law forbade freemen to prostitute themselves. While *Socrates in ancient Athens was prosecuted for corrupting youth, the details are not known; he committed suicide by swallowing hemlock and may be seen as one of the first gay victims of unjust laws, or at least in his case mores, against homosexuals. There seem to have been no laws on *censorship to inhibit the writing of poetry in ancient Greek (though poetry was largely sung and circulated only in a limited way in manuscript form, so large scale censorship was not necessary to restrict it); nevertheless ancient Greek homopoetry is not noticeably erotic. Byzantine laws powerfully inhibited the writing of gay poetry: see the entry "Homosexuality" in Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Following the railing of Saint John Crysostom (ca. 347-405) the first statutes against homosexuality were introduced by the Emperor in 342 and 390 and further ones by Justinian (483-565) in Novels 77 and 141 in 538-39 and 559 (involving the posssibility of a death sentence). Justinian's laws were based on the law of Theodosius following sanctions by the Church (which preceded Justinian's statutes). Ecclesiastical punishments remain in force to this day in the Orthodox Churches but were always less severe and never involved the death penalty, perhaps because of the extent of homosexuality in monasteries and amongst the clergy. A tax on male prostitutes in *Istanbul was only abolished in the sixth century. Under the Turks (1453-1828) *Islamic law was introduced in Turkey and Greece: this did, however, allow for the possibility of homosexual relations between Christians and Moslems since, under Islamic law, anal sex was only forbidden between adult Moslem males (see *Law - Islamic). Because of the legal situation from Constantine on, very little homopoetry seems to have been written in Greek and very few *Byzantine poets are known; certainly very few poems have come to light from the sixth century to *Cavafy (and Cavafy lived in Egypt and did not publish many poems during his lifetime). Male homosexuality is legal in Greece and the country follows the *Code Napoléon; but the powerful Greek Orthodox Church still has repressive measures for its bishops and monks who are expected to be celibate. Church law applies in overseas countries with large Greek populations e.g., Australia which has a large Greek emigrant population. See also *Law - Christian, *Censorship - Greek. The *Spartacus Gay Guide gives the most recent information References. Histoire de l'amour grec, 158-68, 281-91. Bailey, Homosexuality and the Western Christian Tradition, 64-81. Bullough, Sexual Variance, 332-36: excellent summary for the period 300-900 A.D. Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance and Homosexuality, 169-74. Dover, Greek Homosexuality, 13-15 and Chapter 2, 19-109: discusses the famous case of Timarchus in ancient Athens (450 B.C.). Lilja, Homosexuality in Republican and Augustan Rome, 102-05. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 1, 146. Encyclopedia Britannica: "Justinian, Code of"; see also "Greek Law" in Macropedia (only dealing with ancient Greece). Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 180-83: "Byzantine Empire" (discusses laws). Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium : "Homosexuality" - discussion of the *Byzantine situation. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 100-101 : laws of Justinian. Law in relation to homosexuality in Hebrew comes from Israel and dates from before 200 B.C. Hebrew is now the main spoken language in Israel following Jewish resettlement from the late nineteenth century. The critical passsage with regard to homosexuality is in the Old Testament (in Hebrew, *Tanach), in Leviticus, 18: 22, which passage prohibits anal sex - *sodomy - between men: "Man shall not lie with man, as with woman... It is an abomination." See *Sodom and Gomorrah for the origins of this law. There are now various schools of Judaism. In conservative Judaic temples, Jewish law is aimed at procreation (thus increasing the number of believers and enlarging the faith); however Liberal *Judaism is more relaxed. A strict interpretation of the phrase "man shall not lie with man" means that technically such a thing can take place standing up. In addition, only anal sex was prohibited; other male homosexual activities such as *fellatio, *kissing and *mutual masturbation were not outlawed. The existence of male *prostitution in the Temple before 586 B.C. (the prostitutes apparently had sex with both males and females) means that the law has not always been negative in Judaism. Liberal Judaism does not take a literal view of the Sodom story and there are even gay Jewish temples in the United States in *Los Angeles and *New York. The laws in all the countries in which Jews lived and live (e. g. Spain, eastern Europe, Australia) are relevant. There are now more Jews in the United States than in Israel. The *Spartacus Gay Guide gives the most recent information on Israel and also other countries. Israel civil law does not condemn male homosexuality and sodomy was decriminalized in civil law in 1988. References. Encyclopedia Judaica: the article "Homosexuality" deals with the law. *Norman Roth, "'Deal Gently with the Young Man': Love of Boys in Medieval Hebrew Poetry of Spain", Speculum 57 (1982), 23-24. Laws relating to Hungarian apply in Hungary and records are in existence from at least 1852. Since Hungary is a Catholic country, see *Law - Christian for earlier laws. Mayne, The Intersexes, p. 67, states the law offered punishment of one to five years imprisonment from 1852. The IGA Pink Book 1985 states homosexual sex is legal but the atmosphere is oppressive. The *Spartacus Gay Guide gives the most recent information. Law - Indian subcontinent languages The legal situation in *Indian languages (the languages of the Indian subcontinent which include Sanskrit, Hindi, Urdu, Bengali and Tamil) has varied enormously over time depending on the rulers. The area has been much invaded. Material dates from ca. 400. India. The Second ILGA Pink Book states that male homosexual sex is illegal under section 377 of the constitution, which prohibits "carnal intercourse against the order of nature" but in 1983 the Supreme Court reduced the penalty in a case and said such cases should be treated more liberally. The present law is based on British law: see *Law - English. Homosexuality is thus de facto almost legal. *Hinduism is the dominant religion. Gay groups exist - e g., in Bombay. Only major languages are included. Over its long history many legal systems have prevailed in the Indian subcontinent, e.g., from 1250 when the Persian invasions began, *Islamic law was dominant. In relation to homosexuality, laws established by various rulers (depending on their religion) are relevant. Hindi. Bengali. Tamil are all languages where the dominant religion is Hinduism. For Hinduism, The Laws ofManu, dating conservatively from 400, provided that if a man had sex with a man he should bathe in water in his clothes to purify himself (see Chapter 11, verse 175 in The Laws of Mani, in the translation of Georg Buhler, New York, 1969, p. 466, and in the trans. by Brian K. Smith, 1991, p. 268). Hindu law was thus very lenient on homosexuality. Hindu laws are applicable in other *Indian languages (the 15 official languages of India). Urdu: see *Law - Islamic. There are many minority tribal cultures in India (about 200 languages at least) which follow their own laws. The * Spartacus Gay Guide gives the most recent information. Pakistan. Urdu is the spoken language and the religion is Islam: see *Law - Islamic. The * Spartacus Gay Guide gives the most recent information. Bangladesh. Bengali is the spoken language and the religion is Islam. The * Spartacus Gay Guide gives the most recent information International law formally came into being following the signing of the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights after the end of World War II in 1948. However the overseas colonization of large parts of the world by European nations like Britain, France, Germany, Spain and Portugal, with the corresponding importation of the laws of the country, was a prior form of the internationalization of law. The Declaration of Human Rights was based on prior French and United States declarations of human rights. The United Nations International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights is directly descended from it. Under this covenant, which has been extensively signed by many nations, consenting homosexual acts may be legal (though there is no direct mention of homosexuality). *European law embodied in the treaties of the European Community also guarantees gay rights, as the Dudgeon Case from Northern Ireland showed (see *Law - English). International law is of major importance for gay rights, since inceased gay legitimacy through law reform is freeing gay poets to write openly of gay relationships and sexuality. Eric Heinze, Sexual Orientation: A Human Right: An essay on international human rights law, Dordecht and Boston, 1995, is a comprehensive survey. Tony Evans, Human Rights Fifty Years On, Manchester, 1999, surveys the situation fifty years after the signing of the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights. Countries as far away as Canada and Australia have ratified the International Covenant; in the Toonen case from Tasmania, Australia affirmed the right to privacy and homosexuality. Aart Hendriks, The Third Pink Book, New York, 1993, surveys gay rights worldwide; previous issues titled simply IGA Pink Book (1985) and Second ILGA Pink Book (1988), both published in Amsterdam, are relevant. Each gives an overview of gay rights around the world. The International Lesbian and Gay Association has a site on the internet which surveys the current gay legal situation. Barry Adam, The Global Emergence of Gay and Lesbian Politics, 1999, looks at gay and lesbian movements in countries from Canada to Brazil. Amnesty International's Crimes of Hate: Conspiracy of Silence, Torture and ill-treatment based on sexual identity (2001), 74 pages discusses gay and lesbian cases. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gay Histories and Cultures. Law in Arabic, Persian, Turkish, Urdu and other languages of *Islam in Saudi Arabia, Syria, Egypt, Turkey, Iran and Pakistan and other Islamic countries, especially of the middle east dates from 622. Homosexuality between adult Islamic males is condemned in the Islamic holy book, the * Koran (Sura 4, 16), but in practice *Islam is tolerant (four adult male witnesses are required and, if the act is proved and the participants repent, they are to be forgiven). Purdah - the custom of the separation of the sexes with women wearing veils - in many Islamic cultures has meant men cannot have contact with women until married. Dowries are required in many countries thus making marriage even more difficult - many men cannot afford to marry a woman until they are in their twenties. These factors have made homosexual contact more frequent. Secular laws apply as well: see *Law - Arabic, - Persian, - Turkish, - Urdu. See also * Liwat (sodomy). References. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 616-18: by *Maarten Schild. Schmitt, Sexuality and Eroticism Among Males in Moslem Societies, 131-49: very detailed overview. Murray, Islamic Homosexualities, 14-54 and 87-96: general discussion; for Spain see pages 142-157 (discussion of some poems) by *Louis Crompton. Italian law relates to Italy (there have been a couple of Italian overseas colonies). Early laws were city based as Italy was essentially a series of city states. *Florence, *Venice, Bologna and *Rome enacted anti-sodomy laws ca. 1350. Italian law emerged out of Christian laws: see *Law - Christian for details. *Catholicism has been the dominant religion. Italian is modern Latin and, prior to Christianity, *Roman laws were applicable: see *Law - Latin. The opening of the Venetian and Florentine archives in the late nineteenth centuries brought to light a huge number of sodomy cases. In 1889, following the unification of Italy, the law was changed and homosexuality was decriminalized on the model of the *Code Napoléon. The strong influence of the Catholic Church has ensured that Italy does not have anti-discrimination laws covering homosexuality as now exist in such *European countries as France. Italy is a signatory to the European Convention of Human Rights. The *Spartacus Gay Guide gives the most recent information. References. Goodich, The Unmentionable Vice, 79-86. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 689-92. Sodoma no. 5 (1993), 43-55: a 1550 trial of a homosexual libertine. See also Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 620-26: "Italy". Japanese laws occur only in Japan and date from ca. 8QQ. Male homosexual acts have not been mentioned in legislation. They are not mentioned in the present constitution though discrimination occurs in the workplace. All Japanese are expected to marry, hence homosexuals usually married (for example, 'Yukio Mishima); such marriages were normally arranged. Following American domination the adoption of so many United States' customs from 1868, when Japan was opened up to foreign trade, homosexuality was frowned upon in public discourse. The ' Spartacus Gay Guide gives the most recent information. References. Second ILGA Pink Book. Latin laws apply mainly in Italy where Latin was formerly spoken. However, the ancient *Roman empire, headquartered in *Rome, colonised Greece, north Africa and western Europe and Latin later became the administrative language of the *Catholic Church which had its headquarters in Rome and is now headquartered in a separate state, Vatican City. Laws survive from ca. 225 B.C. and ancient Roman law became the basis of modern laws in western Europe and for a time north Africa. Little is known about ancient *Roman laws of which only one is known: the Lex Scantinia (the date of 226 B.C. is uncertain). On this law see "Pederasty, Scantian Law and the Roman Army", Journal of Psychohistory, vol. 13 no. 4 (Spring 1986), 449-60. The exact nature of this law remains a mystery. On Roman law and homosexuality an exhaustive study is Danilo Dalla, "Ubi Venus Mutatur": omosessualita e diritto nel mondo romano (Milan, 1987). The Romans captured Greece in 146 B.C. and from this period to the *middle ages see *Law - Greek for surviving ancient laws (the capital of the Roman empire was moved to *Istanbul in 324). Most poetry in Latin from the middle ages to the *Renaissance was written under the Canon Law of the Catholic Church; in the middles ages church law punished homosexual behavior by imposing punitive religious observances under a system called the penetentials. Latin was the language of the Catholic Church, worldwide until the 1980s (see *Law - Christian). Generally this stopped the writing of all erotic homosexual poetry and certainly the publishing of it in an open way. The age of consent in *Vatican City is 12, an age which seems to go back to the middle ages where entry to monasteries occurred at this age (males even entered universities at 12 and gained degrees at 15); see Patricia Quinn, Better than the Sons of Kings: Boys and Monks in the early Middle Ages, 1989. References. Bailey, Homosexuality and the Western Christian Tradition, 64-81: Roman Law to the time of Justinian. Goodich, The Unmentionable Vice, 75-77. Lilja, Homosexuality in Republican and Augustan Rome, 106-21: mainly on the Lex Scantina. Herelle manuscript 3405: cites Jo. Strauch, De crimine Sodomiae, Jena, 1669, and L. Cloepius, De crimine sodomiae (both titles mean: The crime of sodomy), Jena, 1722, 22pp: apparently two theses on homosexuality and law in Latin. Laws in Norse and Norwegian in Iceland and Norway date from 1164. Old Norse and old Norwegian were formerly the one language. The first prescription against male homosexuality is recorded in the Old Norwegian Gulathingslog of 1164: see Kari Ellen Gade, "Homosexuality and Rape of Males in Old Norse Law and Literature", Scandinavian Studies, 58 (1986), 124-41. The law proscribed permanent outlawry for two men who enjoyed the pleasures of the flesh. See also *Thorkil Vanggaard. Iceland. Norse is the spoken language. See IGA Pink Book 1985, p. 148: male homosexuality today is legal but the social situation is oppressive. Norway. Norwegian is the spoken language (it is descended from ancient Norse). See IGA Pink Book 1985, pp. 159-60: male homosex is legal and the social situation is tolerant. The * Spartacus Gay Guide gives the most recent information on both Iceland and Norway. References. IGA Pink Book 1985, 59-63. Law - oral and tribal cultures Law in relation to oral and tribal cultures in Aranda and other *Australian Aboriginal languages from Australia, *Papua New Guinea languages such as Marind-Anim and *African languages such as Bantu from South Africa, date from at least ca. 1900. Tribal laws which relate to male initiation ceremonies are the major laws of concern here; however little work has been done on oral laws in most non-literate cultures. Taboos may ensure that oral poems dealing with *anal sex or *fellatio - which occur in initiation ceremonies in ritual songs, for instance, in New Guinea - are not openly talked about, since such ceremonis are sacred secret in many cultures. We may never know the words of many of these poems or songs because of tribal laws. See 'Overview entries for each of the language groups mentioned above for further details. African. For *Bantu languages see *Laubscher. Australian Aboriginal languages, initiation ceremonies are still carried out in some cultures in north and central Australia (where Aranda is the aboriginal language with the greatest number of speakers). Papua New Guinea. See initiation songs and the Papua New Guinea language (e.g. for Marind-Anim see initiation - Marind-Anim). See also *American Indian languages. References. Goodich, The Unmentionable Vice, 71-75. Laws relating to Persian gay poetry in Iran date from ca. 800. The Persian language is very ancient and many *Iranian languages which are very close to Persian are spoken in the surrounding countries. The religion of *Zoroaster is the earliest known religion but *Islam is now the major religion. The entry *Law - Islamic (from ca. 622) gives the basic legal situation in Iran. Islamic law has been strictly applied since 1979 and especially from 1982 with the adoption of an Islamic constitution with intense repression of homosexuals occurring (including even killings) . Prior to this, Tehran, the capital of Iran, had an open gay scene and homosexuality was tolerated, as the huge volume of homosexual poetry attests. Persian law extended formerly to areas surrounding Iran which were under Persian domination - such as Pakistan and India. Iran was invaded by the Arabs in the eighth century and later the Turks, all of whom followed Islamic law; the Mongols invaded Iran in the thirteenth century. The * Spartacus Gay Guide gives the most recent information. References. Schmitt, Sexuality and Eroticism Among Males in Moslem Societies, 135-37. Polish law applies in Poland. Poland is a *Catholic country and church law has applied (see *Law - Christian) from at least ca. 1600. Poland has been partitioned by various forces over the centuries so that the laws of various countries and religions have applied at different times. In 1932 the *Code Napoléon was adopted and male sexual acts became legal for males over fifteen; the law has remained the same until today. The influence of the Catholic Church - whose laws condemn homosexual acts - has been very extensive; until 1940 and the German invasion, the country had a large Jewish population. Under the Russian *Communist occupation of the country from 1945 to 1990, male homosexuality remained legal unlike in Russia. The * Spartacus Gay Guide gives the most recent information. References. IGA Pink Book 1985. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1012-13. Portuguese law applies in Portugal and Brazil (which was founded as a colony of Portugal); other colonies existed in Africa and in Asia e.g. Macao in southern China and East Timor. Laws date from ca. 1250. Portugal. The first legal document dates from the 13th century (see Gomes Viana below). The *Catholic Church has been the main source of anti-gay laws and the Inquisition functioned in Portugal from 1536 to 1821, though persecutions were not severe (the records of the Portuguese Inquisition both in Portugal and Brazil have been a major source of material on gays in both countries: see *Luiz Mott). *Arlindo Camillo Monteiro made the first survey of laws; *Asdrubal Antonio de D'Aguiar and Julio Gomes Viana have thoroughly covered the subject, studied in Portugal more than in most other cultures. Male homosexuality was legalized in 1852 following the *Code Napoléon. The * Spartacus Gay Guide gives the most recent information. References. IGA Pink Book 1985. Gomes Viana, O homosexualidade no mundo, Volume 2, 183: first legal document dates from the 13th century. Brazil. Four types of persons were forcefully sent overseas from Portugal to Brazil: one class was *sodomites. Homosexual acts are legal and have been since 1823, following independence in 1822 and the introduction of the *Code Napoléon. Brazil, presently a democracy, has suffered periods of oppression under dictatorship but in general has been tolerant of homosexuality along with the Brazilian saying that "there is no sin under the equator". However gays in Brazil have suffered severe oppression under periods of dictatorship. The situation in 1997 in Brazil was oppressive, e.g., 125 men were killed for being gay according to press reports. The *Spartacus Gay Guide gives the most recent information. References. IGA Pink Book 1985. See *Stephen W Foster, "Homosexuality and the Inquisition in Brazil 1591-92" in Gay Sunshine no. 38-39 (Winter 1979). Russian law applies in Russia and formerly, from 1917 to 1990, law originated in Russia extended to parts of the Soviet Union. Relevant laws date from 1706 in secular law, though *Christian laws, which were earlier, were applicable prior to this date. In 1706, male anal sex was first criminalized and in 1832 male-male anal sex was criminalized in a new code under Article 995. The penalty for adult male-male anal sex was lessened from resettlement in Siberia to three months imprisonment in 1903 by instigation the father of *Vladimir Nabokov. Male homosexual acts were legalized in December 1917 when the entire Criminal Code of the Russian Empire was abolished, following the abrogation of Tsarist laws after the Revolution. A new Soviet criminal code was promulgated in 1922 and amended in 1926. This prohibited sex with minors under the age of 16, male and female prostitution and pandering. Male homosexual acts were recriminalized in 1933 by Stalin, when, under article 121 the law proscribed up to five years hard labor for consensual sex and up to eight years for non-consensual sex or sex with a minor; it was made compulsory for all republics of the Soviet Union in 1934 (such as Georgia, and the Azerbaijan, Turkmen and Uzbek Republics). The law under article 121 was similar to the law in Nazi Germany which may have been modelled on it: see The Advocate 19 August, 1986, p. 46. A period of persecution of gays followed under Stalin, who died in 1953. From 1976 to 1980 the poet *Gennady Trifonov was imprisoned for writing gay poems (the poems had not been published, existing only in manuscript). Homosexual acts were decriminalized in Russia in the summer of 1993 by repeal of section 121 by Presidential decree of President Boris Yeltsin; all men jailed for homosexual offences (some thousands) were to be released. The * Spartacus Gay Guide gives the most recent information. References. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, vol. 5 part 2 (1903), 1159-1171: article on Russian law by Vladimir Nabokov (the father of *Vladimir Nabokov). Duberman, Hidden from History, 348-50 and 356-64. Spanish is spoken in Spain and in south and central America in countries which were former colonies of Spain. Legal records concerning male homosexuality date from ca. 650. Spain. Laws in Spain date from the Visigoths from ca. 650 though Spain was a province of the *Romans and their laws formerly applied (see *Law - Latin). Vitoriano Domingo Loren, Los homosexuales frente a la ley, Barcelona, 1985, discusses Spanish law in detail. Homosexuals were burnt at the stake from the Renaissance on and especially under the Inquisition (from 1478). The Inquisition was the institution used by the Catholic Church for enforcing its doctrines; see Raphael Carrasco, Inquisicion y repression sexual en Valencia, 1985 for cases in Valencia on the Mediterranean coast in eastern Spain 1565-1785. See also André Fernandex, "The Repression of Sexual Behavior by the Aragonese Inquisition between 1560 and 1700" Journal of the History of Sexuality, 1997, vol. 7 no. 4, 469-501. Male homosexual acts were legalized in Spain in 1822 following the Code Napoléon. They were recriminalized in 1970 under the dictator Franco (who ruled from 1936); they were legalized again in 1978 (except in the army) following his fall. The situation following the return to democracy after Franco's death in 1975 has been fairly relaxed. During the Civil War, there was persecution of homosexuals under the dictatorship (see *Garcia Lorca). Censorship in Spain has been severe and all gay writing was repressed from 1933 with Franco's rise until his downfall. The * Spartacus Gay Guide gives the most recent information. References. Goodich, The Unmentionable Vice, 73. IGA Pink Book 1985. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality : "Spain" (discusses law cases; gives a bibliography at the end). South America. Central American countries include Mexico, Cuba and Nicaragua. South American countries include Columbia, Venezuela, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, Argentina and Uruguay. See the IGA Pink Book 1985 for details in the various countries. Homosexual acts were legal in 1987 in almost all countries (except Chile where legalization only occurred in 1999). Legalization occurred mostly from the 1970s, though in Mexico homosexual acts were legal from the 1857 constitution modelled on the *Code Napoléon. Many countries have histories of persecution of homosexuals, especially under periods of military rule and dictatorship (e.g., in Argentina in the 1970s and 1980s). The situation in Argentina was very relaxed in 1997 (see report in The Guardiian Weekly, ca. October, 1997). The situation in Cuba is repressive but this is reputedly lessening. Censorship has varied from country to country and regime to regime. The *Spartacus Gay Guide gives the most recent information. Swedish is spoken in Sweden. Laws date back to the middles ages (ca. 1300) and the *Catholic church, though Sweden is now a Protestant country. Male homosexual acts are legal for males over the age of fifteen from 1978 and homosexuals are protected against discrimination in some areas. Sweden has not had laws against the selling of erotica for many years. See Second ILGA Pink Book, pp. 240-4. The *Spartacus Gay Guide gives the most recent information. Four languages are spoken in Switzerland: German, French, Italian and Romansch. Laws date from at least 1500. Xavier Mayne (see below) states that homosexuality was punished in 1908 in the German speaking cantons - which are in the north - but not in French - in the south west - and that the law depends on the canton. See also Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 18 (1918), 18-23. For the earlier situation in preceding centuries in French cantons see *Law - French and for German see *Law - German since language generally governed the type of law (cantons were influenced by the neighboring country). In Italian speaking Switzerland in the south east, the laws were Italian inspired: see *Law - *Italian. Parts of Switzerland are *Catholic and parts Protestant, so Christian laws apply: see *Law - Christian. The present situation in Switzerland is that male homosexuality is legal for men over twenty; cantonal law was replaced by federal law in 1938. Switzerland is not a signatory to many United Nations treaties despite housing many UN agencies so International laws do not apply. John Addington Symonds lived in exile in Switzerland in Davos Platz in south east Switzerland because of repressive British laws; *Elisar von Kupffer lived in Minusio in Italian speaking Switzerland for similar reasons and *Stefan George fled Germany with the rise of Hitler in 1933. The gay journal * Der Kreis was able to freely publish in Switzerland 1932-67. The * Spartacus Gay Guide gives the most recent information. References. Mayne, The Intersexes, 68-68. Turkish is spoken in Turkey and has been since at least 1320. Homosexual acts are not mentioned in the civil law. There is no anti-discrimination legislation and discrimination has been reported. See *Law - Islamic since Islam is the dominant religion (though the Turks were originally *Buddhist before emigrating from east Asia in the twelfth century). The * Spartacus Gay Guide gives the most recent information. References. IGA Pink Book 1985. Second ILGA Pink Book: see "Turkey". Urdu is spoken in Pakistan where *Islam is the dominant religion and also by Moslems in India. Laws date from at least 1650. Male homosexuality is legal in Pakistan but illegal in India under civil law. See *Law - Islamic as Islamic law applies even though Pakistan has a civil constitution. See *Law - Indian languages for the civil law in India. The * Spartacus Gay Guide gives the most recent information. References. IGA Pink Book 1985. Pseudonym of a poet from Great Britain writing in English. 1873-1928. Pseudonym of *J. F. Bloxam. He also published a piece in * The Chameleon under this pseudonym. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reade, Sexual Heretics, 349: poem "A Summer Hour" from *The Artist, October, 1894 (new style) and written August 1894 - a clear homosexual poem based on the trope of *Eros: "Love tarried for a moment on his way,/ Against my cheek his curly head he lay." Poet, novelist and critic from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1885-1930. Famous as a novelist, Lawrence's novels were plagued with censorship problems due to their explicit depiction of sex, especially Lady Chatterley's Lover (not published in Great Britain until 1960 in the full text). He was considerably influenced by *Edward Carpenter who came from the north of England where Lawrence was brought up; see Emile Delavenay, D. H. Lawrence and Edward Carpenter, London, 1971. His poems show the strong influence of *Whitman in their use of *free verse and some poems reveal fascination with homosexuality and the male body (as do scenes in the novels, as extracted in Eros: An Anthology of Friendship cited below). Lawrence was a sexual prophet preaching sexual freedom: in his essay "What Matters" he states "What matters is what we thrill to." Poems of relevance. See "Bawdy Can Be Sane" ("Even sodomy can be sane and wholesome/ granted there is an exchange of feeling") and "Virgin Youth". Lawrence fought against censorship in his works and his volume of poems Pansies, 1929, was banned for its use of four letter words; in this volume see "The Noble Englishman" (states "like most Englishmman,/ by instinct he's a sodomist"). Text of his poems: Complete Poems, 3 volumes, London, 1957. Jeffrey Meyers in "D. H. Lawrence and Homosexuality", in the collection edited by Stephen Spender, D. H. Lawrence: Novelist, Poet, Prophet, London, 1973, pp. 135-46, is a basic discussion of homosexuality in the life and works of the writer. Lawrence seems to have had a homosexual liaison with a farmer, William Henry Hocking, when he lived in Cornwall in England in 1917: see Brenda Maddox, The Married Man: A Life of D. H. Lawrence (London, 1994), pp. 243-44 and 316; Frieda Lawrence admitted this and stated (p. 244) "I think the homosexuality in him was a short phase out of misery - I fought him and won." On this episode and homosexuality in the novels, homosexual influences on Lawrence and homosexual friends, see Jeffrey Meyers, D. H. Lawrence (New York, 1990), pp. 207-221; Lawrence states to Katherine Mansfield, p. 210, that he believes passionately in male friendship of the *David and Jonathan type "But I have never met or formed such a friendship". Two works touch on his relationship with William Hocking: the short story "Goats and Compasses" (destroyed by Lawrence) and the suppressed Prologue to Women in Love (published finally in 1963) - see p. 215. Lawrence was strongly and perhaps physically attracted to John Middleton Murry, the husband of Katherine Mansfield (who had lesbian experiences) but the attraction was not returned (see pp 217-19). His novel Aaron's Rod (1922) is set in Florence and modelled on *Plato's dialogues. One of the characters, James Argyle, is based on *Norman Douglas: see Chapter 17, "Nel Paradiso" (considered a Tine example of Lawrence's imitative ear for capturing characters); in this work also, Reggie Turner, a friend of *Wilde's, was the model for Algy Constance. *Sigmund Freud greatly influenced D. H. Lawrence: see the autobiographical novel Sons and Lovers, 1913 - based on his relationship with his mother - regarding the *Oedipus complex. Lawrence was aware of Freud from very early, read him in German and discussed him with his German wife Frieda: see Harry T. Moore, The Priest of Love, 1974 (revised edition of his biography The Intelligent Heart), p. 145 (this states Frieda's first male companion Dr. Otto Gross was a disciple of Freud), pp. 164, 181. Lawrence wrote a play called David on *David and Jonathan. Classic Studies in American Literature, 1923, his critical study of American literature, has Freudian undertones; it includes a section on Walt Whitman in which Lawrence wrote "Woman is inadequate for the last merging. So the next step is the merging of man-for-man love." There seems to be a considerable element of verbal flirting with homosexuality in Lawrence's writing. Like *Milton, he wrote a famous essay on censorship, "Pornography and Censorship", defending the right to write freely ("What is pornography to one man is the laughter of genius to another.") *Giuseppe Orioli in Adventures of a Bookseller, New York, 1938 states: "Lawrence was a homosexual gone wrong; repressed in childhood by a puritan environment. That is the key to his life and his writings" (p. 234). Richard Aldington in Harry T. Moore's biography, The Priest of Love (1974), p. 62, stated to the author, Harry T. Moore, in 1960 in a letter, Lawrence was 85% heterosexual and 15% homosexual in his view. Lawrence's sexuality is discussion candidly in the biography of John Worthen, D. H. Lawrence: The Early Years 1885-1912(Cambridge, 1991). *Witter Bynner was an American homosexual friend of Lawrence who appears in the novel The Plumed Serpent (1926). Criticism: see Peter Balbert, D. H. Lawrence and the *Phallic Imagination, 1990. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 698-99. Howes, Broadcasting It. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10805: Complete Poems, London: Heinemann, 1957. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2253: same book. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 11, 345-360: prose extracts from the novels The White Peacock (1911) and Women in Love. Poems of Love and Liberation, 58: from "The Schoolmaster". Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 36679: prologue to Women in Love. Criticism. Woods, Articulate Flesh: Male Homo-eroticism and Modern Poetry, 125-39: a brilliant reading of his poetry. Poet, anthologist, letter writer and prose writer from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1888-1935. A famous British adventurer known as Lawrence of Arabia who worked amongst the Arabs in Syria and Palestine on behalf of the British in World War I; he afterwards lived on his own at his house, Clouds Hill, in southern England having achieved great fame in the English language press, which Lowell Thomas's book With Lawrence in Arabia, 1924, promoted. He is thought by some to have committed suicide when his motor *bike left the road and killed him; however, this may have been an accident. As a poet, he is remembered for the dedication poem to The Seven Pillars of Wisdom, 1926: "To S. A." His involvement with the Arabs was to draw them into the war against the Germans with the hope that they would be given independence after it (Syria and Israel were then under Turkish control and Turkey was a German ally; after the war at the T reaty of Versailles, Lawrence was disappointed at the treatment of the Arabic delegations). There is little doubt that Lawrence was homosexual all his life, however physical homosexuality has not been proven; he was certainly an extremely tortured individual. (The effect of *homophobia in his life - including internalized homophobia and especially when he was a famous public individual - needs to be considered.) The dedication of his most famous prose work, the autobiographical, The Seven Pillars of Wisdom, based on his experiences in the middle east and first privately published 1926, seems to indicate homosexuality (as do passages in the work - see the references in Richard Aldington below). The dedication poem in The Seven Pillars, "To S. A.", begins "I loved you" and appears to have been written to his Arab servant *Dahoum, born in 1896, who died of typhus in 1918 and was known as Sheik Ahmad (see Richard Aldington's biography below). The highly erotic poem, which was omitted from the popular edition of The Seven Pillars of Wisdom called Revolt in the Desert, is sufficient evidence of homosexuality if addressed to a man and its publishing a daring act (though the sex of the addressee could not be identified by the text alone; even so erotic poems were not conventionally written to women in the Middle East at the time). Lawrence, who spoke Arabic, and was especially interested in poetry, was probably aware of homosexual traditions in Arabic poetry. The Seven Pillars of Wisdom was translated into French by Charles Mauron (1941) German by Dagobert von Mikusch (1941) and Polish bv Jerzy Schwakopf (1971); whether these editions include the translation of the poem is not known. Lawrence writes of being *raped while a *prisoner in The Seven Pillars of Wisdom in Chapter 80 but the passage has suggestions of enjoyment and *masochism. (This work has been banned in various countries as has also The Mint, 1936, a private diary and Lawrence's picture of the all male world of the British army in which he enlisted after he returned to Great Britain.) Lawrence compiled the poetry anthology Minorities, edited by J. M. Wilson, London, 1971, which includes many *non gender specific love poems. This work, which is a collection of his favorite poems, displays an intense love and appreciation of poetry. In later life, Lawrence is known to have indulged in *flagellation and to have had men whip him. Biography. *Richard Aldington (1955) was the first work to address the question of his homosexuality (see the Aldington entry for discussion of homosexuality); *Montgomery Hyde also wrote a biography (with an excellent biblliography to 1977). There are many other biographical works - around twenty; for example by Jeffrey Meyers. Letters. The Bodleian Library, *Oxford University, has a considerable number of letters placed under restriction until 2000. Frank letters to Charlotte Shaw, the wife of *George Bernard Shaw, appear to have been destroyed. The Letters, edited by David Garnett, London, 1938 (repr. 1964), is a good selection of what is available. Diary. The Diary kept by T. E. Lawrence while travelling in Arabia, 1911 (Reading, 1993) contains slight references to love of youths (e.g. see p. 6). See also *Eleanor Lerman. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionary of National Biography. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 718-22. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 699-700. Howes, Broadcasting It. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 1877: trans. of the Greek poet *Homer, The Odyssey (using the pseudonym T. E. Shaw); 2260-63: prose works including The Letters of T. E. Lawrence, London: Cape, 1938. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amour bleu, 243-46,184. Fra mann til mann, 34: "Til S. A.". Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 291-92; poem: "To S. A." Les Amours masculines, 358-60. Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 184: poem "To S. A."; biog., 237-38. Drobci stekla v ustih, 32: "To S. A." Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 149: "To S. A." Art of Gay Love, 46: "To S. A.". Poems of Love and Liberation, 43: "A Photograph from Carcemish". Lawson, Henry A short story writer who wrote a large amount of poetry; his reputation is highly contentious, some - such writers as the Australian historian Manning Clark for instance - contending he was a major writer, others that he was minor figure in Australian English language literature. In his biography of Lawson, Out of Eden, Sydney, 1984, pp. 124-27, the author Xavier Pons, an academic at the University of Toulouse-Le Terail, France, states he had "homosexual leanings" (p. 124) but was "much too inhibited in such matters to have indulged his leanings"(pp. 124-25). No reasons are given for these statements. Involved with the *mateship concept, many poems of his show this theme, e.g., "Andy's Gone with Cattle". He was a close friend of *J. Le Gay Brereton and *E. J. Brady. A famous photograph of Lawson and Brereton, ca. 1895, suggests the closeness of their affectional relationship. Biography: Colin Roderick, Henry Lawson: A Life, Sydney, 1991. The text of his poems edited by Colin Roderick is highly unreliable. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1971. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10807: Patriotic Poems of Amerika, San Francisco: Peace and Pieces Books, 1971, 63 pp. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2264: The 69 Days of Easter, San Francisco: Peace and Pieces Foundation, 1977. Poem in Russian from Russia. Ca. 1200. The earliest known Russian *byliny or *heroic poem. Set in Kievan Russia, it depicts a world of strong *male bonding and was only published in 1800; there was initially some doubt as to its authenticity since the manuscript was burnt in a fire. It is now accepted as genuine, following the brilliant edition of *Roman Jakobson, proving the language was from the thirteenth century. Translation. Modern Russian (1981) by Dmitry Likachov and English by Irina Petrova, Moscow, 1981 - in the latter, see also illustrations and especially the frontispiece (note the knight standing behind another with two hands on his shoulder which could suggest anal sex; illustrator not known, possibly listed in Russian p. 124); English: *Vladimir Nabokov (1960; includes a critical commentary), Serge A. Zenkovsky (New York, 1974; in Medieval Russia's Epics, chronicles and tales, pp.167-92). Text: see *Roman Jakobson. References. Terras, Handbook of Russian Literature. Poem in Javanese from Indonesia. Before 1900. See the description of Jaya Prana in The Lay of Jaya Prana, edited C. Hooykaas, 1958, p. 36 and footnote 9g on this page: a homoerotic description of a beautiful man (Professor Worsley, University of Sydney to me, 1993; the author is grateful to Professor Worsley for directing him to this poem). Poet and editor from Australia who wrote in English. Ca. 1930-ca. 1989. See "Polymorphously perverse" in D. Laycock, editor, The Best Bawdry, Sydney, 1982, pp. 205-07: the poem espouses the point of view "it's nobody's business what you do in bed" (including having "been a bugger"). The author states, p. 205: "I wrote it on the way to work..." when typing up the other poems for the anthology (therefore dating it ca. 1981) and it refers to practises which "I do not practice". He was a noted collector of *bawdry and the foremost authority on Australian bawdry at his death. His anthology The Best Bawdry includes British, United States and Australian work with many poems referring to homosexuality: e.g., "Tight as a drum" (p. 46), "The Good Ship Venus" (pp. 108-13); there is a bibliography of sources pp. 7-10. Unfortunately, this work does not list the sources of individual songs or cite variant versions and the author states, p. 5, "I have used composite versions". A bibliography is being compiled by Lois Carrington, Australian National University, Canberra. Unpublished poetry manuscript material exists (Lois Carrington, Australian National University, to the author). Compare *Ed Cray. He married. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Born 1730. Author of The Rod, Oxford, 1754, 45 pp. This is the first poem in English dealing with flogging by school-masters and *sado-masochism; it has homosexual undertones and is the beginning of a long line of works dealing with *flagellation. The poem traces flogging to King Alfred and purports to be a satire and a plea against it, but shows some morbidity in its treatment of the subject. The work certainly exhibits great interest in flogging. The poem is in *heroic couplets. Compare *The Rodiad. The title page states Layng is a fellow of New College, *Oxford. Poet from Mexico writing in Spanish. Born 1879 - died after 1938. See the entry "*César Moro" in Encyclopedia of Latin American Literature, 569: stated to be homosexual. Poet from France who wrote in French. 1638-1662. On Le Petit see Claudio Guillen, The Anatomies of Roguery, 1987, pp. 192-94. He wrote two satirical poems, "Paris Ridicule" and "Madrid Ridicule" published in his Le Bordel des Muses, Leiden, 1663. Not in Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Les Amours masculines, 140-41: a *sonnet on his homosexual friend Chausson (on Chausson see Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 387 - this states Le Petit made a living as a homosexual pimp to the nobility, was a friend of Chausson and was burnt as a sodomite for satirizing the moral deviations of the Jesuits and wrote a poem on *Paris); 410: poem about Chausson. Pour tout l'amour des hommes, 87: same poem. Leadbeater, Charles Webster, Bishop Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English; he also lived in India and Australia. 1847-1934. Leadbeater was a Bishop in the Liberal Catholic Church and a *Theosophist from 1883 (under the influence of Helene Blavatsky and Annie Besant). He was strongly influenced by *Buddhism. He was several times accused of teaching and perhaps aiding boys to masturbate in the United States and in Australia (where he lived from 1914 and founded the Liberal Catholic Church in 1916). His teachings are a link between Indian sexual teachings and western ones and he hailed the strikingly handsome *Krishnamurti as the new Messiah, though lost custody of him due to a morals charge in an Indian court. He was presiding Bishop of the Liberal Catholic Church in Australia (a church which had and has a strong gay following) after Bishop *Wedgwood. He composed *hymns: see the Index of the church hymn book, The St. Alban Hymnal, Sydney, 1928, hymns 574-75. He also wrote a Mass, which is poetic. His book The Chakras, Madras and London, ca. 1930, show him to have been interested in esoteric Indian philosophies. Biography: see *Gregory Tillett, The Elder Brother, London, 1982 - see in the Index under Leadbeater, "sexual charges against". Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 700-02. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Translator from Greek to English and apparently Persian to English from Great Britain. 1852-1927. He translated from the Greek *Homer's Iliad with *Andrew Lang and *Ernest Myers (see the *Andrew Lang entry for details) and also Little Poems from the Greek, 1922 (from the * Palatine Anthology.) Autobiography: see Some Chapters from the Autobiography, with a memoir by Charlotte M. Leaf, 1932. He appears to have been a banker, having written books on banking (see his entry in the * British Library General Catalogue). Persian: Versions from *Hafiz, London: Grant Richards, 1898, 76 pp. (these may have been translated from French translations). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 16-19. Poet from Portugal writing in Portuguese. 1886-1964. His famous pamphlet Sodoma divinisada (Sodomy deified), 1923, exalts homosexuality as a manifestation of virility and is about an article by Alvaro Maia criticizing another article by *Fernando Pessoa on *Antonio Botto. He was a Portuguese *modernist poet who was a friend of Pessoa and *Sa Carneiro and who collaborated with them on the journal *Orpheu. Poems are believed to have been written in French. See also the article on Pessoa by R. W. Howes in British Library Journal (1983), 161-70. Biography: see his entry in Quem e quem na literatura portuguesa by Antonio Manuel Machado, 1979, p. 176. Criticism. Gay Books Bulletin vol. 1 no. 2 (Summer 1979), 21: re his pamphlet Sodoma divinisada, 1923. Poet and letter writer from Great Britain who wrote in English; he also lived in Italy. 1812-1888. A lifetime bachelor, Edward Lear has been suspected of being homosexual but this has not been adequately discussed in biographies so far. He may have been asexual. He is most famous for the somewhat *camp The Book of Nonsense (1846) which consists of literary *limericks, though none concern homosexuality (oral limericks which the book inspired, by contrast, frequently mentioned homosexuality). A limerick (beginning "There as a young man") in which God and sod are used as rhymes is believed to have been written. Many of his papers were destroyed after his death. See also the narrative poem "The Two Old Bachelors". He travelled extensively in Mediterranean lands and in 1871 settled in San Remo, Italy. He suffered from epilepsy and was also a painter. Letters: see Selected Letters, edited by Vivian Noakes, 1990. Biography. Vivian Noakes' biography of 1988 argues that repressed homosexuality was at the heart of Lear's defensive screen. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 702. Editor from the United States of works in English. Born 1965. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2267 (with *Robert Kelly: see his entry). Trope in English from Australia and Great Britain, German in Germany, Danish from Denmark and Portuguese from Brazil from 1833. The association of homosexuality with leather fetishism has been associated with all large English-speaking cities since at least the *gay liberation period; contrast *effeminacy (an earlier gay role) and compare *cowboys (cowboys wore leather clothes and shoes). In the period from 1969, *gay bars associated with leather have appeared in major cities such as *Berlin, *London, *New York, *San Francisco and *Sydney. There is a leather museum in Chicago called the Leather Archives and Museum. See also *Bikies and motor cyclists, *Cock leashing, *Cowboys (who frequently wear leather). Poets writing in English: see *Kirby Congdon, *Thom Gunn, *James Holmes, *Ralph Pomeroy, *Francis MacNamara (active 1833), *Bob Buckley, *Larry Townsend. See also the entries *Flagellation (use of leather whips) and *Sado-Masochism, as the wearing of leather is associated with S/M. German: see *Detlev Meyer. Danish. *Uffe Bj0rn Hansen. Portuguese. *Glauco Mattoso (pseud.) Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Leathermen". Critic from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1895-1978. F. R. Leavis was an enormously influential *Cambridge English critic whose approach to literature "superceded the historical and narrative type of literary history favoured by Emile Legouis, Oliver Elton, and Saintsbury" ( Oxford Companion to English Literature entry). He was opposed to the *Bloomsbury group and the poetry of *W. H. Auden, *Stephen Spender and *Roy Campbell and a powerful moralist who strongly opposed *Marxism; his highly influential journal Scrutiny (1932-53) promulgated his views. In New Bearings in English Poetry (1932) he attacked *Tennyson, *Swinburne and the *Georgians and elevated *T. S. Eliot, *Ezra Pound and *G. M. Hopkins. Leavis introduced a new seriousness to English studies and criticism, forcing people to justify their taste. His dislike of Auden and Spender may show a possible *homophobic element in his character. He was not anti-sexual, promoting *D. H. Lawrence as a great British novelist. See also *Martin Green. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionary of National Biography. A-Z Guide to Modern Literary and Cultural Theorists. Poet and critic from Germany who wrote in German. Born 1865. Author of Der deutsch *Minnesang, 189S, on medieval German 'troubadours. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 76: poems "An Sokrates (Da er bei Charmides saß", "Hymne, "Messias" [no other details] and the book Gott im Feuer. Novellen und Gedichte; several prose works listed; reference to '"Anakreon" in Bergsonnenschein. Marchen von F. L., Berlin, 19Q2. Pseudonym of a poet and critic from Poland who wrote in Polish; he later lived in the United States. 1889-1956. His real name was Leszek Jozef Serafimowicz. Active as a poet from the age of 13 his first book of poems was published in 1920. His diary was written in exile in *New York, 1949-56, where he emigrated after the beginning of World War Two, and became a sensation when published 1967-1973. As a critic he wrote on *Genet, *Gide and *Peyrefitte. A member of the Skamander group, he had a tormented personality and committed *suicide by jumping from a skyscraper in New York. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Criticism. Milosz, History of Polish Poetry, 397-98. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1013: stated to be homosexual. New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics, 958. Book designer and illustrator from Germany of works in German. 1865-died after 1910. The designer and a principal illustrator of the books of *Stefan George from ca. 1895. He was influenced by *Pre-Raphaelitism. He designed and illustrated George's journal * Blätter für die Kunst. In 1906 he designed a handsome Maximingedenkbuch, a book of poems by the *George Kreis on George's beloved *Maximin. Born in *Munich he worked at Bayreuth for the *Wagner Festival and later lived in *Berlin. His papers are in the Getty Museum, *Los Angeles. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Thieme, Becker, Allgemeines Lexikon der bildenden Künstler. Translator from Greek and Latin to French from France. 1818-1894. Author of Poèmes antiques (1852 repr.): a group of charming *Anacreontic translations. He translated the Greek poet *Theocritus into French in 1861 and the Latin poet *Horace in 1873. The leader of the Parnassians (1866-76), he was also a poet. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Poet from France writing in French. Active ca. 1940. See Leyland, Gay Sunshine Interviews, volume 2, p. 164: "his homosexuality was mixed up with drug addiction" (statement by *Edouard Roditi). He was a *surrealist. Not in Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Critic from the United States writing in English. 1880-1948. See Foster, "Beauty's Purple Flame: Some Minor American Gay Poets", Gay Books Bulletin no. 7 (1982), 18: cites his book The Poetry of *Woodberry, New York, 1918. On p.16 Foster quotes from this book saying there was "a whole row of Sicilians" in Woodberry's poems (for the meaning of this reference to Sicilian youths see *T. Wratislaw). This is one of the earliest criticisms of a United States poet in homosexual terms. Ledoux was a close friend and benefactor of the poet Edwin Arlington Robinson. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature; states his manuscripts are in the Library of Congress. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. 1891-1917. A soldier, he died in World War I. He is the author of three volumes of poems with the trope of *Pan. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography: unmarried. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 76: "A Little Boy in the Morning"; a poem on a *pedophile theme. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 137: a poem from an unpublished manuscript. Editor from Canada of works in English. Born 1939. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Canadian Literature. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2273: T. O. Now: The Young *Toronto Poets, Toronto: House of Anansi, 1968 - a collection containing the work of *Ian Young: see * Ian Young: a bibliography (1962-1980), item C1. Dennis Lee was the editor of this collection. Translator from Latin to English from Great Britain. Active before 1975. Fine translator of *Tibullus into English with Latin text and critical introduction titled Tibullus: Elegies, Cambridge, 1975. He published a translation of *Virgil's Eclogues, 1980, which is an excellent translation. He has also edited and translated *Persius: The Satires of Persius, 1987; with bibl., pp. 173-77. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1879-1954. Born in Dundee, he was an officer and prisoner in the First World War and later became an artist. Lee, Peter H. Author of two books of translations of Korean poems, into German titled Kranich am Meer: koreanische Gedichte, Munich, 1959, and into English Poems from Korea, London, 1974. The English anthology reveals considerable homoeroticism in many poets and poems. Born in Soeul in 1929, he studied in Germany and Oxford under *Maurice Bowra and was Professor of Korean in Hawaii. The Silence of Love: Twentieth-Century Korean Poetry, 1980, is a selection of translations of twentieth century Korean poets edited and partly translated by him. See also *Yi Hyang-Gum Biographer and critic from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1859-1926. His Life of Shakespeare (first published in 1898), new edition revised and enlarged 1915), is the most detailed life of Shakespeare in relation to his times ever written. In the 1915 edition, see the discussion of the sonnets pp. 152-176; he contends the sonnets were written to *Henry Wriothesley, Earl of Southampton (the Mr *W. H. of the dedication) and are not homosexual in a physical sense - see p. 205: he states "'Lover' and 'friend' were interchangeaable terms in Elizabethan English." He was the editor of the Dictionary of National Biography from 1891. Unmarried. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionary of National Biography. Poet from New Zealand writing in English. Born 1953. He is a jeweller/ painter/ printmaker born in Palmerston. Gay Poetry Anthologies. When Two Men Embrace, 34-36; biog., 49. Poet from the Netherlands who wrote in Dutch. 1905-1968. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Naar vriendscaap zulk een mateloos verlangen, 66-67: poems "Nacht "(1936) and "Johannes" (1940) from Het lied van den zwerver, Antwerp; De Jongh, 1936 and Wederkomst, Rijswijk: Helikon X-8, A. A. M Stols, 1940 (books cited pp. 11920). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 297: trans. into English of the preceding poems. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1855-1891. A *Uranian poet active from 1883-84. Echoes from Theocritus and Other Sonnets (1885) collected his earlier books. Educated at *Oxford, he became a clergyman and seems to have led a tortured existence. His poetry was published by *Kains Jackson in * The Artist and Journal of Home Culture. For his life see Smith, Love in Earnest, pp. 71-73: life; bibl., 247. Criticism. An essay was written on his work by *J. A. Symonds: see Symonds's In the Key of Blue, London, 1893, pp. 87-110. Wilfred A. Gill, Edward Cracroft Lefroy, London, Bodley Head, 1897, 199 pp., is a biography with a selection of poems; the frontispiece a photograph of the poet. Bibliographies. Murray, Catalogue of Selected Books, item 37: Echoes of Theocritus and other Sonnets, 1885; "Most of these appeared in four little privately printed volumes in 1882-84". Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10662: John Gill, editor, Edward Cracroft Lefroy, his Life and Poems, London: John Lane, 1897; 10808-11: Cytisus and Galingale, Blackheath: H. Burnside, 1883, Echoes from Theocritus [:A Cycle of Sonnets], Blackheath: Burnside, 1883, Sketches and Studies, [and Other Sonnets], Blackheath: H. Burnside, 1884, Windows of the Church, [and Other Sonnets], Blackheath: H. Burnside, 1883. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 2283-87: same books plus Echoes from Theocritus and Other Sonnets, London: Elliot Stock, 1885. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 11, 47. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 243-44 (poems: "A Football Player", "A Palaestral Study"). Reade, Sexual Heretics, 157. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 73; biog.,119. Art of Gay Love, 36: "A Football Player". Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 291-92. Poet from the United States; he later lived in Australia. 1947-ca. 1985. Born and educated in the United States, he emigrated to Australia and worked at the University English from 1974. He published two books with Freemantle Arts Centre: The Same Old Story, Thin Borders, 1985, 83 pages (poems which are *non gender specific). He died of *Aids. While books do not contain openly gay poems. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Hurley, Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia. of Western Australia as a lecturer in 1982, 103 pages (short stories) and he is believed to have been gay, his Bibliographer from the United States who wrote in English. 1904-1994. Co-author of * Homosexuality: An Annotated Bibliography. He was one of the founders of One Inc., *Los Angeles, the first tertiary institute to teach homosexual studies, and he was the main figure involved in One after a split in the group. Don Slater (1924-1997) was the leader of the opposing faction and, under an agreement, Slater, who had seized the archives and removed them from the premises of One, was allowed to keep them. Dorr Legg and his group were allowed to make photocopies (the originals in Slater's possession are believed to have been stored in a damp basement and to have been found on Slater's death to have suffered severe damage). Dorr Legg was involved in One's court case to the Supreme Court which saw the right to send homosexual material through the US mails upheld (see *Censorship - English). He had a private filing system of 25,000 cards referring to homosexuality, the basis of the bibliography. He lived on the campus with his Korean partner, John Nojima, in a mansion given to One. A court case occurred with regard to the mansion; if One occupied the premises for seven years under California law they would own it. At one stage, with One facing eviction, he singlehandedly occupied the buildings with John Nojima throwing food over the fence to him. As a result, One succeeded in retaining the premises. The house was sold ca. 1995 when One merged with the international Gay and Lesbian Archives. The collection was moved to the new premises of *One/IGLA at the University of Southern California, *Los Angeles. He wrote a history of One Inc: Homophile Studies in Theory and Practice, Los Angeles, 1994, which was preceded by the earlier Homosexuals Today, 1956. Biography: The Advocate no. 203, November 17, 1976, 17. He used the pseudonym William Lambert. An obituary appears on the Internet site of One/IGLA by Jim Kepner. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Tyrkus, Gay and Lesbian Biography. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Leggere omosessuale: Bibliografia Bibliography in Italian from Italy. Turin: Edizioni Gruppo Abele, 1984, 112 pp. The first bibliography of gay material in Italian. It was compiled by *Giovanni dall'Orto and consists of references in books from 1800 to 1982 in five sections: Literature pp. 11-44, Poetry pp. 45-51 (all poets listed have entries in this encyclopedia), Gay Movement pp. 52-56, Saggistica (that is, psychiatry, sociology etc) pp. 57-78 and Art pp. 102-03; there is a list of contents pp. 107-08, an index of names pp. 100-101and an analytic index pp. 104-06. All entries are annotated critically giving an assessment of the author's work. Introduction pp. 5-8. The work is one of the most comprehensive bibliographies in any language. *Giovanni Dall'Orto has a computer list of additional entries found after the publication of the book with additional material on writers who are earlier than 1800 (this material was not published) and, as well, new writers discovered since the publication of the bibliography as well as additional material on those published. Sexologist, bibliographer and editor from the United States writing in English; he lived in France from the early 1950s. 1917-1999. The foremost United States sexual bibliographer and one of the great sexual scholars of his time in the field of oral literature. He died of a massive stroke in 1999. He lived near Nice in the south of France and has written his autobiography Peregrine Penis (to be limited to 12 copies); he admitted having homosexual relations with men in his youth to this author (information from a personal meeting with Gershon Legman 4 April, 1989). He was the nephew of *Friedrich Salomo Krauss (personal visit 4 April, 1989). He is the author of the finest bibliography of erotic folksongs and *ballads (mainly of material in *European languages from English to Russian with a few references to *Afro-Asiatic languages, Chinese and Japanese): "Erotic Folksongs and Ballads" in Journal of American Folklore, volume 103 (October-December, 1990), 417-501. This article is one of the highlights of erotic bibliography; homosexuality is not specifically noted. Also in Journal of American Folklore, volume 103, is his article " 'Unprintable' Folklore", pp. 259-300. The Horn Book: Studies in Erotic Folklore and Bibliography, New York, 1964 (repr. London 1970) collects many of his articles. Pages 9-45 discuss *H. S. Ashbee, pp. 71-130 "Great Collectors of Erotica", pp. 336-426 *"Bawdry *Song in English" and pp. 427-53 *"Limericks". Papers and articles published since then are largely uncollected. His great contribution to gay poetry is the publication and elucidation of oral United States material and so called *pornographic works. He worked in the *Kinsey Institute as librarian where he compiled a 6,000 item bibliography of homosexuality (not seen by this author). He lived in *New York as a young man and compiled the first gay lexis in English: see *Dictionaries - English. He also compiled the first gay collection of *limericks in the section "Buggery" (though not all are homosexual) in The Limerick, Paris, 1953 (repr. New York, 1965; this edition is identical with the first Paris printing). The New Limerick, 1977, 729 pp., is a collection of 2750 previously unpublished works. He wrote a brilliant overview "On Sexual Speech and Slang" which discusses the history of works on sexual slang, in the Introduction to J. S. Farmer and W. E. Henley, Slang and its Analogues vol. I., revised edition 1966, pp. xxx-xciv. His article "Bawdy Monologues and Rhymed Recitations", Southern Folklore Quarterly 40 (1976), 59-122, contains many references to oral homosexual poems based on men's clubs (see also *Bawdry - English) and he brilliantly edited *Vance Randolph's Unprintable Ozark Folksongs and Folklore, 2 volumes, 1992. This work consists of erotic folksongs and folkore omitted from Randolph's collection of folksongs (volume 1 has some gay material, volume 2 has little overt gay material). In 1965 he published an edition of *Robert Burns, the only edition reprinting the complete original text of ca. 1800 (then known only in one copy; another has since come to light). He wrote the Introduction to *Kearney, The Private Case. The Rationale of the Dirty Joke was a two volume work on this little studied prose genre. He published a magazine Neurotica (1948-52; repr.) with some homosexual interest (see Gay News no. 222, 1981, p. 27). In French he is the editor of Les Chansons de salle de garde (Railway guard room songs), 1972, 440 pp. This is compiled from oral material and may contain poems of relevance though most material seems heterosexual. Biography. See the dust jacket of The Horn Book (*W. S. Baring-Gould, The Lure of the Limerick, 1969, pp. 50-51, reprints this). "Legman: The King of X 700", by Bruce Jackson in Maledicta vol. 1 no. 2 (1977), 111-124, surveys his life. He was three times married and had four children, three from his last wife Judith and one from another liason. His own collection of material contains much rare manuscript material and many rare books. Pseudonym: see La Glannege, Roger Max de in the * British LIbrary General Catalogue re the book Oragenitalism (1940). For a bibliography of his works to 1980 see John McLeish, "A Bibliography of G. Legman", Maledicta vol. 4 no. 1 (summer 1980), 127-138; this includes unpublished works. He had a collection of discs of aural erotic works and also collected manuscripts of American ballads and songs in general. Obituary: by *Paul Knobel, The Australian, 31 March, 1999, 15; an obituary appeared in the New York Times 14 March 1999 (it was partly reprinted in the Sydney Morning Herald, 16 March, 1999, 32). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors. Translator from Greek to French from France; critic in French. Active 1898-1927. Editor and translator of the Greek poet *Theocritus into French with notes: Bucoliques grecs (Paris, Bude: vol. 1, 1925 [third edition 1946], vol. 2, 1927). He also wrote a critical work on Theocritus: Etude sur Theocrite, Paris, 1898. Poet from Australia writing in English. Born 1940. See "On the Beat", in Nero's Poems, Sydney, 1981, p. 32: a strong *dramatic monologue describing anonymous homosex on the *beat by the Roman Emperor Nero. A poet who is also an accountant and wrote a financial column in The Australian newspaper. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. 1907-1987. Educated at *Eton and Cambridge, he was a partner in the *Hogarth Press from 1938 to 1946 and at this time was on the fringes of the *Bloomsbury group. He was editor of Penguin New Writing (1940-50), a yearly series, was editor of The *London Magazine 1954-61 and where he founded the new series of the magazine. The journal was and is sympathetic to gay cultural material and has published gay poems. His Collected Poems 1930-63 was published in 1963. See in New and Selected Poems, 1985, "Goodbye" pp. 58-59, and "Roman Life, Modern Times", pp. 69-70 (brilliant poem on *Petronius). He published three volumes of autobiographies, The Whispering Gallery (1951), I am my Brother (1960) and The Ample Proposition (1966). Interview: see Gay News no. 90. As a biographer see The *Sitwells (1968) and * Rupert Brooke (1980). The Brooke biography is reviewed in Gay News no. 198 (1980), 21 by Peter Parker, who states that, though he had heard of Brooke's "homosexual dilettantism", it doesn't tell us a great deal more than was known from *Christopher Hassall's biography. Letters. See Selected Letters, 1970. Manuscripts exist in Great Britain, in the United States in the Humanities Research Centre, Austin, Texas, and at the University of California, Berkeley. Obituary: Gay Times no. 104 (May 1987), 24. For criticism by him see Three Literary *Friendships, London, 1983 (deals with *Byron and *Shelley, *Rimbaud and *Verlaine and *Robert Frost and *Edward Thomas). There are homosexual suggestions in all these friendships. Entries in the anthologies listed below make clear he was openly gay. A biography by Adrian Wright, John Lehmann: A Pagan Adventure, was published in 1999 (reviewed in London Review of Books, 7 January 1999, 19-20 - states, p. 20, Alexis Rassine, a Russian ballet dancer became his lover ca. 1940, notes p. 19 his "strenuous life as a homosexual" and states p. 20 he was the first to print *Auden's "Lay you sleeping head, my love"). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionary of National Biography 1986-1990: notes he shared homes with the dancer Alexis Rassine. Howes, Broadcasting It. Bibliographies. Homosexuality in Canada, first edition (1979), 12: The Reader at Night and Other Poems, Toronto, ca. 1974, 20 pp. (included in the bibliography as a Canadian imprint). Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 2291, 2294: Collected Poems, London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1963 and The Reader at Night and Other Poems, Toronto: Basilike, 1974. Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (1984), 140: The Reader at Night. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 388: poem "Not Those Long Vistas" from The Age of the Dragon. Male Muse, 66-68: includes the *prose poem "Their Fingers Locking"; biog., 122. Not Love Alone, 61-64; biog., 142. Poet from South Africa writing in Afrikaans. 1880-1947. One of the founders of Afrikaans poetry who was also a dramatist; active as a poet from 1911. He is believed to have been gay (two sources to the author including *Stephen Gray). He was a doctor who lived and trained in Great Britain, was the author of several books of poems from 1911 (the first written 1896-1910) and was one of the key figures in the rise of Afrikaans poetry. He wrote *sonnets. He never married, was especially interested in young males and was a good cook. Biography: see Standard Encyclopaedia of Southern Africa, vol. 6, 1972, pp. 576-78. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. City in Germany where German is spoken. Gay reference exists from 1603. Leipzig is an important cultural city in Germany; from 1945 to 1990 it was in East Germany. The Leipzig Bucherei, one of the largest libraries in Germany, had deposit privileges from 1912 until the Second World War and after the Second World War was the major library for East Germany until reunification in 1990; it is now joined to the German National Library, the Deutsche Bibliothek, in Frankfurt and specializes in German books from 1913. The city was a center of publishing including gay publishing from 1896: see *Max Spohr and works in * Bibliographisches Verzeichnis... The university was a center of classical studies - i.e., Greek and Latin: see *Paul Brandt, *Rudolf Beyer. The Teubner series of *editions of Greek and Latin authors is published in Leipzig (see *Theocritus, *Douglas Young). Gay related classical books have been published in the city from 1603 (see *Camerarius). *C. A. Klotz, the first editior of the * Mousa Paidike, wrote a satire on the morals of the University. Bibliographies. Hayn, Gotendorf, Bibliotheca Germanorum Erotica, vol. 4, 98-137: lists all erotica printed in the city to the early twentieth century, with some homosexual material. Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. Active ca. 1400. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amicizia amorosa, 49-52: see *Cecco Nuccoli. Poet, editor and critic from France writing in French. Active from 1927. See the article in Actes du colloque international du Sorbonne, 1989, pp. 148-57, "Les 'Janus de la volupté' dans l'oeuvre poetique de Gilbert Lély et sa 'Vie du marquis de Sade'" by Jean-Louis Gabin. He is the author of several volumes of poems apparently collected in Œuvres poétiques, Paris, 1969. He wrote a biography of the *Marquis de Sade and the preface to the 1944 translation of Shakespeare's Sonnets by Emile Montegut as well as editing Poésies (Poems) of *Villon in 1945. Active as a poet from 1927. He also wrote the introduction to a 1979 edition of *F. K. Forberg. Poet from Denmark writing in Danish. Born 1955 Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, Volume 2, 390: fine gay poem. Pseudonym of a poet from Hungary who later lived in Austria and who wrote in German. 1802-1850. His real name was Nicholas Franz Niembsch, Edler von Strehlenau. He travelled incessantly and was the product of a deeply unhappy marriage between an Austrian cavalry officer and a Hungarian girl of good family. Gedichte (Poems), 1832, was his first volume. His poem Don Juan (1851) was published posthumously (compare *Byron's poem of the same name). See also *Isidor Sadger. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie: Freundschaftsgedichte (Friendship poetry). Criticism. Mayne, The Intersexes, 295: called "that Hungaro-Austrian *Shelley" and stated to have been gay; 324-25: states he seemed at odds with his homosexuality and went mad after breaking off an engagement with a woman. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1975. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10812: California Weekend, New York: Oscar Wilde Memorial Bookshop, 1975. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 2299-302: California Weekend, New York: privately printed, 1975, I Can Almost See Tomorrow, New York: privately printed, 1977, One Christmas Story. One Christmas poem, New York: privately printed, 1975 and Southern Exposure, New York: privately printed, 1976; highly rated by *Ian Young. Poet from Argentina writing in Spanish. Active 1992. Author of a book of erotic gay poems, Jaschon (Buenos Aires, 1992, 23 pages) with a homoerotic Wilhelm von Gloeden photograph on the cover. Poem in English from Great Britain. Before 1866. The poem was first printed with *Don Leon in 1866. The poem deals with Byron's marriage. See the Don Leon entry where other printings are listed. Highly rated by *Ian Young. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2303: London, 1865. Leonard, Tom See *Edwin Morgan, Nothing Not Giving, 1990, p. 167 re a poem capable of being interpreted as referring to *bisexuality (poem not listed). *Scots poet from *Glasgow. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors, vol. 4: by Edwin Morgan. Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. 1459-1519. Italian *Renaissance homosexual artist best known for the oil painting "Mona Lisa" in the Louvre, Paris, where the sitter appears *androgynous. A few verses thought to be by him survive in his manuscripts and some poems by others refer to him: see Eros di Leonardo by Giuseppina Fumagelli, 1971 (repr. from 1952 printing), pp. 155-171. *Sigmund Freud wrote a work about him implying he was homosexual: Eine Kindheitserinnerung des Leonardo da Vinci (1910). His most famous painting "The Last Supper" in Milan shows the *beloved disciple in the arms of Jesus Christ. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Criticism. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 10 (1909-10) 421-25: re his homosexuality. Critic from Germany who wrote in German. Active 1911. In the article in the * Jahrbuch below he discusses male homosexuality in the Latin poet *Roswitha, the Latin poem * De Lantfrido et Cobbone, the German poem *Salomon undMorolf, *Heinrich von Veldeke, *Ulrich von Lichtenstein and *Der Stricker (pseud.). His address is given as Dresden at the top of the first page. Author of Liebe und Erotik in den Uranfangen der deutschen Dichtkunst (Love and sexuality in the earliest German poetry), Dresden, 1910. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 6425: article "Die Homosexualität in der ältesten deutschen Dichtkunst" (Homosexuality in the oldest German poetry) Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 12 (1911-12), 153-65. Historian and bibliographer from the United States writing in English. Active 1964. The real name of *Noel I. Garde (pseud.). Under Noel I. Garde he published Jonathan to Gide: The Homosexual in History, New York; Vantage Press, 1964. This is a chronological biographical dictionary of homosexuals which, however, needs to be used with caution. It nevertheless remains the most thorough chronological survey of famous male homosexuals. Each entry has sourced references at the end. The Homosexual in Literature: A Chronological Bibliography 700 B.C.-1958, New York: Village Press, 1959, 32 pp., was a pioneering English bibliography, again chronological in layout, and relied on by *Ian Young; pp. 12-26 deal with the *twentieth century. There are no annotations. This book is rare and appears to have been self published. His pseudonym Noel I. Garde is an anagram of Edgar Leoni. The first four letters of Leoni going back from the fourth letter spell Noel; the fifth letter is "I". "Garde" can be rearranged to be "Edgar". Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. Active ca. 200 B.C. Leonidas was the greatest *epigram writer of the *Alexandrian era but very pessimistic; he was a contemporary of *Asclepiades and *Posidippus. The * Palatine Anthology contains about a hundred of his epigrams. He came from Tarentum. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 596 "Leonidas" (2). Garland of Meleager. Palatine Anthology xii 20. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 132: poem from Palatine Anthology xi 309. Criticism. Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 9 (1908), 273. Brandt, Sittengeschichte griechenlands, volume 2, 201. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 487. Poet writing in Greek. Active ca. 55Q. See poem 614 in Book 9 of the 'Palatine Anthology : a poem about a 'bathhouse. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium : see "Leontios Scholastikos". Poet writing in German from Germany. Born 1953. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Fra mann til mann, 100-101. Reid, Eternal Flame, Volume 2, 250. Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. 1798-1837. Leopardi is regarded as the most famous Italian *Romantic poet and, by some, as the finest Italian poet from Dante to the twentieth century. He never married and had an intimate relationship with *Antonio Ranieri, the two men living together. No gay reading has been attempted; but sexual meanings may exist in his work e.g., a poem like "L'infinito" (The infinite) may be about masturbation and "Canto notturno" may have been inspired by cruising at night. He wrote *Anacreontics and was friends of the German homopoet *August von Platen when Platen lived in Italy. The finest introduction to homosexuality in his life is the entry by *Giovanni dall'Orto in Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity (he does not discuss Leopardi's poetry however). When Leopardi died in 1837, Ranieri stated that Leopardi "took his virginity intact into the grave" (quote in New York Review of Books, March 23, 2000 p. 41). Leopardi wrote letters to Ranieri revealing an infatuation with him and later kept him when they lived together. Unpublished poems are believed to exist in his family's hands (*Giovanni Dall'Orto to the author, 1988). In his prose, gathered in his Zibaldone (Notebook) (1845), *Sandro Penna found support for his own pederasty (see the Sandro Penna entry in Dictionary of Literary Biography vol. 114, p.197). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Dictionary of Italian Literature. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity; by *Giovanni dall'Orto. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amicizia amorosa, 153-56. Criticism. Sodoma no. 2 (1985), 78-80: article by Sabatino Rossetti, "Leopardi e 'Il Pensiero dominante'"; also Sodoma no. 4 (1988), 55-56. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 625: states only recently has attention been turned to him in respect to homosexuality. Poet from Canada writing in English. 1914-1998. An established poet who came out at the age of 76 in his volume Far Voyages, 1990, which features love poems to a younger man. The author of Weathering It: Complete Poems 1948-87 (Vancouver, 1987). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Literary Biography, vol. 88. Oxford Companion to Canadian Literature, second edition. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Poet from Argentina writing in Spanish. Active from 1984. See his book of poems: Armando Aforismos (Buenos Aires, 1985) - short poems with illustrations. He worked with Differentes, the first openly gay Argentinian gay magazine, 1984-1986. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Active 1976. See * Christopher Street, November 1976, pp. 31-37: a Tine series of poems on *T. E. Lawrence. Poet from Russian who wrote in Russian. 1814-1841. A *Romantic poet who led a wild life and who seems largely heterosexual. He wrote bawdy verse at the *St Petersburg Cadets' School including three poems which were printed in Eros Russe; one, "Ode to the Latrine", deals with homosexuality. See William H Hopkins, "Lermontov's Hussar Poems", Russian Literature Triquarterly no. 14 (Winter 1976), 36-47. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Terras, Handbook of Russian Literature. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 76: poems "An D.", "An N. N.", "Die Trennung" and "Widmung an N. N." [no other details]. Anthologies. Eros Russe. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 142-44: trans. from Russian to German by *Kupffer. Die Bedeutung der Freundesliebe, 22. Out of the Blue, 36-37. Criticism. Stern, Geschichte der offentlichen Sittlichkeit in Russland, volume 2, 582. Lesbian and Gay Archives of New Zealand, also called LAGANZ Archive and library in New Zealand with material mainly in English. From ca. 1985. A well organized archive, very accessible, sometimes called LAGANZ, is housed in the National Library of New Zealand, the Alexander Turnbull Library, in Wellington. It is in fact the only gay and lesbian archive to enter a national library collection. The archives has a card catalogue and finding guides and there are both books and manuscripts in the collection. The centre's archival materials included some 1,200 journal titles in 1994, some in non English languages. These materials are curated by Phil Parkinson and are open daily 9 to 5. It publishes a newsletter, Friends of LAGANZ, of which 20 issues have appeared. There is a list of the journals held called List of Serial Holdings in the Lesbian and Gay Archives of New Zealand (November 1991), 139 pp. The computer cataloging of them and integration with the New Zealand library system - thus providing computer access including in Australia and world wide - is an urgent priority since the archive is the major one in a public library system in Australasia and the Pacific. See also *A. P. Millett. The New Zealand national library's founder benefactor, Alexander Turnbull, was a bachelor who lived a reclusive life addicted to cocaine: see Cyril Pearl, Morrison of Peking, 1967, p. 354 (this is a quotation from Morrison's diary recording a meeting with Alexander Turnbull). His bookplate shows a man wrestling with a bull. Turnbull was a wealthy Wellington businessman whose family owned the city's largest store. The life by E. H. McCormick, Alexander Turnbull: His Life, His Circle, His Collections, 1974, says very little about his personal life. He has been thought gay by some. Lesbian and Gay Studies Newsletter Journal in English from the United States. From 1973. The Newsletter Gay and Lesbian Caucus of the Modern Languages Association (the title seems to have been changed about 1981 ; it was formerly called Gay Studies Newsletter). Back issues have been microfilmed. The Newsletter is the best way of keeping up with new research; it consists of book reviews and news. *New York Public Library has copies. See also *MLA. Concept in Greek from Greece from 590 B.C. and later in *European languages for sexual relations between women. The word comes from *Lesbos, the island of the Greek poet *Sappho (active ca. 590 B.C.), the first known poet to write about female sexuality. Lesbianism in poems by men is hard to assess. While it may simply indicate curiosity, it may be a disguised way of indicating fascination with both male and female homosexuality, in the past it may even have been a way of writing about homosexuality when male homosexuality in literature and life was proscribed. It is curious that male poets have written about it to a significant extent. English. The word is current in English from the 1890s, though poems dealing with the subject date from *Edmund Waller (active ca. 1650). See the article "'Will you rent our ancient love asunder?': Lesbian elegy in *Donne, *Marvell and *Milton" by James Holstun, English Literary History, vol. 54 (1987), 835-67. For poets from Great Britain, see *Coleridge, *Swinburne. Australia: see *Robert Adamson, *John Tranter. Many recent *anthologies have both male and female gay poets combined. French. See *Baudelaire, *Verlaine, *Louys. The anthology * L'Amour en... vers et contre tout contains both male and female gay poets. Russian. See *simon Karlinsky, "Russia's Gay Literature and History", Gay Sunshine, 29-30 (Summer/ Fall 1976), 3: re Nikolai Minsky (pseud.) (1855-1937) a poet much interested in the Russian iesbian subculture and who wrote a play Alma about it. His real surname was Vilenkin. On him see Terras, Handbook of Russian Literature. Bibliography. Barbara Grier, The Lesbian in Literature, third edition, Tallahassee, FL, 1981, is the standard literary bibliography of lesbianism for European languages. Island in Greece where Greek is spoken. Gay poetry reference exists from 612 B.C. Lesbos is associated with *Sappho (active 612 B.C), *Alpheius and *Alcaeus. The capital is Mytilene. Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. Active ca. 600 B.C? Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 597. Criticism. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 463: regarding a reference to *Ganymede in a fragment of his Little *Iliad : this is possibly the first reference to Ganymede in a homosexual context. Translator from Greek to English from Great Britain; critic in English. 1885-1971. Author of *Strato's Boyish Muse, one of the rare complete translations of the * Mousa Paidike in English (in prose); unfortunately it is a very stilted translation. (*W. R. Paton's prior translation in the Loeb edition includes poems translated into Latin; see also *Sydney Lomer on this point.) The * National Union Catalog entry under Strato gives the date of Strato's Boyish Muse as ca. 1932 and states 1,000 copies were printed, the first 400 with four etchings by Jean de Bosschere. The introduction is signed *Ion Ionicos (pseud.). The *British Library General Catalogue entry Strato ascribes the work to Sir John Leslie after listing the author as Ion Ionicus. The ascription of Strato's Boyish Muse to Shane Leslie rests with the British Library General Catalogue, *Ian Young and *Timothy D'Arch Smith. He published under his real name The Greek Anthology: a selection, London: E. Benn, 1929, 234 pp. This is a translation of about 1,000 poems in prose. (Not sighted.) He jointly translated *Plato's Symposium (London, Fortune Press, 1924); the introduction is signed Shane Leslie (it also has four etchings by Jean de Bosschere); later editions give Francis Birrell and Shane Leslie as translators. He wrote the first biographical article on *Frederick Rolfe which was published in the London Mercury, September 1923, 505-18; this is both a fascinating biography (revealing that he appears to have known Rolfe) and a brilliant critical assessment. He is also the author of the introduction to In His Own Image by Rolfe (1924). His fascination with Rolfe extended to writing the introduction to *A. J. A. Symons's, The Quest for Corvo, London, 1952 of which book he is the dedicatee. He wrote an introduction to the * Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam: The Rubaiyat of the Mystics, 1950. He published the following volumes of poems: Verses in Peace and War (London, 1916), The Poems of Shane Leslie (London: *Cayme Press, 1928, 95 pp.), Poems and Ballads (London, 1933), Poems from the North (Dublin, 1945, 16 pp.). Relevant poems: see in Verses in Peace and War (London, 1916): "Love and Death" (pp. 8-9), "The Dead Friend", (pp. 23-24) - mentioning John the Disciple. In The Poems of Shane Leslie see: "Disappointment" (p. 15), "Love's Credo" (p. 27), "In *Verlaine's Cafe" (p. 36), "At *Oscar Wilde's Tomb" (p. 37). Autobiographies. The Film of Memory, 1938, discusses his close friendship with *Trumbull Stickney, "a pure pagan" (p. 231). A second autobiography is Long Shadows (London, 1966, 290 pp.). He was the third baronet of Glasgough, county Monaghan in Northern Ireland and was educated at *Eton and then King's College *Cambridge, where he studied classics, became a Roman *Catholic and renounced the Irish estates entailed on him. He visited Tolstoy in Russia and became a *disciple. He married twice and had two sons and a daughter and succeeded to the baronetcy in 1944. The * British Library General Catalogue lists several books on the Catholic Church written by him (though it does not enter Strato's Boyish Muse under his name). He began to use Shane, the Irish form of John, at Cambridge and published his books under this name, which was in effect a quasi-pseudonym. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography: by Anita Leslie. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 3677: Strato's Boyish Muse, London: Fortune Press, 79 pp., and giving the translator as *Shane Leslie. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 57. Criticism. Smith, Love in Earnest, 165, 185: stating the pseudonym *Ion Ionicos is the pseudonym of Shane Leslie and publishing two of the translations (which are accurate and readable). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 20-21: discussion of his translation (states he copied *W. R. Paton.) Pseudonym of a translator from Greek to English. 1885-1971. See *Sir John Randolph Leslie. Shane is the Irish form of John and a quasi-pseudonym. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1684. His long poem Fire and Brimstone is one of a number of poems on the theme of the destruction of Sodom, written in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries; compare * Sodom and Onan, *Sodom's Catastrophe. Copy sighted: Folger Library. He was Vicar of Olney. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 174-5: from the verse play Fire and Brimstone or the Destruction of Sodom, lines 426-471. (His name is given incorrectly in The Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse as George Lestey.) Book of Sodom, 141-42: text of "Lament of the Sodomites", 1675 from Fire and Brimstone. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 199-201; from Fire and Brimstone. Critic from Germany who wrote in German. 1729-1781. Noted German writer. He wrote a commentary on the Latin poet *Martial: see Sammtliche Schriften, edited by *K. Lachmann, vol. 8, Leipzig, 1855; pp. 412-512 discusses the *epigram, pp. 452-88, *Martial, and pp. 489-512, the * Priapeia. He is famous for his aesthetic work Laokoon, 1766, on the famous homoerotic statue in the Vatican which influenced *Winckelmann. He married in 1776. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active ca. 1680. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 174-5. Hallam, Book of Sodom, 141-42 (name misspelled). His name is misspelled in The Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse: see *George Lesly. "Let a friar of some order tecum pernoctare" Poem in English and Latin from Great Britain. From before 1852. Text: "Let a friar of some order tecum pernoctare/ Either thy wife or thy daughter hic vult violare./ Or if thy son he will prefer, sicut fortem fortis,/ God give such a friar pain in inferni portis.'' A *macaronic *epigram quoted in the reprint of John Davenport's Aphrodisiacs or Erotic Stimuli, 1869, titled Aphrodisiacs and Love Stimulants, London, 1965, p. 37; originally published in Macaroneana, edited by Octave Delepierre, Paris, 1852, p. 3. Song in English from Great Britain. Ca. 1933. See the CD ROM Silly Songs, Sydney, 1986, sung by Algy Moore, ca.1933, and transferred from record. The poem has elaborate puns on the word *fairy meaning homosexual. Probable lover from France relating to works in French. 1861-1883. See Lawrence and Elisabeth Hanson, Verlaine: Fool of God, 1927, pp. 258-/4. He and venaine were intimate 18/9-83: see the poems by Verlaine "O l'odieuse obscurité" and the 1888 *elegy "Lucien Létinois" based on *Tennyson's In memoriam, inspired by Lucien Letinois's death in 1883, and especially the title poem in the sequence of twenty-four poems. He was a soldier who died of typhoid and the second great love of Verlaine after *Rimbaud. That Verlaine was in love with Lucien is certain; whether physical intimacy occurred may never be known Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 44: lover of Verlaine. Historian and critic from the United States of Japanese gay culture, writing in English. Born ca. 196Q. Author of Male Colors: The Construction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan, Berkeley, 1995, a critical history of homosexuality in Japan of the Tokugawa period (16QQ - 1868) with bibliography and much discussion of poetry (e.g., ' senryu). The work was reviewed in Monumenta Nipponica, vol. 5S, no. 2 (Summer 1998), 276 - 8Q, by Gregory M. Pfugfelder of Columbia University, New York and Journal of the History of Sexuality, vol. 7, no. 4, April 1997, 6Q8 - 1Q by Joshua S. Mostow. This is one of the finest gay studies of a particular culture, in this case 'Tokugawa Japan, 16QQ - 1868. The bibliography is the finest in English and includes works in Chinese and Japanese in a separate section. The illustrations for this work, mostly from gay literary works, are some of the most important ever published on a single gay culture. Historian, critic and biographer from France writing in French. Active 1985. Author of Les Buchers de Sodome, Paris, 1985 (repr. 1996), a history of homosexuality in France to 1790; important bibl. pp. 419-26. It includes discussion of known French poets: see pp. 78, 83-85, 106-112, 116, 119, 120-24, 126, 133, 139, 141, 144, 149, 155, 170, 186, 213-15, 290, 309 and 323. He was a researcher at CNRS and historian of literature. He has written a major biography of the *Marquis de Sade, Donatien Alphonse François, Marquis de Sade (1991 ; English translation, 1993). from Great Britain and the United States writing in English. 1923-1998. See "To R. D., March 4th 1988" in A Door in the Hive (1989), p. 4 (R. D. is *Robert Duncan - see the note on page 109): a poem inspired by the death of Robert Duncan - "You were my mentor" the poet states in the poem (which also relates how they were later estranged). Her technique and openness to experience owes much to the *Charles Olson school, of which Duncan was part. She was brought up in Great Britain and moved to the United States in 1948. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors New Revision Series, volume 50. Dictionary of Literary Biography. Poet from Australia writing in English. Born 1949. The author of two books of poems. In Green: Poems 1971-78, Sydney: Sea-Cruise Books, 1978, see "Taxi Club 2 AM" and "Love. The Fathers" and "Soakings". Though *green was a color associated with homosexuals from the 1890s the poet has stated (personal communication to the author) that it refers here to the environment and to the idea of "green youth". In his second collection of poems Territorial, Sydney: ANT Studios, 1996, see "Reluctant Bread" and "Boy on Sax". Poems have been published in journals and fine unpublished gay poems exist in manuscript. He has written poetry book reviews for Overland, Campaign and other journals Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Hurley, Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Love and Death, 30-31; biog., 52. Pink Ink, 75-79; biog., 299. Poet from Germany who wrote in German. 1871 - 1945. He wrote an article in Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, vol. 7, part 1, (19Q5) on Louise Michel pp. SQ7 - 7Q where his address is given as Marseilles. See his entry in the ' British LIbrary General Catalogue. Not in Oxford Companion to German Literature. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 76: poem "Begegnung (Mir gegenüber)" [no other details]. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 172 - 7S: same poem. Poet from Italy writing in Italian. Active 1979. In his Newkamasutra, 1979, see pp. 38-44 for poems and see also pp. 77-81. The book is a *prosimetrum on the theme of *Sado-masochism with gay illustrations by *Tom of Finland (pseud.), 'postmodernist in style. The book provoked controversy in Italy. Bibliographies. Leggere omosessuale, item 377: New kamasutra: didattica, Milan: La salamandra, 1979. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1969. He has studied poetry with *David Trinidad. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Name of Love, 50-51: love poem "Pagan Summer"; biog., 74-75. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1967. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 90: *"Haiku" (fine poem about sperm dripping on his chest from his lover); biog., 179 - *black poet who lives in *San Francisco. Historian and critic from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1891-1966. Author of a fine concise history of Persian literature: Persian Literature, an Introduction, London, 1969; with fine bibl., pp. 181-86. It touches on homosexuality: e.g., on p. 34, discussing the * ghazal, he notes "The most normal theme was love, mystical or human, the homosexual being recognized"; see also pp. 36-37 on *Sufism. Historian and critic (from Germany?) who wrote in German. Born 1896. Author of Das Sozialproblem in der modernen Literatur und Kunst (The social problem in modern literature and art), Dresden: Paul Aretz, 1927 (repr.). This is a very thorough study of the subject of sexuality and literature; Chapter 6, pp. 252-87, discusses homosexuality in literature but almost all works are prose; the book is lavishly illustrated but all the illustrations are of lesbianism. The book was also published with the title Das Sexualproblem, Dresden: Aretz, 1927. He lived in Germany, Austria and in Switzerland from 1942; in the foreword to Das Sexual problem he gives his address as the Netherlands. He used the pseudonym Lee van Dovski for his book Eros der Gegenwart (Eros of Today), Geneva, 1952; biog., pp. 282-83; there is also a list of books published by him pp. 283-86. Critic from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1898-1963. An influential English critic from Oxford who is most famous for The Allegory of Love, 1936, dealing with *courtly love. He formed the group The Inklings with J. R. R. Tolkien and *Charles Williams. He is also famous as a *Christian theologian who was very influential in English literary circles (e. g., on *Glen Cavaliero and *C. S. Sisson). His relationships with men show strong homoaffectionalism, especially two of his closest friends: the homosexuals *Nevill Coghill and Arthur Greeves, the latter a friend of fifty years (see A. N. Wilson, C. S. Lewis, 1963, p. 274). He was a bachelor until later in life marrying aged 58 in 1956 (his wife died in 1960). He later wrote an account of the marriage. In Preface to Paradise Lost, 1961, see pp. 108-15, "The Mistake about Milton's Angels", on *angels in Milton's Paradise Lost; on pp. 112-13 he remarks on the amorous propensity of Milton's angels, stating "since these exalted creatures are all spoken of by masculine pronouns, we tend... to think that Milton is attributing to them a life of homosexual promiscuity". Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionary of National Biography. Editor and anthologist from the United States of works in English. 1891-1941. Author of Oscar Wilde Discovers America [1882], New York, 1936, a brilliant compilation of newspaper articles by Lloyd Lewis and *Henry Justin Smith from both United States and British newspapers concerning *Oscar Wilde's 1882 tour of the United States and including many poems: these poems constitute in effect an anthology of poems on Wilde. See poems on pp. 21-22 (*lily trope), 28, 165-66, 229, 230-31, 278-79, 302, 309, 322-23, 325, 332, 334, 374, 376. A bibliography, pp. 447-453, is a very important discussion of sources. Illustrations caricaturing Wilde are included. Some material is from clippings on Wilde in the New York Public Library, kept by an unknown person in an album. This material would have been so efhemeral that much could have been lost if the compilers has not clipped and preserved it. Files and indexes of United States newspapers may yield other material not in the book. Lloyd Lewis dedicated the book "To my mother" and Henry Justin Smith "To my wife".The two authors of the book also wrote a history of *Chicago: Chicago: The History of Its Reputation (1929). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature . Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae A work relating to myths and tropes in Greek and Latin; articles are in English, French, German and Italian or two or more languages when different authors are involved (articles are usually written in the native language of the author). Published from 1981-1997. The Iconographical Dictionary of Greek Mythology has been published in Munich and Zurich by Artemis publishers, eight volumes, 1981-1997. Each volume is in two parts: the first part is text, the second consisting of illustrations of ancient artworks. The work is a dictionary of ancient Greek, Roman and Etruscan myths and their artistic depiction; the literary sources for the myths are cited in the text volume and extensive photographs of the works discussed appear in a second volume. Both volumes need to be consulted on a particular topic. There are Addenda at the end of the volumes and a Supplement at the end of volume 8 (which contains some additional entries contributed after publication). This is an essential reference for the mythology of the above cultures and one of the great monuments of *classical - i.e. ancient Greek and Roman - scholarship. Entries are basically under the German spelling of the names with cross entries under the ancient Greek transliteration. See reviews in the Times Literary Supplement, 28 December 1984, 1498 (review of vol. 1), 31 July, 1987, 824 (Vol. 3), 15-21, June, 1990, 644 (Vol. 4). Lexikon homosexuelle belletristik Work of biography and criticism in German from Germany. In existence from 1983. This is a critical dictionary of German gay writers and writers who deal with gay themes: the title means: "Homosexual literary dictionary". It is being edited in Seigen at Uni-Gh Siegen by Dietrich Molitor (born 1949), *Wolfgang Popp and others; an edition has been published 1983-1990 (rare: a copy is in the Library of Congress). When consulted in 1989 most entries consisted of a loose leaf single page suitable for binding and dealt with prose writers; the dictionary could thus be built up entry by entry. Some entries deal with authors included in this encyclopedia (e.g. *Hans Blüher) and only a few were on poets: e.g., *Sagitta (pseud.). Some deal with individual works by poets (e.g., *Goethe's East-West Divan, *Von Kupffer's * Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, *Heinrich Heine's Die Bader von Lucca). Entries are about 200-300 words. The work is listed in library computer catalogues as a one volume book unpaginated. See Forum 2 (1987), 139: states an archive of gay literature was established in 1985 at the *University of Siegen relating to this work. It is unsure whether any more entries are being added. References. Miller, Our Own Voices. Verzeichnis der Schwulen und Schwul-lesbischen Bibliotheken, 52-53. Anthologist of works in English and Spanish and publisher; translator from Greek and French to English and poet writing in English from the United States. Born 1940. One of the most important figures in gay publishing of the *gay liberation period in the United States, Winston Leyland has done more to promote gay poetry in English of this period than almost any other figure apart from *Ian Young and *Paul Mariah. He is also a poet but his only known original poems are in * Angels of the Lyre and *Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine. He compiled the English anthologies * Angels of the Lyre and * Orgasms of Light and the Spanish anthology * Now the Volcano based on material in his journal *Gay Sunshine and he is the publisher of the anthology * In Praise of Boys. He was the editor and publisher of the extremely important journal * Gay Sunshine which name became the name of his publishing company. The above works were all published by * Gay Sunshine publishers. Material from Gay Sunshine forms the basis of the anthology *Gay Roots. Formerly a Roman Catholic priest ordained in 1966, he left the church in 1968. He has latterly been a practising *Buddhist and has edited the anthology of writings on gay Buddhism, Queer Dharma: voices of Gay Buddhists (San Francisco, 1998). In Portuguese he is the editor of Sexualidade e Criacao Literaria (Sexuality and Literary Creation), 1977, 251 pages, a translation of the Gay Sunshine Interviews, including *Ginsberg, *Williams, *Isherwood, *Peyrefitte. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10813: Gay Sunshine poetry anthology, San Francisco: Panjandrum Press, [no date]; there is no work with this name and it seems to refer to Angels of the Lyre. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 2327-31: the gay poetry anthologies * Angels of the Lyre (1975), Now the Volcano (1979), Orgasms of Light (1977) and Gay Sunshine Interviews, Volume 1, San Francisco: Gay Sunshine Press, 1978. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Angels of the Lyre, 129-30; biog., 241. Orgasms of Light, 7-10: introduction; 99: trans. of poems from the *Greek Anthology; 127-33: trans. of "Medieval Arab Poets" from the French of *Marc Daniel (pseud.) - see p. 257. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 13-30: interview; 241-48: review article; 698: poem "Memory Recaptured", 1969, about the deep love he felt for a fellow classmate priest, Michael Seul. Poet and novelist from Cuba who wrote in Spanish. 1912-1976. In his novel Paradiso (1966) the descriptions of the narrator's homosexuality surpass *Proust. He has written several volumes of hermetic poetry from 1937 and was discreet about his homosexuality. He wrote six books of poetry. His first book of poems was entitled Muerte de narciso (Death of *Narcissus; 1937). He married aged 55. Translation. German. His poems were translated by Curt Meyer-Clason titled Fragmente der Nacht (Germany, 1994). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Spanish Literature. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 722-23. Foster, Latin American Writers on Gay and Lesbian Themes. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Encyclopedia of Latin American Literature ; notes the rejection by the Cuban authorities of "the important space occupied by homosexuality" in Paradiso; includes a bibliography. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2339: cites the novel Paradiso, New York: Farrar Straus and Giroux, 1974. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 517-21: from Paradiso. Poet from China who wrote in Chinese. 701-762. One of the most famous Chinese poets and an intimate friend of his famous compatriot *Du Fu. The two poets are generally regarded as the two greatest *T'ang poets and examples of ideal poets. There are strong homosexual undertones in their relationship. A *Taoist, he was famous for drinking. The surviving corpus of 1000 poems attributed to him are not all genuine. He delights in several levels of meaning in a poem, complicating reading. Ferdinand Karsh-Haack in Das gleichgeslechtliche Leben der Ostasiatischen Kulturvolker, Munich, 1906, pp. 42-43, cites a poem of *friendship "Dort, wo die Stadt die Berge grun". Criticism: see *Arthur Waley. Li Bai is in *Pinyin and Li Po in *Wade Giles. Translation. English Obata Shigenyoshi (Tokyo, 1935; apparently an English trans.), Arthur Cooper (1973), *Rewi Alley (Hong Kong, 1980), Elling Eide (1984); Japanese: Tensui Kubo (1928; complete Japanese trans.). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature: see "Li Po". Dictionary of Oriental Literatures. Criticism. Van Gulik, Sexual LIfe in Ancient China, 91-92: cited as being one of four *Tang poets, including *Meng Hao-jan, *Wang Wei and *Tu Fu, whose close friendships have close homosexual undertones. Pseudonym of a poet from the United States writing in Englsh. Pseudonym of *Louie Crew, born 1936. Poem: "The Maledictions", in Social Alternatives vol. 8 no. 4 (1990), 12 - listed in *Austlit Record 113140. Poet from China who wrote in Chinese. 772-846. See Hinsch, Passions of the Cut Sleeve, pp. 85-86: an openly gay poem about the love of General Ji Long for the *singing boy Zheng Yingtao. A *T'ang poet; use of *indirect language. His name is spelt in *Pinyin. Poet from China who wrote in Chinese. 1611-ca 1679. He was a dramatist and theater critic. Most of his stories contain poems: see Li Yu, A Tower for the Summer Heat, New York, 1992 (trans. Patrick Hanan) for a selection. His name Li Yu is spelt in *Pinyin. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature. Criticism. Hinsch, Passions of the Cut Sleeve, 121-30: an eccentric genius whose many works include a homosexual short poem (p. 124) at the beginning of a play - this poem is discussed in Patrick Hanan, The Invention of Li Yu, 1988, 98-99 where it is said to precede a homosexual story; it was written ca. 1637 and the poem refers to bees and *flowers; the source is given as Guanjie 3:111-12. Term in law in English speaking countries, initially Great Britain. From ca. 1750 . Defamation is telling lies about another person in a public context; libel is defamation in a permanent published form. In relation to homosexuality, libel is stating or implying a person is homosexual - that is, has had physical homosexual experiences - when they have not had such experiences. There are also degrees of libel - for example, a libel issued where a person lives and is well known is obviously more serious than if issued in some distant place. The possibility of libel has led to self *censorship in the writing of *biography and autobiographies. As homosexuality has been decriminalized, the stigma of libel by imputed homosexuality has lessened. Recently some have argued for the concept of "privacy" of a person' s sexuality. However people make their sexuality known by their behavior, for instance by kissing and hugging (though same sex kissing and hugging do not necessarily indicate homosexuality any more than opposite sex kissing and hugging indicate heterosexuality). In the case of homosexuality, people in such cultures as the United States and Great Britain have spent their lives covering up their homosexuality due to anti-gay laws and social disapproval. Libel in English law dates from ca. 1750. Recent trends in the common law have seen a widening of parameters of the boundaries of actions deemed libellous; for example greater latitude is allowed to writings about public figures. On libel see Jowett's Dictionary of English Law, edited by Earl Jowett, 1977, where it is defined as "defamation in a permanent form". *Outing is generally taken to be the naming of homosexual persons who do not support gay rights. For an early example see *David Garrick; for a modern one see *Lord Alfred Douglas. *Oscar Wilde's first trial was a case of libel brought against Lord Alfred Douglas's father, the Marquis of Queensberry; evidence adduced in this trial about Wilde's own behavior led to him being charged with homosexual offences. Blasphemous libel in Great Britian invloves Jesus Christ - see * Gay New and James Kirkup. Philosophy in English from Great Britain, the United States, Australia and other countries. From 1859. The philosophy comes from the British philosopher John Stuart Mill and his view, expressed in On Liberty, 1859, that an individual can have liberty only to the extent that he does not harm others; hence it may be defined as a belief in which freedom of the individual is paramount. In the United States the philosophy of Liberalism can be seen as a precursor of *gay liberation. The modern concept of human rights and freedoms (see *Law - International) comes from liberalism. Australia has a political party called the Liberal Party. The idea of sexual pleasure as an ideal in itself, and consequently the idea of sexual freedom as the dominant approach to sexuality; in European cultures libertinism existed in opposition to the doctrines of the *Catholic Church which held that married sex was the ideal in sexual relations. In islamic cultures libertinism stood in opposition to Islamic fundamentalism. Libertinism also meant free thinking in religious matters. Libertinism was an important current in European thought from the seventeenth century, especially on the continent of Europe and particularly in eighteenth century France. It influenced such poets as *Byron. In Arabic poetry it existed from *Abu Nuwas. Libertinism and is was also prevalent in Persian and in Chinese poetry. Compare *Epicureanism, the philosophy of pleasure in ancient Greek and Latin. Arabic. *Abu Nuwas (active 800). See also Encyclopaedia of Islam, volume 5, p. 778 (in *Liwat article) for a list of poets. In Gay Histories and Cultures see "Mujun" on Arabic libertinism. Persian. There is a strong tradition in all Persian poetry of homosexual libertinism: see, for example, *Omar Khayyam (pseud.), *Hafiz, *'Ubayd Zakani. Virtually the entire body of Persian poetry to the midtwentieth century is relevant. English. 'Rochester is perhaps the outstanding example of a libertine poet; in the twentieth century *Norman Douglas is relevant thoughe he wrote little poetry. For Australia see the entry "Libertinism, Sydney" in The Australian Encyclopedia, second edition, 1958, vol. 4. French. See *Saint-Pavin, "Théophile de Viau (a French seventeenth century poet who almost certainly influenced Rochester). It was especially strong in the *enlightenment; see also *De Sade. See Frederic Lachèvre, Le Libertinage au xviie siècle (Libertinism in the seventeenth century), Paris, 1909-11. Italian. See *Antonio Rocco. "Venice was a centre of libertinism: see G. Tassini, Il Libertinaggio in Venezia, 1879, (repr. 1968), a famous work which is believed to touch on homosexuality. Chinese: see T'ang Yin, *Yuan Mei. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 732-34. . Gay Histories and Cultures. Criticism. Sodoma no. 5 (1993): 27-41 by *Giovanni Dall'Orto. Woods, History of Gay Literature, 124-35. Libraries and archives - Arabic Libraries and archives of Arabic works date from at least 1850. Egypt, Syria, Iraq, Tunisia, Morocco and Turkey (which once controlled large areas of the middle east under the *Ottomans) are the main countries. The earliest libraries are associated with mosques; works, which are in manuscript form in these libraries, are frequently uncatalogued. Books were only printed in Arabic from the mid nineteenth century from ca. 1850; manuscripts date from many centuries before this. Major repositories of Arabic books are in Europe (e.g., in *London, *Oxford and *Paris) and the United States: e.g., at the University of Chicago (from 1919) and *Harvard (see Catalogue of Arabic, Persian and Ottoman Turkish Books, 1968). The al-Azar University library in Cairo is a major, and very old, library, mostly theological in scope, which may hold relevant material. Libraries in north India, Iran and Pakistan have Arabic material. There are no gay archives as such. Consult also the *School of Oriental and African Studies Catalogue. See also *Manuscripts - Arabic, *Libraries - Persian, - Turkish, since Arabic material is frequently held in conjunction with material held in these languages. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition: see "Maktaba". Libraries and archives - Chinese Libraries and archives in Chinese or containing Chinese language material in China, Taiwan, Japan, the United States, *European countries and Australia are very ancient. Relevant libraries date from ca. 1000. China. The first known surviving datable complete printed book, The Diamond Sutra, now in the British Museum, dates from 868 though printed works in Chinese (e.g. woodblock prints) date from ca. 600 with some earlier works being printed in Korea. Libraries in China descend from the collections of the *Emperors (some of whom were gay) and undoubtedly date prior to 868; scholars also had libraries (see *Jen Fang). Gay poetry in original form dates from the libraries in *Dunhuang (from ca. 1000). To the eighteenth century, there were more books in China than in all the rest of the world. In China the National Library of *Beijing (founded 1909), is the largest library with over fifteen million volumes in 1990; major cities and provincial capitals have libraries, e.g., Shanghai (the Shanghai Library dating from 1849 had six million volumes in 1976), Nanjing, and Canton. Beijing University has a large library of over four million books. Libraries were closed in 1966-68 during the Cultural Revolution and access to libraries is severely restricted. See the article "Libraries" in Encyclopaedia Sinica, Hong Kong, 1917, on libraries formed by western Europeans to 1917. The huge amount of material from the library found at the *Dunhuang caves remains largely unassessed, much having filtered into western libraries (but see *Po Hsing-chien). Books may be widely scattered due to turmoil in China in the twentieth century and much material was destroyed in upheavals after 1949, when all old books and paintings were destroyed. Many poems were handwritten on scrolls and often illustrated; therefore material in art museums may be relevant. Censorship operates in mainland Chinese libraries; some are on the internet. References. Steele, Major Libraries of the World, 51-59. Lexikon des gesamten Buchwesens, second edtion: see under "China". Taiwan. Taiwan has the library of the Imperial Palace in Beijing (evacuated from the mainland in 1949 and housed in the National Gallery). It had over 500,000 items in 1976 but many are unique copies. The library was established in Nanjing in 1933 and 120,00 of the rarest items were evacuated in 1949, these works being the rarest collection of Chinese books in the world, most from the former collection of the Emperors. The National Central Library in Taipei is the major public collection. The Academica Sinica in Taipei has over five million books. References. Steele, Major Libraries of the World, pp. 360-61. Other countries. In the United States, The *Library of Congress, Washington, and the Universities of *Harvard, Columbia and California (at Los Angeles and at Berkeley), have large Chinese collections with printed catalogs which include subject entries (see entries under homosexuality and sex in these catalogs). *RLIN and *OCLC are points of access. In Great Britain, the Oriental Reading Room of the British Library, the library of the School of Oriental and African Studies (called SOAS) at the University of London (see *School of Oriental and African Studies Catalogue) and *Oxford University are major resources. These libraries all have indexes in English. In France the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris, and in Germany the German State Library in Berlin, have material. Australia has much Chinese material e.g., in the Australian National Library, Canberra, and there is a special CJK (Chinese, Japanese, Korean) computer catalog of library holdings. Archives with gay material: see *IGLA for possible gay material. See also *Critics and Commentators, *Manuscripts - Chinese (regarding the importance of unassessed material in Chinese), *Edmund Backhouse. See also *Libraries - Japanese as Japanese libraries have large holdings of Chinese books and manuscripts. Korean and Vietnamese libraries are also other possibilities for rare material. For printed catalogs of Chinese books see Besterman, A World Bibliography of Bibliographies and Toomey, A World Bibliography of Bibliographies 1964-1974, under "Chinese Literature". Libraries and archives - Dutch Libraries in the Netherlands in Dutch date from 1798. The largest and main library in the Netherlands of works mainly in Dutch is the Royal Library (the Koninklijke Bibliotheek) in Den Haag founded in 1798. *Amsterdam and other *university towns such as Leiden have excellent libraries. *Homodok in Amsterdam has the largest archive of journals and a library of gay books. See also *J. A Schorer and *Libraries and Archives - German, - Danish as German and Danish libraries and archives have Dutch material. References. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, items 7 and 33: catalogs of two gay libraries. Steele, Major Libraries of the World lists major libraries in the Netherlands. Libraries and archives - English Libraries in English with gay poetry material date from ca. 1550. These libraries are scattered throughout the world in all Englishspeaking countries including Great Britain (which has the oldest libraries), the United States, Canada, Australia, India, South Africa and New Zealand. Most countries of the world have libraries with English language material since English is now a world language; many library catalogs are available on the internet. Great Britain. The earliest surviving libraries are those of the colleges of *Oxford and *Cambridge. The Bodleian Library (ca. 1550+), *Oxford, and the University Library (1546+) of *Cambridge are the major University libraries, which contain many important *manuscripts of gay poets as well as being the two largest libraries after the *British Library. The Bodleian has an erotic collection called the Phi Collection and Cambridge also has an erotic collection. The British Library in *London is the major British library; its printed catalog, The * British Library General Catalogue to 1975, is a major world bibliographical source, which is now available as a *computer database on CDOM, and acts as a catalog of all British English language authors. The British Library also contains manuscripts in many languages; its special collection called The *Private Case is an erotica collection. A new British Library building in London at St Pancreas opened in 1998. The above-mentioned libraries contain many rare books, often surviving in only a few or even unique copies. Smaller libraries contain specialized collections (e.g., Sheffield City Library has the archive of *Edward Carpenter). Gay Archives exist: see *Hall-Carpenter Archives. Outright Scotland, 58a Broughton Street, Edinburgh, EH1 3SA has Scottish gay archives. The British Society for Sex Psychology (active 1924; see *Edward Carpenter) is believed to have had many homosexual members and subscribed to gay journals of the time; its materials are now in the *Humanities Research Center, Texas. Public archives contain important trial records for homosexual trials and these are important documents for giving the background to the period (the texts of *Oscar Wilde's three trials have been published, edited by *Montgomery Hyde). Private libraries of *collectors of gay books often contain rare imprints (see *Richard Burton, *Anthony Reid) and are likely to be increasingly important as larger libraries become less comprehensive. Major collectors of erotica such as *H. S. Ashbee and *C. R. Dawes greatly extended the resouces of the British Library by donating their collections, though *Puritanism meant that the Private Case was only recently entered in the public catalog. As the *manuscripts of more and more openly gay poets enter libraries their resources will be increasingly relied on. *Catholic church libraries and archives which were the largest libraries until the sixteenth century were largely destroyed by King Henry the Eighth. References. Steele, Major Libraries of the World. United States. Libraries. The United States has the most accessible libraries in the world, one of the great contributions of United States librarianship being the careful cataloging of books (including subject cataloging). The Library of Congress, *Washington, is the world's largest national library (though it is still strictly speaking under the control of Congress - "Congress's library" - and not officially a public library). It can be freely used by any member of the public above high school age; however the library's collections were only developed from 1850. *Harvard University (1630+) in Boston contains the world's largest university library. *Yale University is the second largest university library. *Cornell University has a special collection of material on sexuality. Amongst public libraries, the *New York Public Library is especially rich in gay material and is the largest public library. *San Francisco Public Library, rehoused in new premises in 1997, has a gay archive and special gay collection. There is a gay task force of the American Library Association from about 1985. National LIbrary of Medicine in Virginia (formerly the Surgeon General's Library), on the outskirts of Washington, DC (it can be reached by subway from Washington), has imcomparable resources for medical aspects of homosexuality. The growth of United States university and public libraries has been dramatic from 1850 when they were all quite small, 50,000 books being a large number and the number in Harvard and the Library of Congress at this time; both had more than 12 million books in 1999. The *Kinsey Institute Library, at Bloomington, Indiana, is the finest sexological library in the world overall; it has manuscript material and many rare books and journals. The *National Union Catalog published by the Library of Congress lists all United States English language published authors deposited there under copyright, the library's right to one book published in the United States (some copyright books were and are discarded) as well as the catalogs of major US research libraries before 1956. It is being replaced by the online data bases *RLIN and *OCLC. (The Library of Congress does not retain all material given to it and valuable gay material has been discarded by the Library of Congress in the past, e.g., the journal * Arcadie: see its listing in the Union Catalog of Serials, third edition, 1965.) The United States has had great *collectors who have endowed libraries with gay material: for instance, *Charles E. Feinberg for *Walt Whitman and *William Andrews Clark for *Oscar Wilde. Gav Archives. There has been a rapid growth of gay 'archives from 1980. These archives hold the papers of gay persons and rare periodicals and books (frequently not collected by public libraries): see *Gerber Hart Library, *Homosexual Information Center, international Gay and Lesbian Archives, international Gay Information Center, *Jim Kepner, *Labadie Collection of Protest Literature, *Dorr Legg, *One Institute, *Quatrefoil Library, *San Francisco Public Library. See the articles on gay archives in The Advocate 12 November 1981, 22-27, in no. 447, 27 May 1986, 30-33, and in Lambda Book Report vol. 3 no. 3 (March/ April 1992), 14-15. A list of gay archives is in Cal Gough, editor, Gay and Lesbian Library Service, London, 1990, pp. 307-11. Archives in general. There are huge public libraries in the United States with the National Archives being in Washington DC; material in these now extends to the internet. The *Humanities Research Center has gay material. The Underground Press Collection also has material and gay publications are listed in the index in the Alternative Press Index. References. Directory of the International Association of Lesbian and Gay Archives and Libraries : lists gay archives. Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time : see under Archives for lists of the latest gay archives. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, pp. 734-36. Steele, Major Libraries of the World. Canada. The National Library is in the federal capital, Ottawa; major cities such as *Toronto, *Montreal, *Quebec - in the east - and *Vancouver - in the west - contain important libraries. The Robarts Library at the University of Toronto is the major literature research library (it was founded in 1890) and is the largest library in the country and one of the largest in north America. The National Library publishes the Canadian National Bibliography in printed form - called Canadiana (1950+) - and on *computer database; prior to 1950 it was called The Canadian Catalogue (1921-49). The *Canadian Gay Archives in Toronto is the major repository of gay material and has huge resources, including the largest gay journal holdings in the world (which are listed in its publication *Our Own Voices). *Archives gaies du Québec contains English and French material. Australia and New Zealand. Australia. The two largest libraries in Australia are the National Library, Canberra, and the University of Sydney Library; these libraries are the two largest libraries of the southern hemisphere. The National Library publishes the Australian National Bibliography (from 1900) in printed form and on computer (where it is part of the National Bibliographic Database now available along with *RLIN on *Kinetica). The Mitchell Library, Sydney, has the largest collection of Australiana to 1900. The Australian Defence Forces Academy, Canberra has a large collection of contemporary poetry. For archives see *Australian Gay Archives. The University of Sydney Library has a cataloged collection of erotica, The *Deane Erotica, housed in Rare Books and Special Collections. The State Library of New South Wales, the second largest in Sydney, dates from 1869 in its present form; its Australiana in the Mitchell Collection was largely built up by the bachelor collector *David Scott Mitchell (who also collected erotica, mostly heterosexual). For archival sources see Robert French, "Where the Action Was" in Gay Perspectives, edited by Robert Aldrich, 1992, 181-96 (this artcle fails to mention church archives). The University of Melbourne is being given a collection of gay books by*John Willis which is being cataloged on computer. Other bachelor benefactors include William Dixson. New Zealand. There is a gay archives in New Zealand in the capital Wellington - the *Lesbian and Gay Resources Centre (called LAGANZ) housed in the National Library, and a gay centre in Auckland. The Hocken Library, Dunedin, has manuscripts of *Charles Brasch and *James K. Baxter; it may also contain manuscript material of *Trimble. Bachelor collectors who helped to build up libraries include Alexander Turnbull, after whom the National Library is named, and William McNab. South Africa. South Africa has some of the best university libraries in Africa. The National Library is also excellent. A gay archives exists, *Gay and Lesbian Archives of South Africa. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Libraries and Archives" and "Librarians". References for all countries. See the relevant entry for the country in Steele, Major Libraries of the World. Gay Histories and Cultures.k Libraries and archives - French Libraries in France date from 1480; Canada and Switzerland also have large French libraries. Public libraries with gay erotic poetry date from after the French Revolution of 1789. France. The *Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris, dating from 1480 when it was part of the Royal Library, but only open to the public from 1789, is the largest French library and has long been the major library in France. The *Enfer, within it, is a special collection of erotica which was gathered from 1789 on. The Bibliothèque de L'Arsenal also in Paris has a large collection of Romance literature. A new French National Library has been opened in Paris, the Très Grand Bibliothèque, in 1999. Switzerland. Geneva has the largest French library. Canada: see *Libraries - English. Gav Archives. For Canada see 'Archives gaies du Québec, 'Canadian Lesbian and Gay Archives. 'European archives such as *Homodok contain French books. There are large public archives in France which have yielded gay material (sodomy trials etc). Neighboring countries to France (such as Belgium, the Netherlands, Spain, Italy and Germany) contain libraries with large French holdings and many United States libraries have large French holdings e.g., The Library of Congress. The *Kinsey Institute has rare French erotica as does the *Private Case of the *British Library. Russian libraries contain many French books. The catalogs of many French libraries are available on the internet. References. Steele, Major Libraries of the World. Libraries and archives - German Libraries containing German books of relevance date from before 1800. Libraries. Germany. The German library system is decentralized and there is no one national central library. Following the reunification of Germany in 1990 the library system has been reorganized: for an explanation, see the article "German Libraries Reunited", Times Literary Supplement, 25 September 1992, 18. The Collection of German Printed Books 1450-1912 is being organized with plans for every German book of the period to be held. The following libraries are to specialize in the following periods: for 1450-1600, the Bavarian State Library, *Munich; for 1601-1700, Herzog August Library, Wolfenbuttel; for 1701-1800, Lower Saxon State and University Library, *Göttingen; 1801-1870: City and University Library, Frankfurt/ Seckenberg Library; for 18701912: State Library, *Berlin (formerly called the Staatsbibliothek preussischer Kulturbesitz). The Deutsche Bibliothek unites the Deutsche Bibliothek in Frankfurt (founded 1946) and the Deutsche Bucherei in *Leipzig (founded in 1913) both of which are centers of collecting for books from 1913. The Deutsche Bucherei in Leipzig is believed to contain a special collection of erotic books. The Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach am Neckar, near Stuttgart, is a special library for German literature from the *Aufklärung (Enlightenment), 1800 to the present day (see Journals - German). The German library system suffered greatly from the Second World War. Gay material was also destroyed by the *Nazis (see *Magnus Hirschfeld). Austria. The National Library of Austria in Vienna has the largest Austrian holdings. Switzerland. The library system is decentralized. Basel, Zurich and Berne in German-speaking, northern, Switzerland, adjacent to Germany, have the largest German holdings. German material is likely in Scandinavian archives and libraries. There are special archives for *Goethe and *Schiller at Weimar. United States and British libraries have large holdings of German books (the *British Library has the largest European holdings outside Germany). The catalogs of many German libraries are available on the internet. Gay Archives. The *Schwules Archiv in Frankfurt and *Magnus Hirschfeld Centrum, Hamburg are major gay archives; there is a gay archive at the *University of Siegen (see * Lexikon homosexuelle belletristik). The *Schwules Museum in Berlin has a major and accessible holding of rare journals and books. *Homodok in Amsterdam has gay German material, as has the *Kinsey Institute (mainly earlier material). Verzeichnis der Schwulen und Schwul-lesbischen Bibliotheken, Archive und Geschichtswerkstätten, Cologne, 58 pp., 1991, 500 copies, edited by Joseph Fournier and Peter Nick is a list of some twenty-three gay German archives and libraries - it also lists the *Homodok Centrum in Amsterdam and the Schwule Bibliothek in Zurich, Switzerland, both of which libraries have German gay material. References. Steele, Major Libraries of the World. Lexikon des gesamten Buchwesens, second edition: see under "Frankriech" for Germany. Libraries and archives - Greek Libraries of Greek books and manuscripts with gay relevance date from 146 B.C. Libraries have existed in Greece, Turkey, Cyprus and Egypt. In ancient Greek culture, the most famous library was the library of *Alexandria. Famous in the *Hellenistic period, it was subsequently destroyed by the Romans in 146 B.C.: in this library, books were edited as well as collected (see *Aristarchus). Material in Greek was transmitted in manuscripts until the invention of mechanical printing. Libraries in Greece today are poorly developed: the main libraries in the capital, *Athens, are the National Library and the University Library; important libraries are also in the American, British, French and German Archaeological schools. The Gennadius Library in the American School houses Tine bindings and association copies, including works associated with *Byron. Thessaloniki, in the northeast, the second largest city, has old libraries. *Crete and Cyprus have very old libraries asssociated with monasteries. There appears to be no printed catalog of the National Library of Greece. Many modern Greek works have not been cataloged in Greece and libraries outside Greece remain important sources for these - e.g., in Australia, which has a large Greek emigrant population, and the United States. The ancient Greek classics have been well edited (see *scholars) but much remains to be done on the Byzantine and modern periods, and manuscript assessment remains elementary for these later periods. The libraries of the enclave of monasteries on Mt Athos have the oldest collections of Greek manuscripts. Monastery, bishopric, church and town archives may have relevant material. The Orthodox church libraries and archives are important cultural institutions as the church was the centre of culture under the Turks; they have not yet been investigated by gay scholars. (The homophobia of the Greek Orthodox Church may make use of church libraries and archives difficult for locating homosexual material and much material has been destroyed, especially by the early church - see *lost works.) Libraries in Europe have Greek manuscripts, many bought from *Istanbul by scholars such as Janus Lascaris. The manuscript of the * Palatine Anthology is an example. European and United States libraries also contain rare editions of books of ancient Greek homopoets and homopoetry dating from the invention of printing in Europe, ca. 1455. Not all the published editions of these poets (such as *Theognis) are listed in the * National Union Catalog and its supplements. Rare editions and printings may exist in old libraries (such as the *British Library); on this point see also * Mousa Paidike, *Palatine Anthology. The catalogs of major libraries in Europe and other places need to be consulted for early editions, as well as the library catalogs of old universities such as *Oxford, *Paris, *Bologna and Salamanca. *Douglas Young searched libraries for old manuscripts of Theognis and discovered many previously overlooked. See also *Censorship - Greek. References. Steele, Major Libraries of the World. Libraries and archives - Hebrew and Yiddish Hebrew and Yiddish libraries are very ancient and exist in countries where Jews live and have lived from Israel to the United States; the *Old Testament itself was a library and dates from ca. 100 B.C. in Hebrew (though the Greek version, the Septuagint preceded it). Hebrew nearly died out in the late nineteenth century and Yiddish suffered huge losses in the Second World War when six million Jews were killed in Europe by Hitler and the Nazis. In Israel where Hebrew is the national language, the University of Jerusalem which is also the National Library has major research collections In the United States, *Harvard University has the leading research collection of Hebrew books: see Catalog of Hebrew Books, 6 volumes, 1968. *Yale University has Jewish studies and a major collection of Hebrew books. Both universities have significant sections of Yiddish books. The New York Public Library has a large collection of Hebrew books. In Europe check old libraries for works in Hebrew. Rare books in Yiddish are scattered and only recently was an effort made by Aaron Lansky to collect them in the United States, resulting in hundreds of thousands being collected and donated to research libraries (see Nicholas A. Basbanes, A Gentle Madness, 1995, pp. 383-94). *New York has major libraries attached to Jewish religious institutions. Much Hebrew material is still in manuscript: see *Manuscripts - Hebrew. References. Steele, Major Libraries of the World. Libraries and archives - Italian Libraries in Italy of Italian books of relevance date from ca. 1500. *Florence and *Rome are the two designated national libraries, *Milan, *Venice and *Bologna have large libraries. All cities have libraries, many dating back several hundred years. Overall the Italian library system is poorly organized with few libraries having computerization. After 1850 access for Italian material is better in United States research libraries such as the *Library of Congress in *Washington. There are gay archives in *Milan, *Bologna - Centro di Documentazione 'Il Cassero', CP 691, 40100 Bologna, with over 1500 books and 220 journal titles - and in *Turin (see *Fondazione Sandro Penna). *Rome also has an archives (see *Massimo Consoli's Gay International Archive). The *Vatican Library in Rome is perhaps the oldest library. Italian *manuscript holdings are extensive. References. Steele, Major Libraries of the World. Libraries and archives - Japanese Libraries in Japan of works in Japanese date from the Nara period (710-94); there are many private ones as well as temple libraries. Japanese libraries are rich in Chinese books. The National Diet Library in *Tokyo, attached to the Japanese Parliament and modelled on the *Library of Congress, is the largest; it dates from the last century as the Emperor's library but from 1948 in its modern guise when it opened with 215,000 books. Tokyo University Library, dating from 1877, was adding 120,000 books a year in 1983 and has over six million books; *Kyoto University Library has over five million books. Tokyo City Library is also very large. Tenri Central Library (from 1926), Nara prefecture, is noted for its early treasures in Chinese and Japanese and western literature. There are usually two catalogs in libraries: a western languages catalog and a Chinese and Japanese catalog. Japanese libraries are becoming leaders in computerized information technology. Western libraries holding Japanese material . See Besterman, A World Bibliography of Bibliographies, and Toomey, A World Bibliography of BIbliographies 1964-1974, under "Japanese Literature" for Catalogues (see also *Manuscripts - Japanese). The *School of Oriental and African Studies Catalogue is relevant and The Library of Congress has large holdings of Japanese books (check catalogs under "Homosexuality" and "Sex" for books). Australia has large holdings (see *Libraries - English). See also *Libraries - Chinese as some Japanese material is in Chinese libraries and printed catalogs of Chinese material frequently are printed in conjunction with Japanese books and manuscripts. References. Steele, Major Libraries of the World, pp. 249-59. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan : see "Libraries". Lexikon des gesamten Buchwesens, second edition: see "Japan". Libraries and archives - Latin Libraries of material in Latin exist mainly in *Europe but also in countries colonised by European nations such as Australia, the United States and the countries of South America. The *Vatican library is the oldest continuous library with Latin manuscripts and books and dates from before 1500. All the major European and United States research, university, Catholic Church and many public libraries contain books and manuscripts in Latin since Latin was the language of learning in Europe until the first half of the twentieth century and the language of the *Catholic church until the Second Vatican Council in 1962. Seminary and monastery libraries of the Catholic Church remain other sources. Major libraries with Latin books include the *British Library, *Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris and the libraries of major old universities such as *Oxford, *Cambridge and *Harvard. *Roman material has been published but homopoems from *manuscripts of the *middle ages and later periods have yet to be adequately checked. *Thomas Stehling has edited some poems from the middle ages (including poems from manuscripts which were examined by John Boswell). Monastery libraries in Europe are likely sources of manuscripts containing homopoems. The papers of poets (e.g,. *Thomas Gray) and scholars (e.g., *C A Klotz) who wrote in Latin and are known or suspected to be gay need to be assessed for their Latin poetry and critical writing from a gay point of view. There is no published catalog of Latin books: for information see the * National Union Catalog and *British Library General Catalogue. References. Steele, Major Libraries of the World. Libraries and archives - Persian Libraries in Persian from Iran, *European countries and other countries date from before 1850 when European collecting of Persian manuscripts and books started in earnest. Tehran, the capital of Iran, has the largest libraries in Iran. Material in *manuscript has been widely dispersed and many poets of relevance remain unpublished. Mosques are important repositories of *manuscripts. Outside Iran, European and United States libraries - e.g., *Oxford University, University of London and *Harvard University - have holdings of manuscripts. Consult also the *School of Oriental and African Studies Catalogue. See also *Libraries - Arabic, - Turkish as Persian material is frequently held in conjunction with material in these *Islamic languages. References. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition: see "Maktaba". Steele, Major Libraries of the World. Libraries and archives - Portuguese Libraries in Portuguese exist mainly in Portugal and Brazil, its former colony, but now the largest Portuguese-speaking country. They date from ca. 1600 but earlier libraries existed in monasteries and churches. Portugal. The Biblioteca Nacional Lisboa in *Lisbon is the national library (Lisbon is called Lisboa in Portuguese). The Coimbra University Library is important. Oporto, the second largest city in the north of the country has old libraries. The archive of the Torre do Tombo in Lisbon contain legal cases involving the Inquisition (see *Luiz Nott who utilized the library). Brazil. Libraries are poor. In the United States there are large libraries with much Brazilian material which is more accessible e.g., in the Library of Congress. United States libraries probably have better coverage of Brazilian material than libraries in Brazil. There is a national library in Brasilia, the capital. *Rio de Janeiro, formerly the capital, has a major library, the Biblioteca Nacional, which is very run down. References. Steele, Major Libraries of the World. For Brazil see the article "Libraries" in Encyclopedia of Latin American Literature (an excellent survey including discussion of Information Technology). Libraries and archives - Russian Libraries in Russian in Russia with relevant material date from before 1900; monasteries had old libraries. The Moscow Lesbian and Gay Archives exists from ca. 1995: see Sonja Franeta. "A Moscow Salon", Harvard Gay and Lesbian Review, Winter 1999, 37-38. *Saint Petersburg, the capital until 1917, and *Moscow (the capital from 1917 to date) have the largest libraries. In Moscow, the Lenin Library, the country's national library, still had a card catalog in 1995 and was difficult to use; there is an excellent Library for Foreign Literature in Moscow and Moscow University has a good library. Russian libraries have suffered *censorship from 1917, from which year material has not been readily available to ordinary readers; they are also cumbersome and difficult to use, lacking computerization. In the United States, the *Library of Congress and the *New York Public Library have large collections and Russian books are more accessible in these libraries; New York Public Library has a special Slavic reading room. The University of Berkeley, California, has an excellent collection of Russian books. In Finland the National Library in Helsinki has Russian deposit material to 1917. In the archive of the KGB, the Russian secret police, poems of *Klyuev have been found: see Vitaly Shentalinsky, The KGB's Literary Archive, London, 1995. The Russian Nobel Prize winning novelist, *Alexander Solzhenitsyn, has a huge archive of material from the prison camps, sent to him by former inmates. This may include written records of oral poems with gay reference; this material was microfilmed before Solzhenitsyn returned to the USSR in 1995. He is believed to have taken it back to Russia with him. Solzhenitsyn must certainly have known about homosexuality in the Soviet gulag (prison camp system). References. Steele, Major Libraries of the World, 369-93. Libraries and archives - Spanish and Catalan Public libraries in Spanish in Spain and in Mexico, Argentina and other countries of central and south America date from 1500; monastery libraries date from before this. Spain. Spanish. The largest library is the National Library, in the capital *Madrid, which has been computerized. The United States *Library of Congress is excellent for all Spanish material from 1850. There is a gay archive and library the *Txoko Landan in Bilbao. Catalan. The gay archive in the institut Lambda, Barcelona, has Spanish and Catalan gay material. 'Barcelona has large Catalan libraries (very old fashioned and difficult to use). South and central America. There are various national libraries but the *Library of Congress is the largest overall for Spanish material with 60,000 books in the field of language and literature. The National Library of Argentina is perhaps the best organized. The *IGLA gay archive in the United States in *Los Angeles has Spanish material and there probably is Spanish material in other United States gay archives and in the *Canadian Lesbian and Gay Archives. A private gay library exists in *Buenos Aires owned by Marcelo Ferreyra which may be publically consulted. See the article "Libraries" in Encyclopedia of Latin American Literature: an excellent survey including discussion of Information Technology. References. Steele, Major Libraries of the World. Libraries and archives - Turkish Public libraries in Turkish from Turkey date from before 1918 with material of relevance; libraries attached to mosques are very ancient. The University Library in the *Ottoman capital and the largest city, *Istanbul, dating from 1924, and the National Library in Ankara, dating from 1948, the capital of Turkey, are the two major libraries. Archives are important as most literature remains in *manuscript (see *Helmut Ritter for information). The Sulimaniye Mosque, used as a manuscript library since 1918, has the most important collection of manuscripts (in Turkish, Arabic and Persian) gathered from 94 sources all over the country. Many libraries are in mosques and contain old manuscript collections and there are huge Ottoman archives in Istanbul which are unassessed. In Europe, major collections in Great Britain are the British Library Oriental Reading Room in London, the library of the School of Oriental and African Studies and the Bodleian Library in *Oxford. German libraries and the Bibliothèque Nationale in *Paris, as well as Russian libraries in *St Petersburg and Moscow, have Turkish material as well as some libraries in the Balkans (which was formerly controlled by the Turks). In the United States, the Library of Congress and *Harvard are the most important repositories. Consult also the *School of Oriental and African Studies Catalogue. See also *Libraries - Persian, - Arabic as Turkish material is frequently held in conjunction with material in these languages in middle eastern countries. References. Steele, Major Libraries of the World, 363- 67. Libraries and manuscripts - Indian languages Public libraries in India with material in Indian languages including Sanskrit, Hindi, Urdu, Bengali and Tamil date from 1836. There are fifteen official languages of India and several hundred languages overall. Hindi, Urdu, Bengali and Tamil are the most widely spoken and Sanskrit is the oldest recorded language; for other languages see *Indian languages. Generally much material remains in *manuscript or, in the case of oral material, is not recorded (though cassettes are now enabling oral poems and songs to be recorded). Publishing started in the late eighteenth century. India. The National Library in Calcutta (from 1836) had 1,500,000 books and 3,000 manuscripts in 1976 and has copyright privileges from 1954. Delhi Public Library (from 1951, especially good for Hindi and Urdu) and Calcutta University Library (especially for Bengali) each had 500,000 books in 1976. There are many private libraries in India, some of which contain rare manuscripts. State libraries in State capitals cover regional languages. Generally, libraries in India are poorly resourced. Bombay (now called Mumbai) has a large private library. Great Britain. See the *School of Oriental and African Studies Catalogue for Indian language materials. The Library of the India Office in London has a large collection of both manuscripts and books in Indian languages now housed in the *British Library in the Oriental Reading Room (see Chapter 9 of Sir Frank Francis, Treasures of the British Museum Library, 1975: "Oriental Printed Books and Manuscripts", pp. 238-50, by Albetine Gaur); there are printed catalogs for various languages. United States. The Library of Congress and *Harvard University have large collections. Libraries in Pakistan contain Urdu material and in Bangladesh, Bengali material. References. Steele, Major Libraries of the World, 205-211. Libraries and manuscripts - Urdu Libraries in Pakistan hold Urdu material. Collecting in public libraries dates from at least 1850. Much Urdu poetry is still in manuscript form or has not been adequately edited. Manuscripts are in Pakistan, India and Europe. The India Office Library in London (materials from which are now consulted in the Oriental Reading Room of the *British LIbrary) has much Urdu material from the period of the British occupation of India and Pakistan. Manuscripts are also in the libraries of mosques in Pakistan and India. Consult also the *School of Oriental and African Studies Catalogue where Urdu is taught. References. Besterman, A World Bibliography of Bibliographies: see "Urdu Literature". Steele, Major Libraries of the World. Library of Congress and Library of Congress Catalog Library in the United States with most books in English. The library was founded in 1800. The Library of Congress in *Washington, DC, is the world's largest library; most books are English language books. Its cataloging is very thorough and subject cataloging has been especially pursued. The Library of Congress is not a national library but, as its name states, is the library attached to the United States Congress (that is the federal parliament or legislature). The library was seriously expanded as a library from ca. 1850; comprehensively it covers the world and had over twenty-two million books in 1989. (Libraries of * Bibles or portions of them by the United Bible Societies in *New York and Reading, Great Britain, almost certainly contain a wider coverage of languages - published Bibles or portions of them exist in over 2,000 languages; *Cambridge University Library, which houses the records of the British and Foreign Bible Society, is the research library with books in the greatest number of languages and this library thus has a wider coverage by languages than the Library of Congress.) Cataloging records of the Library of Congress have been used by other United States libraries from ca. 1900 and libraries all around the world which use the Dewey system (its system of arrangement of books). *Erotic literature, *sex in literature, *homosexual and *gay are words to search its catalogs for the subject of homosexual poetry; generally homosexual material is more explicitly labelled as such from about 1970. (See *subject headings for further words and phrases for searching.) Consult the two volume Library of Congress Subject Headings for subject headings for "homosexuality" for more detailed subject cataloging terms. LCCC is the Library of Congress Computer Catalog; this started comprehensively in 1967, when all new books were added to the computer catalog but retrospective entry of earlier material is progressing and eventually all works owned by the library well be on it. Printed catalogs in book form exist; these have been collated in the * National Union Catalog and its supplements (now superceded by such computer databases as *RLIN and *OCLC and, in Australia, *Kinetica). An earlier printed book catalog consisting only of the Library of Congress author cards to 31 July 1942 was published in 1942-46: A catalog of books represented by Library of Congress printed cards, issued to July 31, 1942, 167 volumes. The catalog is available on the internet. Despite having deposit privileges, many gay poets are not in the library, which in 1988 was discarding as many books as it catalogued each year: some 250,000 books discarded and an equal amount catalogued. The discarding - see * Arcadie for a notable example - amounts to censorship. The library has a small list of gay manuscripts of interest in the manuscript reading room: these include the *Feinberg Collection (on *Whitman) and the *Traubel collection relating to Whitman; overall there are 22,000 pieces on Whitman in the manuscript collection. The library has important manuscripts of *A. E. Housman. There is a special erotica section in Rare Books called the Delta Collection; the card catalogue in the Rare Books Reading Room has all the Delta Books listed together(only a small number). References. Steele, Major Libraries of the World. Pseudonym of a critic and historian from Germany who wrote in German. 1875-1929. Pseudonym of *Paul Brandt. Licht is German for "light", Hans is a common name. See * Anthropophyteia. Critic from Germany who wrote in Latin. Active 1877. De Carminibus Shakesperi (About the poems of Shakespeare), Paris, 1887, apparently a thesis (source *Herelle manuscript 3258); not sighted. On the sonnets. The *British Library holds a copy. Sexual practice surviving in Latin from ca. 64 B.C. Licking the body; see also *Analingus/Arse licking. Material survives from ca. 64 B.C. Latin: see the *Forberg entry re *Ausonius, *Catullus ( 84 B.C.-54 B.C.), *Martials. Compare *fellatio. Editor from the United States of works in Greek; critic in English. Active 1985. She compiled The Greek Anthology, 2 volumes, New York: Garland, 1987, an edition of the text of the * Palatine Anthology with introduction. Not sighted. A copy is held by *Harvard University Library. She wrote an article (using the name Sonya Lida Taran) on the * Mousa Paidike: "An Erotic Motif in the Greek Anthology", Journal of Hellenic Studies, vol. CV (1985), 90-107: this discusses the growth of hair on the boy's face which marks the end of the boys attraction; over 30 poems are discussed - see *Down on face. Biographer and critic from Great Britain who wrote in English; he later lived in Greece and Egypt. 1908-ca. 1994. English biographer of the Greek poet *Cavafy: Cavafy: a Critical Biography (London, 1974). This is an important biography which discusses the poet's homosexuality frankly and is the most thorough to date; poems are discussed throughout. Educated at *Oxford, he was a lecturer in English in *Athens in Greece and in Egypt at *Alexandria and *Cairo. His novel Unreal City features a homosexual character Mr Eugenides. Robert Liddell is mentioned in *David Marr's biography of *Patrick White. Poet from Great Britain, who apparently lives in the United States, writing in English. Born 1934. An *Irish poet, he was born in County Clare, educated at University College, *Dublin, and has had several books of poems published in the United States and Ireland. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 640: book of poems Blue House (with *Jim Chapson and *Thomas Hill); see *Jim Chapson entry for details; 2336-37: In a Blue Smoke, Dublin: Dolmen Press, 1964 and A Munster Song of Love and War, San Francisco: White Rabbit Press, 1971. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Male Muse, 69-70; biog., 122. Gay Poetry, 4. Not Love Alone, 65-68: *bathing poem "Epithalamion"; biog., 142. Pseudonym of a poet from the Netherlands writing in Dutch. 1945-1987. See gay poems in Fotomontage (1993). He died of alcoholism. His pseudonym means "faithful love". Information from *Gert Hekma. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe in der Weltliteratur Anthology in German from Germany. Tilsit: Otto von Mauderode, 1899. Reprinted. The second modern German gay anthology. It contains both poetry and prose and was compiled by *Elisar von Kupffer who was undoubtedly aided in his selection by the first German anthology *Heinrich Hössli's * Eros: Die Männerliebe der Griechen (1838). The first edition was published in 1899 in an edition of 1000 copies with an extra 30 on art paper; this editon is very rare and has not been examined. An edition was published in 1900 by *Adolf Brand's Verlag, Berlin-Neurahnsdorf, 1900, 220 pp. (bibl. 217-220). There was a third edition published in Leipzig by Max Spohr in 1900 of 224 pages which seems to have used the same printing plates as for the 1900 Adolf Brand edition (see the note p. 221 of this edition regarding the details of the 1899 edition). A review in the Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 3 (1901), 412, refers to the publisher as S. Dyck at Eberswalde. These early editions show the popularity of the work. The work was reprinted with an introduction by *Marita Keilson-Lauritz in Berlin by *Rosa Winkel publishers in 1995, 242 pp. The anthology contains an excellent selection of gay material and is still the most wideranging in German. The Max Spohr edition was used to compile this entry; the 1899 edition was not examined. A poem by von Kupffer suggesting Jesus was a homosexual led to the banning of the book in Germany (*Manfred Herzer to the author, 1989; see the 1900 edition pp. 180-81 and the Spohr edition at the same pages). The *Rainer Feucht Catalog no. 32, item 1750, states the work was consfiscated in 1903; see also Gay Books Bulletin no. 6, p. 14. The introduction pp. 1-11 is dated Pompeii 1899; two epigraphs by *Goethe and *D'Annunzio appear before the text. The afterword pp. 183-207 cites homosexual references in ancient sources relating to literary figures and a few extra poems; there is a list of Greek words for homosexuality pp 213-16 and a bibliography pp. 217-20. Poets, translators and other relevant entries (excluding prose writers) are (see entries): Abu Mohammed El Kasim, Aeschylus, Al Motamid, Alcaeus, Michele Amari, Amphis, Anacreon, Archilochus, Athenaeus, Baccylides, Alexander Berg, Wilhelm Binder, Adolf Brand, Michelangelo Buonarotti, Byron, Callimachus, Catullus, Jesus Christ, Constantine of Sicily, David, Euripides, Giovanni della Casa, Frederick the Great, A. F. Gelbecke, Goethe, Karl Heinrich Graf, Hermann Griebenow, Grillparzer, Hermann Grimm, Hafiz, Hammer-Purgstall, Herder, Hoffman, Hölderlin, Homer, Horace, Ibn at Tubi, Ibn Chaldun, Ibycus, Junghans, Josef Kitir, Lermontov, Levetzow, Oscar Linke, Lucian, Ludwig II, Martin Luther, Marlowe, Martial, Eduard von Mayer, Meleager, Mimnermus, Montaigne, Ovid, Pindar, Platen, Plato, Plutarch, Robert-tornow, Rosenzweig-Schwannau, Rückert, Sa'di, von Schack, Scheffler, Socrates, Solon, Sophocles, Stadion-Thannhausen, Stesichorus, Swinburne, Theocritus, Theognis, Thousand and one nights, Tibullus, Garcilasco de la Vega, Verlaine, Virgil, Richard Wagner, Gustav Weil, Wilamowitz, Zorilla y Moral. In the English anthology * Ioläus, the editor *Edward Carpenter quotes from the work in the first edition 1902, p.153, and in the 1906 printing pp. 207, 210-12 (this priniting contains extra material from the 1902 edition of Ioläus) thus showing the work's influence. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 74: cites an edition Spohr: Leipzig, 1900. Herzer, Bibliographie zur Homosexualität, item 0449: cites the Adolf Brand edition, 1900. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 3 (1901), 412-18: book review; cites the publisher as S. Dyck of Eberswalde. Lexikon homosexuelle belletristik: brief note. Liechtenstein, Ulrich von (also spelt Lichtenstein) Poet in German from Germany. Active 1257. A * minnesinger. His name is also spelt Lichtenstein. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature: see "Liechtenstein". Gay Poetry Anthologies. Die Stumme Sünde, 233-36, 240-43; 83-87 (criticism). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 187. Criticism. *W. Leonhardt, "Homosexualität in der ältesten deutschen Dichtkunst", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 12 (1911-12), 161-52. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 472: re his poem "Frauenbuch" (1257) which presents a lady who accuses a kinght of preferring hunting, drinking and *boy love to the service of women. Poem from Germany in German. 1959. See *Lycidas for the title's significance. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 86: same work as Bullough. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10814: Die Lieder für Lycidas, Wiesbaden: Wulffenpresse, 1959 (stated as being "Five *sonnets"); no author given. Poet from Poland who wrote in Polish. 1866-1912. A Polish poet with close links to *Stefan George; suspected of being gay. He was translated into German by *Stefan George in * Blätter für die Kunst, no. 2, pp. 90-94. See his entry in the *British Library General Catalogue under Rolicz-Lieder. He remained unknown and was only rediscovered in the 1930s. He translated Persian poets and also Stefan George into Polish and wrote *prose poems. Nearly all his poetry was written in the *eighteen-nineties. Criticism. See for a general critique Milosz, History of Polish Poetry, 335-6. Bibliographer and historian from the Netherlands writing in Dutch. Born 1953. He compiled *Boeken over Mannen..., the first catalog of the De Woelraat bookshop in *Amsterdam and, with *Gert Hekma, Goed Verkeerd, 1989, a history of gay men and women in the Netherlands. With *Hans Hafkamp he compiled Pijlen van Naamloze Liefde, 1988, a series of articles on gay pioneers and writers written by experts. Poet from Austria writing in German. Born 1924. Active 1954-57. 'Hubert Kennedy in Journal of Homosexuality, volume 3B, numbers 1/2, 2QQQ, 65, states fourteen poems by him appeared in ' Der Kreis. Freundesliebe: aus dem Leben eines Homophilen, Frankfurt, 19BQ, edited by 'Joachim S. Hohmann, deals with his life. Bibliographies. Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen, items 677-79: Rufer in der Nacht, Wien: Europäischer Verlag, 1956, Die Flut rückt vor. Neue Gedichte. Wien: Verlag für Jugend und Volk, 1957 and Ahnung und Zeichen. Die dritte Gedichtsammlung, Wien: Verlag für Jugend und Volk, 1959. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Keine Zeit für gute Freunde, 126 (poem "Liebeslied"), 132-33 (poem "Andi Ganz Normalen"). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 244: poem about 'cruising. Ligne, Charles-Joseph, Prince de Poet from Belgium who wrote in French. 1735-1814. A soldier, ambassador and writer, he was a founder of modern Belgian letters. In Roger Peyrefitte, Nouveauz propos secrets, Paris, 1989, see pp. 188-89. Peyrefitte states a book of his poems Sens devant derrière, printed at the end of the nieteenth century in an ediiton of 70 copies (and in Peyrefitte's library) has several poems touching on *pederasty, including one on *masturbation inspired by the "Ode to *Priapus" (of *Piron). He states another rare book of his, Supplément à Apprius (anagram of Priapus), has much material on homosexuality. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of Literature. Bibliographies. Pia, Les Livres de l'Enfer, vol. 1, column 1224: a copy of Sens devant derrière, no date, 76 pp. possibly published in Brussels 1865-70. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born ca. 1970. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gents, Bad Boys, and Barbarians, 125-29; biog., 124. Poet (from Greece?) who wrote in Greek. Born ca. 350 B.C. No entry in Oxford Classical Dictionary. The date is taken from Brandt. He is linked with *Chios. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Der kleine Pauly, volume 3, 650 (2). Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 77: "Gedichte über die Liebe des Hypnos zu *Endymion und des Hymeniaios zu Argynnos". Criticism. Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 8 (1906), 658-59: citing a poem preserved in *Athenaeus xiii 564c. Poet from Germany writing in German. Born 1951. Lila means *lilac in German and refers to homosexuality. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Milchsilber, 64, 93-95 (prose), 97; biog., 200, photo p. 201. Poet from Germany who wrote in German. 1844-1909. He married. The soldier's life was at the basis of all he wrote. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Oxford Companion to German Literature . Criticism. Schyberg, Walt Whitman, 280-81: re his soldier lyrics and his autobiographical novel. Critic and historian from Finland writing in English. Active 1983. Author of the most important analysis of ancient *Roman poetry in homosexual terms: Homosexuality in Republican and Augustan Rome, Helsinki: Finnish Society of Letters, Snellmaninkaru 9-11, SF-00170 Helsinki, 1982, 164 pages; bibl. pp. 141-48. This work covers the *Republican and imperial periods of Roman history from Plautus (251-184 B.C.) to the death of Augustus (14 A.D.). Chapter 1 is an Introduction, Chapter 2 deals with Comedy, Chapter 3 is Poetry from Catullus to Ovid. The poets *Catullus, *Virgil, *Horace, *Tibullus, *Propertius and *Ovid are discussed in Chapter 3, pp. 51-87. (Juvenal and *Martial are not included as they fall outside the period.) Chapter 4, Factual Background, discusses *Cicero's orations, Pompeian *Graffiti, Athenian Law, Roman Law. Important bibliography pp. 141-18; index of passages discussed pp. 149-58. Trope in Latin from Italy and English from Great Britain from 1881. Latin. See 'flowers re use in 'Virgil's "Second Eclogue". English. Lilies are associated with homosexuality in English from 1881 in a poem on 'Oscar Wilde and appears from ca. 1887 in a poem of *Richard C. Jackson. Lilies are a common motif in *eighteen-nineties verse; see *Theodore Wratislaw (where other exotic *flowers such as orchids and tulips also figure) and *Richard Bruce (active 1925). In art the idea appeared in Pre-Raphaelite art in the famous work by *Dante Gabriel Rossetti Ecce Ancilla Domini (The Annunciation; 1849-50, Tate Gallery, London) with an *androgynous angel holding a lily which he presents to the Virgin Mary, thus giving the lily overtones of sexuality as a symbol (see illustration in Simon Wilson, British Art, 1979, p. 100). The white arum lily has a yellow *phallic center. For the phrase lily-white in a homosexual context see *Ballad of Joking Jesus and *David Jones. See also *F. Bourdillon. Translator from French to German. Active 1977. The translator of the anthology * Beau Petit Ami from French into German (translated with *Doris Plattner). No other details are known. Poet from Braxil who wrote in Portuguese. 1893-1953. Novelist and artist; one of the most famous *modernist poets of Brazil. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poemas do amor maldito, 91: a *sonnet; biog 90. Criticism. Trevisan, Perverts in Paradise, 108. Genre in English from Great Britain, United States and Australia from ca. 1870. Limericks have been traced to the fourteenth century as a genre but *bawdy erotic gay limericks date only from 1870. See *W. S. Baring-Gould, The Lure of the Limerick, 1969, for a history of the form. The limerick gained wide popularity when used by *Edward Lear in his Book of Nonsense, 1863; bawdy limericks followed as a *parody of the ordinary type. In *Gershon Legman, The Limerick, 1964, Chapter 5, "Buggery", is a collection of limericks on *anal sex dating from 1870 to 1952 from the United States and Great Britain (Numbers 446-529): all are relevant except 452, 454, 458, 463, 466-68, 470, 478, 481, 48687, 491, 493, 495-96, 517-18. United States entries in this work are not differentiated from British ones though the original sources on p. lxxvii indicate their country of origin. See also the Chapter "Buggery", pp. 187-218, in Gershon Legman, More Limericks, 1977. Both The LImerick and More Limericks have important bibliographies at the end. The first work also has a valuable introduction dealing with the history of the limerick; the chapter "Abuses of the Clergy" in The Limerick is also relevant. Cythera's Hymnal, London, 1870, is the first source of homo bawdy limericks (see Legman, The Limerick, numbers 449, 482, 485, 500, 508). The British journal *The Pearl (1879-80; repr.) included some homosexual limericks which are included in Legman, More Limericks (numbers 459, 473). Books of limericks frequently plunder previous books without acknowledging sources, making the sourcing of particular limericks difficult. For gay literary limericks see *W. H. Auden (and also *Dorothy Farnan), *Aleister Crowley, *Norman Douglas - gay poets who all wrote brilliant limericks. Perhaps the finest book of gay limericks is by *Alexander Goodman (active 1967) though Norman Douglas's Some Limericks is notorious for its eroticism (it is not basically a gay volume, however). *Donald Dimock has recently written brilliant gay limericks. *Swinburne is reputed to have written limericks and *Tennyson's erotic limericks have been destroyed. Australia. See 'Gershon Legman, The Limerick, New York, 1964, p. 92: no 449 re Australia (dated 1870 when first published in Cythera's Hymnal). See also *Don Laycock, The Best Bawdry, Sydney, 1982, pp. 142-56 (includes some gay limericks). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 378-82: twenty-five limericks (1948-76). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 178-80: brilliant *anonymous gay limericks. Criticism. Legman, Horn Book, 427-53: history of the limerick. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1809-1865. The American President whose term covered the Civil War. He was assassinated. Two *elegies on him were written by *Walt Whitman. See *Charley Shively, Drum Beats, 1989, pp. 71-89, where he is stated convincingly to have had a homosexual relationship with a man over a number of years; his bawdy poems have been suppressed though one is quoted p. 73; also discussed is Whitman's relationship with him. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of American Biography. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1993. Book of gay poems: Verses over the River, Minneapolis: Daisy Publications, 1993, 38 pp.; he has published a cassette Seeking a Permanent Place at the Beach. Both are reviewed in James White Review vol. 10 no. 3 (Spring 1993), 17 (poems are published in this issue pp. 10-11 and he is stated to have been a founding member of the * James White Review in the biographical note, p. 20). Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1935. He publishes the journal Aquarius (ca. 1973+) every half year. This is an anthology of poems and reviews which he funds himself, including an occasional gay poem (see no. 9, 1977, 23: "A Sunday in Cambridge: For William" by Eddie Linden). He is an extraordinary figure who has devoted himself to poetry. Interview: Gay News no. 173 (1979) 27, by *Keith Howes; this states he was raised in Glasgow, studied at *Oxford, is openly gay, was a *Communist, has been a *Catholic, has toyed with the idea of a gay issue of Aquarius, and is the loneliest man in the world, "Aquarius is my lover... It's like a marriage". The interview refers to a poem about a wild night spent on Hampstead Heath, London. Text of poems. See City of Razors and other poems, 1980. This work consists of poems arranged chronologically with a prose commentary opposite, relating the story of his life at the point of composition. See "Peace" p. 29, "Hampstead by Night" p. 31, "A Sunday in Cambridge" p. 49, "On Reaching Forty" p. 51. Sebastian Barker states, p. 9, "These are the poems of a Roman Catholic homosexual who has decided to break silence... they show us the inner life of an intolerably sad and lonely man..." See also John Heath-Stubbs. Biography: Sebastian Barker, Who Is Eddie Linden?, 1979: this openly discusses his homosexuality - see Chapter 13, pp. 118-34. Unpublished gay manuscript poems are believed to exist. References. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2343a: City of Razors, London: Jay Landesman, 1980. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 353: "A Sunday in *Cambridge". Translator from French to English possibly from Great Britain. Active 1978. Partial translator of two poets of the French anthology * Beau petit ami into English: translations were done with the main translator *Michael Taylor. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amour bleu, 300 - gives the poets translated: *Marcel Jouhandeau, *Paul Verlaine, Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1976. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2351: Memories of Discreet Rooms, Banstead, Surrey: Ibis Books, 1976. Poet and translator from Latin and Greek to English from Australia; he later lived in Great Britain. 1900-1990. As a poet see his poem on the homosexual *Marxist archaeologist, V. Gordon Childe in Sally Green, Prehistorian (1981), pp. xvi-xvii (the poem is reprinted from the dedication to Jack Lindsay's Daily Life in Roman Egypt). He translated the Latin poet 'Catullus, The Complete Poetry of Gaius Catullus, London, Fanfrolico Press, 1929; also, Catullus The Complete Poems: A New Translation, London, 1948 (see especially his translation of Catullus poem 16). He also translated the Greek poet *Theocritus: The complete poems (London, Fanfrolico Press, 1929). His Medieval Latin Poems, London, 1934, includes "To an English Boy" (pp. 158-59) by *Hilary. He also translated Petronius's Satyricon (London, 1910; with illustrations by his brother Norman Lindsay, some homosexual, including one showing a Roman *bathhouse; repr.) In keeping with the author's libertarian principles (he was also a *Socialist and Marxist), his translations represent a much more honest approach than many of the period, where homosexual poems were frequently omitted or translated in a truncated form. They are not omitted in his translations which are also fluently written. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 109: trans. of the Latin poet *Paulinus. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1879-1931. In Collected Poems, New York, 1939, see "On Reading *Omar Khayyam", p. 337. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Poet from Germany who wrote in German. 1854-died after 1899. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 77: Antinous. Epos, Minden: Bruns, 1888. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 167-69: extract from his *epic poem * Antinous, 1888; biog. note, 167: states he has a Dr. Phil. and lives in *Berlin. Criticism. Tarnowsky, Pederasty in Europe, 291: cites *Endymion and *Hadrian and Antinous, two *epic poems. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1993. Book of poems: The Starchildand The Image Maker, 1993. In the gay section of poetry at Giovanni's Room gay bookshop, *Philadelphia, 1995 and hence assumed to contain poems of relevance. Linton, Arthur Bibliographies. Murray, Catalogue of Selected Books, item 38: A Book of Poems, 1902, giving the authors as E. K. and Arthur Linton. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10783: same book (written with *E. Knox except his name is wrongly entered);10815: same book. Young, Male Homosexual In Literature, second edition, item 2167: A Book of Poems, London: Swan Sonnenschein, 1902 [114 pp.] (co-authored with *E. Knox). Highly rated by *Ian Young. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 83. Criticism. Smith, Love in Earnest, 114; bibl., 248 citing A Book of Poems with E. Knox. Translator possibly from the United States from Spanish to English. Active 1986. Translator of the gay poems of the Spanish poet *Luis Cernuda into English, titled The Young Sailor and other poems, San Francisco: *Gay Sunshine, 1986, 127 pp.; the book is finely illustrated by Alex Kouvel and Richard White. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 602-05: translator of *Luis Cernuda. Poet and historian from the United States writing in English. Active 1965. Author of the poem "We are all secret lovers" ("Sodom is my land and Lesbia too": from the author's book of the same name and inspired by *D. H. Lawrence and the tropes of *Pan and *Priapus): see his The Erotic Revolution, Los Angeles, 1965, pp. 256-58. City in Portugal where Portugese is the main spoken language; Arabic was spoken before the expulsion of the Arabs. Material exists in Arabic from before 1243. The capital of Portugal, called Lisboa in Portuguese. The city houses the National Library and is the major publishing center in Portugal. The *sexologists *Arlindo Camillo Monteiro and *Asdrubal Antonio de D'Aguiar, who both worked at the city's Institute of Legal Medicine, wrote the pioneering cultural studies on homosexuality in Portuguese. *Luiz Mott has recently looked at the city's early gay culture. Julio Gomes Viana has written a world survey of gay culture. Arabic . See Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition : "al-Ushbana". See also *1 bn Muqlana (before 1243). Portuguese. The poets *Fernando Pessoa and *Antonio Botto lived in the city in the early part of the twentieth century. Pessoa is regarded as the national poet of Portugal. Publisher from France of works in French, Latin and Greek. 1836-1894. He was the main publisher of'pornography and erotica in France in the late nineteenth century and worked in *Paris. Latin and French: J. M. Gesner (1877) - see entry *Socrates, *Pacificus Maximus (1885), *N. Blondeau (1885). Greek. Latin and French: *F. K. Forberg (1882) trans. by *Alcide Bonneau. A note on him in Legman, Horn Book, 31-32, reveals he died in poverty. Journal from Great Britain in English. It is relevant at least from 1935. The journal of the BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation), now defunct. Under the editorship of the gay *J. R. Ackerley, from 1935 to 1959, it published poems by gay poets such as *Frances King (e.g. one, "The Address", is about a man who gives his address but never writes) and James Kirkup. An index of the journal exists. Song and poem in English from Great Britain. 1983. The song was sung in the television film An Englishman Abroad, London: BBC, 1983, a film about the homosexual spies Guy Burgess (1911-1963), MacLean and Philby. The song, with *pedophile overtones, is sung to the tune of "tra la la boom di eh". The poem is: "Little boys are cheap today,/ cheaper than yesterday". However the term "little boys" is ambiguous in the context and could simply refer to young males. Publisher of works in English and journal in English from the United States. The publisher was in existence from ca. 1970 to at least 1982. The press was founded by *Dennis Cooper who also published the journal titled Little Caesar (1976-82). Poets published by the press include *Oswell Blakeston, *Donald Britton, *Peter Cashorali, *Kirgy Congdon, *Dennis Cooper and *Tim Dlugos. The journal published many gay poets and writers but was not exclusively gay; *Ian Young compiled a special issue (no. 12) on "Overlooked and Underrated" writers as it was titled (see John Glassco, James Schuyler). Poet from China who wrote in Chinese. Active 550. His name is spelt in *Pinyin. Gay Poetry Anthologies. New Songs from a Jade Terrace, 292. Criticism. Hinsch, Passions of the Cut Sleeve, 75: fine gay poem about a beautiful man. Poet and anthologist from the United States writing in English. Born 1965. Books of poems: Vox Angelica, 1992; Burnt Offerings, 1994 (review: James White Review, vol. 13 no. 3, Summer 1996, 22-23 by *George Klawitter); Say Goodnight, 1998. He compiled the anthology * Word of Mouth: an anthology of gay American poetry. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Name of Love, 8: excellent poem about an early love experiencce; biog., 75. Gents, Bad Boys, and Barbarians, 130-35; biog., 130. Badboy Book, 223-28. A Day for a Lay, 284-86; biog., 284 - states he lives with the painter Christopher Arabadjis in Hoboken, New Jersey. The World in Us: Lesbian and Gay Poetry of the Next Wave, 180-85; biog., 366. Liu Xiaochao, also spelt Liu Hsiao-cho Poet from China who wrote in Chinese. 481-539. Noted poet almost certainly homosexual. He was admitted to the Lan-t'ai chu (Orchid Terrace Association) by *Jen Fang. His name Liu Xiaochao is spelt in *Pinyin and Liu Hsiao-cho in *Wade Giles. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature, 584-85: see "Liu Hsiao-cho". Gay Poetry Anthologies. New Songs from a Jade Terrace, 290 *peach sharing trope; biog., 356. Criticism. Shasha, History of Homosexuality in China, xxi and 95-98: poem "Praise the Boy". Hinsch, Passions of the Cut Sleeve, 56. Poet from China who wrote in Chinese. Died 535. Liang dynasty poet. His name Liu Zun is in *Pinyin. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 217. Criticism. Hinsch, Passions of the Cut Sleeve, 72-74: fine poem "Many Blossoms" with *peach sharing and *cut sleeve trope about a beautiful male favorite. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1944. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Not Love Alone, 69-71 (includes *Achilles trope); biog., 142 - he has led a peripatetic existence; a *Scots poet who is a founding member of the Scottish Writers co-operative; one volume of poems published. Poet from Australia writing in English. Born ca. 1960. Unpublished poem: "Why should I worry?" (ca.1991), a very fine poem about whether his son might grow up gay (copy in the possession of *Paul Knobel). Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. 1565-ca. 1610. Criticism. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, p. 398: a writer of *Fidentian poetry. Living the Spirit: A Gay American Indian Anthology Anthology in English from the United States. New York: St Martin's Press, 1988, 235 pages; biog. notes, pp. 223-28; bibl., pp. 22935. The first American Indian anthology with many prose articles and some poems interleaved. Much material is from a lesbian perspective. It was compiled by *Will Roscoe. All material is in English. Overall, the gay male poems show much concern with nature, the earth and Indian cosmologies and are of excellent quality. Gay male poets are as follows: *M. Owlfeather, p. 97; *Maurice Kenny and *Daniel-Harry Steward, pp. 153-62; *Lawrence William O'Connor, p. 199; Joe Dale Tate Nevaquaya, pp 203-04; *Richard La Fortune, p. 208. Reviews: The Advocate no. 507, 13 September 1988, pp. 67 and 68. Lambda Rising Book Review vol.1 no. 6, p. 6. See *American Indian Languages for analysis of this book in relation to poetry and the American Indian languages. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Active from 1958. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10816-21: series of poems from ONE Magazine: "He was a young boy and frail" (6:6, 9, June 1958), "If I have offended you" (7:10, 26-27, October 1958), "Love is the night" (10:1. 10-13, January 1962), "Rest shall I never" (6:3, 27, March 1958), "The tragedy of masks" (7: 2, 6-7, February 1959) and "Trilogy" (8:8, 21 June 1960). Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1977. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2364: Unnannounced and Full of Promise, New York: privately printed, 1977. Work in French containing an anthology and criticism relating to works in Greek and Latin. Paris: Bibliothèque des Curieux, 1911, 317 pages; repr. Paris, same publisher, 1912. A work containing the first translation into French of the * Mousa Paidike. This work overall, which is most eccentric, consists of several works printed in the one volume. A major part of the book concerns homosexuality. There are three parts of the work. Part One, consists of "Amours des Dieux" (*Apollo, Mercury i.e, *Hermes, Jupiter and *Ganymede in dialogue) pp. 3-16 and "Amour Conjugal" pp. 17-33. Part Two is called " Le Science de l'Amour, d'après le 'De Figuris Veneris'" and is a French translation of *Forberg's De Figure Veneris by *Lisieux but sometimes given to *Alcide Bonneau (see Pia, Les Livres de L'Enfer, vol. 2, columns 808-11). Part Three consists of "Le Livre d'amour de Plutarque" (*Plutarch), "La Muse de *Straton or la Couronne de Sodome" (complete translation of the Mousa Paidike into French prose; translator nor known), pp. 237-75 and a section entitled "Le Livre d'amour de *Martial (see pp. 286-98), Catulle (pp. 299-303; translation of poems by *Catullus to Lesbia and others including *Petronius), Pétrone, Ausone etc" (*Ausonius p. 314, *Petronius 314-17). See a review in Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen (possibly in the annual bibliography). It is not listed in the bibliographies of *Claude Courouve. Rare: a copy of the 1911 printing is in the *Deane Erotica and a copy of the 1912 printing is in the University of Sydney Library. No copy is listed in the * National Union Catalog. Bibliographies. Kearney, Private Case, items 1035-37: three copies including, item 1037, a copy owned by *C. R. Dawes with a watercolor drawing inserted. Bibliogrphy from France in French relating to works in French, English, German, Italian, Latin and Russian and other *European languages. 1978. It is a catalog (to February 1978) of the *Enfer, the collection of erotica in the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris. Paris: C. Couret et A. Faure, 2 volumes, 1978, 839 pages. This is the most detailed catalog of erotica in French or in any known language. It was compiled by *Pascal Pia (pseudonym of *Pierre Durand). Volume 1 covers A-L, volume 2 covers M-Z. There is a Preface by Pascal Pia (pseud.), pp. 1-18. 400 copies were printed and the work is now rare. Entries are arranged alphabetically under the title of the book (as taken from the book's title page). 1,730 items are described and every book has a detailed entry in two parts: firstly, a bibliographic description of the item and secondly, a paragraph discussing its contents. The Enfer catalog number is also listed. There is a separate list of books in the Enfer in the order in which they are numbered, on pp. 751-792. There is an index of names at the end of the second volume, pp. 793-838, which lists authors, illustrators, editors, publishers and printers (real or pseudonymous) and a general index p. 839. There are many rare and early editions of major erotic writers, some of which works are unique to the Enfer. See entries for the poets and works Jacques d'Adelsward Fersen, *Aretino, *Baffo, *Beccadelli, *Cocteau, *Edmond Fazy, *Fazyl Bey, *Forberg, *Genet, *Pacificus Maximus, *Piron, * Quinque illustrium poetarum, *Pierre Louys, *Rimbaud, *Vatsyayana and *Verlaine. Most works - about ninety percent - are in French but there are rare items in English, German, Italian, Latin and Russian; translations into French of many foreign erotic works (e.g. *F. K. Forberg) are included. Most items are in prose but many French erotic poetry *anthologies and works based on the cult of *Priapus are included. As can be seen only *European language erotic works are included. There was an earlier catalog of the Enfer by *Apollinaire and others. Word in Arabic from Iraq, also used in other *Islamic countries. From ca. 650. Liwat means *"sodomy" in Arabic. There is an article "Liwat" which is a survey of sodomy and male homosexuality in the Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, vol. 5, p. 776-79. At times in this article there is confusion of male-male anal sex with anal sex between women and men (see *Arno Schmitt) but overall this is the most recent and most brilliant survey of male homosexuality in *Islamic Arabic cultures. The article is by *Charles Pellat; he notes, p. 777, "homosexual relations have always been tolerated" in Islamic countries. See also the entry "Zina" (fornication) in Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition. The article states, p. 779, Muhammad Sadik Hasan Khan in his Nashwat al-sakran (Istanbul, 1878) has much on sodomy (like *al-Tifashi). Publisher and poet from Great Britain of works in English. Active 1983. The owner of a bookshop and a publisher of gay material. Under the imprint Hermitage Books he has printed From the *Spirit Lamp: A miscellany of Uranian Poems, 1992, 10 pp., and *Stenbock's Myrtle, Rue and Cypress. He has also printed poems from the * Palatine Anthology translated by *Sydney Lomer. Book of poems: Sunshine Bar, 1983 (130 copies printed). Poet and philosopher from Spain who wrote in Catalan and Latin. 1233-1316. The first maior Catalan poet and philosopher who travelled much and wrote some works in Arabic. His works had a huge influence in Europe. His Libre d'Amic e Amant is a mystical love work showing the influence of *Sufism and Arabic theories of love (see *Debate on Love - Arabic for details of these); it is *non gender specific and consists of 366 verses or aphorisms. See A. Terry, Catalan Literature, 1972, pp. 20-21 re his Libre d'Amic e Amant (Book of the Lover and the Beloved) and especially p. 20. In Latin he wrote Philosophia amoris (Philosophy of love). *Hérelle manuscript 3405 mentions his work in a homosexual context. Translation. English: trans. E. A. Peers (1923; revised 1925); French: Le Livre de l'ami et de l'aimé, trans. Patrick Gifreu, 1989; German: translator not known, Das Buch vom Freunde undvon Geliebten (1992); Spanish: Obras literarias (1948), trans. M. Batllori and M. Coldentey. Dictionaries. Oxford Companion to Spanish Literature. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Sexologist from France writing in French. Active 1962. Editor of a sexual encyclopedia in French, 2 volumes, Paris, 1962 (with supplement volume in French 1965), trans. into German as Moderne Enzyklopadie der Erotik, 2 volumes, 1963; there is also a supplementary volume in German, 1966. A revised paperback edition in German exists, published in 1969. It contains some articles on poets and literary writers as well as general articles on sex. Lavishly illustrated, mostly it consists of heterosexual material. The editor's name appears to be a pseudonym. Copy used: *Deane Erotica. In relation to Persian, Chinese and Japanese, Lo Duca is author of Die Erotik im Fernen Osten (Sexuality in the far east), Wiesbaden, 1967, in German (trans. from French) which has a few pages on homosexuality and some relevant illustrations. He is also the author of Die Erotik in China, 1966 (trans. from French, 1963). Lobzang Rindzin Tsangyang Gyamtsvo, Dalai Lama Poet from China (then Tibet) writing in Tibetan. Born 1683. The Sixth Dalai Lama, known for being a sexual libertine. He left the Potala, the Dalai Lama's Palace in Lhasa, at night, for sexual adventures in the streets below. A corpus of erotic folk poems has been ascribed to him; some of these poems are *non gender specific and can be read as gay poems (some may be written from a women's point of view). The whole corpus is possibly an anthology and possibly by different authors with poems ascribed to the Dalai Lama to enhance their stature. A homosexual reading of the English translation is certainly possible. Text: see Mark Tatz, "Songs of the Sixth Dalai Lama", Tibet Journal, vol. 6 no. 4, 13-31: see songs in English trans., p. 15 and songs on pp. 3, 7, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 17, 23, 26, 30, 42-44. 47, 49, 50; the Tibetan text is listed p. 30 and a Chinese translation is also listed on this page. The poems have been popular and several other translations into English exist e.g., Songs of the Sixth Dali Lama, edited and trans. by K Dondup (published in the US, 1994). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, vol. 1, 105: Lobzang Rindzin Tsangyang Gyamtsvo; includes bibl. Poet from the Netherlands who wrote in Dutch. 1924-1950. A major gay poet who studied law briefly at the University of Leiden and then studied biology at Amherst College in the United States where he became a friend of the United States gay poet James Merrill. His poetry deals with the theme of alienation and he died of leukaemia. Information on him is available on the internet. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Naar vriendscaap zulk een mateloos verlangen, 77-80: three poems including one on *Narcissus from Het innerlijk behang en andere gedichten, eighth edition, Amsterdam: G. A. van Oorschot, 1971 and two poems from Nagelaten Werk, Amsterdam: G. A. van Oorschot, 1975 (books cited p. 120). Het huis dat vriendschap heet, 112-15: eight poems dated 1949. Drobci stekla v ustih, 88-89; biog., 180. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 303: three poems "Company", "Jantje" and "Alone". " Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen", 150 (a poem trans. into German); biog., 178-79. Lodge, George Cabot He was a close friend of *Trumbell Stickney whose death inspired twenty-six *sonnets: see The Great Adventure, 1905. He wrote a poem in *free verse "To W. W." [To Walt Whitman] showing strong identification with Whitman (repr. in Jim Perlman and others, editors, Walt Whitman The Measure of His Song, 1981, p. 25). See also his book of poems Herakles, 1908 (see *Hercules). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Dictionary of American Biography. Novelist and poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1558-1625. His romance in prose Rosalynde (1590) includes poems scattered throughout and is thus a *prosimetrum; see in the edition Lodge's 'Rosalynde', edited by W. W. Greg, London, 1917, pp. 40-45 (a gay *eclogue featuring *Corydon). Rosalynde was used by *Shakespeare as the basis of his play As You Like It. His works were edited by *Edmund Gosse in four volumes, published 1883. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2378: Rosalynde, London: Abel Ieffes for T. G. and Iohn Busbie, 1592. Criticism. Norton, Homosexual Literary Tradition, 238-45: re Rosalynde which features *transvestism: states the main character Rosalynde becomes *Ganymede and the play was the basis of Shakespeare's As You like It. Publisher of *editions of classical Greek and Latin texts from 1910 initially in Great Britain and later in the United States. The Loeb Classical Library is the most wideranging selection of translations of ancient Greek and Latin classics in English: works have become the standard bilingual texts for ancient Greek and Latin. The importance of the Loeb series for gay poetry lies in the translation into English of homosexual literary works. Translations into English were included with the Greek and Latin texts though frequently these were censored in the first part of the century: in fact, early translators were asked to tone down passages which were explicit sexually. The works were published in London prior to the series being taken over by *Harvard University in 1989. Subsequently the series was published in Cambridge, Massachusetts, where Harvard is situated. Since 1989 new more explicit translations are being issued, about 4 each year. The latest information on the series is available from the internet. Poets include: *Ausonius, *Catullus, *Euripides, *Homer, *Horace, Juvenal, *Martial, * Mousa Paidike, *Nonnus, *Ovid, * Palatine Anthology, *Pindar, *Propertius, *Theocritus, *Theognis, *Tibullus, *Virgil. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active from 1969. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2380-82: The Anonymous Lover; New Poems, New York: Liveright, 1973, Poem in Progress, San Francisco: Dryad Press, 1975 and The Zig Zag Walk, Poems 1963-1968, New York: Dutton, 1969. Poet from Germany who wrote in German. 1635-1683. See the book of poems Gedichte, edited and with afterword pp. 85-96 by Gerd Henniger, Berlin, 1985. He married. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature . Poem from Iceland in Norse. Before 1200. One of the poetic *Edda. It contains a series of verbal attacks made by Loki against gods. Accusations of passive homosexuality are levelled against Loki - see stanzas 23, 24, 33, 57, 59, 61, 63. It was also discussed by an *Anonymous scholar - Norwegian. Translation. English. W. H. Auden and Paul B. Taylor, translators, The Elder Edda: a selection, (1969), pp. 133-43. Lee M. Hollander, The Poetic Edda, Austin, Texas, 1962, pp. 90-103. Criticism. S0rensen, The Unmanly Man, 24-26. Poet from Italy writing in Italian. Born 1936. Born in Siena he has published several books. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amicizia amorosa, 239; biog., 2B3. Drobci stekla v ustih, 111; biog., 1B2. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 259. Lomer, Sydney Francis Mclllree Translator from Greek to English from Great Britain. 1880-1926. The first translator of the complete text of the *Mousa Paidike into English; it was translated in poetry and published using the pseudonym Sydney Oswald (however, the translations are very stilted and archaic). The biographical details in Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches (see below) state he was a friend of *Edmund John and *E. F. Benson, was a professional soldier 1899-1910, was promoted to temporary Lieutenant-Colonel in November 1917, and his war poems appear in the anthology Soldier Poets (1916). (On his identification as the author of the translation see Bibliographies below.) Smith, Love in Earnest, p. 7 and footnote, states that *E. F. Benson owned a copy of the above translation "liking it enough to paste his *bookplate inside" (which copy was then in *Timothy D'arch Smith's collection). The Greek Anthology: Epigrams from Anthologia Palatina XII was reprinted, Harleston, Norfolk: Hermitage, 1992, 27 pp. in an edition of 50 copies with a frontispiece illustration of a photograph of Cellini's *Ganymede and the Eagle. There are two poems by Oswald, on p. 27 and on the dedication page (poem titled "To....."), the latter being a gay poem. See *Noel Lloyd regarding the publisher. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10698: The Greek Anthology, trans. by Sydney Oswald, London: Privately printed, 1914. (Bullough cites this work incorrectly as a translation of all the poems of the * Greek Anthology). Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, 2941: cited as The Greek Anthology: Epigrams from Anthologia Palatina XII. Translated into English Verse by *Sydney Oswald [pseud.], Privately printed, 1914. Young identifies the real name of the Greek translations above as Sydney Lomer. The * British Library General Catalogue also identifies Sydney Oswald as Sydney Lomer; it was possibly printed in London. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 106-07. Men and Boys, 17. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 57-8, 60, 67-72, 74. Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 85, 144-45 - name given as Sydney Oswald (pseud.); biog., 240. Criticism. Smith, Love in Earnest, 248: identifying Sydney Lomer as the translator (in 1970 before Young, Male Homosexual in Literature) and giving the pagination as 95 pp.; p.185 citing a poem. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 21-22: discussion of the translation (which Anthony Reid regards as terrible). T City in Great Britain where English is the main spoken language; Latin was spoken under the Romans and French from 1066 with the Norman invasion. Material of relevance survives from 1370. Though the *Roman emperor (and sometime poet) *Hadrian visited London, *Chaucer's pardoner (ca. 1370) is the first poetic homosexual associated with the city. For the *medieval period, see Gay Books Bulletin no. 10 (Winter 1984): "London's Medieval Sodomites" by *Wayne Dynes and *Warren Johansson. London is the major metropolis in south east England, situated on the estuary of the Thames River, making it an ideal port city. It is the capital and centre of government of Great Britain. Anti-gay *laws have emanated by the British parliament, situated in London; there has been some recent reform of British law though the *age of consent at eighteen for homosexuals is above that for heterosexuals which is sixteen. The *British Library is in London and houses a major collection of English books and manuscripts from Great Britain and the collection of erotica, the *Private Case. *Pornography and homosexual *ballads have emerged from the city as well as underground gay works (see, for example, *Don Leon, 1866). *Shakespeare notably lived and worked in the city, as did *Oscar Wilde in the late *nineteenth century. For the *eighteen nineties, a vibrant period of gay culture, see Karl Beckson, London in the 1890s, 1993; pp. 417-26 is a chronology of the 1890s. The French poets *Verlaine and *Rimbaud also lived briefly in London. The major center for *publishers and *journals since the *Renaissance, London has many homosexual associations such as clubs and gay *meeting places (see *groups) and has been the home of many gay poets (see, for instance, *Laurence Collinson, *Ivor Treby). It was a center for *gay liberation and the newspaper * Gay News (1972-83) emanated from the city as does*Gay Times, the current British gay monthly. The poem * A Ramble Through London showed homosexual meeting places in 1739 (they undoubtedly existed from Roman times from when public *bathhouses date). The *theatre has been a locus of homosexual behaviour from Shakespeare's time; many playwrites besides him associated with the city have written plays in verse: for instance *Christopher Marlowe, *Ben Jonson, *Beaumont and *Fletcher. The city has an excellent gay *bookshop: Gay's the Word, 66 Marchmont St. London contains major homoerotic artworks such as the Parthenon sculptures in the British Museum. See M. Elliman and F. Roll, The Pink Plague Guide to London, 1986. In 1999, the Museum of London held an exhibition, Pride and Prejudice: Lesbian and Gay London (see the review in Gay Times, August, 1999, 10 - states it was modest in scale). Bibliographies. Hayn, Gotendorf, Bibliotheca Germanorum Erotica, vol. 4, 242-55. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 741-43. Gay Histories and Cultures. Journal in English from Great Britain. Founded in 1954. A serious cultural journal, with broad coverage of the arts and good book reviews, published in *London. The journal, edited firstly by John Lehmann (for the period 1954-61) and then *Alan Ross (1961+) with assistance from *Charles Osborne, has been sympathetic to gay poems and gay culture (see *Edouard Roditi). Poets who had poems of relevance published in it include *Sir John Betjeman, *Cavafy, *Maureen Duffy, *Thom Gunn, *James Kirkup, John Lehmann. See also *Ian Fletcher, "The elevators in fairyt towm", *Patrick White. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1888-1956. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2383: Poems, New York: Moffat, Yard and Co., 1920. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 504. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1938. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 91: "There Are No Poems/For African Americans" (strong poem about the denial of blacks by whites); biog., 179: a *black poet who is a nurse and works in *drug and *Aids programs. Genre in *European and *Asian languages. From 1200 B.C. (from Gilgamesh). Long poems dealing with homosexuality date from the Greek *Alexandrian Period in Egypt. The *epic is the earliest form of surviving long poem and the text of *Homer, the author of one of the best known epics, dates from 180 B.C. (the epic is loosely a synonym for the long poem but its main characteristic is a male hero or heroes). Many long poems are simply narrative poems telling a story, novels in verse. Descriptions of beautiful men are particularly relevant in long poems (which frequently contain homosexual *tropes e. g., *Sodom and Gomorra). Some long poems are *satires. Contrast short poems which are entered under the various genres (e. g., *epigram, *sonnet). Compare *sequence, *heroic poems. Greek. There was a celebrated debate between 'Apollonius Rhodius and 'Callimachus about whether it was better to write long or short poems; see also Homer, 'Nonnus, *V. Kornaros, 'Valaoritis. Hittite. * Gilgamesh. Latin: see 'Lucretius, 'Ovid, 'Bernard of Cluny. English. Long poems of relevance in English date from * Beowulf. Great Britain: see *Amis and Amiloun, *W. H. Auden, 'George Beaumont, *Beowulf, *Byron, *Chaucer, *Noel Coward, *George Crabbe, * Endymion (by John Keats), *David Jones, *Henry Layng, 'Walter Malone, 'Christopher Marlowe, 'Shakespeare, 'Spenser, 'Wordsworth. United States: see 'Antler (pseud.), 'Frank Bidart, *Ed Dorn, *Jim Everhard, *Daryl Hine (also from Canada), *Daniel Hoffman, *Dennis Kelly, *Norman MacAfee, *W. Malone, James Merrill, 'Frank O'Hara, 'Whitman. Australia: 'Michael Dargaville, 'Denis Gallagher. French: 'Villon, 'Rimbaud, 'Genet. Chinese: 'Qu Yuan. Japanese: 'Takahashi Mutsuo. Italian: *G. B. Marino, 'Giovanni Testori. Polish: 'Cyprian Norwid. Russian: 'Mikhail Kuzmin. Turkish: 'Deli Birader. Persian: see 'Mathnavi. Poet from Australia who wrote in English. 1921-1986. See "Mykonos 2: Gay Bar" in Relatives andReliques, Sydney, 1979, p. 39: regarding visiting a gay bar on the Greek island of Mykonos known for its homosexual nightlife. The author was a *Sydney poet who was married and who died of cancer after publishing two books; the poem seems to have been inspired by curiosity. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1807-1882. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 473: poem "My Lost Youth" with the famous lines "A boy's will is the wind's will" (these lines were used to provide the title of a book of poems by *Robert Frost). Criticism. Foster, "Beauty's Purple Flame: Some Minor American Gay Poets", Gay Books Bulletin no. 7 (1982), 15: notes that one of the characters in his poem Tales of a Wayside Inn (1863) is modelled on the gay poet *Thomas William Parsons. Collection of poems containing an anthology in Greek from Greece. Published in Paris in 1983 (trans. into English by John Taylor). An anthology of contemporary Greek *bawdry which has so much homosexual material it amounts in part to a homosexual anthology of oral poems (however, only a small proportion of the poems overall are homosexual). It was edited by *Mary Koukoules. For poems with homosexual relevance see numbers 1, 3, 3b, 4 ("The Trojan War"), 5 (*Patroclus and Achilles), 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 55, 64, 74 (children's song dated 1944), 97, 127, 153 (not a poem), 186, 187, 212, 224, 239, 270, 277b, 278, 283, 283b, 288, 290 (poem from Australia). The form of these works is interesting: many are in rhyme but some are in strophic prose. Much comes from Crete and the singer Abysinos is mentioned on p. 19. Several pieces are from Greeks in Australia. Material was collected ca. 1944-1980. Rare. Copy sighted: University of Melbourne. Anthologist in Italian from Italy. Active 1980. He compiled Erotismo e pornografía nella letteratura italiana (Eroticism and pornography in Italian Literature), Milan, 1976. Review: Gay Books Bulletin no. 4 (Spring 1981), 11, by *Giovanni Dall'Orto (who notes that "particular attention is paid to gay authors" and the book first appeared in 1957). Though not a gay anthology, there are several gay writers including the homoerotic circle, active ca. 1300, from *Perugia (*Ceccoli, *Lelli, *Manfredini, *Nuccoli) and *Dolce, *Berni, *Della Casa, *Scroffa, *Grazzini and *Pallavicino. It contains biographical notes and an index. Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. Active ca. 155Q. See Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 131 : states he wrote 'Bernesque poetry on homosexual themes. Not in Enciclopedia Italiana. Pseudonym of a poet from France who wrote in French; he was also a critic. 1856-1906. An *eighteeen nineties *aesthete and homosexual who wrote poetry and whose real name was Paul Alexandre Martin Duval. He lived a double life and mixed with Parisian low life as well as high society. He wrote a long tirade against Jacques d'Adelswärd Fersen in Pellâstre: le Poison de la littérature - see the discussion in Will H. L. Ogrinc, "A Shrine to Love and Sorrow: Jacques d'Adelswärd Fersen (1880-1923)" in Paidika vol. 3 no. 2 (Issue 10), 39-40. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Duroc, Homosexuels et lesbiennes illustrés, 262-63. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amour bleu, 200-04. Les Amours masculines, 276-78. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 429; biog., 429. Pour tout l'amour des hommes, 165-67. Criticism. Cooper, The Sexual Perspective, 70: journalist and poet who was a friend of *Montesquiou. Poem from Mexico in Spanish. 1901. A poem whose text appears to be on a broadsheet illustrated with an engraving depicting a gay dance in Mexico City; the engraving is the first known illustration of a gay dance. (The original has not been seen.) The work was published and Illustrated by Jose Guadalupe Posada. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 196; the text is reprinted photographically here. The poem is printed in Gay Sunshine No. 26-27, Winter 1975-76. City in the United States where English is the main spoken language; Spanish is also spoken and in future years may be the most spoken language in the city. Gay poetry dates from at least 1959. Los Angeles (with *San Francisco, *New York and *Boston) has been a center of gay poetry writing since *gay liberation in 1969 though its gay history has been documented by Jim Kepner from 1848 (when California was annexed to the United States from Mexico). *Sodomy was outlawed by act of government in 1850. The city's name is Spanish and means "The *Angels". The 1959 gay anthology Five x Four is the first work of relevance so far known. The city, situated in California, south of *San Francisco, has a temperate climate and was known for its laid back lifestyle (at least until the race riots of 1992); it is the center of the United States film industry. Private consenting homosexual sex was legalized in 1975 for the state of California by the Californian state legislature from which time a very open gay lifestyle emerged in the city. The poets *Gavin Dillard and *Dennis Cooper have been particularly associated with the city as have *Michael Lassell and *Paul Monette (latterly in connection with *Aids, which has had a big impact on the city). Poetry emanating from Los Angeles has been very frank about homosexual sex. Recent poets include: *Mark A. Haile, Joseph Hansen, *Phill Wilson, *Wrath (pseud). *West Coast poets may come from the city. For possible earlier poets see *Walter Benton and *Lawrence Hope. The nationally circulated gay journal The *Advocate has been published in Los Angeles since 1967. The city is a center for the publication of *pornography and has major gay *bookshops. Los Angeles had two very important gay *archives and libraries: *One Inc (associated with *Dorr Legg) and *IGLA (founded by Jim Kepner). The two were merged in 1995, under the stewardship of *Walter Williams and are to be relocated to the University of Southern California, in the city, where a new library building is being erected. The new organization is called One/IGLA. The collector *William Andrews Clark founded an important library in Los Angeles which holds, amonst its rare material and major holdings, a large collection of *Oscar Wilde material, including many manuscripts. The critic *G. S. Rousseau teaches at the University of Southern Califronia in Los Angeles. See the pamphlet by Jim Kepner, Gay Los Angeles: The Early Days, 1988, 6 pp., discussing the city from 1848. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 745-47. Gay Histories and Cultures. Song writer from Australia writing in English. Born ca. 1950. He wrote songs for the * Songs of the Gay Liberation Quire. He was for many years Mother Inferior of the gay religious order, The Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence, and is a longtime a gay activist in the Anglican Church. Author of "We are sisters male and gay/ No more guilt we cry today" (ca. 1980) and other gay *hymns. The Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence are males who dress up as nuns; there is a United States group based in *San Francisco. See also *Mother Armageddon to be A Habit with You. "Lost Lines from Chaucer's Prologue to the Canterbury Tales" Poem in English from Great Britain. Ca. 197Q. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 392-93: a *parody of the Prologue to *Chaucer's Canterbury Tales which introduces "a povre closet queane" - "His fantasye was on lyf monastic/ With divers choristerres pederastic"; "he had an *eunuch cat hight [called] *Ganymed" (see *Ganymede). Possibly written by *Nevill Coghill. Much English gay poetry has been lost, especially oral material before 1870. However, English has fewer written gay works of poetry destroyed than languages like Greek. Most *bawdry poetry is lost before the twentieth century. Great Britain. Lost works possibly relating to gay poetry existed and in some cases are thought to have existed (though no copy has survived): see * Ancient and Modern Pederasty by *Thomas Cannon, *Hilaire Belloc, *Richard Burton, *Byron (regarding the manuscript of his Memoirs destroyed by his publisher John Murray; whether they contained gay material is problematic), John Ellingham Brooks, *S. E. Cottam re *The Golden Flame, *The He-Strumpets (1707), *Swinburne, *J. A. Symonds. The Sod's Opera, based on Gilbert and Sullivan, is an apocryphal work which never existed. United States: see *Gladys Bentley. The anthology Classic Voice in Contemporary Gay Poetry was announced for publication in James White Review vol. 4 no. 1 (Fall 1986), 16, where it is said to be upcoming and the poet *Steven Finch is said to have a poem in it and it is compiled by *William Barber; but no record has been found of this work (possibly an example of a work announced for publication which did not appear). Northwest Gay and Lesbian Reader is listed in Gents, Bad Boys, and Barbarians, p. 178, but no record of this work (which may contain poems) has been found. Australia: see *Willian Blocksidge, *Martin Boyd. Works of poets from ancient Greece in Greek date from ca. 600 B.C. Much ancient Greek homosexual poetry has been lost so it is difficult to get a clear picture of what existed; it also seems that picture we have of what such as *Catullus and *Byzantine Greek gay poetry has been lost. One thing is sure: a great deal of homopoetry did exist and the survives is greatly distorted by its loss. Certainly much more Greek homopoetry was known to Latin writers *Martial than is known today. See *Agathon, *Anthology of Constantine Cephalas, *Archaic Period, *Archilochus, *Aristophanes, *Thomas Cannon, *Claude Courouve, *Critias, *Diphilus, *Eubulus, *Georges Herelle, *Hellenistic Poets, *Istanbul, *manuscripts, * Palatine Anthology, *Phanocles, *Scholium, *Sotades, *Stesichorus. The destruction of the library of *Alexandria was a major loss. See *Songs - Etruscan for lost works in Etruscan relating to Greek poetry. See *D. M. Robinson and E. J. Fluck, A Study of the Greek Love Names, Baltimore, 1937, 66 ff. regarding lost poets. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1,105-09, discusses lost works. Works of poets in Latin from Italy. From ca. 150 BC. (though there may be earlier relevant lost works). Less is known of the lost Latin heritage of homopoetry than the Greek: see entries * Cambridge Songs, *Thomas Cannon, *Giovanni della Casa, *Laevius, *Lucilius (the earliest known poet, some of whose works are lost), *Donatus. In each case there is only the posibility of homosexual works having existed, whereas, with Greek, definite works are known to have been destroyed. Given the close interrelationship of ancient Greek and Latin poetry, and the surviving character of *Roman poetry (which contains a great deal of homosexual poetry), it is reasonable to assume that erotic poetry in Latin, which is lost, contained homosexual works. Manuscript works in monastery *libraries and possibly in the *Vatican remain effectively lost because of restricted access. See *Songs - Etruscan for lost works in Etruscan relating to Greek poetry and possibly Latin. Pseudonym of a poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1978. Pseudonym of *Frederick L. Morey. Anthology in English from the United States. Boston: Alyson Publications, 1993, 303 pp. Compiled by *Rakesh Ratti. The first collection of gay writings from India or of Indian origin (there are Indian contributors in it who were living in India, Canada, the United States and Great Britain). It contains both female and male contributors and has a major historical survey, "Homosexuality in India" pp. 21-33. There are biographies of some contributors pp. 296-97 and list of resources including journals pp. 302-03. Overall it is an excellent anthology. Poets (see entries): Ifti Nasim, Ian Rashid, Rakesh Ratti, ShivOm [sic], Singh (pseud.), S. D. G. Review: India Today, 30 June, 1993, p.111, by Khushwant Singh, who states he is not gay. Pseudonym of a poet from France writing in French. 1870-1925. A poet of the *eighteen-nineties most famous for his Chansons de Bilitis, 1894, lesbian poems which were very popular: they were supposedly written by Bilitis, a contemporary of Sappho but were actually wholly from the pen of Pierre Louys. His real name was Pierre Louis. Les poésies de Meleagre, Paris: *Mercure de France, 1893 (repr.) was a translation of the Greek poet *Meleager he made. He was a very close friend of *André Gide and knew *Oscar Wilde: see H. P. Clive, Pierre Louys, 1978. See also *Numa Praetorius. For editions of his erotic poetry consult the index in Pia, Les Livres de l'Enfer. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10824: The Songs of Bilitis, "many editions". Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 265-68: trans. from the lesbian sequence Chansons de Bilitis. Les Amours masculines, 306-07. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 434: two poems including "Room Service" re *anal sex with a male servant; Eternal Flame, volume 2, 67: the text in French of the sonnet "Hyacinthe! O mon coeur! jeune dieu doux et blond!", a poem based on a letter of *Wilde to *Alfred Douglas (printed on the same page); see also *Hyacinth. Concept in Greek from ancient Greece and later in other languages; word in English. Love is strong affection for another person, frequently sexually based. Definite records date from 380 B.C. in the work of Plato. "The most difficult, the most impossible word in the language" is a French saying about the word "love". The *Christian philosophy of love, which has been central to its teachings, appears to relate to a huge corpus of philosophical material emanating from India (see *Hinduism) or relating to this material (such as *Sufism). *Platonism was the earliest Greek movement where love was discussed in philosophical detail; a distinction was drawn in this movement between spiritual love and physical love, a distinction which appears in other philosophical and religious movements focusing on love. *Sufism is an *Islamic movement based on love. Love has been the basis of many religions including Hinduism and Christianity, though in *Hinduism love was physical in basis, whereas in Christianity it has historically been more spiritual. See also *Friendship, *manuals of sex. Greek: see *Plato, *Platonic love, *Eros, Jesus Christ (regarding 'Christianity). Latin: the Latin word is *Amor. English. See irving Singer, The Nature of Love, 3 volumes, Chicago, 1966-87. This work is deeply flawed as it only deals with love in west *European languages. Volume 1 deals with Plato to Luther, Volume 2 *Courtly to *Romantic (*Troubadours, *Shakespeare, *Goethe, *Wagner), Volume 3 The Modern World (*Nietzsche, *Freud, *Proust, *D. H. Lawrence, *Santayana, *Sartre). Sanskrit: see *Bhagavad Gita. Hindi: see *Bhakti. Persian: see *"Beloved". Persian and Turkish: see *Sufism. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality. Other References. Adler, The Great Ideas, volume 1, 732-50; note: *friendship is included here as a type of love. Anthology in English from Australia. Sydney: Print's Realm, 1987, 54 pp. The first gay anthology inspired by *Aids, edited by *Denis Gallagher and published in Sydney; five hundred numbered copies were printed (noted on the last page). Poetry contributors (see entries): Javant Biarujia, Ian C Birks, Margaret Bradstock, Joseph Chetcuti, Denis Gallagher, Paul Knobel, Kerry Leves, Ian MacNeill, Don Maynard, Jenni Nixon, Barrett Reid, Louise Wakeling. Most of these writers are *Sydney writers. The cover features a line drawing by *Cocteau from his White Book showing two people *kissing (with a line between their lips suggesting they are kissing a sheet of glass or wood thus suggesting safe sex in the age of *Aids). Review: Gay Times no. 110 (November 1987), 65, by *Roger Baker. Rare: only one copy was found cataloged in a United States library in 1995 (at Michigan State University, East Lansing). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Hurley, Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia. Poem in Swahili. Swahili is spoken in east Africa where it is a lingua franca. Ca. 1972. See Jan Knappert, edited and translator, An Anthology of Swahili Poetry, 1972, pp. 80-81: a fine poem about the nature of *love, *non gender specific and showing the influence of *Sufism. Swahili is a *Bantu language. Collection in English from Great Britain. London: Kegan, Paul, Trench and Co., 1883, 153 pages. The work is a collection of the work of three poets and cannot be called an anthology (as *Timothy d'arch Smith claims: see below). It is in three sections: Love in Idleness, Doggerel in Delft and Sonnets. There are translations from Greek pp. 157-81: from *Meleager, pp. 159-57 and *Theocritus, pp. 173-74. See *W. R. Paton, The Greek Anthology, 1916, vol. 1, p. xiv, for a description and regarding Love in Idleness containing translations from the * Palatine Anthology. Paton states that H. C. Beeching made the majority of the translations (which are unsigned), that the book was reprinted in part as Love's Looking Glass (1891) and that H. C. Beeching's versions are reprinted, revised, in his In A Garden (1895). The book is dedicated to A. C. Bradley, later a critic of *Shakespeare. An examination of the book reveals little of homosexual interest and several love poems which are heterosexual (e.g., pp. 34, 51-52, 57-58, 126 and many in the section, Sonnets). Poems of relevance dealing with homosexually include: "To Erato" (pp. 3-4), "Amoret" (pp. 19-20) [both poems re the trope of *Amor], "To *Hylas" (pp. 59-61), "For a Drawing" (p. 80; *non gender specific), "To M. A. C. G." (pp. 110-11), "Jealousy" (p. 138; *non gender specific). Many poems talk vaguely and generally of *Love personified as a young person of vague sex. The book is very guarded in tone in keeping with *Victorian mores. Rare. Copy examined: University of Bristol. Bibliographies. Murray, Catalogue of Selected Books, item 39: states it is by *H. C. Beeching, *J. W. MacKail and *J. J. B. Nichols. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, x-xi: according to *Timothy D'Arch Smith it is possibly the first British gay anthology. Poem in English from Great Britain. It was published in the journal The *Chameleon (1894) p. 48. The poem explicitly describes homosexual love. Though unsigned, it is probably by one of five people: see The Chameleon entry for reference to the text and posssible authors. A fine work linking homosexuality and *Oxford. Poem in English and Latin from Great Britain. Full title: Love in the Suds; A Town *Eclogue being the Lament of Roscius for his Nyky. London: Printed for J. Wheble, 1772, 25 pp. The poem is in English with some Latin interpolations. There is no author's name on the title page but the dedicatory letter, to *David Garrick, is signed *William Kenrick and the poem can be safely ascribed to him (see the William Kenrick entry). The poem is a satire on the gay eclogue tradition which reveals close knowledge of the gay tropes of Hercules and *Hylas (p. 2), *Nisus and Euryalus (p. 4) and *Sodom and Gomorrah (p. 25). The poem is light and charming and its main theme is of Roscius being upset that Nyky has left him ("What shall I do now Nyky's fled away/ For who like him can either sing or say?"); there are also satirical references to other eighteenth century writers. The Dictionary of National Biography entry on Kenrick links Nyky with Isaac Bickerstaffe (as does page 24 of the poem which refers to Biskerstaffs flight to France on suspicion of homosexuality). The poem is more an attempt to blacken Garrick by linking him to homosexuality than a serious assertion that he was homosexual. Details have been taken from a copy of the fifth edition, 1772, in the *British Library; this copy lacks pages 5-12. Latin. There are Latin imitations of each section of the poem at the bottom of each page. Text. An edition with the complete text in the William Andrews Clark Library, Los Angeles, 1987, was edited by J. Campbell; the introduction pp. iv-xi makes clear that the publication of the poem by Kenrick was clearly an effort to make money and to embarass Garrick, rather than the poem having any serious basis in Garrick's life. "Love me tender, love me sweet" Poem in English from Australia. 1999. "Love me tender, love me sweet/ Wrap your tongue around my meat;/ When you're finished, when you're done/ Let my cum run down your tongue." Written in black texta on a public male *toilet wall beside the park beside the railway station at Woy Woy, on the coast north of *Sydney. The poem may have been written before 1999; spelling and punctuation have been regularized (e.g., "you're" was spelt "your"). Collected Sunday 19 December, 1999. Names of lovers (or desired lovers) in Greek from Greece. From ca. 450 B.C. Love names are inscriptions on vases naming beautiful youths (and sometimes women); some were painted. The vases were possibly given to the youths or their parents as presents. A frequent inscription is "Ho pais kalos" (The boy is beautiful). The names of the lovers need to be correlated with other sources such as the many poems in the * Mousa Paidike which mention male lovers by name; no systematic effort in this direction has yet been undertaken. David M. Robinson and Edward J. Fluck, A Study of the Greek Love Names, Baltimore, 1937, is the most exhaustive study so far; see Chapter 2 "The Love-Names in Greek Literature" and Chapter 3, "Poets' Favourites". An earlier study in German was W. Klein, Die griechischen Vasen mit Lieblingschriften (Love names on Greek vases), Leipzig, 1898, the first systematic account of this practice. See also *paiderastia, *J. D. Beazley. Poems in Egyptian from Egypt from 1080 B.C. A large corpus of ancient Egyptian love poems has been located in four manuscript sources: see Miriam Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature , Volume 2: The New Kingdom, 1976, 181-93. Some poems here are capable of homosexual interpretation (at least in English translation); as Lichtheim notes, "The form basic to all the poems is the direct first-person speech of either a young man or a young woman. It is a monologue addressed to the speaker's own heart" (see poems 2 and 3, p.190). Some poems may be directed not to the speaker's heart but to another man - or could be read as such. Homosexual love between men is recorded in ancient Egypt: see Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, item 454. M. V. Fox, The Song of Songs: Ancient Egyptian Love Songs, 1985, is a collection of ancient Egyptian love poems. Compare the Hebrew * Song of Songs which came out of the same corpus of material. All ancient Egyptian love poetry has been published. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Kindlers neues Literatur Lexikon, vol. 19: "Agyptische Liebeslieder" (Egyptian love poems); with bibl. and list of translations in English, German and French. Poems in Maori from New Zealand. From at least 1991 Love poems are a major genre in Maori traditional poetry. Love poems in Kare Rapata Leathem, Waiata Mai, Auckland, 1991, pp. 8-9 "Flying bird" and 16-17 "Beautiful flower" are *non gender specific, at least in translation. Though the context of such poems seems heterosexual and no specific homosexual ones have been found so far, specific homosexual poems cannot be ruled out, while traditional love poems could be used in a homosexual context. Love poems written in the persona of a woman Poems in Chinese from Chinae and other *Asian languages from 479 B.C. Chinese. Korean and Japanese. Thousands of these poems exist in these languages (*Graeme Wilson, letter to the author, 1989). Such poems can obviously be read homosexually and some must have been written by homosexuals. There are a large number of such poems in Korean (see entry *Yi Chong-bo for a possible poem). They probably date in Chinese from the * Shih Ching (479 B.C.). For Japanese see *Hagiwara Sakutaro. Sanskrit. Hindi. Bengali, and Tamil: a huge volume exists of poems by men written in the persona of Radha, the consort of *Krishna; see also *Saivism. This poetry is highly *symbolic. For Tamil see * Eight Tamil Anthologies. For Bengali see *Tagore. Such poems occur in many other indian languages. Urdu: see Jan Sahib. Tibetan: see *Lobzang Rindzin. English: see *Shakespeare, *Ben Jonson, James Joyce. German: see *Walthervon der Vogelweide. Greek: see *Bion. Italian: see *Guglielmo Volpi. Latin: see *Virgil. Spanish: see *Saint John of the Cross. Hebrew: see *Dunush Ibn Labrat. These poems also possibly exist in Vietnamese. The *dramatic monologue is a genre in which the poet assumes the persona of the person speaking and female personae are sometimes involved even in sexual situations (see *T. S. Eliot). See also *gender ambiguity, *gender switching, *non gender specific. Some of these poems may, of course, have been written by women. This aspect of love poems is, so far, unexamined in detail by gay scholars. Compare the genre * Kafi in the northern Indian subcontinent. Love speaks its name: gay and lesbian love poems Anthology in English from the United States. London: Everyman's Library, 2001, 256 pages; index of authors pp. 250-56. Compiled by "J. D. McClatchy, this anthology consists of love poems which are mainly non gender specific in five sections: Longing, Looking, Loving, Ecstasy, Anxiety and Aftermath. Most poems are chaste works and eroticism is not emphasized. Poems range from *Sappho to contemporary poets and include *Cavafy, *Whitman, *Stefan George. Names not enetered. Translator from Latin to English from Great Britain. 1618-ca. 1658. A *cavalier poet, born heir to a great estate in Kent, he died in poverty. A group of poems were written to a woman, Lucasta. See the Latin poem "Blanditur Puer Satyrus" and Lovelace's translation in The Poems of Richard Lovelace, edited by C. H. Wilkinson, 2 volumes, Oxford, 1925, vol. 2, pp. 186-87 (in the section Translations 182-89): "With looks and hands a Satyr courts the boy". The Translations here are from Sanazar's Hexasticon. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poems of Love and Liberation, 24: poem "Blanditur Puer Satyrus". Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1936. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2393: The Hermaphrodite and Other Poems, Caldwell, Ida.: Caxton, 1936. By lovers here are meant males with whom other males had sexual relations; it is not necessarily implied that the relationships were long term. Lovers of gay poets or in homosexual poetry survive in Greek from Greece from Achilles and Patroclus in *Homer from ca. 700 B.C. and in other languages. Since there is no gay word for wife or husband lover is used here instead though the word as used here refers to males who had sexual relations with other males for a period of time (as distinct from "one night stands"). Sometimes poets wrote love poems to persons whom they wished to have sex with but did not. For persons to whom poets addressed love poems (and with whom sexual relations were not necessarily consumated) see *addressees. A distinction needs to be made between fictional lovers in poems (e. g., *Corydon in *Virgil's "Second Eclogue") and the real life lovers of poets (e. g. *Chester Kallman, lover of *W. H. Auden). Only the most prominent lovers are given separate entries in this encyclopedia. In many cases from the past it is impossible to prove that physical relations occurred and there may be some contention (e.g. as in the case of Achilles and Patroclus). Greek. See *Achilles and Patroclus (ca. 700 B.C.), *Agathon, *Anacreon, *Anacreontea (regarding Lyaeus), *Bathyllus, *Cleobulus, *Dioscorides, *Lycus, *Maximus of Tyre, *Meleager and *Theoxenus. Many lovers of poets - or addressees towards whom amorous feelings are directed - are mentioned in the * Mousa Paidike: almost every poem mentions a lover by name, and frequently several, so the names of possibly over a hundred survive. (Almost none have been included here because they are mostly mentioned once or in passing.) *Love names were written on vases and record the probable lovers of gay poets. Hebrew. See *David and Jonathan (only possible lovers however). Latin. The best known lover of a male Latin gay poet was *Antinous, the lover of the emperor *Hadrian who also wrote poems. The most important lovers of major *Roman poets are Juventius (lover of *Catullus [84-54 B. C.]) and *Marathus (lover of *Tibullus). *Julius Caesar is stated to be the lover of Nicomedes in the song *"Gallias Caesar subegit". *Corydon, a character in Virgil's "Second Eclogue" who loves *Alexis, later became the prototype of the homosexual lover (see *André Gide). *Baudri of Bourgeuil, writing in the *Middle Ages, mentions several lovers. See also *Bathyllus, *Horace, Juvenal, *Martial, *Paulinus of Nola. On possible lovers in relation to Latin see *Horace Walpole and *Richard West. English. Some contemporary poets in the United States refer to companions in notes on their poems (or even "partners in life") and it is difficult to know what exactly is meant by these terms; in addition, people who live together can be lovers at one stage and nonsexual partners at others. Most famous as lovers in Great Britain are Mr *W. H., the inspirer of Shakespeare's sonnets and Lord *Alfred Douglas, lover of *Oscar Wilde. In the United States *Neal Cassady and Peter Orlovsky (lovers of Ginsberg) and *Peter Doyle companion and probable lover of Whitman are some of the most notable lovers. Australia: see entries Javant Biarujia, ian Birks, 'Laurence Collinson, 'Donald Friend. Canada: see 'Richard Phelan, 'Ian Young. Great Britain. See 'Actors, 'Alcuin, 'Mark Akenside, *0. Bridgman, 'Byron, 'Corydon, *R. Davenant, John Edleston, Joseph Fletcher, 'A. Galton, John Gray, Jackie Hewit, 'George Merrill, 'Robert Ross, John Scott, 'Roger Senhouse, 'Stephen Tennant, 'Mr W. H., Jonathan Williams. United States: see 'Walta Borawski, *Michael Bronski, *William Burroughs, *Neal Cassady, *Ernest Clay, Jess Collins, *Peter Doyle, *Tim Dlugos, *Peter Doyle, *Kenward Elmslie, *Charles Henri Ford, *Allen Ginsberg, *Roger Horvitz, *Chester Kallman, *Thomas Meyer, *Peter Orlovsky, Jamie Perry, *Larry Rivers, Jonathan Williams. For lovers of poets when they were overseas, where poets formerly went to escape harsh laws, see James Merrill, *E. A. Lacey and 'Harold Norse. French. 'Verlaine and 'Rimbaud were the most notable gay lovers in French poetry. The novelist 'Marcel Proust has several known lovers as did Jean Cocteau. German. See 'Eduard von Meyer, 'Maximin (probably the lover of 'Stefan George). Italian. See 'Michelangelo. Russian. See 'Mikhail Kuzmin. Spanish. See 'Garcia Lorcia. Chinese. Homosexual favorites of emperors are referred to in the history of *Ssu-ma Ch'ien (145 B.C.-*6 B.C.). 'Hsi Kang (who with his partner 'Ruan Ji formed an exemplary homosexual pair), 'Zhou Xiaoshi, 'Yuan Mei, Emperor 'Ch'ien Lung. Japanese. *Sora was a possible lover of *Basho. See also *Mishima Yukio. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1917-1977. The most famous United States poet of the 1960s and 1970s. In Life Studies (1959), see the poems "For *George Santayana", "Words for *Hart Crane" and, in the last poem, "Skunk Hour" (where there is a reference to a "*fairy [i. e. homosexual] decorator"). The poems in Life Studies, his most famous book of poems, present the possibility of the author having an *Oedipus complex and show the considerable influence of *Freudianism. Lowell, as the Life Studies poems show, hated his father and was close to his mother. As the toying with homosexual themes in the Life Studies poems indicates, repressed homosexual tendencies in Lowell's character, in keeping, with his *Puritanical background, cannot be ruled out. See the biography Robert Lowell by Ian Hamilton, 1982, pp. 58 (re *Richard Eberhart and celibacy), 135 (re knowledge of Elizabeth Bishop's homosexuality which he accepted), 157 re "crying out against devils and homosexuals" when having a breakdown. Lowell suffered a series of nervous breakdowns and father figures such as *Allen Tate were important to him. Compare John Berryman. In his sequence History, 1973, one poem is on the homosexual critic *F. O. Matthiessen's suicide p.134 ("the homosexual's terrible love/ for forms"). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition: in the Appendix. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2394: Life Studies, New York: Farrar, Straus and Cudahy, 1959. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1995. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Badboy Book, 229-34; biog., 3BB: he has edited various Badboy prose collections and lives in 'Boston. Pseudonym of a poet from the United States. 1924-ca. 1988. Pseudonym of *James S. Holmes. Lu Hsun, also spelt Lu Xun (pseud.) Pseudonym of a poet from China who wrote in Chinese. 1881-1936. Lu Hsun (the penname of Zhou Shuen) is widely regarded as one of the the greatest writers of twentieth century Chinese literature; he was especially noted for his short stories which first appeared in 1923 in the volume Call to Arms and as a writer was concerned with the destiny of China. He was active in the May 4th movement of 1918 from where modernist literature dates. Homoerotic sentiments appear in his poetry, especially early poetry, which is basically traditional. See Poems of Lu Hsun, Hong Kong, 1981, trans. English by Huang Hsin-chyu: see p. 1 for an example (that this may be a gay love poem cannot be ruled out), pp. 2-3 (poem in the traditional Chinese manner), p. 12. Wild Grass, which title recalls Whitman's Leaves of Grass, consists of *prose poems. indirect language and *symbolism were used in his prose and poetry. A man of letters who supported the *Republic (from 1908) he was later sympathetic to the *Communist Party believing only revolution could change China; after his death he becmame the exemplar of socialist realism in China. He translated prose works from Russian (via translations in Japanese - he had been educated in Japan at Tokyo and spoke and read Japanese), wrote a history of Chinese fiction and also wrote notable essays (sixteen volumes). He can truly be said to have been a *scholar. He lived in *Shanghai from 1927 in the International Settlement due to the turmoil in China. His thought oscillated between despair and hope. He married and had a son. Lu Hsun is in *Wade Giles and Lu Xun in *Pinyin. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopedia of World Literature. Encyclopedia Britannica. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, volume 1, East volume. Poet from China who wrote in Chinese. 1580-1629. From *Nanking. Not in Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 442: re his pornographic prose work Unofficial Records of the Embroidered Couch, which has a homosexual hero and many poems in the text. Pseudonym of translator from Greek to Latin from Germany; editor in Greek and Latin. 1565-1621. The Latin name of Eilert Lubben, the first translator of the Greek * Anacreontea into Latin (1597) and the first translator of the Greek poet *Nonnus into Latin (1605; repr.). He also compiled editons of the * Planudean Anthology (1604) and the Latin poets *Horace, Juvenal and *Persius (see * British Library General Catalogue entry). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Allgemeine deutsche Biographie. Translator from Greek to English from Great Britain. Born 1894. *Epigrams were written; whether any were gay is not known. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 21-23: translation of the Greek poet *Theocritus's "Idyll 13" into English; translation of the Homeric *Hymn to Aphrodite (re Zeus and *Ganymede); 36: translation of *Theognis; 45-46: trans. of *Semonides of Amorgos (a poem against women). The translations in the preceding are from his Greek Poetry For Everyone. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 431: trans. of * Gilgamesh, "The Eulogy of Enkidu". Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1938. *Black poet born in Baltimore who lives in *Washington. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 92: "Too Late to Say I Love You/ For David" (a Tine love poem addressed to a dead *lover); biog., 179-80. Philosopher and historian from Greece who wrote in Greek. 120-180. A philosopher who dealt with the question of whether it was better to love women or youths. Text. See Book 8 of the Loeb edition of his works, trans. by M. D. MacLeod. All references in this entry are to the Amores, a major document on the *debate on love in Greek. His De Dea Syria discusses the sexual rites of the Syrian mother goddess, *Innana: see Works vol. 4, London: Loeb, 1925, pp. 35861, 404-05. *Paul Brandt made a scholarly study of him in homosexual terms; see also *forgery. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 78. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 62-63. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 37-38. L'amour bleu, 35-38. Hidden Heritage, 65-66: re *Orestes and Pylades. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 23-24 (re *Orestes and Pylades). Criticism. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 451: re Amores, 54. Foucault, The Care of the Self: The History of Sexuality, volume 3, 1986, 211-27, calling him Pseudo-Lucian and referring to Affairs of the Heart (i.e. Amores), a dialogue on whether it was better to love women or boys; the work, as Foucault notes, is manifestly a later text, therefore not by him and possibly as late as the fourth century A. D. (op. cit., 211). Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 495: referring to *Achilles and Patroclus; 751-53. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1933. He has published four collections of poetry. The Well-Wishers, 1974 is his most recent. He wrote art criticism for *Gay News (e.g., in no. 155, 1979) and is well known for his several books on gay artists. Poems appeared in Gay News, no. 228. He has published more than sixty books on art many dealing with erotic themes and from 1988 has exhibited as a photographer; information from the internet. He writes regularly for Index on Censorship. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2402: Confessions and Histories, London: Oxford, 1964. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 352-53. Not Love Alone, 72-75; biog., 142. Take Any Train, 38-39; biog., 63. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 174-75 (Tine poems). Poet from Italy writing in Latin and Greek. Ca. 180 B.C.-103 B.C. The earliest known Latin poet, known for his *satire. Of his thirty books only fragments (some 1,300 lines) survive. He seems to have published the thirty books 131-103 B.C. with books 26-30 from 131-125 B.C. and the other books 125-106 B.C. Books 6-7 seem to have contained satirical matter on sex. Some of his fragments contain the first references to *pederasty in Latin: in the Loeb edition see fragments relating to the following books: Book I fragments 28-29, 33, Book II fr. 63, Book IV fr. 166?, Book VII 308-09, Book VIII 324-25, Book XXVI fr. 639, Book XXVII fr. 744, Book XXVIII fr. 822-23?, Book XXIX fr. 874, 927-28?, 957-58, 959-960, 993, Book XXX fr. 1048. Homosexuality in these fragments emerges from the Greek tradition and is generally viewed tolerably and not with the hostility of later Latin writers. He lived in *Rome and died in *Naples. He never became a Roman citizen and seems never to have married. Text. The *Loeb edition, Remains of Old Latin vol. 3, edited by E. H. Warmington, 1938 (revised 1967), with important introduction and translation into English, has been used in compiling this entry. The most recent text is by *Werner Krenkel. He wrote an epigram in Greek in the Palatine Anthology. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 621-22: "Lucilius, Gaius" (1): noting that books 6-7 of his work seem to have contained satirical matter on sex. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Palatine Anthology xi 216-17 (in Greek1). Les Amours masculines, 46. Criticism. Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 9 (1908), 229. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 478. Courouve, Ces petits grecs: re satires ii 3, 10 and 11 (in the edition Collection des Universités de France). City in India where Urdu was formerly spoken. Poetry of relevance dates from ca. 1750. The city is the capital of Uttar Pradesh state and was important from the time of *Babar. See *Shaikh Nasikh, *Mir Taqi Mir, *Sauda. References. *C. M. Naim, "The Theme of Homosexual (Pederastic) Love in Pre-Modern Urdu Poetry", in Studies in the Urdu Gazal and Prose Fiction, edited by M. U. Memon, 1979, 121 : homosexual poems written. Sadiq, History of Urdu Literature, 165-202: "The Lucknow School of Urdu Poetry". Rahman, "Boy love in the Urdu ghazal", Paidika vol. 2 no. 1 (1989), 13. Poet and philosopher from Italy who wrote in Latin. Ca. 90 B.C.-ca. 53 B.C. His major philopsophical work, the *long poem De rerum natura (On the nature of things) has a discussion of love in Book Four in which Venus - love - is depicted as being bisexual and in which it is stated that it is possible for a male to fall in love with a woman or a boy. Translation. English: see John Dryden's trans. of Book Four, lines 1052 ff. Lucretius has been extensively translated into 'European languages. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 622-24. Kiefer, Sexual Life in Ancient Rome, 182-85. Lilja, Homosexuality in Republican and Augustan Rome, 153. Courouve, Ces petits grecs, 26: re De rerum natura iv 1053-554, v 1111. Poet from Germany who wrote in Sorbian. 1619-1673. He wrote a poem in praise of Michal Frencel (1628-1706) which shows considerable homoaffectionalism; this is the earliest known Sorbian work. Source: Everyman Companion to East European Literature, p. 549. Sorbian is a *Slavic language spoken in Germany. The people are also called Lusatians and the language sometimes is called Lusatian. See the entry on Sorbian in Everyman Companion to East European Literature, pp. 549-50. Translation. English: see Robert Elsie, Anthology of Sorbian Poetry, 1990, p. 6 Possible lover from Germany who wrote letters in German. 1845-1886. A homosexual king of Bavaria, the main state in the south of Germany, who fell in love with *Richard Wagner (as his letters to Wagner show: see *Rictor Norton, editor, My Dear Boy; Gay Love Letters through the Centuries, 1998, pp. 144-48). The relationship has been extensively discussed in homosexual terms by *Hans Fuchs, though whether it was physical may never be known. (Male homosexuality was legal in Bavaria from 1813.) Ludwig financed Wagner's composing for a time. The king was removed from the throne by being certified mad and died shortly after by drowning in a lake, possibly *suicide. Ludwig built several palaces in medieval style in Bavaria with interior decoration inspired by Wagner's operas, for instance Neue Schwanstein. The king was attracted to an actor Ludwig Kainz and had a photograph taken with him which has been frequently republished leading many to believe they had a sexual relationship - the photograph is reproduced in Wilfrid Blunt, The Dream King, 1973, p. 188; after the king's death, Kainz became a famous actor in Vienna. *K. H. Ulrichs wrote poems on Ludwig's death. See also *William Plomer, *R. S. Peters (who has written a sequence on the king), *Munich (capital of Bavaria). A recent biography is Greg King, The Mad King: A Biography of Ludwig II of Bavaria, 1997. There are many biographies in German and English. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 753-54. Howes, Broadcasting It. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 77: "Briefe an Richard Wagner" [The German means Letters to Richard Wagner; no other details are given]. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 160-62: letters to Wagner. Ioläus (1906), 214-16. Die Bedeutung der Freundesliebe, 24: letter to Richard Wagner. Criticism. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 3 (1901), 588-97: letters to Wagner; reprinted in Schmidt, Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen (1984), vol. 1, 166-75. Mayne, The Intersexes, 241-42. Moll, Berühmte Homosexuelle, 34-35. Poet from France who wrote in French. 1632-1687. Best known as an opera composer. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 369-70: re a poem about Louis XIV's mistress. Duroc, Homosexuels et lesbiennes illustrés, 268-69. Criticism. Arcadie no. 172 (April 1968), 161-62: article which includes a poem on him after his death; continued in no. 173, 229-35 and nos. 174-75, 289-97 (several poems). Masques no. 7 (Hiver, 1980-81), 82: stated to be gay. Lover and trope in Spanish from Spain. Ca. 1390-1453. See Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, p. 641: the article "Juan II of Castile". Alvaro de Luna was the lover of the homosexual king of Spain, Juan II, and became a well known figure in poetry. Under Juan II, Alvaro was a brilliant administrator of Spain. Poet and critic from Sweden who wrote in Swedish. 1906-1991. A noted Swedish literary figure invloved with the judging of the *Nobel Prize for literature: he was one of the main persons involved in the 1970s and 1980s in choosing the writer to whom the Literature Prize should be awarded. He was strongly inluenced by *D. H. Lawrence and *Walt Whitman in his early work, leading him to trust natural feelings. Essay on Whitman: see Atlantvind (Atlantic Wind), 1932. Biography. See Rossel, History of Scandinavian Literature, pp. 168-70. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Contemporary Authors, vol. 147. Bibliographies. Nordisk Bibliografi, 11: cites the work Krigarens dikt, Stockholm: Bonnnier, 1976 - a work of poetry. Poet from Germany who wrote in German. Active before 1923. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Die Bedeutung der Freundesliebe, 28: poem beginning "Wir biegen". Poet from Iran who wrote in Persian. Active ca. 14QQ. See 'Ehsan Yarshater, "Persian Poetry in the Timurid and Safavid Periods", in Peter Jackson, editor, Cambridge History of Iran, volume 6, The Timurid and Safavid Periods, 1976, 974: re an apparently gay poem. Not in Rypka, History of Iranian Literature. Poet from Germany writing in German. Born 1950. Author of Die Anderen sind immer wir, Hamburg: Buchladen Männerschwarm [a gay bookshop in Hamburg], 1988, 46 pp. (afterword by Joachim Bartholomae); second printing 1990 (afterword by Joachim Bartholomae, 41-43). A second book of poems is: Gegenuber, Berlin: ICH, 1991 - illustrated with homoerotic photgraphs of men. An openly gay poet from East Germany born in Potsdam but who lives in *Berlin from 1953. Bibliographies. Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen, item 683: Die Anderen sind immer wir. Luther, Martin and Lutheranism Founder of a religion and translator from Greek and Hebrew to German; he was from Germany. 14B3-1546. Luther founded the Lutheran religion in Germany and translated both the Hebrew Old Testament and the Greek New Testament of the 'Bible. Lutheranism was based on actually reading the Bible in the vernacular (compare 'Puritanism, 'Calvinism). A former monk who married a former nun, Luther was excommunicated from the 'Catholic church in 152Q. Lutheranism, which became the official religion of Denmark in 152Q, Finland in 1523, Sweden in 1524 and Norway in 1534, was strongly sex negative and anti-homosexual, though attitudes have recently changed. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 19. Criticism. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, vol. 2, 1Q59. Luxorius He wrote *satirical epigrams in the manner of *Martial. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Medieval Latin Poems of Male Love and Friendship, 6-9; biog., 143. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 139-40: a *Christian who lived in Carthage. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1008. Trope in Greek from Turkey and later in Latin, English and German from ca. 100 B.C. See Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 477 on *Bion's poem on Lycidas referring to *Eros and Lycidas. Bion was active ca. 100 B. C. Latin: see *Horace Odes 1: iv, 19 refers to youths loving him; see also *Nemesianus, *Sannazaro. English. Lycidas is the title poem of an English *elegy by John *Milton (though Milton probably knew the homosexual references in Greek and Latin, his poem is not overtly homosexual); see also * Cicero's Laeiius, *faun. German: see *Die Lieder für Lycidas. Lover from Greece relating to works in Greek. Active ca. 620 B. C. A probable lover of *Alcaeus of Mytilene, but no poems to him survive; he is mentioned by *Martial in Odes i, 32: 9-11. Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. Born ca. 200 B.C.? No entry in Oxford Classical Dictionary. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Der kleine Pauly, volume 3, 814-15: see Lykophron - several entries. Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 8 (1906), 659: citing a poem but without the source. Poet from Australia writing in English. Born ca. 1915. See "Arty Cafe" in No 1, July 1943 (second stanza). No 1 was one of three publications called No 1, Number 2 (1944) and Number 3 (1948), associated with Australian avant-garde poetry circles at the time (*Harry Hooton and *A. D. Hope were also published in the journal). The journals were named exactly as titled here. The relevant part of the stanza reads: "A lovesick pansy burbles with delight/ while listening to his languid boyfriend drone/ Swinburnian misquotes. Near a bust of *Freud/ some withered shade of *Sappho smokes alone." The author is believed to be deceased. Some information on his life is on p. 38 of J. Cremin, editor, Dawnfire, [1942]. He was born in Queensland and moved to *Melbourne where he studied theology; in this work, which includes a selection of Garry Lyle's poems pp. 38-47, the poem "Into the Dusk (For Colin Lindsay)", p. 39, shows some homoerotic sentiment. Book of poems: 18 Poems, 1941. Poet and critic from Canada who wrote in English. Died 1991. Book of poems: These waves of dying friends, 1989. An activist and professor who died of *Aids in 1991 (see Oxford Companion to Canadian Literature, second edition, p. 454). See entries *David Kalstone (for a critical piece), *Richard Howard and *Walt Whitman. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1886-1915. Educated at *Oxford he was an officer in World War I. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 117-18: "I Tracked a Dead Man"; biog., 238. Genre in Greek, Latin, Chinese, English and other written languages from ca. 620 B.C. Greek. Lyric poetry sung to an instrument, usually the lyre (from which word the name comes). *Pindar is the earliest lyric writer to survive in any major quantity and *Sappho and *Alcaeus were major early lyric poets (later *Anacreon). Athenian *skolia of the fifth century B.C. were sung to instrumental accompaniment. See Oxford Classical Dictionary, 630: "Lyric Poetry, Greek" by *C. M. Bowra. Latin. Latin poets did not sing their poems and poets were defined by their *meter (however Christian *hymns were sung). Gradually the term has changed in meaning to refer to short emotional poems. See also *T. Bergk, *Brunck, *D. A. Campbell, *E. Diehl, *J. M. Edmonds, the most important editors of ancient Greek lyric poetry, most of which is *lost. Compare *Singing. See Oxford Classical Dictionary, 631. Chinese. All Chinese poetry was sung until recently. For Chinese see * tz'u. In indian languages of India there are many lyric forms. More lyric poetry is recorded in written form than for any other poetic genre: see, for examples, *Overview entries for Arabic, Japanese, Persian, Turkish and Urdu. English. For a sample of the large lyric tradition see 'Elizabethan poets, *Shakespeare, *Byron, *W. H. Auden, *Allen Ginsberg, *sonnet. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. 1831-1891. Most famous as a *Victorian novelist, but see his long poem * King Arthur; see especially Chapter 5 of this work regarding homoerotic bonding. His work shows the influence of *Byron. He was viceroy - i.e., ruler under the British administration - of India 1876-80. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1989. See the favorable review of his thirty page *long poem A New Requiem, Cheap Review Press, 1989 by *George Klawitter in James White Review vol. 5 no. 2 (Winter 1989), 4. Genre in English and Latin. Macaronic verse is poetry written in two languages; gay material survives from ca. 1350. See *"Litania flagelli" (ca. 1350), *"Let a friar of some order" (both poems in English and Latin). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics . Poet from Great Britain writing in English. 1932-1991. Perusal of his Collected Poems 1958-70, London, 1971, has not revealed anything of relevance. A very prolific *Scottish poet who is included here as a poet who wrote relevant novels. He married. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition: by *Peter Porter and referring to his writing in a variety of styles including dandified and * fin de siècle. Contemporary Authors , vol. 25-28. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10836: The Transformation, London: Gollancz, 1975. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 2419-20: same book plus The Samurai, London: Gollancz, 1976. Both these works are novels. Anthologist from Canada in English. Born 1944. This is possibly a pseudonym for *G. Brender a Brandis. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2423: anthologist of * Larkspur and Lad's Love. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Larkspur and Lad's Love. Pseudonym of a poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1892-1978. Hugh Macdiarmid is the pseudonym of Christopher Murray Grieve, the most famous *Scots poet of the early part of the twentieth century who was a leader of the revival of Scottish culture in the 1902s; in the 1930s he was a member of the *Communist Party. See "First Objectives: To John Henry Mackay" in Complete poems 1920-76, 1978, vol. 1, pp. 393-94. (This is from the volume Stony Limits and other poems, 1934; repr. 1956.) Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. And Thus Will I Freely Sing, 11-12: re his liking John Henry Mackay. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Born 1890. After the First World War he was a prolific author. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 86,110-11,133-34; biog., 238-39. See especially "Matey", in Lads, 110-11: "Didn't I love you of old, matey,/ Dearer than the blood of my own./ You were my dearest chum, matey..."; see also *mateship. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1947. A poet whose works have appeared in the journal of *Sidney Smith. The publisher of A-Non poem to Youth cited below is given as Blind Duck Press in * Paidika vol. 1 no. 3, Winter 1988, 52. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2427-28: Children of the Night, [no place given], Blind Duck Press, 1978 and A Non-Poem to Youth, [no place given], privately printed, no date. Highly rated by *Ian Young. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 538. Poet from Spain who wrote in Spanish. 1874-1947. A noted Spanish poet whose first book Soledades, 1902 (later revised and expanded), was written under the influence of *Wilde and *Verlaine; the title comes from *Góngora. He gave up his bohemian life in 1907 and twice married. He translated *Shakespeare's "Sonnet 138" (a heterosexual sonnet). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Oxford Companion to Spanish Literature. Criticism. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, vol. 2., 1240: "the foremost Spanish *dandy" of his time. Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. 1469-1527. An Italian political theorist from *Florence whose The Prince, 1513, was an instructive manual of political cunnning dedicated to Lorenzo de' Medici. A homosexual person living at a time when male homosexual acts were illegal would be skilled in such tactics; consequently whether Machiavelli was gay (if it could ever be proven) could have a bearing on this work. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amicizia amorosa, 81 - the "Canzone: Se avessi l'arco e l'ale"; biog., 79. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 220: tropes of *Eros (see stanza one), *Apollo, *Zeus and *Ganymede. Poet from Canada wrote in English. 1867-died after 1943. See A. J. M. Smith, Book of Canadian Poetry, Toronto, 1943, pp. 236-38: poem "To *Walt Whitman"; biog. note p. 231 - reveals he was a lawyer who travelled and lived near *Vancouver in 1943. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1893-1917. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 115-16, 137-38, 185, 189-90: strong homoerotic poems about men killed in the war; biog., 239 - educated at Oxford, he was killed in the war; he published two volumes of poems. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1890-1967. Not in Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 507: *"Narcissus". Criticism. Foster, "Beauty's Purple Flame: Some Minor American Gay Poets", Gay Books Bulletin no. 7 (1982), 17, 18 re poem on *Narcissus in Poems, New York, 1936. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1991. A *black poet from *New York. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 93: "Flaw"; biog., 180. Translator from Greek and Latin to English; critic in Greek. Born 1859. One of the three contributors, with *H. C. Beeching and *J. B. Nichols, to the collection * Love in Idleness. In 1890, he published a selection of the Greeks*Palatine Anthology translated into English, Select Epigrams from the Greek Anthology, heavily censoring the homoerotic poems (though the work has one of the best general introductions to the Greek Anthology). Select Epigrams became very popular and went through many editions. He translated from Latin *Virgil's * Eclogues in 1898 (repr.). See also *Thyrsis and see *Censorship - English, - Greek. Poet from Germany who wrote in German; he was born in Great Britain. 1864-1933. John Henry Mackay was an individualist anarchist born in Scotland of a German mother and a Scottish father but raised in Germany. He was a novelist and active as a poet from 1888 when he published a book of anarchist verse Sturm (Storm; later reprinted; 20,000 copies were eventually sold). He published poetry in * Der Eigene in 1905. From 1906 he published a series of gay volumes of poetry first called Die namenlose Liebe (The nameless love; after *Alfred Douglas's expression describing homosexuality: "the love that dares not speak its name"), 1906. These volumes were eventually collected and published as Die Bücher der namenlosen Liebe, Paris, 1913 (repr. Netherlands, 1924 and later repr. in Germany). He used the pseudonym *Sagitta for these works and disclosed his real name in his last publication Abrechnung (Reckoning), 1932. He also wrote a novel Der Puppenjunge (The Hustler), 1926, under the name Sagitta and was a *boy lover who had relations with schoolboys which seem to have been *pederastic (as distinct from pedophilia) though the ages of the youths are hard to ascertain. Richard Strauss set Mackay's *non gender specific poems "Morgen" (Tomorrow) and "Heimliche Aufforderung" (Secret Invitation) to music as a wedding gift to his wife. He was a close friend of *Rudolf Steiner. Lovers include a schoolboy Atti and Otto Hannemann, one of the executors of his will. Text. Ausgewahlte Gedichte, 1884 - 1926, 1984. See also Sturm: Gedichte, 1977, 16 pp., a short selection. Biography: see *Hubert Kennedy. Thomas A. Riley wrote Germany's Poet-Anarchist John Henry Mackay, New York, 1972. See also Kurt Zube (pseud. of K. H. Z. Solneman), Der Bahnbrecher John Henry Mackay, 1979, K. H. Z. Solneman, John Henry Mackay - the Unique, Freiburg, 1978, 15 pp.; Friedrich Dobe, John Henry Mackay als Mensch, Koblenz, 1987, 94 pp. (review: Paidika vol.1 no. 3, Winter 1988, 61-63). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality. Hafkamp, Pijlen van naamloze liefde, 170-74. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 78: poems "Fenny Skaller", "Der Puppenjunge" (1925) and "Wer sind wir?", "Heimliche Aufforderung (Auf hebe die funkelnde Schale..." (set to music by Richard Strauss, as opus 27 no. 3) and Sieben Bücher der namenlosen Liebe, Berlin, 1924. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10837: Sieben Bücher der namenlosen Liebe, Berlin 1924; "several collections but this is the most important". Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen , item 687: Die Bücher der namenlosen Liebe (von Sagitta), 2 volumes, Berlin: rosa Winkel, 1979; the second volume contains a bibliography of literary titles by John Henry Mackay by *Peter Hamecher; he notes that the first edition was 1913. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Die Bedeutung der Freundesliebe, 29. Andere Lieben, 228-32. And Thus Will I Freely Sing, 41-44: article by *Hubert Kennedy. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 221 ; 194 (biog. note). Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 449-52. Criticism. Gay Books Bulletin no. 6 (Fall 1981), 12-14. Lexikon homosexuelle belletristik: see under Sagitta (pseud.). Paidika vol. 2 no. 3 (Spring 1991), 48-56: re his poetry (by Hubert Kennedy) and heterosexualization in the poem "Hélène". Geraci, Dares to Speak, 5060: article by *Hubert Kennedy; 61-64: prose work by Mackay. Poet from Canada writing in English. Born 1901. In A. J. M. Smith, Book of Canadian Poetry, Toronto, 1943, p. 371, see the poem *"Hylas"; biog. note p. 370 (states he was a professor of classics at the University of British Columbia, married with two children). Poet, autobiographer and novelist from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1883-1972. A noted and prolific novelist who was an editor of the journal The Gramophone. James Money in Capri: Island of Pleasure, 1986, p.135, states he had a homosexual affair on Capri in the 1920s with an Italian man Luigi Ruggiero. His two novels Vestal Fire, 1927, and Extraordinary Women, 1928 are modelled on homosexual and *libertine circles in *Capri at this time when he lived there for some years. One character is modelled on *Norman Douglas and another on the homosexual Somerset Maugham. His entry in the Dictionary of National Biography makes clear he moved in homosexual circles after education at Oxford. He published one book of poems: Poems, Oxford: B. L. Blackwell, 1907, 99 pages. In this book see "The Funeral March of a Dead Love" p. 24 (*non gender specific); other poems may be addressed to women. The main character in his novel Thin Ice, 1956, is modelled on *Tom Driberg. He was the husband of *Faith Mackenzie. His autobiography, My Life and Times, 1963-71, occupies ten volumes. He was a longtime reviewer for the magazine The Gramophone. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionary of National Biography. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Gay Poetry Anthologies. And Thus Will I Freely Sing, 12: states he was heterosexual. Biographer in English from Great Britain. Active 1950. Author of * William Cory: a biography with a selection of poems, some unpublished, 1950. The wife of *Compton Mackenzie. MacKenzie, Gareth Morgan See his poem in James White Review vol. 3 no. 4 (Summer 1986), 1, "Fragmented Letter"; there is a biographical note on p.12 stating he is from Washington DC, is a Celtic harpist and his first book Patterns of the Dance was published in 1985. Novelist from Australia who was also a poet who wrote in English. 1913-1955. His novel The Young Desire It (1937) features a homosexual relationship which, according to *Donovan Clarke, in "Seaforth Mackenzie: Novelist of Alienation", Southerly 25 (1965), 75-90, was autobiographical. Donovan Clarke knew Kenneth Mackenzie (Anthony Bradley to the author, 1990). Mackenzie's papers are in the Mitchell Library and The National Library. His poems in The Poems (Sydney, 1972) are heterosexual in ambience. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1991. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 94: "I couldn't speak his language"; biog., 180 - a *black poet from Texas who lives in *New York. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Born 1867. He published only one book: Charmides or Oxford Twenty Years Ago, Oxford: B. H. Blackwell, 1898. The book celebrates his friendship in *Oxford with a man now dead; the title echoes the title of *Oscar Wilde's only book of poems. Bibliographies. Murray, Catalogue of Selected Books, item 40: Charmides and other Poems, 1898. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10838: Charmides, or Oxford Twenty Years Ago, Oxford, 1898. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2436: same book. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 259. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 91. Criticism. Smith, Love in Earnest, 93-94 and 173 with extract; bibl., 248. Poet from Canada writing in English. Active 1983. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Son of the Male Muse, 115-16 (with photo p. 115); biog., 189 - lives in *Vancouver where he writes and works with a gay television show. Poet from Australia who wrote in English. 1811 -died after 1853. See "A Convict's Tour of Hell" in John Meredith and Richard Whalan, Frank the Poet, 1979, p. 47, referring to Major Morisset and Captain Cluney in hell "lashed together/ As tight as soles to upper *leather", implying a gay relationship or, at least, very close *comradeship or *mateship. (Major Morisset was Superintendent of Norfolk Island convict settlement in 1833, op. cit., p. 50.) The text is also in Philip Neilson editor, The Penguin Book of Australian *Satirical Verse, 1986, 10-15. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Dessaix, Australian Gay and Lesbian Writing, 3: extract from the poem "Farewell to Tasmania" ("Land of Buggers!/ Fare ye well"), dated early 1850s. Autobiographer and letter writer from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1907-1963. He is best known as a poet. See the review of his autobiography, The Strings Are False: An Unfinished Autobiography, London, 1965 (repr.) in Gay News 235 (1982), 31: the reviewer states he was acquainted with homosexuality at Oxford but "was not, and could not pretend to be, homosexual". He was a contemporary of *W. H. Auden (who collaborated with him on Letters from Iceland, 1937) and of *Stephen Spender. One of the *MacSpaunday poets. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Poet and critic from Australia writing in English. Born 1946. Author of TV Tricks, Sydney: BlackWattle Press, 1989, a selection of poetry and prose which has a poem on *transvestism. He has also written letters and critical prose pieces (e.g., for the *journal Gay Information) which have been published as Libbing, Sydney, Meili Press, 1990; the cover, in *lavender, features an ancient Greek vase with a bearded man fondling a younger man's genitals. Poems have been published in * Cargo. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Love and Death, 37-38; biog., 52. Macrobius, Aurelius Ambrosius Theodosius Poet from Italy who wrote in Latin; translator from Greek to Latin. Active 400. A *Roman philosopher and grammarian. Kuster, Over Homoseksualiteit in middeleeus West-Europa, p. 596, gives the text of a very fine Latin *pederastic poem, "Dum semihulco savio", written to an adolescent and with an English translation (includes the Latin text from Macrobius's Saturnalia II part ii). The poem was stated by Macrobius to have been attributed to *Plato and to have been translated by him into Latin. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Group from Great Britain who wrote in English. Active ca. 1930-1939. The name was coined by *Roy Campbell from the names of the four poets *Louis MacNeice, *Stephen Spender, *W. H. Auden and *C. Day Lewis in his book of poems, Talking Bronco, 1946, p. 79 (for other references see the index of *Peter Alexander, Roy Campbell: A Critical Biography, 1982). Their names were closely linked in the 1930s. Auden was homosexual as was Spender for a time; the heterosexual *Day-Lewis was a *disciple of Auden. MacNeice collaborated with Auden. See Michael O'Neill, Auden Macniece Spender, 1992. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born ca. 1970. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gents, Bad Boys, and Barbarians, 137-40; biog., 136. Book collector, critic and bibliographer from the United States of works in English. Active from 1977. He wrote the Introduction to Men and Boys, pp. xv-li. See his article and detailed bibliography: *"Sidney Smith and the Dragonfly Press", * Paidika vol. 1 no. 2 (Winter 1988), 49-55 (a detailed bibliography of Sidney Smith's work). This was published as Sidney Smith. Handful of Angels: With an Introduction and Bibliograph by D.H. Mader, Amsterdam, Entimos Press, 1992. *Richard GeorgeMurray, YES Is Such a Long Word: Selected Poems by Richard George-Murray, Edited with an Introduction by Ian Young. Amsterdam, Entimos Press, 1995, contains a bibliography of his chapbooks by Donald Mader. He is also a collector of *Frederick Rolfe material who is believed to have written a book of essays on him. He wrote the article on photography in the Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, pp. 993-95. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, xv-li. Poet from India who wrote in Assamese. 1489-1596. Famous Assamese *Vaisnava poet who was a disciple of *Sankaradeva and famous as a singer. His devotional poems are composed in Brajabuli, a mixed poetic language of east India based on Maithili (Maithili is also called Bihari). He composed *Bhakti poems directed to *Vishnu in Assamese (based on Sanskrit poems). See Satyenda Nath Sarma, Assamese Literature, 1976, pp. 58-60. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, vol. 2, 141-42. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1974. In Gay News no. 54 (1974) appears a *ballad poem, "Ballad of Ben Bree", about a precocious homosexual man who has all sorts of homosexual experiences, then marries but ends up having sex with his homosexual son and dies of shock from this *incest. It deals with the theme of hyprocrisy. It is printed under the subtitle "Madigan's Log". City in Spain where Spanish is spoken. Madrid is the capital of Spain. Relevant material survives from ca. 1900. The city is a publishing center and houses the Spanish National Library, the largest library is Spain. The Residencia de estudiantes (active 1920) in the city was a student residence where *García Lorca studied and met other artists and writers. The city has a very active gay life. For a gay song from ca. 1900 see *La Bella Otero (pseud.). A famous statue of *Castor and Pollux is housed in the city's main art museum, The Prado. Poet from Spain writing in Spanish. Active before 197B. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poemes Gais, 21-26; also trans. into Catalan in Poemes Gais. Poet from Italy who wrote in Latin. Ca. 79 B.C. - 8 B.C. Patron of *Virgil and *Horace. He wrote poetry and gave Virgil a house. He also wrote a * Symposium, a genre with implicit homosexual undertones. He married but left his property to the emperor. See also *Martial. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 636. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Criticism. Lilja, Homosexuality in Republican and Augustan Rome, 70: stating his affair with the *actor Bathyllus was notorious. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1942. Born in Santa Rita, New Mexico, he came out in 1972, has written poetry criticism for the Detroit Gay Liberator, and was co-chair of the Gay-Lesbian caucus of the Modern Language Association. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, 239-43: several poems from a *sequence *"Letters from a Married Man", the title poem of a forthcoming collection (it refers to a *marriage of two men); biog., 239 (with photo). Maghribi (also spelt Maghrebi), Mohammad Poet from Iran writing in Persian. Ca. 1346-ca. 1406. A *Sufi poet who completed the work of Nezamolmolk (died 1092) after his death. No entry found in Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition. Criticism. Browne, Literary History of Persia, vol. 3, 330-44. Arberry, Sufism, 115. Magic linked with homosexuality and poetry has an old history, from ca. 1,000 B.C. in Egyptian from Egypt. Egyptian. See *Hermes Trismegistus. isis. English. See *James Broughton, *A. E. Waite, *Aleister Crowley (the first modern homopoet in which magic is important, much influenced by ancient Egyptian magic), *Francis King, *Aaron Shurin, *Charles Williams, *W. B. Yeats, *Ian Young, *John Lauritsen (regarding the Tarot pack). The concept of the poet as a magic person with healing powers is especially relevant in the age of *Aids. See also "Visionary Love: The Magickal Gay Spirit-Power", Gay Sunshine 31 (Winter 1977), 18-22 and Hans Freimark, Okkultismus und Sexualität, Leipzig, 1910, (reviewed Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 11 [1910], 220-26). Compare *shamanism, *Theosophy. Portuguese: see *Afro-Brazilian chants re Brazilian cults from Africa. In Portuguese see Edson Bini, Magica Sexual, Säo Paolo, 1994 (chapter on *Aleister Crowley 135-67); bibl. 191. Sanskrit. See *Tantrism; see also, in Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology, "Kundalini". For *tribal cultures see *Overview - Papua New Guinea where love magic songs exist (though none has been discovered so far involving homosexuality). Love magic songs are known in *Australian Aboriginal languages and likely in *African languages; homosexual ones have not been discovered so far in these languages either. For the European *Middle Ages see Richard Kieckhefer, "Erotic Magic in Europe" in Joyce E. Salisbury, Sex in the Middle Ages, New York, Garland, 1991, 30-55 especially "Erotic Magic in Literature" 47-47 for possible gay material. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology: see "Sex Magic". Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Cassell's Encyclopedia of Queer Myth, Symbol, and Spirit: see "Witchcraft and Wicca". Poet from Uzbekistan who wrote in Uzbek. Active 1929. See Paidika vol. 2 no. 5 (1992), 28 and footnote 19, page 30: states that in his collected works, Xandon lolalar Hagvij se'rlar magmuasi, Samarkand-Tashkent: Uz Nasr, 1929, he wrote satirical poems on the custom of *boy love or bagabozlik (see *Ingeborg Baldauf). Poet from Italy writing in Italian. 1532-1602. A diplomat from *Venice who wrote *Petrarchan verse. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amicizia amorosa, 129: a poem to a boy; biog., 127. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 234: "In Praise of a Boy" (reference to *Adonis, *Narcissus, *Hylas etc). Poem from India originally in Sanskrit and later in other languages. From ca. 200 B.C. (however, surviving manuscripts date from over 1,200 years later). The earliest complete manuscript text dates only from 1511. It has been widely translated into other *Indian languages and it was circulating orally from probably ca. 300 in fairly complete text and earlier in parts. The Javanese version is believed to have been in existence from ca. 1000. It is the world's second longest *epic poem, after the Manas epic (if the recent published text of the Manas epic is accepted as valid). It is in eighteen books (or parvans). There are some 200,000 lines (100,000 slokas or couplets). The world of the poem is one of intense *male bonding (e.g., five brothers form the basis of the action). The * Bhagavad Gita is a famous section which is a dialogue between Arjuna and Krishna; this section relates to the *Bhakti movement and shows a *disciple relationship. The poem is widely popular in Indian influenced Asia, which extends to south-east Asia to Indonesia, and now in all parts of the world. There is an Indian saying: "what is not in this book does not exist". It includes much philosophic and didactic material. *Hijras - male transvestites who sing - frequently point to their origin in a story in the poem involving Arjuna: see the *Hijra entry. Text. The Poona edition, 1933-1970, edited by V. S. Sukthankar and others, 19 volumes with 6 volumes of inexes, is the best text. It is based on comparison with some 60 various manuscripts and, as a composite text, really amounts to a new text. On this text see Sally J. M. Sutherland, "The text which is no text", in Cornelia N. Moore editor, Translation East and West, 1992, pp. 82-92. Earlier printed editions date from 1839 (e.g., the Bombay edition based on the western recension). The Javanese version is believed to be the earliest recension or version of the poem. Many translations into Indian languages embody considerable changes or adaptions to the Sanskrit versions (compare Gilgamesh.) For a plot summary see Basham, The Wonder That Was India, p. 408. A huge number of manuscripts exist; some 2,000 are known and they are in several scripts and there are about twelve versions. The northern recension - of which there is a western and eastern version (from Calcutta) - and southern recension are widely divergent. The southern recension has been edited by P. P. S. Shastri (Madras, 1931-36). For problems see the introductions to the Poona edition and the introduction to van Buitenen's translation below. See also De Bary, Guide to Oriental Classics, pp. 82-85. Influence has been enormous in India (e.g., in art) and in south east Asia (e.g, in shadow plays). Illustration. See the Poona edition illustrated by Shrimant Balasaheb Pant Prantinidhi, ruler of Aundh. Illustrations are strongly homoerotic, featuring all male groups (e.g., in volume 1) and in one case explicit lesbianism. The Persian translation below probably features homoerotic illustration. Criticism. See R. C. Majumdar, *"Phallicism in the Mahabharata", Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 1907, pp. 337-39: claims references to phallus worship are of a very late date. The sexual parts of the work - which are considerable - are locatable from the Latin in the Ganguli translation (cited below). E. W. Hopkins, The Great Epic of India, 1901, is a general introduction to the work. P. Lal, An Annotated Mahabharata Bibliography, Calcutta, 1967 lists criticism to 1967. Translation. Translations here are of the complete work except where stated. Note: translations (or adaptions) into most of the *Indian languages exist: consult the * National Union Catalog and British Library Oriental Reading Room book catalogues for details (both these works have been consulted). English: a translation supposedly by P. Roy, who was actually the publisher - the real translator was K. M. Ganguli (Calcutta, 1884; repr.); this is a complete translation but a poor one (note: this translation censored the sexual parts by translating them into Latin which makes them more easily found); V. Narasimhan (1965; excellent condensed version based on the Poona text); J. A. B. van Buitenen (1973-78, 3 volumes, first five books, incomplete and the translator has died, but the best English translation to date - it is being completed by others and the translation is based on the Poona text). Assamese: many poets translated sections or adapted the story. Bahasa Indonesia: Usman Effendi, 2 volumes, 1952 - see National Union Catalog. Bengali: K. M. Dass (1802) - see National Union Catalog; Gopaldhan Churamani and Saradaprasad Jnananidhi (ca.1863) - this translation is more a recension than a translation. French: Hippolyte Fauche (1863-70; to book 8 only). Greek: Trans, not known (1847; selection - see *National Union Catalog. Hindi: Trans, not known, before 1967, Gita Press, Gorakhpur. Italian: M. A. Canini (1868; selection), Michele Kerbaker (1939; in free verse). Javanese and Dutch: a famous translation of eight parvans exists in Javanese dating from ca. 1000 from when the work is believed to have existed in Javanese; a selection was published in 1893, Leiden, E. J. Brill, 224 pp. with a Dutch translation. In the first book the god Wisnu (that is Vishnu) turns himself into a beautiful girl to entice a horse away from two women. Malavalam: the poem is known by the name of Bharatam. Oriva: there are four or five translations (see M. Mansinha, History of Oriya Literature, 1962, p.12); the poet Sarala Dasa (active 1415) composed one translation, which is perhaps more of a version than a translation (op. cit., p. 51). Persian: a translation was made for Emperor *Akbar by Badauni, 1584; the manuscript, which is illustrated (see *Illustration - Persian), is in the library of the Maharaja of Jaipur; the illustrations are held to be the culmination of Mughal painting and are apparently not reproduced anywhere (see Michael Brand and Glenn D. Lowry, Akbar's India, 1986, for illustrations of the Akbar school of painters, which school is strongly homoerotic). Russian: V. I. Kalyanov (1950+; in process of completion). Sundanese: Djakarta, 1955, 292 pp.; selection. (This language is spoken in Indonesia on islands east of Java.) Tamil: Perun-Devanar (1888+), other translations exist. For Tamil versions see the entry in Zvelebil, Lexicon of Tamil Literature. Teluou: a version by *Nannaya exists, composed ca. 1050. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature, vol. 1, 297: states its present form dates from 300 but it may go back to 1000 B.C.; see the full entry in Cassells' Encyclopaedia of World Literature, vol. 1, 372. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Kindlers neues Literatur Lexikon vol. 19; important bibl. Duroc, Homosexuels et lesbiennes illustrés, 33-34: re Arjuna's passsionate attachment to *Krishna. Mahmud Mirza, Sultan of Ghazna and the boy Ayaz Poet and patron and later trope in Persian from Iran. From ca. 1000. One of the Ghaznavid *sultans, a Turkish dynasty that ruled in Khorasan (in northeastern Iran), Afghanistan and northern India from 977-1186. Mahmud ruled 998-1030. He kept many male lovers and led a debauched life. He composed a huge corpus of poetry which is regarded as being very weak and flat (information from a printed source, the Baburnama - see *Babur). Wheeler Thackston, a *Harvard lecturer in Persian is writing a book about him. He was surrounded by a large group of poets and scholars. As a trope, Muhmad and his slave *Ayaz came to stand as archetypal lovers in Persian poetry (like the heterosexual couple Layla and Majnun). Elements of *S/M are involved. This trope is discussed under *Ayaz. Compare *slave. *Farrukhi also wrote a poem in praise of Ayaz. See Encyclopedia of Homosexuality p. 1006 re the trope in * Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam ("where name of *Slave and Sultan is forgot and peace to Mahmud on his golden throne"); the trope is here also stated to occur in *Hafiz and *Sa'di. Criticism. Rypka, History of Iranian Literature, 172-77. Poet who wrote in Persian. Active ca. 1590. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A'in i Akbari anthology, 655; biog., 655 - states his name is Mughis. Poet in German from Germany. Ca. 1917. See Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 18 (January 1918), 10-11: text of the poem "Ich hatt' einem Kamerade", a war poem from the first world war; *comradeship. Poet from South Africa writing in Afrikaans. Born 1946. Three books: 'n Bark vir die Ontheemdes (1981), Tydspoor (1985) and Edensboom (1987). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Becoming Invisible, 175-76; biog., 211: states he established himself as an important voice in the eighties. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1942. He has published seventeen books and chapbooks of poetry. Interview: Gay Sunshine 20 (January 1974). He is also a photographer and co-founder and editor of Interview magazine. He collaborated with Andy Warhol on films, was a close companion of Warhol in the 1960s, and has had relationships with women. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors, vol. 128. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10839-40: Incarnations, Los Angeles: Black Sparrow, 1974 and seven previously unpublished poems in *Gay Sunshine 20: 10, January/February 1974. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 2457 and 2459-60: Chic Death, Cambridge, MA: Pym-Randall, 1971, Incarnations (Poems 1965-1971), Los Angeles: Black Sparrow, 1975 and Poetry on Film, Telegraph Books, 1972. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Angels of the Lyre, 132-33; biog., 242. Publisher in German from Germany. Active 1978-1980. A publishing house associated with *Nico Wurtz, which published several chapbooks with fine photograph illustrations in *Berlin in 1980: see Jürgen Baldiga, *Eberhard Bechtle, *Peter Baschung, *Manfred Semmelbauer. A fine short anthology of poets put out by them was * Maldoror im blauen Mond. See *Lautearmont for the significance of Maldoror who is an imaginary character in his poems. The name Maldorer means "air writing": it basically refers to a surreal element in life and writing. See also * Schreibende Schwule (1978). Anthology in German from Germany. An unpaginated anthology of gay poems, Berlin, *Maldoror Flugschriften, 1980, about 20 pages. Compiled by *Nico Wurtz (with very fine photographic *collage illustrations). Contributors: Jürgen Ebel, *Rudiger Berg, *Bernd Gaiser. The unusual format of the work, about 20 pages (with pages folding out) makes it difficult to paginate. The title means "Maldoror in the *blue world". The title comes from the Chants de Maldoror (Songs of Maldoror) of *Lautréamont. The anthology has a *surreal element. Concept in English from Great Britain and other languages. Material of relevance dates from ca. 1000. English. Close male bonding appears in English poetry from the earliest written poetry. In Ian D. Suttie, Origins of Love and Hate, 1960, see the Index under homosexuality and p. 92 where homosexuality is seen as the basis of social feeling (this work emerges from the ideas of *Freud). Great Britain and United States: see *Battie ofMaidon (ca. 1000), *Chaucer, 'Comradeship, *Disciple, 'friendship, 'Socialism, *Paul D. Hardman. Australia: see *Mateship. Compare in German *mannerbunde. Persian. Male bonding is a a strong feature of Persian society - see *Court poets - and appears in illustrations which frequently show all male drinking parties. Chinese. Korean. Japanese. Close male bonding is seen in the ideology of'Confucianism. *Court poets in 'illustrations of Chinese and Japanese works are frequently depicted in an all male setting. For Chinese see *Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove; for Japanese see illustrations to *Murasaki's Tale of Genji. For Korean, see Lee, Poems from Korea, pp. 51-52. Male bonding is a major feature of *epics and is basic to oral tribal cultures (see initiation ceremonies). Male Homosexual in Literature, The Bibliography in English from the United States. Metuchen, NJ and London: The Scarecrow Press, 1975 (first edition), 242 pages. Second edition: same place and publisher, 1982 (second edition), 349 pages. This is the most comprehensive gay male literary bibliography so far and was compiled by *Ian Young. The first edition contained 2,921 literary entries and the second contains 4,282. The first edition has a Preface, pp. vii-ix, the Bibliography pp 1-148, four essays (reprinted in the second edition), and a Title Index, pp. 207-42. The second edition contains a Preface pp. vii-x, the bibliography pp. 1-232, five essays on gay literature including "The Poetry of Male Love" pp. 159-76 and "Some Notes on Gay Publishing: The 1980's and Before" pp. 290-94 by Ian Young and one on censorship by *Rictor Norton (pp. 277-89), a Title Index, pp. 295-349 and a Title Index of Gay Literary Anthologies, p. 350. Both editions list only English language material or material translated into English; that is, all books cited have only English language titles. Entries are under the name of the writer and give title, place of publication, publisher and date, with each title by a writer being given a separate numbered entry. All entries are novels except where otherwise indicated according to the following abbreviations: A = autobiography, An = anthology, D = drama or dialogue, F = filmscript, M = miscellany, P = poetry, S = short fiction (see p. viii). Works of primary importance are marked with an asterisk, but, apart from these details, there are no annotations of entries. In The Male Homosexual in Literature (1975), p. ix, Ian Young states he was indebted to *Noel Garde, *D. W. Cory (pseud.), *Timothy d'Arch Smith and *Elysian Fields Catalogues numbers 4-7 (further relied on for the 1982 edition). A review of the second edition is in * Gay News no. 252 (1982), 38, by *Timothy d'Arch Smith. The poetry coverage is thorough in both editions as Ian Young is a poet; it is especially good for the *gay liberation period and many titles are from this period (beginning in 1969). There are about 800 poetry titles of the total 4,482. They cover approximately 500 poets, the largest number in any bibliography before this Encyclopedia. By far the greatest number of poets are English language poets, only a small proportion being translations. Non English language poets are only included if they have been translated into English. The two bibliographies do not list journals, individual poems (e.g, the *Mahabharata), criticism, biography and literary history (which are included in Bullough, * Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality); bibliographies are also omitted. When reference is made to Young's bibliography here it is only to works of poetry cited in the bibliography, the only exception being a few poets who wrote novels. There are some wrong dates (John Willis to the author) but the standard of entry is very high and consistent overall (compare * Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality - the next largest bibliography of poets by number - which has many more mistakes). Examination of entries shows that the reason for an entry can include one poem - or several poems - dealing with homosexuality or thought relevant in a book (for instance a poem on a gay male person or one dealing with homosexuality). The fact that the poet is believed gay is another reason for entry (in which case - for example *Allen Ginsberg - usually all books of poetry are cited though some or even all books listed may not have obviously gay poems in them and the poet's poems therefore only become gay poems when the full context is known). Since there are no annotations to entries, it is necessary to examine every volume listed to see why it was included. Entries for major gay writers, for instance *Martial or *Marlowe, do not usually cite the first published edition (that is, the * editio princeps) but usually a commonly available edition. Reference has been made in this Encyclopedia only to the second, 1982, edition which incorporates entries in the first. In the case of Canadian poets their entries in The Male Homosexual in Literature (1975) have been incorporated in this encyclopedia since entries in The Male Homosexual in Literature (1975) pre-date the first edition of the Canadian bibliography * Homosexuality in Canada (published in 1979) and in the case of these Canadian poets, the entries in Young's Bibliography, first edition, marks the year in which their works first became widely known in a gay context. (The first edition was subsequently relied on in compiling the Canadian bibliography.) The few Australian items in both editions were contributed by *Martin Smith. An important omission is The Rubaiyat of *Omar Khayyam. Compare the German bibliography by *E. G. Welter, * Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, which also aimed to be comprehensive, covering many languages but in which the author limited himself to titles in his native language, in this case German; it is also a work which shows signs of hasty compilation and where many entries are lacking in vital information, which is not the case with Ian Young. Anthology in English from the United States. Trumansburg, NY: Crossing Press, 1973, 127 pages; introduction pp. 7-10; biog. notes pp. 118-25. The first *gay liberation anthology; poems are well chosen by the editor *Ian Young and the anthology is excellent. Poets chosen are mainly from the United States and Canada. There are two poets from Great Britain, Oswell Blakeston and James Liddy and one Australian poet Robert Adamson. Contributors (see entries): Robert Adamson, William Barber, Oswell Blakeston, Perry Brass, Jim Chapson, Kirby Congdon, Robert Duncan, Jim Eggeling, Sal Farinella, Edward Field, John Gill, Allen Ginsberg, Paul Goodman, Walter Griffin, Thom Gunn, Michael Higgins, Brian Hill, Christopher Isherwood, Graham Jackson, Ronald Johnson, James Kirkup, Zdzislaw Kurlowicz, E. A. Lacey, John Lehmann, James Liddy, Paul Mariah, Paul Maurice, James Mitchell, Edward Mycue, Harold Norse, Robert Peters, Ralph Pomeroy, Michael Ratcliffe, Jay Socin, Richard Tagett, Burton Weiss, John Wieners, Jonathan Williams, Tennessee Williams, Ian Young. Canadian poets are listed below. Review: Gay News no. 40 by *Roger Baker. Bibliographies. Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (1984), 140: gives Canadian poets as *Michael Higgins, *Graham Jackson, *Zdzislaw Kurlowicz, *E. A. Lacey, *Paul Maurice, *Ian Young. Poet from France who wrote in Provençal. Active 1200. A *Troubadour poet linked with homosexuality: see *Arnaut Daniel. Journal in English from the United States. From 1977. A journal of verbal aggresssion, mostly heterosexual in sexaul reference. It has, however, had important articles on gay slang and published some scholarly articles on gay sexual poetry (see *Mary Koukoules, John Taylor). Some rare gay poems and translations have been printed (e.g., see Joseph Salemi, *Graffiti); see also Maledicta no. 7 (1983), 274 - a *limerick. Gay words are frequently commented on: see Maledicta no. 9 (1986-87), 227-46, "Offensive Words in Dictionaries", on *sodomy etc. An article on the sexologist *Ernest Borneman also appeared. Pseudonym of a poet from Pakistan who wrote in Urdu. 1894-ca.1985. He wrote about having homosexual and heterosexual intercourse (Dr David Matthews, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, to the author 6 April 1987) - see *anal sex. Active as a poet from 1921. His real name was Shabir Hasan Khan. He was a Pathan and spoke Pashto. A famous poet, regarded by some as the greatest modern Urdu poet (greater than *Iqbal), he was the father figure of "progressive poetry" (Dictionary of Oriental Literatures entry). See Sadiq, History of Urdu Literature, pp. 51922. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures. Criticism. Rahman, "Boy love in the Urdu ghazal", Paidika vol. 2 no. 1 (1989), 16: stated in his autobiography he had loved "two boys and sixteen women". Editor in English from the United States. Active 1987. Author of International Directory of Gay and Lesbian Periodicals (Phoenix, 1987) which lists over 1,900 titles of periodicals supposedly still publishing in 1987 (some, however, were defunct). There is a description of each journal. Only a few items are literary periodicals. Poet from France who wrote in French. 1824-1898. *Modernism in poetry begins in French with his poems. He used *free verse and his free vers poetry point the way for such moderns as *Ezra Pound and *Charles Olson. His poem L'aprés midi d'une faune was used by the homosexual Diaghilev for a ballet with music composed by Debussy (the homosexual dancer, Nijinsky - Diaghilev's lover - performed the role of the faun); in it a faun masturbates after waking up. His use of *open form shows the influence of *Whitman and his Un Coup de dés (A throw of the dice), 1897, points to *visual poetry and *projective verse. As far away as Australia the poet *Christopher Brennan, writing in English, was much influenced by him. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Editor in English from the United States. Active 1972. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2464: editor (with *Hale Tokay) of Contemporaries: Twenty-Eight New American Poets, New York: Viking, 1972 - this work contains poems by *Ian Young: see *Ian Young: A Bibliography, item C9. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1877?-1938? This poet appears to be *Douglas Malloch. He is called Donald Malloch in * Men and Boys (this anthology contains many such mistakes in the naming of the contributors). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 83: "Manly Love": ends, "The Highway to Heaven begins/ with the love of a man for a man!" Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 678 (his dates are given as 1877-1938 the dates of Douglas Malloch). Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1877-1938. He appears to have been called *Donald Malloch by mistake in the anthology *Men and Boys. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2465: Tote Road and Trail, Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1917. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 492: poem "The Love of a Man" (strongly gay). Editor of works in Russian and biographer and critic in English and Russian from the United States. Active 1977. With *Nikolay Bogomolov he is the author of a major biography of Kuzmin published in 1989 and in a revised and expanded version published in 1999 with Nikolay Bolomolov, a biography, Mikhail Kuzmin: A Life in Art, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 463 pp. The 1999 biography was published in Russia in Russian in 1996. He was the editor with *Vladimir Markov of the three volume edition of Kuzmin's Works (In Russian) of *Kuzmin, Munich, 1977-78, the most complete edition of the works of the poet to 1996, when an edition was published in Russia edited by Nikolay Bogomolov. Volume three of the 1977-78 Munich edition, pp. 9-319, contained the first biography of this major gay poet. In the biography on p. 96 Kuzmin is said to have been known as *Antinous; p. 99 discusses Alexndrian Songs; pp. 155-57 discusses a meeting with *Knyazev and poems which were written following their love affair and later problems in the relationship; pp.178-79 deals with his relationship with *Akhmatova; pp. 185-88, his meeting with his second long term lover Yury Jurkun and the early stages of their relationship (he states p. 188 Yurkun was Lithuanian by birth and was born in 1895); pp. 188-190 discusses the collection of erotic poems, Zanavesennye kartinki published in St. Petersburg but with the imprint "Amsterdam" ca. 1922 and with illustrations by Vladimir Milashevsky; pp. 249-51 deals with Jurkun's marriage; pp. 254-55, Kuzmin's diary; pp. 260, publication of the collection Paraboly in Berlin in 1923; pp. 265-67, his writings on art; p. 270, his last book of poems Forel' razbivaet led (The Trout Breaks the Ice, 1929) consisting of six cycles of poems written 1925-28; pp. 295-98, translations of Shakespeare including eight plays and the sonnets (up to sonnet 110); pp. 300-302, poverty and last years spent as a translator; pp. 303-09, the fate of Yurkun 309-11 (he was arrested in 1938 and apparently shot). Reviewed: Slavic Review vol. 38 no.1 (1979), 92-96, by *Simon Karlinsky. He was the editor of "Studies in the Life and Work of Mikhail Kuzmin" in Wiener Slavistischer Almanach, Sonderband 24 (Literarische Reihe) Wien, 1989. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1866-1915. A judge in the United States *south, he wrote eight volumes of poems including Narcissus and other poems, 1892. He never married. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Dictionary of American Biography. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 490: from "Narcissus". Criticism. Foster, "Beauty's Purple Flame: Some Minor American Gay Poets", Gay Books Bulletin no. 7 (1982), 15 re his *long poem Hernando de Soto (1914) and lyric poem *"Narcissus" (with quotations); 18 lists his Selected Poems, 1919 (with a biographical study). Poet from Australia writing in English. Born 1934. One of Australia's most acclaimed recent novelists and short story writers. In his early writing career he was known as a poet. His poetry *sequence "Inspirations" in Selected Poems, Sydney, 1981, pp. 77-90, is a major poetry sequence homoerotically conceived and expressed. It is written in the style of *postmodernism and is one of the finest gay love sequences of the *gay liberation period. It was originally published in Selected Poems 1975-76, Sydney: Prism, 1976, in an edition of 200 (lacking pagination); 100 copies were given away to friends of the poet, 100 sold by the publisher *Robert Adamson, owner of Prism. A photostat of a sculpture of *Hercules, naked, is on the cover (see *design). The sequence is dedicated to Christopher Edwards who inspired it (David Malouf to the author, personal meeting, 3 August 1994). His Collected Poems 1959-89 (Brisbane, 1992) is also dedicated to Christopher Edwards. See also *Michael Dransfield, *Don Maynard. He lives in Australia and at one time lived in Tuscany, Italy, for part of each year. He was a close friend of *Patrick White and is the author of several novels with homosexual subtexts such as Johnno (1975) and The Great World (1990); a story is included in The Faber Book of Gay Short Stories, London, 1991. Biography: see "A Village in Tuscany", National Times, 9 January 1985, 15-16; "Tuscan Idyll: The private world of David Malouf", Australian Magazine, 28-29 September 1991, 8-15. Criticism: see Philip Neilsen, Imagined Lives, Brisbane, 1990; with important bibl. pp. 200-214. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition: by *Thomas W Shapcott and noting Poems 1975-76 is "dominated by two love sequences of unusual resonance". Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Dessaix, Australian Gay and Lesbian Writing, 302 04, 357 - *non gender specific love poems dated 1962-76; biog., 377. Editor of works in French from France. 1901-1976. The French Minister of Culture under President Charles de Gaulle. He had an enquiring mind, wrote on art from a world perspective and lived in Cambodia in the early part of his life. He compiled (probably with the help of *Pierre Durand) the anthology of erotic poems La Quintessence satyrique du XXe siècle, 2 volumes, Méilmontant, 1926, 150 copies printed. See the description in Pia, Les Livres de l'Enfer, vol. 2, columns 1126-27, where Pia states that it was compiled by Malraux after his return from Indochina; the anthology includes poems by *Baudelaire, *Rimbaud, *Cocteau, *Raymond Radiguet and *Pascal Pia (pseud. of Pierre Durand). Not seen; some poems may be homosexual. For other works of erotica, see the index of Pia, Les Livres de l'Enfer under his name. Biography: see Curtis Cate, André Malraux, London, 1995. Period in Arabic in Egypt. The period is from 1250 to 1517. Homosexuality is well known in Arabic poetry of this period (Dr Abdul-Jaleel, Univesity of Cairo to the author, 22 February 1987). The Mamluks were Turkish slaves who overthrew their masters and ruled Egypt. See *Mohammed Ibn Daniel, *al-Suyuti, *Abul Hushain al-Jazar. Much material remains in *manuscript. Criticism. Wright, Homoeroticism in Classical Arabic Literature, 158-191 : discussion of homoerotic narratives, with various poems including a long poem by *Ibn Daniyal on p. 177-78 about the *baths. Man'yoshu, also spelt Manyoshu Anthology in Japanese from Japan. Ca. 780. The Manyoshu is the oldest collection of Japanese poems. Poems date from 600-759. A poem is discussed and translated into English in Leupp, Male Colors: The Construction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan, p. 24. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan. Criticism. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 634: "Several exchanges [in the Manyoshu] of erotically charged poems... were apparently sent from one male courtier to another." Poem in Kirghiz from Kirghizstan. It exists in written form from 1868 but oral versions are known to have been in existence for several hundred years prior to this date and possibly from ca. 1000. This is a huge epic corpus, which is a cycle rather than a single epic, centering on three generations, with some homoeroticism noted in a section already translated into English, the *Kokotoydun Asi. Some 4,000,000 lines are said to have been recorded in Kirghizia in the twentieth century (this work is therefore longer than the * Mahabharata and the longest poem in the world, indeed the longest literary work which has been recorded); see the Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, entry under Manas. The Great Soviet Encyclopedia entry Manas states Manas contains more than 500,000 lines of verse (the Mahabharata by contrast contains only 200,000 lines). See the article on the epic in History Today, vol. 45 no. 8, August 1995, 3-4. Singers are discussed in Karl Reichl, Turkic Oral Epic Poetry(New York, 1992), pp. 82-87. On Kazakh literature overall see Thomas G. Winner, The Oral Art and Literatures of the Kazakhs of Russian Central Asia (Durham, NC, 1958). Material in other languages is likely apart from Kirghiz and the influence of *Firdausi likely. It was first recorded by the Russian V. V. Radlov (also spelt Radloff) in 1869. The work is discussed in Nora Chadwick, Oral Epics of Central Asia, 1969, pp. 26-49 and 304-07; this is probably the best concise introduction in English. See also *Oral epics. Text. It was first published by V. Radlov, St Petersburg, 1885: see the Kindlers neues Literatur Lexikon article cited below. A complete text is being published in Frunze, Kirghiz Republic, from 1958 (three volumes were published to 1960). There is a text published in Moscow titled (in Russian) Manas, three volumes, Moscow, 1984-1990 (with Russian translation and commentary). Most texts so far are fragmentary or partial. The text is being translated into *European languages by Unesco as part of their world translation series. For the latest information check the internet. Manuscripts. The Great Soviet Encyclopedia entry below states that the archives of the Academy of Sciences Library of Kirghizia contain eighteen variants collected from different reciters of the epic. Film and video versions of recitations of the poem have been made. Criticism. A. T. Hatto, "The Birth of Manas", Asia Mayor vol. 14 (1968-69) notes the childlessness of Manas's parents for fourteen years. He also wrote "Plot and Character in Mid-nineteenth Century Kirghiz Epic", in Walther Heissig, Die mongolischen Epen, Weisbaden, 1979, pp. 95-112. His book The Manas of Radloff, 1990, is an English translation of Radloffs version; he maintains in a letter to the author that the Radloff version is the only authentic version and that the twentieth century versions are composite versions (compare similar problems with the text of the twentieth century version of the * Mahabharata); this would reduce the length of the work considerably if accepted since the Radloff version is much shorter. Most of the critical work on the poem has been done in Russian and German; commentary also exists in Turkish. The most up to date bibliography of criticism, translations and editions is in A. T. Hatto, The Manas of Radloff, Wiesdbaden, 1990, pp. 625-33. See also the bibliography in the entry in Kindlers neues Literatur Lexikon cited below. See A. T. Hatto, Traditions of Heroic and Epic Poetry (London, 1980), volume 2, 300-27, on Kirghiz epics in general. Translation. See the bibliography in the article in Kindler for trans. into Russian by W. Radlov (1885) - partial translation; S. Lipkin and others (1946); trans. not known (Tashkent, 1964); A. S. Mirbadaleva and N. V. Kidaysh-Pokrovskaya (Moscow, 1984-1990 - in the edition cited above; they are also the authors of the commentary and glossary) - a complete translation; French: Pertev Boratav (1965); German: G. Almasy (1911) and later - see the bibliography in Kindler; E. Millstatt (1966). English: see * Kokotoydun Asi and The Manas of Radloff, edited and trans. by A. T. Hatto, Weisbaden, 1990. See also *Epic. Kazakh. Town Almaty (1962). Turkish. Emine Gürsoy-Naskali (Ankara, 1995). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, volume 3; states "one version consists of 500,000 lines". Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Great Soviet Encyclopedia (with bibl); see also under "Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic". Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition: under "Hamasa" by A. T. Hatto see "Central Asia" 115-19; see also the entry " Manas " (also by A. T. Hatto). Kindlers neues Literatur Lexikon, vol. 19; important bibl., with many items in German. Criticism. Oinas, Heroic Epic and Saga, 318-22. City in Great Britain where English is spoken. Relevant material dates from 1902. Manchester, the second largest city in Great Britain and a center of industry, is situated in the north of England. *Edward Carpenter lived nearby and the first edition of his pioneering English gay anthology Iolaus was published in an edition in the city in 1902 (as well as being simultaneously published in London and Boston); the 1990 anthology * Beyond Paradise is of poets from the city, while another smaller anthology of gay writings from gay writers of the city, Turning Points, was published in 1985. The city has major libraries, notably the Rylands Library and the University of Manchester (see *Broadsides) and is a publishing center (see *Michael Schmidt, *Gregory Woods, *Samuel Robinson and *G. S. Rouseau). Ethnographic *film of relevance may exist in the University of Manchester, Department of Anthropology, Ethnographic Film Unit. Poets living in the city or who were born there, besides those in the above anthologies, include *Tommy Barclay, *P. D. Cookson, *Harvey Gillman, *Toby Manning and *Christopher Watt. Manchester has a gay area, Canal Street, and an annual gay parade which is usually reported in * Gay Times(see the issue of June 1999).The major gay television series, Queer as Folk, made in 1999, was set in the city based around Canal Street. Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. Ca. 1130-1187. In his Chronicle in verse occurs an incident in which an emperor, one of the Michaels (from Macedonia) is too fond of a charioteer. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium . Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. Active ca. 1400? See *Cecco Nuccoli. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amicizia amorosa, 49-52. Religion in Syriac and other languages founded in Iraq from ca. 240. Mani, the founder, wrote in Syriac and sometimes Eastern Aramaic. Texts of the religion have been found in Persian, Chinese, Coptic, Sogdian and Middle Iranian (sometimes called Pahlavi). Manichaeism is a religion based on dualism, on light and darkness; it spread from Algeria to China. It began when an *angel appeared to mani, his "twin", the beautiful and sublime mirror of his being (which conceptualization may be seen to have a homosexual basis). The founder Mani was brought up in a Jewish-Christian community in southern Babylonia, now Iraq; he began to preach his views in ca. 242. The religion shows the influence of *Zoroastrianism and *Gnosticism and was regarded with great suspicion by Christianity. It became extinct in the thirteenth century and was only rediscovered in the twentieth century in writings recovered in Turfan in central Asia and *Dunhuang in northwest China and later in Egypt. Manichaeism was a universal religion which spread from Egypt to China. It is a mixture of Zoroastianism, *Christianity and *Buddhism and has similarities to *Protestantism. There were twelve *disciples who led the religion. The clergy had to give up sexual relations with women and lived a monastic existence as with Christianity at the time; they were also supposed to give up wine and be vegetarian. Disciple relationships were important (see depictions in art of Mani and disciples) and homoerotic disciple relations seem similar to those in Christianity (especially as shown in the art: see illustrations opposites pp. 1 and 33 of F. C. Burkitt, The Religion of the Manichees, 1925; this style relates to Persian poetry illustrations as well as Christian works). Manichaeism was strong in upper Egypt, a center of *Gnosticism. *Psalms to Jesus exist. The most exhaustive treatment of Manichaeism to date is by Henri-Charles Puech, in Histoire des religions (Paris, 1972), volume 2, pp. 523-645. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion; see also the entry for *Mani. Encyclopaedia Iranica: see "Coptic Manichean Texts". Poet from Australia who wrote in English. Born 1915. See the *satire "A Hat in the Ring" (Collected Verse, St Lucia, Australia, 1978, pp. 35-41): poets are given to "curious vices" (p. 35), "Bombastes sleeps with littel boys" (p. 36), *Stephen Spender is called "a Sweet Young Thing" (p. 37). He is perhaps best known for his *elegy, "The Tomb of Lieutenant John Learmoth" (ibid., 73-75; homoaffectional tone). His papers are in the Fryer Library, University of Queensland, Brisbane. He wrote a book on Australian *ballads. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1965. Chapbook: Respectively (with *Stewart Charles and *Pat O'brien), London, *Oscars Press, 1987; reprinted 1989 - see poems pp. 519; biog., 5. Poet and critic from Germany who wrote in German. 1906-1949. The son of the famous German novelist *Thomas Mann, Klaus Mann was also a novelist and is best known for his novels. See the poem to his school friend Uto, "So wie den Tod lieb' ich nur deine Hande", in Briefe und Antworten, Munich, 1975, i 209; this appears to be his only surviving poem. As a critic, he wrote a study of *André Gide in English published in 1943. He is best known as a writer of gay novels including (in English translation): Pathetic Symphony: A Tchaikovski Novel, New York, 1948 (about the gay composer *Tchaikovsky). See Stefan Zynda, Sexualitat bei Klaus Mann, 1986, and H. Neumann, Klaus Mann: eine Psychobiographie, 1995. A later study of homosexuality in him and his father, Mannweiblichkeit, was published by Gerhard Härle in 1988. Klaus Mann committed *suicide. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Criticism. Gay Sunshine no. 38-39 (Winter 1979), 22-25. Critic from Germany who wrote in German. 1875-1955. Most famous as a novelist, he also wrote criticism: see his essay on *Platen (1930) in Essays of Three Decades (trans. into English from the German, Leiden und Grosse der Meister, 1933, by H. T. Lowe-Porter) pp. 250-69 (with translation of Platen poems 465-68). The essay is a defence of Platen revealing a close knowledge of his poetry; the poem "Tristan (Wer die Schonheit angeschaut mit Augen)" is especially discussed (see *King Arthur on the significance of Tristan). There are also essays on *Goethe, *Wagner and *Freud. He wrote a famous homosexual story Death in Venice (1912) about an aging man who falls in love with a handsome youth in Venice. Homosexuality also features in his most famous novel The Magic Mountain (1924). His son, the novelist *Klaus Mann, was gay and Thomas Mann seems to have had a strong homosexual element in his own temperament. His recently published diaries have confirmed this. Thomas Mann signed *Hirschfeld's petition to abolish Paragraph 175 (see *Law - German). He married in 1905 and had six children. On *Whitman's influence on him see *Robert K. Martin. He won the *Nobel Prize for Literature in 1929. On homosexuality in his works and life see Anthony Heilbut, Thomas Mann: Eros and Literature, 1995, a very thorough study . Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 763-64. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 1900 - biog. note. Mannenmaat: Rekenboek voor jongens zonder meisjes Anthology in Dutch from the Netherlands. Amsterdam: Uitgeverij Blaauw, 1980, 56 pages (with index on the back page). An anthology of contemporary gay male poetry and prose consisting of contemporary Dutch writers with the exception of the United States poet James Holmes whose poetry is in English. Its subtitle Rekenboek voor jongens zonder meisjes means "Male mates: anthology for young sinful sweethearts". It was compiled by *Gert Hekma. Poets (see entries): Alfred Aubry, Boudewijn Maria Ignatius Buch, Jim Holmes, Frans Kellendonk, Gerrit Komrij, Karel Van Reym, Leo Ross, Wim Zaal. Concept related to groups in Greek from Greece from ca. 380 B.C.; later in German. Männerbunde are men's associations. The term is difficult to define precisely. H. Schurtz in Altersklassen undMannerbunde, 1902, first discussed the concept. See the major book Männerbande, Männerbunde, edited by Gisela Volger and Karin von Welck, 2 volumes, Köln, 1990: this is an exhaustive study of male bands of men with detailed literary reference e.g., for *tribal cultures and the *George Kreis (it was reviewed in Homologie no.1 of 1991, 36, by Harry Oosterhuis - the review maintains that the book understates the homosexual element). In German see *Hans Blüher. Blutbrudershaft (blood brotherness) was a type of *male bonding in the middle ages (see Norton, Male Homosexual in Literature, p. 68). Greek: see 'Symposium. Compare *pobratim, *disciple, *mateship and also*male bonding, which may be a looser form of bonding in contrast to the more formal structure of Männerbunde (however, all these concepts overlap). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion: see under *"Initiation and Secret Societies". Poet from Australia who wrote in English; he later lived in Great Britain and Italy. 1882-1935. Born in Australia, he left the country at the age of fifteen in the company of his bachelor tutor, the Englishman *Arthur Galton, and lived in England with Galton - who had apparently been actively homosexual in earlier life - until Galton's death in 1921, when he moved to Italy. He mixed in *eighteen-nineties circles and never married. His exact sexuality is unknown. He wrote three books of poetry in the 1890s mould, from 1910 to 1917. In Poems (1910) see *"Eros Glittering" pp. 36-37; other poems - e.g., "Past", p. 90, and the last poem "Beloved" - are *non gender specific. The poems in this volume are similar to much eighteen-nineties *decadent verse. In Eidola (1917), see "The Face", p. 15, "Desire", p. 36-37 (non gender specific), "Eros Thanatos", pp. 52-53. Several poems in these volumes are addressed to women. In The Fifth Element (1937), the epigrams on pp. 25 and 77 show he read the * Palatine Anthology. His sexuality is very difficult to determine. Biography: see *Verna Coleman, The Last Exquisite: A Portrait of Frederic Manning, Melbourne, 1989. He had a close friendship with the Anglo-Australian poet James Griffyth Fairfax: see Chapter 8, "Best Friends", pp. 68-75. He is the author of a war novel The Middle Parts of Fortune published anonymously in 1929 (repr. 1977) with an emphasis on *comradeship: see Coleman, The Last Exquisite, p. 173. See also Jeffrey Meyers, Homosexuality and Literature, p. 122 (re friendship with *T. E. Lawrence). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Australian Dictionary of Biography. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 93. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1990. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Beyond Paradise, 67-68; biog. 79 - born in Manchester, works as a journalist for The Pink Paper. Poet and critic from Columbia writing in Spanish and English. Born 1949. Born in Columbia, educated in the United States, he now lives in Bogota, Columbia, with the painter Bill Sullivan, publisher of Painted Leaf Press. He is one of the few openly gay poets in the Spanish-speaking world. In 1980 he and Bill Sullivan were living in New York. Books: Latin Moon in Manhattan, 1992, and My Night with Federico Garcia Lorca, 1996. He has translated John Ashbery and *James Merrill from English to Spanish. Eminent Maricones: *Arenas, *Lorca, Puig, and Me, 1999, in English, is a critical memoir (review: New York Times Book Review, 10 October 199, 38). He is the author of two novels and editor of Bésame Mucho, an anthology of gay Latino writing forthcoming from Painted Leaf Press. Biographical information with a photograph is on page 17 of Lambda Book Report, June 1999. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Foster, Latin American Writers on Gay and Lesbian Themes. Gay Histories and Cultures. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Now the Volcano, 286-87; biog., 277. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 369. Name of Love, 48-49: "My Night with *Federico García Lorca" (a poem based on *Edouard Roditi's reminiscence of having sex with García Lorca) published under the name Jaime Manrique; biog., 75. Eros in Boystown, 25-26; biog., 62. The World in Us: Lesbian and Gay Poetry of the Next Wave, 186-92; biog., 366-67. Word of Mouth, 263-68. Criticism. Christopher Street, June 1980, 12-13: article on him by *Tim Dlugos. Journal in English and publisher of works in English from the United States. The journal operated 1969-1981. Manroot was a major quarterly poetry journal published from 1969 to 1979. It was edited and published by *Paul Mariah. It published outstanding gay poetry but was not exclusively gay: the significance of the journal is that it published very good erotic gay poetry - e. g., in Issue 5 (San Francisco, 1971) see "Orgy Room" p. 18 by *Salvatore Farinella (this issue also containd two *broadsheets bound in, one being Paul Mariah's poem "The Figa" on *fisting). Number 9 has *lilac covers, *Ginsberg's major gay poem "Please Master" and many poems by *Richard Tagett. The Spicer issue, no. 10, is outstanding. Number 12 is the complete poems of Jean Genet translated into English. Manroot is also the name of a press run by Paul Mariah: 41 titles and over 400 poets were published (mostly in in the journal) until 1982. Books have been published by *David Fisher, Paul Mariah, *Stephen Jonas (pseud.), *David Emerson Smith, Jack Spicer. Compare *Gay Sunshine. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 11021: Jack Spicer special issue (issue ten). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, 243. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1974. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10841: two poems "The biograph" and "Cottage as 2:00AM" in *Gay News, 42:10, March 14, 1974. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Active 1924. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 76: "Together" (about two boys sleeping together). Poet from France who wrote in French. Active 1898. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10842: Poemes paiens, Figuieres, 1898. Pseudonym of *Giovan Battista Spagnoli, poet from Italy who wrote in Latin. 1448-1516. In English he was also called *Mantuan. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Genre in Sanskrit and Hindi from India. From ca. 1200 B.C. The date is uncertain and is from the date of the * Vedas. A mantra is an intoned formula and is chanted; mantra means in Sanskrit "means of mental identification" (see Dictionary of Oriental Literatures entry below). The ancient mantras are collected in the *Vedic hymns. The name applies to similar post-Vedic formulas used in *Hinduism and *Buddhism in *Indian languages. It is a word based on the Sanskrit stem "man" meaning "think". Homoeroticism in relation to male gods when the poems are chanted by men is relevant; *"Om mane padme hum" is one of the most famous mantras. Incantation is another definition of mantra. Chants have to be examined for esoteric meanings as well as exoteric; however much knowledge is revealed only to initated members of religions. See Jan Gonda, The Indian Mantra, Oriens 16 (1963), 244-97. Compare *Buddhist chants, *Krishna. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, South volume, 94: "verses or sequences of words which are considered flash-lights of the eternal truth". Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan. The English name for 'Giovan Battista Spagnoli. Works of sexology are known in Sanskrit from India, in Chinese from China and in Arabic from Tunisia from 400. These manuals are mainly guides to sexual techniques. Only works which specifically refer to homosexuality are included here (though heterosexual works may, of course, contain techniques uses by homosexuals). Works are strongly suspected in other languages (e.g., Persian and Japanese) and are very likely in *Indic languages apart from Sanskrit and in the *Dravidian languages of south India. For discussion of sex manuals in India and the middle east see *Alan Hull Walton's introduction to The Perfumed Garden of Shayk Nefzawi, London, 1963, pp. 42-48. *Tantric works are also relevant. See also *Phallicism. Sanskrit. The *Kama Sutra of *Vaysyayana (active before 400) is the most famous Sanskrit sex manual. See also Sushil Kumar De, Ancient Indian Erotics and Sex Literature, Calcutta, 1959 (repr.) - with an excellent list of manuals p.105 and bibliography pp. 105106. A. P. Pillay, The Art of Love and Same Sex Living, Bombay, 1960, which discusses ancient Indian sex manuals. Other Indian sex manuals apart from the Kama Sutra: the Ananda Ranga of Kallyanna Malla (active between 1400 and 1600), translated into English by *Richard Burton and Archer in 1885, is heterosexual as is the Kama Kalpa (trans. into English by P. Thomas, Bombay, privately printed, 1957) and the Koka Shastra (English trans., London, 1964, trans. by Alex Comfort). Other sex manuals are discussed in Richard Schmidt, Beitrage zur indischen erotik (Studies on Indian sexuality), Berlin, 1911; he also translated into English the Ratirahasyam, Berlin, 1903 (this work is rare; copy sighted: *Deane Erotica). Mulk Raj Anand's Kama Kala, London, 1958 discusses Hindu erotic sculpture which relates to practices in sex manuals. Arabic. *AI-Nafzawi (from Tunisia) wrote a famous Arabic work, which included techniques for seducing young men, as did Muhammad Sadik Hasan Khan (see Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, *"Liwat" article). See also *Sexologists, *Treatises of sex. Chinese. Manuals of sexual technique exist in Chinese but seem heterosexual as far as is known; they are mentioned by *R. H. Van Gulik in Sexual Life in Ancient China, 1974 and were given to brides before their marriage. Such works may exist in Japanese. Douglas Wile, Art of the Bedchamber: The Chinese Sexual Yoga Classics Including Women's Solo Meditation Texts, 1992 has a long scholarly introduction to Chinese sexuality pp. 1-77 and is essentially a collection of translations of archaic Chinese texts relating to sexuality many of which relate to * yin and yang. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second editon, see the article "Djins" (sex). Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, vol. 5, 779 (in the *"Liwat" article). Manuscripts of gay poems date from at least 79 in relation to works in Latin from Italy; material exists in many other languages. Manuscripts are works written by hand as distinct from mechanically produced works ("books" as they are commonly known, though this term should properly extend to include hand-written works meant to last as distinct from ephemera). An enormous amount of gay poetry material lies in manuscripts. Some such material is now in audio-visual form on *film or recorded by *aural means such as by tape recorders and cassettes (see *oral poems). Microfiche and microfilm are recent forms of preserving older manuscripts and making them available more widely for consultation. Material is also being preserved in computer form on discs and tapes and libraries have data banks of computer material; as more and more material is given to libraries in computer form such holdings will grow; this material is, of course, very fragile. Consult the Latin entry for the earliest relevant manuscripts from *Pompeii in Italy from 79. Relevant surviving Greek material dates from 200 in Egypt. Surviving manuscripts of ancient poets are almost invariably later than the poet's own time (for example *Omar Khayyam whose surviving manuscripts date from 100 years after he died). In many cases of Latin and Greek manuscripts of poets (e.g., *Homer) the surviving manuscripts are many centuries after the poet died. If manuscripts are not contemporary with the poet (in the handwriting of the poet, typed on paper by him or on his computer) then the possibility of corruption of the text exists, either by mistakes made by *scribes or deliberately by others (including *forgeries). A huge volume of gay poetry is still in manuscript form, especially in *Islamic languages and possibly in *Indian languages. *Illustration of such works, especially Persian works, can be homoerotic; however, even in European manuscripts homoerotic illustration exists (see *Virgil). See entries for Manuscripts - Arabic, - Chinese, - English, - Hebrew and Yiddish, - Indian languages, - Islamic languages, - Japanese, - Persian, - Turkish, - Urdu. For sources see entries for *libraries. Bibliographies. Besterman, A World Bibliography of Bibliographies. Toomey, A World Bibliography of BIbliographies 1964-1974. Manuscripts of Arabic gay poetry survive from ca. 800 in Iraq, Egypt, Spain and other countries. Most Arabic poetry is still in manuscript. Even when published it is often poorly edited: for sources for particluar poets see *Brockelmann, *Sezgin (see the important list of holdings of manuscripts in Sezgin, vol. 6, pp. 311-46) and * Encyclopaedia of Islam entries. There are large repositories in libraries and mosques in Islamic cities like *Cairo, *Damascus, *Istanbul, *Delhi and near *Madrid in the Escorial collection. As more and more collections become calatoged and manuscripts become known more poets are being published e.g., *Ibn Kuzman. Material is in the libraries of mosques as well as public and university libraries and has spread all over the world, though most manuscripts are still in the middle east. J. D. Pearson, Oriental Manuscripts in Europe and North America, 1971, pp. 189-346, lists catalogs to 1964 for the United States and Europe. See also G. Roper, Worldwide Survey of Islamic Manuscripts, London, 1991, and A. J. W. Huisman, Les Manuscrits arabes dans le monde, Leiden, 1967. Fuat Sezgin's Geschichte des arabischen Schriftums, Leiden, 1967+, lists Arabic manuscripts and is a major source: see Band II, Poesie bis ca. 430 H (Arabic poetry to 1100). A huge number of manuscripts are in India, Pakistan, Turkey and Iran and many in central Asian republics and Russia. Detailed catalogs of manuscripts are being increasingly compiled with subject entries but older catalogues should not be ignored e.g., W. Ahlardt's Verzeichnis der Arabischen Handschriften der Koniglichen Bibliothek zu Berlin (Catalog of Arabic Manuscripts in the Royal Library in Berlin now the Staatsbibliothek), 1893, lists "Sexualia" in v, pp. 604-14. For the British Library see Arabic collections in the British Library by Hugh Goodacre and others, 1984, 19 pp. For a recent survey see John Cooper, editor, The Significance of Islamic Manuscripts, London, 1992. References. Besterman, A World Bibliography of Bibliographies: see "Arabic Literature". Toomey, A World Bibliography of BIbliographies 1964-1974: same. Chinese manuscripts date from 800 with the earliest manuscripts coming from the *Dunhuang cave libraries. These Dunhuang libraries were first rediscovered in the early twentieth century after being boarded up for a thousand years - see *Po Hsing-chien. Material from them is now scattered throughout the world (there is a huge corpus of material not yet assessed, literally hundreds of thousands of manuscript and printed book pages). There is a large volume of manuscript material in Chinese: see *Libraries - Chinese for sources. Chinese paintings on scrolls have poems and must be considered, especially since many poets were painters: see *Scribes and Calligraphers. See also *Edmund Backhouse. References. Besterman, A World Bibliography of Bibliographies: see "Chinese Literature". Toomey, A World Bibliography of BIbliographies 1964-1974: see "Chinese Literature". English manuscripts of poetry with gay relevance date from ca. 1000. Latterly manuscript material includes aural material and tapes and, latterly, material in computer format. With the deaths of gay poets who were active from gay liberation from 1968 the manuscripts of these poets are slowly getting into major research libraries; the contents of such manuscript holdings are increasingly being listed on the internet. Great Britain. Most major authors have been published. The first printed list of manuscripts was compiled in 1782. See George Watson, New Cambridge Bibliography of English Literature, Vol 1, 1974, columns 9-12 for a list of printed catalogs to 1974. *Old English manuscripts have all been put into printed form but *Middle English manuscripts have not all been collated and editions are not adequate (see *Amis and Amiloun). *Oxford, *Cambridge and the British Library, *London, are the major repositories of literary manuscripts though these exist even in cathedral libraries. For major authors, 1450-1900, see P. J. Croft, Index of English Literary Manuscripts, 9 volumes, 1980-1993. For the *twentieth century see Location Register of Twentieth-Century English Literary Manuscripts and Letters, British Library, 2 volumes, 1988 (very thorough but it only lists holdings in public collections; it also cites holdings in United States libraries). Entries in the various editions of Contemporary Poets (from 1970) list manuscript holdings of the poet, as do most recent biographical and critical dictionaries (e.g., Dictionary of Literary Biography). Manuscript collections are being put on film and microfiche increasingly: the *British Library and Cambridge University Library are in the process of microfilming parts of their collections. For the British Library see the book Index of Manuscripts in the British Library, 1984. Poets. See *J. R. Ackerley, *Edward Carpenter (his manuscripts in the Sheffield Public Library are the most important manuscripts of a British gay activist and anthologist in a public collection), *S. E. Cottam, *Aleister Crowley, *C. R. Dawes, * Eternal Flame, *A. E. Housman, *Eddie Linden, *Edwin Morgan, *Anthony Reid (re *Francis Ledwidge, *E. A. Lacey), *A. K. Seawright, * Sodom, or the Quintessence of Debauchery, *Swinburne, *Tennyson. Many British manuscripts are in United States collections. The Folger Library, Washington, and the Library of Congress hold material; Yale University has a major collection of twentieth century literary manuscripts as does the *Humanities Research Center at Austin in Texas. United States. Most major authors have been published. The first printed catalog of manuscripts was compiled in 1918 by the Library of Congress. The National Union Catalog of Manuscript Collections (1959+) is a union list of sources for manuscripts of individuals and is published biannually; there are cumulative indexes in successive volumes and an Index to Personal Names 1959-84 exists. See American Literary Manuscripts: A Checklist of Holdings in Academic, Historical, and Public Libraries in the United States , Austin, 1961, 449 pp. (compiled by the Modern Language Association, American Literature Group): this locates manuscripts relating to over 2,300 authors in more than 250 libraries. Twentieth century manuscripts. *Yale, the *Humanities Research Center, Austin, Texas, and the *New York Public Library (Berg Collection) have large literary collections. See also *Libraries and Archives. Gay archives contain unpublished manuscripts. Much material from the *gay liberation period is in private hands. The internet should be checked. See *H. Allen, *W. H. Auden, *Beat Poets, *Sidney Bronstein, *J. Eggeling, *Charles Henri Ford, *L. D.Hartfield-Coe, *Stephen Jonas, John Larkman, *L. Ledoux, Jack Spicer, *Walt Whitman, *Tennessee Williams. Australia. Because of *censorship some homopoems remain in manuscript and others await discovery. Repository *libraries are The National Library, Canberra, and the various State and some University libraries. Material may also be in State and Federal archives. The National Library has published a Guide to Manuscripts in Australian Libraries in microfiche form, 1987. Poets' tape recordings, video tapes and film are entering collections increasingly; the University of Queensland has released selections of their recordings. The Mitchell Library at the State Library of New South Wales has one of the country's richest manuscript collections. The National Library's De Berg Collection, a series of taped interviews with writers and artists, is a valuable source of information. Much editing of even major poets in Australian English must be done. See *Anthologies - English, *Austlit, *Philip Benham, *Christopher Brennan, *J. Le Gay Brereton, *Donovan Clarke, *Laurence Collinson, *Michael Dransfield, *S. L. Elliott, *Donald Friend, *Harry Hooton, *Adam Lindsay Gordon, *Paul Knobel, *David Marr, *David Scott Mitchell, *Hal Porter, *David Ritchie, *Gary Simes, *Martin Smith. Canada. The *Canadian Lesbian and Gay Archives holds manuscript material. See also *R. M. Bucke, *E. A. Lacey, Jacques Tremblay, *Liam Rafferty. The National Library in Ottawa publishes a guide to its holdings: Literary Manuscripts at the National Library of Canada by Linda Hoad, 1990. Manuscripts of gay poetry in Greek from Greece, Turkey and other countries date from ca. 200 (see *Panchrates). From when the oral poetry of *Homer was first written down, apparently about the seventh century B. C. until the *Renaissance, manuscripts were the principal literary form of passing Greek poetry on to future generations. The editing of the ancient Greek classics, from variant manuscripts, is documented since the *Alexandrian Period (323-146 B.C.): see *Editors - Greek, *Scholars - Greek. The invention of printing in the *Renaissance made editing imperative, as a single text had to be devised frequently from multiple manuscripts for use in the mechanically printed text. Collation of manuscripts for a printed edition remained the major scholarly activity until the eighteenth century (often with a commentary in Latin): see for example *Henri Estienne, *Scaliger. In the modern period see *Félix Buffière, *W. M. Clarke, *A. S. F. Gow, *Mousa Paidike. Manuscripts are continuing to be unearthed, mostly from the Middle East - where the dry climate has preserved them - and mostly in fragments (which normally get published). Virtually all ancient Greek poetry manuscripts are published. The most important manuscript containing ancient Greek homopoems, the * Palatine Anthology, was only discovered in the eighteenth century and not published until 1764 (see *C. A. Klotz); a facsimile of the whole manuscript was published in 1911 (see the main entry for details). Material of the *Byzantine and modern periods remains in manuscript and has not been assessed for homosexuality (see *"War of Troy"). Greek manuscripts are scattered in Europe and the United States, having been continuously collected since the Renaissance and before: see entries under the individual languages for information on libraries where these might be (e.g., *Libraries - Italian for libraries in Italy). Many libraries have published catalogs of their Greek manuscripts. Libraries around the eastern Mediterranean in countries in which Greeks lived may have material: see, for example, *Manuscripts - Turkish, - Arabic for possible sources. The libraries of the monasteries of Mount Athos have the largest collections of manuscripts in Greece; see *Libraries and archives - Greek for other possible sources. Monasteries in Crete, Cyprus and Mount Sinai in Egypt are other sources: since homosexual poems in Latin have been found in manuscripts, it is reasonable to suspect them in Greek, especially as it has a strong monastic tradition. Russian Orthodox monasteries also hold manuscripts as do other *Slavic monasteries. Aural and visual materials need to be consulted - see *film, *aural material, *rebetika, *songs. *Douglas Young has written a witty book on his attempts to examine forty-three manuscripts of Theognis, showing that even in the twentieth century new manuscripts of a major poet can be discovered. A comprehensive listing of Greek manuscripts from the Byzantine period is being compiled by Professor Michael Jefferies and Dr. Alfred Vincent, University of Sydney and Professor Elizabeth Jefferies of the University of Oxford. Bibliographies. Besterman, A World Bibliography of Bibliographies : see under "Classical Literature" and also under "Greek Literature", 2732-5, where he provides a list of manuscript catalogs to 1965. Toomey A World Bibliography of BIbliographies 19641974: catalogs of manuscripts 1964-75; after 1974 consult *computer databases and the internet (e.g., Library of Congress Computer Catalog) Manuscripts - Hebrew and Yiddish Manuscripts in Hebrew of gay poetry survive from 500 from Egypt. Later manuscipts survive from Spain and other countries. Hebrew manuscripts are scattered, mainly in Europe, Israel the United States. 18,000 manuscripts had been photographed by the Institute for Hebrew Manuscripts, Israel, by 1966. A huge number of Hebrew manuscripts - possibly 200,000 fragments - were found in the Cairo Genizah (a very old storage place for manuscripts from a former synagogue in Cairo only rediscovered in the earlier part of the twentieth century). Many of these are now at Cambridge University and await investigation for homosexual poetry - two fifths of the manuscripts are poetry; on the Genizah see "Genizah" in Encyclopedia Judaica. These Genizah manuscripts also include Yiddish manuscripts. Some gay poems have come to light from the Genizah: see Jefrim Schirmann, Sirim hadasim min hafinizah (New poems from the Genizah), Jerusalem, 1965 (source of information: *Arno Schmitt; see also the Jefrim Schirmann entry). A number of *Ibn Khalfun's poems have been discovered from this source. Manuscripts relating to *medieval Hebrew poets from Spain are most important having yielded many homosexual poets so far; there is a collection in the Escorial Library, near *Madrid, dating from the middle ages. These poets have only been published in the twentieth century. See also *Libraries - Hebrew. References. Pearson, Oriental Manuscripts in Europe and North America, 1-75. Manuscripts of gay poetry in Japanese from Japan date from before 1000. A large volume of poetry exists in manuscript though most major Japanese poets have been published. Paintings on scrolls and *calligraphy may be relevant: for example, see *Yakko (pseud.). See also *design of scrolls and paintings, *Gozan literature, illustration. References. Besterman, A World Bibliography of Bibliographies : see "Japanese Literature". Toomey, A World Bibliography of Bibliographies 1964-1974 : "Japanese Literature". The preceding references include catalogs of books. Manuscripts of gay poetry in Latin from Italy, France, Great Britain, Germany, Spain and other European countries date from 79. Much material in Latin from the *middle ages, *Renaissance and early modern periods lies in manuscript though almost all material from the Roman period has been published (sometimes only in Latin - and frequently censored when translated). Material survives from ca. 79 from *Pompeii. Paul Oskar Kristeller, Latin Manuscript Books Before 1600, third edition, New York, 1965, is the basic reference (the reference works listed have been microfilmed in A Microfilm Corpus of the Indexes to Printed Catalogs of Latin Manuscripts before 1600, 1982). For the period to 1975 consult Besterman and Toomey cited below for manuscript catalogs in book form; after this date *computer databases list these catalogs (e.g., the *Library of Congress Computer Catalog). For other sources see *Libraries and archives. Lists of surviving manuscripts are given by Karl Strecker in his Introduction to Medieval Latin, 1971, pp. 124-26. The papers of poets and other writers who wrote poems in Latin need to be checked as their vernacular poems have frequently been published, while their Latin works may remain unpublished; as an example, only recently have the Latin poems of *Lionel Johnson become generally accessible. See *F. K. Forberg, *Kenneth Hopkins, *B. Mercier, *Thomas Stehling. References. Besterman, World Bibliography of Bibliographies: under "Latin Literature" he provides a list of catalogues of Latin manuscripts by European country to 1964; see in addition his entry "Classical Literature". Toomey, A World Bibliography of BIbliographies 1964-1974: catalogs of manuscripts 1964-74 under the same two index points as in the preceding. Manuscripts in Persian from Iran relating to gay poetry date from before 1500. Many manuscripts are outside Iran in western Europe (in *London, *Paris and *Berlin) and in Russia - especially in *St Petersburg - and the countries of the former USSR (e.g. in Tashkent, capital of the Uzbek Republic) as well as in India (especially in Rampur and the collection of the Nizam of Hyderabad) and probably in Pakistan. Many survive in private collections, public libraries and the libraries of mosques in Iran. There are a huge number of manuscripts due to the fact that they acted as books and mechanical printing was only introduced in the nineteenth century. Some hundreds of thousands exist. Many are in *Istanbul, Turkey. Illustrations are especially important - e.g. many feature the *cupbearer in paintings while others feature all male drinking parties and poetry recitations (see illustration - Persian). C. A. Storey, Persian Literature: a bio-bibliographical survey, 1923+, lists manuscripts, of which written catalogs exist from 1814. See also *Manuscripts - Arabic, - Turkish for further sources. References. Besterman, A World Bibliography of Bibliographies: see "Persian Literature". Toomey, A World Bibliography of Bibliographies 1964 - 1974: same section. Pearson, Oriental Manuscripts in Europe and North America, 189-346. Encyclopedia Iranica: see the article "Bibliographies and Catalogues". Manuscripts in Turkish from Turkey survive from ca. 1400. A large volume of manuscripts exists and most poets remain unedited or badlly edited. See *Hellmut Ritter,"Autographs in Turkish Libraries", Oriens 6 (1953), 63-90; on p. 65 he states "about 200,000 Arabic, Persian and Turkish manuscripts are preserved in Turkey." See also *Manuscripts - Arabic, - Persian as frequently these have been catalogued together with Turkish manuscripts in Asian collections and are housed together with Turkish manuscripts. References. Besterman, A World Bibliography of Bibliographies: see "Turkish Literature". Toomey, A World Bibliography of BIbliographies 1964-1974: same. Pearson, Oriental Manuscripts in Europe and North America, 189-346. Publisher of works in Greek and Latin from Italy. 1449-1515. The Latinized name of Teobaldi Manucci (also known as Aldo Manuzio), an important publisher from *Venice, 1494-1515. He was responsible for the *editio princeps of the Greek poets *Theocritus (Idylls 1-28) (1495), *Theognis (1495-96 - see *Douglas Young) and *Pindar (1513). He also published editions of the Latin poets Juvenal (1501), *Martial (1501), *Virgil (1501), *Catullus (1502), *Horace (1509) and many other ancient writers (e.g., *Homer). His press, the Aldine Press, which was famous for its italic typeface, is the first known publisher of a significant body of gay material in Greek and Latin. The press also published one of the first erotically illustrated works: Hypnerotomachia Polyphili by Francesco Colonna, 1499, with a plate showing *Priapus with an erect penis (though surrounded by women). As the above poets refer directly to physical homosexuality, the press has claims to be the first homosexual *pornography press (also the first general pornography press). See also *Humanism, *Index. Works were frequently set in type, by the printers, from the manuscript under the guidance of scholars. See A. Firmin Didot, Alde Manuce: L'hellénisme a venise, Paris 1875; repr. 1966. Biography: G. A. Glaister, Glassiter's Glossary of the Book, London, 1979, pp. 5-6. A list of books published by him is in A Short Title Calalogue of Books Printed in Italy... 1465 to 1600, London, 1956, pp. 877-78. See also Janus Lascaris. Critic from Spain writing in Spanish. Active 1993. Book: Doce semblanzas de autores homosexuales y otros temas, Seville, 1993, 355 pp. (with bibl. 317-26). Essays on gay writers. Includes essays on *Cavafy, *Marlowe, *Whitman and *Cernuda. Poet in Chinese from China. Active before 1850. See Shasha, History of Homosexuality in China, xxiv and 220-25 re his book carrying boy Zi Yuan. One of a pair of famous *Ch'ing friends. His name Mao Chaomen is spelt in *Pinyin. Mao Ze Dong, also spelt Mao Tse-Tung Poet from China who wrote in Chinese. 1893-1976. Mao Ze Dong was the Chairman of the Chinese *Communist Party from before 1949, when the Communists seized power in China, until his death. Mao's doctor provides evidence of homosexual behavior by Mao in Zhisui Li, The Private Life of Chairman Mao, London, 1994, pp. 358-59 (he asked his guards to masturbate him). As the book reveals, Mao was sexually voracious, being attracted to young girls. Mao wrote poems, which, at least in those which have been published, do not touch on his emotional life; they mostly deal with Communism and the aims of the Communist Party. In the famous Yennan Dialogues in 1942, he was responsible for the Communist Party directing that art and writers should orientate their work to support the Party; this in effect meant that all personal relations were taboo in poetry after 1948. Mao's poems were widely read in China and translated into several languages. His Poems were translated into English by Hua-ling Nieh Engle and Paul Engle (London, 1973); see also the English language translation Poems (Beijing, 1976; various unlisted translators). His name Mao Ze Dong is in *Pinyin and is spelt Mao Tse-Tung in *Wade Giles. Critic and historian from Taiwan writing in Chinese. Active 1996. Author of a history of homosexual literature, T'ung hsing lien wen hs'eh shih, Taipei, 1996, 478 pages; with bibliographical references. He is also the author of a work on the *aesthetics of homosexuality: T'ung hsing lien mei hs'eh, Taipei, 1996. Neither book has been examined. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in Latin. 1135-ca. 1209. A king's justice in Wales and the West Midlands and later Archdeacon of *Oxford, for border. Goodich, The Unmentionable Vice, p. 10 states his poem De Nugis curialium singles out St Bernard's non homosexuality as an exception among monks" (footnote The Latin Poems Commonly attributed to Walter Mapes, London, 1841. most of his life he lived close to the *Welsh (ca.1185) attacks the Cistercian order "and 20 p. 128 gives the source). Text: see T. Wright, Lover from France relating to works in French. 1913-1998. Lover of Jean Cocteau from 1938-47 and thereafter his close friend; the two met when Marais was twenty-four. He was a handsome fair-haired actor of Germanic appearance for whom Cocteau wrote several plays and with whom he worked on films, including The Blood of a Poet, in which Jean Marais starred. Jean Marais cared for Cocteau in his last illness in 1963. On Marais see *Francis Steegmuller, Cocteau, 1970, pp. 434-35 and the index. Obituaries: The Australian, 11 November 1998, 18; The Daily Telegraph(London). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gay Histories and Cultures. Poet from the United States (from Puerto Rico) writing in Spanish. Born 1945. He is an actor and playwright. Author of the book of poems: Poemas de un homosexual revolucionario (Poems of a homosexual revolutionary), 1985. Puerto Rico is an autonomous political entity in the Caribbean in association with the United States. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Foster, Latin American Writers on Gay and Lesbian Themes. Lover of *Tibullus relating to works in Latin from Italy. Active ca. 30 B.C. He appears in several poems. Poet from France who wrote in Latin. Ca. 1035-1123. His poems, influenced by *Martial, reveal a penchant for *satire as well as an attraction to homosexual love; in this they are typical of their time. He was a cleric who was Bishop of Rennes. For a letter in poetry see My Dear Boy: Gay Love Letters through the Centuries, pp. 37-38. See also *Hennig Brinkmann. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 79: Satyra in amatorem puelli (Satires on the loves of boys); no other details given. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 123. Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance and Homosexuality, 370-71. Medieval Latin Poems of Male Love and Friendship, 30-39; biog., 149-50. "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen", 50. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 15354. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 105-06. Criticism. Journal of Homosexuality, vol. 8 no. 3-4 (Spring 1983), 151-57: discussed by *Thomas Stehling. Poet from France writing in French. Born 1961. Book: L'astre bleu, Paris, 1990 (illustrated; with a boy on the cover). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 455-56: fine poems on *pedophile themes. Poet from Spain who wrote in Catalan. Ca 1397-1459. Regarded as the founder of Catalan literature and by some as the greatest poet of Catalan; his poetry relates to the *troubadors. Translation. Spanish: trans. Romani (1539), Montemayor (1554), J. Ferrate. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, vol. 2, 1238: "linked with homosexuality in a single document". Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1928. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2498: The Wild Party, Chicago: Covici, 1928, reprinted in The Wild Party and the Set Up, New York: Blue Ribbon Books, 1928. Poet from Canada writing in English. Active 1995. Bodily Presence(Kingston, Ont.: Quarry Press, 1995), 93 pp., consists of poems and is cataloged under homosexuality by the *Library of Congress and *New York Public Library both of which hold a copy. Biographer in English from the United States; editor of works in English. 1900-1999. He wrote * Byron, 3 volumes, London, 1957. This work is the most comprehensive biography of Byron to date and openly discussses the homosexual side of his nature. See volume one, pp. 105-07 (*Edleston) and volume three (re *Loukas Chalandritsanos). (There is no subject index making the volumes difficult to consult.) There is also a one-volume edition published in 1971, with some additional material; this one-volume edition is the most accessible biography (compare *Phyllis Grosskurth). Overall, however, discussion is rather muted. He is also the editor of Byron's Letters and Journals, 12 volumes, 1973-82; volume 12 is an index and anthology of memorable passages and is very thorough. A thirteenth volume includes letters found after the edition was published. This work was started in 1947, when the author set out to visit Europe convinced that more of Byron's letters and journals could be found than were then known to exist (compare *Douglas Young). He was the greatest living authority on Byron. He published works on Byron or by him from 1957 to 1982 and was a professor at various United States universities. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors, New Revision Series, vol. 12. Sexologist and editor from Germany writing in German. Active 1926. Editor of Handworterbuch der Sexualwissenschaft, Nonn, 1926. This is an encyclopedia of sexuality with some literary and art references e.g., see the article "*Eros" p. 156 by *Paul Brandt. Poet from India who wrote in Marathi. 1907-1956. See *"Shiva's Phallus" (a very strange poem about an encounter of the poet's phallus and Shiva's) in Dilip Chitre, editor, An Anthology of Marathi Poetry (1945-65), Bombay, 1967, pp. 54-55. He revolutionized Marathi poetry after the war in two books published in 1947 and 1951. Marathi is spoken in Mararashtra state whose capital is Bombay. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, vol. 2, 94. Poet from Germany who wrote in German. Active 1953. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 79: poem "Hellas" (no source given); also the novel Der Ruf in die Nacht, Hamburg: Schmidt, 1953. Poet from the United States writing in English; translator from French to English. Born 1937. He is the publisher of *Manroot press and Manroot journal. In an interview in The Advocate, 1982, he states he has published 41 titles since 1969 and over 400 poets. Manroot number 5 had a famous broadsheet poem "Figa" on *fisting (reprinted in his selected poems This Light Will Spread, 1978, p. 126) which is a very fine work. Issue 7 of * Mouth of the Dragon features his work. He was at one time literary secretary to *Robert Duncan and spent three years in *prison in Illinois for consensual sex with a student while a drama teacher. Personae Non Gratae, 1971 (repr.) relates his prison experiences in poetry and has been reprinted separately. The journal of *Jim Kepner, Pursuit and Symposium, March/April 1966, p. 20, has his poem "Mother Image". His poetry is uneven. His work is collected in This Light Will Spread: Selected Poems 1960-76, Los Angeles: Manroot, 1978 (bibl. of works published, p. 187) (review: The Advocate no. 272, 26 July 1979, 47-48 by Steve Ward). An important pioneer of erotic gay writing, he organized gay poetry workshops in *San Francisco where he lives. His prison poems show the influence of Jean Genet and he has translated Genet from French. See Mark Thompson, "Poet as Activist: Paul Mariah", The Advocate, no. 342 (13 May 1982) 29, 35. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10843-51: The electric holding company, San Francisco; *Manroot Books, 1974, "The figa" in *Gay Sunshine 2:20, October 1970, "'Five Imaginary letters of young Julius Caesar written on the Bythenian tour, 81 B.C.", in College English 36: 345-49, November 1974, Letter to Robert Duncan while Bending the Bow, San Francisco: Man Root Books, 1974, "My long arms" in ONE Magazine 13:10, 20-21 October 1965, Six imaginary letters of young Caesar written on the Bythenian tour, 81 B.C., San Francisco: Manroot Books 1974, The spoon ring, San Francisco: Manroot Books 1974, "The will of my anatomy and other considerations" in People's Gay Sunshine 1:14, work featured in issue 7 of Mouth of the Dragon. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, 2501, 2503-09: Letter to Robert Duncan and Six Imaginary Letter sof Young Caesar plus the following works - Apparitions of a Black Pauper's Suit. 13 Eulogies, San Francisco: Hoddypoll Press, 1976, Christmas 1962, privately printed *broadside, no date, Love Poems to an Army Deserter Who Is in Jail, Milwaukee: Monday Morning, 1972, One Mad Queen, San Francisco: Empty Elevator Shaft, (*broadside), no date, Personae Non Gratae, San Lorenzo, CA: Shameless Hussy Press, 1971, The Spoon Ring, San Francisco: Manroot, 1974, This Light Will Spread. Selected Poems 1960-1975, San Francisco: Manroot, 1978. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Male Muse, 71-74; biog. 122. Angels of the Lyre, 13441; biog. 242. We Bumped Off Your Friend the Poet, 28-30. Brother Songs, 103; biog. 115. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 354-57. Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, 243-47; biog. 243. Poets for Life, 148-50; biog., 237: notes he is reorganizing his life after the loss of his lover of 15 years. Poet from France who wrote in French. Active before 1189. In her Breton Lay, "Lanval", lines 276-86, a lady accuses a knight of not being interested in taking his pleasures with women and says that he does this with valets. The suggestion of homosexuality is stronger here than in the Middle English version of the same story *Sir Launful. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Encyclopedia Britannica. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amour bleu, 76. Criticism. *Gerald Herman, "The 'Sin Against Nature' and its Echoes In Medieval French Literature", Annuale Mediaevale 17 (1976),, 79-80. Poet from Russia who wrote in Russian. 1897-1962. An imagist poet, extremely close to *Esenin for three years and something of a *dandy. He wrote no poetry after 1928. See Esenin's poem to him on p. 156 of *Out of the Blue. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Terras, Handbook of Russian Literature. Criticism. *Simon Karlinsky, "Russia's Gay Literature and History", Gay Sunshine, 29-30 (Summer/ Fall 1976), 4: stated to be the lover of *Esenin (name spelt Marienhof). Marino, Giam Battista (also called Giovanni Marino) Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. 1569-1625. His *long poem Adone, based on the story of Venus and *Adonis, was completed in Paris in 1623. (Compare *Shakespeare who also wrote a poem Venus and Adonis.) For poems by Marino based on paintings of the homosexual Caravaggio, see Howard Hibbard, Caravaggio, 1983, p. 343; the source of the text is Mia Cinotti, Immagine del Caravaggio, 1971, pp. 164 ff. See also *Nonnus. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Duroc, Homosexuels et lesbiennes illustrés, 284-85. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1141: listed in the anthology * Men and Boys. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 32-33: poem in Italian "L'Adone". L'amicizia amorosa, 135-42. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 235-37: from Adonis xvi 187, 191, xviii 85, 94. Criticism. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1007. Oral poems in Serbo-Croat from Serbia and Montenegro. Ca. 1555. See A. Pennington and P. Levi, Marko the Prince: Serbo-Croat Heroic Songs, London, 1984, e.g., pp. 31-33 re Prince Marko and his brother Andrijash (strong *male bonding); this is an English translation of a poem first recorded in 1555 from a cycle of poems on the Prince Marko. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active before 1981. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2515: Poems, New York: Film Culture, no date. Editor of works in Russian and critic in Russian possibly from Germany. Active 1977. Editor, with John E. Malmstad, of the three volume edition the Works of *Kuzmin, Munich, 1977-78, the most complete to date; volume three pp. 321-426 contains an extended critical discussion of Kuzmin's poetry in Russian written by the editors, the most detailed study on any Russian gay poet to date. Critic from The United States writing in English. Active 1979. Author, with *George Stambolian, of Homosexualities and French Literature, Ithaca, Cornell, 1979; discussed under the Stambolian entry. Poet and dramatist from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1564-1593. Marlowe's *long poem Hero and Leander (1598; repr. 1600, 1602; repr.) contains a strong homosexual episode. It was based on a Latin poem by *Musaeus (which does not contain reference to homosexuality). Marlowe wrote the first two sestiads including the homosexual episode and it was completed by *George Chapman who wrote the last three sestiads and published the poem, without omitting the homosexual episode. In Sestiad 2, lines 175-228, *Neptune (the Roman name for *Poseidon) tries to make love to the male Leander as Leander swims the Hellespont towards the woman Hero, the first instance of homosex in relation to *bathing in Englsh. A splendid illustrated edition of the poem was created by *Charles Ricketts in 1894. The *Elizabethan period expert *A. L. Rowse, in Homosexuals in History, argues persuasively that Marlowe's most famous poem, "The Passionate Shepherd to His Love", can be read as a homosexual love poem (pp. 25-32); he points out that the kirtle which the second figure wears is defined by the Oxford English Dictionary as a man's tunic. Marlowe's plays are in blank verse and Edward II is about the homosexual English king (compare *Michael Drayton's treatment of the subject); on the king see the entry in Gay Histories and Cultures and Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. The *Ganymede trope occurs in his work (e.g., in his play Dido). A graduate of *Cambridge who became a dramatist in *London, Marlowe was stabbed and killed in a brawl shortly after being arrested on charges of atheism. A remark attributed to him that "all they that love not tobacco and boys were fools" stems from a government informer and cannot be accepted as true. EdwardII I.iv. lines 390-97 has a list of homosexual couples - including *Hercules and Hylas, *Achilles and Patroklus, *Socrates and Alcibiades; this play is more open about homosexuality than any play by Marlowe's contemporary *Shakespeare. Criticism: see *G. W. Bredbeck, *Bruce R. Smith. Biography. Paul Whitfield White, Marlowe, history and sexuality, New York, 1998, is a collection of critical essays. Translation. Hero and Leander. French: Joseph Barthelemy Fort (1950; repr); Italian: Gabriele Baldini. Edward II: Dutch. Dr. J. Decroos (1904). French: Georges Eekhoud (1896); German: E. von Buelow (1831), R. Proelss (1904), A. W. von Heymel (1912), Dr. J. Decroos (1924), *Bertolt Brecht and Lion Feuchtwanger (1924); Italian: R. Piccoli (1914); Polish: Jerzy E. Sito (1965); Turkish: Hadiye Sayron (1945). The * National Union Catalog and * British Library General Catalogue to 1975 were checked. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of American Biography. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Garde, Jonathan to Gide 331-32 Encyclopedia of Homosexuality vol 2 768-69 Howes Broadcasting It Dictionnaire Gay Summers Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Ashbee, Bibliography of Prohibited Books, vol. 2, 451 : cites an epigram (probably a fake) attributed to Marlowe in Works vol. 3, p. 454, 1726, about *S/M *flagellation. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 79: König Eduard II. Murray, Catalogue of Selected Books, item 41: Edward II, 1622. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10852: Hero and Leander. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 2519-23: the plays Edward the Second, The Massacre at Paris, Tamburlaine the Great and The Tragedy of Dido, Queen of Carthage, in The Plays of Christopher Marlowe, London: Dent, 1909 and, with George Chapman, Hero and Leander, Menston, Yorkshire: The Scolar Press, 1968. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 101-03: trans. by *Eduard von Mayer. Die Bedeutung der Freundesliebe, 19. Men and Boys, 23-24. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 24-26: *Ganymede trope; 172-78 - from Hero and Leander, Edward II. L'amour bleu, 103-07. Rosen, Gay Life and Gay Writers, 16-18. Hidden Heritage, 140. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 148-51 : Hero and Leander, lines 51-90, 153-226. Les Amours masculines, 102-05. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 34-35; biog., 113. Name of Love, 31; biog., 75. Art of Gay Love, 26: from Edward II (Act 1, scene 9, lines on Gaveston). Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 14-19, 97-98. Pour tout l'amour des hommes, 63: trans. *J. B. Fort. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 168-84. Criticism. Mayne, The Intersexes, 228-29, 350-52. Norton, Homosexual Literary Tradition, Chapter 10, 190-205 (discussion of poetry and noting p. 204 "No irrefutable biographical evidence proves that Marlowe was homosexual") and Chapter 16, 341-59 (analysis of Edward II). Rowse, Homosexuals in History, 25-32. Journal of Homosexuality vol. 23 no. 1-2, 69-84: article by *Gregory Woods. Bredbeck, Sodomy and Interpretation, 4-86: re Edward II. Woods, History of Gay Literature, 84-90. Marolles, Michel de Editor in Latin from France; translator from Latin to French. 1600-1681. A classical scholar who was translator of the Latin poet *Martial into French in an edition which he also edited: Toutes les epigrammes, Paris, 1655 (repr.); he also translated *Catullus (1653). Not in Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Marr, David Poet and biographer in English from Australia. Born 1947. As a poet see Letter from Colibri, Sydney, Hummingbird Press, 1968: a poem printed for circulation to his friends (source: catalogue of the Sydney specialist bookseller Nicholas Pounder titled The White Pages, ca.1993, item 359; sold to a private individual). A writer and journalist who is best known as the openly gay author of the biography of the *Nobel Prizewinning author *Patrick White: Patrick White: A Life, London and New York, 1991 (see reviews cited in Hurley, Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia, entered under Patrick White: A Life). This is one of the finest biographies by an openly gay man of another gay male so far produced, comparable to such fine gay biographies as *Richard Ellmann's biography of *Oscar Wilde. The writer unearthed unpublished poems of Patrick White and identified several *lovers to whom poems were written; these are discussed in the *Patrick White entry. In the biography Patrick White's close but complex relationship with his mother is spelt out (see *Freud, *Oedipus Complex), his intense self hatred as a homosexual and, as well, his conception of homosexuals as being females in male bodies. The influence of *Carl Jung on Patrick White in later life is also revealed in detail (Marr, Patrick White, p. 452). See also the article "A Fascist Lover (on White's Spanish lover José Mamblas), Independent Monthly, vol. 3 no. 2 August 1991, 43-44. Review of the biography: Times Literary Supplement, no. 4610 (9 August, 1991), 5-6 by Robert Gray (including an alternate version of Patrick White's death from that in the book). He is also the editor of the Letters of Patrick White (1994); see entry in Hurley under Patrick White: Letters. Interview with David Marr: Sydney Morning Herald, Good Weekend, 26 January, 1991, 22-29. He writes for the Sydney Morning Herald. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Hurley, Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia. Marriage Marriage in relation to homosexuality has been found so far in Greek from Greece from ca. 80 and later in Latin and English. Most of these entries relate to homosexual marriage between two males. Greek: *Plutarch. Latin: *Juvenal (60-140). English: *C. M. Bowra, *E. Fitzgerald, *A. L. Gordon, *D. Ritchie, *Sporus. John Boswell has written a study on gay marriage in the *middle ages. Homosexual marriage has become increasingly common from the 1990s. See *marriage customs for general discussion of human marriage. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Adelphopoiesis" - a church rite in the *Orthodox church for the joining together of friends (examined by John Boswell); see also "Domestic Partnership". Marriage customs Custom relating to sex in Chinese in China and in Japanese, Hindi, Arabic and English from ca. 500 (the date is difficult to determine). Marriage is an arrangement whereby two people agree to be joined legally as an entity; here it refers to heterosexual marriage between a man and a woman, the main form of human marriage (though homosexual marriage is known: see John Boswell, Same-Sex Unions in Premodern Europe, 1994). The main reason for marriage has been to safeguard the legitimacy of children and to make provision for their education and upbringing and to guarantee that someone will look after; property has also occupied a place in marriages. Marriage customs have differed from culture to culture. Arranged marriages with a dowry (a monetary payment from the man to the woman's family) have been normal in many countries and are still norman - for instance, India and islamic countries. In addition, in many cultures marriage was and is virtually compulsory (e.g., China, Japan and India). Arranged marriages have occurred in Chinese, Japanese, Arabic and English cultures. This means that heterosexual Romantic love was not always a reason for marriage in these cultures. Many homosexuals have married - such as *Oscar Wilde. See Edward Westermarck, A History of Human Marriage, 1891. Marriott-Watson, Richard Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Ca. 1895-1918. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 91 : "Kismet", a poem about the death of a sentry; biog., 23. Marsan, Hugo Poet from France who wrote in French. Born 1938. A writer of gay poems who wrote for the journal Gay Pied and who is best known as a novelist. Author of Un homme, un homme (A man, a man; Paris, 1983). His prose work La vie blessée (Paris, 1989) is on *Aids. He has also written essays. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionnaire Gay. Marschfield, Alan Translator from Greek to English. Active before 1983. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 72-73: trans. of the Greek poet *Rufinus. Marsfeldt, Jon Poet from Denmark writing in Danish. Born 1939. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 389. Marsh, Edward Howard, Sir Editor and biographer from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1872-1953. Editor of the five *Georgian Poetry anthologies 1911-22. He also edited *Rupert Brooke's poems, with a long memoir. Biography: see *Christopher Hassell, Edward Marsh: A Biography, London, 1959. He is suspected of being homosexual though this is not discussed in Christopher Hassell's biography. Letters: see Ambrosia and Small Beer: The Record of a Correspondence Between Edward Marsh and Christopher Hassell, London, 1964. Friends included *Maurice Baring, *Rupert Brooke and *Ivor Novello. See also *Isaac Rosenberg. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography 1951-60: by Christopher Hassell. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Marsh, Ziggy Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1985. *Chapbook: Cottage Cream (with *Ziggy Marsh, *Grahum Pyper), London, *Oscars Press, 1988, pp. 5-19. He is the director of How Absurd! Theatre Company, London. The author of witty poems expressing gay life forcefully: see "Mr X" (Not Love Alone, pp. 83-84). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Not Love Alone, 80-84; biog., 142. Take Any Train, 58-60 (under the name Ziggy); biog 64. Of Eros and Dust, 7; biog., 86-87. Marshak, Samuil Translator from English to Russian. 1887-1964. A Russian poet, especially famous for his children's verse. He translated *Shakespeare's sonnets in 1948. He does not appear to have married. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Marshall, John, Doctor Translator from Great Britain from Latin to English. Active 1908. The poems in Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, below, come from the 1911 Everyman edition which has Dr. John Marshall on the title page and reads on the contents page: Dr. John Marshall 1908. In this edition Marshall did the translation of Horace's * Odes and Christopher Smart the Satires and Epistles. John Marshall (died 1928) was the companion of *E. P. Warren but it is not known if this person is the Dr. John Marshall mentioned here. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 85-86: trans. of *Horace, "To Valgius", from Odes, Book 2 by John Marshall. Marston, John Poet and dramatist from Great Britain who wrote in English. Ca. 1575-1634. He wrote verse plays. He graduated from *Oxford in 1594, took orders in 1609 and also wrote satires. See his Works edited by Bullen, vol. 3, 1887, p. 53. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Criticism. Norton, Homosexual Literary Tradition, 27576: re his play The Scourge of Villanie, 1598, where a character has his *Ganymede. Bray, Homosexuality in Renaissance England, 143. Bredbeck, Sodomy and Interpretation, 12-3. Marti, Andrea Poet from Spain writing in Catalan. Active before 1978. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Poemes Gais, 27-30; also trans. into Spanish in Poemes Gais. Martial Poet from Spain who wrote in Latin and who later lived in Italy. Ca. 40-ca. 104. In Latin, his full name is Marcus Valerius Martialis. Martial's poems, all short and in the *epigram form, are extremely sarcastic and biting in contrast to the early Greek epigrams (which were joyous and fun loving). Martial, in fact, transformed the Greek epigram - after him it became biting and had a sting in its tail. Homosexuality forms a large place in Martial's poetry. As *Xavier Mayne (pseud.) states "The Epigrams... constitute a sort of encylopedia of Roman homosexualism" (The Intersexes, p. 289). The poet is usually stated to have written 1,561 epigrams in fourteen books. Some 110 poems at least deal with homosexuality and many of these are extremely explicit. The poems were composed between 85 and 101. The * editio princeps was in Venice, in 1470. Based on the corpus of the poetry there is little reason to think of Martial as anything else but homosexual; epigram 43 in book 11 is addressed to a wife but most commentators think that Martial's "wife" is fictitious (compare *Whitman who also invented a fictitious wife and even non existent children). Book XIII, Xenia, consists of poems given with gifts; Book XIV, Apophoreta, is of poems to accompany gifts to take home. Martial was one of the most influential of Latin poets on subsequent poets, and it was largely through him that the epigram style of the * Palatine Anthology passed into European poetry. Martial has been continuously popular from publication in book form and prior to that in manuscript. Lovers mentioned in the epigrams include: Diadumenus, Dindymus and Postumus. Martial was a friend of Juvenal and *Virgil (who is frequently mentioned). See the Greek poet *Alcaeus of Mytilene regarding Alcaeus's lover *Lycus attested to in Martial. See also *Masturbation. Editions, commentators and critics. About 300 manuscripts of Martial survive and this large number attests to his continuous popularity. There are three accepted families of manuscripts dating from the 9th century. See the Bibliography on pages xvii-xx in volume 1 of *W. C. A. Ker's Loeb edition for a list of surviving texts; see also the fine introduction by Professor Sellar in Extracts from Martial, Edinburgh, 1884. There are other additional poems to the accepted as the corpus e.g., a so-called Book 15 (see *Kenneth Hopkins). Martial's entry in Brunet, Manuel du libraire is the starting point for research in early editions; see also the Supplement to Brunet. For the earliest editions to 1500 see the entry in Ludwig Hain, Repertorium bibliographicum, Stuttgart, Cotta 1826-38 (repr. Berlin, 1925) and Walter Copinger, Supplement to Hain's Repertorium bibliographicum, London, 1895-1902; for other works listing early editions see Robert Balay, Guide to Reference Books, Chicago, 1996 under "Early and Rare Books". See also the discussion of editions in the Loeb edition edited by *W. A. Ker vol. 1, xvii-xx. Martial has been continuously in print in Latin since ca. 1470, attesting to great interest in sexuality and homosexuality and early *pornography interest. *Domizio Calderini's 1480 edition with Latin commentary is apparently the earliest commentary of major importance and still one of the most detailed; his commentary deals with sex explicitly and was a reply to *Nicolo Perotto. Most editions from this date have commentaries, usually in the form of comments on the use of words. There have been at least 1nineteen complete editions of the epigrams to 1995. The Delphin edition of 1680, edited by *Vincent Colleson, printed all the bawdy epigrams at the end, thus grouping them conveniently and making them easy to find (this was the edition *Byron used). The editions of Mathias *Raderus (1602; repr.) and Th. Farnabus (1633) have notes, the former being extensive (though the editor Raderus was a Jesuit and the version is censored). In the printing of the Delphin edition, London, 1823, in vol. 3, at pages 1568-77, there is a discussion of editions to 1790. *Michel de Marollés (Paris, 1655) has some notes but is a bad French translation. *Giuspanio Graglia's London 1783-91 edition also has notes as well as an Italian translation. J. Beau's Paris 1842-43 edition has the bawdry epigrams in the third volume. *George Henry Bohn's 1860 edition took many years to compile and includes English translations. One of the most important texts ever is by *L. Friedlander, Martialis Epigrammaton Libri, 1886. with German commentary (repr. 1967). H. J. Izaac edited the French *Budé edition (1930-33). The bi-lingual (English and Greek) *Loeb edition of *W. C. A. Ker (1919) has been continuously reprinted though English translation is not included for all poems; a new Loeb edition edited by *Derrick Shackleton-Bailey was published in 1993 and this is far superior to the old edition, with translations in contemporary English of all poems (the author also published a standard Latin text in the Teubner series, Stuttgart, 1990; it includes a list of principal editions of Martial on page xii and a bibliography of recent critical works, pp. xiii-xviii). Recent commentaries on Book One by Peter Howell, 1980 (with an excellent concise list of principal editions and bibliography pp. 14 -15), and on Book Eleven by N. M. Kay, 1985, are more explicit in dealing with sexuality than previous English ones; see also the edition of Book 1 by Mario Citronio (Florence, 1975; with a bibliography) and the same author's editon of Book 14 in three volumes (Turin, 1950). There is no recent overall commentary on all the books of Martial and one is needed. In German, Hans Peter Obermayer, Martial und der Diskurs über männliche "Homosexualität" in der Literatur der frühen Kaiserzeit, 1998, is a 378 page thesis submitted to the University of Munich, published as a book on Martial and homosexuality; bibl., pp 331-355. The English translation of 1987 by J. P. Sullivan and Peter Whigam, Epigrams of Martial Englished, contains a valuable concise introduction which discusses homosexuality frankly, if briefly. There is no known adequate critique of Martial in homosexual terms in English. A recent major study is by *J. P. Sullivan but this is inadequate on homosexuality. Parodies of Martial. See Epigrammes contra Matriai, Paris, 1835, edited by El. Johanneau (partly in French). Consult the *British Library General Catalogue, National Union Catalog and old library catalogs since not all editions are listed in the literature. Collation of all these editions for their discussion of homosexuality in Martial, a huge job, is necessary to obtain an adequate picture; because the poems deal so explicitly with homosexuality this should reveal much about ancient Roman practices. Poems dealing with male homosexuality. Listed here are some 110 poems dealing with male homosexuality written as noted above ca. 85-ca.101. Other poems than those listed here may be relevant. Martial is a very sophisticated poet with many subtle allusions, not all of which are immediately apparent. The numbering refers to the Loeb edition edited by *W. C. A. Ker. Book I vi (*Ganymede), xxii, xxiii, xxiv, xxxi (*effeminacy), lviii, xcii (*finger fucking), xcvi (*green associated with effeminacy - compare Juvenal ii 97 - and *bathhouse reference). Book II v, x (*kissing; Postumus - over of Martial), xii (kissing; Postumus), xxi (kissing; Postumus), xxiii (Postumus), xxviii (*finger gestures), xxxvi (*depilation), xliii (Ganymede), li, lx, lxi (*licking), lxvii (Postumus), lxx (bathhouse), lxii (Postumus), lxxxiv (effeminacy), lxxxvi, lxxxix (*fellatio?). Book III xxxix (Ganymede) lxiii lxv (Diadumenus - lover), lxxi (Naevolus; passive *anal sex), lxxiii (passive anal sex), lxxiv, lxxxi, lxxxii (green, *purple, effeminacy), lxxxvii?, xci, xcv (Naevolus; passive anal sex), xcviii (passive anal sex). Book IV vii?, xl (Postumus), xlii (his ideal boy), xliii, xlviii (passive anal sex). Book V ix?, xxiv (*Hermes), xli, xlvi (Diadumenus *S/M), lxxxiii (Dindymus - lover). Book VI xi, xvi (Priapus), xxvi?, xxxiii, xxxiv (Diadumenus), xxxvii, xl, lvi (depilation), lxviii (*Hylas). Book VII xv (Hylas), xvi?, xxiv (Juvenal), xxix (*Virgil), xxxiv, lviii, lxii, lxxi, lxxiv (Ganymede), lxxvi, lxxxvii (*Cupid), xci (Juvenal). Book VIII ix (Hylas), xxxix (Ganymede), xliv, xlvi (Ganymede), lvi (*Maecenas, Virgil in a homosexual context), lxiii (*Hyacinthus). Book IX ii, viii, xvi (Ganymede), xxv (Ganymede), xxvii (*analingus - hinted at), xxxiii (bathhouse), xxxvi (Ganymede), lvi (Cupid), lvii (anal sex), lxiii, lxix (anal sex), ciii (*Castor and Pollux, Ganymede). Book X iv (Hylas, *Hermaphroditus), xx, xl, xlii (Dindymus), lvi?, xci, xcviii (Ganymede). Book XI xx (re the Emperor Augustus), xxii (Ganymede), xxvi (Ganymede), xxviii (Hylas), xliii (Ganymede, Hylas - poem in which Martial addresses his supposed wife), xlix (Virgil), lxiii (anal sex), lxvii (Virgil), lxx, lxxii (Priapus), lxxviii, lxxxviii, xciv, xcix?. Book XII xvi, xviii (Juvenal - implying he is homosexual), lxxv (Dindymus), lxxxv (fellatio). See also the poems included in Dictionaries, Anthologies and Critics, below some of which may not be cited above. Regarding poems in the so-called Book 15 see *Kenneth Hopkins. The so-called "obscene" epigrams as already noted, were placed at the end of the 1680 Delphin edition of Vincent Colleson where the young Dauphin of France, to whom the volume was dedicated, could easily find and read them (see Lord *Byron, Don Juan, edited by T. G. Steffan, 1973, p. 575; see the footnote on stanza 44). In the 1860 edition of *Henry G. Bohn and the first edition of the *W. C. A. Ker *Loeb edition the so-called "obscene" epigrams are in Italian which is another way of identifying them. Not all "obscene" epigrams are of homosexual relevance. See *F. K. Forberg for his list of poems referring to sexuality in ancient Greek and Latin, including Martial. Influence of the Epigrams. Martial's influence is apparent in the poetry of the Latin poet *Ausonius (ca. 310-ca. 395) and the poets of * Medieval Latin Poems of Male Love and Friendship. These poets must have known about the enormous homosexual content of the poet's works. He had given the epigram a biting, pithy and even bitter tone. His subject matter and tone was influential in the *Renaissance *epigram in Italy in Latin and in vernacular languages. See Paul Nixon, Martial and the Modern Epigram, New York, ca. 1927 (repr. 1963). For influence on the English epigram, see the Oxford Companion to English Literature entry "Martial". He influenced Thomas Campion, *Ben Jonson, *Herrick and *Cowley. *Robert Herrick, the English poet, translated Martial; see also *John Heywood, *Rochester. T. K. Whipple, Martial and the English Epigram, Univeristy of California Publications in Modern Philology, vol. 10 (1925), discusses Martial's influence only up to 1615 including on Sir John Davies, Sir John Harington, Edward Guilpin, Thomas Bastard, John Weever (1590-1600), Samuel Rowlands, John Davies of Hereford (1600-1615) and *Ben Jonson. See also J. P. Sullivan, "Martial's Influence on English Poetry", in J. P. Sullivan and P. Whigham, Epigrams of Martial Englished, Berkeley, 1987, 21-30. *Henry Bohn's edition collects English translations up to 1860. Influence on the French epigram: see *Epigram, *Saint-Pavin. For influence on German poetry, see R. Levy, Martial und die deutsche Epigrammatik des siebzehnten Jahrhunderts, 1903 - discusses his influence on seventeenth century German poetry. In Latin, the *Neo-Latin poets of the *Renaissance show Martial's influence strongly, some writing bawdry. For Italian and Dutch influence see James Hutton. Translation. Martial was first translated into Greek by Scaliger in 1607, then Spanish in 1649, followed by French in 1655. He has been immensely popular. See the Loeb edition edited by *W. C. A. Ker, volume 1, page xix, for discussion of non-English translation. Many translations exist in French, German and several in Italian. Several translations of Martial are only selections; since they could be censored for gay poems these are not entered here unless they contain gay poems. Catalan: M. Dole (1949). Czech: Josef Nemec (1912). Danish: Meisling (1831). Dutch: Various translators (1973), E. B. de Bruyn (1979, 225 pp. - 300 epigrams; highly rated). English. See the Loeb edition of *W. C. A. Ker, vol. 1, xviii-xix for discussion of English translations; prose and verse translators are listed separately. Translators include: an Elizabethan manuscript (see Loeb edition of Martial), *Harington (1613), Thomas May (1629), *Ben Jonson (17th century), Robert Fletcher (1656; this translation includes homosexual poems; some poems of his are included in the *Bohn edition of Martial), John Oldham (1686), Anonymous trans. (1695), J. Hughes (1737), William Hay - selection printed by *Robert Dodsley (1755), Wright (1763), E. B. Greene (1774), J. Elphinston (1782 - complete; not sighted, but apparently a poor translation: see Loeb edition vol. 1, xix-xx), *Bohn Edition edited by *Henry G, Bohn (various translators from the preceding editions, published in 1848 with translations in prose and poetry; repr.), * Index Expurgatorius by *Edward Sellon and others (1868; prose and verse - a notorious translation in its time), *Edward Carpenter (1902), *Walter C. A. Ker (1919; revised edition 1968 - Loeb edition), *J. A. Pott and *F. A. Wright (1924 - first 12 books - but some poems not trans.), *Barriss Mills (1969), Donald C. Goertz (1971 - selection), *Brian Hill (1971-72), *Peter Porter (1971 - selection), James Michie (1973 - selection) *Kenneth Hopkins (1974, 1977), Michael Taylor (1978), Peter Howell (1980 - Book One only; with commentary), N. M. Kay (1985 - Book Eleven only; with commentary), J. P. Sullivan and Peter Whigham (1987 - selection: Epigrams of Martial Englished; contains a valuable introduction), *Anthony Reid (1992 - large selection of homopoems; see Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, pp. 184-95), *D. R. Shackleton Bailey (1993; new Loeb edition, the finest complete English translation to date), James Wilhelm (1995; selection in his anthology * Gay and Lesbian Poetry). Translations generally available before the 1968 edition of W. C. A. Ker are heavily censored and homosexual references rarely appear; the 1848 Bohn Edition even used the Italian translations of *Graglia. Sellon's Index Expurgatorius included "All the epigrams hitherto untranslated" but it only circulated surreptitiously and in any case is very stilted. The W. C. A. Ker edition in the Loeb library with parallel Latin has poor translations and was censored by using Italian translation of erotic poems before 1968. The translations by James Michie, Brian Hill Barriss Mills and Peter Porter include homosexual material in a readable form. Derrick Shackleton Bailey's translation is the one to read. French: *Marollés (1655; repr. - prose and verse), Denis Volland (1807 - prose and verse), Edouard T. Simon and P. R. Auguis (1819 - prose and verse), V. Verger, Dubois and Mangeart (1834-35; repr. - prose), Constant Dubois (1841 - verse), J. B. (pseud. of J. Beau, 1842-43; in prose with "obscene" epigrams forming the third volume), Bussy and others (1904), H. J. Izaac (1930-33 in prose; Budé edition, Universités de France), Pierre Richard (1931), Jean Maplate (1992; selection). German: Zimmermann (1783 - verse), *K. W.Ramier (1787-93; repr. - in prose), Willemann (1825; verse - expurgated), Alexander Berg (1865; repr. - new edition 1905-14), Horst Rudiger (1939). *Werner Krenkel (1990). Greek: J. Scaliger (1607), Selection, by five Professors of the French Academy, Paris, 1825, with some poems in Greek (apparently for censorship reasons?): see Loeb edition edited by *W. C. A. Ker, vol. 1, xviii. Italian: *G. Graglia (1782-91; prose), Emanuele F. Mizzi (1924 - Rome), Alberto Moriera (1933; repr. 1952), G. Lipparini (1940; repr), Alberto Gabrieli (1957 - complete), Guido Ceronetti (Torino, 1964), Alberto Buda (1974), Guiseppe Norcio (Torino, 198Q - complete), Gianfranco Lotti (1989). Polish: J. Czubek (1908 - apparently complete). Ruthenian (i.e., Ukrainian'): T. Franko (1913) - see * British Library General Catalogue. Spanish: Lorenzo Garcian (pseud, of Baltasar Gradan) (1649; repr.), J. Argensola and others (1890-91), Miguel Romero y Martinez (1911 - erotic epigrams), Miguel Dolc (1942; this may be a translation into Catalan however - see above), Trans. not known, 1976 - see Cuaderno Bibliográfico Gay, 13. Welsh: W. E. A. Akon (1900). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 652 - 5S: by J. W. Duff, noting "he never married" but comments are otherwise puritanical and disapproving. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 15Q - 51 ; fine summing up; cites homo epigrams - i 58; ii 51 ; iv 7, 42; viii 46; ix 25; x 42; xi 22, 26, 58, 71, 7S, 94. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Encyclopædia Britannica : important article with bibl. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, vol. 2, 77Q - 71. Kindlers neues Literatur Lexikon. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 79: Epigramme, Stuttgart: Krais und Hoffmann, 1865 and Gedichte, Teubner: Leipzig, 1886 (citing poems "An Telesphorus", "An Dindymus", "An Flaccus"). Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, item 1Q85S: Selected Epigrams, trans. Rolf Humphries, Bloomington, 196S; also noted is a French translation, Paris: Garnier Frères, 1964. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition item 25SS: Epigrams, London: Heineman, Loeb Classical Library, 1968. Gay Poetry Anthologies. 'Forberg, Manual of Classical Erotology. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 55 - 56: epigrams iii 65, vi S4, viii 6S, ix 9Q, x 42, xi 26. Ioläus (19Q2), 9S. L'amour bleu, 64 - 66: ii 42, iv 7 and 42, vii 42, ix 21, x 42, xviv 2Q5. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 96 - 1Q4: trans. by 'Brian Hill and anonymous translators - i 4Q; ii 26, 59, 62; iii 7S; iv 7, 48; vi S7; vii 67, 89; ix 58, 69; x S2, 42; xi 4S, 6S; xii 75; xv 2Q5. Les Amours masculines, 47. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 184 - 95: brilliant trans. of forty homopoems - i 2S, 46, 58, ii 62, iii 65, 71, 7S, iv 7, 42, vi 29, S4, 52, vii 14, 58, viii 6S, ix 8, 21, 25, SS, 52, x 66, xi 8, 16, 19, 22, 26, 28, 4S, 45, 46, 58, 6S, 7Q, 72, 7S, 78, 87, 98 xii 42, 75, 84, 86, xviv 18, 171, 2Q5, 214, 22S. "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen", 4Q - 4S. Name of Love, 12. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 117 - 29: important translation into English by 'James Wilhelm. Poems of Love and Liberation, S5. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 91 - 92: epigrams iv 7 trans. by Ian Shelton and xi 8 trans. 'Anthony Reid. Gaio verso: poesia latina per l'altro amore. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 81 - 8S. Criticism. Mayne, The Intersexes, 288 - 9Q. 'C. R. Dawes, A Phase of Roman Life, S2S - 24: cites i 46, iii 65, vi S4, x 7S, xi 8, 26, 58, xii 71, 75 as poems where "he undoubtedly refers to his own love-affairs with boys". Kiefer, Sexual Life in Ancient Rome, 279 - 86: on p. 279 he states that Martial is "an authority on sexual life in Rome, for which he is a mine of information" and on p. 282 "We must agree that in Martial's character (which was naturally bisexual) the homosexual side came out very strongly." Lilja, Homosexuality in Republican and Augustan Rome, 15S. Courouve, Ces petits grecs, 27 - 28: annotated discussion and listing of epigrams. Dynes, Homosexuality : A Research Guide, item 475. Poet from Sweden writing in Swedish. Active 1975. Bibliographies Hansen, Nordisk Bibliografi, 14: three books of poems with homosexual motifs - Det onda löper, Storkholm: Raben and Sjörgen, 1975,Smärtpärlan, Stockholm: Raben and Sjörgen, 1980 and Sorgens lusthus, Göteborg: Zinderman, 1977. English biographer from the United States. Active from 1985. Biographer of *Edward Fitzgerald, *Alfred Tennyson and *Gerard Manley Hopkins. These works, though serious biographies, are extremely guarded (except for Hopkins), on the subject of homosexuality, which figures centrally in their subjects' lives. On Fitzgerald see With Friends Possessed: A Life of Edward Fitzgerald, 1985: p. 43 notes his "talent for *friendship". Chapter 11, on his relationship with the fisherman Posh Fletcher, with whom Fitzgerald formed the closest emotional attachment of his adult life, does not confront the issue of homosexuality (Fitzgerald's marriage at age 47 lasted a few weeks - see Chapter 9 pp. 191-210 - and it was at this time that he took up his translation of *Omar Khayyam). On Tennyson see Tennyson: The Unquiet Heart, Oxford, 1980; on p. 94, regarding the relationship with *Hallam he says: "Love would be the more exact word to describe their relationship" noting that "perhaps all relations have at least a slight element of sexual awareness" but at the same time he states that "Hallam was deeply heterosexual" (a view not supported by Hallam's poems - see the Hallam entry). He has written perhaps the best biography of Hopkins: Gerard Manley Hopkins: A Very Private Life (1991). See especially Chapter 5, *Digby Dolben 1865, pp. 80-97 and Chapter 6, Dead Letters, pp. 98-120: these chapters make it clear that there was a strong sexual element in Hopkins' attachment to Dolben in 1865. He wrote the Hopkins entry in Dictionary of National Biography. The author was Professor of English at *Princeton, and in 1992 was at Oxford. Critic apparently from Canada writing in English. Born ca. 1945. He is the author of The Homosexual Tradition in American Poetry, Austin and London, University of Texas, 1979: the first book length study of homosexuality in English poetry. Chapter 1: *Walt Whitman; Chapter 2 *Fitz-Greene Halleck, *Bayard Taylor and his Circle, *George Santayana; Chapter 3 *Hart Crane; Chapter 4 *Allen Ginsberg, *Robert Duncan, *Thom Gunn, *Edward Field, James Merrill, *Alfred Corn. Many earlier poets (such as those discussed by *S. W. Foster) are not discussed and, in the contemporary period, *O'hara and *Auden, amongst major poets, are omitted (see the introduction for reasons why). Reviews are in: Advocate no. 290, 17 April 1980, 33, by *Ian Young (the review notes the omission of O'hara, Jack Spicer, *Paul Goodman and John Weiners), Times Literary Supplement, 30 May 1980, 603-04 by Robert Boyers, Body Politic no. 60, February 1980, 31 and Boston Gay Review numbers 7-8, Spring-Summmer 1980, 3-5 by *David Eberly. A second, expanded, edition has been published in 1998 under the same title with three additional chapters " The Future is Here", "African American Traditions" (discusses *Langston Hughes, *Marlon Riggs and *Reginald Shepherd) and "Aids and After" (*Paul Monette, *Rafael Campo and *Mark Doty). He is editor of the essays The Continuing Presence of Whitman: The Life after Life, 1992. This is a major reading of Whitman by gay writers, though some contributors are apparently heterosexual. Articles include "Sex and Politics in Wartime Canada: The Attack on *Patrick Anderson" in Essays on Canadian Writing no. 44 (Fall 1991), 110-125, which discusses Anderson's homosexuality, "Criticizing the Critics: A Gay Perspective", Gay Sunshine 35, Winter 1978, 24-25, a review of The Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse in Poetry 144 (1984), 166-71 (biog. note, 174) and *"Walt Whitman and *Thomas Mann" in Quarterly Review 4 (1986), 1-6. He has written a book on *Herman Melville's novels from a gay angle. He wrote the section "Poetry" in "Gay Literature" in Eugene Benson, The Oxford Companion to Canadian Literature, second edition, 1997, pp. 454-54, the finest concise survey of Canadian gay male poetry so far published. An academic at Concordia University, *Montreal, he has been a dedicated gay academic for many years whose criticism concerns gay writers. His earliest piece of gay criticism seems to be "Whitman's Song of Myself", Partisan Review 42 (1975), 80-96, an early gay reading from the *gay liberation period. He is interviewed in the German journal Forum 4 (1988), 97-110. Dictionaries and Encycloopedias. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1991. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Unending Dialogue, 62, 76 - poems about having *Aids by a gay man. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English and Latin. 1621-1678. Regarded as one of the great love poets in English, Marvell's poems, like John Donne's, are frequently *non-gender specific: see "The Garden", which is strongly *Platonic (there is also a Latin translation). The famous parallel line metaphor in "The Definition of Love" could refer to two penises; there is certainly, from the text, no compulsion to read the poem heterosexually. The "feeble love" of the poem is an instance of the *Eros trope. Marvell was known as a satirist in his lifetime and his lyric poems only became widely read in the twentieth century. He was alleged to have had homosexual relations with Milton in a contemporary pamphlet; see the *Milton entry. William Empson has alleged he was in love with the mower in the mower poems: see R. L. Brett, Andrew Marvell: Essays on the tercentenary of his death, 1973, pp. 36-61; on pp. 48-49 he states "It is the poet who is in love with Damo"'. The Mower poems include "Upon Appleton House" and "Damon the Mower". An article on homosexuality and Marvell's life is in Seventeenth Century vol. 11 no. 1 (Spring 1996), 87-123: "Marvell's Sexuality" by P. Hammond; this deals with accusations of homosexuality in contemporary pamphlets rather than dealing with ant direct evidence; poems referring to Marvell as homosexual appear on pp. 92, 101; there is also a homosexual reading of his poetry including discussion of the *Narcissus trope in his work (as in "Upon Appleton House"). Marvell may have married his housekeeper, Mary Palmer, late in life but there is some doubt about this. The biography by Nicholas Murray, World Enough and Time: The Life of Andrew Marvell (2000) states there is insufficient evidence for his being homosexual. See also *lesbianism. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 178-79: "The Definition of Love". Criticism. Norton, Homosexual Literary Tradition, Chapter 12, 218-32. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active 1977. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Schwüle Lyrik, schwüle Prosa, 105-11; biog. note 106, photo 105. Schreibende Schwule. Translator apparently from Germany from German to English. Active 1949. She translated The Works of *Stefan George (with *Ernst Morwitz), Chapel Hill, 1949, 348 pages (University of North Carolina Studies in the Germanic Languages and Literatures no. 2). She has also written a study of George's English translations: Stefan George in seinen Übertragungen englischer Dichtung, 1967. Marxism and Marxist poets and criticism Movement in German, Russian, Chinese, English and Greek and other countries in Germany, Great Britain, Russia, China and other countries from 1848. Marxism is a political and social doctrine based on the writings of Karl Marx and Frederic Engels and as a movement dates from the publication in German of The Communist Manifesto, 1848 (titled in German Manifest der kommunistischen Partei; English trans. 1860 and widely translated by the Russians from 1917 and the Chinese after 1948). With its emphasis on brotherhood and equality there is a strong latent homosexual element in Marxism, despite repression of homosexuality in practice in Russia (homosexuality was linked to prevailing western mores and "decadence") and in China. Marx and the handsome blond haired Engels were extremely close as friends spending hours absorbed in each other's conversation (see the biography of Marx by Francis Wheen, 1999). Marxist inspired criticism arose after the Russian revolution and insisted that works of art should be socially useful. In this it was in opposition to the doctrine of *Art for art's sake and the *Aesthetic movement, both of which insisted on the primacy of beauty in art and not social usefulness. Many poets in the 1930s (e.g., *W. H. Auden) were attracted to Marxism to offset the effects of the depression. Marxism has greatly influenced *social constructionism. Poets. English: *Horace Träubel, *Edward Carpenter, *W. H. Auden, *Patrick Anderson, *Clem Christesen. See also *David Greenberg. German: *Brecht. Greek: *Yannis Ritsos. Russian: dominant in Russia from 1917 and severely repressive of gay sexuality after 1923; virtually no gay writing exists from ca. 1930 to *Trifonov who has been persecuted and imprisoned (if any work does exist it is still in manuscript). Chinese. See Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, p. 219. *Communism has been the prevailing system of government in China from 1948 and no open homosexual poems dealing with gay sexuality seem to have been published due to its influence. The Communist leader *Mao Ze Dong, in 1942 in Yenan, insisted on the primacy of socialist realism. See also *Gay Liberation, *Socialism. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica; see also "Marxist Criticism". Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, vol. 2, 771-75. A-Z Guide to Modern Literary and Cultural Theorists. Terras, Handbook of Russian Literature. Other. Perkins, History of Modern Poetry, volume two, 130-33. Poet from Japan who wrote in Japanese. 1867-1902. The founder of modern *haiku who regenerated the form; he is regarded as one of the masters of haiku. He never married. *Disciples of his show close male bonding in his life: for instance, Takahama Kyoshi (who attended him when he died of tuberculosis) and Kawahigashi Hekigoto. His poems reveal little of his emotional life and many of his poems are quite strange. He may have been sexually very repressed. He edited a collection of haiku in twelve volumes and was involved with the haiku journal Hototogisu. See Janine Beichman, Masaoka Shiki, Tokyo, 1982. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan. Criticism. Henderson, Introduction to Haiku, 173 ("Spring Road" - non gender specific), 183 ("The Snake" - possible *phallic suggestion); Chapter 9 "Shiki", 158-85, is on the poet. Poet from the United States or Great Britain writing in English. Active 1923. See his book of poems To the mainline heart, Kerhorn: Poet's Press, 1923, a selection of poems with photographs of children in classic poses. *Uranian verse. Compare *Oliver Hill. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1983. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Voices Against the Wilderness, 5-8; a black poet from Bellingham, Washington. Pseudonym of a bibliographer from Great Britain of works in English. 1872-1927. Pseudonym of *Christopher Millard. Biographer and critic from France who wrote in French. 1883-1962. Louis Massignon was the most famous French Orientalist of his time whose magnum opus was his French in 1975 and translated into English in 1982. work on 'al-Hallaj, published in Princeton, 1982, 4 volumes (on Criticism. Arcadie, no. 2Q5, S8 - Bibliographies. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, item 1064: re The Passion of al-Hallaj, the Arabic poet and mystic who lived 857-922); notes the work has "considerable indirect interest". 45. Massimi (or Massimo), Pacificio, also called Pacificus Maximus Poet from Italy who wrote in Latin. 1400-1500. Pacificus Maximus is the Latin name of Pacifio Massimi of Ascoli. He wrote a work containing extremely explicit homosexual poems. *Pia, Les Livres de l'Enfer, volume 1, columns 559-560, describes this work, the Hecatelegium (Witch Elegies), in the printing Paris: Lisieux, 1885. It dates the first edition of the work to 1489 and includes a brief biographical note. The Hecatelegium was one of the five texts in *Quinque illustrium poetarum (1791). Text. The most accessible text was published by *Lisieux in 1885. In this edition see Book I *elegy ix (Ad Paulinum), II elegy viii (Ad Ptolemaeum), II elegy x (Ad Marcum), V elegy iv (Ad Pueros et Puellas), V elegy vi (Ad Cinaedum) - see *cinaedus, V elegy vii (Ad Crispunm), VII elegy iii (De Puero), VIII elegy viii (Ad Antonium), IX elegy iii (Ad exoletum), IX elegy vi (In puerulum), IX elegy x (De matrona). The *British Library General Catalogue lists several editions of the works of Pacificus Maximus. See also *masturbation. Translation. English: see *S. W. Foster. French: translated into French in the 1885 Lisieux edition. German: possible trans. in *Forberg. Italian: see *A. Ottolini (1922). Dictionaries and Encycloepdias. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Gay Poetry Anthologies. *Forberg, Manual of Classical Erotology. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 216-17: from Hecatelegium 1, 4 and 14 (trans. English). Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 290-302. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 140-43 (trans. James J. Wilhelm). Criticism. Forberg, Manual of Classical Erotology, volume 1, 182-89: quotes extracts from several poems referring to homosex in Latin "from the Paris edition" with English translation (from Elegies 1, 2, 4, 14, 15, 20). Massimo Consoli's Gay International Archives Archive and library in Italy with works mainly in Italian. From 1963. Situated in *Rome the archive has over 3,000 books mainly of gay male interest; other material including *journals is also collected. OMPO is another name for it. It is the homosexual culture center and library of Rome and was founded by *Massimo Consoli who has been its guiding spirit. A journal has been published (it was up to issue 21 in 1976 and issue 68 in 1980). References. Directory of the International Association of Lesbian and Gay Archives and Libraries, 121-24. Dramatist from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1583-1640. He wrote verse plays, one with *John Dekker. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Biographer and poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1860-1950. His 1937 Whitman biography is a frank treatment of Whitman's homosexuality and shows absolute tolerance. Jonathan to Gide, 7S4: re his 19S7 Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Garde, biography of Whitman ascribing an *uranian emotion similar to *Whitman's to Jesus, *Goethe, *Shakespeare, *Marlowe, *Michelangelo. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10854: Domesday Book, New York, 1929. Poet from the Netherlands writing in Dutch. Active 1990. Book of poems: Onvervulde vriendschap-kwatrijnen (1990). See Geraci, Dares to Speak, 270: states Onvervulde vriendschap-kwatrijnen consists of boy love poems in commemoration of the writer Jacob Israel de Haan. Sexual practice in Greek poetry from Greece and later in Latin, English, German and French recorded from ca. 70. Masturbation is the manipulation of the penis until ejaculation is reached. It usually takes place alone, in which case it is only homosexual if the person is a homosexual. If it takes place between two men it is clearly homosexual. This distinction is not always made in the literature. Greek. *Werner Krenkel regarding * Palatine Anthology, *Mary Koukoules. Latin: see the *F. K. Forberg entry re *Martial (ca. 40-ca.104), *Pacificus Maximus, *Ramusius. For ancient Greek and Latin see Werner Krenkel regarding a brilliant article in German. English: see *Antler (pseud.), James Joyce, *Lincoln Kirstein, *David Barton. French: see *Charles-Joseph de Ligne. Didier-Jacques Duché, Histoire de l'onanisme, Paris, 1994, is a history; no bibliography. For a bibliography of masturbation see "Authority and Masturbation: Some Remarks on a Bibliographical Investigation" by René A. Spitz in Irwin M. Marcus and John J. Francis, Masturbation, New York, 1975, pp. 381-409 (with bibl.). On masturbation in literature in *European languages, mainly English, see "'Ay, There's the Rub': Masturbation in Literature" by Norman Kiell in the same book, pp. 459- 91 (with bibl.; no works of poetry are cited, however). Dana Luciano Solitary Pleasures: The Historical, Literary and Artistic Discourses of Autoeroticism (New York, 1995) is a booklength study (review: Lesbian and Gay Studies Newsletter, Fall 1996, 15-16). References. Encyclopaedia of Sexual Behaviour : see "Autoeroticism". Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, vol. 2, 775-79. Gay Histories and Cultures. Anthologist from Brazil of a work in Portuguese who used the pseudonym *Gasparino Damata: see this entry for details. 1918-ca. 1985. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1981. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2553: Rose Garden, New York: Vantage, 1981. Concept in English from Australia and Great Britain from ca. 1890. Miriam Dixson defines mateship as "an informal male-bonding institution involving powerful sublimated homosexuality" ( The Real Matilda, Ringwood, Victoria: Penguin, 1976, p. 81). This close same sex *male bonding arrangement (usually, but not exclusively, between males) was a very strong doctrine in Australian male circles from the *eighteen-nineties and very influential on such poets as *J. Le Gay Brereton, *E. J. Brady, *Henry Lawson, *"Banjo" Paterson and *Bernard O'Dowd, who indeed helped to create and propogate the concept. These writers helped give an intellectual approach to mateship which had its origins in men having to work together in the Australian bush frequently without women for long periods of time (e.g. as shepherds with sheep and minding cattle when there were no fences) and beyond that in prisons as behavior between convicts. An article in Meanjin in 1943 by the historian Manning Clark, "An Open Letter to Tom Collins" discussed the issue. In World War I see *Larrie (pseud.) Mateship is apparent in the * Songs of the Gay Liberation Quire; see also *Harry Hooton, *R. J. Brissenden, *Paul Knobel. In his study of Henry Lawson, Out of Eden (1984), Xavier Pons states "Mateship is indeed a form of love whose homosexual connotations cannot be overlooked..." (p. 125). Mateship has links with *comradeship as evinced in *Walt Whitman's poetry and in connection with the Australian Labor Party, the dominant party in Australia since its formation in 1891 and with *Christianity, especially through *Catholicism since Irish immigrants to Australia who were Catholics were usually poor and working classs. *Clem Christesen founder and editor of the journal Meanjin was a key promoter of the doctrine. See also "When mates can't agree" by Axel Clark, Sydney Morning Herald, 5 October, 1999, 17, about a seminar on the subject at the National Library of Australia on Friday 8 October, 1999 on mateship. The proceedings of this seminar were recorded and a copy is in the National Library. For the word in Australian English see "mate", "mateship and "matey" in W. S. Ransom, editor, The Australian National Dictionary, Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1988. There is also an entry in the Oxford English Dictionary. The word was extensively used by Cockneys in London and the Australian usage seems to come from here. Great Britain. Mateship appears and was strong in the British army in World War One as poems in the anthology * Lads make clear: see *G. A. S. Kennedy, *P. Macgill. For an interesting poem inspired by mateship see *Harry Peckman. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Translator from the United States to Arabic and to French from Japanese into English. Born 1892. From Arabic he translated the * Arabian Nights, 1923, into English. His anthology, Eastern Love, 1927-30, includes the Japanese writer *Saikaku and his Comrade Loves of the Samurai by *Saikaku, 1972, is a translation of the French version by Sato (ibid., pp. xvii-viii). Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2555: Sung to Shahryar: Poems from the Book of the Thousand and One Nights, London, 1925. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 154: two poems including "Arabian Boys". Poet from Australia writing in English. Born 1929. *Non-gender specific love poems occur in his three volumes of verse, With Cypress Pine (Sydney, 1951), Song and Dance (Sydney, 1956) and South of the Equator (Sydney, 1961) - see, for example, "Communication", p. 22. A highly successful dramatist in the 1950s, he has lived abroad in the United States since 1961. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Publisher from Great Britain of works in English. Active 1887-ca. 1910. A famous *eighteen-nineties publisher. In partnership with *John Lane, from 1887, using the imprint The Bodley Head, they published *Oscar Wilde's Poems and Salomé (in *purple wrappers; 1893), *John Gray's Silverpoints (1893) and other poets (see John Lane entry). After 1894, the partners became separate publishers. See also *P. Addleshaw, *T. L. Beddoes, *P. L. Osborn (1909). The archives of the firm exist in microform, copies of which are in libraries. Active as a publisher 1887-ca. 1910. See James G. Nelson, Elkin Mathews, 1989. P. H. Muir, Elkin Mathews in the Nineties (before 2000) is a pamphlet offprint of an article in the Book Collector. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1756 (*Percy Hemingway [pseud.], 1896), 1789 (*Raymond Heywood, 1919), 2027 (*Lionel Johnson, 1895): examples of poets published. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Active 1914. Bibliographies. Murray, Catalogue of Selected Books, item 42: Adolescence: Poems and Meditations, 1914. The full title of the book is Adolescence, being selections from occasional poems illustrating that of the author, Cambridge, 1914, 24 pp. Poet from France who writes in French. Active before 1992. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 463-65: poems "The Ship Boy" and "Young Boy in the Bus". Mathnavi also spelt masnavi and mesnevi Genre in Persian, Urdu, Turkish and Tajik from ca. 1130. A mathnavi is a *long poem. Persian. It was especially used by *Sufis and major poets such as *Rumi and *Sa'di. *Sana'i (active 1130) wrote the first great mystical one. *Hafiz is especially relevant; see especially *'Arifi of Herat. Urdu. See *C. M. Naim, "The Theme of Homosexual (Pederastic) Love in Pre-Modern Urdu Poetry", in Studies in the Urdu Gazal and Prose Fiction, edited by M. U. Memon, 1979, 12526, re an important masnavi by *Abru in which he lays down the ways a boy should dress and behave in order to entice lovers. See also *Siraj, *Mir Taqi Mir. Turkish. It is very common as a form in Turkish where it is called mesnevi. See *Yahya Bey, *Memhed Ghazali. See Penguin Book of Turkish Verse, 39. Tajik: *Hilali. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, vol. 3, 120. Criticism. Levy, Persian Literature, 42-43. Poet from Brazil who wrote in Portuguese. 1633-1696. He was a satirical poet. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Penguin Companion to World Literature, American Literature volume, p. 349. Gay Histories and Cultures, 142: *Luis Mott states he wrote the pioneering poem "describing the passion of a lesbian" in 1695. Criticism. Trevisan, Perverts in Paradise, 101 - anti-gay poem against the governor of Brazil accusing him of being a *sodomite. "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen": Homosexuelle Poesie von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart Anthology in German from Germany. Frankfurt and Leipzig: Insel Verlag, 1994, 193 pages. Compiled by Joachim Campe with Greek, Latin, English, Danish, Dutch, Swedish, French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Polish, Slovenian, Russian and Persian poets translated into German as well as a selection of German poets. Foreword pp. 9-16. The title is from a poem by *Luis Cernuda (printed on p. 134) and means: "Sailors are the wings of love" (the same poem is on p. 38 of Luis Cernuda, The Young Sailor and Other Poems, San Francisco, 1986); the subtitle means "homosexual poetry from the antique to the present". This is one of the most wideranging of gay anthologies (though there is no Asian material or non-European material). It has an excelllent selection of poets and is one of the few gay poetry anthologies which includes poets from eastern Europe. List of poets pp. 191-93. The sources of the translations and translators are given pp. 169-87. Poets (see entries): Anacreon, Hans Christian Andersen, John Ashbery, Cyrus Atabay, W. H. Auden, Herman Bang, Richard Barnfield, Antonio Beccadelli, Thomas Böhme, Antonio Botto, Michelangelo Buonarotti, Byron, Callimachus, Joachim Campe, Carmina Burana, Cavafy, Cernuda, Jean Cocteau, Hart Crane, René Crevel, Josef Czechowica, Vilhelm Ekelund, Desiderius Erasmus, Hubert Fichte, Federico García Lorca, Allen Ginsberg, Goethe, Jacob Israel de Haan, Hafiz, Hilary the Englishman, Heinrich Hölderlin, Horace, Max Jacob, Mikhail Kuzmin, Hans Lodeizen, Marbod of Rennes, Martial, Meleager, Detlev Meyer, Brane Mozetic, Grzegorz Musial, Wilfred Owen, Pier Paolo Pasolini, Sandro Penna, Platen, Gerard Reve, Rimbaud, Saint-Pavin, Shakespeare, Stephen Spender, Straton, Theocritus, Theognis, Tibullus, Verlaine, Whitman, Oscar Wilde. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1982. See his book of poems: Equal in Desire, San Francisco: *Manroot, 1982. Journal in English from the United States published from 1955-66. The monthly journal of the Mattachine Society, founded in 1951, to fight for gay rights. The journal (published from 1963 in San Francisco) published a few poems, e. g., no.1 (January-February 1955), p. 28, "The Cigarette" by Donal Norton; no. 7 "Christmas 1955", pp. 16-17, "Trio for Kurt" by Donal Norton; "Contented" by P. Strong (from * Der Kreis) in vol. 2 no. 6A (November 1956). See the description in *Our Own Voices. Translator from Greek to English from Great Britain. Active 1929. He translated the Greek poet *Theocritus's strongly homosexual thirteenth Idyll into English poetry titled Hylas: The XIIIth Idyll of Theokritos (The High House Press: Shaftesbury, 1929, 8 pp. 200 copies, 135 for sale). It includes homoerotic illustrations by Albert Wainwright. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 153. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active ca. 1986-died 1993. A lond-time *San Francisco who was interviewed in dragon the gay documentary movie Word is Out. Interviews about him exist. Information has been taken from the internet. He died of *Aids. See The Advocate vol. 447, 27 May 1986, 61, where he is cited by *Steve Abbott as a gay poet of note. Critic from the United States writing in English. 1901-1950. A homosexual American scholar who taught at *Harvard. His seminal book American Renaissance (1941), is notable for its reticence on homosexuality, in keeping with its time, and especially in its discussion of *Whitman in Book Four (the Calamus poems are conspicuously not treated) and in Book Three on *Melville. Whitman's Song of Myself, he states, is used to suggest "a quality vaguely pathological and homosexual" (p. 535) in the poet; this phraseology is in keeping with public perceptions and public expression about homosexuality of the time. The book helped to start the teaching of American literature in Universities. Matthiessen's Dictionary of American Biography entry on *Hart Crane openly discusses the poet's homosexuality - but this derived from *Philip Horton's biography. Matthiessen is believed to have committed *suicide by jumping from a building (however it has been recently suggested he may have been murdered by a male prostitute). The letters to his lover, the painter Russell Cheney, Rat to Devil, were published in 1978. See David Bergman, "F. O. Matthiessen: The Critic as Homosexual", Raritan vol. 9 no.4 (Spring 1990), 62-82. See also *Lyle Glazier, *Robert Lowell (who wrote a poem on Matthiessen's suicide mentioning his homosexuality). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, vol. 2, 782-83. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Pseudonym of a poet from Italy writing in Italian. Active 1980. Bibliographies. Leggere omosessuale, item 344: L'ombra e il silenzio, Rome: Tipolito Anzalani, 1980 - poetry dedicated to a lover. The pseudonym is not disclosed in Leggere omosessuale. Pseudonym of a poet from Brazil writing in Portuguese. Born 1951. His real name is Pedro José Ferreira da Silva. See Trevisan, Perverts in Paradise, pp. 109-10: states he is a poet of homosexual erotica. His poetry is *anarchic and *dadaist. He has written several books of poems and his work shows the influence of *concrete poetry. He is very openly gay and is blind (his pseudonym comes from the fact that he suffers from glaucoma, a disease of the eye leading to blindness). Author of an outstanding book of poems Memôrias de um pueteiro, Rio de Janeiro, 1982 (second edition 1983); this book features fine erotic illustrations showing erect penises with all sorts of *leather attachments and is one of the finest illustrated gay books of poems. See the article on him in *Lampiâo, no. 33 (February 1981), 17. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Foster, Latin American Writers on Gay and Lesbian Themes. Novelist from Great Britain writing in English; he later lived in France. 1874-1965. A homosexual English novelist who was forced to live in the south of France because of the homosexuality of his lover, Gerald Haxton; see the life by Ted Morgan, Maugham, 1980. His novel, The Magician, 1908, is based on the poet and magician *Aleister Crowley. Maugham was at one time married to a woman, Syrie Maugham, a London interior decorator. See also *David Posner. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 783-85. Howes, Broadcasting It: notes that many of his stories and novels have been made into films. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1957. A *black poet from New York state. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 95: "Gender Bender"; biog., 180. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active 1979. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Milchsilber, 15-16; biog., 202, photo 203. Poet from France who wrote in French. 1885-1970. See Leyland, Gay Sunshine Interviews, volume 2, p. 158: *Roger Peyrefitte, in this interview, states that Mauriac was homosexual in his younger days. Poems: Les Mains jointes (1909). Famous as a novelist whose works are about the misery of man without God, he was a noted *Catholic author. He won the *Nobel Prize for Literature in 1952. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Poet from Canada possibly writing in English. Active 1971. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, first edition, item 1751: Quem Quaeritis, Guelph, Ontario: Alive Press, 1971. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2591: same book (illustrated by David Johnson). Highly rated by *Ian Young. Homosexuality in Canada, first edition (1979), 13: same book. Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (1984): same book. This book seems to be in English but could be in French. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Male Muse, 75-76; biog., 122. Biographer from France writing in French. 1885-1867. A French writer who was fascinated by English culture. Biographer of *Byron: Don Juan, 2 volumes, 1930; translated into English by H. Miles and titled Byron, 1930. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Penguin Companion to World Literature. Translator from Greek to English from Great Britain. Born 1882. The first translator of a selection of the poems of the Greek poet *Cavafy into English published in book form: Poems, London: Hogarth Press, 1951, 199 pp.; repr. New York: Grove Press. The poems are fairly negative and bleak in keeping with the treatment of homosexuals in Great Britain at the time. He was Professor of Byzantine and Modern Greek Language and Literature at Oxford. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 322-27: trans. of *Cavafy. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 243-44: trans. of Cavafy. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1983. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Voices Against the Wilderness, 28-29; a *black poet from Tucson. Lover from Germany relating to works in German. 1888-1904. Apparently the lover of *Stefan George: George wrote a book of poems after his early death. His name was *Maximilian Kronenberger. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 313. Philosopher from Lebanon who wrote in Greek. Ca. 125-185. An example of a writer who is important for recording information on material now *lost. Criticism. Symonds, A Problem in Greek Ethics, 25: citing Dissert. xxiv (re *Anacreon and his favourite *Smerdies). Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 471: re Anacreon. Dover, Greek Homosexuality, 196: referring to 37.5 (on the various lovers of Anacreon). Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1959. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Not Love Alone, 85-89; biog., 142-43: states he works on a post-office counter; his first published poetry. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active before 1964. No entry in the *British Library General Catalogue or National Union Catalog. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 79: poem "Abscheid (Wir lebten beide...)"; no source or date given. Mayakovsky, Vladimir He wrote a famous poem about *Esenin's suicide which ended "to die is nothing/ but to live is nothing either": see Vladimir Mayakovsky, How are verses made? p. 59 (English trans.); see also on pp. 60-71 the poem "To Sergei Esenin" (1926). Mayakovsky was a hero poet of the Russian *Communist party whose suicide came as a shock to them; there is a museum dedicated to him in *Moscow. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Terras, Handbook of Russian Literature. Poet, lover and critic from Germany who wrote in German; translator from Latin and English to German. 1873-ca. 1965. Born in *St Petersburg, he was the *lover of *Elisar von Kupffer with whom he lived in Minusio, Switzerland. He survived von Kupffer's death and lived on for some twenty years in their house, now deeded to the town. He wrote at least four books of poetry: Die Bucher Kains, 1899; Aus einem Leben, 1927; Aus tiefster Not, 1943; Abendlauten des Lebens, Minusio, Switzerland, 1944 (poems from 1914 to 1944). These works are rare. His poetry books are listed on the last page of Abendlauten des Lebens which also lists other books by him (no places of publication or publishers are listed for books). Eleven books of prose were written from 1911, mainly on art. He wrote a critical article for Der Eigene on von Kupffer: "Elisarion und sein Werk" (vol. 9, no. 7). His manuscripts are at his and Von Kupffer's house in Minusio. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 74 (re the book Klarismus with *Kupffer), 80: eight references including the book of poems Die Bücher Kains vom ewigen Leben [no other details], poem "In der Villa Borghese (Am grünen Laube...)". Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10855-56: Die Bücher Kains, In der Villa Borghese [no other details]. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 44-46 (trans. of *Horace from Latin), 51-52, 101-03 (trans. of *Marlow from English), 132-33 (trans. of *Byron), 151-52 (trans. of *Swinburne), 173-74 - poems (biog. note, p. 173). Die Bedeutung der Freundesliebe, 25-26: poem. Criticism. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 13 (1912-13) 120-22: reply to the review of von Kupffer's Ein neuer Flug discussing von Kupffer's concept of Der Klarismus (see von Kupffer entry for an explanation). Critic from Germany writing in German. Active from 1975. A European intellectual who published Aussenseiter, 1975. English trans.: Outsiders, Cambridge, MA, 1983 (review Gay Books Bulletin no. 10 [Winter 1984], 31-32). This is a study of outsiders, i.e., "women, homosexual men and Jews". Homosexual writers discussed include *Marlowe, *Winckelmann, *Platen, *Andersen, *Verlaine, *Rimbaud, *Wilde, *Gide, *Klaus Mann, *Sachs, *Genet. Spanish translation: Historia maidita de la literatura, 1977. His Die unerwunschte Literatur, 1989, discusses German writers and books 1968-1985, including *Hubert Fichte. Criticism. Derks, Der Schande der heiligen Päderastie, 685. Poet from Afghanistan who wrote in Persian. Active ca. 1590. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A'in i Akbari anthology, 642-43 - homosexual love poems including one to "the lovely boy"; biog., 642 - of Turkish extraction. Poet from Australia writing in English. Born 1937. See "Niugini Dropout" from Fragment of the God: Poems, Port Moresby: Papua Pocket Poets, 1971, the author's only complete book of poems to date (copy sighted: Mitchell Library, Sydney). This poem was reprinted in Nigel Krauth, editor, New Guinea Images in Australian Literature, 1982, pp. 247-49. "Adon" in the *journal The Bulletin 26 August, 1959, 57, is an example of a somewhat homoerotic poem published at a *homophobic time by an allegedly homophobic editor, *Douglas Stewart. Adon is a shortened form of *Adonis. He was one of the poets in Four Poets, Melbourne, 1962; see pp. 12-26 (*David Malouf was also included in the volume). He has written fine poetry in the style of *modernism: see Australian Poetry Now, edited by *Thomas Shapcott, Melbourne, 1970, pp. 66-68 (with homosexual meanings in two of the poems: "How to write two poems", "When Vienna was"); biog. note, p. 66. See also Literary Review, Winter 1963-64, "Moving Poem", 313 (biog. note p. 318); copy sighted Mitchell Library, Sydney. He has travelled extensively and lived in New Guinea. In the absence of a collection of his poems in print it is difficult to evaluate his work, especially since 1971. He was published in * Cargo and has been associated with the magazines Overland as advisory editor in the early 1970s (see *Barrett Reid) and also Aspect (as contributing editor). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, third edition. Hurley, Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia. Edge City, 132-34; biog., 222. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Love and Death, 17-18; biog., 52-53. Pink Ink, 120-24; biog., 299-300. Dessaix, Australian Gay and Lesbian Writing, 205; biog., 377. Poet from France who wrote in French. 1582-1646. A writer of *Priapic poetry. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature: see under "Mainard". Bibliographies. Pia, Les Livres de l'Enfer, vol. 2, columns 1090-91: Priapées de Maynard, Freetown: Imprimerie de la Bibliomaniac Society, 1864 (this is a fictitious imprint and Pia states it was published by Jules Gay at Brussels in 1864); three other later editions cited, one date not known, the others 1919 and 1920. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Les Amours masculines, 117-18: extract from Les Priapées inspired by I Ragiomenti of *Aretino (see *Priapus); biog. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 405: from Le Parnasse Satyrique. Pour tout l'amour des hommes, 74. Pseudonym of an historian from the United States writing in English. 1868-1942. Pseudonym of *Edward Irenaeus Prime Stevenson. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1987. Book of poems: All Fall Down, Seismograph Publications, listed in new books in * James White Review vol. 5 no. 2 (Winter 1988), 17. Poet from India who wrote in Urdu. 1700-1780. Criticism. Sadiq, History of Urdu Literature, p. 107: *Delhi poet who fell in love with *Taban. Poet from India who wrote in Persian; he also lived in Iraq. Active ca. 1590. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A'in i Akbari anthology, 654 - a homosexual love poem; biog., 654 - he lived for a long time in Iraq. Poet who wrote in Urdu. Active ca. 1850?; the date is uncertain. Criticism. Rahman, "Boy love in the Urdu ghazal", Paidika vol. 2 no. 1 (1989), 19: poem about the tavern versus the school. Poet from the United States who wrote in English; he later lived in France where he was a publisher and editor of a journal. 1896 1956. A United States writer who lived in Paris; he was at one stage a *cowboy. See his *long poem The Portrait of a Generation (1926), which is a seminal *modernist word; he used the word gay in the homosexual sense in his work of the 1920s, in the section "The Revolving Mirror". In Paris he published the journal Contact in the 1920s. Autobiography: Being Geniuses Together, 1938 (repr. in a slightly shortened form with chapters interleaved by Kay Boyle, 1984). He edited the journal Contact 1920-23. He married the lesbian Bryher (Winifred Ellerman), a British heiress who was the lesbian lover of *H. D.; the marriage may have been simply "for show" (see *Edward Dahlberg). The author Robert E. Knoll, in Robert McAlmon (1959), does not mention any aspect of his sexuality. John Glassco states in his memoirs that McAlmon fell in love with him (this was made clear in an early unpublished manuscript version of the memoirs). *Marsden Hartley was a close friend and appears in his autobiographical novella Post-Adolescence. Stephen Scobie wrote a poetry sequence on him, McAlmon's Chinese Opera, on whether he might have done better if Hartley became his lover. *Stephen Scobie wrote a poem sequence, McAlmon's Chinese Opera, based on his life. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, vol. 2, 785-86 by *Charley Shively; states he was homosexual. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 629-39 (prose). Critic from the United States writing in English. Active 1980. Author of a brilliant article "The Pardoner's Homosexuality and How It Matters", PLMA (Publications of the Modern Language Association) vol. 95 (1980), 8-22. This is a seminal article which brilliantly traces the *medieval background to Chaucer's treatment of homosexuality in the character of the Pardoner (Latin and French texts are discussed). See *Chaucer, *Effeminacy, *Orpheus, *Ganymede, *Cleanness, *Gautier de Leu. Pseudonym of 'Samuel M. Steward. Poet from Australia who wrote in English. 1917-1976. He collaborated with the homosexual *Harold Stewart in the *Ern Malley hoax in 1944, when he moved in libertarian and *anarchist circles (though Stewart's homosexuality may not have been known to him at the time); later, he became a Catholic and Conservative. Cassandra Pybus in her biography of the poet, The Devil and James McAuley (St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia, 1999), claims he had homosexual tendencies; this work has been much attacked by friends of the poet (see, for example, articles by Leonie Kramer and Peter Coleman in Quadrant, October 1999). Poem: see "Vale for Ulrike King", in Collected Poems: 1936-1970, Sydney, 1971, p. 207, re homoaffectionalism. See also *Vivian Smith. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1949. Book: Ghost Letters, Cambridge, MA, 1994, with attractive male nudes on the cover. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Word of Mouth, 269-75. Poet from Australia writing in English. Born 1964. See his book Queer as Fuck, Gallery Press: Canberra, 1992, 35 pp. with a pink cover and the title Queer as Muck on the cover (a red sticker covers the letter F on the cover since the book must be sold over the counter with the sticker on, in order to be sold unrestricted by reason of the Film and Literature Classification Office Reference No. AG 920928). Uncompromisingly *Queer poems. Fine poems in manuscript exist. He read at the *Queer Literature Conference in Sydney in 1993. Poet from Australia who wrote in English. Ca. 1920-1991. See the poem "Now" in 14 Paddo Poems, 1979, p. 1: "there's hardly a girl or a guy that's not leso or queer". This refers to the belief at the time that the inhabitants of the inner city suburb of Paddington in *Sydney were mostly gay. Poet, critic and anthologist from the United States writing in English. Born 1945. He compiled the anthology * Love speaks its name: gay and lesbian love poems (2001). In his book of poems, Stars Principal, 1986, see the autobiographical sequence "First Steps" p. 52 ("I'd fallen for my counseller"). He was a frequent reviewer for the journal Poetry (Chicago) and editor of the *Yale Review from 1991. In The Advocate 13 May, 1982, 24-25, he states he was openly gay while teaching at *Yale and was "let go" because of it. See Lorin Stein, "Confessions of a Poet' in Poets and Writers, vol. 26 no. 1 (January February 1998), 30-40, with a photograph of of him with James Merrill whose literary executor he is and who was a neighbor of his at Stonington, Connecticut; he states p. 34 he was "gay from the cradle", that he keeps a diary and he shares his New York apartment with "his companion, the acclaimed book-jacket designer Chip Kidd". His poetry volume The Ten Commandments, 1998 won the Lambda Gay Men's Poetry award for 1999. He had an exchange with *Mark Doty in 1999 in the * James White Review on the writing of explicit gay poetry. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors, vol.105. Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, 86: states he lives with *Alfred Corn. Poets for Life, 152-58: see especially the *sequence "Fog" about a friend with *Aids; biog., 238. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 111-12, 151-53 "After *Ovid: Apollo and *Hyacinthus. The World in Us: Lesbian and Gay Poetry of the Next Wave, 193-96; biog., 367. Word of Mouth, 241-46. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1932. See Michael Perkins, The Secret Record, 1977, pp. 140, 147-48, 150: re "Fuck Ode" in Dark Brown, 1961. Dark Brown is not especially relevant (copy sighted: *Library of Congress) though some erotic poems are *non gender specific. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature, 69: gives biog. note and states Dark Brown, 1961 (repr. 1967), is an exploration of the concept of complete physical abandon. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Active 1917. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 177-78: "To a Fallen *Comrade" - "I knew that spring could never bring me/ The *friend I had and, having, lost in you!"; biog., 238. Critic from New Zealand writing in English. 1906-1995 The author of Letters and Art in New Zealand, 1940, one of the first surveys New Zealand white (in Maori, pakeha) culture. He also wrote New Zealand Literature: A Survey, 1959. His published journal in An Absurd Ambition: Autobiographical Writings, Auckland, 1996, reveals him to have been physically homosexual: see the "Introduction", pp. vii-xiii; the editor Dennis McEldowney states, p. 10, "One point Eric was adamant on from the beginning of our collaboration: his homosexuality.. must not be concealed." He lived with his sister in poverty for much of his life. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to New Zealand Literature. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1967. Black poet from *New York who is an *Aids educator. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 96: Pop (about his first kiss of a man); biog., 180. Poet and letter writer from Australia who wrote in English. 1876-1958. In Satyrs and Sunlight (Sydney, 1909), although many poems refer to heterosexual love, this volume has a general background of the *pastoral world of Greek poetry, of *Pan and *satyrs. Some poems portray homoerotic feelings frequently mixed with violent *homophobic - and *misogynistic - feelings (see "Fantasy" pp. 24-25, "In an Old Forest" p. 26, "Credo" pp. 59-60, "Bacchanalia" pp. 104-06); some are ambiguous as to gender (e.g., "Lament", pp. 111-12). McCrae's work relates to Elizabethan British *pastoral poets (e.g., *Christopher Marlowe) and *Cavalier poets such as *Robert Herrick and to the poetry (to 1895) of *J. Le Gay Brereton. It also forms part of a movement in Australian art and literature of peopling the Australian bush with Greek mythical beings such as satyrs - as seen in the painting of Sydney Long and Norman Lindsay: see * Poetry in Australia. This movement was a reaction to the straight-laced *Puritanism of the time and such events as the 1895 trial of *Oscar Wilde, while at the same time growing out of the culture of the *eighteen-nineties. His Letters, edited by R. D. Fitzgerlad, Sydney, 1970, reveal him to have been very aware of the eighteen-nineties writers as well as giving further proof of his awareness of the pastoral poets of ancient Greek (see pp. 1-3) with their sexual licence. Compare *Kenneth Slessor. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1869-1902. A *Harvard poet. See also *Hercules. Not in Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 491. Criticism. Foster, "Beauty's Purple Flame: Some Minor American Gay Poets", Gay Books Bulletin no. 7 (1982), 16, 18 re a section called *Antinous in The Quest of Herakles (1894) reprinted in Written in Florence, Lonon, 1902; includes a quotation from a poem. Poet from Australia writing in English. Born ca. 1948. See the gay poem in The Sydney Review, January-February 1993 p. [14]: "Alone with Joan Crawford". Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1995. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Badboy Book, 235; biog., 398: lives in *Seattle. Poet possibly from the United States writing in English. Active 1995. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Plush. McGough, Roger His poem "When the bus stopped", a poem about having indiscriminate, polymorphous sex in the four minutes before the end of the world, including the bus conductor having sex with the driver - written about 1967 - is one of his well known poems (see Selected Poems 1967-1987, London, pp. 26-27). A Liverpool poet famous for his poetry readings. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Contemporary Authors New Revision Series. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active before 1982. See the poem from "Suite from *Catullus" on p. 193 of Alan Bold, The Sexual Dimension in Literature, 1982. The source has not been traced. He seems to have been active as a writer from 1945. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1977. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2616: A Knoxville Book, Knoxville, Tennessee: Catfish Press, 1977. Poet from Jamaica and the United States who wrote in English; he also lived in France and Morocco. 1890-1948. The leading *black poet of the *Harlem Renaissance: see his book Harlem: Negro Metropolis, 1940. He also wrote two volumes of Jamaican dialect verse, published in 1912 and 1920, before he emigrated to the United States from his native Jamaica. He was bisexual but predominantly gay: see the biography by *Wayne S. Cooper (who also discusses gay poems by the poet). He married but the marriage was a failure. He was first published in the *Marxist journal, The Liberator, in 1919, and later became a *Communist, visiting the USSR. United States poems: see Harlem Shadows, 1922 - the first major volume by a Harlem writer. His novel Home to Harlem, 1928, made him the first Negro to write a bestseller. He later lived in France, 1923-28, and in *Tangiers and Morocco, 1931-34. His poetry shows a very sophisticated use of language. In The Dialect Poetry, New York, 1972 (repr. of Songs of Jamaica and Constab Ballads, 1912) see "Lub o' Mine" pp. 18-19, "Taken Aback" pp. 20-21, "My soldier lad" pp. 122-23, "To a *Comrade" p. 129 from Songs of Jamaica ; "Bumming" pp. 34-35 (possibly relevant), "Me Whoppin' Big-tree Boy" pp. 48-49 from Constab Ballads, all *non gender specific and many showing considerable homoerotic interest. See the love poems "Rest in Peace" in Home to Harlem (New York, 1928, 57) discussed by Wayne F. Cooper. "Romance", "The Snow Fairy", "Tormented" and "One Year After" (from Harlem Shadows, New York, 1922, pp. 73-74, 76-77, 82, 84-85) are *non-gender specific poems and could be written to either the many men or women with whom he had relationships. His most famous poem "Harlem Shadows" can be read as being about gay cruising when the full context is known. Autobiography: A Long Way from Home, 1937. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Dictionary of American Biography. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Biographer from New Zealand writing in English. 1920-1991. Author of The Life of *James K. Baxter, 1990. James K. Baxter is a major English language poet and the book honestly deals with Baxter's homosexuality: see p. 41 (re sodomites at school), pp. 94-95 ('"a brief homosexual affair with a university lecturer" in 194647 and "other homosexual episodes"), p. 145 ("a recurrence of homosexul episodes" - Baxter's own words). Pages 134-35 discuss Baxter's unpublished bawdy verse and p. 63 states, regarding *W. H. Auden's poem "Lay Your Sleeping Head, My Love", that Baxter "was well aware that the theme of Auden's poem was homosexual love." Baxter emerges in this biography as tormented by sexuality and with homosexual tendencies however McKay states p. 95, "he couldn't be called a homosexual". Frank McKay had a Ph. D. and was a lecturer at Victoria University, Wellington and a *Catholic; after retirement he divided his time betwen *Rome where he was involved in reform of the Marist Brothers order and Wellington. He was a friend of Baxter. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to New Zealand Literature. Poet from Australia who wrote in English. 1904-1932. Some homoerotic sentiment occurs in occasional poems e.g. "Oxford Street - The Five Ways" (in Twenty-Six, Sydney, 1931, pp. 6265). See also the "The Pool of *Hylas", ibid., 19. Life: see pp. v-vii of Collected Poems, Sydney, 1946. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Poet from Australia who wrote in English. 1952-1986. An unpublished gay poet who died of *Aids. A few poems dated 1976-78 survive in manuscripts owned by his lover T revor Driscoll; copies are in the collection of *Paul Knobel. The poems, some love poems, are extremely well written in *free verse though the sex of the lover adressed is not made clear. He was a high school teacher of English and History who possibly was a graduate of the University of Sydney. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1952. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10832: The Death of the Scharnhorst and Other Poems, New York: Vantage Books, 1952. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2619: same work; highly rated by *Ian Young. Editor and publisher from Australia of works in English. Born ca. 1955. Founder and editor of the journal *Cargo which he founded and which publishes prose and poetry; the poetry varied in quality, though issues chosen by him have published fine gay poems (some gay male issues have not been chosen by him). As owner of BlackWattle Press (note: the name is spelt as given), he is the publisher of two gay books containing poems: *Ian MacNeill, TV Tricks, 1989 and *Denis Gallagher, These Tattoos, 1990. Poet from Canada writing in English. Active from 1966. A popular singer who has supported human rights campaigns. Interviews: Gay News numbers 24 and 130 (where he admits "I've been attracted to men, I've been attracted to women"); The Advocate no. 198, 8 September 1976, 18-22 (with selection of poems: "Creed", "Initiation", "Rome Itself", "Private Spencer", "Poem", "Closet") - this article notes over 16 million of his books of poetry have been sold. Active 1966-74. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10833-35: Come to me in Silence, London, 1974 and Seasons of the Sun, London, 1974. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 2620-22: Alone..., New York: Pocket Books, 1975, Beyond the Boardwalk, Los Angeles: Cheval, 1976 and The Sea Around Me - The Hills Above, London: Elm Tree Books, 1976. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Born 1898. Not in Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 509: poem "Hyacinthus". Criticism. Foster, "Beauty's Purple Flame: Some Minor American Gay Poets", Gay Books Bulletin no. 7 (1982), 16,18 re poem *"Hyacinthus" in Spindrift, Boston: Four Seas, 1920; with quotation from the poem. Poet from the United States (from the Virgin Islands) writing in English. Born 1965. A *black poet from the Virgin Islands educated in the United States. The Virgin Islands is a territory of the United States in the Carribean. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 96: "Serving Man" (about experiences of being a black servant); biog., 180. Milking Black Bull, 45-57; biog., 45. Poet from Canada writing in English. Born 1953. Born and raised in *Toronto. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, first edition, items 1773-74: Pantomine, Scarborough, Ontario: *Catalyst, 1974 and Shells, Scarborough, Ontario: Catalyst, 1972. Homosexuality in Canada, first edition (1979), 12: same two books plus Angels Have No Hearts, Scarborough, Ontario: Catalyst, 1975; lists poems. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 2627-30: same books as preceding plus Lola: Excerpts from the Notebooks of an Anglophile, Scarborough, Ontario: Catalyst, 1975. Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (1984), 140: same books; cites poems in Pantomime "One night Stand', "I Wonder if Verlaine Held Rimbaud', "Ted" and "Letter-To-Be". Gay Poetry Anthologies. Angels of the Lyre, 142: poem "I wonder if *Verlaine held *Rimbaud"; biog., 242. Gay Poetry, 5. Son of the Male Muse, 117-19 - short poems from the sequence Bruised Knuckles: S & M Valentines; biog., 189: states four chapbooks were published by *Catalyst 1972-77. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 542: two poems including *"Angels". Poet and partner from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1949. Book: So Long Desired, London: *Gay Men's Press, 1986 (shared with James Kirkup), pp. 43-62; biog. opposite title page. Of *Scots birth and upbringing, he has lived with his *partner Jeremy Hunter in Pozzuoli on the Bay of *Naples, since 1974. He has written or edited some twenty English books, mostly on drama (including editing the definitive English edition of the novel Teleny possibly by *Oscar Wilde and others, published by Gay Men's Press in London, 1986). He wrote a poem called "The Great Wank Poem" (see PN Review vol. 14 no. 2, p. 41, column 2). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Not Love Alone, 76-79; biog., 142. And Thus Will I Freely Sing, 37-40; biog., 189. Drobci stekla v ustih, 148-49; biog., 185. "Me perdre dans ses yeux profonds et infideles" Poem from France in French. Before 19Q4. The poem is quoted by 'Magnus Hirschfeld on p. 15 of Berlins dritte Geschlecht, Berlin, 19Q4, and in 'Henri Weindel, L'Homosexualité en Allemagne, Paris, 19Q8, pp. 274 - 75. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born ca. 1935. The author of a diary which is a mixture of aphorisms and poetry (that is, a *prosimetrum) titled Anonymous Diary of a New York Youth, volume 1, 1961 (see the fine poem "Autobiography" reprinted in Gay Sunshine no. 25, p. 2); volume 2, 1962 and volume 3, 1968 (published under the title On Amphetamine and in Europe: see the full title in Bibliographies below). He writes Whitmanic *free verse. Son of Andy Warhol, 1991, 90 pp., consists of poems, epigrams and notebook jottings. Interview: see Leyland, Gay Sunshine Interviews , volume 2, pp. 109-22, reprinted from Gay Sunshine 25 (Summer 1975). He has been involved in underground films since the 1950s, especially Andy Warhol's film Lonesome *Cowboys, 1969. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 2633, 2635-36: Excerpts from the Anonymous Diary of a New York Youth, privately printed, 1961, On Amphetamines and In Europe: Excerpts from the Diary of a New York Youth. Volume Three, New York: Boss Books, 1968, Second Excerpts from the Anonymous Diary of a New York Youth, New York: privately printed, 1962. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Angels of the Lyre, 143-47; biog., 242. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 680-81. Word of Mouth, 157-66. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1978. Gay Poetry Anthologies. We Bumped Off Your Friend the Poet, 22-25. Poet in Serbo-Croat from Serbia and Montenegro. 1870-1955. A famous guslar or singer of tales. He composed or sang - with the text being handed down from previous singers - the *epic called The Wedding of Smailagic Meho (The Wedding of Meho, Son of Smail). The poem reveals considerable homoeroticism in the relations of the males; in the translation by Albert B. Lord, 1974, see, for example, pp. 81, 87, 104. The poem depicts treachery to the Turkish sultan on the part of the vizier of Buda (now Budapest) about 1550. Avdo Mededovic lived in a region on the boundaries of the two republics of Serbia and Montenegro. An oral text of The Wedding of Smailagic Meho, one of the longest of the Balkan oral epics, was written down by Milman Parry in 1935 in Montenegro from an oral performance by Avdo Mededovic. The poem was first recorded by *Friedrich Krauss in a version by Ahmed Isakov Semic and published in Dubrovnik in 1886. Translation. English: trans. Albert B. Lord, Harvard University Press, 1974; in this edition the editor states, in a note on the poet's life, pp. 3-6, that Advo Mededovic had a repertoire of 58 epics of which 9 were recorded and that he was a Moslem. See Alfred Bates Lord, "Avdo Mededovic, Guslar", Journal of American Folklore volume 69 (1956), 320-330 (notes his most distinctive characteristic was his ability to ornament a song). Compare *Homer and see *Oral Epics. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1865. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gents, Bad Boys, and Barbarians, 143-47; biog., 142. Bibliographies exist in English and other *European languages from the United States from before 1900. Index medicus (compiled in the United States from before 1900) and Excepta Medica (published in Leiden, the Netherlands) are two major bibliographies listing basically European and United States medical articles. There is now a huge literature on *Aids. Index medicus is on computer and is now called Medline. It emanates from the United States National Library of Medicine, in Maryland, near Washington DC, and there is free access on the internet. In addtion, the full text of some articles cited on Medline may be free. See also the medical sections in general bibliographies under *William Parker, * Homosexuality: An Annotated Bibliography and *Alfred C. Kinsey. Patron and poet from Italy of works in Latin. 1449-1492. Lorenzo de'Medici, called the Magnificent, founded the *Platonic Academy in *Florence of which he was then the ruler. His brother Giuliano de' Medici, 1453-78, was also a patron and ruler of Florence. *Ficino, *Poliziano and *Pico della Mirandola were all in the Platonic Academy. Lorenzo was the patron of *Domizio Calderini who dedicated a commentary on the Latin poet Martial both to him and *Giovan Francesco Gonzaga; the work was published in 1474. Calderini wrote a commentary on Juvenal dedicated to Giuliano published in 1475. The Martial commentary was presented to Lorenzo initially in manuscript. Lorenzo also acted as patron for the artist *Leonardo da Vinci and the painter, sculptor and poet *Michelangelo. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 205: trans. into English of a poem celebrating youth; the *poem is *non gender specific. Period in Hebrew in Spain from 950 to 1300. This is the major period for gay poetry in Hebrew and the period when secular Hebrew poetry first appeared in large quantity. The poetry lessens in volume after 1300. The Jews were expelled from Spain in 1492. A large volume of homopoetry based on Arabic models exists: see influence - Arabic. Major poets such as Judah Halevi, *Solomon Ibn Gabirol, *Samuel Hanagid, wrote homopoems. Only from the late nineteenth century was the secular poetry published and a large volume remains unpublished - see *Manuscripts - Hebrew. See also *J. Schirmann, *Norman Roth, *Dan Pagis. Only from Schirmann's 1955 article has the extent of this poetry become generally known. On medieval Hebrew poetry see Shalom Spiegel, "On Medieval Hebrew Poetry" in Judah Goldin, The Jewish Expression, 1970, pp. 174-214. Translated anthologies such as The Jewish Poets of Spain translated into English by David Goldstein (Penguin, 1971; repr. from 1965 edition) include a few poems of relevance: see pp. 43, 48. *T. Carmi has included works in his Penguin Book of Hebrew Verse. The anthology Wine, women & death compiled by Raymond P Scheidlin, Philadelphia, 1986, may contain material of relevance. Compare *Medieval Arabic poets. Medieval Latin Poems of Male Love and Friendship Anthology in Latin from the United States. New York and London: Garland, 1984, 167 pp. An anthology covering the period from the late classical period to the *Middle Ages, 300-1400. The anthology demonstrates that homosexual poetry was written through this period and is a brilliant collection of poems. The anthologist, *Thomas Stehling, provides a translation of each poem into English. Introduction pp. xvii-xxxiii; bibliography pp. xxxv-xl; index of first lines pp. 164-66; index of poets p.167. Contributors (see entries): Abelard, Alcuin, "Altercatio Ganimedis et Helene", Anonymous Poets - Latin, Anselm, Anthologia Latina, Ausonius, Baudri of Bourgueil, Bernard of Cluny, Carmina Burana, Claudian, Ennodius, Graffiti - Latin, Godfrey of Winchester, Hilary the Englishman, Hildebert of Lavardin, Luxorius, Marbod of Rennes, Notker Balbulus, "O admirabile Veneris idolum", Paulinus of Nola, "Post aquile raptus", Salomo, Serlo of Wilton, Walafrid Strabo, Waldo, Walter of Chatillon. See also *Anthologies - Latin. Some amended translations were published in James J. Wilhelm's anthology: see Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, pp. 149-51 for a list. Poets writing in Latin from Italy, Germany, France and Great Britain. From ca. 400 to ca. 1450. The period from ca. 400 to ca. 1450 has only in the late hundred years received the attention it deserves. For a brief overview see the Introduction to The Oxford Book of Medieval Verse, edited by F. J. E. Raby, 1959, pp. ix-xix. Latin was the language of the *Christian church and of educated European discourse at this time. A huge literature exists which has only been inadequately surveyed for homosexuality. *Thomas H. Stehling has done the basic work in poetry: see * Medieval Poems of Male Love. However, most material remains in *manuscript. Major poets are *Walafrid Strabo, *Baudri, *Marbod, *Hilary the Englishman. Poems include *"O admirabile Veneris idolum", *"Altercatio Ganimedis". *Hymns express homoerotic feelings. There appears to have been a great deal of bawdry (see *Carmina Burana). *Theognis and *Sa'di were both translated into Latin late in the period. The *Catholic church was a dominant institution in Europe at the time. Great Britain. A. G. Rigg, A History of Angio-Latin Literature 1066-1422, 1992, states 90% of the surviving literature of Great Britain is in Latin for the period 1066-1422. Germany. See M. Manitius Geschichte der lateinischen Literatur des Mittelalters, 3 volumes, Munich, 1911-13; Manitius's book relies heavily on German Latin sources. Dictionaries are being compiled based on various national manuscript collections; there is no overall comprehensive dictionary of medieval Latin. Karl Strecker's Introduction to Medieval Latin, 1971, originally published in German gives detailed information on all aspects of medieval Latin and is a basic starting point for research in this difficult area; see especially "Literary History" pp. 90-105, "Texts" pp. 105-116, "Translations" pp. 116-19, *"Manuscripts" pp. 124-26. This is a reprint of the English translation by R. B. Palmer from the German edition of 1939 with later bibliographical details by Palmer. See also *Middle Ages. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gay Histories and Cultures. Homosexual meeting places, called beats in Australian English when referring to public *cruising areas, are documented in poetry from the Latin poet Juvenal (active 100) who lived in Italy. Temples and churches were early meeting places, as were and are *bathhouses and gymnasiums. City squares, parks and public gardens are common places for gay assignations though any public place (especially public toilets) can be a meeting place. Particular hotels and cafes are other places. English. St James's Park (see *"A Ramble Through London", 1739) was an early London beat. The Cafe Royal (see Oxford Companion to English Literature entry) was a favorite meeting place of *eighteen-nineties poets. See also *Denis Gallagher, *Geoffrey Lehmann, *Groups. For United States English Lafayette Square in Washington, opposite the White House, was a notable beat and was probably known to *Whitman; it features homoerotic sculptures. French. *Bernard Delvaille. Latin: Juvenal (ca. 60 - 140) in the "Ninth Satire" refers to the Temple of Isis. Turkish: see *Yahya Bey re 'Istanbul. Bibliographies. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 71-72. City in Greece where Greek is spoken. From ca. 544 B.C. A city in east central Greece on the Saronic Gulf associated with the poet *Diocles and *Theognis (active 544 B.C.), the first gay poet to survive in any quantity of material. A book of articles on him and the city was edited by *Thomas J. Figueira and *G. Nagy. (1985), Theognis of Megara: Poetry and the Polis, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1985; bibl. 309-21. *Istanbul was reputedly founded by inhabitants from this city. Poet from Turkey who wrote in Turkish. 1432-1481. The *Sultan who conquered *Istanbul; he was a great patron of the arts and ruled 1444-46 and 1451-81. Biography: Franz Babinger, Memhed the Conqueror, 1978 (trans. from the German edition of 1953, Mehmed der Eroberer und seine Zeit, Munich, 1953); see especially pp. 427, 474 (trans. into English of a poem); there is also a French translation of this work. Divans of poetry produced under his patronage may have homosexual interest, especially in relation to illustration. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica: states he left a * divan of poems. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 228-31. Criticism. Yüzgün, Türkiye'de Escinsellik, 160: states he was homosexual. Poet and bibliographer from Germany who wrote in German. Active 1899. Compiler of the first German bibliography of homosexuality in Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, vol.1 (1899), 215-381 ; it contains literary references. The bibliography was continued annually by *Numa Praetorius (pseud. of *Eugen Wilhelm). Bibliographies. Herzer, Bibliographie zur Homosexualität, item 0409: Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, vol.1 (1899), 215-38. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Die Bedeutung der Freundesliebe, 25: poem. Editor of works in German and French and poet who wrote in German from Switzerland. 1897-1974. He was the editor of the Swiss gay journal * Der Kreis, the only journal to publish openly gay poetry in German in the era of *Nazism; he used the pseudonym *Rolf. He was an *actor who lived in Zurich. Biography: see the reprint of selections from Der Kreis, edited by *J. S. Hohmann, Berlin 1980, pp. 227-38. He wrote poetry (Egmont Fassbinder, *rosa Winkel press to the author, 1989); some poems may have been published in Der Kreis. Journal of Homosexuality, volume 38, numbers 1/2, 2000, is devoted to an analysis of Der Kreis by *Hubert Kennedy: chapter 2, pp. 21-28, is on Rolf. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Historian and critic from Germany who wrote in German. 1796-1855. Author of a famous article on *pederasty in ancient Greece in Allgemeine Encyclopadie der Wissenschaften und Kunsten, edited by J. S. Ersch and J. G. Gruber (See "Päderastie": 3rd section, volume 9, pp. 149-188, Leipzig: Brockhaus, 1847); this article was the most detailed readily accessible article on ancient Greek homosexuality in German of its time. It should be noted that Meier's article is not about sexual relations between males in Ancient Greece, as such, but *paiderastia, the love of an older man for a younger man or youth. The article gives many citations to male homosexuality in ancient Greek literature and is the pioneering study in German after *Hössli and the most scholarly to 1847. It is referred to by *J. A. Symonds in A Problem in Greek Ethics, second revised edition (Symonds refers to it in a footnote 3 on page 30 of the 1901 edition, repr. 1983, New York: Pagan Press); however, Symonds claimed he had not seen the work when he wrote the first edition (published in 1883) - see Symonds, Letters, vol. 3, p. 489. It has not been translated into English. This article followed an article by *C. L. Klose in the same encyclopedia entitled *"Paderastie". *Georges Herelle translated the article into French, incorporating the footnotes into the text and adding extra material; he published the work as Histoire de l'amour grec (History of Greek Love), Paris, 1930 (repr. 1952, 1980), using the pseudonym *L. R. de Pogey-Castries. There is no English translation. Biography: see Symonds, Letters, vol. 3, p. 489 - states Meier was a German classical scholar and authority on Athenian law, coeditor of the Allgemeine Encyclopädie and his papers were published postumously as Opuscula (1861-63) (this information seems to be derived from Meier's * National Union Catalog entry). His entry Allgemeine deutsche Biographie reveals he was born Jewish but converted to Christianity when he adopted the name Eduard, was Professor of Classics at Greifswald in 1820, had a close friendship with Schumann ca. 1820, was Professor of Law in Halle in 1825, from 1830 was coeditor of the Allgemeine Encyclopedie and from 1842 was editor of the third section alone. There is no mention of him marrying. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Allgemeine deutsche Biographie. Bibliographies. Herzer, Bibliographie zur Homosexualität, item 0105 dates the above article 1837 but this refers to the date when volume one of the encyclopedia was published; 1847 was the year in which the volume with the article appeared. Herzer, Bibliographie zur Homosexualität, item 0104 is a brief article on "Paderastie" by C. L. Klose in the Allgemeine Encyclopadie der Wissenschaften und Kunsten, section 3, volume 9, 147-49, which precedes the 1847 article; see also the article "Knabenliebe" (*boy love) in the same work. Poem from Germany in German. Ca. 1916. See Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 16 (1916), 27-28: text of the poem. A *war poem from the First World War; *comradeship trope. Compare *"Mein Kriegsfreiwilliger". Poem in German from Germany. Ca. 1916. See Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 16 (1916), p. 27: text of the poem. A *war poem from the First World War with *comradeship trope. Compare *"Mein Kamerad". Poet from Brazil who wrote in Portuguese. 1901-1964. The author of many volumes of poems. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poemas do amor maldito, 29: a poem entitled "The *Androgyne"; biog., 28. Translator from Greek to Latin from Switzerland. 1497-156Q. Translator of the Greek poet 'Theognis into Latin: Theognis Megarensis Sententiae.., Basil, ca. 1561 (repr.). Biography: see Wilamowitz-Moellendorf, History of Classical Scholarship, p. 41. A close friend of J. 'Camerarius. City in Australia where English is the main spoken language. Founded in 1835 and the second largest city in Australia, material of relevance dates from 1868. Javant Biarujia and his partner *Ian Birks were the first two openly gay poets. For other poets see *Louis H. Clark, *Groups (1868+), *Robert Cumming, *David Herkt, *Harry Hooton, *Bernard O'Dowd, *Tony Page, *Hal Porter, *Publishers - English, *Adrian Rawlins, *Barrett Reid, *Peter Rose, *John Willis, *Stephen J. Williams. The *Australian Gay and Lesbian Archives is located in the city. Poet from Lebanon who wrote in Greek. Active 100 B.C. Meleager, who wrote many homosexual poems, wrote poems to women as well as males and was apparently bisexual. Many poems are addressed to a male, *Myiscus (little mouse): e.g., Palatine Anthology xii, 65, 70, 154, 159. Other male lovers include Antiochus (Palatine Anthology xii 87), *Diocles, Thero and *Alexis (e.g., Palatine Anthology xii 127) - see Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, p. 483. Brandt in his 1908 article (see below), 257-61, translates poems to fifteen lovers besides Myiscus. Meleager compiled the first accepted anthology with a large number of homopoems, the * Garland, around 80 B.C. (but see the *Theognidea for an earlier anthology of sorts); the contents are listed in the * Palatine Anthology iv, 1, but the anthology does not survive as an entity. He was possibly trilingual, speaking Syrian, Phoenician and Greek. His own poetry is joyous and fun-loving like *Anacreon and the * Anacreontea and, with Anacreon, he is one of the poets who best represents the surviving achievement and tone of ancient Greek homosexual poetry. He has about one hundred poems in the * Palatine Anthology. His text was first edited separately in 1759 by J. *Zenobettius. Since some translators made editions see also translation entries below, entries in the * National Union Catalog and * British Library General Catalogue. His text appears in complete editions of the *Palatine Anthology and *Mousa Paidike. Critical works on him were published in the *eighteen-nineties when there was a vogue for him: for example, by H. Ouvre (1894; a thesis), C. Radinger (1895) and E. Ermatinger (1898); see also his * British Library General Catalogue entry and *Saint-Beuve. Translations. Probably first translated into Latin in 1759, *Meleager was also in all translations of the * Mousa Paidike (ca. 1606+) and all translations of the * Palatine anthology (1752?+), as he is included in Book 12 of this work. He was popular from 1880 onwards in translation in Italian (1880), Spanish (1884), English (1890) and French (1893+). Most translators are listed in the * National Union Catalog. English: see *Love in Idleness (1883), Walter Headlam (1890), *Richard Aldington (1920+), *F. A. Wright (1924), 'Frederick Rolfe and *Sholto Douglas (1937; repr .1984), *Peter Whigham (1975). French: *Pierre Louys(1893; 1928 repr.). German: *Auoust Oehler. Italian: Guido Mazzoni, Epigrammi, Florence (1880) - text and trans.; G. Longo, Epigrammi, Lanciano, Italy (ca. 1929) - text and trans. Latin: J. B. Zenobettius (1759, possible trans.), A. C. Meineke (edition and probable trans. 1788 titled Idyllium in ver, Göttingen, 1788; a copy is held by *Harvard University Library), Johann K. F. Manso (edition and probable translation, 1789 - see National Union Catalog). Spanish: J. A. Condé (1884) - see British Library General Catalogue. The National Union Catalog, British LIbrary General Catalogue and *Library of Congress Computer Catalog were checked. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 667: see "Meleager" (2). Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 80: Reliquiae Malegri, Jena: Kroeher, 1788 (citing poems "Alexis", "An meine Lampe", "An Myskos", "An Theron", "Auf Andragathos", "Kleobulos und Alexis", "Auf Antiochos" and probable poem "Die Jünglinge von Thyros"). Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10857: *Musa Puerilis, Book 12, poems 23, 33, 41, 47-49, 52-54, 56-57, 59, 63, 65, 68, 72, 78, 80-86 et. al. in the edition London: Heinemann, 1918. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2643: The Complete Poems of Meleager of Gadara, London: Birch, 1924. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Garland of Meleager. Palatine Anthology xii 23, 33, 41, 47-49, 52-54, 56-57, 59-60, 63, 65, 68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80-86, 92, 94-95, 101, 106, 109-10, 113-14, 117, 119, 122, 125-28, 132, 132a, 133, 137, 141, 144, 147, 154, 157-59, 164-65, 167, 256-57; also in Book v. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 36-37. Ioläus (1902), 79 (trans. by *Edward Carpenter). Men and Boys, 17. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 48-49, 52, 54-55, 57, 58. Orgasms of Light, 65. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 58-62: trans. *Sydney Oswald (pseud.) and *Peter Whigham. Les Amours masculines, 41. "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen", 27-29. Poems of Love and Liberation, 37. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 41. Criticism. Symonds, A Problem in Greek Ethics, 58. Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 9 (1908), 248-61. Brandt, Sittengeschichte griechenlands, volume 2, 193-98. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 480-84. Buffière, Eros adolescent, 301-03. Courouve, Ces petits grecs, 28. Poet from Spain who wrote in Spanish. 1754-1817. A poet influenced by *Villegas in writing *Anacreontics. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Spanish Literature. Poet from Denmark writing in Danish. Born 1959. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 391: fine gay poem about a gay bar. Bibliographer from Sweden writing in Swedish. Active 1975. Author of Homosexualitet - en bibliografi, 1975, 88 pages: it contains over 1000 titles mainly concentrating on the period 1965-75 and mostly in English but with many in other languages. It is very thorough in its coverage. Originally a thesis for the library school in Boras, it is organized by title and subject with sections on general books on homosexuality, articles, literature and bibliographies. Few poetry titles are included. It contains an introduction in Swedish. Supplemented by *Rosa Bulletinen. Poet from the United States who apparently writes in Spanish. Active 1075 Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2644: Calles de Barcelona (Streets of Barcelona), San Francisco: Casa Editorial, 1975. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1937. See poems to the gay poet John Weiners in *Donald Allen, The New American Poetry, 1960, pp. 382-84. *New York born, he moved to *San Francisco in 1957 and married in 1958; biog. note p. 442. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors New Revision Series, volume 35. Poet from the United States writing in English; he lives in Great Britain. Born ca. 1965. One of three authors in the *chapbook titled Carnal Ignorance, London, *Oscars Press, 1987 (with *Timothy Gallagher and *Andy Archibald) - see his poems on pp. 5-18; biog., p. 5. He was raised in the United States, studied literature at *Harvard and has lived in *London since 1986. Poet and novelist from the United States who wrote in English. 1819-1891. Melville was most famous as a novelist and considerable homosexual content has been found in his novels, especially his earlier novels Typee (1846) and Omoo, his masterpiece Moby Dick, 1851 (his most famous work), and the novella Billy Budd (completed 1891, first published 1924). (See Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 2650-56 for works of fiction by him with gay interest.) On his novels see *R. K. Martin, Hero, Captain, Stranger: Male Friendship, Social Critique and Literary Form in the Sea Novels of Herman Melville, 1986: this work discusses Typee (1846), Redburn (1849), White-Jacket (1850), Moby Dick and Billy Budd. Moby Dick depicts virtually an all male world and homoeroticism runs powerfully through it: for example the book opens with the protagonist Ishmael (inadvertently) getting into bed with a colored man. Redburn may contain a scene set in a male brothel. Billy Budd deals with a young sailor who is killed and can be read as about persecution of homosexuals (it was made into an opera with music by the gay composer Benjamin Britten). James Creech, Closet Writing/ Gay reading: The Case of Melville's Pierre (1993) is a gay reading of Melville's late novel Pierre. Melville may have fallen in love with his fellow novelist Nathaniel Hawthorne. At one stage of his life, he bought a farm specifically to live near Hawthorne. It should be kept in mind, too, that Melville spent many of his earlier years at sea in the company solely of men and that homosexuality on board ships was widely practised. He lived in *New York from 1863 and died in obscurity. Melville's style is allusive, allegorical, knowing and sly, and implies more than it suggests - a complicating factor in reading his poetry, as with his prose (see for example "The Vial of Attar", Collected Poems, edited by Howard Vincent, 1947, p. 298). His earlier poetry was inspired by the Civil War, his later poetry by travels in Europe and the Holy Land; overall his poetry, which dates 1866-91, is dull. See also the poem with the stanza "For his soldier hospitality in the tent" (source not traced). Melville's poems are overall undistinguished. For other poems see Criticism below. See *Tom Clark regarding the poet and critic *Charles Olson and homosexuality in Melville. Text. Collected Poems, edited by Howard Vincent, 1947 (omits the long poem Claret). The Northwestern Newberry edition of his works in process will contain his poems. Biography. A new biography is being written by Hershel Parker titled Herman Melville: A Biography (volume 1, covering 1819 to 1851, 941 pp., was published in 1997). A one volume biography is Laurie Robertson-Lorant, Melville: A Biography, 1996; this work has an excellent discussion of the complex question of Melville's sexuality in the "Afterword", pp. 617-20, concluding "Melville does not seem to have been actively homosexual... Melville lived a heterosexual life, as far as we know" (p. 618) - a statement which seems at odds with the homoerotic atmosphere of such Melville novels as Moby Dick. She points out that many things about Melville are unclear and mysterious. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of American Biography. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Ioläus (1902), 7-9: prose from his novels Omoo and Typee. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 297-308: extracts from his novels White Jacket and Billy Budd. Art of Gay Love, 37: from his novella Billy Budd. Criticism. Martin, Homosexual Tradition in American Poetry, xix: re the poem "After the Pleasure Party". Katz, Gay American History, 467-76: re poems "Monody" (re Hawthorne), Clarel (1876) and John Marr (1888). Pseudonym of a poet from the Netherlands writing in Dutch. Born 1937. His real name is Jochem van Beek. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Naar vriendscaap zulk een mateloos verlangen, 93-94: two poems including *"Narcissus", from Toen en later, Amsterdam: Jimmink, 1978 (books cited p. 120). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 310. Translator from Turkish to French probably from Turkey. Active 1905. Apparently the translator and, with *Edmond Fazy, anthologist of the first selection of *Ottoman Turkish poetry in French. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10622: re *Anthologie de l'amour turc. Anthology in English from the United States published in 1924. New York: privately printed, without an editor being stated, 1924. The first United States gay originated anthology. It was reprinted in facsimile with an introduction by *Timothy D'Arch Smith and *Donald Mader, New York and London: The Coltsfoot Press, 1971. The anthologist has been identified in manuscripts of *S. E. Cottam as *E. M. Slocum (1971 edition, pp. xiii-iv and xviii-xxii). Arrangement is chronological; coverage includes Greek, Latin, Arabic and Persian poets. (One poem by *Marino is printed in Italian without translation and two poems by *Verlaine are in French without translation.) The final section pp. 68-83, Various Present-day Poets, contains many poets who are unknown and many suspected of using pseudonyms; *James Fenimore Cooper appears in this section out of chronology. Selection owes much to *Iolaus but the anthology pays more attention to poets writing from 1880 onwards, especially United States *Uranian poets. The work is *pederastic in nature. Generally the poems are very competent. Contributors - including translators and other writers of relevance (see entries in this encyclopedia): A Schoolmaster, Abu Nuwas, Bert Adair, Anacreon, Clement Andrews (pseud.), Richard Barnfield, J. W. Baylis, Francis Beaumont, Mark Beecher, Rev. E. E. Bradford, Richard Burton, Lord Byron, Edward Carpenter, Catullus, E. C., E. M. Clark, E. van Cleve, James Fenimore Cooper Junior, David (Hebrew poet), Lowes Dickinson, D. B., S. B., Digby Mackworth Dolben, Michael Drayton, E. E., E. W. H., Edmund Edwinson, Fidian (pseud.), Giles de Gillies, Wayne Gordon, Johann W. von Goethe, Thomas Gray, Hafiz, Robert Hillyer, I. Holt, Laurence Housman, Jami, Edmund John, Burges Johnson, H. Lange, Francis Ledwidge, Edward Cracroft Lefroy, Donald Malloch, C. Mansfield, Christopher Marlowe, Giovanni Battista Marino, Meleager, Ernest Meyers, Michelangelo, Richard Middleton, Sanford Middleton, Christopher Morley, Robert Nichols, R. A. Nicholson, John Gambril Nicolson, David O'Neil, Percy Osborn, Sydney Oswald, Terriss Owens, Palatine Anthology, A. W. Percy, Louis Saunders Perkins, Philebus (pseud.), Philostratus, Pindar, Plato, Alexander Pope, Cecil Roberts, Sa'di, Vincent Scarford, William Shakespeare, P. B. Shelley, M. Snow, Solon, Song of Songs, Victor Starbuck, S. Strachan, Straton, J. M. Stuart-Young, J. A. Symonds, Bayard Taylor, Theocritus, Theognis, Thousand and One Nights, Tibullus, E. Tietiens, Thomas Traherne, H. Townes, Louis Untermeyer, Virgil, Paul Verlaine, Willard Wattles, Clifford Whitford, Walt Whitman, Sidney Wilmer, F. S. Woodley, C. Worth. (The above list is more complete than the list in Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, which has been found to have many omissions.) Many of these poets may be pseudonyms and it is suspected that many poems by apparently different persons are by one person (e. g., the editor). Minor United States poets are Robert Hillyer, Charles Hanson Towne, Burges Johnson, Donald Malloch, Willard Austin Wattles and James Fenimore Cooper Junior, grandson of the novelist (see p. 676 of the * Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature which also states some poems were rewritten by the editor.) There are many spelling mistakes in the names of contributors. There was a cancelled title page reading: "A symposium of poems and poets on unusual and extraordinary manifestations of affection / A Dissertation / Presented to the Faculty of Abnormal Psychology of Columbia University... / by William Elphinston, New York, N.Y., 1924"; this is followed by another page giving a resume of the "dissertation". As the book is included in the first English gay bibliography by *F. E. Murray and many authors listed in Murray's work are included in Men and Boys there seems to have been some contact between Murray and the editor, E. M. Slocum; certainly Murray knew of its existence. Bibliographies. Murray, Catalogue of Selected Books, item 5: gives the title as Boy and Man, An Anthology, 1924. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1141: list of contributors included in the entry. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 676-78: poems by four poets with a critical note discussing the question of the identity of the poets. Criticism. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 463-64. Smith, Love in Earnest, 187: "the best collection of *Uranian poetry". Movement in English and other languages from ca. 1979. A movement concerned with redefining masculinity, much influenced by *feminism and the gay movement from the beginnings of *gay liberation. See * Brother Songs, *Robert Bly, *patriarchy, *effeminacy, *bikies, *leather. Bibliography. Michael Flood, The Men's Bibliography, Canberra, 1993, 93 pp. An important early book is: Jon Snodgrass, A Book of Readings for Men Against Sexism, Albion, California, 1977 (repr.); see the chapter "Gay Men" pp. 160-96; this work also includes the *Effeminist manifesto. See also Harry Brod, The Making of Masculinities, 1987. Poet from the United States (from Puerto Rico) writing in Spanish. Born 1954. His first volume of poems was Las voces idas (1987). Puerto Rico is an autonomous political entity in the Caribbean in association with the United States. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Foster, Latin American Writers on Gay and Lesbian Themes. Poet from Canada writing in French. Active 1979. Bibliography. Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (1984): Fragments: poèmes, Montréal: Hurtubise HMH, 1979. Editor, biographer, critic and bibliographer in English from Great Britain. Born 1946. Editor of *W. H. Auden's Collected Poems, 1976, 695 pages. The editor states that this is "all the poems that W. H. Auden wished to preserve, in a text that represents his final revisions" (page 11). The erotic work, * The Platonic Blow, is omitted. As literary executor, Mendelson has been given discretion as to which poems he may omit or include. The English Auden: Poems, Essays and Dramatic Writings 1927-39, London, 1977, 469 pages publishes all the poems in Auden's books published during the period to 1939; it has a very fine introduction, pp. xiii-xxiii. He has also edited other volumes of works by Auden - see the Auden entry for details) - and is editing The Complete Works of W. H. Auden (Princeton, 1988+). His critical biography Early Auden, 1981, is a guide through Auden's thinking 1927-38. Later Auden, 1999, deals with Auden's life and thinking until his death in 1973. He works at Columbia University. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authurs, New Revision Series, volume 11. Poet from China who wrote in Chinese. 689-740. He established a hermitage on a mountain and lived as a recluse. He is usually linked with *Wang Wei. There are strong homosexual suggestions in his poetry; see also *indirect language: his poetry cannot be read without knowledge of this important phenomenon in Chinese poetry. See Stephen Owen, The Great Age of Chinese Poetry; The High T'ang, 1981, pp. 71-88. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature, 623-25. Criticism. Van Gulik, Sexual LIfe in Ancient China, 91-92: cited as being one of four *Tang poets - including *Li Po, *Wang Wei and *Tu Fu - whose close friendships have close homosexual undertones. Liu, Sunflower Splendor, 95; and see the poems generally on pages 92-96. Critic in French from France. Active 1858. See Courouve, Fragments 4: 1478-1881, 1981, p. 21: cites his Etudes medicales sur les poetes latines (Medical studies on Latin poets), Baillere, 1858; see pp. 347-388 re the Latin poets Juvenal and pp. 389-440 re *Martial. Poet from Great Britain writing in English; translator from Latin to English. 1597-1671. A *Restoration poet and graduate of *Oxford, he spent his early life on ships at sea and was a Royalist in the Civil War period. He married, aged 41, though no children were born. See the James Smith entry for the series of books of poems he wrote with James Smith from 1640. The two are best known as joint authors of Musarum deliciae; or, The Muses recreations (1656; enlarged in later editions, the work was reprinted with two additional books attributed to the poets in 1817 and by John Camden Hotten in 1874 titled Musae deliciae). The two poets may have contributed to other books of bawdy poems. In Hotten's printing see an *epigram "To Mr *Francis Beaumont and Mr John Fletcher" which is an important source for belief in their being homosexual and having a physical relationship ("peerless for friendship and for numbers sweet/Whom oft the muses swaddled in one sheet." - vol. 2, p.10); see also "Amicitia" (Friendship) (ibid., pp. 61-62) and the epigrams "Three Pages" (ibid., p. 31) with homo *bawdy suggestions, "On *Cupid" (ibid., p. 96) and "Love and Liberty" (ibid., p. 126). Epigrams here show the influence of *Martial. See also his translation from the Latin of *Horace (op. cit., pp. 181-82 - addressed to the man Ligurinus). Most poems in this work are heterosexual and some are quite scatological. It is impossible to tell which poet wrote which works. The poetry of Mennes and Smith was very popular going through several editions in their lifetime; that it was reprinted in 1817 and then by *Hotten shows continuing interest. Compare *Rochester. In the Diary of Samuel Pepys, Pepys mentions Sir John Mennes frequently; the full text of Pepys Diary - covering the years 1660-69 and 1683 (a visit to *Tangier) - contains many sexual references and was only published in eleven volumes, 1970-83, edited by Robert Latham and William Matthews (the diary was written in code and deposited in Magdalene College, *Cambridge). On 1 July 1663 he writes: "Sir J. *Mennes and Mr Batten both say that *buggery is now almost grown as common among our gallants as in Italy, and that the very pages of the town begin to complain of their masters for it." Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionary of National Biography. Poet from Greece writing in Greek. Active ca. 550. Not in Oxford Classical Dictionary. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 121: fine poem about a boy at a banquet. Poet and editor from India writing in English; translator from Urdu and Marathi to English. Born 1947. Born in India of *Zoroastrian parents, in 1968 he graduated B.A. and has a Ph. D. from Perdue university. He teaches at Hyderabad University. Information from the internet site: The Knitting Circle. He is the author of eight books of poems from 1989 including Flower to Flame (India, 1992). He compiled *Yaraana: Gay Writing from India(Penguin Books, India, 1999), 212pp., the second gay anthology in English from India, which includes poems, prose and the script of a play, including a section from *Vikram Seth's The Golden Gate and translations from Hindi, Marathi, Gujarati and other Indian *languages. Other poems. See Gay Sunshine, no. 44-45 (Autumn /Winter 1980), 16: a brilliant longish poem "Litany", about gay history and culture showing great knowledge and signed "Hushang Merchant, Iran" (first name spelt Hushang and assumed to be Hoshang Merchant). See also the poem "Holi in Hyderabad" in Bombay Dost no. 2 1990, 18 - "Everyone is Radha, everyone *Krishna"; his first name is spelt Hoshang here. He has translated *Ghalib and *Firaq from Urdu and *Namdeo Dhasal from Marathi in *Yaraana. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Yaraana: Gay Writing from India, 49-55 - story "The Slaves"; 192-203 - prose piece "Autobiography"; biog. note on the page before the title page (page i). Mercier, Barthelemy, Abbe de Saint-Leger Editor from France of works in Latin. 1734-1799. He was a bibliophile priest who lost his benefice after the French Revolution in 1789. He edited *Antonio Beccadelli in his * Quinque illustrium poetarum. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Biographie universelle. Bibliographies. Pia, Les Livres de l'Enfer, 562-63. Criticism. F. Forberg, Manual of Classical Erotology, New York, 1966 x-xii, states he edited Antonio Beccadelli's Hermaphroditus from manuscript in 1791, however, the editing was poor; this edition formed part of his editing of Quinque illustrium poetarum. Publisher and name of a journal in French from France. From 1893. A leading literary journal in France at the beginning of the twentieth century, it was edited by *André Gide for a period. It published the first public debate on *Whitman's sexuality in 1913 (trans. into English by *H. S. Saunders). The journal also published books: in 1893 *Pierre Louys' translation of *Meleager, in 1896 Lord Alfred Douglas's Poems, in 1898 *Oscar Wilde's Ballad of Reading Goal and *Walt Whitman translated into French. It was thus a significant publisher of gay poetry. Historian from Great Britain writing in English. 1828-1909. A letter to The Times, 14 April 1909, gives an account of the influence of *Edward Fitzgerald's translation of The Rubaiyat of *Omar Khayyam on Swinburne: it led to the writing of the poem "Laus Veneris" (written in the same stanza form). See The Letters of George Meredith, edited C. L. Cline, 1970, vol. 3, pp. 1691-92: Meredith states reading The Rubaiyat led Swinburne to immediately compose "Laus Veneris" in an hour. Meredith was a *Victorian novelist and poet, twice married and a friend of *Monkton Milnes. Swinburne lived with him for a time. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Editor and collector from Australia of works in English. Active 1958. See "Bawdy Bush Ballads", Meanjin 17 (1958), 379-86: many words are left out in published works and there is only slight homosexual reference. He was the founder of the Sydney Folklore Society and collected pornographic songs. An unpublished manuscript of *bawdry by him is said to be in the Australian National Library, Canberra (this manuscript has not been located); some of these poems appear to have been published in the preceding article. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1919. For thirty years he has worked at Connecticut College, New London, and, since 1971 has shared his life with *Richard Harteis. Partial Accounts: New and Selected Poems, 1988, won the Pulitzer Prize. The poems in Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time cited below are not openly gay but are fine poems. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, 247-49; biog., 247 (with photo). Merezhkozsky, Dmitri Sergeevich Poet, novelist and philosopher from Russia who wrote in Russian; he later lived in France. 1865-1941. A writer and religious philosopher who popularized French *symbolism in Russia in the 1890s, he had a menage a trois with his lesbian wife Zinaida Hippius (sometimes spelt Gippius) and his male friend Dmitry Filosofov. His early poetry volumes from 1888 show the influence of *Nietzsche and after 1899 he turned to *Christianity. At first welcoming the Russian revolutions of 1905 and 1917 he and Hippius fled to France in 1919. He wrote a historical novel, * Leonardo da Vinci (1901). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Terras, Handbook of Russian Literature. Criticism. Simon Karlinsky, "Russia's Gay Literature and History", Gay Sunshine, 29-30 (Summer/ Fall 1976), 3: notes the menage a trois and states he was "straight" and Filosov was gay. Critic from France writing in English. Active 1948. Author of one of the best and most extensive analyses of *Oscar Wilde's prison poem The Ballad of Reading Goal which was published in his work, Wilde, Paris, 1948, pp. 411-72. Wilde was a thesis which was printed as a book Paris, 1984, 450 pages. Poet from the Netherlands who wrote in Dutch. 1887-1939. A Dutch poet who wrote poems on *pederastic themes and who was imprisoned for pederasty: see the article in * Paidika vol. 1 no. 1 (Summer 1987), 42-46: "The Life of a Christian Boy-Lover: The Poet Willem de Merode" by *Hans Hafkamp; this states his "most explicitly homoerotic work [is] the poem 'Ganymedes'" (p. 50) and he is a *pedophile (however he was imprisoned for sex below the age of consent then 21 for homosexuals). "Ganymedes" is finely illustrated with woodcuts by Johan Dijkstra; see the illustrations in the Paidika article. His real name was Willem Eduard Keunig. Biography: one has been written titled De wereld van Willem de Merode, Amsterdam, 1983 (it was written, however, by a member of a Protestant church which condemns homosexual acts and may be against him). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Naar vriendscaap zulk een mateloos verlangen, 45-48: four poems including a fragment on *Ganymede from his long poem Ganymedes, Amsterdam: De Gulden Ster, 1924, and poems from De overgave, second edition, Amsterdam: U. M. Holland, 1926 and Spiegelbeelden, Amsterdam/ Brussels: Elsevier Manteau, 1979 (books cited p. 120). Het huis dat vriendschap heet, 71-74. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 287. Partner and probably lover from Great Britain relating to works in English. Ca. 1869-1928. The working class partner of *Edward Carpenter; on their meeting and his role in Carpenter's life see Edward Carpenter, My Days and Dreams, 1916, 159-162; there is a photograph of him opposite p. 161. Carpenter states, p. 159, he was "so kindred a spirit to my own", that they met on the outskirts of Sheffield, and, on p. 161, that he was very good at keeping house. There can be little doubt that he and Carpenter's relationship included physical intimacy. See also *Chushichi Tsuzuki, Edward Carpenter, 1844-1929, 1980, pp. 135-41, 191-92. Carpenter and George Merrill were partners from 1891. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1926-1995. An openly gay United States poet who has been proclaimed a major poet. His most important gay poem is the *long trilogy The Changing Light at Sandover, 1982; this is a psychic work dealing with the poet and his longtime *partner David Jackson. It features several other characters such as *W. H. Auden and has been characterized as a unisex poem by *Rudy Kikel. The work has been hailed as a latter day *epic comparable to *Dante's Divine Comedy: see Bruce Bawer, "A summoning of spirits", New Criterion, June 1984, 35-42. On homosexuality in the trilogy see *Edmund White. His shorter poems in From the First Nine: Poems 1946-76, 1982, are of lesser gay interest, only a few being relevant e.g., "The Friend of the Fourth Decade", pp. 170-74, and "To My Greek", pp. 183-85; there is mention of a Greek *lover called Strato (see *Straton) in several poems e.g, in "Strato in Plaster", pp. 273-75. The shorter poems date from 1969. For prose essays and interviews see Recitative, 1986 (reviewed The Advocate no. 474, 9 June 1987, 71-73 by Rudy Kikel). Interview with *J. D. McClatchy (who is his literary executor): Shenandoah vol. 30 no. 4 (1979), 23-44. For criticism see Judith Moffett, James Merrill: An Introduction to the Poetry, 1983. He has been hailed by *David Perkins at the end of his History of Modern Poetry volume two as the leading contemporary United States poet in the late *nineteen-eighties (this is also a good concise introduction to his poetry). South West Review, Spring/Summer, 1995 issue, is a special Merrill issue. Autobiography. In 1993 he published an autobiographical work, A Different Person, about his experiences in coming to grips with being gay in the 1950s, psychiatry etc. (reviews: New York Review of Books, 4 November 1993, 31-32 and James White Review vol. 11 no. 2, Winter 1994, 17 by Jack Shreve). It includes being psychoanalysed in Rome and discusses *Kimon Friar as his first lover and mentions many other lovers. He was from a rich family and had a large private income from birth. See also *Howard Moss. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 2675-80: Braving the Elements, New York: Atheneum, 1972, Divine Comedies, New York: Athemneum, 1976, The Fire Screen, New York: Atheneum, 1969, Metamorphosis of 741, Pawlet, VT: The Banyan Press, 1977, Mirabell: Books of Number, New York: Atheneum, 1978 and Scripts for the Pageant, New York: Atheneum, 1980. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, 249-56; biog., 249. Poets for Life, 164-66: Two Poems for *David Kalstone. Poet from Turkey who wrote in Turkish. 1481-1512. He wrote a long *mathnavi called Shehr-engiz (see *Gibb, History of Ottoman Poetry, pp. 232-36) which is a description of the beautiful youths of the city of Edirne (forty-seven youths are described); Edirne is called in Greek Adrianople. Originally from the Balkans, he influenced *Baki and lived an undisciplined and pleasure filled life. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Islam, second edition. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Turkish Verse, 74-76: *non gender specific love poems with *cupbearer trope p.76; biog., 8. Reid, Eternal Flames, volume 1, 366-69: from Boys of Adrianople; poems addressed to named boys appear 367-68. Criticism. Gibb, History of Ottoman Poetry, volume 2, 226-56. Poet from German who wrote in German. 1822-1885. He committed suicide after falling out with his close friend Franz Hedrich with whom he collaborated on novels. Book of poems: Gedichte, 1845. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Criticism. Mayne, The Intersexes, 295: states his life "concluded under an homosexual penumbra". Gay Poetry Anthologies. David heeft ook een achterkant, 35-40; biog 60. Poet from Spain writing in Catalan. Active 1974. Bibliographies. Cuaderno bibliográfico gay, 14: El bell pais on els homes desitgen els homes, Barcelona: Laertes, 19B5, B5 pp. Highly rated. Written in 1974, this book was the first gay book of poetry in Catalan: see 'Prinz Eisenherz catalog 199Q/3 p.5. Poet from Brazil writing in Portuguese. Born 1935. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poemas do amor maldito, 107-09; biog., 106. Mess Songs and Rhymes of the RAAF Collection of oral bawdy poems from Australia in English. A typescript bearing the publication details: New Guinea, September, 1945, 81 pages in length; ten copies only were compiled bearing the musical signature of the compiler: A. D. Most poems are heterosexual and many have *masturbation as a theme. See p.1, p. 5 "Abdul, The Bul-Bul Ameer" (this is a *parody of an anonymous poem of the same title), p. 14, p. 24, p. 27 "Please Do Not Tread On My Balls", p. 28, p. 34 "The member of the Air Board" (a poem with strong homosexual content which alleges the member is homosexual), p. 46, p. 55A and p. 71. Copy used: Australian War Memorial, Canberra; there may be variant copies. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1991. A *black poet from *New York. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 98: "Poem for the Club Kids" ("you are the light-bearing post-stonewall divas"); biog., 180. Movement in English from Great Britain and the United States from 1600 to ca. 1700. A group of poets who employed elaborate metaphors from science. See, in Great Britain, *Donne, *Traherne, *Vaughan. In the United States see *Edward Taylor. Meter, also spelt Metre, and Versification Poetic rhythm measured by stress in a line of poetry; from at least ca. 700 B.C. with Homer. Some meters are based on the length of vowells not stress. Greek/Latin: see *alcaic, 'anacreontics, iambic, *sapphic; see also the article "Classical Meters in Modern Languages" in Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics. English: see *free verse, iambic, *heroic couplets, *Projective verse. For 'European lanaguages see M. L. Kasparov, A History of European Versification (Oxford, 1996). The meter of *Gilgamesh which predates early Greek poetry is also relevant. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics : see "Meter". Poet from France who wrote in French. Ca. 1270-1322. He wrote the * Roman de la Rose, ca. 1290, completed by *Guillaume de Lorris. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Les Amours masculines, 60-62. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 396: extracts re the allegorical figure of *Friend. Poet possibly from the United States writing in English. Active before 1982. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gay Poetry, 4. City in Mexico where Spanish is the main spoken language. Relevant material dates from 1901. The capital of Mexico, the city is a major publishing center and the site of the Mexican National Library. It was formerly the Aztec capital and is situated on a plateau in a valley in marshy ground, formerly - under the preceding Indian peoples, the Aztecs - crisscrossed with canals. *Los 41 Maricones (1901) is the earliest documented Spanish gay poem so far. *César Moro (pseud.) wrote gay poems in 1938 though they were only published in 1957. *Ernesto Bañuelos Enriquez was an outstanding gay poet. *A. Jimenez has collected bawdy poems. The poet *Salvador Novo has written a memoir of gay life in the city. See also *Octavio Paz, *David Wansley. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica. Translator from Latin to German from Germany. Active 1923. Bibliographies. Hayn, Gotendorf, Bibliotheca Germanorum Erotica, vol. 9, 294 (under Tibullus). Das Buch Marathus: Elegien der Knaben-liebe, Berlin, 1923, 22Q copies: adaptations of the Latin poet 'Tibullus's poems to Marathus into German, with etchings by Otto Schoff. Poet from Switzerland who wrote in German. 1825-1898. Active as a writer 1870-87. He was a neurotic whose mother committed suicide. He devoted himself to the study of Renaissance art and his poems were published in a single volume Gedicte, 1882. He married in 1875; mental illness led him to stop writing in 1887. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature; a long entry. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 80-81: cites "Das Amulett" and "Gustav Adolfs Page" [no other details of both works] and the poem "Uber einem Grabe (Blüten schweben...)" [no other details]. Poet from Germany who wrote in German. 1950-1999. A major German gay poet, possibly the finest German gay poet of the period 1975-1999. Books of poems: Heute Nacht im Dschungel: Fünfzig Gedichte, Berlin: Oderbaum, 1981; Stehen Manner an den Grachten: Fünfzig Gedichte, Dusseldorf: EremitenPresse, 1990 (original lithograph by Hildegard Pütz). His latest, third gay book of poems is Versprechen eines Wundertaters: Fünfzig Gedichte, Hamburg: MännerschwarmSkript [Männerschwarm is a Hamburg gay bookshop], 1993, with fine drawings by Hannes Steinert (born 1954); see biog. notes on jacket. A final book of poems was Stern in Sicht(1998). Translation. Dutch: a translation of a poem appeared in * Homologie ca. 1990. A well known *Berlin gay poet who was at first something of a dandy; he was a *leather and *S/M poet who has written works on *Aids. He wrote a three volume autobiography Im Dampfbad grieft nach mir ein Engel (1985), David steigt aufs Reisenrad: Biographie der Besturzun (1987), Ein letzter Dank den Leichtathleten (1989) - a three volume "biography of perplexion". A novel is In meiner Seelle ist schon Herbst (1995). Teure Freunde, 1993, in prose is ten portraits of gay friends and he also published two works of feuilletons and short prose: Die PC-hure und der Sultan (1996) and Sind Sie das Fräulein Reifenstahl? (1997). He has a site on the internet with links to his various published works. Biography. See his biog. entry in Walter Killy, editor, Literatur Lexikon, 1990, and in Heinz Rupp, Deutsches Literatur-Lexikon, Bern, 1986. See also the article in Magnus Special (Magnus is a German gay journal) entitled Schwule Literatur, 1993; this includes a photograph of the poet. A photo also appears on p. 5 of the book journal Die schwulen Buchläden for 1994, number 1 (issue 94/1). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Bibliographies. Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen, items 770-77: the three volumes of poems and three autobiographies listed above plus Pariser oder Ein Blick zurück nach vorn [Berlin, 1988] and Aids und die Angst [Berlin, 1992], both these latter being folded *broadsides on *Aids. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Drobci stekla v ustih, 157; biog., 186. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 249. "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen", 162. Poet from the United States writing in English; he also lives in Great Britain. Translator from Greek, Sanskrit and Chinese to English. Born 1947. His first book The Bang Book, 1971, was published by The Jargon Society, the press owned by his partner and lover Jonathan Williams. The Bang Book is an erotic *cowboy ghost story in verse. Uranian Roses, 1977, is a brilliant translation of gay poems from the * Mousa Paidike of the * Palatine Anthology (see Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 22-23 for discussion); there is also a two page supplement with twenty-eight small poems, most from the Mousa Paidike but with a few extra poems not from this source. Other books of gay note include May, 1983, 24 pages published in an edition of 50 (rare; copy sighted in the Library of Congress)]\ and Sonnets and tableaux, London, 1987, is a gay work with tipped in plates of oil paintings by S. F.; a note in the Foreword by Jonathan Williams notes he, Jonathan Williams, has been "T. M.'s companion in life for 18 years". At Dusk Iridescent: A Gathering of Poems 1972-1997 (1999), collects the volumes Sappho, Sonnets & Tableaux, and Monotypes and Tracings and includes translations from Chinese and Sanskrit. A gay reading of his poetry overall is needed. Autumnal is a fine gay *broadsheet poem published by Catalyst Press (1975). The State University of New York at Buffalo has a large collection of his work. Interview. See Leyland, Gay Sunshine Interviews, volum 2, pp. 280-88; list of books published p. 280. On the relationship of Tom Myer see Gay Sunshine Interviews, volume 2, pp. 281-82. He and Jonathan Williams live alternatively in the United States and Great Britain. Interview with *Jim Cory: James White Review, vol. 11 no. 2, winter 1994, 12-13. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors New Revision Series, vol.1. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10860: "Poems from 'Boymuse, Uranian poems from Strato'," in Fag Rag/ Gay Sunshine combined issue, Summer 1974. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 2683-90: Autumnal, Scarborough, Ontario: Catalyst, 1975 (folded *broadside), The Bang Book, Millerton, New York: Jargon Society, 1971, Legends, A Blue Tunnel Publication, 1976, O Nathan. Excerpts from the Book of Jonathan, Vermont: The Finial Press, 1973, Poikilos, Urbana, Illinois: Finial (The Stonewall Press), 1971, Staves Calends Legends, Jargon Society, 1979, The Umbrella of Aesculapius, Highlands, NC: Jargon Society, 1975 and Uranian Roses, Scarborough, Ontario: Catalyst, 1977. Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (1984), 140: Uranian Roses, Scarborough: Catalyst, 1977. Gay Poetry Anthologies. In Homage to Priapus. Angels of the Lyre, 14849; biog., 242. Orgasms of Light, 156-58; biog., 257. Gay Poetry, 5. Amerikanike homophylophile poiese, 45-48; trans. into Greek (his name is mistakenly printed as Thomas Mener); biog., 71. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 72. Son of the Male Muse, 12028; biog., 189. Not Love Alone, 90-92; biog., 143. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 696. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 536-37; biog. note, 466. Criticism. Peters, Hunting the Snark: A Compendium of New Poetic Terminology, 183-84: very highly rated and quoting the poem "Uprooted *Ganymede" from The Umbrella of Aesculapius. Word of Mouth, 247-53. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Active 1924. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 71: "The Boy and the Dolphin" (*bathing poem). Critic, historian and biographer from Great Britain writing in English. Active from 1977. Author of Homosexuality and Literature 1890-1930, London, 1977: a study of the prose of *Wilde, *Gide, Mann and Musil, *Proust, Conrad, *E. M. Forster, *T. E. Lawrence (see pp. 114-130 on his The Seven Pillars of Wisdom) and *D. H. Lawrence. He has also written The Wounded Spirit: A Study of the Seven Pillars of Wisdom, London, 1973: see especially Chapter 14, "Sexual Pathology". He is also the author of a life of D. H. Lawrence. See also *Huysmans, *Frederick Manning. Meyerstein, Edward Harry William Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1889-1952. Author of The *Boy: A Modern Poem, Ingpen and Grant, 1928. Source: see Jacqueline Wesley Catalogue no. 28, item 38 (no other bibliographical details given, but the author was said to be writing a life of *Chatterton). He is the author of a large number of books (e. g. one on *Thomas Lovell Beddoes, 1940): see his entry in the *British Library General Catalogue. Biography: see his entry in Ruth Temple, A Library of Literary Criticism, New York, 1966. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1955. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A Day for a Lay, 265-70; biog., 265: he lives in *Los Angeles. Translator from Latin to English from Great Britain. Active 1969. A translator whose translations are readable and accurate. He is a translator of The Poems of Catullus (London, 1969; repr.); it has been highly rated by *Kenneth Quinn for accuracy. He also translated The Odes of *Horace (Penguin, 1967; repr.) and the epigrams of *Martial titled: The Epigrams of Martial (London, 1973, Penguin; 1978, repr.), a selection of Martial's epigrams only. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 86-87: trans. of *Horace. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 78-82: trans. of *Catullus. Poet from Poland who wrote in Polish; he later lived in France. 1798-1855. The greatest *Romantic poet of Poland whose long poem Pan Tadeusz (1834) was modelled on *Pushkin and *Byron; there is an element of *dandyism in the poem. He married, had several children and lived in exile in France for much of his life (where he held the first chair of Slavic Studies at the Collège de France in Paris, the first chair of Slavic Studies in Europe). In 1855, he travelled to *Istanbul with his Jewish friend Armand Levy in whose arms he died (compare *Keats). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Penguin Companion to World Literature. Everyman Companion to East European Literature. Criticism. Milosz, History of Polish Poetry, 208-32. Microform, microfiche and microfilm collections Many collections of books, *broadsheets and even manuscripts are being filmed and otherwise copied onto film and other non paper media. Material exists in English and other European languages in Great Britain, the United States and other countries from ca. 1938. *Computer databases contain much similar material since this is entering libraries in computer form (for example on CD ROMs). These collections have not always been integrated into library systems - for example, put onto computer catalogs (or if they have the contents have frequently not been completely listed). Sometimes these collections come only with card catalog entries. They present rich avenues for research. Guides to microform collections exist (e.g., in Australia guides have been published to the collections of the Universities of New South Wales and Melbourne and the National Library). English. Sex Research, a catalogue of 977 rare sexual books 1700-1860 from the *Kinsey Institute contains many rare works (it includes material in non English languages). The * Human Relations Area Files (ca. 1955+) contains anthropological material. See Early English Books 1475-1640 (1938+); Early English Books 1641-1700 (1971+); The Eighteenth Century (1982+; books mainly from the British Library); The Nineteenth Century (1988+); Proclamations, Broadsides, Ballads and Poems 1357 - 1830. The British Manuscripts Project (5 million pages of manuscripts; held at the Library of Congress, Washington) is the largest microform collection of English manuscript material. All the preceding consist of material mainly from Great Britain and the United States. For the United States see Early American Imprints 1639-1800 (1984+); Early American Imprints 1801-19; American Poetry 1609 1870. Canada. See Pre-1900 Canadiana (1979+). Microform Collections... in the Microform Reading Room, Washington, Library of Congress, 1987, mostly lists United States published works. Other languages. French. See French Books Before 1601. Archives biographiques françaises is a biographical reference source. German. See German Books Before 1601. Deutsches Biographisches Archiv, edited by Bernard Fabian, Munich, 1986, is a huge reference source on German biography. Italian. See Italian Books Before 1601; Italian Books 1601-1700. Microfilms of works in many other languages exist; in particular, of manuscripts and rare book collections. The *Research Libraries Information Network (RLIN) contains access to at least 500,000 cataloged works in microform. Middle ages and medieval period Period from ca. 300 to ca. 1400 usually relating in *European languages to Latin from Italy and Greek from Turkey and Greece and later to English, Dutch, German, French, Italian, Provençal, Portuguese, Spanish, Russian and European languages and in *Afro-Asiatic languages to Hebrew and Arabic. The period is hard to define and refers to European poetry and literature, with some taking it back to 300, others dating it as beginning much later (in 900 or 1000). This term is normally confined to Europe but it is sometimes used loosely to cover the period world wide. At this time in Europe *Christianity had its greatest influence and homosexuality was a mortal sin. (Contrast the *Renaissance period.) *Islam was founded in 622 and Arabic and Hebrew poetry written in Spain is of the greatest importance, influencing the *Courtly love and *Troubador traditions (see *A. R. Nykl). See also *Catholic Church. Since lawlessness was rife, society depended on strong *male bonding and this is apparent in the poetry in *heroic poems of the time (see * Beowulf). Various essays in Joyce E. Salisbury, Sex in the Middle Ages, New York, Garland, 1991, deal with homosexuality in literature. Arabic: see *Medieval Arabic poets. Galician: see * Cantigas. Greek: see * Palatine Anthology. Latin: see the separate entry *Medieval Latin entries and the poets in * Medieval Poems of Male Love and Friendship ; see also Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, pp. 794-96, "Medieval Latin Poetry". English: see *Old English, *Middle English. Dutch. *Harrv Kuster has written a brilliant study in Dutch of the period; see also *Rob Tielman. French: see *Gerald Herman, *Marie de France, * Roman de la Rose, *Goliardic verse. German: see *Brigitte Spreitzer, *Minnesinger. Rüdiger Lautmann and Angela Taeger, Männerliebe im alten Deutschland, Berlin, 1992, and BerndUlrich Hergemöller, Sodom und Gonorrha, Hamburg, 1998, are book length studies. Hebrew: see *Dan Pagis on poetry written in Spain in this period; Portuguese: see *Troubadors. Provencal was one of the great literary languages of the middle ages; see *Troubadors. Spanish: see *Poema del Cid. See also *Sapphic. Russian: the medieval period is sometimes extended several centuries (sometimes to 1700); see *Boris and Gleb, *Lay of Igor. Overall see V. L. Bullough, Sexual Practices and the Medieval Church, Buffalo, NY, 1982, and, for sexuality in the period, Vern L. Bullough, Handbook of Medieval Sexuality, New York, 1996; several articles in this latter touch on homosexuality. Bernd-Ulrich Hergemöller, Sodom und Gomorrha (Hamburg, 1998) deals with persecutions of gays in the Middle Ages. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 685-87: secular law in Middle Ages 809-814 by *Wayne Dynes. Bibliographies. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, items 95-105. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 49-50 and 175180. Criticism. Bailey, Homosexuality and the Western Christian Tradition, 64-144. Goodich, The Unmentionable Vice : whole book especially 3-23. Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance and Homosexuality: whole book; especially for literature see 243-66. Woods, History of Gay Literature, 41-52. Period in English from Great Britain. Ca. 1066-ca. 1550. The period is usually taken to be from the French invasion of Britain in 1066 until the beginning of the *Renaissance in 1550. English was at this time spoken only in Great Britain. The poem * Cleanness refers to the religious trope of *Sodom and Gomorrah and during the period the *Catholic church condemned homosexuality (see *Law - English). * Amis and Amiloun is a romance about male friendship (see *male bonding and compare *Old English entries and entries for *pobratim). *Chaucer was the main poet and one of his pilgrims in The Canterbury Tales is recognizable as a homosexual, the first sympathetic portrait of a male homosexual in English. (*Monica McAlpine has brilliantly discussed the literary background in Latin and French to Chaucer's work.) The Universities of *Oxford and *Cambridge - both with strong homosexual traditions - date from early in the period and many British poets wrote homosexual poems in Latin (see *Godfrey of Winchester, *Serlo). *William Dunbar was a Scots poet. *Male bonding has still not been examined in any detail in poetry relating to the strongly homosexual relationship of *King Arthur and his knights. See also *Sir Launful. Compare entries for French spoken in Great Britain at this time and German of this period. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 2697-98: Poems and Songs, London: Fisher Unwin, no date and Poems and Songs, Second Series, London: Fisher Unwin, 1912. Criticism. Bray, Homosexuality in Renaissance England, 143: Epigrams and Satyres, Edinburgh, 1840 (repr. of 1608 edition), 45 pp. Bredbeck, Sodomy and Interpretation, 14: re p. 9 of the preceding. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English; he later lived in Belgium. 1882-1911. Educated in London, he was a member of the New Bohemians Club with Arthur Machen and *Frank Harris. He later lived in Brussels because it was cheap, became entangled in a sordid amour and fled to his father's house, only to return to Brussels where he committed *suicide. *Boy-love poems. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 53-55: "Youthful Pan", "My Love Lies Hid", "I Saw a Boy, a Pretty Boy", "The *Bathing Boy"; biog., 83 (mentions his diary). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 109. Criticism. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1008: citing "The Bathing Boy" as a lyric masterpiece. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Active 1924. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 73: "I Saw Him Once". Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 505: same poem; a *boy-love poem. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1580-1627. A dramatist who also collaborated with *Thomas Dekker. See "The Black Book" in vol. 8 of A. H. Bullen's edition of his works, London, 1896, pp. 1-45; see also Micro-Cynicon, "Satire 5, Ingling Pyander", ibid., pp. 130-35 (this poem deals with male *transvestism: Pyander, a male dresses as a nymph and the male narrator falls in love with him; there is reference also to *Sodom). He wrote a great number of plays in blank verse. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Criticism. Bray, Homosexuality in Renaissance England, 143: "Ingling Pyander". Midwest region of the United States Area comprising the states of the United States around the great lakes. Poets in English are relevant. Material dates from 1924. *Chicago, one of the largest cities in the United States and the capital of the state of Illinois, is the largest city in the area and a major cultural center; it has a gay archive and major universities and libraries and a gay group has been traced to 1924. Illinois was the first United States state to decriminalize male homosexual sex in 1961. St Paul, Minnesota (to the west of Chicago and one half of the twin cities Minneapolis-St Paul) has a gay archive, the *Quatrefoil Library. The * James White Review was published from Minneapolis (though it has now moved to *Washington) and is a leading United States gay male literary journal; it has a rival * Evergreen Chronicles. The *Kinsey Insititute at Bloomington, Indiana, at Indiana State University is the world's major sex research institute. Poet from the United States writing in English. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Badboy Book, 237-42: fine *parody of Wallace Stevens in gay terms; biog., 389: lives in *Los Angeles. Philosopher and poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. 1952-1983. A *gay liberation activist and theorist who wrote the work of gay theory Elementi di critica omosessuaale, 1975; trans. into English as Homosexuality and Liberation, 1977. He is the author of a noted parody featuring *transvestism, La Traviata norma, 1977. His politics were to scandalize the bourgeoisie: for instance by dressing as a woman. A manuscript poem occurs in the play Questo spectacolo non s'ha da fare! Andate all'inferno: "Queers/ you don't know/ what you lose/ renouncing to women!" (the text is at Il Cassero, the gay archive in *Bologna). Biography: see Babilonia no. 23 (1985). He committed suicide. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amicizia amorosa, 243-44; biog., 283. Criticism. Babilonia no. 3, 14: obituary. Biographer in German from Germany. Active 1991. Author of Sergej Jessenin, Leipzig: Reclam, 1991, 555 pp., the first substantial biography of the Russian *bisexual poet *Esenin. Poet from the United States writing in English; translator from Greek to English. 1847-1921. He published five books of poems and made translations of Greek poets including *Bion. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 482. Criticism. Foster, "Beauty's Purple Flame: Some Minor American Gay Poets", Gay Books Bulletin no. 7 (1982), 15, 18 re his 1879 *elegy "In Memoriam" about a youth who had died in *Rome (called H. H. H. jr.) with whom he was apparently in love and from his book At Gates of Song: Sonnets, Boston, 1897; includes a quotation. Poet from Japan who wrote in Japanese. Active before 1713. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Partings at Dawn, 118-20; about the affection of a priest for a youth (from the anthology * Iwatsutsuji). City in Italy where Italian is spoken. Gay material survives from ca. 1970. The largest city in northern Italy which has been especially important since the *gay liberation movement. *Giovanni Testori has written of the city, Milano in Italian. A gay archive run by *Giovanni Dall'Orto, who has lived there from ca. 1985, also exists. The city has ancient archives where gay law cases undoubtedly exist. There is a special erotica section in the city library, the Biblioteca Braidense, housed in the same building as the Brera Gallery. This section is called Libri Reservati and erotic works consist mainly of French erotica of the nineteenth century. *Saint Sebastian is the patron saint of the city and an ancient church dedicated to him dates to ca. 600. Anthology from Germany in German. Berlin: *Verlag rosa Winkel, 1979, 176 pages of text; biog. information pp. 177-223. Compiled by *Bernd Gaiser, *Lothar Voth and *Nico Wurtz, it is a mixed anthology of poetry and prose with many fine illustrations. The title means "silver milk" and refers to semen. The poems are very experimental, if not off-beat, and some prose pieces may be meant as poems; only those writers who have written poems are included here. There is a strong *anarchist trend in the anthology which features many contributors pictured as *transvestites and some illustrations featuring *leather sexuality. Contributors (see entries): Martin Arker, Jürgen Baldiga, Peter Baschung, Eberhard Bechtle, Hans Eppendorfer (pseud.), Bernd Gaiser, Jens Hass/ Jutta Hertie, Herib lescath (pseud.), Frank-Birger Herzer, Gerhard Hoffmann, Joachim Hohmann, Raoul Hübner, Michael Janiszewski, Lila (pseud.), Manfred Maurenbrecher, Heinz-Dieter Schachta, Andreas Schultz, Klaus Sigl, Axel Stumpf, Ulrike Ullrich-Enderwitz (pseud.?), Lothar Voth, Wilm Weppelmann, Mario Wirz, Nico Wurtz. Compare * Schwüle Lyrik, schwüle Prose. Many poets from the anthology are translated into English by *Anthony Reid in * The Eternal Flame. Biographer from the United States writing in English. Active 1990. Author of Ginsberg: A Biography, 1990. This is a brilliant biography of *Allen Ginsberg, extremely readable, which sheds much light on the poet, the people around him (e.g., *Peter Orlovsky, Jack Kerouac, *William Burroughs) and his poems; see Acknowledgments pp. 535-38 for the author's exhaustive research into the life. He has edited a 16 hour program of the best available recordings of the poet reading. Compare *Michael Schumacher. Translator from Hebrew to English and editor. Active 1961. Compiler and translator into English of An Anthology of Medieval Hebrew Literature, London, 1961 : see homoerotic poems by *Ibn Gabirol pp. 4-5 and in Devotional poems pages 27-41, 50. Translator from Italian to Slovenian from Slovenia. Active 1989. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Drobci stekla v ustih, 65-67 (trans. of *Sandro Penna), 81-83 (*Pier Paolo Pasolini), 99-100 (*Nico Naldini), 111 (*Attilio Lolini), 129-31 (*Dario Bellezza), 132-34 (*Elio Pecora), 161-62 (*Antonio Veneziani). Milking Black Bull: 11 gay Black Poets Anthology in English from the United States. Sicklerville, NY: Vega Press, 151 pages. An anthology of gay poems by *Afro-Americans exploring *homophobia, desire, friendship and family. The poets constitute a second wave following the pioneer United States black gay poets *Melvin Dixon, *Essex Hemphill and *Assotto Saint (pseud.) The work was compiled by Vega Press (the Introduction, p. xiii, is signed *Vega) and conceived by *Assotto Saint (see title page) . Philosopher from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1806-1873. A British Utilitarian philosopher who in his famous essay On Liberty (1959) argued that people could have liberty only as far as they did not harm another person and the only reason to interfere with another person was for self protection. This essay has been a major influence on human rights and *libertarian ideas and *liberalism since publication. Anyhologies. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Bibliographer and bookseller from Great Britain of works in English; critic writing in English; translator from French to English. 18721927. The earliest British gay bookseller known so far. He used the pseudonyn Christopher Millard under which he published a number of books on Oscar Wilde. Millard was homosexual (he was imprisoned for three months for consenting homosexual sex), educated at *Oxford, converted to *Catholicism and became a secondhand bookseller in *London. He was left a yearly legacy of a hundred pounds by *Robert Ross. He is believed to have left his collection of Wilde books to the British Labour Party (information from copy of the Wilde bibliography in Fisher Library, University of Sydney, Rare Books.) He is the author of Bibliography of Oscar Wilde [to 1914], London, 1914 (repr. London, 1967, 1972, with introduction by *Timothy D'Arch Smith). This is one of the finest descriptive bibliographies ever compiled and took ten years to produce, setting standards for twentieth century bibliography. Part One (to p. 237) lists journal publications (many items were not published in Wilde's Collected Works, 1908); Part Two pp. 241-562 is works published in book form. He also wrote Oscar Wilde and the Aesthetic Movement, 1920, [15 pp.] (repr. New York, 1972; the reprint is from a defective copy, however, and has two title pages and the pages are out of sequence). This work is a discussion of song *parodies of Wilde including "Utterly Utter" by Percy F. Marshall and Oscar Dear? (name not legible); these works were inspired by *W. S. Gilbert's 1881 opera Patience. He also compiled Oscar Wilde: Art and Morality: a record of the discussion which followed the publication of Dorian Gray, London, 1907; new revised edition 1912 (repr. New York, 1971), 325 pp. This book discusses the reviews of Dorian Gray and Wilde's letters of reply (most of this material is reproduced in the Norton Critical edition of Dorian Gray, New York, 1988); the 1912 edition has a bibliography of translations of Dorian Gray pp. 304-318 and a photograph of the illustration of the alleged portrait of Dorian Gray by Basil Hallward from the Charterhouse Edition, New York, 1904, on p. 73. Other books on Wilde include a translation from French of *Gide's essay on Wilde, 1905, a bibliography of Wilde's poems, 1907 and Oscar Wilde: Three Times Tried, 1912. As a bookseller, see Three Booksellers and their Catalogues by George Sims in Book Collector 4 (1955), 291-93: this mentions fourteen catalogues put out by him 1919-24 including several with gay interest. Letters. Christopher Millard: Five Letters and a catalogue, with introduction by *T D'Arch Smith, London: Victim Press, 8 Hollywood Road, SW 10, 1983, 20 pp., consists of facsimiles of Millard's letters. Biography: see *Montague Hyde; a brief life is also in the Wilde bibliography (reprinted 1967 as cited above). Miller, Alan Bibliographer and archivist from Canada of works in English. Born ca. 1955. Compiler of *Our Own Voices, the most comprehensive listing of gay periodicals ever (most titles are in English), and other bibliographies associated with the *Canadian Lesbian and Gay Archives with which he has been associated since 1980. He also compiled the Directory of the International Association of Lesbian and Gay Archives and Libraries, Toronto, 1987. He is a librarian. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1991. *Black poet from California who appeared in the film * Tongues Untied by *Marlon Riggs and is formerly from *Chicago. Book: At the Club, San Francisco, 1988, 23 pp. - this deals with experiences in Californian black gay bars (note: this book appears to be by this poet but cannot absolutely be confirmed as being by him). Source of information about the book: *Prinz Eisenherz (editors), Lyrik. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 99: "Everywhere There's Evidence" (fine poem about the unexpectedness of relationships); biog., 180. Brother to Brother, 28-30, 72-73; biog., 272. Poet from Canada writing in English. Active 1980. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2703: same book as in Homosexuality in Canada. Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (1984): book of poems With Cloud Rolling By, Carlisle, Ontario: Branstead Press, 1980, with wood engravings by *G. Brender a Brandis. Translator from Greek to English from Great Britain. Active before 1983. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 73: trans. of the Greek poet *Paulus into English from * Palatine Anthology v 232. Anthologist from the United States writing in English. Active 1998. Editor of * Poems of Love and Liberation; he wrote the one page Preface to this work dated 23 October 1996, *San Francisco, which claims "man/boy love has been the primary mode of homoeroticism". Given the persecution of *NAMBLA (the North American Man Boy Love Association), the name could be a pseudonym. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1973. Something of a cult item, his book Fucking Animals is a book of sex poems dedicated to the Ohio State Football team. The book is reviewed in James White Review vol. 12 no. 1 (Winter 1995), 19. The author is an expert on *George Herbert and was a Professor at Long Island University in 1994. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10865: Fucking Animals, A Book of Poems, New York: The Poets Press, 1973. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2705: same book. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Badboy Book, 243: fine poem "In the Porno Theater"; biog., 289. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1837-1913. Poet of the United States *west coast associated with *San Francisco. Complete Poetical Works, 1893. See The *Advocate 372 (21 July, 1983), 45, implying he was possibly gay and living with the poet Yone Naguchi (who is, however, a woman: see entry in *National Union Catalog). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1972. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2711: Jackhammer, New York: Helikon Press, 1972. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Ca. 1932-1990. He lived in *New Orleans. The Comma After Love: Selected Poems, Ohio, 1994, is reviewed in James White Review vol. 12 no. 3 (Fall 1995), 22-23. He died of *Aids. Poet from Canada writing in English. Active 1976. Bibliographies. Homosexuality in Canada, first edition (1979), 13: Inner Music, *Vancouver: Blewointmentpress, 1977 - cites the review by *Ian Young in The Body Politic (April 1977, p. 23), "the poems are pretty ambivalent but several of the pictures are of attractive guys..." (On Blewointment Press see *bill bissett.) Anthologist from the United States of a work in English. Active 1996. Compiler of the English language anthology of Japanese gay literature * Partings at Dawn, San Francisco: Gay Sunshine, 1996, 351 pp. (biog. note, 351). The anthology is a selection of prose and poetry - mainly prose - including a translation of * Iwatsutsuji, the first Japanese gay poetry anthology. Miller, Thomas Paul Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gents, Bad Boys, and Barbarians, 149-53; biog., 148: a poet whose Tine poems were found after his death aged 27 (the cause of death is not given). Bibliographer from New Zealand of works in English. Born ca. 1955. Author of Bibliography on Homosexuality in New Zealand, Hamilton: the author,1995 (expanded from earlier edition of 1967). The author works in the Library, University of Waikato (address: Private Bag 3105, Hamilton), New Zealand from where the bibliography is available free. There is a section, "Literature", in the bibliography, but only one poet, *Brett Coutts, is included. The first edition was called Homosexuality: A Bibliography of literature published since 1959 and available in New Zealand, Wellington, 1967, 55 pages. Translator from Greek and Latin to English. Active 1983. He translated The Idylls of Theokritos (West Lafayette, Indiana 1963; repr.), a Tine verse translation and probably the best available in English of the Greek poet *Theocritus. He is a translator of the Latin poet *Martial: Epigrams from Martial, Lafayette, Indiana, 1969, 351 epigrams. Critic from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1791-1868. A writer of verse dramas and Professor of Poetry at *Oxford (1821-31); later Dean of St Paul's Cathedral, London. *Byron called him "That swarthy *Sporus, neither man nor bard" (Don Juan, Canto 11, Stanza 58) and thus implied he was homosexual. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Milnes, Richard Monckton, Lord Houghton Book collector from Great Britain of works in English. 1809-1885. Called Monckton Milnes by his friends, he was a friend of *Tennyson, *Hallam, *Swinburne and *Burton and a serious collector of erotic books - mostly French, heterosexual and of the eighteenth century - including the first serious collection of *De Sade. He was possibly the author of * The Rodiad. His manuscripts in Trinity College Library may yield material of interest. Biography. His life was written by James Pope-Hennessy, 2 volumes, 1950-52. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionary of National Biography. Critic and historian from Poland writing in Polish; translator from English into Polish; he later lived in the United States and is best known as a poet. Born 1911. One of the most famous contemporary Polish poets, Czeslaw Milosz was awarded the *Nobel Prize for Literature in 1980. He is a translator of *Whitman and *Shakespeare into Polish and his own poems in English translation show his mastery of Whitmanic *free verse. His History of Polish Poetry (1969; second edition 1983) written in English, touches on homosexuality in poets (e.g., see *Cyprian Norwid). He has lived abroad since the Second World War, latterly in Berkeley, California, where he teaches at the University of California. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Penguin Companion to World Literature. Contemporary Literary Criticism, volume 56. Everyman Companion to East European Literature. Poet from Chile who wrote in Spanish. Active 1915. Author of Poems, Paris, 1915, which is believed to contain gay poems. The author is either Augusto Thomson or, more probably, Augusto d'Halmar (from Chile, 1882-1950); on d'Halmar see his entry in Foster, Latin American Writers on Gay and Lesbian Themes (he wrote homosexual novels but no books of poems are listed). Information from the card catalog of the National Library of Spain, Madrid. He is the author of several other works. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English, Latin and Italian; letter writer in Latin of gay relevant letters. 1608-1674. Widely regarded as amongst the greatest British poets, Milton was called "the lady of Christ's" when he was a student at Christ Church, Cambridge, where he began to write poetry in both Latin and Italian. At school he formed a close relationship with the Italian *Charles Diodati which continued at Cambridge and with whom he formed a perhaps homosexual relationship. He travelled extensively in Italy 1637-39. His *elegy * Lycidas (1637) is based on the death of Edward King and is one of the earliest of a number of English elegies written by male poets about another male; see James H. Hanford, "The Pastoral Elegy and Milton's 'Lycidas'", Publications of the Modern Language Association 25 (1940), 403-47, on the relationship of the poem to the Greek and Latin pastoral tradition. "Lycidas" is conventional in form and lacking in genuine feeling and many readers see it as merely a literary exercise. The poem mentions the *Hyacinthus trope. In his *epic Paradise Lost (1667), Milton constantly mentions how much more lovely in body and mind Adam was than Eve - see Books 3-5 (source of this observation: *Anthony Reid) - and there are also descriptions of beautiful *angels and their activities to consider (e.g., Book 8 lines 618-29 - on these lines see *C. S. Lewis who stated that they had the implication of referring to homosexual promiscuity). His first wife died and his second wife left him (though she later returned); he later married a third time. He wrote a passionate attack on *censorship, Areopagitica (1644), the first defence of free speech in English. Milton's relationship with Diodati is where his works show most homosexual interest. In Latin see "First Elegy: To Charles Diodati" in Works, edited by F. A. Patterson, Volume 1 Part. 1, Minor Poems, New York, 1931, pp. 168-75 (with English trans.); "Sixth Elegy", ibid., 206-15. Though both poems mention the love of women, in "Elegy 1" see lines 57-62 re the homosexual tropes *Cupid, *Hyacinth and *Adonis. In "Elegy 6, To Charles Diodati", line 7 is mistranslated by the translator, Douglas Bush, as "my love" (it clearly reads in Latin "our love") and the poem thus reads as a love poem to Diodati; see also lines 23-26 re *Pindar. Milton's letters to Diodati in Latin, ibid., vol. 12, letters 6-7, pp. 18-29, and Diodati's replies in Greek (pp. 294-95), Latin (pp. 296-311) and Italian (pp. 312-15) are also of relevance. In the Latin poem Epitaphium Damonis (*Epitaph of *Damon), 1639, The Works, vol. 1 Part 1, op. cit., New York, 1931, pp. 168-297 (with English translation), a poem written on Diodati's death, Damon is meant to stand for Diodati; the poem is more genuine in feeling than "Lycidas". There were contemporary attacks on Milton and his fellow English poet *Marvell asserting a homosexual connection: see Richard Leigh The Transposer Rehearsed (1673), p.55; this is discussed in Pierre Legouis's biography Andrew Marvell, 1968, pp. 122 and 199-200 and in W. R. Parker's biography of Milton; see also Christopher Hill, "Milton and Marvell" in Approaches to Milton, edited by C. A. Partrides, 1978, pp. 1-30. (Milton was Latin secretary during the period of the Commonwealth, 1649-60 when England was a republic.) See John T. Shawcross for a book on Milton and homosexuality. For an Italian poem: see the sonnet to Diodati in The Works, op. cit., vol. 1 Part 1, pp. 54-55 (with English translation) - this sonnet is strongly homoerotic and seems to be a love poem to Diodati. See also *Robert Graves, *G. W. Bredbeck, *Lesbianism, and Edward Semple Le Comte, Milton and Sex, 1978. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature: revealing Milton as "a strict *Puritan, a *misogynist, a libertine, and, recently as a radical heretic". Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 363-69. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Ioläus (1935) 265-71: from Lycidas. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 41: from Lycidas, Paradise Lost x 888ff and Paradise Regained ii 350ff (re *Ganymede); biog., 114. Hallam, Book of Sodom, 259-60: "An Outline for a Tragedy" about *sodom (repr. from Complete Prose Works, edited by Maurice Kelley, volume 8, 1982). Criticism in homosexual terms. Mayne, The Intersexes, 353. Bredbeck, Sodomy and Interpretation, 189-231: re Paradise Regained. Trope occurring in oral poetry in Australia possibly in Yirrkala, Oenpelli, Murngin and other languages. From at least ca. 1960. Mimi spirits - male spirits with long penises - in north Australia poke their penis up through the earth and penetrate anyone sexually (Professor Margaret Clunies-Ross, University of Sydney to the author, 1987). They are extensively represented in art in northern central Australia especially in Arnhem Land in the Northern Territory, where the above languages are spoken, and are very ancient. *Songs and oral poems are relevant. Compare *Trickster, *Androgyne (regarding Aranda). See "Mimi Art" (with bibl.) in David Horton, editor, The Encyclopedia of Aboriginal Australia (1994). Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. Active 63Q B.C. He wrote poems to women and his work is notable for its love of pleasure. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 6BB. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, BQ: poem "Nanno (Sage was wäre das Leben...) [no other details]. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Theognidea, lines 793-96. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 2Q. Ming and Ch'ing novels and stories Period in Chinese in China from 1388 to 1911. Homosexual characters and references are notable in novels and short stories from the *Ming period (that is, from 1388) to the Chinese *Republic in 1911. They show homosexuality as part of Chinese society in a less censorious way than in western material of the time. Prose works, which the Chinese literati formally undervalued (since poetry was regarded as the supreme written art form), show the background against which the poetry was written and provide significant social detail as well as being literary works in their own right. The Ming masterpiece The Golden Lotus, published in 1617 (Hinsch, Passions of the Cut Sleeve, pp. 134-37), is one of the first prose works of relevance (on this work see The Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature, p. 287: Chin P'ing Mei). The famous *Ch'ing novel The Dream of the Red Chamber (Hinsch, Passions of the Cut Sleeve, pp. 150-51) has material; a gay poem occurs in it. (This novel is also called in English The Story of the Stone). A famous untranslated novel which includes a defence of homosexuality is P'in-hua pao-chien (published 1852) (Precious Mirror for Gazing at Flowers; or more prosaically, A Mirror of Theatrical Life) by Ch'en Sen (ca. 1796-1870: see Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature, p. 42). In this novel T'ien Ch'un-hang is probably based on the famous gay *scholar Pi Yuan (source: *Louis Crompton paper on Chinese homosexuality, 1987). Relations between scholars and male *prostitutes are commonly referred to in novels. The Japanese writer *Saikaku's work was modelled on Chinese works. See also Keith McMahon, Causality and Containment in seventeenth-century Chinese fiction, Leiden, 1988 - several references to homosexuality in novels occur e.g., pp.13 (re *Li Yu), 73-87. Criticism. Hinsch, Passions of the Cut Sleeve, 118-160. Period in China in Chinese. 1388-1644. The period is named after the ruling dynsasty. *Peking became the capital at this time. Poets: *T'ang Yin, *Li Yu. See also Chinese *Ming novels. A Ph. D. thesis is being written by Giovanni Vitiello (born 1962 in *Naples and a Master of Arts graduate from the University of Rome) at the University of Berkeley, Department of East Asian languages, in homoeroticism in Chinese literature of the Ming and Qing period. Criticism. Shasha, History of Homosexuality in China, xxiii. Hinsch, Passions of the Cut Sleeve, 118-38. See Shasha, History of Homosexuality in China, xxiii and 141 re poets. Minnsingers, in German minnesänger Poets from Germany who wrote in German. Active ca. 1200. The cult of Minnesäng was the German equivalent of the formal love poetry of the chivalric age; the primary sources of minnesäng are the Provençal love lyric and the Old French poetry of the *troubadours. The Spanish * alba is also another source. The standard text was a love poem of a knight who adored a married lady. This situation provides a perfect cover for the expression of homosexual love and homosexuality in the Minnesäng needs investigation. The relationship with the lady runs parallel - and is thought by many to be deliberately so - to that of a nobleman to his leige lord (which male relationship has obvious homoerotic undertones). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature : "Minnesang" (active 1180-1220). Bibliographies. Hayn, Gotendorf, Bibliotheca Germanorum Erotica, vol. 4, 534-546: see "Minnesanger". Criticism. Mayne, The Intersexes, 295: states they made a cult of *friendship; *Wolfram von Eschenbach, *Walther von der Vogelweide, Heinrich von Morungen are referred to. Songs in English from the United States. From ca. 1854. Minstrel tradition involved white men who wore black make up and who sang songs and danced together for an audience. It was based on role reversals - with obvious homosexual possibilities since mistrels were all male groups; there were also genuine *black minstrels. The whole tradition was deeply indebted to negro songs and has strong elements of *camp. A "straight man" at the center fed lines and songs to the "end men" arranged in a circle round him or on the corners and called "Tambo" or "Mr Bones". All songs should be considered; song books exist from 1854 (see Carl Wittke, Tambo and Bones, 1930, p. 172). The shows were very popular 1850-70 but continued into the 1920s. The probably homosexual *Stephen Foster's tunes were used and the homosexual composer Aaron Copland in his Old American Songs used a song relating to this tradition, "The Boatmen's Dance" (by D. Emmett, 1843): "The boatmen dance, the boatmen sing/ The boatmen up to ev'ry thing." John Berryman based his sequence The Dream Songs structurally on Tambo and Bones. See *Popular Music, *Performance traditions; compare *Music Hall. See Robert C. Toll, Blacking Up: The Minstrel Show in Nineteenth-century America, 1974; important bibl. pp. 285-302. A list of minstrel songsters is in Ike Simond, Old Slack's Reminiscence and Pocket History of the Colored Profession from 1865-91 (repr. 1974), pp. 39-51. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature: see "Minstrel shows" (with bibl.). Howes, Broadcasting It: see "Black and White Minstrel Show". Poet and scribe from India writing in Persian. Active ca. 1600 - died ca. 1644. One of the most famous scribes of his time he apparently wrote a homosexual love poem: see Stuart Cary Welch and Anthony Welch, Arts of the Islamic Book: The Collection of Prince Sadrudin Aga Khan, Ithaca, 1982, pp. 220-223. In Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, volume 4, p. 1126, in the article "Khatt" (writing) the author of the section on Muslim India, M. Abdullah Chaghtai, states he was the lover of Shah Jahangir. On Shah Jahangir (1529-1627) see his entry in Encyclopedia Britannica; he was the Mughal Emperor of India from 1605, was the son of *Akbar, a heavy drinker addicted to *opium, had a Persian wife and was a great patron of painting. Mir 'Ali worked in Herat and Bukhara under Timurid, Safavid and Uzbek patrons. Poet from India writing in Urdu; autobiographer in Persian. Ca. 1732-1810. The first great Urdu poet and possibly the greatest Urdu love poet; he was noted for his * ghazals. Originally from *Delhi, he lived in *Lucknow from 1782. Homosexual themes occur in his poetry and his six collections of verse mention boys many times. In Persian, he wrote an autobiography, Zikr-e Mir. His penname "Mir" means prince. Criticism: see *'Andalib Shadani for the first homosexual critique in Urdu; *Ralph Russell touches on homosexuality in Three Mughal Poets, 1969, pp. 105-06 (he discusses homosexuality in the * masnavi Sho'la i Shauq [The Flame of Love]), p. 109 (homosexuality in * ghazals), p. 230; this work discusses Mir extensively pp. 95-277. In Ralph Russell, The Pursuit of Urdu, 1992, p. 55, Ralph Russell states '"It seems evident therefore that when Mir speaks in his ghazals of deep, passionate love for a woman he speaks of what he has himself experienced." Mir seems *to have been bisexual. Not in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Translation. English: see *C. M. Naim, "The Theme of Homosexual (Pederastic) Love in Pre-Modern Urdu Poetry", in Studies in the Urdu Gazal and Prose Fiction, edited by M. U. Memon, 1979, p. 141. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Yaraana: Gay Writing from India, xix (poem titled "It Was My City). Criticism. Naim, "The Theme of Homosexual (Pederastic) Love in Pre-Modern Urdu Poetry", in Studies in the Urdu Gazal and Prose Fiction, edited by M. U. Memon, 1979, 123: a vast number of verses contain references to the handsome boys of *Delhi as *Andalib Shadani showed. Sadiq, History of Urdu Literature, 127-38; notes p. 134 his masnavis "show a penchant for unhealthy themes and homosexual love". Rahman, "Boy love in the Urdu ghazal", Paidika vol. 2 no. 1 (1989), 12 - re *Andalib Shadani showing many poems deal with homosex and the critics SHamim Tizvi and Saleem Akhtar writing about his predilection for boys 14 - is a major poet for overt reference to homosex; 17 - poem quoted; 18 - three poems quoted re coming of beard; 19-22 - discussion of his homosexual poems along with those of other poets; 15. Poet who wrote in Urdu. Active ca. 1850?; the date is uncertain. Criticism. Rahman, "Boy love in the Urdu ghazal", Paidika vol. 2 no. 1 (1989), 19: poem about seeing boys at Slama Ullah Khan's house. Poet from India who wrote in Gujarati. Ca. 1403-1470. A female poet. A huge corpus of over 5,000 poems and songs to Radha and *Krishna exists; they also relate to *bhakti. There is no established text of her poems and many were undoubtedly composed by other hands and added to the original corpus; some of these may be by gays and some by *hijras and *dancing boys, who undoubtedly sang them. Translation. English: See For Love of the Dark One: Songs of Mirabai, trans. Andrew Schelling, Boston, 1993. Translation exists into north *Indian languages. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures South volume: see under "Pada". Poet from Japan who wrote in Japanese. 1925-1970. Mishima was an active homosexual novelist but was married. He sensationally committed *suicide by means of seppuku with his lover, Morita, after attempting to instigate a military coup in Tokyo; seppuku is disembowelling onesself using a knife (he was decapitated by Morita after performing seppuku). His behavior was much influenced by the *samurai tradition and he surrounded himself with a group of young men who worked out with him in this warrior tradition. Poems of relevance. In John Martin, Mishima, 1974, pp. 31-32 early poems are referred to. See also Gay Sunshine no. 31 (1977), p. 8: five poems from the novel Forbidden Colors (adapted by *Ian Young) are quoted. A late poem "Icarus" is quoted in The New Yorker 10 May, 1993, 101. There may be unpublished poems. Mishima was very narcissistic as posed photographs of himself (e.g., as *Saint Sebastian) reveal; there was an *S/M element in his makeup. He wrote No plays: see *Theater - Japanese. Biography. John Nathan, Mishima: A biography, 1974 (a Japanese translation of the book was stopped by Mishima's wife); Henry Scott-Stokes, The Life and Death of Yukio Mishima, 1974. Criticism. On his gay life and work see Jacob Stockinger. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 822-24. Howes, Broadcasting It. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 637: five poems from Forbidden Colors adapted by *Ian Young. Gay Sunshine no. 31 (1977), 7-10: "The Gay Mishima" by Jacob Stockinger. Misogyny and misogynistic poets Concept in Greek and other languages from Greece and other countries dating from ca. 644 B.C. Misogyny is hatred of women by men. This was manifested by earlier poets in connection with homosexuality, though misogyny and homosexuality are not necessarily linked (heterosexual males may be misogynist). Misogynist poets may reasonably be suspected of being homosexual or having homosexual tendencies, but this must not be taken for granted and each case must be treated individually. In the contemporary period misogyny has noticeably abated with the rise of *feminism. Poems attacking heterosexual marriage may be relevant. islamic societies where purdah is observed encourage misogyny. Contrast *effeminism. See David F. Noble, A World Without Women: The Christian Clerical Culture of Western Science, 1993. Greek: *Semonides (active 644 B.C.). English: *Francis Beaumont, 'Elizabeth B. Browning re *Thomas Gray, *Dunbar, *McCrae, John Milton, *"Women-Hater's Lamentation". Japanese: see Schalow, The Great Mirror of Male Love , 4, 12 regarding *Saikaku. Latin: see Juvenal (see his Sixth Satire). Persian: *Sa'di; there is a misygonist streak in other poets as well. *Firdawsi needs consideration. Spanish: see Michael Solomon, The Literature of Misogyny in Medieval Spain, Cambridge, UK, 1998. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1951. The author of fine erotic poems. He lives in Bloomington, Indiana, where he is a founder of the Bloomington Gay Women's and Men's Literary Circle and has published one chapbook, Bambi of the Apes, privately printed, 1971. He was a janitor at Indiana University. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Son of the Male Muse, 129-31; biog. 189 (with photo). Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1932. See Gay News, no. 113, p. 6: records him reading at the Poetry Centre for *Gay News benefit night (with *Eddie Linden, Robin Archer and Cecily Herbert). Gay News was involved in a court case at this time (see James Kirkup). A poet and dramatist whose poetry has espoused many causes and who has been called a committed poet. He is married with a daughter. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Poet from Australia writing in English. Active 1983. See Michelle Field, ed., Oz Shrink Lit., Ringwood, Australia, 1983, p. 113: poems based on the novel Flaws in the Glass by *Patrick White. This is a sendup of Patrick White's autobiography. The name is possibly a pseudonym referring to the book collector *David Scott Mitchell. Book collector from Australia and poet who wrote in English. 1836-1907. A bibliophile who left his collection to the State Library of New South Wales where it became the basis of that library's collection of Australiana and changed the direction of the library so that, now housing the foremost collection of Australiana in the country, it became preeminent in the country for Australian material (the library had previously had a European collecting direction). The Senate of the University of Sydney, of which Mitchell was a graduate, refused to take Mitchell's collection. Mitchell had previously been interested in British literature and the classics. He became interested in Australian material as it was easier to collect. Local publishing in Australia was getting under way at the time and this may also have stimulated Mitchell. His library of 60,000 books forms the basis of the Mitchell Library's Australiana collection, Sydney, including almost every Australian work of litrerature of the nineteenth century. Mitchell never married. He was alleged by *Martin Smith (Campaign no. 30, March 1978, 11-12, 14) to have been gay; however his sexuality must remain problematical at best and he seems more asexual than anything: or rather, nothing conclusive can be said about his sexuality although he has signs of having a homosexual disposition. He lived a reclusive existence at his house at 17 Darlinghurst Road, from 1871, after inheriting a large estate from his father. Arthur W. Jose in "David Scott Mitchell", The Lone Hand, 2 September, 1907, 465-69 states "During the greater part of his life few knew him at all; one or two, at most, knew him intimately" (p. 465). There may be a sexual pun in a note to W. B. Dalley which Jose quotes: "May I come and bore you for an hour" and in Dalley's reply "I would put off many pleasant things to have you bore me" (ibid, 466-67); he was also an amateur *actor and "extremely sensitive" (ibid., 467). The Sydney bookseller James R. Tyrrell in David Scott Mitchell (Sydney, 1936) says he shunned visitors "But boys with parcels were always welcome to come in and place them in the library" (op. cit., p. 14). He encouraged *J. Le Gay Brereton to read the homosexual *Christopher Marlowe, then a somewhat risqué writer (see David Scott Mitchell, The Native Companion, 1 September, 1907, 58-59). In "Books I Remember" (in The Lone Hand 1 February, 1913), Brereton writes of his discovery of Whitman's Leaves of Grass via a copy of the book lent to him by Mitchell. As Smith's research disclosed, he owned erotica on sex, including some books in French, unusual for the time; these books and photographs were found in the Mitchell Librarian's office about 1993 (most are heterosexual in ambience; one photo shows anal sex with a woman). Some erotica entered the Mitchell Catalogue. For a discussion of the erotica see Richard Hall, "Revealed, Mitchell's Library of Dirty Books", Sydney Morning Herald, 18 June, 1994, Spectrum 7A. The Mitchell Library holds a signed copy of *Martial's poems, Venice, 1482, a testimony to his earlier collecting interests; two other editions, unsigned, of Martial were owned by him, one edited by *Marolles, 1655 and another by *Henry Bohn. These works show interest in the most openly homosexual poet in ancient Latin. See also *Libraries and Archives - English; *Domizio Calderini. What can be said overall is that there was a certain risqué, even bohemian, element in Mitchell's character. Overall the dominant note is of shyness and reclusivity. Mitchell was certainly well aware of homosexuality in the poetry of Christopher Marlowe, Whitman and Martial. A notebook of poems in the Mitchell Library has been identified as being by Mitchell; these poems are *non-gender specific. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Australian Dictionary of Biography. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1940. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 2726-27: Buddhist Poems, San Francisco: Hoddypoll Press, 1975 and New Poems, San Francisco: Hoddypoll Press, 1974. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Male Muse, 77-79; biog., 123. Angels of the Lyre, 150-52; biog., 242. Gay Poetry, 4. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 330-31. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1963. See London Magazine April 1963, p. 6-7: very fine poem about a homosexual *S/M murder. Poet from Russia writing in Chuvash. 1908-1957. See An Anthology of Chuvash Poetry, edited by Gennady Aygi and trans. Peter France, 1991, pp. 176 "Song of the Lower Chuvash" and 178, "Message to Friends" - strong *male bonding; the preface states, p. xxxi, "Fraternity was Mitta's favourite word." The most famous twentieth century Chuvash poet. He apparently married. He spent seventeen years in labor camps. The Chuvash Republic is 500 miles east of *Moscow and is an autonomous region of the Russian federation. Chuvash is a *Turkic language but the people have adopted the *Orthodox religion. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica: see "Chuvash". Poet from the United States writing in English. Born ca. 1950. A gay activist from Boston. He is the author of The Boston Sex Scandal, Boston: Grad Day Books, 1980, about charges brought against gay men in Boston for sex with minors (with a photo and biographical note p. 148); as the author he spells his name Mitzel and does not give his first name. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2240: The Bunny LaRue Poems, Dorchester, MA: Manifest Destiny Books, 1974 (published under the pseudonym *Bunny La Rue). Historian and lexicographer from Japan who wrote in Japanese. 1867-1955. The major writer on the demi-monde and popular culture in Japan from 1912; he was imprisoned for "repeated literary indiscretions" (Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan article). Hikkashi (1926 repr. 1974) is on book censorship. Waisetsu Haigo (1976) is a dictionary of *sex words. His library containing pornographic materials is in the University of Tokyo library. He has written over one hundred books and his interests and approach are similar to those of *semiotics. Copies used: *Library of Congress. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan. Poet from Japan who wrote in Japanese. 1896-1933. Famous Japanese *Buddhist poet who was especially inspired by the Lotus Sutra. He never married. His poem to a pupil, "A Valediction" shows homoerotic sentiments (see Spring and Azura: Poems of Kenji Miyazawa, trans. by *Hiroaki Sato, pp. 51-52). He lived a life of renunciation in northern Japan and seems deeply repressed sexually. His poem "November the Third", about aspiring to be a good person and deeply *Buddhist in inspiration, is one of the most famous in Japan. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan : Poet from Japan who wrote in Japanese. 1900-1974. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan ; states he is "usually considered in the first rank of modern writers". Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poems of Love and Liberation, 22. MLA, also called Modern Language Association Bibliography An association in the United States important in relation to bibliography in English and *European languages. A gay section has existed since 1985. The Modern Language Association is an association of scholars studying literatures in modern languages in United States universities. The MLA publishes an annual bibliography of criticism (on CD ROM) in modern languages (of which the languages included are mostly European). This should be checked for articles on poets since, increasingly, homosexual criticism is appearing on gay poets. * Lesbian and Gay Studies Newsletter is published by the gay caucus which has existed since 1985 and lists latest developments; it also has book reviews. Harner, Literary Research Guide, is a brilliant work on literary research published by the MLA; this work should be consulted for any detailed research. Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. Active 250 B.C. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 696; specifically states that the spelling is not Mnasalcas. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Garland of Meleager. Palatine Anthology xii 138 (spelt Mnasalcas). Criticism. Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 9 (1908), 273: called Mnasalkas of Sikyon. Works in Greek from Greece from 1900. Modern Greek from 1900 has seen a renaissance of the *hellenic homosexual poetry traditions of ancient Greek. This can be seen especially in the work of the major gay poets *C. P. Cavafy and *Dinos Christianopoulos in the contemporary period. The complete text of Cavafy has been gradually revealed due to the work of *G. P. Savidis. *Mary Koukoules has done outstanding work on modern Greek homo *bawdry poems. The *journal Amphi has articles on gay culture. Other poets: *Napoleon Lapathiotis, *Constantine Karyotakis and *Yannis Ritsos. *Walt Whitman has been translated into modern Greek. Movement in English, French, Russian, Spanish, Portuguese, Chinese and Japanese in Great Britain, the United States, France and other countries dating from ca. 1908. Modernism was the major innovative movement in the arts in the first part of the twentieth century and usually dates 1908-24. In poetry it is linked with the widespread use of *free verse, especially with violent line breaks and radical arrangement of the words on the page, as in The Cantos of *Ezra Pound. Shocking subject matter - e.g. homosexuality - may be considered part of modernism (see *Antonio Botto, *Fernando Pessoa). *Post-modernism succeeds modernism from ca. 1945 and *surrealism developed from modernism from ca. 1930. English. *Ezra Pound and *T. S. Eliot are usually taken to be the founders of modernism in English (though free verse dates from *Whitman). Modernists, such as *Osbert Sitwell, opposed the 'Georgians. For the United States see *Hart Crane (a leading United States modernist of the 1920s) and *Robert McAlmon. The use of free verse is now accepted and is no longer in contention. In Australia, modernism is usually dated from the *Ern Malley hoax in 1944 though free verse was written before. See 'Christopher Brennan, 'Generation of 68, *Harry Hooton, *Don Maynard. French. See *Apollinaire, *Cocteau, *Mallarmé. Portuguese. In Portugal, there was a vigorous modernist movement of which *Pessoa was the main protagonist; see also *Antonio Botto, *Raul Leal, *Sa Carneiro. In Brazil, where modernism was especially strong, see *Mârio de Andrade, *Oswald de Andrade, *Mario Drummond de Andrade, *Carlos Drummond de Andrade, Jorge de Lima. Modernism was in existence in Brazil from 1922: see the article "Modernismo" in Encyclopedia of Latin American Literature. Russian: see *Blok, *Esenin. *Marxism was opposed to modernism. Spanish: *Dario (pseud.), *Lorca. Swedish: *Gunnar Björling. Chinese and Japanese. The coming of *free verse and the translation of *Whitman marked the beginnings of modernism. In China after the May Fourth movement 1918 there was a movement for literature to be written in ordinary language (called baiwua) and not the language of scholars. For Chinese *Lu Hsun was a key figure. Some scholars believe Modernism grew out of *Romanticism: see Lionel Trilling, "On the teaching of modern literature" in Beyond Culture: Essays on Literature and Learning, 1967, pp. 19-41. *Richard Ellmann, The Modern Tradition; Backgrounds of Modern LIterature, 1965, a 953 page selection of extracts from significant works important for the background to modernism (includes an index). Justin Wintle, Makers of Modern Culture, London, 1981, is an excellent biographical dictionary of writers, artists, scientists (and a few political figures such as Adolf Hitler) mainly of Europe but also from other parts of the world from 1900 to 1980; entries are written by experts and have bibliographies; index. Alan Bullock, The Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought, second edition, 1988 (reprinted), has excellent concise articles on key concepts. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics : "Modernism". Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, vol. 2, 824-26. New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Poet from Russia writing in Russian. Born 1974. The best known "out" Russian gay figure whose poetry has appeared in a number of journals; he is also the translator of James Baldwin's gay novel Giovanni's Room and William Burroughs' Naked Lunch into Russian. In 1995 he emigrated to *New York. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Out of the Blue, 400 - "The Army Elegy" dedicated "To the soldier Serypzha; biog., 393. Poet from Turkey who wrote in Turkish. Active before 1838. Ferdi is a common *maklas. *Ottoman poet. Not found in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: Die Männerliebe der Griechen, 75-78: material on this poet is translated into German by *Thomas Schabert. Mohammed ibn Daniel al-Khalil, also spelt Ibn Daniyal Poet from Egypt who wrote in Arabic. Active between 1250 and 1500. A *Mamluk poet from Egypt; when his poems were printed in the twentieth century all homosexual poems were omitted. (Dr Abdul-Jaleel, University of Cairo to me, 22 February 1987). Criticism. Wright, Homoeroticism in Classical Arabic Literature, 177-78: a poem about a beautiful youth seen at the *baths. Translator from Greek to Dutch. Active 1984. Translator of the Greek poet *Cavafy into Dutch with *Hans Warren (see his entry). Sexologist from Germany who wrote in German. 1862-1939. He is the author of Berühmte Homosexuelle (Famous homosexuals), Wiesbaden,1910, the earliest list of homosexuals in German (it has some discussion of poetry); it was reviewed in Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 12 (1911-12), 363-67. For reference to this work, which was relied on by *Magnus Hirschfeld, see *H.C. Andersen, *Ludwig II, *Adolf Friedrich von Schack, *J. L. Gleim and the poem "De façon qu'on me vit jamais". His very influential Die contrare Sexualempfindung (The contrary sexual sensations), 1891 (third edition 1899), following *Krafft-Ebing, treated homosexuality as abnormal: see Chapter 4 of the 1899 editon, 197-247. It was translated into English, New York, 1931 as Perversions of the Sex Instinct and, despite its title, the translation is mainly on homosexuality (it contains many spelling mistakes). He edited a dictionary of sexuality: Handbuch der sexual wissenschaften, 1912 (2 volume enlarged edition 1926). He was the major establishment opponent of *Magnus Hirschfeld. L'Inversion sexuelle, Paris, 1893, is a French translation of the 1891 edition of Die contrare Sexualempfindung and is one of the first detailed discussions of homosexuality in French, about 303 pp. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Deutsches Biographiosches Archiv. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 826: biog. article. Bibliographies. Hayn, Gotendorf, Bibliotheca Germanorum Erotica, vol. 9, 413. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 81-82. Criticism. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 2 (1900), 1-29: article on the treatment of homosexuality. Poet and autobiographer from the United States writing in English. 1945-1995. A *Los Angeles based writer who was a graduate of *Yale. His Love Alone: Eighteen Elegies for Rog, New York, St Martin's, 1988 is the finest *sequence in English to date on *Aids. It deals with the author's reaction to his lover *Roger Horwitz's death and was written in the five months after his death in 1986-87; it constitutes an *elegy and portrays the sense of panic at the situation (review: James White Review vol. 6 no. 4, Summer 1989, 13 by Greg Baysans). His autobiographical account of Roger's death and their life together is entitled Borrowed Time (review: Lambda Rising Book Review vol. 1 no. 6, 11). West of Yesterday, East of Summer: New and Selected poems 1973-1993, was published in 1994 (review: James White Review vol. 12 no. 2, Spring/Summer 1995, 22-23). Paul Monette died of Aids in 1995. A profile appeared on US National Public Radio All things Considered Program Number 1757, February 12, 1995. He also wrote an autobiography Becoming a Man: Half a Life Story, 1992. Last Watch of the Night, 1995, is a selection of his essays (review: James White Review, vol. 12 no. 3, fall 1995, 23). Interviews. See Advocate no. 274, 23 August 1979, 45-47 - states he had at least two relationships with women; no. 507, 13 September 1988, 65-6; Christopher Street no. 126, 52-56. In Los Angeles he wrote screenplays for Hollywood and was originally a poet before becoming a novelist. See also Sharon Malinowski, ed., The Gay and Lesbian Literary Companion, Detroit, 1995, 363. A film based on his life was made in 1997 in the United States by Monte Bramer titled Paul Monette - The Brink of Summer's End. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2752: No Witnesses, New York: Avon, 1981. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poets for Life, 167-77: poems from Love Alone. Name of Love, 58-59; biog. 75-76. Poet in Turkish from Turkey. Active before 1938. *Ottoman poet. Not found in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: Die Männerliebe der Griechen, 79. He opened the Poetry Bookshop in 1913 and with *Edward Marsh published all five volumes titled * Georgian Poetry from the bookshop. Many Georgian poets were visitors to his shop. Collected Poems, 1933. He was sympathetic to homosexual poets; see Joy Grant, Harold Monro and the Poetry Bookshop, 1967. He married. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10867: Children of Love, London: Poetry Bookshop, 1914; his name misspelled Munro. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2806: Children of Love, London: Poetry Bookshop, 1914. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 130-31, 136, 182-84; biog., 239-40. Translator from the United States from Arabic to English. Active 1974. Author of Hispano-Arabic Poetry, Berkeley, 1974: a selection of 50 poems translated from Arabic poets from Spain with biographical information pp. xiii-xvii, a history of Spanish Arabic poetry pp. 3-71, bibliography pp. 395-402 and glossary of poetic terms pp. 39193. Many poems have homoerotic content and the work is a quasi gay anthology (though not all poets wrote gay poems): see *at-Taliq, *Ibn Arfa, *Ibn Kharaja, *Ibn Shuhayd, *Ibn 'Ubada, *Kasidas, *Musashshah. Biography: see Wright, Homoeroticism in Classical Arabic Literature, p. ix - states he is Professor of Arabic Literature and Comparative Literature at University of California, Berkeley, where he has taught since 1970. Criticism. *Norman Roth, " 'Deal Gently with the Young Man': Love of Boys in Medieval Hebrew Poetry of Spain", Speculum 57 (1982), 28: re love of boys in his anththology. Wright, Homoeroticism in Classical Arabic Literature, 1-23: article by him on *Abbasid gay poetry. Critic from Mexico who writes in Spanish. Born 1938. Mexico's leading intellectual since the death of *Octavio Paz, who was a protege of *Salvador Novo and has brought "a gay sensibility to the study of poetry, art, literature and popular culture" (*Charley Shively). English translation of articles: Mexican Postcards (1997). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History; by *Charley Shively. Philosopher from France who wrote in French. 1533-1592. An essayist who lived in Bordeaux and is thought by some to have been homosexual. His "Essay on Friendship" is a major document and connects with ancient comment about friendship in Latin; see also his essay "On Some Lines from *Virgil" (*Guy Davenport has written an essay on this work). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 831-32. Dictionnaire Gay. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 97-100. Iolaus (1902), 124-26. Ioläus (1935), 195-99: essay on *friendship. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 147-52. Poet writing in Italian from Italy. 1896-1981. His poetry is quite tortured and women in his love poems are only vague presences. One of his books of poems was titled Xenia (from a book of poems of *Martial of the same title). He won the *Nobel Prize for literature in 1975. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors New Revision Series, vol. 30. Dictionary of Italian Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poems of Love and Liberation, 22: "The Hands-Hold Dance". Historian and critic in English from the United States. Active 1982. He wrote an honors paper on *San Francisco gay poets for his Bachelor of Arts at the University of California, Berkeley. Source: The Advocate no. 372 (21 July 1983), 45. It proved impossible to see this thesis in the English Department at the University of California, or to confirm if they hold a copy, on a visit to the University in 1995. See also James Broughton. Translator from Arabic to French from France; critic in French. Active 1979. Translator of *Abu Nuwas. His selection of Abu Nuwas, the first in French, Le Vin, le vent, la vie, Paris, 1979, includes a critical essay and notes. Historian, critic and sexologist from Portugal who wrote in Portuguese. Born ca. 1880. A doctor at the institute of Legal Medicine in Lisbon (compare his colleague *D'Aguiar), he was author of Amor safico e socratico, Lisbon: the author, 1922, 547 pp., a huge survey of homosexuality in Europe (very rare). The book has elaborate footnotes and gives evidence of the closest reading of *Magnus Hirschfeld and all other gay pioneers of history to its date (e.g., *Havelock Ellis). There is considerable critical discussion of poetry with translation into Portuguese. Chapter One deals with the Greeks, Chapter Two the Romans, Chapter 3 with the ancient Middle East and Italy, Chapter 4 with France, Chapter 5 Great Britain, Germany, Hungary and Russia and Chapter 6 America, Australia and Africa. Chapter 7 is a brief history of homosexuality in Spain; Chapters 8-10 of Part 1 are a history of homosexuality in Portugal. Part Two is a detailed sexological study of homosexuality. Chapter 9 of Part 2 is a discussion of *European law. (Reviewed: Rassegna di Studi Sessuali no. 4, 1924, 55-58 by Aldo Mieli). He is the author of a "Il Peccato nefando in Portogallo ed il Tribunale dell'Inquisizione" (The sin of sodomy in Portugal and the Inquisition), in Italian, in Rassegna di Studi Sessuali ca. 1925. See also the biographical note in Rassegna di Studi Sessuali no. 7, 1927, 62. His works show great interest in all things gay and he is suspected of being gay. Biography: see entry in Grande Enciclopedia Portuguesa e Brasiliera (1945), vol. 17. A photograph of him is in the Italian sexual journal Rassegna di Studi Sessuali 7 (1927), 62. Poet from France who wrote in French. 1855-1921. He was a *Parisian *aesthete and *dandy, very famous in his time, who wrote several volumes of poems in the *eighteen-nineties. He came from a rich family and was famous for the interior decoration of his apartments and homes. All told he published some eighty volumes. His manuscripts, in 500 volumes, are in the Bibliothèque Nationale; they were put in order by his last secretary. He was the model for both Des Esseintes in *Huysmans novel A Rebours (which novel was taken up by gay circles in Europe and elsewhere) and the homosexual Baron Charlus in *Proust's A la recherche du temps perdu. Some have said he was the protagonist of Wilde's Portrait of Dorian Gray. Les Hortensias bleus (*Blue hydrangeas; 1894) was a notable volume of poems with *symbolist overtones. The blue hydrangeas, his favorite flower, were not *flowers but young men. While in Venice in 1885 he met *Gabriel Yturri, an Argentinian, who became his secretary and lover. The two are buried together in the cemetery at Versailles with a naked angel on the grave with his fingers raised to his lips to indicate silence. Biography. *Philippe Jullian, Robert de Montesquiou, second edition, 1968 (trans. from French). A brilliant study is Edgar Munhall, Whistler and Montesquiou, New York, 1995: this work is on the portrait of Montesquiou by James Abbott McNeill Whistler in the Frick Museum, New York; it discusses the background to the portrait and has a concise biography with many photographs. Not in Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Exhibition catalogue: Robert de Montesquiou or l'art de paraitre (Paris: Musée d'Orsay, 1999); contains mainly portraits of the esthete. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Duroc, Homosexuels et lesbiennes illustrés, 302. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Les Amours masculines, 274-75; biog. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 427-28; biog., 389. Pour tout l'amour des hommes, 164-65. Criticism. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 832-33. Rowse, Homosexuals in History, 177-79: states he is a good poet. Cooper, The Sexual Perspective, 70: English trans. of a poem. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Born 1949. He works in *Princeton University Library and has published a book of *sonnets, Telling the Beads (1994), about contemporary gay life (review: James White Review, vol. 13 no. 3, Summer 1996, 23 by *George Klawitter). Active as a published poet only since 1989, with sixty poems published to 1995. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gents, Bad Boys, and Barbarians, 154-59; biog., 154. Badboy Book, 245-50; biog., 389. Ciy in Canada where French is the main spoken language; English is also spoken. Gay poetry dates from 1970. Montreal is one of the largest cities in French speaking Canada (compare *Québec). The city had a gay bookshop in 1993 called L'Androgyne. English: see John Glassco, *Robert K. Martin. French: see the major poet *Paul Chamberland and Jean Basile. The *Archives Gaies du Canada in Montreal may contain material on the gay aspects of the city. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1869-1910. A close friend of *Trumbull Stickney and a graduate of *Harvard where he was in the circle of *Santayana who published Poems, 1901. He was a noted * fin de siècle poet (see his poem "The City in the Sea"). "Harmonics" is a non-gender specific love poem; "On a Soldier Fallen in the Philippines" shows homoerotic feelings. He married in 1909, aged forty, and died the next year. He was also a dramatist. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of American Biography. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Critic from the United States writing in English. Active 1989. Editor, with Ronald R. Butters and John M. Clum, of Displacing *Homophobia: Gay Male Perspectives in Literature and Culture, 1989. He has also written a very Tine study, Disseminating *Whitman, 1991. Biographer from the United States writing in English. Active 1961. Author of The Late Lord Byron Philadelphia, 1961, and London, 1974. Appendix 2, pp. 437-59 of the London edition, titled "Byron's Sexual Ambivalence", is an important discussion of Byron's bisexuality, taking its cue from the work of *Wilson Knight and carefully marshalling the evidence for this long suppressed subject. This was a daring discussion in English of a poet's homosexuality for its time. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1852-1933. An English novelist from 1880 with a noted bohemian element in his work. See the poem "The *Hermaphrodite" in his 1881 volume Pagan Poems. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1989. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poets for Life, 178-79: "Memoir" (about a homosexual friend with *Aids); biog., 238. Biographer from Great Britain writing in English; translator from Greek to English. 1779-1852. Biographer of *Byron. As a poet, his Irish Melodies (1808-34) established him as the national poet of Ireland. In 1830 he published Life, Letters and Journals of Lord Byron which became the standard life and went through many editions. A close friend of Byron, he sold *Byron's Memoirs fomr 2,000 guineas to the publisher John Murray who destroyed them in 1824, thus making the Memoirs a *lost work; these Memoirs may have told us more about the poet's homosexuality. He published a translation of the * Odes of *Anacreon (1800; repr.) and was called by Byron "Anacreon Moore" (see Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics, 33). His edition of Anacreon went through ten editions by 1820; in the 1871 edition by *J. C. Hotten it was homoerotically illustrated by the French artist Girodet de Rougy Trioson. In the Introduction, Moore writes of the scandalous nature of the subject matter; but he had no need to translate the poems if he disapproved of them and this is more an effort at drawing attention to this "scandalous" subject matter than a serious deprecation of it. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Ioläus (1902), 164-65: commenting in his biography on Byron's "extraordinary friendships" with youths, in particular *Nicolo Giraud. Hidden Heritage, 181. Poet from Australia who wrote in English. 1901-1979. In Adagio for Lovers, 1938, see "Because", "Song for Lovers", pp. 24-25 (*non gender specific love poems) and "Scyros" (a tribute to *Rupert Brooke), p. 47. In Ian Mudie ed., Poets at War, 1944, p. 101, see "Beauty Buried" ("Our lovings are now but danceless leaves": written about another man and strongly erotic). In Bayonet and Grass, Sydney, 1957, see "Comrade in Arms", pp. 47-48: a very fine *war poem about the love between men fighting together; another man is addressed as "Wife and comrade, mate and friend". He married and had two children. He as also a critic of poetry. His papers are in the National Library of Australia. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Moorish Poetry: A Translation of The Pennants Anthology in Arabic translated into English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1953. Compiled in 1243 in Arabic by *Ibn Sa'id al-Andelusi, and translated by A. J. Arberry, this work is actually a general anthology of Arabic poetry from Spain with a significant homosexual section; however Moorish Poetry: A Translation of The Pennants is not a complete translation of the Arabic work. The English translation is not as such a homosexual anthology. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10745. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2780. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 132-38 (trans. of several poets into English by *A. J. Arberry). Criticism. *Norman Roth, " 'Deal Gently with the Young Man': Love of Boys in Medieval Hebrew Poetry of Spain", Speculum 57 (1982), 28: notes Arberry's translation is "abridged and bowdlerized". Poet, critic and anthologist from the Netherlands writing in Dutch and possibly English. Born 1921. His poems are outstanding gay poems of the *gay liberation period. He compiled the anthology * Het huis dat Vriendschap heet and wrote the critical introduction on pp. 13-37. See *conferences. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2781: Five Gay Sonnets Somewhat Sad, Amsterdam: *Pink Triangle Poets, 1978. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Naar vriendscaap zulk een mateloos verlangen, 111-14: two poems in Dutch from 5 Gay Sonnets Somewhat Sad, Amsterdam: *Pink Triangle Poets, 1978 (this volume appears to have been published in English) and two unpublished poems, one at least in Dutch, "One Night in DOK" and "Liedje van verlangen" (sources cited pp. 120-21). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 318-19. Poet from Brazil writing in Portuguese. Born 1913. The author of several books of poems. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poemas do amor maldito, 117-19; biog., 116. Morant, Harry Harbord (called "Breaker") Poet from Australia who wrote in English. 1865-1902. In F. M. Cutlack, editor, Breaker Morant, 1962, see "The Brigalow Brigade" - conventional *mateship poetry of its time, showing homoerotic sentiment addressed to men. A drover and horseman, he lived and travelled in Queensland and New South Wales. As a soldier, he was courtmartialled in South Africa in the Boer War under British military jurisdiction (not Australian jurisdiction). He was found guilty and executed for killing a Boer prisoner who was wearing the trousers and greatcoat of Morant's friend Captain Hunt (who had previously been killed and his body mutilated). Australian protest at his death was vehement. Several of his poems deal with love of women in a conventional way. He is said to have married Daisy Bates, a white woman who took up the cause of the *Australian Aborigines. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Australian Dictionary of Biography, vol. 10 (1986). Poet from Germany writing in German. Born ca. 1965. Book of poems Fremdkorpergefuhle, Frankfurt, 1987: somewhat bizarre illustrations and poems; unpaginated; biog. note at the beginning. Poet and philosopher from Great Britain. 1614-1687. More was one of the 'Cambridge Platonists. His theological works were written in Latin. Some short poems in Latin and Greek are included in Complete Poems, edited by A. B. Grossart, 1878, pp. 203-06. English poems. See *"Cupid's Conflict" in Psychathanaia (1647), pp. 299-312: a strong poem using the *Cupid trope. See also *Platonism, *Neoplatonism. There are *allegorical overtones to his poetry. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature : see "Cambridge Platonists". Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Criticism. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 390-91 : stating he is portrayed as a homosexual in rivalry with Isaac Newton in the novel The Sot-Weed Factor by John Barth (New York, 1960). Poet from Italy writing in Italian. Born 1952. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amicizia amorosa, 251-53; biog., 284 - born in *Alexandria, he lives in *Turin. Poet from the United States writing in English; he used pseudonyms (see below). Active 1978. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2788-89: The Human Form Divine, Brentwood, Maryland: Higginson Journal, 1978; Oedipus and the Sphinx and Related Poems, 1981, Brentwood, Maryland: Higginson Journal, 1981; see also item 848a, Giants in the Shadow (Part I: 1974-77 ),1981, an anthology with which he was involved using the pseudonym, *Derek Creole; see also item 2391: Twofisted Poems, privately printed *broadside, no date (using the pseudonym *Frederick Lotharo). Highly rated by Ian Young. Morgan, Bill He compiled The Works of Allen Ginsberg 1941-1994: A Descriptive Bibliography, Westport, CT, 1995. He worked for fifteen years on the bibliography, based on the archives of Ginsberg. It is 456 pages in length and as of Fall 1993, the cut-off date, there were over 10,000 entries covering over fifty years of poetic activity. It is the most complete bibliography of Ginsberg's work and has been compiled to the highest bibliographical standards, based on the work of Fredson Bowers in Principles of Bibliographical Description (1949). The work is one of the finest literary bibliographies ever. There are seven sections: Books and Pamphlets (66 editions), *Broadsides (42 works - thus making Ginsberg the gay poet with the largest known number of published broadsides), Contributions to Books (249 listings), Contributions to Periodicals (1,228 listings), Photographs (139 listed), Miscellaneous Publications (369 listed - this includes printed *postcards), Recordings of Allen Ginsberg and His Work (131 are listed - but the listing does not include readings of his work by others or "private recordings of his readings of which there are thousands in his own archives alone", page xviii) and Film Radio and Television Appearances (26 listings). Translations are not included but will appear in a second volume covering criticism and biography. Introduction, pp. xv-xix. There is a Title and First LInes Index and a General Index. Compare *George Dowden and *Michelle P. Krauss who also compiled partial bibliographies on Ginsberg. Review: Journal of Homosexuality vol. 34 no. 2 (1997), 106-110 by Raymond-Jean Frontain. Poet from Great Britain writing in English; translator from German to English. Born 1920. One of the major *Scots poets of the twentieth century. Openly gay, at least from 1988, and in his poetry from 1963. He was Professor of English at the University of Strathclyde and has lived in *Glasgow all his life. He has experimented widely with poetic forms, e.g., he has written *concrete poetry and several long *sequences. In Collected Poems, 1991, see the following poems: "The Cape of Good Hope" pp. 61-75 (modelled on *Hart Crane), "The Second Life" pp. 180-81, "Strawberries" p.184 (*non gender specific; a very fine gay poem when it is known the other person is male), "One Cigarette" p. 186, "In Glasgow" pp. 234-35, "After the Party" pp. 239-40, "Christmas Eve" pp. 283-84, "Glasgow Sonnets" pp. 28992, "The New Divan" (1977) pp. 295-330 (modelled on Persian *divan poetry, in particular *Hafiz), *"Ganymede" pp. 392-93, "Instructions to an Actor" p. 402, "Variations on *Omar Khayyam" pp. 503-07. (For a review of Collected Poems, see Poetry vol. clix no. 3, December 1991.) He wrote a fine poem about *toilet sex in James White Review vol. 9 no. 4, p. 7, "A Memorial". All his love poems are to men. Nothing Not Giving Messages, edited by *Hamish Whyte (1990) is a selection of his interviews and articles; see especially the 1988 interview with Hamish Whyte pp. 144-87 discussing his gay life and career as a gay poet. His long term lover was John Scott, though they never lived together. The 1988 interview mentions unpublished *manuscripts of erotic poems and letters of relevance to the poet W. S. Graham. Gay Scotland no. 51 has an interview on p. 9. There is an interview in Gay Times, August, 1990, p. 33. In 1974, he published his Essays. He translated the sonnets of the German poet *Platen (1978). Criticism: see R. Crawford and H. Whyte, About Edwin Morgan, Edinburgh, 1990. A cassette of him reading exists (including "Strawberries") called Edwin Morgan, Canto Publications, 1985. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Contemporary Authors, vol. 4. Dictionary of Literary Biography vol. 27 (1984). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 64: trans. of *Philip of Thessalonica. Take Any Train, 40-41; biog., 63. And Thus Will I Freely Sing, 11-13 (he wrote the introduction); 127-30 (poems); biog., 189. Of Eros and Dust, 22, 32 - very fine poem "Eros" (on the famous statue in Piccadilly Circus, London), 49, 55 "Christmas Eve" (fine poem about being propositioned on a bus by a man); biog., 87. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 54-55, 110, 145. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1979. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2791: Duck Tail Hair-cuts and High Water Pants, privately printed, 1979. Poet from Germany writing in German. 1804-1875. Descriptions in his poem Hyperion, based on ancient Greek myth, are homoerotic. He translated *Anacreon into German, 1864, and also *Theocritus (1855). He married, aged forty-seven, but later separated from his wife; he was formerly a clergyman who lived with his mother and sister. Hugo Wolf set three poems to music, the Mörike Leider. See also *Ralph Farrell. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 82 (misspelt Moricke) and citing the poem "An Hermann (Unter Tränen)"; 87 - re the article: "War Mörike homosexuell?" (Was Mörike homosexual?) by an anonymous author (reference given as Vb WHK I, 4 1910; this seems to refer to the Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen - see below). Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10865a: Selected Poems of Hölderlin and Mörike, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1972. Criticism. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 10 (1909-10), 417-18: article "War Mörike homosexuell?" by Dr. *Näcke (this includes the poem "An Hermann"). Critic from Germany writing in German. 1756-1793. German novelist, traveller and writer on German prosody. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Criticism. Raffalovich, Uranisme et unisexualite, 31316. Poet from Germany who wrote in German. Active 1200. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Die Stumme Sünde, 274-75; 98-100 (criticism). Criticism. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 472: states he is the author of "a verse narrative.." which "makes the emperor Nero the archetype of the mad sodomite who even wishes to give birth to a child". Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Active 1924. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 72: "Parson's Pleasure" - *bathing poem. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 508: same poem. Pseudonym of a poet and critic from Peru who wrote in French and Spanish; he also lived in Mexico and France. 1904-1956. A 'Surrealist poet whose real name was Alfredo Quispez Asin. He wrote principally in French. See his book in French Amour à mort, Paris, 1957. In Spanish. La tortuga ecuestre (The equestrian turtle; Lima, 1957) celebrates his ardent homosexuality; the poems were originally written in *Mexico City in 1938. Moro lived in *Paris 1925-1933, where he read *Freud, and lived in Mexico from 1938 to 1940, returning to Peru in 1948. His works were published after his death by André Coyné, a French scholar who met Moro after he returned to Peru. His last book of poems was Amour à mort (Love Until Death, 1990). An attack on the Chilean poet Vicente Huidobro earned him explicit homophobic scorn. There is an essay by David Sobrevilla on homosexuality in his poetry in Avatares del surrealismo en el Perú y en América Latina, Lima, 1992, edited by Joseph Alonso (copy: *New York Public Library). Translation. English: see Philip Ward, The Scandalous Life of César Moro, 1976; biog. and critical note p. 3; see especially pp. 16-17 (*non gender specific poem). As a critic see his book Los anteojos de azufre (The sulphur spectacles), 1958. He was also a painter and organized the International Surrealist Exhibition in 1940 with *André Breton. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Spanish Literature. Foster, Latin American Writers on Gay and Lesbian Themes: states two lovers are known, Lev and Antonio. Flores, Spanish American Authors. Encyclopedia of Latin American Literature: notes his homosexuality and his friendship in Mexico with *Salvador Novo and "two homosexual poets *Agustin Lazo and *Xavier Villaurrutia". Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 257. Translator from German to English. Active 1943. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 260: translation of the German poet *Stefan George into English, the sonnet "The Lyre Player" (trans. with *Carol Valhope) - "Every boy in secret anguish, worships/ The hero of his sleepless, starlit hours." From Stefan George: Poems, New York, 1943 (repr. 1967). Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Active 1800. Author of a poem quoted in Louis C. Jones, The Clubs of the Georgian Rakes, New York, 1942, pp. 150-52, "Toper's Apology" ("written during the war with France"), a drinking song beginning "I'm often asked by plodding souls". See stanza 5 ("many a lad I like is dead"). Sung at dinners at the Beefsteak Club. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1833-1907. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 52: "An English Idyll" - "I too have been today in Arcady" (with a young *Apollo). Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1990. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Beyond Paradise, 48 - a poem about sex in *toilets, 63, 66; biog. 80. Translator from French to English from Great Britain; poet in English. 1834-1896. Mainly known as a socialist and *Pre-Raphaelite artist, he was also a poet and translator. See "The Chapel at Lyonesse" in The Defence of Guenevere and other poems, 1858, the volume containing much of his best work; this is a strange poem in which three men seem oblivious to the fact that they care for each other more than women; it uses the mythology of King Arthur and his knights. The poem is reprinted in Collected Works, volume 1 (1910), pp. 31-34. In 1871, he took a joint tenancy of Kelmscott Manor with *Rossetti and there, in 1890, founded the Kelmscott Press. The style and design of this press greatly influenced the Britisn book designers of the *eighteen-nineties (e.g., *Charles Ricketts), as well as illustrators of the period such as *Beardsley. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Iolaus (1902), 106-08: trans. of *Amis and Amile from French first published in Old French Romances (1896). Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 241: prose extract, "A Dream of John Ball", from The Commmonwealth which is on *socialism ("fellowship is life, and lack of fellowship is death"). Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1970. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10866: The Lords and the New Creatures. Poems, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1970. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2795: same book. Poet, critic and anthologist from the United States writing in English. Born 1934. Included in Three New York Poets (London: *Gay Men's Press, 1987) with *Mark Ameen and *Charles Ortleb, 37-66: very strong poems e.g., see "Sissy Fairy", "Contra Naturam". Biographical note are opposite title page; this states he has published three books of poems. He was co-editor of Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time with Joan Larkin. He presented Open Lines, a series of readings by pro-feminists, lesbians and gay men in New York in 1986. In 1995, he lived in *New York and was a director of publications at the Museum of Modern Art. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Not Love Alone, 93-99; biog., 143. Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, author of the introduction xv-xxvii (with Joan Larkin); 268-74; biog., 268, 402. Badboy Book, 251-56; biog., 389. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 785-787. Songwriter from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1968. See *Took, Barry. Poet from Italy who wrote in Greek. Active ca. 100 B.C? His Lament for Bion, an *elegy, is strongly homoerotic (see references to *satyrs, *Priapus, *Pan, lines 25-30); it contains a direct reference to homosexuality (see lines 64-69). The overall ambience of the poem is bisexual. It is modelled on *Bion's Lament for Adonis and together the two poems begin the elegy tradition in the European languages. The poem is also an outstanding example of the *pastoral genre. Moschus, a pupil of Bion, was from *Syracuse in *Sicily. His date is uncertain but must be after Bion. He is frequently reprinted and translated with *Theocritus and Bion. Translation. English: *Anthony Holden (1974); German: *Harold Beckby (1975). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 701-02. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition: see *Anthony Holden. Courouve, Ces petits grecs, 28. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Iolaus (1902), 85-87 (Lament for Bion and "Idyll 3"). City in Russia where Russian is the main spoken language. Gay poetry dates from 1900. Moscow is the capital of Russia and the former capital of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR or Soviet Union). It is a major publishing center and is a center of translation, especially of poetry in the languages of the former Soviet Union (for example *Turkic languages of central Asia). It has major libraries (though the Lenin Libary, the national library, has little gay material cataloged and what is cataloged is mainly sociological). The Lenin Library had cumbersome card catalogs in 1995 (personal visit of the author). See also Journals - Russian. Compare *St Petersburg. There is no known contemporary gay poet. Steam vol. 3 no. 2 (Summer 1995), 193-96, has an article on the contemporary gay culture. Poet from Austria who wrote in German. 1821-1877. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Criticism. Mayne, The Intersexes, 322-23: poet who wrote the libretto of the homosexual opera Die Königin von Saba. Poet from Spain who wrote in Hebrew. Ca. 1055-ca.1135. He is often considered the greatest Hebrew poet of Spain. A major critical study was written by *Dan Pagis in 1970. Text: edited by H. Brody, Berlin, 1935. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Judaica. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Brother Songs, 111: trans. Carl Rakosi. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 251-55. Criticism. Jefrim Schirmann, "The Ephebe in Medieval Hebrew Poetry", Sefarad I5 (1955), 60: same reference as Pagis (name spelt Moshe Ibn Esra) and citing poems 1, 147, 159, 179, 246, 252, 255, 256. *Norman Roth, " 'Deal Gently with the Young Man': Love of Boys in Medieval Hebrew Poetry of Spain", Speculum 57 (1982), 42-46. *Norman Roth, "'My Beloved is like a Gazelle': Imagery of the Beloved Boy in Medieval Hebrew Poetry", Hebrew Annual Review, 8 (1984), 153-55 - several openly gay poems (trans. English). Pagis, Hebrew Poetry, 64-65: states "in a special collection of homonymic poems [he] has a chapter entitled 'On the Beauty of Young Women and Male *Slaves'". Poet from the United States writing in English. 1922-1987. He was poetry editor of the influential journal The New Yorker, 1948-87. The New Yorker has published facile and mannered verse and has not been notable for publishing openly gay poetry; nevertheless, it has published much fine poetry. James Kirkup, A Poet Could Not But Be Gay, 1991, p. 163, states Howard Moss was a "well-known homosexual", about 1957, and that he published Kirkup in The New Yorker. Compare *A. J. Ackerley, *Daryl Hine. In his New Selected Poems, New York, 1985, there are several *non gender specific love poems. See, from the volume, The Toy Fair (1954), "Burning Love Letters", pp. 14-15, "Adolescent's Song" p.19; "The Falls of Love", pp. 33-34, "The Truth About Love", pp. 6364, "Menage a Trois" pp. 157-58 - a funny poem about a *bisexual liaison - "Stars (for James Merill)", pp. 257-61 and "The Sea to Hart Crane", p. 82. Witty and sophisticated poems in rhyme. Manuscripts: these are at Syracuse University. He first published James Schuyler's poetry: see Shuyler, Poetry, p. 310. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Contemporary Authors, vol. 122. Contemporary Authors New Revision Series, vol. 1. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2799: New York: Poems, New York: Avon, 1980 (edited by Moss). Anthologist from the United States of works in English translated from Russian; critic writing in English. Active 1997. He compiled the Russian gay anthology Out of the Blue and is listed on the title page as the editor; he also wrote the Editor's Preface, pp. 9-12. No biographical information appears. Poet from Brazil writing in Portuguese. Born 1959. Born in Espirito Santo, he studied Hebrew to read The Bible directly and works with tarot and numerology, all elements present in his work. His poetry is strongly centered on the asshole as a sacred way of finding *God and he defines himself as an "apocalyptic scatologic" poet. Books of poems: Poiezen (1990) and Bundo e outros poemas (1996). Mother Armageddon to be a Habit with You (pseud.) Songwriter from Australia writing in English. Born ca. 1955. A Sister of Perpetual Indulgence, Sydney, and novice mistress of the order, an order of gay male nuns. Writer of Amazing Pride (ca. 1990): "Amazing pride how sweet the sound/ that saved a nun like me". See 'Fabian Loschiavo. Historian and bibliographer from Brazil writing in Portuguese and English. Born 1946. A Professor in Salvador de Bahia, Brazil, he studied for eight years in a Dominican Seminary. He gave a paper "Five Letters of a 17th Century Portuguese Sodomite" (based on material in the Inquisition archives in Portugal) at the 1985 Canadian Gay History Conference in Toronto; the letters are published in English in My Dear Boy: Gay Love Letters through the Centuries, pp. 68-70. At the December 1987 Conference in *Amsterdam he gave a paper "Portuguese Pleasures: The Gay Subculture in Portugal at the Time of the Inquisition" (published in the proceedings volume one, pp. 85-96); it was also published in Portuguese in Ciencia e Cultura vol. 40 no. 2, 120-39. The paper deals with the period 1536-1821 ; prosecutions for sodomy in Portugal were not severe. In Murray, Male Homosexuality in Central and South America, pp. 40-54, he has published a homosexual bibliography of Brazil, the only known bibliography to date, very thorough. See also his book on gay life in Brazil: Escravidâo, Homossexualidade e Demonologia, Sao Paolo, 1988; other books include O Lesbianismo no Brasil, and O Sexo Prohibido. See also Gay Books Bulletin no. 11 (Fall 1984), 14: "Report from Brazil" (on research in legal cases at the Torre do Tombo, *Lisbon). Mousa Paidike, also called Musa Puerilis Anthology in Greek possibly from Turkey dating from ca. 117-130. The first surviving complete Greek gay anthology; it is strongly *pederastic and even *pedophilic in content. It is believed to have been compiled in the reign of the Roman emperor *Hadrian (117-38). It is not known where it was compiled though the traditional compiler *Straton came from *Sardis in Turkey (which is not to say the anthology was assembled there); it could have been assembled in Italy in *Rome. It was first printed in 1764 in an edition edited by *C. A. Klotz and is one of the masterpieces of gay culture (the poet *Meleager, who has a large number of poems in the work, was first published separately in 1759 in an edition edited by *J. B. Zenobettius). The title means "boyish muse". It is also known by the Latin translation of the title: Musa Puerilis, which means the same as the Greek title "Muse of boy love". "Straton's mousa paidike" is written in Greek on the title page of the manuscript, which is part of the * Palatine Anthology, a work assembled from earlier manuscripts by an unknown anthologist or anthologists in *Istanbul ca. 980, and largely based on an earlier collection of the tenth century compiled by *Constantine Cephalas. The manuscript of the Palatine Anthology, which survives in only a single copy, was rediscovered by Salmasius in 1606-07 (see Hutton, The Greek Anthology in Italy, p. 1). It contains 258 epigrams, almost all dealing with homosexual love, in the form of *paiderastia. Ninety-four poems are by *Straton. After Straton, the sixty poems of *Meleager are the greatest in number. Thirty-five epigrams are by anonymous authors. Many of the *lovers of the poets are addressed by name in the poems (almost every poem mentions the name of a lover). It must be noted here that not all the homopoems of the Palatine Anthology are in Book 12 as *Paul Brandt's 1908 analysis points out (see the * Palatine Anthology entry for other poets who wrote homosexual poems). The poems of the Mousa Paidike are for the most part conventional exercises, endlessly repeating how the poet loved such and such a male, an adolescent or youth (the age of the lover or the poet is in most cases not known from the context and the *age of death was much lower in ancient Greece, while it is not known if there was an *age of consent). Many are masterly works and reveal a gay culture in the ancient Greek world. It is possible that some were written to go with gifts of vases (see *love names) or were linked with initiatory rituals of some sort and these aspects need investigation. The poems were probably sung in a *symposium context as *songs and belong to a tradition extending back to the * Theognidea via the * Anacreontea. They may have been known to ancient Latin writers such as *Martial and *Catullus, either directly or by hearsay. Secondary influence on later poetry must also be considered, e.g., on *Ausonius and *neo-Latin humanist writers of the *Renaissance (see Hutton, The Greek Anthology in Italy, 10-29). Text. For editions of this work see the main * Palatine Anthology entry. The most readily available edition for English-speaking readers is the *Loeb library edition (which has, however, stilted English translations). A modern Greek text has been editied by *Giorgos Ioannou in 1979. The manuscript tradition has been examined by *Robert Aubreton (see his "Le livre XII del'anthologie palatine : La muse de Straton", Byzantion 39 [1969], 35-52) and *W. M. Clarke in "The Manuscript of Straton's Musa Puerilis", Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies 17 [1976], 371-83). Criticism. See *Otto Knapp, *R. Buffière, "Sur quelques epigrammes du livre XII de l'anthologie", Revue des etudes greques 90 (1977), 95-107; see also *Sonya Lida. Critics who have dealt with the * Palatine Anthology may be relevant. See also Beatrice Lvovsky and H. Schmidt Des Stratoniskos musa puerorum, Leipzig: *Spohr, 1916, and *Humanism. See also "Criticism in homosexual terms below". Poets in the anthology. Names of poets and numbering are taken from Book 12 of the Loeb edition of the * Palatine Anthology called The Greek Anthology, London, 1918 (repr.). Alcaeus: poems 29-30, 64; Alpheius of Mytilene: 18; Anonymous poets: 19, 39-40, 55 (or Artemon) 61-62, 66-67, 69, 79, 87-90, 96, 99-100, 103-04, 107, 111-12, 115-16, 123, 130, 136, 140, 143, 145, 151-52, 155 56, 160; Antipater: 97; Aratus: 129; Artemon: 55 (or Anonymous poet), 124 (possibly); Asclepiades: 46, 50, 75, 77 (or Posidippus), 105, 135, 153, 161-63, 166; Asclepiades of Adramyttium: 36; Automedon: 34; Callimachus: 43, 51, 71, 73, 102, 118, 134, 139, 14850, 230; Diocles: 35; Dionysius: 108; Dioscorides: 14, 37, 42, 169-71; Evenus: 172; Flaccus: 12; Fronto: 174, 233; Glaucus: 44; Julius Leonidas: 20; Meleager: 23, 33, 41, 47-49, 52-54, 56-57, 59-60, 63, 65, 68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80-86, 92, 94-95, 101, 106,109-10, 113-14, 117, 119, 122, 125-28, 132, 132a, 133, 137, 141, 144 1 47, 154, 157-59,164-65, 167, 256-57; Mnasalces: 138; Numenius of Tarsus 28; Phanias: 31; Philodemus: 173; Polystratus: 91; Posidippus: 45, 77 (or Asclepiades), 98, 120, 131, 168; Rhianus: 38, 58, 93, 121, 142, 146; Scythinus: 22, 232; Statyllius Flaccus: 25-27; Straton: 1-11, 13, 15-17, 21, 175-229, 231, 234255, 258; Thymocles: 32; Tullius Laureus: 24. Since most of the poets of the Mousa Paidike wrote from the Hellenistic age (which began 323 B.C.) to the time of the Roman Emperor *Hadrian (117-30) the end of the reign of Hadrian is a cut off date for the anthology. The anthology therefore reveals a four hundred year tradition with one or two poets extending beyond this (e.g., Alcaeus). There are twenty-eight poets plus the anonymous poets. See Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, pp. 97-99 for an Index of Poets linking them to poems. Translation. The first translations, of scattered poems, may have been into Latin from the manuscript of the Mousa Paidike, which was known to poets and scholars from 1606 when it was rediscovered (well before its 1754 complete Latin translation by *J. J. Reiske, who also translated erotica from the Palatine Anthology in 1752): see James Hutton. Direct translation of the whole work after Reiske and C. A. Klotz (see below) occurred into Latin (in 1863) then French (1911) and only into English in 1914. The translation of *Anthony Reid in * The Eternal Flame is perhaps the finest complete English translation; the only contender is James J. Wilhelm in Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry. As the *Mousa Paidike forms Book 12 of the Palatine Anthology, see the Palatine Anthology entry for translations done as part of this work. See also *Meleager, and *Straton since these poets have many poems in the work and the translations of their poetry are relevant. English. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, pp. 19-26, has a discussion of all English translations (all of which before *Tom Meyer are stated to be dreadful). The first translation into English by *Sydney Lomer, in 1914, is stilted and archaic; the *W. Paton translation, the standard translation in the Loeb classics series, is not particularly good (and important poems are in Latin). The *Shane Leslie translation in prose is very rare and is stilted. The only translation currently available of the Mousa Paidike as a separate work is that of John Gill. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, pp. 23-24 notes that many translators have made the sex of the males female in English. English translators: Sydney Lomer - using the pseudonym *Sydney Oswald (1914), *W. R. Paton (1916-18) - the standard, Loeb, prose translation of the Palatine Anthology, therefore including Book 12, though with ten poems in Latin until the 1971 printing and others partly in Latin and one, 242, not translated at all, *Shane Leslie (pseud.) (ca. 1932), *Tom Meyer (1977; possibly best described as versions based on the poems and only a selection; titled Uranian Roses), John Gill (1986) - an outstanding modern version but somewhat free, *S. W. Foster (1990; some poems only), *Jim Eggeling (in manuscript form mostly), *Anthony Reid (1992 - perhaps the finest translation in English: see Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, pp. 29-87; complete translation), James J. Wilhelm (1995 - in his anthology Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, pp. 29-84; complete translation). French: see James Hutton; * Livre d'amour des anciens (1911), *Georges Hérelle using the pseudonym *L. R. de Pogey-Castries (1930; repr. 1952, 1980 - partial translation), *Roger Peyrefitte (1973; perhaps the best version in a modem language), *Félix Buffière (1980; partial trans.). German: *Paul Brandt in Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der grieschen Dichtung" (1908) - the article includes translations by Brandt, *Harold Beckby (1957-58; repr.; also repr. in 1987 in the edition by *Wolfram Setz). Greek. Modern: *Giorgos Ioannou (Athens,1979). Italian: see James Hutton (partial trans.); *F. Pontani (ca. 1978), *Guido Paduano (1989). Latin: see entries James Hutton (partial trans.); J. J. Reiske (1754; possible translation), *C. A. Klotz (1764; possible translation), *F. D. Dehèque (1863); see also W. R. Paton's English translations, referred to above, as some of the poems in his English translations were translated into Latin in printings 19181971. Spanish: *Luis Antonio de Villena (1980). Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2824: Greek Anthology, volume iv, New York: Putnam, Loeb Classical Library, 1918. Note: all citations to poets in Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, cited as being in the Musa Puerilis (its Latin name) are to this volume. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 29-87; fine Introduction 15-26; notes 91-93; see also index of writers 97-99. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 29-84. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 37-40 (selection of poems). Criticism in homosexual terms. Symonds, A Problem in Greek Ethics, 58-59. Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 9 (1908), 230-80. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 478-88. Buffière, Eros adolescent, 295-306. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, item 536. Journal in English from the United States. Published 1974-80. It was one of the most important United States journals devoted to poetry of the *gay liberation period and was edited by *Andrew Bifrost. Most major United States gay liberation poets writing from 1970 were published in it. Vol. 1 numbers 1-6 were published May 1974-September 1975. Numbers 7-13 were published December 1975-December 1977. Vol. 2 numbers 1-5 were published 197980. Eighteen issues are listed but volumes 11 and 12 are a combined issue so there are seventeen actual volumes. Copy sighted and details taken from the volumes in the New York Public Library and from Miller, * Our Own Voices. The covers are in different colours and some have poems printed on them. Issue seven was devoted to *Paul Mariah. There is a variant headed Third Issue, December, 1974, which has a different format from the others and is stapled (copy: John Willis collection). The New York Public Library has a microfiche set. Number 1, pp. 9-15, has a brilliant *long poem by *Emilio Cubeiro (about sex with a stranger including *fist fucking); no. 4 features James Kirkup's long poem "Prick Prints" pp. 220-24 (about making an inked copy of the size of a lover's cock); no. 9 (July 1976), pp. 62-74 has a long essay on Jack Spicer by Jack Anderson. Poet, critic, anthologist and journal editor from Slovenia writing in Slovene; translator from French into Slovene. Born 1958. The compiler of the first Slovenian gay poetry anthology which consists of twentieth century gay and lesbian poems in *European languages translated into Slovene: * Drobci stekla v ustih, 1989 (he wrote an Afterword pp. 167-171). The anthology contains no original poems in Slovene. He is the editor of the gay magazine Revolver (published 1990-1997) and is the author of nine books of poems: Soledadesi (1978), Pesmiin plesi (Songs and Dances, 1982), Modrina dotika (*Blue Touch, 1986), Zaklinjanja (Incantations, 1987), Mreza (The Web, 1989), Obsedenost/Obsession (1991 ; gay poems translated into French by William Cliff), Pesmi za umrlimi sanjami (Songs for Dead Dreams, 1995) and Metulji (Butterflys, 2000). A translation of a selection of poems into English is in Lela B. Njatin, Mosaic of Seven Pebbles, Ljubljana, 1999, pp. 49-61 (biog. note on the poet p. 50 and photo, p. 49). He is also novelist. A translation of his poems into English is also in Double Vision: Four Slovenian Poets (Poetry Miscellany Books: US?, 1992). He edited an anthology of works with homoerotic motifs in Slovenian literature: Modra svetloba (Deep blue light; Ljubljana, 1990). This work consists mainly of short fiction with a few works in poetry and extracts from a couple of dramatic works with both lesbian and gay male writers being represented. He graduated from the University of Ljubljana where he lives and did his graduate studies in Paris, France ending in 1985. He has translated the French poets *Arthur Rimbaud and Jean Genet into Slovenian and the work of *Michel Foucault as well. Information from the author who has an internet homepage. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Gay Poetry Anthologies."Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen", 167: a poem translated into German: biog., 181. Drobci stekla v ustih, 20-21 (trans. from French of *Max Jacob), 33-34 (trans. from French of Jean Cocteau), 49-50 (trans. from French of Louis Aragon), 56 (transl. from French of René Crevel), 71-72 (trans. from French of Jean Genet), 153 (trans. from French of *Eugène Savitzkaya); 167-71: Afterword to the anthology. Translator from English to Slovenian from Slovenia. Active 19B9. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Drobci stekla v ustih, 6B, 73 (trans. of 'Charles Henri Ford), 95-97 (trans. of 'Harold Norse and 'Ralph Pomeroy), 11Q (trans. of 'John Weiners), 137-3B (trans. of 'Ian Young), 159-6Q (trans. of 'Tom Kennedy), 165-67 (trans. of 'Dennis Cooper). Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1934. She used the pseudonym *Harry Brander. The poem in * Lads mixes mutual killing with brotherhood; it is more relevant if thought to be by a man, Harry Brander under which name it was published. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 161: "Ballad of the Bayonets"; biog., 230. Poet from Kenya writing in English. Active 1974. Author of the book of poems Carry It Home, Nairobi, 1974. Criticism. Woods, History of Gay Literature, 305: re his poem "Circumcision". Poets writing in Persian from India. From 1526. Mughal is the Arabic and Persian form of the word Mongol and refers to the Persian speaking dynasty which ruled northen India from 1526 to ca. 1750. The dynasty was founded by *Babur (ruled 1526-1530). During the time of Akbar, Babar's grandson, outstanding manuscript books were produced with exceptionally Tine homoerotic illustrations; the * saki was a feature of these illustrations. Mughal poets influenced Urdu poetical traditions: the Urdu poet *Mir Taqi Mir wrote in Persian and Urdu. See *A'in i Akbari anthology, a gay anthology produced ca. 1600, *Mir 'Ali of Harat, *Sarmad, illustration of manuscripts - Islamic. Poet from Spain writing in Arabic. 1124-1172. Secretary to Muhammad ben Sa'd, King of Murcia. Not in index of Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Orgasms of Light, 17. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 319: same poem. Criticism. *Norman Roth, "'Deal Gently with the Young Man': Love of Boys in Medieval Hebrew Poetry of Spain", Speculum 57 (1982), 28: fine poem about watching a youth pray in a mosque. Bellamy, Banners of the Champions, 192; same poem trans. English. Poet from Germany who wrote in German. 1879-1934. He appears to have been a *Marxist and published a brochure Die Homosexualität, Berlin, 1903, 43 pp., and other polemical works. Poems: Brennende Erde, 1920; repr. Berlin 1978. Works: see Auswahl, Zurich, 1962, 514 pp. Not in Oxford Companion to German Literature. See *British Library General Catalogue and *National Union Catalog under Erich Muehsam. A gay poem "Hubert" was published in Emancipation no. 2, 1978, 23 (with biog. note by *Manfred Herzer stating he was an *anarchist); published in * Der Eigene, 1919. Bibliographies. Herzer, Bibliographie zur Homosexualität: see index. Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen, item 790: Ausgewählte Werke. Band 1: Gedichte, Prosa. Stücke, Berlin: Volk und Welt, 1978. Singers in Arabic, Persian and Turkish from Iran, Iraq, Turkey and Oman from ca. 1250. See Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, pp. 849-50: the term denotes boys or men who dress, behave effeminately and are prostitutes as well as being *singing and dancing boys; it dates them from the Persian *Rumi (active 1250) and refers to the Arabic *al-Tifashi (active 1200). They have been reported across the Arab speaking world and reported orally in Oman (see *Singing, musicians and dancing boys). They are the equivalent of *Hijras in India. Their *songs seem unrecorded so far. For Turkish see *singing boys. Mulla Muhammad Sufi of Mazandaran Poet who wrote in Persian. Active ca. 159Q. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A'in i Akbari anthology, 659-6Q - a homosexual love poem to Muhammed; biog., 66Q. Poet from Germany who wrote in German. 1752-1809. A historian who wrote a history of Switzerland. He apparently fell in love with the handsome Swiss Karl Victor von Bonstetten to whom he wrote a poem. On Bonstetten see also *Thomas Gray. Love letters between Müller and von Bonstetten survive: see Briefe an eines jungen Gelehrten an seinen Freund (1798). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gay Histories and Cultures. Bibliographies. Herzer: see index. Criticism. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 4 (1902), 349 ff. Moll, Berühmte Homosexuelle, 61-63; p. 62-63 cites a poem to the Swiss man Bonstetten from Heinrich Doering, Leben Johann von Mullers (Life of Johann Müller), 1835, p. 431. Derks, Der Schande der heiligen Päderastie, 295369. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 189, biog. note: states he was openly gay, wrote a long favourable acount of homosexuality and Sparta, loved Bonstetten and that 316 of his love letters are extant. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1991. Some poems were published in The Gay Review, a *Boston journal edited irregularly by him from 1991. Münchhausen, Börries, Feieherr von Poet from Germany writing in German. Active 1928 to 1959. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 83: poems " Der edle Knabe", "Jensits des Tales" and "Ur-Schreie" from Das Balladenbuch, DVA: Stuttgart, 1959 and Das Liederbuch, DVA: Stuttgart, 1928. Munich circle of poets, called in German Munich Dichterkreis Group from Germany speaking German. Ca. 1850-ca. 1864. A circle of poets with strong homoerotic undertones in their association, called in German "Munich Dichterkreis". They met in an unoffical club called Krokodil (Crocodile) and held an official *Symposium. They include *E. Geibel, *P. Heyse, *Graf von Seneck and *Friedrich Bodenstadt. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature, 613: see "Munich Dichterkreis". City in Germany where German is spoken. Gay poetry dates from ca. 1850. Munich (spelt München in German) is the capital of Bavaria and the largest city in the south of Germany. It is a major cultural center housing the Bavarian State Library (see *Libraries - German). The Bavarian king *Ludwig II lived in the city which has an excellent gay bookshop *Sodom: see * Sortimentskatalog Sodom. The gay protest song *"An den linken Mann" which originated in the city. See *Munich circle of poets, *Paul Heyse. Poet from Germany writing in German. Born 1944. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 248: poem "Firebird" with *Iolaus reference (trans. English). Poet from Japan who wrote in Japanese. Active 1000. The female author of Genji Monogatori (The Tale of Genji), the most famous Japanese novel. A homosexual episode occurs in the novel (which is a *prosimetrum with poems scattered throughout the text): when Genji is rebuffed by Utsusemmi he contents himself with sleeping with his arms around her younger brother (quoted in Leupp, Male Colors: The Construction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan, p. 25). Males comment on Genji's beauty throughout. A translation into modern Japanese made by Tanizaki Jun'ichiro was published in 1939, Translation. English: *Arthur Waley (1925-33; however this translation omits the poems), *Edward G. Seidensticker (1976; with Japanese illustrations). See Donald Keene, The World of the Shining Prince, 1985, p. 232 footnote 18. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan : Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 635. Criticism. *Maggie Childs, "Japan's Homosexual Heritage", Gai Saber, volume 1 number 1 (Spring 1977), 42. Translator from French to English. Active 1983. The name may be a pseudonym. With *W. Gunn he published A Lover's Cock and other gay poems: poems of Rimbaud and Verlaine, San Francisco: *Gay Sunshine, 1979. This is the most important and complete translation of the gay poems of the two famous gay poets into English to date. Page four (opposite the Contents page) has an important brief discussion of the textual history of Verlaine and Rimbaud's erotic gay poems. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 227, 235: translation of the French poets *Verlaine and *Rimbaud (*"Sonnet: To the Asshole") with W. Gunn. Poet from the United States who wrote in English; he also lived in Mexico. 1898-1981. See his book of poems and autobiographial works: The Disrobing: Sex and Satire, edited by *Winston Leyland, San Francisco: *Gay Sunshine, 1982; biog., pp. 7-8; see "The Last Forgotten Lover" (Jesus Christ), "Pedro nel Meija" pp. 35-37. He left twenty-five volumes of manuscripts which Winston Leyland edited and The Disrobing is his first collection of gay writing. His poems are strong gay poems in free verse by a poet who studied his craft in *New York in the Poetry Center. Compare *E. A. Lacey. Many poems date from the *nineteen seventies but he self published from 1946 and was openly gay from 1966. He has a Master of Arts from Columbia University and is well aware of the European gay traditions in poetry and art ("I read [*Edward Fitzgerald's The Rubaiyat of] *Omar Khayyam and, substituting sex for his wine, I arrived at my own kind of liberation", The Disrobing, p. 12). A United States citizen, he lived in many countries in Europe (e.g. France and Greece) and died in Mexico where he lived from 1955; he published several books and a diary in seven volumes, in an edition of six in 1974: Poet in Despair: A Diary of the Great Depression. "You can't hurt a *faggot/ Who has learnt to be free" (The Disrobing, p. 111). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Orgasms of Light, 159-61; biog., 257. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 698-92. Poet from France who wrote in Latin. 1526-1585. Muret was a French *Renaissance humanist (see *humanism) who was twice convicted of sodomy in France and wrote poems called Juvenilia (Paris, 1553). He fled to Italy, where he was also charged with sodomy; he eventually took holy orders. He was an outstanding Latinist and wrote numerous Latin commentaries on the Latin and Greek classics, as well as letters in which he admits to passionate friendships with men. His Juvenilia are possibly reprinted in Orationes, Epistolae, Poemata (1690; repr.). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Biographie universelle. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Criticism. *Herelle manuscript 3188, footnote 376: stating several pederastic poems are in his Latin poems but that he renounced them later. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 300-02. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, vol. 2., 856-57: mentioning his Latin poems, Juvenilia (Paris, 1553). Anthologist from the United States of a work in English. Born 1978. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2135: co-editor with *Stephen Kirkman of The *Poetic Friends Nosegay: An Anthology of Gay Quaker Poetry. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1995. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Badboy Book, 257; biog., 389: lives and runs Vox Positiva (Latin for Positive voice), a writing workshop for people living with HIV in *New York. Biographer in English from Great Britain. Born ca. 1980. Author of the finest biography of *Lord Alfred Douglas: Bosie: A Biography of Lord Alfred Douglas (2000) - the finest biography so far on this major figure of gay culture (review: New York Times Book Review, 18 June 2000, 8). Duoglas Murray was fourteen when he started the research and twenty and an undergraduate at *Oxford when the work was published in 2000. Bibliographer from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1854-1932. The first known British bookseller to issue a catalog of gay books: * A Catalogue of Selected Books from the Private Library of a Student of Boyhood, Youth and Comradeship. This is the first English gay *bibliography. (Compare * Bibliographisches Verzeichnis der Bibliotheken von Professor Dr Paul H. Brandt und Baron Werner v. Bleichroder, the first German gay bibliography.) He was also possibly a *Uranian poet who may have used the pseudonym *A. Newman, under which name were published two books of poetry. He founded the antiquarian bookseller's journal The Clique (see Smith, Love in Earnest, 153). He published the work of John Leslie Barford. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2850: From a Lover's Garden: More Rondeqaux and Other Verses of Boyhood, London: privately printed, 1924 and Rondeaux of Boyhood, London: privately printed, 1923; both works published under the pseudonym A. Newman which Ian Young ascribes to him. Reid, Eternal Flame, Volume 2, 69; biog., 118: notes he was "active both as publisher and promoter of paidophile verse". Criticism. Smith, Love in Earnest, 153-54: gives a few facts about his life; 248 (bibl.). Publisher from Great Britain of works in English. 1778-1843. *Byron's *publisher who purchased his Memoirs 1818-21 for 2,000 guineas from *Thomas Moore, Byron's first biographer, and consented to them being burnt on the advice of *J. C. Hobhouse, but under protestation from *Thomas Moore. They were burnt in the offices of John Murray (see Crompton, Byron and Greek Love, pp. 338-39). The Memoirs are thought by some to have contained references to Byron's homosexuality but it is doubtful if Byron wrote about this aspect of his life. The publishing house with this name continues to this day. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Poet from Australia writing in English. Born 1938. See his poem "The Liberated Plague" about *Aids, London Review of Books, vol. 9 no. 19, 29 October 1987, 13, and the letter by *Alan Wearne London Review of Books, vol. 9, no. 22, 10 December 1987, 4, regarding the hostile tone of the poem which has elements of *homophobia. See also "Letters: Aphrodite Street", London Review of Books, 4 February, 1988, 17; reply by Les Murray London Review of Books, vol. 10, no. 4, 18 February, 1988, 4 and London Review of Books, vol. 10, No. 7, 31 March, 1988, 4. In Geoffrey V. Davis, Crisis and Creativity in the New Literatures in English, Amsterdam, 1990, pp. 265-89, Peter H. Marden, in "Paradise Mislaid: the Hostile Reception of Les A Murray's Poem, 'The Liberated Plague'" discusses this controversy. (*Austlit also includes detailed reference to the controversy.) The poem was retitled and recast as "The Fall of Aphrodite Street" under which title it was been published in book form. For another homosexual reference in a poem see "Physiognomy of the Savage Manning River", stanza 2, in The Daylight Moon, Sydney, 1987, p. 9. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Anthropologist and editor from the United States writing in English. Born 1950. An independent scholar with a PhD from the University of Toronto (1979). Compiler of Male Homosexuality in Central and South America, 1987, 202 pp: articles cover "Latin America" pp. 1-138, "Tribal America" pp. 139-69 and "Lexicons in Spanish and Portuguese" pp. 179-99; detailed bibliographies are included. He is the compiler of the Spanish-English gay lexis with Wayne Dynes in the preceding pp. 170-82. He is the author of Social Theory, Homosexual Realities, 1984, a discussion of *social constructionism. Oceanic Homosexualities, New York, Garland, 1992, 405 pp., collects articles on the Pacific and Australia. On Japanese homosexuality see Murray, Oceanic Homosexualities, pp. 111-50: "Male Homosexuality in Japan before the Meiji Restoration" (with bibliography pp. 146-50); pp. 363-69 deals with homosexuality since Meiji. He edited, with *Will Roscoe, Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History and Literature (1997); this includes many essays on Islamic literature and poetry, Stephen O. Murray writing some. This work has been heavily criticized on the internet in a review by *Arno Schmitt. Homosexualities (2000) is his latest work. He edited, with *Will Roscoe, Boy-Wives and Female Husbands: Studies in African Sexualities, 1998, a series of essays on *Africa and homosexuality (review: Lambda Book Report, December, 1998, 23); discussion includes Zanzibar, Hausa, Zimbabwe and Lesotho customs. This is the major survey of African sub-Suharan homosexuality to its date; it includes a bibliogrpaphy. See his articles in the Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 44-46: "Amazonia"; 52-64: "Andean Cultures"; 937-40 "Pacific Cultures" (author of both articles). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1952. A *black poet who lives in *New York; he was born in *Toronto and is dedicated to the triumph of African people in United States society. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 102: "Bermuda" (about adolescence on the island of Bermuda); biog., 180. Milking Black Bull, 31-43; biog., 31. Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. Active ca. 1610. He wrote poems based on paintings of the homosexual Caravaggio (died 1610): see Howard Hibbard, Caravaggio, 1983, p. 343 (the source of the text is Mia Cinotti, Immagine del Caravaggio, 1971, pp. 164ff). It is not known whether Murtola is his first name or surname. Poet possibly from Afghanistan writing in Arabic or Urdu. Active ca. 1000. An *Abbasid poet. Criticism. *C. M. Naim, "The Theme of Homosexual (Pederastic) Love in Pre-Modern Urdu Poetry", in Studies in the Urdu Gazal and Prose Fiction, edited by M. U. Memon, 1979 139, footnote 28: linked with *Sulami - states the two "were avowed pederasts, who sing only of boys" (gives the source of this information as Adam Mez, The Renaissance of Islam, Patna, 1937, 358). Lover in Arabic from Spain. Active before 1251. Love poems by *Ibn Sahl were addressed to him. The name is a pseudonym meaning "muse". Compare * Musa Puerilis. It is quite possible Ibn Sahl knew of the Musa Puerilis and may have taken the name from this work. Poet possibly from Greece writing in Greek. Active 480 B.C. His Hero and Leander, a miniature *epic in the school of *Nonnus, was used as the basis for *Marlowe's Hero and Leander, which was completed by *George Chapman. A homosexual episode in Marlowe's poem is notable for not being in Musaeus's poem and was invented by Marlowe. For the ancient artistic depiction of Hero and Leander see the entry in * Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae in volume 8, part 1, in the Supplement, and the plates. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 704: see "Musaeus" entry (3). Poet from Uzbekistan who wrote in Persian. 1538-1587. Mainly a lyrical poet, he also wrote satirical poetry. He had a daughter, Munira, who was also a poet. Works of his in Tajik may also be relevant; he is considered by some to be the finest Tajik poet of the sixteenth century. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A'in i Akbari anthology, 652 - a homosexual love poem; biog., 652 - from Bukhara, a state now divided betwen Uzbekistan, Tadzikistan and Turkmenistan. Criticism. Rypka, History of Iranian Literature, 502-04. Poet from Poland writing in Polish. Born 1952. Volume of poems: Przypadkowie zardzen, Warsaw, 1986. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Drobci stekla v ustih, 163; biog., 187. "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen", 163-64; biog. 181. Poet and critic from the United States writing in English. Active 1989. She teaches at the University of Southern California. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poets for Life, 6-10 - essay "Rewriting the *Elegy" (on *Aids), 180-87 (includes the sequence "Applause" [for *Paul Monette]); biog., 238. Poet from South Africa writing in English; he lives in Great Britain. Born 1963. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Take Any Train, 42-44: poem "The Creation" (outstanding poem about love making); biog., 63: a *black activist from South Africa doing a Master of Science in *London. Invisible Ghetto, 40-41; biog., 211. Poet from Iraq who wrote in Arabic. Active ca. 850? *Abbasid poet. Various references in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, occur under this name: see the index. Compare *Ibn Iyad. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, vol. 5, 778 (in *"Liwat" article): a homosexual libertine poet. Genre in Arabic, Hebrew and Spanish. From ca. 900. The muwashshah was a major poetry genre akin to the *lyric written in Arabic in Spain. Lines called the * kharja were added at the end in Spanish or vulgar Arabic. The genre was introduced into the eastern Arabic empire by *Ibn Sana al-Mulk. It is also spelt Muwassawa. Arabic, ibn Baqi, *1 bn Sahl. Hebrew: see *Yosef ibn Saddiq for an example written in Hebrew with kharja in Spanish and Arabic. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition, volume 1, 795-98: defined as "an ode or poem meant to be sung". Invented by 'Abd Allah ibn Mu'afa (ruled in Spain 888-913). Encyclopedia of Islam, second edition; notes, p. 810, they "are for the most part love poems and panegyrics. Wine poems are also quite common... Among the love poems those dealing with unrequited love and the distant beloved are preponderant"; pp. 811-12 lists the great Muwashshah poets in Spain (including *Ibn Baqi and *Ibn Sahl). Criticism. Monroe, Hispano-Arabic Poetry, 392. New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics: see 528. "My hire goes to the promoter" Poem in Akkadian from Iraq. Ca. 716 B.C. See W. G. Lambert, Babylonian Wisdom Literature, 1960, p. 218 (Reverse IV) from a tablet dated 716 B.C., trans. into English from Akkadian by W. G. Lambert: "When a male prostitute entered the brothel,/ As he raised his hands in prayer, he said, "My hire goes to the promoter./ You [Ishtar] are wealth [mesru], I am half [meslu]." This appears to be a *prayer of a sacred male prostitute of the goddess *Ishtar (or Innana) whose devotees have been associated with homosexual prostitution (see the Encyclopedia of Religion entry * Hierodouleia - ancient male temple prostitutes - p. 309 and p. 311 and the entry *Ishtar). Note: the prostitute states he is for sale without differentiating that the buyer must be female; this raises the possibility of a homosexual interpretation. There appears be internal rhyme in the last line. See also *Isis. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Ullstein Enzyklopädie der Sexualität: see "Tempelprostitution". "My love is no short year's sentence" Poem from Great Britain in English from ca. 800. See the poem titled "Love" p. 68 of John Montague, ed., The Faber Book of Irish Verse, 1974: there is nothing in the English version to suppose the poem was written by a woman and every reason to suppose it was written by a man. A strong poem of devotion. The date is uncertain; it is possibly later. "My son is gay/ and that's OK" Poem in English from the United States. 1975. See the photo on p. 32 of Time magazine for 8 September, 1975, with the woman holding a placard with the poem on it. This was a famous photo in its time. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1985. Raised in South Wales, he lives in London and writes film scripts. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Not Love Alone, 100-02: see especially "Eddie's Shorts"; biog., 143. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born ca. 1938. Biography: James White Review vol. 3 no. 4 (Summer 1986), 16 - lists also the book The Singing Man My Father Gave Me, Menard Press, 1980. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10868: Damage within the Community, San Francisco: Panjundrum, 1973 (with illustrations by Richard Seeger). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Male Muse, 80-81: poem about a relationship; biog., 123: he lives in *San Francisco and has lived and worked in the United States, Ghana and Europe in a variety of occupations; poems published in translation in Denmark, Czechoslovakia, Germany. Poet from Australia writing in English. Active 1982. See "Death in Venice in Glenelg", Overland no. 88 (July 1982), 33. Based on the novella Death in Venice by *Thomas Mann, where an older man falls in love with a youth; also about *homophobia. Poet from Great Britain writing in English; translator from Greek to English. 1844-1921. See *Andrew Lang and *Walter Leaf: they and Ernest Myers translated the Greek poet *Homer's Iliad (1883) into English. Ernest Myers translated *Pindar: The extant odes, London, 1874 (repr.). Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2828: Gathered Poems, London: Macmillan, 1904. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 16-19. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1982. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2828: The Renewal of Youth and Other Poems, London: Macmillan, 1882. Myerson, Joel Author of *Walt Whitman: A Descriptive Bibliography, Pittsburgh, 1993, 1097 pp. This is an outstanding listing of all Whitman's writings, including, in Section E, his elusive journalism. Review: Walt Whitman Quarterly Review, vol. 11 no. 4, 9 (Spring 1994), 20508. He is an editor of Dictionary of Literary Biography, Detroit, 1978. Addressee of poems in Greek from Greece. Active 100 B.C. Possibly the lover of *Meleager who addressed many poems to him: see the Meleager entry. The name means little mouse. Criticism. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 480. Poet who wrote in Greek; his country is unknown. Active ca. 15Q B.C. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Pauly, Wissowa, Paulys Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Palatine Anthology vi 254 - dealing with 'effeminacy and 'transvestism; this is also a 'priapic poem. Religious beliefs in Greek, Sanskrit, Persian, Korean, Arabic, Hebrew, Urdu, Latin, English, German and Italian in Greece, India, Iran and other countries from 650 B.C. Mysticism is a religious approach which holds that spiritual truth or knowledge of *God is attainable through insight, illumination or intuition. There is a considerable mystical element in the ancient Greek philosopher *Plato. Mysticism implies an otherworldly approach to life and mysticism in poetry may be an attempt to deny homosexuality, or alternatively a veiled way of referring to it; in poetry it may also be a sublimated form of homosexuality and some mystical poets have addressed God in erotic terms (e.g. in Spanish, *Saint John of the Cross). *Sufism has a strong mystical element. Compare *Rosicrucianism. *Hymns contain strong mystical elements. English: especially strong in United States poetry of the nineteenth century: see *Bronson Alcott, *Richard M. Bucke, *Ralph Waldo Emerson, *Edward Taylor, Transcendentalism, *Horace Traubel, *Whitman. Great Britain: see *Digby Dolben. See The Essential Gay Mystics, edited by Andrew Harvey (NewYork, 1997) for a selection of mystical writings. Latin: *Catholic Church. German: *Stefan George, *Konrad Weiß. Greek: *Vrasidas Karales, *Hymns. Italian: *Giovanni Testori. Latin: *Hildegard of Bingen. Arabic: see *Sufism. There is a huge volume of mystical love poetry in Arabic. Hebrew: see * Kabbala. Persian: see *Rumi, *Sufism. A huge volume of mystical love poetry exists with homosexual undertones: see the Sufism entry for examples. Translation of Persian mystics into other languages has been huge. Sanskrit: see * Upanishads (from ca. 650 B.C.), *Bhagavad Gita. Spanish: see *Saint John of the Cross - the major mystical poet of the language. Urdu: see *Muhammad Sadiq. Korean: *Great Master Kyunyo, *Han Yong-un. For islamic languages in general and especially Arabic. Persian. Turkish and Urdu see Murray, Islamic Homosexualities, 107-31, and see Gay Histories and Cultures: "Islamic Mysticism". Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Myth in relation to gay poetry survives from ca. 800 in English in Great Britain and from 1620 in the United States and other countries where English is the main spoken language. Read the *Myth - Greek and *Myth - Latin entries first as many of the myths of these languages were taken up by English poets. As examples of important myths appearing in English homosexual poetry, see *Adonis, *Amor, *Androgyne, *Angel, *Apollo, *Arthur, King, *Bacchus, *Bisexuality, *Buddha, *Calamus, *Christianity, *Cupid, *Cyparissus, *Damon and Pithias, *Alain Danielou (myths relating to *Hinduism), *David and Jonathan, *Devil, *Dionysus, *Downing, Christine, *Endymion, *Eros, *Fairy, *Faun, *Ganymede, *Graves, Robert, *Hercules, *Hermaphrodites, *Hermaphroditus, *Hermes, *Horus and Seth, *Hyacinth, *Hylas, *Iolaus, Jesus Christ, *Magic, *Marxism, *Nisus and Euryalus, *Oedipus complex, *Pan, *Satyr, *Sodom and Gomorrah. See also *Tropes. Myth in Greek from Greece, Turkey and Egypt dates from ca. 700 B.C. The first study of homosexuality and Greek myth was by *Rudolf Beyer (1910) and the most thorough recent study of homosexuality and Greek myth is Bernard Sergent's L'homosexualité dans la mythologie grecque, Paris, 1984 (English translation: Homosexuality in Greek Myth, Boston, 1986). The extremely scholarly * Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae, which analyses Greek mythology in art, should be consulted for representation of myths in art. *Clement of Alexandria provided the first list of homosexuals in Greek myth. Two of the most important Greek gods, *Apollo and *Zeus, were bisexual. Many homosexual Greek myths are known only in the Latin poet *Ovid's Metamorphoses. See entries for: Achilles and Patroclus, Adonis, Ampelus, Androgyne, Apollo, Bacchus, Rudolf Beyer, Bisexuality, Calamus, Castor and Pollux, Centaur, Chrysippus, Cyparissus, Damon and Pithias, Daphnis, Diocles, Dionysus, Dioscuri also spelt Dioskouroi, Endymion, Eros, Faun, Hermann Fuchs, Ganymede, Robert Graves, Heracles also spelt Hercules, Hermaphrodite, Hermaphroditus, Hermes, Hyacinth, Hyacinthus, Hylas also spelt Iolaus, Jesus Christ, Jupiter (Latin form of Zeus), Laius, Narcissus, Oedipus complex, Orestes and Pylades, Orpheus, Pan, Pelops, Poseidon, Priapus, Satyrs, Silenus, Thamyris, Theseus, Thyrsus, Tiresias, Zeus. See also *Marc Daniel. It must be borne in mind that myths can change over time, that they can exist in several versions and that they can be interpreted differently by different generations. In addition, myths can be accepted as historically true in certain times when they thus become "history". On Greek myths in the *Renaissance see Jean Seznec, The Survival of the Pagan Gods: The Mythological Tradition and Its Place in Renaissance Humanism and Art, 1953 (repr.); this work mainly deals with artists but discusses the * Ovid Moralisé. References. Symonds, A Problem in Greek Ethics, 10-13. Brandt, Sittengeschichte griechenlands, volume 2, 205-06. Dynes, Homosexuality : A Research Guide, item 519. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 610: "Inventor Legends"; vol. 2, 866-69: "Mythology, Classical". *Buffière, Eros adoloscent, pp. 351-87, anaylses Greek myth and homosexuality. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage: see "Myth". Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Mythology". Myths in Latin from Italy in poetry referring to homosexuality survives from 484 B.C. The date refers to the first appearance of the *Castor and Pollux myth in Rome. Mythical figures referring to homosexuality appear in Latin poetry from the time of *Catullus (85-54 B.C.). Many of these figures had appeared in Greek homopoetry, known to the educated Roman classes who were bilingual, so *Myth - Greek is also relevant. See entries: *Adonis, *Amor, *Angel, *Bacchus, *Christianity, *Cupid, *Cyparissus, *Damon and Pithias, *David and Jonathan, *Castor and Pollux (484 B.C.), *Dionysus, *Endymion, *Faun, *Ganymede, *God, *Hermaphrodite, *Hercules, *Hermes, *Hyacinthus, Jupiter, * Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae, *Narcissus, *Nisus and Euryalus, *Oedipus Complex, *Orpheus, *Pan, Saint *Pelagius, *Priapus, *Satyr, *Saint Sebastian. See also *Saints. See Stewart Perowne, Roman Mythology, 1969 (revised edition 1983). References. Bullough, Sexual Variance, 104-05. Robert Graves, The Greek Myths, 2 volumes (1955; repr.): despite its title, this work also discusses Greek myths taken over by the Romans. Poet from the Netherlands writing in Dutch. Born 1940. Gay Poetry Anthologies. David heeft ook een achterkant, 45-46; biog., 60. Poet from China who wrote in Chinese. 1655-1685. See Robert Payne, The White Pony, 1947, p. 292: two very homoerotic poems translated into English; note the indirect language "orchid dress", i.e. male companionship. He married and there is a strong heterosexual resonance in other poems (e.g. in the poems translated in Wu-chi Liu, Sunflower Splendor, 1975, pp. 482-86). He was a master of *t'zu verse who founded the Orchid Lake school of poetry (compare the earlier group of this name). A friend of *Ch'en Wei-sung. His name Na-lan Hsing-te is spelt in *Wade Giles. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature. Naar vriendschap zulk een mateloos verlangen: Bloemlezing uit de Nederlandse homo-erotische poëzie 1880-nu Anthology in Dutch from the Netherlands. Amsterdam: Uitgeverij Bert Bakker, 1979, 121 pages. A gay poetry anthology of Dutch gay poetry from 1880, the most comprehensive in Dutch, compiled by *Hans Hafkamp with a concise critical introduction by him pp. 5-9. The anthology is arranged chronologically by date of the poet's birth. The title means "For friendship such a very deep desire" and comes from a poem by Jacob de Haan, "To a Young Fisher Boy": see Reid, Eternal Flame, vol. 2, p. 282. The subtitle means: "Specimens of Dutch homoerotic poetry 1880 to the present". Poets (see entries): Joh. C. P. Alberts, Frank Allard, Frans Bastiaanse, P. C. Boutens, Leo van Breen, Boudewijn Maria Ignatius Buch, L. Ali Cohen, Louis Couperus, J. A. Dèr Mouw, Marko Fondse, Guido Gezelle, Adrie van Griensven, Ernst Groenevelt, Jacob Israël de Haan, Jan Hanlo, Jaap Harten, Jac. van Hattum, Jacob Hiegentlich, Willem Kloos, Gerrit Komrij, Beert J. Kuiken, Jef Last, Freek van Leeuwen, Hans Lodeizen, Steven Membrecht (pseud.), Willem de Mérode (pseud.), Ron Mooser, Andre Oosthoek, Sylvester Owen (pseud.), Karel E. van Reym, Leo Ross, Peter Spaan, Bernard J. Sijtsma, Peter Spaan, Adrian Venema, Albert Verwey, Simon Vestdjik, Guus Vleugel, Hans Warren, Karel Wasch. Many poems from the anthology are translated into English by *Anthony Reid in his anthology * The Eternal Flame volume two. Poet from Turkey and Syria writing in Turkish. 1642-1712. He lived in Aleppo and *Istanbul and was known for writing satire. He married. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Anthologie de l'amour turc ; trans. of Yusuf Nabi into French. Penguin Book of Turkish Verse, 105-07: *non gender specific love poems, *wine and *garden tropes; biog., 11. Criticism. Gibb, History of Ottoman Poetry, volume 3, 325-48. Novelist, poet and critic from the United States writing in English; translator from Russian to English. He formerly lived in Russia and wrote in Russian as well as English. 1899-1977. Vladimir Nabokov was a Russian writer from an enormously rich family who left Russia after the Revolution in 1922 and subsequently lived in poverty in France and Germany until 1939, having lost their fortune. Nabokov's father was a member of the Russian parliament and wrote the first article on Russian law in relation to homosexuality in German: see *Law - Russian; his father had lobbied for change of the draconian laws. He was trilingual in his youth in English, Russian and French being able to write English before he could write Russian (he later refused to master German). He was educated at *Cambridge University after winning a scholarship for Russian emigrés. He emigrated to the United States in 1939 where he wrote several novels in English as well as compiling a critical edition of the Russian poet *Pushkin's Eugene Onegin (which work was based on Byron's Don Juan) with an elaborate commentary and translation into English as well as * The Lay of Igor. He taught mainly at *Cornell University but was also a lecturer at *Harvard. In Russian he wrote several novels using the pseudonym Vladimir Sirin and was regarded as the outstanding Russian emigré writer. His brother Sergei was gay and was to die in a German concentration camp in 1945; two uncles were also gay. Nabokov was *homophobic but homosexuals feature in all his novels (e.g. Gaston Godin, the main male character Humbert Humbert's neighbor in Lolita). Like *Byron's Don Juan and *Pushkin's Eugene Onegin (not to mention *Homer's Iliad), Pale Fire (1962) is a novel in verse. It parodies academic works of editing and consists of a poem by a poet John Shade with commentary, an Introduction by the academic Charles Kinbote, a friend of Shade, and an index. The Introduction makes clear that Kinbote is gay (e.g., constant allusions to sexually attractive men). Freudians could read the work as implying that Kinbote is subconsciously in love with Shade (Nabokov was opposed to *Freud but was deeply influenced by him). A major theme of the work is: what is the truth? Pale Fire has been called "a famous test case for theories about reading because of the apparent impossibility of deciding between several radically different interpretations" (Thornton's Bookshop, *Oxford). The book is the ultimate sendup of the pomposity of editors, commentators and critics. It is an enduring work on homosexuality, poetry and truth and an early example of *postmodernism in English. Review of the novel: see Gay News no. 236 (1982), 12, by Peter Scott (states the commentator on the poem, Kinbote, is homosexual). Criticism. See Pekka Tammi, "Pale Fire" in Vladimir Alexandrov, Garland Companion to Vladimir Nabokov, New York, 1995, pp. 571 - 86. A book length study is Priscilla Meyer Find out what the sailor has written: Vladimir Nabokov's Pale Fire (1988). Brian Boyd, his major biographer, regarded by many as the greatest living expert on Nabokov, has published Nabokov's Pale Fire: The Magic of Artistic Discovery(1999). A work inspired by Pale Fire is Thomas Bolt's Dark Ice (1993; 1997); the author, from the United States, was born in 1959 and the text is available on the internet site Zembla. *Anthony Reid (below) relates comments that Nabokov's famous novel Lolita (Paris: Olympia Press [owned by Maurice Girodias], 1955; United States publication 1958), about sex with a precocious youngster, was originally written about a boy Lolita has sold 50 million copies (see Vladimir Nabokov, Speak Memory: An autobiography Revisited, with an introduction by Brian Boyd, London, 1999, ix) and been translated into twenty languages; there is an annotated edition The Annotated Lolita and the work has been seen as a parody of Eugene Onegin. For the latest discussion on all things to do with Nabokov see the Zembla internet site which is devoted solely to Nabokov; there is also an internet discussion list: nabokov-l@ucsbvm.ucsb.edu. An article "The gay Nabokov" by Lev Grossman was published in the Internet magazine salon.com in 2000; this states, p. 4 "Nabokov simply didn't like homosexuals" and notes two gay uncles Konstantin Nabokov, his father's brother and *Vasily Rukavisnikov, his mother's brother. Nabokov's works emerged out of the *Aesthetic movement; as a Russian emigré who had lost his fortune to *Communism he was vehemently opposed to it and especially to the doctrine of socialist realism which governed Communist novels. He wrote several volumes of poetry in Russian and one in English. He married and was devoted to his wife and they had a son, Dmitri. After the success of Lolita he and his wife moved to Montreux, Switzerland, where they lived in a hotel until his death. Nabokov was a collector and expert on butterflies. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Encyclopedia Britannica; by Andrew Field. Terras, Handbook of Russian Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 418: commment on the novel Lolita. Critic and historian from Germany writing in German. Active from 1904 to 1908. His works are in German and he is the author of the first article in German on the homosexual lyric (see Bibliographies below). As a critic see *Eduard Mörike about whom he wrote an article posing the question "Was he homosexual?". Albanian. The article in International Journal of Greek Love vol. 1 no. 1 (1965), "On Homosexuality in Albania", was translated into English from the German article by Paul Näcke titled "Uber Homosexualität in Albanien" in Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, vol. 9 (1908), 313-26, by *Warren Johansson. This article discusses the custom of pacts of brotherhood (see *pobratim) in both Muslim and Christian Albanians and refers, p. 40, to Johann Hayn's Albanian teacher writing "enthusiastic poems to his boys". Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 83: list of articles and books. Herzer, Bibliographie zur Homosexualität: see the index as he wrote many articles. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 5 (1903), 1001: review of his article "Zur homosexuellen Lyrik" (On the homosexual *lyric) in Archiv fur Kriminalanthropologie, vol. 14 no. 3, 283-85 - the first German study of homosexuality in German poetry (and re a poem of a young homosexual worker); Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 7 (1905), 753-56: review of his article "Die Homosexualität im *Orient" from Archiv fur Kriminalanthropologie vol. 16 no. 3-4, 353 ff. Poet from Hungary writing in Hungarian. Born ca. 1945. Openly gay but he does not write gay poetry. He was formerly married and has a daughter. An academic at the University of Budapest who has written a book of poems. (Information from the poet from a personal meeting in Budapest 1987.) He also appears on "An Eastern European Out List" on the internet. Poet who wrote in Persian. Active ca. 159Q. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A'in i Akbari anthology, 675; biog., 675. Poet from Denmark writing in Danish. Born 1955. He has published three autobiographical gay prose works arguing that an exciting gay life will emancipate a person from bourgeois restrictions: see Nordisk Bibliografi, 3. Bibliographies. Hansen, Nordisk Bibliografi, 5: book of poems N0gen, Cophenhagen: Forlaget Vâde Læber, 1976. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 3BB. Poet from the Netherlands writing in Dutch. Born 1940. Gay Poetry Anthologies. David heeft ook een achterkant, 42-44; biog., 60. Critic and editor from the United States writing in English. Active 19B5. Co-editor of a brilliant work of criticism on 'Theognis with 'T. J. Figueira, Theognis of Megara: Poetry and the Polis, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 19B5 (bibl. pp. 3Q9-21): there is a listing by G. Nagy (p. 316) of articles on Theognis. He wrote an article on Theognis of Megara, in Arethusa vol. 15, 1Q9-12B. Translator from Hungary from Bulgarian and Spanish to Hungarian. 1925-1978. See Klaniczay, History of Hungarian Literature, pp. 494-95; photograph at the back. A lyric poet of peasant origin. He does not appear to have married. He translated Bulgarian *heroic songs and the Spanish poet *Garcia Lorca. He wrote several poems on his mother (possible *Oedipus complex). Many of his images are from the strongly homoerotic heroic song. Poet from Syria writing in Turkish. Ca. 1608-1666. The main representative of the "Indian school" of * divan poetry characterized by elaborate imagery and subtle symbolism. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Mitler, Ottoman Turkish Writers. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Turkish Verse, 10304: Tine love poems posssibly *non gender specific; biog., 11. Criticism. Gibb, History of Ottoman Poetry, volume 3, 305-11. Critic from the United States writing in English. Active 1979. Author of the seminal English article "The Theme of Homosexual (Pederastic) Love in Pre-Modern Urdu Poetry", 1979, in Studies in the Urdu Gazal and Prose Fiction, edited by Muhammad Umar Memon, Univeristy of Wisconsin - Madison: South Asian Studies, 1979, pp. 120-142. This is the most detailed study of homosexuality and Urdu poetry in English so far. The author is associate Professor of Urdu, Department of South Asian Languages and Civilization, University of Chicago. Criticism. Rahman, "Boy love in the Urdu ghazal", Paidika vol. 2 no. 1 (1989), 12: he relates the criticism of Naim to others who have written on homosexuality in Urdu poetry. Poet from Guatemala writing in Spanish. Born 1945. One of the most distinguished poets of contemporary Guatemala, homoeroticism appears throughout his work. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Foster, Latin American Writers on Gay and Lesbian Themes. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Poet from Italy writing in Italian. Active 19BQ. See Perilleuse floraison: Poesie (1980-87), 199Q, 61 pp. - poems dedicated to the memory of 'Jean Genet. Source: 'Prinz Eisenherz catalogue 9Q/1 p. 7. Naldini, Domenico Under the shortened form of his first name Nico Naldini he wrote a biography of *Pier Paolo Pasolini and also one of *Filippo de Pisis. Bibliographies. Leggere omosessuale, item 323: Un vento smarrito e gentile, Milan: All'insegna del pesce d'oro, 1958 - poems in Friulian and the *Venetian dialect, as well as Italian, influenced by *Penna and *Saba and on similar themes. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Drobci stekla v ustih, 99-100; biog., 181. Criticism. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 625: highly rated. Name of Love: Classic Gay Love Poems Anthology from the United States in English. New York: St Martin's Press, 1995, 87 pages; biographical notes pp. 69-79; author and title index pp. 84-84; index of first lines pp. 86-87. Compiled by *Michael Lassell. Most of the poets are from the United States and active from *gay liberation. It consists of intimate poems about warm relationships and is a fine concise anthology. Poets and translators (see entries): Francisco X. Alarcon, Jack Anderson, W. H. Auden, Richard Barnfield, David Bergman, Walta Borawski, Regie Cabico, Catullus, Constantine P. Cavafy, Dennis Cooper, Hart Crane, Gavin Dillard, Tim Dlugos, Mark Doty, Edward Field, Kenny Fries, Ben Geboe, Jaime Gil de Biedma, John Gill, Allen Ginsberg, Paul Goodman, Thom Gunn, Essex Hemphill, A. E. Housman, Graham Jackson, Cary Alan Johnson, Michael Lassell, David Levinson, Timothy Liu, Jaime Manrique Ardila, Christopher Marlowe, Martial, Michelangelo, Paul Monette, Eugene O'Connor (translator), Frank O'Hara, Charles Ortleb, Robert Peters, Craig A. Reynolds, Arthur Rimbaud, Assotto Saint, William Shakespeare, David Trinidad, James L. White, Walt Whitman, Bil Wright. An excellent choice of poets aimed at the general reader. The dustjacket features two naked men embracing and the title page has an engraving of *Michelangelo's sculpture "The Dying Slave" (in the Louvre, Paris). Review: James White Review, vol. 13 no. 3, Summer 1996, 22, by *George Klawitter. A companion volume is * Eros in Boystown, both books being small carefully produced books which could be given as gifts to lovers or gay friends; *The Art of Gay Love is another in the same series of gay anthologies. Poet from India writing in Tamil. 880-930. Homoerotic poems to *Vishnu; see Hymns for the Drowning, trans. into English by A. K. Ramanujan, New Delhi, 1993. One of the most famous poet saints of south India. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Zvelebil, Lexicon of Tamil Literature. Poet from India who wrote in Punjabi and Sant Brasan. 1469-1539. The founder of the religion *Sikhism. He wandered India with a friend as accompanist. He contributed 974 mystical *hymns to the Adi Granth, the Sikh Bible - the "original book" - which contains nearly 5000 hymns composed by the first five Sikh gurus: Nanak (974), Angad (62), Amar Das (907), Ram Das (679) and Arjun (2,218). The hymns are composed in the religious lingua franca Sant Brasan and are strongly homoerotic. On his life see J. R. Puri, Guru Nanak: His Mystic Teachings (Amritsar, 1982), pp. 1-43. He married. Sikhism is strongly influenced by the *Krishna cult as well as *Sufism. See The Sacred Writings of the Sikhs, trans. Dr. Trilochan Singh and others, London, 1960, pp. 27-119. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, South volume: see "Adi Granath". Kindlers neues Literatur Lexikon, vol. 18: "Adi Granth". Poet from India writing in Telegu. Born ca. 1050. He composed a Telugu version of the Sanskrit epic *Mahabharata. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature, volume 1, 305 (see, under "Indian Literatures", "Telugu"). Word in Japanese from Japan from ca. 1700. The Japanese word for homosexuality. Pronounced nanshoku in *Saikaku's time; now pronounced danshoku. See *Iawata Jun'ichi, *Ihara Saikaku. Bibliography in Japanese from Japan. Ise: privately printed, 1975, 371 pages. (possibly reprinted from an edition of ca. 1956). The first comprehensive bibliography of homosexuality in relation to a national culture published in book form in the world. Compiled by Jun'ichi Iwata 1930-1940. It is a brilliant bibliography of 1,000 items. About 475 of the 1,000 items - i.e. half the items in the bibliography - concern the 17th and 18th centuries when *Kyoto was the capital. Items are apparently not annotated. The work starts with the * Tales of Ise - see *Ariwara no Narihira (825-880) - and includes 17 No plays. Many items refer to prose works. The book was published by the author's son Sadao Iwata. A translation into a European language is urgently needed. For use of nanshoku see Leupp, Male Colors: The Construction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan, pp. 55-93 and 156-197. Naples, called, in Italian, Napoli City in Italy in which Italian is the main spoken language; Latin was formerly spoken and Greek has also been a principal language. Material of relevance survives from 103 B.C. Naples is spectacularly sited on the Bay of Naples, a large sweeping bay which shelters the city. The city and its surrounding area and islands have long been associated with an easy going attitude to sexuality. Accordingly, licentious poetry (e.g. by *Beccadelli and *Nicola Capasso) is associated with the city. In ancient times under the Romans, when Latin was spoken, the beach resort of Baiae, famous for its hot springs and *bathhouses, on the tip of the Bay of Naples - later partially submerged by the sea - was known for male homosexuality. (Martial praises its beauty without mentioning homosexuality in book XI poem lxxx.) *Pompeii and *Herculaneum were nearby pleasure resorts destroyed in 79 A.D. by the eruption of Mt Vesuvius, the volcano towering over the city. Just beyond the Bay of Nalpes are the islands of *Capri and Ischia (a favorite holiday destination of the poet *W. H. Auden). Naples has long been a center of printing in Italy, including works concerning sex; see *G. Carcani and possibly *E. I. P. Stevenson. The National Museum - Il Museo Nazionale di Napoli - contains homoerotic sculpture and wall frescoes from Pompeii and Herculaneum; there is also a secret collection of erotica not on display. Oral poems relating to homosex may exist and be very ancient. See Karl Mayer, Neapel und die Neapolitaner, 2 volumes, 1940. On prostitution see a book by Salvatore di Giacomo (not sighted). Police files on homosexuals are believed to have existed. Naples was a favorite city in Italy for visitors from Great Britain and France visiting Italy. The *Spactacus Gay Guide has contemporary information. English: see *E. I. P. Stevenson (possible link only), John McRae. *Harold Acton wrote a history of the city under the Bourbons. German. The German homosexual poet *Platen wrote a history fo the city from 1414-1443. *Goethe visited Naples on his Italian journey. Greek. See *Philodemus (born ca. 110 B.C.). Greek was spoken in Naples as late as the fifteenth century. Italian. See *Beccadelli, *Nicola Capasso (Italian poet who wrote in the Neapolitan dialect), *Sannazaro. Latin was the language in the *Roman period; *Lucilius died there in 103 B.C. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Enciclopedia italiana: see "Napoli" for general background and bibliographical references. Bibliographies. Hayn, Gotendorf, Bibliotheca Germanorum Erotica, vol. 5, 342-45. Poet writing in English. Active ca. 1982. The pseudonym comes from *Narcissus. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gay Poetry, 5. Narcissus trope and narcissistic behavior Figure of myth and trope in Latin from Italy and later in Italian, French, Dutch, English, Greek and Arabic in Greece. From the year 2. Narcissus was a beautiful youth who loved no-one until he saw a reflection of himself in water. He fell in love with this reflection and the obsession caused his death (or in some versions killed himself), turning into a flower bearing his name. It is from this story that homosexual implications in his myth arise: he and his reflection symbolize male homosexual love. He is first known in poetry in a homosexual context from the Latin poet *Ovid's Metamorphoses Book 3, 342-401 (written 2-17). In another story the nymph Echo falls in love with him and fades away when he will not reciprocate. For the ancient artistic depiction see the entry in * Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae in volume 5, part 1 under "Narkissos" and the plates. Greek. Graves (see below) cites the travel writer Pausanias viii. 29.4 and ix. 31.6 (these are not references to poetry however). *Yannis Ritsos refers. Dutch: *Ernst Groenevelt, *Hans Lodeizen, *Steven Membrecht. English: see Woods, Articulate Flesh: Male Homo-eroticism and Modern Poetry, pp. 18-22 (excellent discussion), *Marvell, 'Elizabeth Jennings. Great Britain: see *Century Guild re *J. A. Symonds, *Gustav Bychowski, *Edward Carpenter, *T. S. Eliot, *Laurence Collinson, John Betjeman, *N. Coghill. United States: see *H. A. Beers, *C. F. MacIntyre, *W. Malone, *Louis Valentine. French: see *Paul Valery, *Louis Perceau, Jean Royère. See Frederick Goldin, The Mirror of Narcissus in the *Courtly Love Lyric, 1967, 22-51 (discusses some poems). Italian: see *Boiardo, *Umberto Saba. Spanish: see José Lezama Lima. Arabic: *Ben Aisa. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 722. Dictionnaire Gay. Ullstein Enzyklopädie der Sexualität. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 53-54: trans. from *Ovid's Metamorphoses. L'amour bleu, 48-50. Graves, Greek Myths, 286-88. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, vol. 2., 875: "Narcissus". Historian and critic from the United States writing in English. Active ca. 1965. His book Homosexuality in the Lives of the Great, (Girard, Kansas: Haldeman-Julius Publications, no date [ca. 1965], 64 pp.; Little Blue Book no. 1564) is a concise overview of European gay lives and deals with poets and others in this encyclopedia: *David and Jonathan pp. 17-18, Jesus Christ and John, *Renaissance pp. 25-27, *Michelangelo pp. 28-29, *Shakespeare pp. 30-33, *Tennyson pp. 49-51, *Cardinal Newman pp. 52-53, *Oscar Wilde pp. 55-57, *Whitman pp. 59-60. It is a serious book, well written, which refers to scholarly works. The date is hard to determine and could be later than 1965. Rare. The book is a small octavo. Information from a copy in the library of *Paul Knobel. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active before 1982. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2841: Poem, privately printed, no date. A *broadside. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1959. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10869: Of Dust and Stars, New York: Exposition, 1969. Poet from India who wrote in Urdu. Died 1838. A poet from *Lucknow who had affairs with men. For information on him see Sadiq, History of Urdu Literature, pp. 183-87. Criticism. Rahman, "Boy love in the Urdu ghazal", Paidika vol. 2 no. 1 (1989), 14. Nasim, Ifti, also spelt Iftikar Naseem Poet from Pakistan writing in English and Urdu; he lives in the United States. Active 1993. Born in Pakistan, he writes in Urdu mainly and has been widely published in Pakistan and India and lives in *Chicago. He is the author of an openly gay volume of poems, the first volume of openly gay poems released in Pakistan. This volume is titled Narman (meaning "soft", "open" or "appease" in modern Persian) (Faisalabad, 1994) 152 pp. The volume was reviewed by Hasan Mujtaba, in an article titled "Coming Out", in Newsline, Karachi, April 1995, 117; his name is spelt Iftikar Naseem here. Rare: a copy is in the *Library of Congress. He was inducted into the Chicago Gay and Lesbian Hall of Fame in 1996: see the *Gerber Hart library site on the internet. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lotus of Another Color, 71-72 (works in English); biog., 297 - name spelt Ifti Nasim. Yaraana: Gay Writing from India, xxiv (poem from Narman). National Union Catalog, also called NUC Bibliography in English from the United States. Published from 1968. The National Union Catalog is one of the greatest bibliographical reference tools ever devised. The National Union Catalogue: Pre-1956 Imprints, Mansell, 685 volumes, 1968, is the basic reference. It is an author catalog, entry being only by author's name (there is no title or subject entry). There is also a mechanically printed Supplement consisting of Volumes 686-754. This is a catalog of books, pamphlets, maps, atlases and music of several hundred major United States and Canadian research libraries. It was made by photographing the card entries of the cataloging library of a work (usually the Library of Congress, since the Library of Congress's cataloging was sold and used by other libraries; however many libraries also did their own cataloging so much original cataloging is included). It lists holdings in the libraries to the end of 1955. The entries also include, in many cases, important annotations on the cards (such as prior owners of the book). Books in all languages are included including Asian languages (with authors and titles transliterated into English). Holdings of books are given by library. It includes all printed card holdings of the Library of Congress, the world's largest library, from 1898 plus the major United States University libraries (such as *Harvard and *Yale) and the major public libraries in the United States such as *New York Public Library, as well as major research libraries in Canada (e.g., the University of Toronto). The National Union Catalog, 1956 through 1967, 125 volumes, covers the period 1956 through 1967. (There are also supplements for the period from 1968 in book form and later on microfiche.) From 1968, the *Library of Congress Computer Catalog is the most comprehensive single United States library source for checking holdings of unusual books, though *Harvard University Library is also excellent. The National Union Catalog has now been superceded for the period from 1968 by *computer data based catalogs such as *Research Libraries Information Network (called RLIN) and the *Online Computer Library Center (called OCLC) both of which attempt a similar coverage; however, RLIN and OCLC have good coverage only from ca. 1970 when computer cataloging began in earnest. This is slowly being rectified with retrospective conversion of card catalogs of older libraries; however the majority of library records are still on cards. The National Union Catalog overall is the largest printed book catalog in the world by number of volumes. The *British Library General Catalogue may contain more entries but it is not as comprehensive since it does not include Asian and many other non-European languages; the great strength of the British Library Catalog is that the British Library is older than any United States or Canadian library. The National Union Catalog acts as a comprehensive bibliographal source for United States held English language books before 1956 (just as the *British Library General Catalogue does for books from Great Britain). Before 1800 it is less comprehensive for European books than the * British Library General Catalogue. Coverage of all books in the National Union Catalog is outstanding and coverage is exceptional for the period 1901-1956. The National Union Catalog is the closest work to a universal bibliography of printed material. Both the National Union Catalog and the British Library General Catalogue need to be checked for rare bibliographical works in European languages in printed form and the National Union Catalog for all languages (though RLIN and OCLC also should be checked if possible); in addition, major library catalogs should be checked for the language in which the work is written (e.g., that of the *Bibliothèque Nationale for French books). The real names of *pseudonyms are frequently given in catalogue entries. When used in this encyclopedia National Union Catalog means the National Union Catalog : Pre 1956 Imprints, volumes 1-685 only. Poet from Argentina writing in Spanish. Active 1996. His book En Reversa (Buenos Aires, 1996) mainly of prose contains a few gay poems: see pp. 25-26, "Angel y Demonio", p. 51 "Luces Blancas, Hombres Azules" and the poems on pp. 167-80. Illustrations by Pablo Lagmarsino. Poet from Iran who wrote in Persian. Active ca. 1590. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A'in i Akbari anthology, 675-76 - includes a homosexual love poem to Mansur; biog., 675. Poet from Iran who wrote in Persian. Active ca. 1590 - died 1604. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A'in i Akbari anthology, 649-51 - homosexual love poem p. 650; biog., 649. Criticism. Rypka, History of Iranian Literature, 723. Movement in German from Germany and re Goering. 1933-1945. The Nazi dictatorship ruled Germany from 1933-45 and Austria from 1938 to 1945 under the dictatorship of Adolf Hitler. The Institute of Sexual Science of *Magnus Hirschfeld in Berlin was destroyed and its library burnt in 1933 soon after the Nazis came to power (an incident known as the "Burning of the Books"); the Institute is believed to have housed information on German homosexuals and, among other things, the Nazis may have wished to destroy these. Homosexuals were imprisoned in concentration camps and German gay culture destroyed; Jews were also imprisoned and some six million murdered in concentration camps. This period saw the complete eclipse of gay life in Germany (what remained went underground). Some homosexuals in the arts were protected because of their eminence. Leading Nazis such as Ernst Rohm, head of the stormtroopers were gay (he was murdered on Hitler's orders in 1934); see the entry on him in the Encyclopedia of Homosexuality. Rudolf Hoess was called Fraulein Hoess by some. Hermann Goring who founded the Gestapo and was involved in the Rohm purge was fond of luxury and jewels (see Charles Bewley, Hermann Goering and the Third Reich, New York 1962, p. 189); the photographs in his personal album which fell into the hands of the United States army and has been reproduced on film show him to have been very intimate with men when young and also with adjutants during the war. There have been hints that Hitler might have been homosexual: for instance, Wallis Windsor, the Duchess of Windsor, in her autobiography The Heart Has its Reasons: the memoirs of the Duchess of Windsor (1956), stated that "I decided that Hitler did not care for women" (1983 edition, Bath UK, p. 308). However, Walter C. Langer, The Mind of Adolf Hitler (1973) is a psychological report on him made during the Second World War and discusses homosexuality (pp. 91-92) including reports that some believe "he is homosexual" (p. 91); on p. 126 it is stated that there is general agreement that he "is probably a neurotic psychopath". In Lothar Machtan, Hitler's Secret: The Double Life of a Dictator (2001), the author presents evidence that Hitler had an active homosexual love life in his early years and at least one lover, Ernst Schmidt; many sources are cited showing that Hitler was a homosexual, including *Hans Blüher; this book has an excellent bibliography on recent books on homosexuality and the Nazis. An old poem in English is: "They say he only had one ball/ And it could fill the Albert Hall." (It was widely believed in the second World War that Hitler had only one ball.) For this period see "Homosexuality" in Walter Laqueur, The Holocaust Encyclopedia, New York, 2001, pp. 312-14. James Steakley, has a concise article in English, "Homosexuality and the Third Reich", in Ed Jackson and *Stan Persky, Flaunting It: A Decade of Journalism from the Body Politic, Vancouver, 1982, pp. 84-91. See Erwin J. Haeberle, "Swastika, Pink Triangle and Yellow Star - the Destruction of *Sexology and the Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany" in Journal of Sex Research vol. 17 no. 3 (August 1981), 270-87. A number of books exist in German on homosexuality and Nazism with five published from 1997 to 2000. See also *Fascism, *Law - German (laws were tightened against male homosexuals to include even homosexual inclination). See Richard Plant, The Pink Triangle, 1986. References. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 546-50: "Holocaust, Gay"; 882: "Nazism". Gay Books Bulletin no. 12 (Spring 1985) 1-5, "Nazis, Psychiatrists and Gays" by *Manfred Herzer. Duberman, Hidden from History, 365-79: the Haeberle article cited above. Goodbye to Berlin?, 155-194. Gay Histories and Cultures. Poet from Croatia who wrote in Serbo-Croat. 1876-1949. A noted Croatian poet. Milovan Djilas, in volume three of his autobiography, Wartime, hints at possible homosexuality between Nazor and his Italian servant: see the English translation of Wartime, New York and London, 1977, pp. 268-69 "that Italian had been most obliging" (p. 268). He was a single man who lived in Zagreb with his sister. Three women fell in love with him and two committed suicide (information from a Croatian source which in turn comes from a journal article). On Nazor see Zvane Crnja, Cultural History of Croatia, Zagreb, 1962, pp. 328-29. He was a nationalist poet who became pro *Communist. Neave, Tim Gay Poetry Anthologies. Twenty-something, 33-56; biog., 32: "lives and works in Grimsby". See especially "We Live Together Now", 53, and "The Ship Departed", 56. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 126-28. Poet from Turkey writing in Turkish. Ca. 1450-1509. A noted *Ottoman poet. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures. Mitler, Ottoman Turkish Writers. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Turkish Verse, 71-73: a poem about a *whirling dervish and a homosexual love poem translated into English; biog., 8. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 370 (spelt Nejati). Criticism. Gibb, History of Ottoman Poetry, vol. 2, 193 ff. Yuzgun, Turkiye'de Escinsellik, 160: states he frequently chose male love as his subject. Poet from Abania writing possibly in Albanian (or Turkish). Active before 1853. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Ioläus (1902), 113-14: a fine poem about intimate friendship by a Turco-Albanian poet (he may be of Turkish origin as Albania was occupied by the Turks until the 20th century), trans. into English from the German of *Hayn's Albanesische Studien, 1865. Poet from Turkey writing in Turkish. 1681-1730. The greatest poet of the reign of Ahmed III (1703-30), the Tulip Period. A teacher in charge of the royal library in *Istanbul. Text: see especially the edition of his poems by *Abdulbaki Golpinarli, Istanbul, 1951 (repr. 1972). Criticism: see Ahmet Evin, Nedim, poet of the Tulip Age, Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms, 1988. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures. Mitler, Ottoman Turkish Writers. Turk Ansiklopedisi. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition: notes "Little is known of his life"; includes an important bibliography. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Anthologie de l'amour turc. Penguin Book of Turkish Verse, 108-14: openly homosexual poems with *wine drinking and *cupbearer tropes; biog., 12. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 374: fine poems on *wine and *dancing boys. Criticism. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 7 (1905) 865. Gibb, History of Ottoman Poetry, volume 4, 28-57: many poems are heterosexual but see p. 43 re a *cupbearer poem. Yüzgün, Türkiye'de Escinsellik, 160: frequently chose male love as his subject. Poet from Turkey writing in Turkish Ca. 1572-1635. One of the greatest Turkish poets who lived in *Istanbul. He also wrote in Persian and was a satirist. He was killed at the order of Sultan Murat IV (see *Sultans). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition: notes his many "indecent poems". Dictionary of Oriental Literatures. Türk ansiklopedisi. Mitler, Ottoman Turkish Writers. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Turkish Verse, 96-99: *wine and *cupbearer tropes and a homosexual love poem; biog., 10-11. Gibb, History of Ottoman Poetry, volume 3, 252-273. Concept in English and French in France and the United States. From 1948. The term came from the poet Leopold Senghor of Senegal who compiled an anthology in 1948 in French; see *Sartre's essay "Black Orpheus" in The Black American Writer, volume 2, Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1969, pp. 5-40. Negritude emphasized the beauty of being black and hence was a positive approach to being a Negro rather than being apologetic (in contrast to prior attitudes in European cultures). English. The work of *Claude McKay and *Langston Hughes influenced the concept and their homosexuality may have given them a special approach to their blackness. French: see *Ribearivelo. Compare *Harlem Renaissance. Poet from Australia who wrote in English. 1872-1842. A bachelor poet whose poetry was much influenced by the *decadent movement and the *eighteen-nineties. In the poem "In the Dim Countries", the lines "Love cannot sabre us,/ Blood cannot flow" (The Poems of John Shaw Neilson, edited by A. H. Chisholm, Sydney, 1975, 72) can be read as being written from the point of view of being inspired by passive *anal sex (the anus can bleed if forcefully penetrated). He is regarded by many as the finest Australian *lyric poet of his era. He was fond of giving sweets to small children, never married and may not have been very highly sexed. His poetry is vague and Romantic and he wrote many love poems in heterosexual terms. Biography: Hugh Anderson and L. J. Blake, John Shaw Neilson, Sydney, 1972; John J. Phillips, Poet of the Colours, Sydney, 1988, and Cliff Hanna, John Shaw Neilson, 1999 - in this work the author indicates he was sexually repressed. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Critic from France writing in French. Active before 1978. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amour bleu, 78: in his L'Erotique des *Troubadours he states the ideal of *courtly love held by the lyric poets of the twelfth century "transferred the values of homosexuality, of idealized friendship in antiquity - the values, if you like of male *Platonism - to heterosexual love". The book was published in 1963. Poet from Canada who wrote in French. 1879-1941. A poet who is believed to have been consigned to an asylum because he was homosexual (see *Robert K. Martin's remarks in Oxford Companion to Canadian Literature, second edition, p. 453). He was confined for forty years and used the pseudonym Emile Kovar. Book of poems: Nelligan et son oeuvre, 1903. He became something of a cult figure. Text. Fred Cogswell, editor, The collected poems of Emile Nelligen (1983). English translation: P. F. Widdows, Selected Poems (1960). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Canadian Literature, second edition. Poet from Tunisia who wrote in Latin. Active ca. 283. He was from *Carthage and wrote four short *eclogues in the tradition of *Virgil; the "Fourth Eclogue" is possibly from *Theocritus. Text. J. W. Duff and A. Duff, Minor Latin Poets, London and Cambridge, MA, 1934, pp. 451-515 (with English trans.). The "Fourth Eclogue" is a dialogue between *Lycidas and Mopsus, in which Mopsus laments his treatment by the woman Meroe and *Lycidas by the man Iollas. For English translation, see also *S. W. Foster. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 726. Criticism. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, vol. 2., 794: citing his "Fourth Bucolic" as amongst the last surviving homoerotic poems in Latin. Poets from France, Italy and Great Britain who wrote in Latin. Ca. 1400-ca.1650. Neo-Latin poets wrote in Latin, although their native language was not Latin, during the period of the *Renaissance when Latin poetry enjoyed a revival. They include *Beccadelli, *Théodore de Bèze, *Buchanan, *Andreas Dazzi, *Erasmus, *Pacificus Maximus, *Milton, *Henry Moore, *Muret, *Ramusius. Hutton, Greek Anthologyy in Italy, 1935, p. 42, states "For neo-Latin writers, the liveliest interest in the [*Planudean] Anthology falls within a period extending from 1475 to 1550." See *Humanism, *epigram. Philosophy in Greek from Egypt and later in Latin, Italian, English and Hebrew. From ca. 250 to ca. 529; it revived in the *Renaissance. Neo-Platonism, a sort of revived *Platonism, was the dominant philosophy of the pagan world in the Mediterranean from 250 until the closing of the pagan schools by Justinian in 529; its influence on *Christianity and *Sufism has been great. The word means "new Platonism". The major thinker of the movement was *Plotinus (originally from Egypt but later living in Italy in Rome). In the Renaissance, in Italy, when Neoplatonism was influential, the main reviver of *Plato was *Ficino (Renaissance Neoplatonism is discussed under *Platonism). Neoplatonism, like Platonism, can be a disguised way of referring to homosexuality, but - as with Platonism - an ambiguous way of referring to it. English: see 'Cambridge Platonists, *Henry More. Latin: see *Henry More. See R. B. Harris, The Significance of Neoplatonism, Norfolk, Virginia, 1976. Italian. *Castiglione, *Della Mirandola, *Ficino are relevant; *Michelangelo was greatly influenced as his *sonnets show. See Dictionary of Italian Literature, page vii. Hebrew: *Solomon Ibn Gabirol from Spain was influenced (his work Well of Life, was the crucial work of his oeuvre and translated into Latin); his work relates also to *Sufism. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion, 10, 365-66. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, vol. 2, 882-84. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 727. Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Renaissance Neoplatonism" Poet from Italy who wrote in Latin. 15-68. A *Roman emperor who ruled 54-68 and was noted for his cruelty. Though he married twice he reputedly had a male favorite *Sporus, whom he married after having him castrated. He wrote poems but none have survived. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Classical Literature. Critic from the United States writing in English. Active 1991. A Ph. D. graduate of Indiana University, Bloomington, he lives in Gainesville, Florida with his lover of seven years. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Brother to Brother, 229-52: essay "Toward a black gay aesthetic" (with bibl. pp. 250-52) - a major statement. Pseudonym of a poet from Chile who wrote in Spanish. 1904-1973. Strongly influenced by *Whitman he was influenced by *socialism in his work. A member of the Chilean *Communist Party he was awarded the *Nobel Prize for literature in 1971 and was heterosexual. His real name was Ricardo Reyes. His early book Crepusculario, 1923, emerges out of the *decadent movement. The poem "Caballero Solo" (Single gentlemen) in the collection Residence on Earth has a reference to homosexual young men in line one; it is translated into English by *Dudley Fitts in Anthology of Contemporary Latin-American Poetry edited by Dudley Fitts, enlarged edition, 1947, p. 319 and in Residence on Earth, trans. Donald R. Walsh, 1973, p. 69. In Odas elementales, 1954, see in "Oda a la sencillez (Ode to Simplicity) the lines beginning "los cafés están ilenos" ("the cafes are full/ of the most exquisite/ pederasts/ and you and I look at each other/ they don't want us"); these lines are quoted in René de Costa, The Poetry of Pablo Neruda, 1979, pp. 145-46. See Gordon Brotherston, Latin American Poetry, 1975, p. 43, regarding "American love" (amor americano) in his poetry, a phrase Brotherston says could recall *Whitman, i.e., the love of *comrades. Compare *Vallejo. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Spanish Literature. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Encyclopedia of Latin American Literature ; fine overview with excellent bibliography. Poet from Syria who wrote in Turkish. 1620-1674. A *whirling dervish. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Mitler, Ottoman Turkish Writers. Penguin Book of Turkish Verse, 102: *non gender specific love poem which, however, seems homosexual; biog., 11. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Born 1904. His entry in the * British Library General Catalogue reveals he wrote the poetry volumes, A Friend or Two, New York, 1925, and Friend o' Mine, New York, 1925, two addresses on Saint John (see *Beloved Disciple) and that he appears to have been in advertising. Bibliographies. Murray, Catalogue of Selected Books, item 43: The Trail to Boyland. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10870 [spelt Nesbitt]: The Trail to Boyhood, Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1904. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2847: same book. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Ca. 1886-1940. A graduate of *Cambridge, he had a homosexual relationship with *Aleister Crowley, apparently falling in love with him. The magical ritual the Paris Working, of 1914, which was entirely homosexual and involved multiple anal sex and twenty-four homosexual rites, was carried out between Crowley and Neuburg; initially Crowley was sodomized by Neuburg. See the description in John Symonds, The Great Beast, 1973, Chapter 13, "The High Magick Art", and in *Francis King, The Magical World of Aleister Crowley, 1977, Chapter 9, "The Departure and Later Life of Neuburg". (A written record of the working was made by Neuburg.) Latin poems composed by *Walter Duranty were *chanted during the rites and especially at the orgasms. Neuburg married in 1921 and had a son from the marriage. He had a nervous breakdown when Crowley cursed him. He published his poems on his own *private press. Biography: by Jean Overton Fuller, The Magical Dilemma of Victor B. Neuburg, 1965; see the discussion of his homosexual poetry in his second book The Triumph of *Pan, 1910, published by Crowley, in Ch. 8 of this book, pp. 171-79 (re the homosexual title poem and "The Lost Shepherd"). A book of poems Songs of the Groves, 1921, is in the *Private Case. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology . Poet from Germany writing in German. Active 1928. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 83: poems "Daß wir uns trafen..." and "Widmung" and cites also Tonatiuh. Indianische Erz; no sources or dates given. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active 1956. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Keine Zeit für gute Freunde, 125: poem Ami (states he was active in 1956). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 229: the same poem. Poet from Turkey who wrote in Turkish. 1533-1599. A tutor to *Ottoman princes and contemporary of *Baki. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Mitler, Ottoman Turkish Writers. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Turkish Verse, 89: a *non gender specific love poem; biog., 10. Criticism. Gibb, History of Ottoman Poetry: various entries under Newa'i are listed; see the index. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1988. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Living the Spirit, 206; biog., 225 - *Indian poet from the Comanche/Yuchi tribe. Critics from the United States writing in English. From ca. 1940 to 1970. The most influential group of critics in United States academia from 1940 to 1970 whose basic tenets were close reading of texts and the insistence on irony as a central literary value. Most were *homophobic, in keeping with publicly stated attitudes of the times: *Yvor Winters, John Crowe Ransom and *Allen Tate were leading members of the movement. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. New England, United States, poets and Northern United States entries New England is the group of states in the north east of the United States above New York State. English is the main spoken language. The *Puritan poet *Wigglesworth (active 1650) is the first poet of relevance; *Edward Taylor was another earlier Puritan poet. New England had a tradition of fierce individualism: see *Thoreau. In the ninetenth century see *Emerson, *Melville, *Bronson Alcott, Transcendentalism, idealism. For the late nineteenth century see *Eugene Field and the philosopher and poet *George Santayana; for the early twentieth century see *E. W. Perry, *R. B. Cooke. *Boston, the largest city and capital of Massachusetts has been the main center of publishing in the gay liberation period: see *journals and *publishers (* Ioläus, *In the Life were published there), *Good Gay Poets, *Fag Rag. *Robert Lowell's family came from Boston. *Harvard University in Boston dates from 1636 and many poets attended e.g., *Charles Olson. Boston poets of note for the period from 1969 include *Gerrit Lansing, *Vince Sacardi, *Charley Shively, John Wieners. *Charles Olson lived in the area. Critics: see *F. O. Matthiessen, *Rudy Kikel. *T. S. Eliot is the most famous poet of the twentieth century to have come from New England. The New England area, though in the northeast of the United Staes may loosely be considered "the north" of the United States (as distinct from the south: see *Southern United States entries). This distinction goes back to the United States Civil War of 1861-65. *Washington, DC, *New York and *Philadelphia are not in New England though they are cities in the north. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature: see "New England". City in the United States where English is the spoken language; French and Spanish were formerly spoken when the city was under the control of the France and Spain. Gay poetry reference dates from ca. 1975. The city in the United States *south is the largest city in the state of Louisiana and is situated at the mouth of the Mississippi. Being below sea level it has a hot and steamy climate. It is known for its sensuous lifestyle and has a gay area in the French Quarter, the center of nightlife. In this city in the south homosexuality has tended to be associated with artistic and literary life more than in any other city. The city has a large *black population from the days of slavery. *Tennessee Williams at one time lived there. Poets: see *Robert Westley (a *black poet), *Raeburn Miller, *Alden Reimonenq and James Nolan. In the earlier part of the twentieth century *William Alexander Percy came from the Mississippi delta area. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality. Work of religion, philosophy, history and criticism in Greek (with some words in Aramaic) from Israel. It was compiled from ca. 60 to 100. Significant sections of the New Testament are in poetry: for instance the Beatitudes of Jesus (key documents of his teaching). The New Testament is a corpus of books in Greek which comprises the basis of *Christianity; a few words spoken by Jesus Christ, the founder of Christianity, are in Aramaic. The earliest works date from ca. 60 when the first works of the apostle Paul were written. The last *Gospel (possible the Gospel of John) was written ca.100. Parts are directly in poetry and the Gospels, which are accounts of the life of Jesus Christ and are the major works of the New Testament, are in rhythmic prose. The earliest surviving manuscripts date from the second century A.D. and are in the John Rylands Library, Manchester, the Martin Bodmer Collection at Cologny (near Geneva, Switzerland) and in the *Vatican. The Rylands fragment, the earliest, is dated to ca. 125 and is part of the Gospel of John. The New Testament which is a collection of documents relating to the teachings of the Jewish philosopher and religious leader, Jesus Christ, who founded Christianity, is a library of books which only came to be accepted as canonical of the teachings of Christianity by ca. 400. The form is *open form; however there have been fierce struggles in the Church to limit the canon of the New Testament (see *Gospels). Text. The standard text is Barbara and Kurt Aland, Novum Testamentum Graece, twenty-seventh edition, Stuttgart, 1993.The text is discussed in Bruce M. Metzger, The Text of the New Testament, Its Transmission, Corruption and Restoration, New York, third enlarged edition, 1992; see also "Canon" in Bruce M. Metzger, Oxford Companion to the Bible (New York, 1993). A new edition of the Greek text is being published titled Novum Testamentum Graecum Editio Critica Maior, edited by Kurt and Barbara Aland and others of which the first volume The Letter of James was published in Stuttgart in 1997; this edition aims to be the definitive Greek text consulting all surviving old manuscripts and fragments in both Greek and languages into which the New Testament was early translated. The teachings of Jesus Christ emerge from the *Old Testament but also relate to Greek culture (Jesus spoke Aramaic but the culture of the Jews in Israel was heavily hellenized with Greek being a language of everyday commerce). The Four Gospels, the main record of the teachings of Jesus are strophic, have strong metric elements and seem to have emerged out of oral traditions (that is, they were possibly chanted before being written down). They are perhaps best described as rhythmic prose, though some consider them to be in poetry; some parts, such as the Beatititudes, are clearly poetry. The King James Authorized Version of 1611 especially ephasizes this poetic quality and until recently has been the most influential English translation. The canon of the New Testament. The Gospels (Greek: "Good news") of Matthew, Mark, Luke and John are the main documents and give the life of Jesus from four different perspectives. However, the choice of the documents which the Christian churches take as being canonical, reflects political struggles within the church. Other gospels are known apart from the four held as canonical, such as the * Gnostic Gospels. They include The Gospel of Thomas found in Greek in 1945, which consist of 114 sayings of Jesus which are also strophic and contain elements of poetry (on this gospel see Buch des Thomas in Kindlers neues Literatur Lexikon; for an English translation see Marvin Meyer, The Gospel of Thomas, 1992). The Gospel of Mark is another Gnostic gospel (for the text see M. R. James, Apocryphal New Testament, 1924). Normally included with the Gospels, are the letters of the Apostle *Saint Paul and other documents of the early church, though these are interpretations of the teachings of Jesus, not a direct record of his life as the Gospels claim to be. Saint Paul was something of a *Puritan. These works constitute criticism of the teachings of Jesus and the Gospels. Consult the entry Gospels for further discussion. Poetry and the New Testament. See the discussion of this issue in the Gospels entry. The New Testament and homosexuality. The basic tenet of Christianity is usually taken to be the idea of love: Jesus's commandment "Love one another as I have loved you" (John chapter 13, verse 34; see * Gospels for further discussion of these words). The New Testament teachings of Jesus must be viewed within the context of the *debate on love in Greek dating from *Plato and possibly relating to the cults of *Saivism and *Krishna emanating from India (the disciple Thomas reputedly took Christianity to India soon after the death of Jesus so Christianity may have influenced Saivism and the religion of Krishna rather than the other way around). Certainly the Jews of Israel were thoroughly hellenized at the time of Jesus and Greek was the most commonly spoken language of Jesusalem at the time (see *Hellenism) so the influence of Plato on Jesus cannot be ruled out. Manuscripts and the mechanically printed text. For 1500 years the New Testament circulated in manuscript. The *editio princeps (first mechanically printed edition) of the Greek text was 1516-17: after this date a Greek text was freely available in mechanically printed form and translation into European vernacular languages followed, sometimes from the Greek text and sometimes from the Latin translation of Saint Jerome called the Vulgate (which had been first mechanically published by Gutenberg in the mid fifteenth century, that is sixty years prior to the Greek text). For sources of mechanically printed editions see the Bible entry. Translation. Translation of the New Teatament has occurred into at least 769 languages (see Liana Lupas, Scriptures of the World, New York, 1992, p. 7; this work overall lists translation by language and book translated). The Interpreteters Dictionary of the Bible under "Versions" deals with translations. The World Annual Report of the United Bible Societies gives more up to date information. The Bible entry deals with the translation of the Bible overall; for more information consult that entry. Commentaries. There are innumerable commentaries on the New Testament. These works invariably come with the viewpoint of the theological group who published the commentary. Consult Christian dictionaries such as the *Catholic Encyclopedia. An excellent source of commentaries is W. G. Kümmel, Introduction to the New Testament, Revised edition, London, 1975 (translated from the German Einleitung in des Neue Testament, 17th fully revised edition, 1973) which has detailed bibliographies. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, vol. 2., 896-98. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 41: cites several passages. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 99-100. Criticism. Arcadie no. 71 (November 1959) 615-21. Courouve, Ces petits grecs, 47-48: annotated list of references to homosex. City in the United States where English is the main spoken language; Spanish, Hebrew and Yiddish are also spoken by significant numbers of the population but many languages are spoken. Material of relevance dates from 1860 so far. *Whitman first evoked New York vividly in his poetry from ca. 1860 and his diary records sexual encounters in the streets (see *Charley Shively). However, Whitman's New York is a very different New York from that in the work of a recent poet such as the British visitor *Marc Almond. As the United States's largest city, New York has always been a major literary center, especially Greenwich Village (also famous as a gay area); for the period 1910-25 New York was a centre of *Modernism. *Herman Melville spent the years from 1863 to his death in 1891 in New York; *George Sylvester Viereck wrote *decadent poetry from the early twentieth century on and *Hart Crane celebrated the city's famous Brooklyn Bridge in his *sequence The Bridge (1930) while the Spanish poet *Federico García Lorca wrote a sequence on the city when he visited in 1929-30. *Aleister Crowley also visited. The city was a center for the *Beat poets such as Jack Kerouac and *Allen Ginsberg in the forties and fifties; Allen Ginsberg lived and died there, as did the little known but fine gay poet *Royal Murdoch. The city has had a large Jewish population from the early twentieth century and has been a center of Hebrew and Yiddish publishing and scholarship. The *Afro-Americans of the city, who have mostly lived in the area called Harlem for the last hundred years, produced such poets as *Countee Cullen and *Langston Hughes in the *Harlem Renaissance, a black revival dating from the 1920s. The main poets of the *New York School of poets, dating from the 1950s but especially active 1960-70, are usually taken to be John Ashbery, *James Schuyler and *Frank O'Hara (all gay). Frank O'Hara vividly evoked the city in his work, especially such gay *long poems as Second Avenue, 1960. The British poet *W. H. Auden lived in New York from 1939 and his memorable gay work * The Platonic Blow (written in 1948) was first published in the city in 1965. Gay life and gay poets of the 1950s are discussed in "Cruising the San Remo" (a New York gay bar), Advocate no. 394, 26-30 - Frank O'Hara, James Schuyler and *Richard Howard are mentioned; the article was written by *Brad Gooch who has written a fine biography of O'Hara. The city was a center of *gay liberation from 1969, producing the major gay poetry journal * Mouth of the Dragon (1974-80). It has spawned the important gay cultural journal * Christopher Street whose editor *Charles Ortleb, himself a brilliant poet, has strongly supported gay poetry. On the other hand, its famous weekly journal The New Yorker, especially influential in poetry circles for its poetry - its poetry editor was the gay poet *Howard Moss from 1948 to 1987 - has been notably silent on publishing openly gay poetry until very recently. (See also * Three New York Poets.) *Felice Picano has written fine poems uninhibitedly celebrating gay sexuality. *Edwin Denby, the *Postmodernist John Cage, *Alfred Corn and *Kenward Elmslie are other recent notable gay poets from the city. The city is the most important United States publishing center, notable for gay *bookshops and its *libraries are rich in gay resources (especially *New York Public Library, New York Academy of Medicine - for older medical material - and Columbia University Library). Hence it is easy to see why it has been the home of great scholars such as Jonathan Katz, *Wayne Dynes and *Warren Johansson (editors of the * Encyclopedia of Homosexuality). New York University (under *Martin Duberman) and Columbia (under Wayne Dynes) have had gay courses. The library of the New York Historical Society (formerly a private library) has now been transferred to New York University. The gay archives of the international Gay Information Center date from the gay Mattachine Library (founded in 1954) and are now in the New York Public Library where they have been cataloged and are fully accessible. The black gay renaissance has produced one of the finest of all gay anthologies in * The Road Before Us (1991) edited by *Assotto Saint (pseud.). *Sidney Smith is a noted black gay *pederast activist poet from the city. New York has also, regrettably, been a major centre of *Aids: see the anthology * Unending Dialogue (1991). The city has a large Jewish population and Yiddish is spoken along with Hebrew. The New York Native (1979+) is a popular gay newspaper with cultural coverage, originating in Greenwich village. For 1890 to 1940, see George Chauncey, in Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture and the Making of the Gay Male World 18901940, New York, 1992, 478 pp. (review: James White Review vol. 13 no. 1, Winter 1996, 21). For 1940 to 1996 see Charles Kaiser, The Gay Metropolis 1940-1996, New York, 1997. References. Katz, Gay American History and Katz, Gay/ Lesbian Almanac: numerous references, see indexes. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, vol. 2, 898-901: "New York City". Gay Histories and Cultures. Library and archive in the United States; material is in English mainly. The library dates from 1895 when earlier New York libraries were amalgamated. The New York Public Library is the largest public library in the United States. It has a huge volume of twentieth century literature, including the Berg Collection and including many rare gay poetry books and items (see, for example, James S. Holmes). It houses, and has cataloged, the gay collection of the international Gay Information Center, making it the home of one of the largest publicly accessible gay research collections in the United States; it also publishes a Gay and Lesbian Studies Research Guide. In 1994 the library held an exhibition, Becoming Visible: The Legacy of Stonewall, honoring New York's lesbian and gay communities; a 12 page pamphlet accompanied the exhibition. In 1995, the library was found, because of the accessioning of the International Gay Information Center collection, to be one of the two best United States libraries (with the library of the *State University of New York at Buffalo) for contemporary English gay poetry and the most accessible for gay material in general. The library has many rare books in unusual languages, and much rare sexological material; earlier material may be missing, however, and sometimes, due to the size of the library, delivery may take at least a day. The library's catalog is available on the internet. References. Steele, Major Libraries of the World. Group of poets from the United States writing in English. A group of poets from New York who were active as a school 1955-1970. They are usually considered to consist of John Ashbery, *Frank O'Hara, James Schuyler, Barbara Guest and Kenneth Koch and, after 1961, *Kenward Elmslie. The gay poets, O'Hara, Schuyler and Ashbery, established a *camp style and Frank O'hara was the most influential poet, writing *projective verse (compare *Charles Olson). *W. H. Auden lived in New York at this time but was not associated with the group. See the article on them in The Advocate 15 May 1984, 26-30. Two anthologies of the poets exist: *Rod Padgett, editor, New York Poets, 1970, and John Bernard Myers, editor, The Poets of the New York School, 1969 (the author of this book coined the term in 1961). A critical work is David Lehman, The Last Avant-Garde: The making of the New York school of poets, 1998 (this work was one of the 25 "Books to Remember" of the *New York Public Library for 1998). See *New York for other poets associated with the city Poet from Canada writing in English. Born 1938. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Canadian Literature. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2849: Moving in Alone, Toronto: Contact, 1965. Pseudonym of a poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1923. Author of Rondeaux of Boyhood which contains very fine poems on *pedophile themes with a frontispiece photograph of a naked boy; poems use the *Ganymede trope. A. Newman is possibly the pseudonym of *Francis Edwin Murray; however, *Timothy d'Arch Smith states that new evidence suggests it may not be the pseudonym of Murray (letter to the author, June 1994). The copy of Rondeaux of Boyhood in the *Kinsey Library has a homoerotic bookplate of David J. Aron and the work is cataloged under *Herbert Moore Pim (born 1883). Bibliographies. Murray, Catalogue of Selected Books, item 44-45: From a Lover's Garden: More Rondeaux and other Verses of Boyhood, 1924 and Rondeaux of Boyhood, 1923. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10871-72: same books as Young. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2850-51: From a Lover's Garden: More Rondeaux and Other verses of Boyhood, London: privately printed, 1924; Rondeaux of Boyhood, London: privately printed, 1923. Poet and songwriter from Great Britain who wrote in English and Latin. 1801-1890. The first *Catholic cardinal in Great Britain after the rise of the Church of English, Newman converted to Catholicism in 1845 after intense debate at Oxford where Newman was a fellow of Oriel College on the links between the Church of England and the Roman Catholic Church. The steps leading up to the conversion are described in his autobiography Apologia Pro Vita Sua, 1864. This caused consternation in *Oxford where he was a leading figure and his conversion led many, especially from Oxford, into the Catholic church (e.g., *Gerard M. Hopkins). The Anglo-Catholic movement - emphasizing the Church of England's links with Catholic Christianity - is known as the Oxford Movement. John Henry Newman seems a very repressed homosexual who probably remained celibate all his life though whether Newman ever had sexual relations with males may be incapable of proof. He formed intimate relationships with *Hurrell Froude (who died in 1844) and Ambrose St John, who remained at his side as a Catholic priest until he died in 1878 (the two were ordained together in Rome); on St John's death Newman threw himself on the corpse and remained with it all night. He became a Cardinal in 1879, the highest office of the Catholic church, and founded the Birmingham and London Oratories, associations of priests and brothers in the service of the Catholic Church. See *S. Steward, "Cardinal Newman and Friends", The Advocate, no. 331 (25 November 1981), 25-27. He composed *hymns including the famous "Lead, Kindly Light" (1832) as well as the *long poem The Dream of Gerontius (1865), which includes the hymn "Praise to the holiest in the height "and some brief sections of hymns in Latin. He was influenced by *Platonism (*Benjamin Jowett's translation of Plato was published in his lifetime). He is buried in the same grave as Ambrose St John at Rednal, a suburb of Birmingham. A famous phrase in Latin by him is the *non gender specific "cor ad cor loquitur" (heart speaks to heart). Biography. See *Geoffrey Faber, Oxford Apostles, 1933; in the reprint, 1974, see especially pp. 32-35 re repressed homosexuality and *effeminacy; see also Chapter 6. Brian Martin, John Henry Newman: His life and work, 1982, is an excellent survey of his life and times. A concise account of his life and doctrine is in the Catholic Encyclopedia. Portraits of Newman (e.g. by Sir John Millais, painted in 1881) show him as somewhat effeminate especially that by Emmeline Deane in the National Portrait Gallery, London. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionary of National Biography. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 586-88. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Criticism. Hyde, Other Love, 109. Poet from Mexico who wrote in Nahuatl. Active before 1500. Alleged to be a homosexual poet: see Foster, Latin American Writers on Gay and Lesbian Themes, p. 71. Historian from China writing in Chinese. Active 1984. See *Shasha, Sam (pseud.) Poet from Vietnam writing in Vietnamese. 1380-1442. See Huynh Sanh Thong, The Heritage of Vietnamese Poetry, 1979, p. 145: "For a friend" - "you are my twin"; biog. note p. 285. Poem from Austria written in German. Ca. 1200. Written in Austria ca. 1200, the Nibelungenlied is the most powerful *medieval German *epic. Though its basis of action is heterosexual marriage, nevertheless it features a strong male world of close *male bonding based on courage and loyalty, where the high points of men's lives are shared with other men (seen in the relationship of the hero Siegfried with Hagen, for instance). Compare *Beowulf, *King Arthur; see also *Havamal. It was used by *Richard Wagner as the basis of his Ring cycle (1853-74) and influenced *Whitman. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Editor from France of works in Persian; translator from Persian to French. Active 1867. The first editor of the Persian text of the poet *Omar Khayyam: Les Quatrains, 1867. He translated Omar Khayyam into French in this edition (which was later translated into English in 1903: see *British Library General Catalogue entry). This French translation was used as the basis of versions in other languages. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Active 1883. One of the three contributors to the anthology * Love in Idleness (1883) with *H. C. Beeching and *J. W. Mackail, contribution is not known. though his exact poem as a male). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 76: brief extract re the figure of Love (portrayed in the Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1893-1944. Educated at *Oxford, an officer in the First World War and then Professor of English Literature at Tokyo University 1921-24. His poems show the strong influence of *Whitman. The *British Library General Catalogue shows he published several books of poems. Bibliographies. Murray, Catalogue of Selected Books, item 46: Ardours and Endurances, 1918. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 2859-60: Ardours and Endurances; also, A Faun's Holiday and Poems and Fantasies, London: Chatto and Windus, 1918 and Aurelia and Other Poems, London: Chatto and Windus, 1920. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 79. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 305-06: "The Burial in Flanders" - "They bear my Boy on his last journey." Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 99, 102-03, 148-50, 192-93; biog., 240. Nicholson, John Gambril Francis Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1866-1931. A major *Uranian poet who wrote many books with *pedophile themes; these books were privately printed and never had a large circulation. His poetry is very competent but endlessly repetitive of sacharine sentiments addresssed to his boys and does not have enduring value. Three addressees of poems are mentioned: Ernest, Alec and Victor (see Verses to Victor, 1902-10). His book of poems Love in Earnest, 1892, inspired the title of the study of the Uranians by *Timothy d'arch Smith. Little is known of his life. See the selection of poems edited by *Paul Webb, In the Dreamy Afternoon, London, *Gay Men's Press, 1989; reviewed in Gay's the Word (the gay book review journal) no. 62 (February-March 1990), 7; see also James White Review vol. 8 no. 1, p. 4. A selection of poems is in N. T. Parsons, The Joy of Bad Verse, 1988, pp. 282-91. See also *Century Guild. Some poems were translated into German by Bernard Esmarch - see the poems at the end of A Garland of Ladslove, 1911 (source: N. T. Parsons). Bibliographies. Murray, Catalogue of Selected Books, item 47-49: A Chaplet of Southernwood, 1896, A Garland of Ladslove, 1911, Love in Earnest, 1892. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10873-77: A chaplet of southernwood, Ashover [Derby]: Frank Murray, 1896, A Garland of Ladslove, London: F. E. Murray, 1911, Love in Earnest: [Sonnets, Ballads and Lyrics], London: Elliot Stock, 1892, Opals and Pebbles, London: Roberts and Newton, 1928, Romance of a Choirboy, London: F. E. Murray, 1916. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 2861-65: the same books as Bullough. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 50-51. Reade, Sexual Heretics, 301-02, 302-03 (with *Frederick Rolfe), 307-09. Hidden Heritage, 192. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 258. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 87-88. Smith, Love in Earnest: see index; 248-49, bibl. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 45-46. Editor and translator from Persian and historian in English from Great Britain. 1868-1945. An orientalist who worked at Cambridge University, becoming Professor of Arabic from 1926; he wrote A Literary History of the Arabs (1907; repr.). He studied under *E. G. Browne and was the foremost expert on *Sufism of his time, writing many books on Islamic *mysticism e.g., The Mystics of Islam, 1914. He published an edition of the Mathnavi of the Persian poet Rumi with translation and annotation (1925-40, 8 volumes). He also translated the Persian poet *'Attar, titled Tadhkiratu 'l-Awliyat, 1905-07 and 1911. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Iolaus (1902), 110-11: trans. of *Rumi. Men and Boys, 20: trans. of *Rumi. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1964. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2866: The Man Who Bit the Sun, New York: New Directions, 1964. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active 1978. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Schreibende Schwule. Poet from Denmark writing in Danish. Active 1977. Author of Almagt tile Kaerligheden, Demos, Copenhagen, 1977, 129 pp.: a book of poems, essays and autobiographical notes. Source: ca. 1980 bibliography by Bengt Olson supplied to the author. Philosopher and poet from Germany writing in German. 1844-1900. A German philosopher whose work grew out of that of *Schopenhauer's. In 1872, he published The Birth of Tragedy, an interpretation of ancient Greece in terms of the Apollonian and Dionysian principles (see *Apollo and *Dionysus). In 1878, a break with *Richard Wagner occurred and in 1889, a nervous breakdown. In the years 1879 to 1888 Nietzsche wandered about Germany, Switzerland and Italy living in seedy boarding houses on his own in poverty. He wrote poetry in German and his texts, which were closely guarded by his sister, like his other works, are being properly edited only from 1989. His sexuality is difficult to assess; he certainly had a strong *friendship with Wagner (discussed by Siegfried Placzek in Freundschaft und Sexualitat, 1919, pp. 136-49, and by *Hanns Fuchs in a book). A discussion of his sexuality in which it is pointed out that he was thought to be homosexual by many at the beginning of the twentieth century, including *Freud, is by Charles Stone, titled "Of Whom Neitzsche Dreamed" in Harvard Gay and Lesbian Review, Winter 1999, 9-12. He died of syphilis though how (and where) contacted is not known. His influence on the gay poet *Stefan George was incalculable. He was close to *Wilamowitz-Möllendorf as a child but rivalries later developed. The film Beyond Good and Evil, made by Liliani Cavanna (1990), showed him having sex with men in a park. As a philosopher his influence was huge and spread across the world to all continents where European civilization had penetrated. He was a precursor of *gay liberation. *Psychiatry through *Freud shows his influence. See James Joll, "Nietzsche vs Nietzsche", New York Review of Books, vol. 40 no. 4, 11 February 1993, 20-23, on his influence and *censorship problems with the text. In German see the article by Gerhard Zwerenz, "Ein Partisan dichtet sich selbst. Friedrich Nietzsche: schwul, Nazi oder postmodern?" in the newspaper Frankfurter Rundschau, 16.09. 1989, SZB 3 (as cited in Forum 8 [1989] 118); the title reads: Friedrich Nietzsche - gay, Nazi or postmodern?). Text. There are problems with his text as already pointed out (e.g., The World as Will is no longer accepted as being genuine). A complete works is being edited by Giorgio Colli and Mazzino Montinari, titled Nietzsche Werke. Volumes 2-8 have been published 1967-1991. Some poems appear in odd volumes e.g., vol. 7 no. 4/2. It is only since 1989 with the opening of the Nietzsche archives that adequate texts can be attempted. The German biography, Zarathustras Geheimnis by Joachim Köhler, 1998, argues that his fundamental erotic interest was in males. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Encyclopedia of Religion: fine introduction. A-Z Guide to Modern Literary and Cultural Theorists. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 83: four references. Herzer, Bibliographie zur Homosexualität, items 251, 952, 1346 (by Wilhelm Stekel). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Die Bedeutung der Freundesliebe, 24. Criticism. Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 9 (1908), 271: stating he showed a particular interest in the homopoet *Diocles. Mayne, The Intersexes, 264: his passionate worship of Richard Wagner "was homosexual at its most climatic stage". Arcadie no. 98 (February 1962), 96-103: article by Ma Jurth. Perkins, History of Modern Poetry, volume two, 550: re influence on *Allen Ginsberg. Poet from Germany writing in German. *Transvestite poet involved in homosexual action groups in West *Berlin. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Schwüle Lyrik, schwüle Prosa, 113-26; biog., 114, photo 113. Historian and critic from Uruguay who wrote in Spanish. 1882-1937. A prolific author of literary critical works from 1900, he is one of the great figures in the history of European gay culture. Alexis o el significado del temperamento uraño, Madrid, 1932, is a study of homosexuality in literature, with a detailed index at the front. There are chapters on *Virgil, *Shakespeare, *Plato and *Hadrian and lists of homosexuals. It relies on *Hirschfeld, * Ioläus, *Raffalovich etc; see the bibliography, pp. 195-97. He also wrote Homosexualismo creador, Madrid, 1932 (with a bibl. pp. 368-76; index pp. 377-83; illustrated). This is a detailed history of male homosexuality from the * Bible on, much more thorough than Alexis, with a detailed contents list at the beginning. The bibliography gives evidence of the widest reading (there are some mistakes) and overall the book is one of the finest introductions to the history of European homosexuality up to *Rimbaud ever written. His *bookplate features a naked youth. He gives his address here as *Buenos Aires. Biography: see his entry, with photograph, in the (Spanish) Encyclopedia Espasa Culpe (1919). This states he was born in Montevideo, Uruguay. On his life and work see M. Núñez Regueiro, Alberto Nin Frias: estudio literario y moral, Montevideo, [ca. 1940] (rare: a copy is in the National Library of Uruguay, Montevideo). A list of his works and outline of his life is in Reseña de la obra cultural de Alberto Nin Frias, Montevideo, [ca. 1933] (rare: a copy is in the National Library of Uruguay, Montevideo). He was born in Montevideo, studied in Great Britain, Switzerland, Belgium and Montevideo. He also studied at George Washington University, Washington DC, where he became a Doctor of Philosophy. He was a diplomat for Uruguay and worked in Europe, the United States and South America and published a large number of novels. See also his entry in Diccionario de literatura uruguaya, edited by Alberto F. Oreggioni, Montevideo, 1988. Nineteen-eighties English poets and entries Period in English from the United States, Great Britain, Australia and Canada and other English speaking countries from 1980 to 1989. The impact of *Aids after 1983 has been a basic feature of poetry of this decade and had a dramatic impact on publishing output in the early part of the decade, when there was a decrease in gay poetry. A large number of *anthologies have been published, especially in the United States, including many inspired by Aids (these have now become a genre of their own). The decade saw previously closeted older major poets coming out as gay poets. Some poets to achieve prominence as gay poets are as follows. Great Britain: *Edwin Morgan, ivorTreby. United States: *Gavin Dillard, *Daryl Hine, *Dennis Kelly, *James Merrill (hailed by *David Perkins as the leading United States poet), *Paul Monette, *Harold Norse. In Australia, openly gay writing finally emerged in this period - see *Edge City, *Denis Gallagher, *David Herkt. For Canada *E. A. Lacey and ian Young were major poets. The decade saw the publication of the second edition of Ian Young's Male Homosexual in Literature, 1982. The important journal * James White Review had an excellent selection of poetry in every issue and good criticism from its inception in 1983. Critics of note include *Gregory Woods, *Charley Shively and *Rudy Kikel. Important biographies of gay poets were written in this decade. In Great Britain, *Charles Osborne and *Humphrey Carpenter wrote biographies of *W. H. Auden, John Symonds continued to chart the life of *Aleister Crowley and *Richard Ellmann wrote a splendid life of *Oscar Wilde while in Australia *Peter Alexander wrote on *William Plomer. In the United States, *Egbert Faas wrote on the early life of *Robert Duncan and Justin Kaplan, *Paul Zweig and *Charley Shively wrote on Whitman, while homosexuality was noticed in the lives of major poets who were basically heterosexual (see John Berryman). See also *Publishers. Despite the impact of Aids, the period far surpasses the *eighteen-nineties in importance (previously perhaps the richest decade in English). It is one of the richest decades for gay poetry in English so far, possibly only eclipsed by the *nineteen nineties. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gay Histories and Cultures: see "U.S. Literature: Contemporary Gay Writing". Nineteen-nineties English poets and entries Period in English from the United States, Great Britain, Australia, Canada, South Africa and India from 1990. Several outstanding anthologies have been published: see *Anthologies - English. The outstanding event of the decade was the publication of volume one of the gay poetry anthology of *Anthony Reid, *The Eternal Flame, the finest anthology of gay poetry so far conceived. The anthologies * Partings at Dawn and *Out of the Blue have revealed Japanese and Russian gay poetry to English readers. In the United States *Thomas Glave is an outstanding younger poet. *Allen Ginsberg and *Thom Gunn published impressive volumes and the Tine last volume of work by the Canadian *E. A. Lacey was published in 1995. A number of *black anthologies were also published. In Australia *David Herkt is outstanding. The first gay anthology from India. *A Lotus of Another Color was published in 1993. The * James White Review continued to be a major journal for new poetry and criticism about gay poetry. *Aids has continued to be a major feature of gay poetry. See also *nineteen-eighties as many poets continued with their careers. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gay Histories and Cultures: see "U.S. Literature: Contemporary Gay Writing". Nineteen-seventies English poets and entries Period in English poetry from the United States and other countreis from 1970 to 1979. The nineteen-seventies is one of the most important recent periods of gay poetry in English. A large number of *anthologies was published following the emergence of *gay liberation in 1969, as well as the important journals * Gay Sunshine, *Mouth of the Dragon, *Fag Rag and * Boston Gay Review. The majority of gay poets came from the United States. Major gay poets, by country, active in this decade include - for Canada. *E A Lacey, ian Young; Great Britain. *Brian Hill; United States. *Robert Duncan, *Allen Ginsberg, *Paul Goodman, *Thom Gunn, *Dennis Cooper, *Gavin Dillard. For other poets see the anthologies of the period, * The Male Muse, *Orgasms of Light, * Angels of the Lyre, *Brother Songs and *A True Likeness (1980). *Now the Volcano presented a vital Spanish and Portuguese tradition from South America to English poets and readers. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gay Histories and Cultures: see "U.S. Literature: Contemporary Gay Writing". Nineteenth century English poets and entries Period in English poetry of Great Britain, the United States, Australia, South Africa, New Zealand and Canada. From 1800 to 1899. The first poets of the century were the *Romantic poets (to ca. 1830). The *Victorian period lasted from 1837 to 1901, taking its name from the reigning monarch Queen Victoria. It was characterized by *Puritanism and a prurient attitude to sexuality. The *eighteen-nineties (1890-1914) is a major period at the end of the century where homosexuality came dramatically to the fore. Great Britain. *Byron is the first poet of major interest. *Tennyson dominated the period from 1850-1880. *H. S. Ashbee commenced the publication of a European erotic bibliography in 1877. See also *Thomas Beddoes, *Edward Fitzgerald, *Swinburne, * Don Leon, *Harlequin Prince Cherrytop, *Gerard Manley Hopkins (who was only published after his death). The *Uraniam poets were publishing in the last two decades of the century. In the eighteen-nineties *Oscar Wilde's Ballad of Reading Goal (1898) and Housman's poems (1896) are major works. The gay activist and first English gay anthologist *Edward Carpenter commenced his publishing career in 1894. United States. *Thoreau and *Emerson wrote in the first half of the period. *Fitz-Greene Halleck was an important poet of this time. *Whitman was the major poet from 1855 until his death in 1891. *S. W. Foster has written on minor poets who used homosexual tropes. The philosopher *George Santayana wrote poems in the last half of the century and *Harvard produced several gay poets in the eighteen nineties who are very relevant. See also *Overview - English - Australia, - Canada etc. For the background see Chris White, editor, Nineteenth-century writings on homosexuality: a sourcebook (London, 1999); this work also includes poems. Poet from Japan who wrote in Japanese. Active before 1713. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Partings at Dawn, 1Q7-QB (from the anthology 'Iwatsutsuji). A nisba is a phrase attached to a person's name and by which a poet is known in Arabic from ca. 700. It may refer to his tribe (e.g., al-Kindi, "of the tribe of Kinda"), city of residence or even nickname. It is a type of penname. See *al-Tha'alibi as an example. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Figures in myth and trope in Latin from Italy and later in Serbo-Croat and English. From ca. 26 B.C. Nisus and Euryalus are homosexual lovers who appear in 'Virgil's Aeneid in Book 9, lines 176-5Q2. They have served as prototypes of'friendship and gay lovers ever since. The episode in the Aeneid is based on two men in The *lliad. For later Latin usage (ca. 550 A. D.) see * Anthologia Latina. English: see *Dryden, *Love in the Suds, *Byron, *Charles Causley. Serbo-Croat: *Hamdija Demirovic. See also translations of The Aeneid. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Ioläus (19Q2), 162-64: reference to 'Virgil's Aeneid (ca. 26 B.C.). Poet from Iceland in Norse. Before 1300. A very famous verse in Chapter 102 states Odin may be a bitch - i.e. female dog - and has homosexual implications. A similar reference also occurs in the Laexdala Saga. Poet writing in Serbo-Croat from Croatia. 1813-1851. See his *heroic or *epic poem The Mountain Wreath (trans. into English by Vasa D. Mihailovich, 1986) where a world of close male bonding is depicted, a *patriarchical society latently homosexual; in the translation of Mihailovich see pp. 8, 19, 28, 30, 48, 71. The poem consists of conversations between men and this structure may derive from oral traditions whereby oral *epic poems were recited by two males. He was the Bishop of Montenegro. He contracted tuberculosis and died at an early age. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature : see "Petrovic, Petar Njegos" (an excellent discussion of this poet). Poem in English from US. First recorded ca. 2000. A poem associated with the fuck-bunny scene of gay cruise clubs. It was recorded in a gay journal ca. 2000. Pecs refers to the tits on the breast. A yearly prize awarded in several categories relating to Swedish from Sweden and other languages. Relevant awards date from 1910. The Nobel Prize is the world's most prestigious literary prize, awarded annually by the Nobel Academy in Stockholm, Sweden, from funds left by Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite. Prizes are awarded in several categories (e.g., Medicine, Chemistry, Peace, Literature). Apart from the French writer *Andre Gide, the Literature Prize, which was first awarded in 1901, has not been awarded to a writer known to be homosexual at the time of the award. *Patrick White did not come out publicly until his 1981 autobiography Flaws in the Glass, written after winning the prize. The first writer of relevance is the German writer *Paul Heyse who won the prize in 1910. For the Nobel Prize in relation to homosexuality and poetry see the following entries. All writers cited here won the literature prize except as indicated. The date in brackets is the date of the award of the prize. Bengali (and English): *Rabindranath Tagore (1913). Danish: Johannes V. Jensen (1944). English: *W. B. Yeats (1923), *George Bernard Shaw (1925), *T. S. Eliot (1948), *Patrick White (1973), *Wole Soyinka (1986), *Derek Walcott (1991), *Seamus Heaney (1995). French: *André Gide (1947), *François Mauriac (1952). German: *Paul Heyse (1910); *Thomas Mann (1929). Greek: *George Seferis (1963). Italian: *Salvatore Quasimodo (1959), *Eugenio Montale (1975). Polish: *Czeslaw Milosz (1980). Russsian: 'Alexander Solzhenitsyn (1970), Joseph Brodsky (1987). Spanish: Jacinto Benavente (1922), *Pablo Neruda (1971), *Vicente Aleixandre (1977), *Octavio Paz (1990). Swedish: *Verner von Heidenstam (1916 - suspected of being gay); The Swedish writer *Dag Hammarskjöld (1961) (Nobel Peace Prize). Tibetan: *Tenzin Gyatso, Fourteenth Dali Lama (1989) (Nobel Peace Prize). *Artur Lundkvist was a writer who was in the 1970s a very influential member of the literature panel, indeed, regarded by some as the crucial member of this panel. Poet from Portugal who wrote in Portuguese. 1861-1900. He lived in Porto and was involved in the *decadent movement. Suspected of homosexuality but nothing has come to light so far. See his entry in Quem e Quem Na Literatura Portuguesa, Lisbon, 1979. Lexicographer in French and translator from Latin to French from France. 1755-1841. A bibliophile and man of letters; see his entry in the * British Library General Catalogue. He translated *Catullus into French (1803) and edited the collection of erotic poems the *Erotopaegnion (Paris, 1798). Noël was part compiler of a Latin-French erotic dictionary who augmented Blondeau's dictionary Dictionnaire érotique latin-francais in its Paris, 1885 printing by *Lisieux (this states on the title page that it is augmented with notes and additions by Noël). He was a Jesuit. Poet, critic and biographer from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1834-1894. An *eighteen nineties poet who wrote the work of criticism: Essays on Poetry and Poets, 1886 (*Whitman, *Byron etc). In his Life of Lord *Byron, London, 1890, pp. 37-38, he stated that Thyrza was likely to be a male Byron's friend Edleston. He married and had a son. He wrote the preface to an edition of *Thomas Otway. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10878: Collected Poems, London: Kegan Paul, 1902. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2875: same item. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reade, Sexual Heretics, 131-33: *"Ganymede" from Beatrice and Other Poems, 1868. Historian and critic from Japan writing in Japanese. Active 1983. Author of the article on "Homosexuality" in the Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan written jointly with *Paul Schalow. The article discusses writers and has a bibliography. Poet from Spain writing in Catalan. Active before 197B. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poemes Gais, 31-34; he is also translated into Spanish in Poemes Gais. Poet from the United States writing in English and translator from Spanish to English; critic writing in English. Born 1947. A *southern poet he was born in *New Orleans of a French Creole and Irish family and lives in *San Francisco and South America. First book: Why I Live in the Forest, 1974. He has translated from Spanish the gay poet Jaime Gil de Biedma a work titled in English Longing: Selected Poems, 1993. As a critic he is the author of Poet-Chief: The Native American Poetics of *Walt Whitman and *Pablo Neruda, 1994. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Angels of the Lyre, 153: "Jilala": a poem about hybrids; biog., 242-43. Name of Love , 37-38 (trans. Jaime Gil de Biedma); biog., 72. Best known as a painter, he admitted on ABC television in 1992 in an interview on the 7.30 Report that he had felt homosexual feelings (these may have been present in his close relationship with *Patrick White though he did not state this in the interview). He designed the dust jacket for some works of Patrick White (e.g. the dust jacket for the short storiesThe Burnt Ones, 1964). Sidney Nolan and Patrick White had a celebrated quarrel over the suicide of Nolan's wife Cynthia leading Nolan to create a number of drawings savagely depicting the homosexual relationship of White and his lover Manoly Lascaris. His most famous series of paintings, the Ned Kelly series, depicts a man in drag. (There have also been suggestions of homosexuality in the Kelly gang, a group of bushrangers in Victoria, about which group Nolan read all the literature.) He also painted a portrait of the poet *Barrett Reid. His book of poems Paradise Garden, London: Alistair McAlpine Publishing Ltd, 1971, contains poems of relevance: see "Return", p. 57, which features three people in bed and mentions "pricks" so two of the three are men who are erotically aroused (the sex of the third is unstated); see also "Cooked and Raw" p. 13 (re "loving in threes"), "Quartet" p. 33, "Drying in the Sun" p. 46 and "Snake in the Cellar" p. 101 (a very strange work, possibly relevant). Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1927. His name is a pseudonym. The Contemporary Authors entry reveals he was married with three children. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors, volumes 5-8: real name Lou Barker Noll. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A True Likeness, 265-73: *sequence "The Signification of the Phallus"; biog., 265: a professor of English at Beloit College where he was also poet in residence. (The title comes from the eighth chapter of Ecrits by *Jacques Lacan which is titled "The Signification of the Phallus".) Critic from India writing in Urdu. Active 1970. His article in Shair Ul Ajam (Islamabad: National Book Foundation, 1970), vol. 4, 155-169, discusses the theme of boy-love in Persian poetry Criticism. Rahman, "Boy love in the Urdu ghazal", Paidika vol. 2 no. 1 (1989), 11: quotation from Abul Ma'li Razi a minor Persian poet. Concept in Chinese from ancient China from 479 B.C. and later in other languages. This refers to use of pronouns in a poem in which the sexuality of the addressee of a poem is not known and the sexuality of the speaker is not made clear or is a male: for example using the word "you" in a love poem where the sex of the person addressed is not made clear by the context of the poem and the speaker could be male. Such a poem can be read homosexually, irrespective of whether it is in essence homosexual or not. All love poems addressed to a "you", in which there is no indication of female presence, fall into this category. In addition, read in isolation from a poet's life, as many poems are read, such poems have the possibility of a homosexual reading. All languages in which the pronouns lack gender need to be considered. Material survives from 479 B.C. in Chinese Chinese: see Hinsch, Passions of the Cut Sleeve, 16-17: states the gender ambiguity of Chinese poems complicates the search for homopoems. See *Su Shih, *Wang Kuo-wei. English: see *Abraham Cowley (1656), *W. H. Auden, *Craig Raine are examples. Greek: see *Athenaeus (ca. 460 B. C.), *Odysseus Elytis, *Yannis Ritsos. Persian: see *'Attar and *Sufi poets (a huge volume of Sufi poetry exists). Turkish. Persian and Bengali lack gender in pronouns so many love poems are non gender specific. Non-literate languages, also called oral and tribal languages Oral poems and songs in such languages as Aranda from Australia, Marind-Anin from Papua New Guinea and Bantu from South Africa are known from ca. 1900. Non-literate languages (sometimes called tribal languages) constitute the majority of the world's languages. Non literate means "not written down" and such languages contain much *oral poetry; especially poems composed spontaneously. Most languages in the world have not been recorded or are only in the process of being recorded; for those being recorded, the creation of dictionaries and grammars is occupying the time of many scholars. Many languages are dying out and as many as 3000 of the 6000 languages currently spoken may be dead languages by 2030. A work edited by David Dalby estimates some 10,000 languages are spoken in the world: see The Linguasphere Register of the World's Languages and Speech-Communities (preview edition), London: Linguasphere Observatory in association with the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 1997, 1600 pp. Material has only become available with the compilation of ethnographies on tribal cultures from ca. 1900 (and even here little has been said on homosexuality). Only recently with the growth of *gay liberation has research been more candid, though there was an initial period of candor in the early twentieth century, especially in German - see *Karsch-Haack. *Roger Goodland has done major bibliographical work and *Gilbert Herdt has stimulated recent discussion in Papua New Guinea Languages. As an example of recent candour see *"First Cosmogonic Song" (relating to Yagoia, a Papua New Guinea language); however most ethnographies of tribal culture pay little attention to the oral traditions. John Greenway, Literature among the Primitives, New York, 1964, is a good introduction. Willard R. Trask, The Unwritten Song, 2 volumes, New York and London, 1966 is an anthology of non-literate poetry. Roger Goodland's bibliography has many items of relevance. Censorship. Recording by *Christian missionaries of tribal languages in order to make translations of the * Bible is highly suspect; dictionaries have frequently left out words of sexual significance. Strong oral material relating to homosexuality has been found in many tribal languages (especially in tropical areas where clothes are not worn) but the true extent can only be guessed at. Oral material appears to be enormous based on what has been found and in fact tribal languages appear to contain the great majority of unrecorded oral homopoems. Male initiation songs in these cultures are vitally important. See the Overview entries for the language groups listed. Africa: *African languages, *Bantu languages. Australia: 'Australian Aboriginal; Malaysia and Indonesia: see 'Southeast Asia languages. Papua New Guinea and Indonesia (province of Papua, formerly Irian Jaya): *Papua New Guinean languages. North America: *North American Indian; South America: *Central and *South American Indian. Many of these cultures are highly *patriarchal and *male bonding is a strong feature. China, Burma and India have tribal languages: see *Overview - Burmese, *Overview - Chinese and *Indian languages. See also *Stephen Murray, *Edward Westermarck, *Anthropology, *Gottingen. *Dancing and Singing in Tribal cultures is also relevant. *Edward Westermarck, Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas, London, 1906, Chapter 43, "Homosexual Love", pp. 456-89, is an important listing of homosexual love in tribal languages. Robert Endleman, "Homosexuality in Tribal Societies", Transcultural Psychiatric Research Review, vol. 23 (1986), 187-218, is an overview to 1986 (includes a biblography). References. Encyclopedia Britannica: see "Languages of the World"; an accessible place to start in finding out the names and number of these languages. Goodland, Bibliography of Sex Rites: the entire book is relevant; see especially the index under *"Sodomy". Queneau, Histoire des littératures, volume one, 3-26: "Littérature orale" by Mircea Eliade. Greenberg, Construction of Homosexuality, 501-613: important bibliography with many tribal references. New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics: see "Ethnopoetics". Poet from Egypt who wrote in Greek. Ca. 400-ca. 470. Author of a long *epic poem The Dionysiaca. The idyll of *Dionysus with the youth *Ampelus in the Dionysiaca occupies considerable space (x, 175-xii). In the work Ampelus is killed by a bull and is changed into a grape vine. This idyll and its aftermath is one of the masterpieces of Greek gay poetry. The Dionysiaca is a most complex work, highly erotic, and moves on many levels (e.g., references to Ampelos as ambrosial nectar could refer to semen). The poem provides the background to ancient sarcophagi which depict Dionysus homoerotically; it includes reference to the gay story of *Calamus (xi, 369-481) - which probably gave *Walt Whitman the title of the Calamus poems - and also the homosexual behavior of *satyrs (e.g., x, 240, 278-86, 425-30) as well as other homomythical references - e.g., Dionysiaca xi 364 mentions the story of *Apollo and *Cyparissus. Dionysus also has love affairs with women so in the poem he is bisexual. Nonnus came from *Panopolis and lived in *Alexandria. His date has been taken from Trypanis, Greek Poetry, pp. 392-95 (the author states, p. 393, that the latest date for The Dionysiaca is 470). He drew on an earlier *long poem about Dionysus, The Bassarica of Dionysius (active ca. 250-350) for the subject matter of The Dionysiaca: see Trypanis, Greek Poetry, pp. 371-72. Nonnus founded a school of poets including *Musaeus, whose Hero and Leander was translated by *Marlowe. He also translated the *Gospel of John into Greek poetry; this Gospel is one of the most homoerotic of the Gospels. Text. The *editio princeps was by G. Falkenburg (Antwerp, 1569; with Latin translation). The Loeb edition, 3 volumes (1940; repr.) is edited by W. H. D. Rouse and includes a bibliography to 1984 (in the 1984 printing) I xxvii. The standard edition is edited by R. Keydell (Berlin, 2 volumes, 1959). For the Gospel of John see the bibliography in the Nonnus entry in Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Criticism. See G. d'lppolito, StucJi Nonniani, 1964; see also the Loeb bibliography and *British Library General Catalogue entry. Influence: Trypanis, Greek Poetry, 395 states his influence was small except for "*Giambattista Marino, the friend of the Cretan Vitsentzos Kornaros, and his pupil Antonio Bruno". Translation. Nonnus was first translated into Latin in 1605 apparently by *E. Lubinus in an edition based on the * editio princeps of G. Falkenburg of 1569 (it is possible Falkenburg may have translated the work into Latin - see the National Union Catalog entry which is unclear). Translation into French followed in 1625 and later into other languages. The Ampelus idyll is the main section of relevance. English: W. H. D. Rouse (1940; repr.), Loeb edition (see above); French: C. Boitet (1625), G. H. Moser (1809), Comte de Marcellus (1856; repr.), Chants x, xi etxii (Books 10-12, with notes), Paris, 1919, F. Vian and P. Chuvin (1976+; Bude edition); German: W. Waemer (1905-06), Thassilo von Scheffer, 2 volumes (1925-1933; repr.); Latin. *E. Lubinus (1605) - see British Library General Catalogue, J. Lect? (1606), Trans. not known, possibly Falkenburg (1610). The * National Union Catalog ,*British Library General Catalogue and Library of Congress Computer Catalog were consulted. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 737. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1006: stating that his long *epic poem The Dionysiaca, concerning the life and deeds of *Dionysus, is "the only surviving 'Byzantine' poem to deal extensively with homosexuality". Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2876: Dionysiaca, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, Loeb Classical Library, 1973. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 39-41: trans. W. H. D. Rouse. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 136-38; biog., 115. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 53-60 (Dionysus and Ampelus and Carpus and Calamus trans W. H. D. Rouse). Criticism. Brandt, Sittengeschichte griechenlands, volume 2, 180-82. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 464-68: citing iii, 412 ff. (the beautiful youth *Hermes), iv, 105 ff. (the youth Cadmus), v, 96 (the Erotes), ix, 160 ff. (Dionysus and boys), and the *Ampelus idyll. Courouve, Ces petits grecs, 28: iii 155-63 (love of *Apollo for *Hyacinth), x 175-430 (love of *Dionysus for Ampelus). Nordisk Bibliografi: Homoseksualitet Bibliography in Danish from Denmark. K0benhavn (that is, Copenhagen): Forlaget Pan aps., 1984, unpaginated [25 pages]. Compiled by *Bent Hansen. It lists works in five languages relating to male and female homosexuality: Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, Finnish and Norse (sometimes called Icelandic). There are informative annotations attached to all entries, which annotations frequently including references to other books. There are four sections: Denmark pp. 1-8, Sweden pp. 9-17, Norway pp. 18-20, Finland pp. 21-24 and Iceland pp. 25. Within each country works are arranged in categories, including Novels and short stories, Poetry, Plays, Biography and Gay literature. Danish and Swedish have by far the largest number of entries and only these two languages have separate poetry entries. All references to poets have been included in this encyclopedia. Rare. Copies: *British Library; University of Sydney. Poet from the United States writing in English; he lived for many years in Italy. Born 1916. One of the finest *gay liberation poets of the United States. He was only known widely as a gay poet from the publication of Carnivorous Saint: Gay Poems 1941-76, San Francisco: Gay Sunshine, 1977. (Reviews: The Advocate no. 226, 19 October, 1977, 27-29 by *W. I. Scobie; Christopher Street, November 1977, 58-62 by *Rudy Kikel; Boston Gay Review, Fall 1979, 4-5 by *David Eberly.) This volume is one of the finest gay poetry volumes of the *gay liberation period. The Love Poems 1940-85, 1986, is his second major gay volume. Many poems are repeated from Carnivorous Saint but the focus is sharper; there is a sequence based on his Moroccan lover *Mohammed Rifi and a major *long poem, "Homo", pp. 172-83. Poems detail his gay love experiences in Italy, the United States and North Africa. (Review: James White Review, vol. 4 no. 2 (Winter 1987), 17 by *Greg Baysans.) He was also linked with the *Beats and wrote the novel Beat Hotel. Harold Norse's poems are impassioned poems of gay commitment and come from a cultured background. Called the American *Catullus, he has written much more gay poetry than Catullus (who was also *bisexual and quite bitter which Harold Norse never is). In every respect he is a greater gay poet than Catullus. As Rudy Kikel notes, he fits into a post World War Two gay tradition of sexual outlawry seen in such poets as *John Weiners, *E. A. Lacey, *Allen Ginsberg and *Jean Genet. *Paul Goodman was an early influence. His autobiography, Memoirs of a Bastard *Angel, 1990, is one of the major autobiographies of a gay poet. (Review: Gay's the Word No. 63, AprilMay 1990, 3.) For letters see the journal Helix vol. 20 (1984), 111-220 for his correspondence with *William Carlos Williams (both the letters of Norse and Williams are printed). For criticism: see *Neeli Cherkovski. As a translator, he translated from Italian The Roman Sonnets of *Giuseppe Belli, 1970, including some with gay reference (see The Love Poems, pp. 26-27). Interview. For an interview see Leyland, Gay Sunshine Interviews, volume1, pp. 207-37, which is an important interview of a gay poet. He published the *journal Bastard Angel in 1972. His birth year is taken from Angels of the Lyre, Orgasms of Light and Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time. Translation. French and German translations of Memoirs of a Bastard Angel exist (information from Harold Norse); the German translation is titled Die Memoiren eines gefallenen Engels (trans. Walter Hartmann and Carl Weissner), Hamburg, 1992. Italian and German translations of his novel Beat Hotel exist (information from Harold Norse). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10880-85: Bastard Angel, San Francisco, 1972 [this is a mistake; Bastard Angel is not a book but a journal], five poems in Gay Sunshine 12: 12, 16 April 1972, Hotel Nirvana [: Selected Poems], San Francisco [: Gay Sunshine Press], 1974, I See America Daily, San Francisco: Mother's Hen, 1974, Karma Circuit, San Francisco: Panjundrum Press, 1974, ten poems in Gay Sunshine 18: 8-9, June/July 1973 "including five previously unpublished to the boy Mohammed". Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2879-83: same books plus Carnivorous Saint [: Gay Poems 1941-1976], San Francisco: Gay Sunshine Press, 1977. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Male Muse, 82-85; biog., 123. Angels of the Lyre, 154-63; biog., 243. Orgasms of Light, 162-68; biog., 258. Digte om mends kerlighed til mend. Fra mann til mann, 59-61. We Bumped Off Your Friend the Poet, 2 3. Gay Poetry, 5, 7. Amerikanike homophylophile poiese, 49-51; biog., 71-72: trans. into Greek. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 340-41. Drobci stekla v ustih, 95. Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, 282-86; biog., 282. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 517-18. Badboy Book, 259-66; biog., 389. Eros in Boystown, 27-28; biog., 28-29. Poems of Love and Liberation, 27, 38, 60, 65. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 737. A Day for a Lay, 64-71. North American Indian languages North American Indian languages are spoken in the United States and Canada. Possibly between 500 and 1,000 languages existed but only 149 were in existence in 1940 in the United States and Canada. There were some forty language families and languages have been spoken for some 5000 years at least. California was especially rich in languages. Navajo is the most widely spoken language. As examples, for Chevenne see *Berdache, for Winnebago see *Trickster. See *Overview North American Indian languages for a detailed discusssion. English is now a major gay literary language as well as being the main language of communication: see the anthology * Living the Spirit. French is also used for communication in French Canada in the east of the country. References. Ruoff, American Indian Literatures, pp. 146-48: lists basic references. Languages spoken in the United States and Canada from 1620. Languages of north America are recorded in written form from 1620. European languages - English, French and Spanish - are the most widely spoken. English is the spoken language in the United States and Canada; French is a minority language in Canada. Spanish is becoming a minority language in the United States (especially in California) while being spoken in Mexico. *North American Indian languages are spoken; there were 149 in 1940, though up to 1,000 before the British invasion of 1620. *Asian languages are also spoken as well as languages from many other parts of the world in the United States (which is a multicultural society) - e.g., Chinese (both Cantonese and Putonghua or Mandarin, the dialect of *Beijing). Hebrew and Yiddish are spoken in significant numbers in *New York. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1827-1908. A *New England educationist and literary figure who was a graduate of *Harvard, where he lectured on art 1874-98 (a famous series of lectures at Harvard is named after him). See the Dictionary of American Biography entry on *Whitman p. 148 for the startling effect of Norton's reading of the 1855 edition of Leaves of Grass on him (recorded in Putnam's Monthly Magazine, September 1855) and for a poem he wrote afterwards. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica. Critic and historian from the United States writing in English; he has lived in Great Britain from the 1970s. Born ca. 1945. His book The Homosexual Literary Tradition, An Interpretation (New York, Revisionist Press, 1974) was the first systematic attempt to discuss homosexual literature in a conceptual framework of *myth. He particularly examined the *Hylas myth which he claims "unlocks the pattern of the web" (p. iii). He begins with an analysis of the Greek myth of *Hercules' love for *Hylas which he says "reveals a ritual pattern common to most primitive seasonal rituals, whose major features are the sacrifice of a boy chosen as the sacred king's surrogate..." (p. iv). Part One (pp. 1-124) examines Classical Literature (by which the author means mainly Greek and Latin literature). Part Two, *Renaissance Literature (pp. 125-361), examines the influence of Greek *pastoral poets and early Latin writers on English Renaissance writing, mostly poetry. While the book represents a major contribution to the analysis of gay literature in terms of the material covered, its eccentric thesis cannot be maintained: assertions are constantly made which are not proven. He is the editor of My Dear Boy; Gay Love Letters through the Centuries, 1998, which features gay letters of sixty men and with letters from many poets including *Richard Wagner and *T. E. Lawrence. He wrote for * Gay News in the 1970s and edited the special issue of College English vol. 36, November 1974, titled The Homosexual Imagination, with *Louie Crew. He is the author of the book Mother Clap's Molly House: The Gay Subculture in England, 1700-1830, London: Gay Men's Press, 1992, which is a major survey of the eighteenth century and which collects many of his articles with poems of the period discussed throughout; bibl. pp. 285-92. He has published The Myth of the Modern Homosexual, 1997, and has a gay site on the internet. For an article on *Whitman see Gay News no. 48 (1974), 10-11: "Walt Whitman: Prophet of Gay Liberation". See also "The Homosexual Literary Tradition: Course Outline and Objectives" 674-92 in College English no. 35 (March 1974): this is one of the earliest outlines of a gay literature course. The article "Ganymede in the Renaissance", Gay Sunshine 19 (1973), 16 is also relevant. See also *Aleister Crowley, *Michelangelo. Criticism. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 105-112: article "Gay London in the 1720s: The Great Raid on Mother Clap's Molly House"; 328-336 - article *"Ganymede Raped" (article on censorship of gay literature). Poet from Poland who wrote in Polish. 1821-1883. A poet who died unmarried. He died in exile in Paris and was only rediscovered from 1900. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Everyman Companion to East European Literature. Criticism. Milosz, History of Polish Poetry, 278 - re his *long poem "Quidam" which deals with life in Rome under the homosexual Emperor *Hadrian; 269 - the author states, "as a young man" the poet was "a delicate *dandy"; biog., 266-280 Anthology in English from Great Britain. London: Gay Men's Press, 1985, 144 pp. As the title makes clear, the anthology, edited by *Martin Humphries, regards gay poetry as consisting not just of erotic poems, as not just being gay love poetry alone: "any poetry by lesbians or gay men can be seen as gay poetry" (p. 7). It thus takes the broadest view possible of gay poetry. The anthology provides a good cross section of gay poetry from Great Britain of its time (only four poets are from another country: the United States). Contributors (see entries): Stephen Bourne, Alan Brayne, Pete Charles, Laurence Collinson, Steve Cranfield, Thom Gunn, Lee Harwood, John Horder, Martin Humphries, Mark Hyatt, Isaac Jackson, James Kirkup, John Lehmann, James Liddy, Richard Livermore, Edward Lucie-Smith, John McRae, Ziggy Marsh, David May, Thomas Meyer, Carl Morse, Philip Myall, Pat O'Brien, Felice Picano, Neil Powell, Ivor C. Treby, Nolan Walsh, Anthony Weir, Jonathan Williams, Anthony Worth, Ian Young. All the poets are British poets except Isaac Jackson, Carl Morse, Thomas Meyer (who lives in the Great Britain for part of the year) and Felice Picano; these four poets are United States poets. Poet from Switzerland who wrote in Latin. Ca. 840-912. Balbulus means "the stammerer". He was a monk in the abbey of St Gall, Switzerland. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Medieval Latin Poems of Male Love and Friendship, 18-21: two strongly affectional poems to *Salomo (with English trans.); biog., 146. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 148. Poet from France who wrote in French. Active 1875. A friend of *Verlaine and *Rimbaud active as a poet ca. 1875; he wrote "Chanson de mon *Adonis" (Song of my Adonis). Not in Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. See Arcadie no. 85 (Janury 1961): article by Claude Nerisse. Novalis (pseud.) Pseudonym of 'George Friedrich Philip von Hardenberg. 1772-1BQ1. Pseudonym of a songwriter from Great Britain writing in English. 1893-1951. See M. Elliman and F. Roll, The Pink Plague Guide to London, 1986, pp. 144-45. A writer of light theater plays and songs - e.g., "Keep the home Tires burning" (1914), a famous World War One song. He lived with his companion Bobbie Andrews for thirty five years: see James Harding, Ivor Novello, 1987, p. 44, which states that in 1917 "Mutual infatuation gave way in time to steady companionship, and Bobbie stayed at Ivor's side for the rest of his life." Of *Welsh background, he studied at *Cambridge and his real name was David Davies. Compare *Noel Coward. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Howes, Broadcasting It. Poet from Mexico who wrote in Spanish. 1904-1974. A noted Mexican poet; there is an extract from his autobiography in the gay anthology * Now the Volcano, pp. 11-47. From 1946 he dedicated himself to drama. Nuevo amor (New Love, 1933) is a major volumes of poems. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Spanish Literature. Encyclopedia of World Literature in the 20th-Century: Supplement. Foster, Latin American Writers on Gay and Lesbian Themes. Flores, Spanish American Authors. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Now the Volcano, 48-51; biog., 9-10, xv. Drobci stekla v ustih, 62-64. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 356: translated into English. Criticism. Gay Sunshine no. 42/43, p. 20: *Gil de Biedma states "unpublishable *sonnets are known to exist." Critic from Russia writing in Russian. Active 1909. Author of The Pornographic Element in Russian Literature (in Russian), 1909, which attacked *Kuzmin and others. Anthology in Spanish and Portuguese (with English translations). San Francisco: Gay Sunshine, 1979, 287 pages. A combined poetry and prose anthology of South American Spanish and Portuguese writers. The choice of poems is exemplary making this one of the finest gay anthologies. The Spanish and Portuguese text of poets is included with an English translation opposite, but the text in Spanish and Portuguese is not included for prose works. One contributor, *Valery Pereleshin, of Brazil, translated by *Simon Karlinsky, writes usually in Russian (his Russian texts are not included). Review: Gay Sunshine no. 40-41 (Fall 1979), 26-31. Countries and areas omitted are: Argentina, Peru, Central America and the Caribbean. Poetry contributors (see entries): Jaime Manrique Ardila, Ernesto Banuelos Enriquez, Porfirio Barba-Jacob (pseud.), Luis Cernuda, Jaime Jaramillo Escobar, Franklin Jorge, Salvador Novo, Cassiano Nunes, Valery Pereleshin, Xavier Villaurrutia. *Gasparino Damata (pseud. of *Gasparino da Mata e Silva), who contributes prose, co-edited the gay Portuguese anthology * Poemas do amor maldito. *Joao Silverio Trevisan also contributed prose. The translator of the Spanish and Portuguese poets (except Cernuda), was *Erskine Lane (p. 8); the translator of Cernuda was *Franklin D. Blanton. Very Tine illustrations. Spanish poets. Poets from Mexico: Luis Cernuda, Ernesto Banuelos Enriquez, Salvador Novo, Xavier Villaurrutia. Poets from Colombia: Jaime Manrique Ardila, Porfirio Barba-Jacob (pseud), Jaime Jaramillo Escobar. Portuguese poets from Brazil: Cassiano Nunes, Franklin Jorge. The contributors are listed by country on the Contents page. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2329. Poet from Italy writing in Italian. Active ca. 1400. From *Perugia, he lived from 1300 to 1499. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amicizia amorosa, 51-52: poems with amorous undertones written by him, *Manfredini and *Nuccoli; biog., 49. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 139-140. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1906-1987. A *black poet who wrote under the pseudonym *Richard Bruce; he is the author of a prose poem "Smoke, Lilies and Jade" which is believed to be the first fictional portrait of Afro-American gay life. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Gay Poetry Anthologies. In the Life , 209-20: article on him by Charles Michael Smith. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 147. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 639-48: text of his prose poem "Smoke, Lilies and Jade" (1926). Pseudonym of a poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1979. He appears to have written only one book, a miniature book of poems with highly erotic photographs featuring the male penis. The front cover reads: Nuki: Lines & Images from the Rubayiat of Omar Kayyam [sic], Number One: Male. Publisher: Personal Publications, Post Office Box 9005, *Washington D C, 20003. Typography: Tim Conroy. It consists of 32 unnumbered pages including the cover. These are one line erotic poems illustrated by photo montages, drawings and watercolors featuring the male penis. The back page set up for the insertion of an address and a postage stamp for mailing the book (this may be illegal in some states of the United States due to the illustrations - see *One Institute - and the design of the book could well be a provocation). Nuki appears to be a pseudonym. The last photograph is dated 79. A whimsical and witty work, the "poems" consist of *one line poems (which poems are lines from *Omar Khayyam). Pseudonym of a poet from Germany who wrote in German. 1825-1895. Pseudonym of *Karl Heinrich Ulrichs. Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. Active before 130. No entry in Oxford Classical Dictionary. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Palatine Anthology xii 28. Reid, Eternal Flames, vol. 1, 35. Criticism. Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 9 (1908), 273. Poet from Brazil writing in Portuguese. Born 1921. A fine celebrator of the homoerotic who was a Professor of English at the University of Brasilia in 1979. He has translated *Whitman and *Langston Hughes into Portuguese. See Gay Sunshine no. 44/45 (1980), second section, 54. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poemas do amor maldito, 33; biog., 32. Now the Volcano, 269-73; biog., 269. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 331-32: trans. into English by *E. A. Lacey. Drobci stekla v ustih, 78. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 693; trans. English by *E. A. Lacey. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 361. Poet from Venezuela writing in Spanish. 1895-1964. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Spanish Literature. T ranslator from Arabic to English and critic in English possibly from the Czech Republic who lived in the United States. 1885-1955. Active 1931 to 1955 in the United States apparently. His major work Hispano-Arabic Poetry and Its Relations with the Provençal Troubadours, 1946 (repr.), includes translations of Arabic homosexual love poems (see *Ibn Kuzman, *Ibn Sahl) and a discussion of the relationship of Arabic poetry written in Spain to the *troubadours, pp. 371-412; it contains biographies of poets and translations of poems. As editor he edited *Ibn Dawud and *Ibn Kuzman and translated into English *Ibn Hazm. Judging from his entry in the * National Union Catalog, he appears to have been Czech and to have emigrated to the United States. He is one of the finest scholars to study Arabic poetry in Spain. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 115-16: trans. of *At Taliq and *Ibn al-Abbar. Criticism. *Norman Roth, " 'Deal Gently with the Young Man': Love of Boys in Medieval Hebrew Poetry of Spain", Speculum 57 (1982), 28: states his Hispano-Arabic Poetry, Baltimore, 1946, contains examples of poems about the love of boys. Poem from Italy written in Latin. Ca. 1050. A poem which has survived in several versions: the version given in Medieval Latin Poems of Male Love and Friendship is from Verona, but there is also a version in the * Cambridge Songs, apparently from Cambridge, UK. These versions show the wide dispersal of the poem in Europe. The title, "O beautiful image of Venus", refers to a beautiful boy whom the poet adores, but, unfortunately, his rival is a woman, the goddess of love, Venus. The poem was actually a song - see Medieval Latin Poems of Male Love and Friendship, p. 147. The last two lines contain the *fawn trope in the version in R. E. Curtius, European Literature in the Latin Middle Ages, 1953, pp. 114-15. The poem is also translated by H. M. Jones in P. S. Allen, The Romanesque Lyric, 1928, and Jan Oberg, in Two Millenia of Poetry in Latin, London, 1987, vol. 1, pp. 210-11. It was apparently written by a schoolmaster in Verona, Italy about a student who had gone off with a rival. See also *Eros. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 124. Medieval Latin Poems of Male Love and Friendship, 22-23 (with English trans.); note on sources, 147. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 149-50: states the poem is often considered the first real love poem of the modern world. "O what a transformation is seen" Poem in English from Australia. 1937. "O what a transformation is seen/ The Transport Tsar has become the Transport Queen." A poem emanating from the office of the Premier of New South Wales, *Sydney, when Sydney Maddocks, a high ranking public servant in charge of Sydney's bus and transport system was jailed in 1937 after being trapped while having sex with a young blackmailer in a car. Source: quoted in the exhibition catalog Mad Bad and Dangerous to Know: Lesbian and Gay Sydney 1901-2001: One Hundred Years of a Subculture: Thirty Years of Activism, [p. 3]. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active before 1992 (the date of publication of * The Eternal Flame). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 499: poem "The Shepherd Boy". The poem possibly dates 1920-30. Poet and anthologist from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1965. He has published two chapbooks: Respectively, London, *Oscars Press, 1987, pp. 35-47 (with *A. W. Mann and *Stewart Charles) and "I'm afraid this time love, it's positive", Oscars Press, 1989, 28 pages, with introduction by *Martin Humphries (illustrated). The latter book deals powerfully with life in the age of *Aids and with being anti-body positive (which the poet notes as occurring 27 March, 1987); see especially "Fear is the Enemy", pp. 20-24. He is co-founder of the Oscars Press and The Oscars, a forum for gay and lesbian poetry and the compiler of the very fine 1992 gay anthology * Language of Water, Language of Fire. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Not Love Alone, 103-05; biog., 143: born in South Yorkshire, he moved to London to study for a degree in applied biology. Twenty-something, 58-79; biog., 57; in this book see "Flo, Fear is Your Enemy" and "The Colour Human" 72-79 (the last two on *Aids). Translator from Latin to English. Born 1948. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Name of Love, 12: trans. of *Martial; biog. note p. 76. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1988. An American *Indian poet. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Living the Spirit, 199: Tine poem "O Mother Earth"; biog., 225 - state he lives in *Chicago and is from Winnebago tribe. Poet and critic from Australia writing in English. Born 1945. See poem "Still Life" re *Achilles and Hector in I (the title of this work is unclear: either I [that is, capital i] or 1 [i.e. one]), Canberra: ANU Poetry Society, ca. 1970, 62. This is an explicit poem referring to homosexuality. He lived in *Canberra at the time. In The Fiesta of Men, Sydney, 1983, p. 26, see "A Limbless *Apollo" (homoerotic). See *Generation of 68 for a work of criticism by him alleging homosexuality in the group. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Poet writing in English. Active ca. 1982. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gay Poetry, 2. Critic from the United States writing in English. 1832-1889. His 1866 pamphlet on *Whitman, The Good Gray Poet, was the first published book on Whitman; it was written in the heat of indignation after Whitman had been dismissed from his post at the Department of the Interior in *Washington for writing what was considered an obscene book (Leaves of Grass). The Good Gray Poet was the beginning of the legend of Whitman as a modern Jesus Christ. O'Connor's collection Three Tales, 1892, presents a picture of Whitman as like Jesus Christ. He was a close friend of the poet (Whitman boarded with O'Connor and his wife in Washington). On his life see Florence Bernstein Freedman, William Douglas O'Connor: Walt Whitman's Chosen Knight, 1985. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of American Biography. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Apparently the pseudonym of 'William King. Poet, letter writer and critic from Australia writing in English. 1866-1953. A *Melbourne poet involved with social democratic movements of his time. He corresponded with Walt Whitman (see *Alan McLeod, Walt Whitman in Australia and New Zealand, Sydney, 1964, pp. 18-39). His poetry and writings reveal a strong interest in *comradeship deriving from *Walt Whitman. In The Poems of Bernard O'dowd, third edition Sydney, 1944, see "Love and Sacrifice", pp. 103-05 (a *non gender specific love poem). The published source of his poem "Love's substitute", which can be read homosexually, has not been located. He was involved with the promulgation of the concept of *mateship and the founding of the Australian Labour Party, the oldest political party in Australia. His interest in Whitman was mainly from the point of view of Whitman's espousal of comradeship and *democracy, unlike *J. Le Gay Brereton who had an interest in the sexual side. He was very puritanical according to a person who knew him. His correspondence and Whitman's poems - which he purchased directly from the author - survive in Latrobe Collection, Victorian State Library, Melbourne. The Whitman material includes even the wrapping paper in which Whitman sent O'Dowd copies of his books. It was kept in a special cabinet where it still remains. O'dowd married and seems heterosexual. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Poet from the United States who wrote in English; translator from French to English. 1926-1966. One of the *New York School of poets, many of whom were gay; for instance he shared an apartment at one time with James Schuyler (see Schuyler, Diary, p. 311). He was killed in a buggy accident on a sanddune. His Lunch Poems, 1964, brought him fame and revealed a *camp sensibility and his poems stylistically show camp elements and an element has influenced other poets. On his camp use of language see the critical work by *Alice C. Parker. His Love Poems, 1965, another well known volume, were all written to men. In his Collected Poems, New York, 1971, edited by *Donald Allen, see especially his *long poem Second Avenue, which is a major work. Text. The Collected Poems do not contain all his poems but simply the poems from O'Hara's books published in his lifetime and poems which the editor considered O'Hara would have wanted to see in print; other poems are in Poems Retrieved, edited by Donald Allen (1977), and in Early Writing (1977) also edited by Donald Allen. A complete poems is needed. Some prose is collected in Standing Still and Walking in New York, edited by Donald Allen, 1975. (See the review of these books titled "The Gay Frank O'Hara" by *Rudy Kikel, Gay Sunshine no. 35, Winter 1978, 8-9). His Selected Poems, 1974, had its cover drawing of the poet, naked, by his onetime lover *Larry Rivers, changed before first publication as it was thought too daring; the drawing appears on the cover of the first Vintage Books Selected Poems, January 1974, and subsequent printings. Some of his verse drama is in Amorous Nightmares of Delay Selected Plays (1970; reprinted 1997). He translated *Genet from French. Overall his poems joyously celebrate life in New York; they are only tangentially gay (usually referring to gay icons such as singers). He wrote love poems to *Vincent Warren ca. 1959-61: see Marjorie Perloff, Frank O'Hara, 1977, pp. 156-63. Joe LeSueur was another lover but Rivers and Warren were the great loves of his life. Active as a poet from 1948, most of his best poems date 1953 to 1966. O'Hara's style owes much to *Charles Olsen and he is a leading English language *postmodernist poet. He has strongly influenced poets in Australia stylistically, e.g., the *generation of 68: see *Denis Gallagher, *Rae Desmond Jones, *Nigel Roberts. "Frank O'Hara brought gay language out of the closet in his poetry" stated *Steve Abbott in James White Review vol.1 no. 4 (Summer 1984), 11. Criticism: see *Alice C. Parker for a homosexual reading. Bibliography: see Alexander Smith, Frank O'Hara: A Comprehensive Bibliography, 1980, a very thorough bibliography. *Brad Gooch has written a Tine biography of the poet. Bill Berkson, to whom he dedicated Biotherm, and Joe LeSueur have edited a collection of articles on him: Homage to Frank O'Hara, Berkeley, 1980. The book includes photographs and much information on people around O'Hara. O'Hara was sexually attracted to Berkson but the relationship, though intimate, was apparently not sexual (see Brad Gooch, City Poet: The Life and Times of Frank O'Hara, 1993, p. 364). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition: in Appendix. Dictionary of Literary Biography, vol. 5 (1980) and Dictionary of Literary Biography, vol. 16. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, vol. 2, 914-15. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Gay Histories and Cultures. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography oi Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10887: Collected Poems, New York[: Knopf], 1971 and Selected Poems of Frank O'Hara, New York: Vintage Books, 1974. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 2902, 2904-05: same books plus Poems Retrieved, Bolinas, CA: Grey Fox Press, 1977. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Angels of the Lyre, 164-68; biog., 243. Digte om mends kerlighed til mend. Fra mann til mann, 73-74. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 341-42. Drobci stekla v ustih, 91; biog., 180. Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, 286-90; biog., 286. Name of Love, 31-32; biog., 76. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 704-06. A Day for a Lay, 100-102. Word of Mouth, 89-96. Criticism. Woods, History of Gay Literature, 300-01. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1995. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Badboy Book, 267-78; biog., 390: an ex-porn actor who used to be known as "the biggest dick in *San Francisco" who is publisher and editor of Steam magazine and has begun a new magazine Wilde. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1924. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 72: "The First Swimmers" - *bathing poem. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 492: "The Beach". Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Born 1955. Book: Sex with *God [date not known; ca. 1995], 107 pages: about a Catholic gay and his relationship with his lover, *God and Manhattan. Poet from Australia writing in English. 1865-1923. A close companion of *J. Le Gay Brereton: see "Dowell O'Reilly" in Knocking Around, Sydney,1930, pp. 60-73, where Brereton describes walking expeditions in the bush with him. Their relationship has strong homoaffectional undertones. In "Recollections of a Few Australian Poets Poets" in Knocking Around, Brereton says O'Reilly "sought me out, at a school cadet camp, because he had read stray verses of mine" (ibid., p. 2) and that he frequently walked to O'Reilly's house at Parramatta when he was a youth and "talked with Dowell till nearly morning" (ibid., p. 2). O'Reilly married twice (first in 1895; this wife died in 1914) and was a member of the New South Wales Parliament for Parramatta from 1894 to 1898. His father was a member of the clergy of the Church of England. Poems. See A Peddler's Pack, 1888, p. 62, "A Distinction", a poem showing strong feelings of love between men, and p. 67, "Jesus Christ". In Prose and Verse of Dowell O'Reilly, 1924 see "C. B." (possibly about Christopher Brennan; includes the line "the rich guerdon of his steadfast eyes") and "Icarus" (about a beautiful young man who destroys himself and a poem based on Greek mythology; translated from a French poem by Philippe Desportes). In Dowell O'Reilly from his Letters, 1927, edited by M. O'Reilly, his wife, the poem "Seaward", p. 262, is a *non gender specific love poem, vague in parts, which the poet asked his wife to read to him as his last wish; in the photograph opposite p. 98, taken when he was eighteen, he seems very sensitive and even feminine; pp. vii-xi discuss his life; on p. ix she notes of his eleven years as a teacher at Sydney Grammar School that though it was "a poor and monotonous life", "it had to do with childhood and youth, with whom he was ever in sympathy". Gay Poetry Anthologies. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1844-1881. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 60: fine poem "Forbidden Love". The name is Irish. Poem from France in French. Paris, 1789. A very witty poem of eight pages pretending to be against homosexuals but showing such knowledge of gay life that it could only have been written by a gay person. There is no publisher but it bears the date 1789. Copy sighted: in the mircofilm collection Sex Research, published by the *Kinsey Institute, Reel 85 no. 673. A copy of this work is also believed in the Arsenale archive in Paris (*Claude Courove to the author, 1988). Bibliographies. Pia, Les Livres de l'Enfer, vol. 1, column 928. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active 1945. See Goodbye to Berlin?, p. 186: reproduces a poem "Zum 32", dated 16 February 1945, written in Sachensenhausen Concentration camp regarding his friend Ernst Haase. Odeman was a cabaret artist who was a political and homosexual prisoner. The original of the poem is in the *Schwules Museum. On the internet is listed what is apparently a video of songs by him titled Dunkler Anzug erbeten. Genre written in Greek in Greece and later in other languages. The earliest relevant works date from 500 B.C. An ode is a somewhat formal poem on a public theme. The first odes were those of the Greek poet *Pindar; they were formal poems written for athletes to celebrate victories and meant to be sung (as all early Greek poetry was) and they are homoerotic. The Latin poet *Horace's Odes are lyric poems which are personal and emotional, thus extending the form to mean a *lyric poem with a serious theme - that is a lyric poem which is not just the expression of an emotion. With the *Renaissance, and the deliberate emulation of classical ways, the Pindaric and Horatian odes were revived. As a form of poetry descending from Pindar, odes usually imply a formal element in later European poetry and, because of this formal element, the ode was a perfect target for *parody as in the English poet *Gray's "Ode on the Death of a Favourite Cat Drowned in a Pot of Goldfish" (which is not, however, a gay poem even if its author was), the French *Ode aux Bougres (Ode to Buggers) and the Portuguese "Oda fallica" (Phallic Ode) in the anthology * Poemas do amor maldito. The Horatian ode continued as a form in short personal poems until the eighteenth century at least. English. The Oxford Companion to English Literature cites *Cowley, *Dryden, *Pope and *Gray as using the Pindaric form. See also Jonson, *Keats. French. *Ronsard (1550) wrote odes as did *Verlaine (Odes en son honneur). German: see *K. W. Ramler, *Goethe, *Schiller, *Platen; see the study of the *sapphic ode by *Paul Derks. Italian: *Leopardi, *D'Annunzio. Japanese: *Takahashi Mutsuo Latin: *Rimbaud. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics; includes bibl. Oedipus complex and Oedipal relationships Figure from myth and trope in poetry in Greek from Greece and in French, German, Latin and English. It dates from ca. 450 B.C. when *Sophocles wrote his play Oedipus Rex. The Oedipus Complex has been a very powerful myth in the arts in the twentieth century. In Greek myth, Oedipus, the son of *Laius (the king of *Thebes, who raped the youth *Chrysippus), unwittingly killed his father and married his mother, Jocasta. When she found out, she hanged herself, though Oedipus continued as king. The story appears in *Homer, but is best known from *Sophocles' play Oedipus Rex. *Freud, who wrote in German, touched on the idea in The Interpretation of Dreams (first German edition, 1899), dealing with the story extensively in Three Essays on Sexuality (first German edition, 1905) where he uses the term Oedipus complex and links it with neurosis. (See On Sexuality: Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality, trans. by James Strachey 1953, Penguin, 1977, xvii-xx, pp. 262-64). The interpretation of the myth in homosexual terms dates only from Freud's time though it is not explicitly so in Freud who linked it with neurotic behavior. The German gay poet *Platen previously wrote a play on Oedipus. The Oedipus Complex can be dated from its appearance in English at least from the Hungarian follower of Freud Sándor Ferenczi's Contributions to Psychoanaysis, 1916, p. 251 ; see also C. Allen, Sexual Perversions and Abnormalities, 1940, p. 84 (in the second edition 1949, p. 45, homosexuality and the Oedipus complex are directly linked). (On Ferenczi see the entry in Gay Histories and Cultures). It has been popularly believed in the twentieth century that Freud's view was that male homosexuals were unconsciously wedded to their mothers and, by perverse logic, that those who were so wedded were homosexuals or had a strong homosexual element in their nature (not of course a view always in accordance with the actual situation of individual). The enormous influence of psychoanalysis in the twentieth century, especially in the United States, has popularized this belief. The Oxford English Dictionary Supplement cites the following, as a typical usage, in 1950, under Oedipal: "The problem of homosexuality relates to the different ways of failure in resolving the Oedipal complex" (T. Wiesengrund-Adorno et al., Authoritarian Personality, ix. 316). French. German. Igor Stravinsky wrote a one act opera Oedipus Rex (1927; revised 1948) with a libretto by the French homosexual poet Jean Cocteau. The libretto was translated into Latin by Jean Daniélou, a Catholic priest and later a Cardinal, who was the brother of *Alain Daniélou. Oedipus figures in Cocteau's La Machine Infernale and *André Gide's Oedipe. English. See *William Cowper (re interpretation of his life). In *D. H. Lawrence, the British novelist who wrote poetry, the novel Sons and Lovers has elements of the Oedipus complex in the relationship of the main character to his mother (see Oxford Companion to English Literature, 369) and it has been alleged that the relationship of Lawrence with his wife Frieda, who was German, was Oedipal; there are Oedipal and Freudian elements in the poetry of *Robert Lowell. The English poet *Geoffrey Hill in Mercian Hymns (1971) has a character who has an Oedipal relationship with his mother as does *Ted Hughes's protagonist in the Crow sequence (1970) where one poem is titled "Oedipus Crow". See also *Patrick White, *Richard Eberhart, *Robert Duncan, *Charles Olson. The Oedipus Complex is a testament to the continuing power of mythical belief. Spanish. See *Borges, *Agustín Gómez Arcos. Tibetan. The Oedipus complex in relation to the Tibetan Gesar *epic is discussed in Robert A. Paul, The Tibetan Symbolic World: Psychoanalytical Explorations, Chicago, 1982; reprinted as The Sherpas of Nepal in the Tibetan Cultural Context, 1989. References. Ruitenbeck, Homosexuality and Creative Genius, 20-58. Ullstein Enzyklopädie der Sexualität. Translator from Greek to German from Germany. Born 1920. Author of Der kranz des Meleagros von Gadara, Berlin, 1920, a translation of the * Garland of Meleager into English with the Greek text. An article in Pauly, Wissowa, Paulys Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, "Ephebia", is by J. Oehler, possibly the same person or else a pseudonym. Oeuvre priapique des anciens et des modernes, L' Collection emanating from France of four works one in French and three with French translations from Latin. Paris: Bibliothèque des curieux, 1914. This contains: *Priapeia (Latin with French translation), the Hermaphrodite of *Beccadelli (Latin with French translation) in the 1892 edition of Lisieux, extracts from the Hecatelegium of *Pacificus Maximus (Latin with French) and Priapiques of *François Maynard. The publisher was a publisher of French erotica of the time. Copy cited: *Deane Erotica. Of Eros and Dust: poems from the city Anthology in English from Great Britain. London: *Oscars Press, 1992; introduction pp. 7-8; biographical notes pp. 85-88. An anthology of poetry inspired by the city, here mainly *London, compiled by *Steve Anthony. Of the twenty-eight poets, sixteen are men. The editor states, p. 7, "I wanted to go beyond the ghetto with this book... The poems in this book are from writers who are gay, straight, or somewhere in between. They include a woman writing as a man, a straight man writing as gay, and someone writing in the voice of a Greek god." As a gay anthology it is very disappointing since there are very few openly gay erotic poems. The title is from *Auden's poem "September 1, 1939" (a stanza is quoted on the half title page). Poets of gay male relevance - see their entries for details: Steve Anthony, Bruce Barnes, Ted Burford, Steve Cranfield, Peter Daniels, Lee Harwood, Kenneth King, Joel Lane, Ziggy Marsh, Edwin Morgan, Christopher Whyte, Gregory Woods, Peter Wyles (thirteen poets in all). Review: James White Review, vol. 10 no. 1 (Fall 1992), p. 10, by *George Klawitter. "Of the Horrible and Wofull Destruction of Sodome and Gomorra" Poem from Great Britain in English. Ca. 1568. A 'ballad. The poem only deals with the destruction of 'Sodom and Gomorrah in general terms and does not refer to this trope in specific homosexual terms. A. W. Pollard and G. R. Redgrave, A short-title catalogue of books printed in England, Scotland and Ireland...1475-1640, 1926, item 2289Q: states it entered the Stationer's Register 1568 - 69 and 157Q - 71. See Bray, Homosexuality in Renaissance England, p. 117 footnote 22. Poet from Australia who wrote in English. 1869-1963. A poet who was famous for his horse ballads, depicting an all male milieu, typical of the era when *mateship became an Australian doctrine. He lived in Australia 1889-1901. He had emigrated to Scotland from Australia and returned there after 1901. A reviewer in the journal The Bookfellow (probably A. G. Stephens or *Christopher Brennan), quotes *Victor Daley as saying of him: 'What a horse he would have made" (The Book Fellow 25 March 1899, 2) and then goes on to say that the women in his book of Ballads, Fair Girls and Gray Horses (1898) are "vague and unconvincing"; the horse remark could have sexual innuendos in that horses get ridden. The kind of remark made in The Bookfellow is typical in its use of language of others of the time: see the *David Scott Mitchell entry fo another example. See also *Roderic Quinn. Poems. See "The Australian" in The Australian and other verses, 1916, pp. 2-3 and "The Heroes" in the same work pp. 166-68, both *war poems; in From Sunset to Dawn, 1946, see "Valhalla", pp. 56-57. In Collected Sporting Verse of Will H. Ogilvie, 1932, see "A Comrade (1916)" - showing strong homoeroticism. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Australian Dictionary of Biography: he married and had children. Critic writing in Dutch from the Netherlands. Active 1990. Author of the finest survey of the life and work of Jacques Adelsward Fersen. It includes a bibliography of his writings and writings about him: see Paidika vol. 3 no.2 (Issue 10), "A Shrine to Love and Sorrow: Jacques d'Adelsward Fersen (1880-1923)", 30-58. This work is a model of scholarship and is perhaps the finest single concise journal article on any gay poet. He has written articles on artists for the journal * Paidika and an article on *Saint Sebstian for the Dutch journal Maatstaf vol 34. no 1 (1986), 39ff. He is a teacher in Rotterdam. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1966-died 1990. See the journal edited by Jim Kepner, Pursuit and Symposium No. 1 (1966), p. 20: poem "Some of My Best Friends Are..": a charming poem by a heterosexual woman - "Though hetero (I'm glad to say)/ The nicest men I know are gay". Information on her death was taken from the internet. Poem from Great Britain in English. Before 1971. A poem cited in Christopher Hollis, Oxford in the Twenties, London, 1976, p. 22, as being composed by *Maurice Bowra (died 1971); the date is not given but it possibly dates from the 1920s. Text: "Oh for the sofas of Sodom/ With their soft and voluptuous springs,/ If I were the Warden of Wadham/ And you were a fellow of King's." (Wadham is a college at *Oxford University and King's a college at *Cambridge University; both colleges are known for homosexuality.) Critic in English from the United States. Active 1978. Heroic Epic and Saga, Bloomington, 1978, 2 volumes, is a major study of fifteen epics and *epic literatures: * Gilgamesh, *Homer, * Mahabharata, *Firdausi, *Beowulf, *Nibelungelied, Norse poems, Irish poems, *Song of Roland, Russian *byliny, Serbo-Croatian poems, Balto-Finnic epics, *Turkic peoples and *African epics (each with a bibliography). This work is a valuable critical introduction to the examination of *male bonding in the epic form, a world with innate homoerotic undertones in the literature. Translator from Dutch and Italian to Slovenian possibly from Slovenia. Active 1989. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Drobci stekla v ustih, 23 (trans. of Jacob Israel de Haan), 79-80 (*Hans Warren), 86-87 *Gerard Reve), 88-89 (*Hans Lodeizen), 103 (*Jaap Harten) Poet from Nigeria who wrote in English. 1932-1967. In Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage p. 7, *Robert B. Marks Ridinger, in "African Literatures", states *Gregory Woods has written in his essay "Poems of Black African Manhood" that Okigbo in Limits V writes about the bond between *Gilgamesh and Enkidu (this is a slight reference however). Limits, which is the name of a book as well as a sequence, was reprinted in Labyrinths with Paths of Thunder (London, 1971): see p. 28 for Limits V. He was a black African man. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors vol. 77-80. Criticism. Woods, A History of Gay Literature, 306. Poet from Germany who wrote in German. Active 1919. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10889: book Verse des Antiken Eros. Der bekrantze Silen, Hannover, 1919. Period in English from Great Britain. The period usually dates from ca. 725 to 1066. Strong *male bonding is a feature of the major surviving poem, the *heroic poem, * Beowulf (ca. 725), the earliest European vernacular poem. The important work *The Battle of Maldon also shows similar strong male bonding as does *The Wanderer. (Compare *pobratim.) A *riddle has some homosexual undercurrents. Almost every manuscript scrap of Old English has been found and the texts have been put on *computer for the new Old English Dictionary (this will allow for checking of words and tropes). Latin was used in monasteries and the church at the time. Compare entries *Overview - Irish, - Norse and - Latin for this period. Baedling was a word used for a homosexual. For information on all aspects of the Old English period see Michael Lapidge, editor, The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon Enngland, 1999. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, "Anglo-Saxons", 60. Song in English from Canada. 1963. A *parody of this poem from Ontario sung by Woody Lamb with homosexual reference in the last stanza is cited in Bruce Jackson, Folklore and Society, 1966, pp. 58-59 in the article "A Sampling of Bawdy Ballads from Ontario" by Edith Fawke. Old Testament, called in Hebrew the Tanach Work of religion, history, philosophy and criticism in Hebrew from Israel from ca. 200 B.C. The works comprising the Old Testament received their final canonical form around 100. Some passages are in Aramaic. Much of the Old Testament is in poetry. The earliest fragments in Hebrew so far known are the Dead Sea Scrolls only found in Israel from 1945; the earliest date from 200 B.C. Some texts reputedly date from 970 B.C. (see *King David) but exist only in physical form only from the time of Christ (e.g., in the Dead Sea Scrolls). The latest texts seem to have been composed ca. 165 B.C. (see in the article "Biblical Literature" in Encyclopedia of Religion, p. 173) though early books predate the Bablyonian exile of the Jews of 560 B. C. On the date of the Old Testament corpus see Queneau, Histoire des littératures, volume one, p. 292: it is dated here from the eleventh to second century B.C. Some passages in the Book of Daniel (from chapter 2 verse 4 to chapter 7 verse 28) and in Ezra are in Aramaic, the spoken language of the Jews of the eastern Mediterranean at the time of Jesus Christ and before. A Greek version of the Old Testament existed which predates the Hebrew text and is known from about 250 B.C.; this Greek version was read by Jews in Egypt and ancient Israel whose everyday language was Greek and whose main written language was Greek. Ancient versions in Aramaic called the Targums dating from before the time of Jesus Christ exist; these were paraphrases of the Hebrew text made since Aramaic was widely used in Israel (then called Palestine) and as far as modern day Iran. The Old Testament is the basic scriptural document of Judaism and is also a basic text for *Christianity: for instance, the teachings of Jesus Christ, its founder, in the * Gospels are prefigured in passages in the Old Testament - for example, "love thy neighbour as thyself" is from the books of Leviticus, chapter 19 verse 18, and compares with the words of Jesus to "Love one another" (Saint John's Gospel). The Christian Old Testament has the same number of books as the Jewish scriptures - called the Tanach - though the Tanach has 24 books and the Old Testament 39 (some books are split into two in the Christian version). The Old Testament is traditionally divided into three sections: the first five books called the Law (in Hebrew Torah and, in English, the Pentateuch - that is "the five"), the Prophets (In Hebrew, Neviim) and the Writings (in Hebrew, Ketuvim). The canon of the Old Testament. The Christian Old Testament and *New Testament - which contains the teachings of Jesus Christ and includes the accounts of his life known as the Gospels and other letters and documents of the early Christian church - are together called the * Bible. The New Testament does not form part of the Jewish scriptures. On the canon of the Old Testament see Gerald L. Burns "Canon and Power in the Hebrew Scriptures" in Robert W. Hallberg, Canons, 1984, 65-83 (with bibl.). See also "Canon" in Bruce M. Metzger, Oxford Companion to the Bible (New York, 1993). Some works are accepted as part of the canon by various Christian churches and not by others; these are called the Apocrypha - see R. H. Charles, editor, Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament (Oxford, 1913). See also the general Bible entry for further references. Very great care was taken in the copying of the Bible and based on recently discovered manuscripts the text has remained remarkably constant since the ancient Septuagint. Text and editions. The first surviving complete manuscript is the Leningrad Codex dating from 1008-1010, published in a facsimile edited by Astrid Beck in Leiden by Brill in 1999 and titled The Leningrad Codex. A Facsmile Edition. (The earlier ninth century Aleppo Codex is not complete.) This is the basis of all mechanically printed editions - e.g. the Biblia Hebraica of 1929-1937 and the Stuttgart edition of 1967 most recently published in 1997 as Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia edited by P. Kahle, R. Kittel and others, Stuttgart, 1997. The discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls in 1947 in Israel sensationally backdated the earliest known Hebrew manuscripts by over 1000 years, with some fragments dating back to 200 B.C.; most works are fragmentary but there is a complete scroll of the book of Isaiah. See "Text, OT" in G. A. Buttrick, Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible, New York, 1962 for a detailed discussion of all problems relating to the publication of the manuscripts in mechanically printed form which occurred from the mid fifteenth century with Gutenberg's printing of the Latin translation of *Saint Jerome of the complete Bible (with the Hebrew text following in 1488). Poetrv and the Old Testament. A large volume of the Old Testament is poetry and under "Poetry, Hebrew" in The Interpretaters Dictionary of the Bible, 1963, N. K. Gottwald states, p. 829, "Poetry comprises one third of the Hebrew Bible". Robert Lowth, The Sacred Poetry of the Hebrews (revised edition 1787; translated from the Latin edition of 1753) first discussed the issue of poetry in the Old Testament; he discusses the Prophets, Proverbs, * Psalms, Lamentations, Song of Solomon (that is *Song of Songs) and Job. It has been claimed that the nature of the language and the use of such poetic devices as parallelism make the whole work innately poetic. See the New English Bible (1961) or the Revised English Bible (1989), for distinctive verse passages. Commentaries. There is a huge exegetical literature in Aramaic called the Talmud (see Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, pp. 126-77; on *sodomy in the Talmud see Hallam, Book of Sodom, pp. 105-08). Famous commentators include Rashi and Ibn Ezra. Secret Hebrew exegitcal traditions also exist: see the *Kabbala entry for further detailed discussion. The Encyclopedia Judaica has excellent commentaries on the various books. General Christian Bible dictionaries also discuss exhaustively the Old Testament: the various dictionaries are frequently colored by the theological viewpoint of the edito, however, and the various Christian churches each have their own dictionaries so this must be taken into account in using them. Translation of the Old Testament has occurred into over 333 languages (see Liana Lupas, Scriptures of the World, New York, 1992, p. 7). Consult the*British Library General Catalogue and * National Union Catalog under Bible for tranalstions. This issue is discussed in more detail in the general Bible entry. Relevant passages relating to homosexuality: the creation of Adam and Eve in the first book Genesis (in relation to *Kabbala and *androgyny), *Sodom and Gomorrra regarding *Angels, *David and Jonathan, Joseph, * Psalms, * Songs of Songs. Cain and Abel were the two sons of Adam and Eve who fought each other and some have seen symbolic homosexuality in their relationship. See also the general entry on the Bible for further discussion of sex. Dictionaries. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures , vol. 3, 144-45. Encyclopedia Britannica; see also "Septuagint". Encyclopedia Judaica; a basic reference work for all aspects of the Old Testament. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 915-16. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 41: cites passages referring to homosexuality. Anthologies. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 95-99. Criticism. Courouve, Ces petits grecs, 46-47: annotated list of references to homosexuality. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English; translator from Latin, Greek and Hebrew to English. 1653-1683. A *Restoration poet, he died young of smallpox and did not marry. He translated from Latin Juvenal's Third and Thirteenth Satires, Virgil's Eighth Eclogue and *Catullus, *Martial and *Horace. He wrote an elegy on Rochester in imitation of the Greek poet *Moschus and The Lamentation of *Adonis of *Bion; his paraphrase of *"Psalm 137" is a *Pindaric ode. The *ode, *"David's Lamentation for the Death of Saul and Jonathan Paraphrased from Hebrew", is also very relevant. He is credited with the verses "Upon the author of a play called *Sodom" (on Rochester). See * Anacreon done into English for his translation from Greek of *Anacreon. John Dryden wrote an elegy on Oldham using the *Nisus and Euryalus trope and suggesting he was homosexual. Overall, while Oldham's works show homosexuality in guarded ways, the various poems quoted above are strongly homoamative. He disapproved of Rochester morally. He was best known for Satires upon the Jesuits, 1679, which imputes homosexuality to the order at line 93 (on homosexuality and the Jesuits see also Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 10, 1908-10, 312-18, a discussion of a pamphlet about a homosexual scandal). The imputation of homosexuality to Catholic religious orders was part of conventional anti-Catholic feelings at this time (this is not to say that it was not valid). His Remains, 1684, open with an *elegy "To the memory of my Dear Friend, Mr Charles Morwent" to whom the book is dedicated. Text: The Works, 1686 (repr. New York, 1979). See the edition by Harold F. Brooks, The Poems of John Oldham, Oxford, 1987, pp. 28-29, especially lines 93-94 for homosexuality imputed to the Jesuits. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Poet from Brazil who wrote in Portuguese. 1891-1932. Active as a poet from 1911. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poemas do amor maldito, 53-54; biog., 52. Poet from Brazil writing in Portuguese. Born 1937. Active as a poet from 1965. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poemas do amor maldito, 85-87; biog., 84. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1910-1970. A major English language *postmodernist poet who is largely credited with the introduction of *open form and *projective verse into English and wrote a major statement on projective verse. His most notable use of projective verse is in the long *sequence or *epic, his major achievement, The Maximus Poems, first published in 1960 (complete edition 1983). He is widely regarded as one the the most important United States English language poets of the last half of the twentieth century. In Collected Poems, 1987, see "You *Hart Crane", p. 4, "There Was a Youth Whose Name Was Thomas Granger" (pp. 43-45 - about a case of *sodomy in New England), "A Toss for John Cage", pp. 271-73 and "The Distances", pp. 491-92, about Caesar and Augustus. An influential member of the *Black Mountain School and the leading poet in the group, he had many gay friends and *disciples e.g., *Gerrit Lansing, John Wieners, Jonathan Williams. See also *Robin Blaser, *Larry Eigner, *Jim Eggeling, *Aaron Shurin, *Ed Dorn (all United States poets). *Robert Duncan's work shows his influence and may have in turn influenced him. His influence on English poetry in Great Britain, Australia and Canada has been enormous: e.g., in Australia he influenced *Robert Adamson and other members of the *Generation of 68; in Great Britain, *Lee Harwood. He married but close male relationships were immensely important to him in his poetry as the many poems to men show e.g. "Variations Done for Gerald Van der Wiele" (CollectedPoems, pp. 396-400). The concepts of *androgyny and the *feminine in the Maximus Poems need also to be considered. See also *e e cummings. Biography: see *Tom Clark regarding strong homosexual undercurrents in Olson's life. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition: in the Appendix. Contemporary Authors New Revision Series, vol. 35. Dictionary of Literary Biography, vol. 5. Poet from Poland writing in Polish. Born 1941. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Drobci stekla v ustih, 121-22; biog., 1B3. City in Greece where Greek is spoken. From 700 B.C. A city associated with *Apollo, the ancient Greek god who had homosexual affairs (a very fine sculpture of him survives in the Museum). *Pindar wrote some of his odes for athletic festivals at Olympia. Poem from India in Sanskrit. Ca. 300. This famous *Buddhist *mantra means something like "The jewel is in the lotus". It is capable of many esoteric meanings including *tantric ones with homosexual meanings (the resonating sound of the words is vital); for esoteric tantric meanings see Encyclopedia of Religion, in the article "Buddhism, schools of", p. 476. A CD ROM of monks chanting it exists, Tibetan Incantation, published in Nepal; there are probably other aural recordings. The date is conservative. It is believed to be in the * Upanishads (in which case it is pre-Buddhistic) but this has not been confirmed. On the lotus which normally symbolizes enlightenment see Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion, "Lotus"; the shape of the lotus could suggest the anus (or the rounded vagina in sexual intercourse). Poet from Iran who wrote in Persian. Ca. 1050-ca. 1123. Khayyam means "tentmaker" and the name means "Omar the tentmaker". He is one of the most perplexing figures in gay poetry. Little is known of his life except that he was known as a mathematician in his lifetime (for which see his entry in the McGraw Hill Encyclopedia of World Biography by David Pingree which states he was homosexual). However no evidence can be conclusively drawn that he was gay. His poems joyously celebrate life and *wine drinking of the male protagonist with the * saki or *cupbearer, traditionally associated with erotic dalliance, and his whole "oeuvre" is joyously homoerotic, though he is by no means alone amony Persian poets in expressing this theme in his work. Women form little part of this world picture. His manuscripts - or what purport to be his manuscripts - survive in many versions. As many poems in the manuscripts are not by him these imitations constitute homosexual anthologies. Compare *Anacreon and the * Anacreontea and *Theognis since the work of Khayyam has strong links with these Greek works in its philosophy and themes. Compare also *Epicurus and *Horace. The English translation of his poems by *Edward Fitzgerald is the most famous; it was in turn used as the basis for many translations. Biography: see J. K. M. Shirazi, Life of Omar Khayyam, London and Edinburgh, 1905. Bibliography: see *Ambrose George Potter - a brilliant bibliographer covering the printings of the poem. Text. There is no satisfactory text nor can there ever be, as the first manuscript is 350 years after Omar Khayyam and ascription of quatrains depends ultimately on lost oral traditions. The text by *Forughi and *Ghani (1942) is possibly the best text. Zukovsky published the first discussion on the problems of the text in 1897 (see Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition, Omar Khayyam entry, p. 986) showing that 82 of 464 quatrains in Nicolas's edition are found in 39 other authors: these quatrains are called wandering quatrains in the literature. The first texts are discussed in V. Minorsky, "The Earliest Collections of O. Khayyam" in Yádnáme-ye-Jan Rypka, Prague, 1967; this includes discussion of *forgeries. Editors of the text. J. B. Nicolas (1867 - editor of the first mechanically printed text), E. H. Whinfield (1892), E. Heron-Alien (1898), F. Rosen (1925), Husain Danish (1927), *Ali Dashti, Mohammad 'Ali *Forughi, *Sadeq Hedayat - see Yarshater, Persian Literature, pp. 153 and 503. The complexities of editing are discussed by *Arthur Christensen (active 1905-27) and *Ali Dashti; see the Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition, Omar Khayyam entry p. 988. Of over a thousand quatrains ascribed to him, only about 200 quatrains can be reasonably confirmed as his and even some of these are doubtful. Criticism. See Thomas Wright, Life of Edward Fitzgerald, 1904: in this work C. B. Cowell, Professor at Cambridge, states the quatrains are *allegorical, Omar was probably a *Sufi and "By drunkness is meant 'Divine Love'." See also *A. J. Arberry. See also Browne, Literary History of Persia, volume 2, pp. 246-59, Levy, Persian Literature, pp. 38-42, and Yarshater, Persian Literature, pp. 147-60. For a list of critics see the Appendix to the entry titled Umar Khayyam in the *British Library General Catalogue. See also "Criticism in homosexual terms" below. The Australian homosexual poet *Harold Stewart regarded the protagonist of the poems as being gay. Manuscripts. An enormous number of manuscripts survive of works which are attributed to Omar and which were circulated by hand copying for nearly a thousand years before mechanical publication - see *Ambrose George Potter and *Robert Graves for lists. The manuscripts are scattered all over the world. Illustration. The saki is by convention male and many illustrated Persian 'manuscripts exist showing male sakis; British and United States editions with females are false to the Persian tradition. (While female sakis cannot be ruled out absolutely they are not customary in Persian.) Most illustrations in manuscripts are all male with pairs of bearded men and beardless youths. The English translation illustrated by Herbert Cole (published by John Lane, London and New York, 1901) is notably homoerotic. See also homoerotic illustration in Guirlande de l'Iran (1948) - Persian poets adapted by René Patris from Persian. For design of books see the edition designed by *Charles Ricketts, 1901. Homoerotic illustrated editions are also discussed under English translations below. Parodies and imitations. A very large number exist: see the list in English in the *British Library General Catalogue for "Edward Fitzgerald" under Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, p. 225 for a list (many parodies of *Omar Khayyam are actually parodies of *Edward Fitzgerald's translation). *A. G. Potter compiled the fullest list in English and non-English languages to 1929. For an English parody see *Charles Osborne; see also *Nuki (pseud.). There was an Omar Khayyam Club founded in London in 1892 and numerous imitations written in the United States. Jacob de Haan wrote a series of gay quatrains modelled on Omar. The Los Angeles book dealer Henry Berkelouw has collected a large collection of 2,000 Omar Khayyam editions, including some in Japanese, possibly the largest collection ever assembled by an individual collector. Translation. Translations have been made into over 40 languages (the Rubaiyat was first into English in 1895, followed by French in 1867). Only the first and major translations in a language are included here (though it is possible some entries relate only to translation of a single or a few quatrains). *Edward Fitzgerald's English translation was used as the basis for those in many other languages, which were thus translations of a translation. *J. B. Nicolas's French translation was also used for translation into other languages. Many editions of translations contain lengthy introductions with critical commentary. *A. G. Potter's two bibliographies of 1923 and 1929 have detailed lists of translations. Multiple translation: English. French. German. Italian and Danish ed. N. H. Dole, Boston, 2 volumes, 1892. Afrikaans: C. J. Langenhoven (1924), other trans.; Albanian: Rushit Bilbil Gramshi (1927; repr.), another trans. 1961: see *British Library General Catalogue; Arabic: Ahmad Hamid al-Sarraf (Baghdad, 1931), Ahmad Zaki Abu Shadi (1931), Ahmad al-Safi al-Nadjafi (Demascus, 1931), Badr Tawfiq (1989); Armenian: Sahak Ch't'ch'ian (1953); Bahasa Indonesia: M. Taslim Ali (1950; repr.), Mas'ud Farzad (1968); Bengali: *Nazrul Islam (ca. 1930); Completo: see British Library General Catalogue (trans. 1952) - this language appears to be a made up language, similar to Esperanto; Czech: Emil Boleslav Lukac (1931); Danish: Holger Bagger (1900), *Arthur Christensen (1943); Desvandrham: A. Narayanadas (1936) - see British Library General Catalogue entry referred to above, p. 218 (this language is an indian language from India); Dutch: *P. C. Boutens (1913), other trans.; English. See De Bary, Guide to Oriental Classics, 5859. The most famous English translation was by *Edward Fitzgerald. The Penguin edition of Peter Avery and John Heath-Stubbs (see below) is a reliable recent translation. On English translation see Parichar Kasra, The Rubaiyat of 'Umar Khayyam, New York, 1975, pp. lxxiii-lxxvi; see also Ali Dashti, In Search of Omar Khayyam, New York, 1971, p. 33. Illustration is especially important; homoerotic illustrations (e.g., by Elihu Vedder, Boston, 1884, and Herbert Cole, 1901) have not been studied in detail so far. Design of printings is also important e.g., *Charles Ricketts designed a fine edition in 1901. For more detailed information of translations to 1906 consult *A. G. Potter's bibliographies of Omar Khayyam 1923 and 1929. Only major translators are listed in the following list: *Edward Fitzgerald (1859 from a Cambridge manuscript - fifth edition 1889; in verse and frequently reprinted with elaborate illustrations of the male * saki; see *British Library General Catalogue entry Umar Khayyam pp. 219-225), E. H. Whinfield (1883; repr. 1980 - 508 quatrains), Justin H. McCarthy (1896 - in prose), E. Heron-Allen (1898), John Payne (1898 - 845 quatrains), Robert Arnot (1903), *Eben Francis Thompson (1906; repr. 1990), *Francis Dyson (1927 - trans. from the French version of *J. B. Nicolas), *Arthur Christensen (1927), Frederic Rosen (1930), E. H. Rodwell (1931), *A. J. Arberry (1949 - from the Chester Beatty manuscript, in the Chester Beatty Library, Dublin; 1952 - from another manuscript), J. C. E. Bowen (1961), *Robert Graves and Omar Ali-Shah (1967 - verse; not reliable), Parichehr Kasra (1975 - reliable text, poor trans.), *Peter Avery and John Heath-Stubbs (1979; repr. Penguin Books 1981 - reliable edition based on a reliable text), Ernest E. Laws (1983 - verse). Esperanto: G. Waringhein (1953); French: J. B. Nicolas (1863; repr.), Charles Grolleau (1902), Claude Anet (1920), Arthur Guy (1927); Gaelic: Donald Mackechnie (1910); Galician: Placido R. Castro (1965); German: A. F. Grafen von Schack (1878), F. Bodenstedt (1881), Friedrich Rosen (1909; repr. - popular edition); Greek: Ernest Crawley (1902), other translations; Guiarati: R. P. Bhajiwala (1927); Hebrew: N. H. Imber (1905), other trans.; Hungarian: Erodi Harrach Bela (1872), Hegyi Endre (1959); Icelandic (that is Norse1): Trans, and date not known - see * National Union Catalog, p. 353; copy held at *Harvard); Irish: John Joseph Carroll (1909), trans. not known (1924) - see British Library General Catalogue ; Italian: V. Rugarli (1895), other trans.; Japanese: Hikozo Kakise (1910). Korean: believed trans. about 1920. Latin: W. H. Greene (1898), *E. Fitzgerald (published 1938); Malay: A. W. Hamilton (ca. 1944), Mustapha Kamil Yassin (Kuala Lumpur, 1965); Maori: P. Jones (Taumarunui, New Zealand, 1975); Norwegian: Bjarne Aagaard (1926); Polish: A. Gawronski (1933), A. Kazimierz (1972); Portuguese: Martins de Oliveira (1933), other trans.; Punjabi: B. Singh and B. H. Singh (1957); Romany: W. E. A. Axon and H. T. Crofton (Manchester, 1899 - one quatrain only); Russian: Trans, not known - see National Union Catalog: Sanskrit: G. S. Navaratna (1929), A. Narayanadas (1936); Spanish: Enrique Uribe White (Bagota, 1936), other trans., trans. not known, 1985 - see Cuaderno bibliográfico gay, 13 - titled Rubaiyyat, Madrid: Visor, 1985; Swahili: Shaaban Robert (1952); Swedish: A. G. Damm (1912), other trans.; Tagalog: Ildefonso Santos (1952); Thai: Prince Narathippraphanphong and Rachit Ratchawangsan (1969); Turkish Huseyin Rifat (1926), Yanya Kemal Beyatli; Welsh: John Morris Jones (1907), T. Ifor Rees (1939); Yiddish N. A. Horvitz (1911), Marie B. Jaffe in Gut Yuntif, Gut Yohr (a collection of poems translated into Yiddish), 1965 (repr.), 66-73. The * British Library General Catalogue and * National Union Catalog were checked. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition; notes p. 988 "we possess nothing approaching a recensio recepta of Khayyam's poetical works". Howes, Broadcasting It: see "A book of verses underneath the bough". Bibliographies. Cuaderno bibliográfico gay, 13: Rubaiyat, Madrid: Visor, 1985. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 331-32: important English trans. (possibly from French). Criticism in homosexual terms. Mayne, The Intersexes, 292: called "that *Anacreon of Nishapur". Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance and Homosexuality, 19. Poet from Sri Lanka writing in English; he lives in Canada. Born 1943. He was brought up in Sri Lanka. His Billy the Kid sequence is mostly short prose but some poems have homoerotic undertones. See Dennis Denisoff, "Homosocial Desire and the Artificial Man in Michael Ondaatje's The Collected Works of Billy the Kid" in Essays on Canadian Writing, no. 53, Summer 1994, 51-70 (note: the bibliography does not cite the reference in Woods, Articulate Flesh listed below). He is married. Influenced by the *Black Mountain school. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Oxford Companion to Canadian Literature. Criticism. Woods, Articulate Flesh: Male Homo-eroticism and Modern Poetry, 78 and footnote 107, p. 240: re The Collected Works of Billy the Kid, Toronto, 1970, pp. 77-78. One Institute, also called One Inc., now called One/IGLA Archive and library in the United States with works mainly in English. It was established in 1952. An attempt to form a gay university, One Institute housed in surburban *Los Angeles, had an extensive library and archive called the Baker Library, the oldest gay library in public use on the west coast of the United States dating from 1952; the library acquired very rare journals such as * Arcadie and *Der Kreis as well as several thousand books. One published the journal One Magazine and in 1958 won a court case allowing gay journals to be distributed through the mail (see Body Politic no. 43, May 1978, 27). It took as its motto the words from the British writer Thomas Carlyle "a mystic bond of brotherhood makes all men one". On the journal see the entry "ONE Magazine" in Gay Histories and Cultures. The early history 1955-60 of One is published in One Institute Quarterly vol. 3 no. 3 (Summer 1960), 214-18. A split developed in the group in 1965 and *Dorr Legg remained in charge with Don Slater forming another group, the *Homosexual Information Center (they have the original records with photostats being held at One); on the death of Don Slater in 1998 it appears that these records were found to have been stored in damp conditions and to have considerably deteriorated. One published the scholarly journal One Institute Quarterly of Homophile Studies from 1958 to 1973 after the demise of One. Some poems and articles on poets were published in the journals. One established as a university, offered courses in gay culture and awarded degrees. Laud Humphries was the Chancellor. The early history of One is discussed in Dorr Legg, Homosexuals Today, Los Angeles, 1956, pp. 61-87. The Institute was based in a splendid house in inner Los Angeles in 1988, with hopes that it would be permanently housed there. In 1995 One was amalgaamated with the International Gay and Lesbian Archives to be called One/IGLA and the new institution has been relocated to the University of Southern California, *Los Angeles, under the guidance of *Walter Williams. The library is housed in a separate building near the University and is open for use. One/IGLA has a Center for Scholars in Residence. There is an internet site and the latest information can be found here. It is not listed in Directory of the International Association of Lesbian and Gay Archives and Libraries. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 919-20. Gay Histories and Cultures : see "ONE Magazine". Genre in English in the United States and Japan. From ca. 1980. Poems which literally consist of one line and possibly one sentence. See the United States poet *Nuki (active 1980) and, writing later, James Kirkup. Compare *haiku (to which form they owe a debt and which are written in Japanese in a single vertical line). James Kirkup, who lived in Japan at the time of writing his poems, seems to have been the first English language poet to use this form. See "Gas, grass or ass" (before 1993). Genre in English from Great Britain. Before 1985. *Oswell Blakeston seems to have invented this genre and poems by other gay poets are not known. Online Computer Library Center, also called OCLC A large union catalog of major United States research libraries and other libraries which constitutes a virtual library. Most material is in English. In existence from 1971. Its EPIC and Firstsearch database allows access to other databases. It should be checked for rare gay books and journals and has material in more than 400 languages (there are some 6,000 currently spoken *languages of the world). Compare *Research Libraries Information Network. It is available on the internet on payment of a subscription. Material published before 1970 is not comprehensively represented. By 1997 there were over 36 million records including 29 million book records with over 1 million records being added each year. References. Harner, Literary Research Guide, item 225. Onnagata are Japanese male *transvestite actors who take female roles in the theater, especially Kabuki theater; many were homosexual. The tradition of onnagata continues (e.g., *Mishima was friends with the famous onnagata Nakamura Utaemon: see entries in Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan). The custom dates from a 1629 ban on employing women in the theater. The whole custom is strongly influenced by Chinese theater traditions (see *actors); onnagata also dressed as women in daily life. They were famous figures in *pleasure quarters, were also dancers, and frequently adopted men who were gay as their "sons" (and who were frequently lovers). Poems are sometimes written about them on woodblock prints which were made to illustrate their roles. There is a huge volume of these prints which need to be assessed: as an example see *Kiyomitsu. The eighteenth century print maker Sharaku was famous for his prints of onnagata, some of which appear to contain poems: see Harold G. Henderson and Louis V. Ledoux, Sharaku's Theatre Prints, 1939 (repr. 1984). These prints were circulated in large numbers; the plates were re-used and some plates lasted over several decades. References. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan: Poet from Japan writing in Japanese. Born 1931. A very difficult poet who has written many poems to women. In A String Around Autumn: Selected Poems 1952-1980 (1982; trans. Donald Keene) see "Portrait", pp. 6-7 (*non gender specific) and "The Return" pp. 8-9 ("Nature's penis suddenly erect/ lances me"); "The Colonel and I" is a *poem written in the persona of a woman. He is regarded as one of Japan's finest living poets. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan. Historian from the Netherlands writing in Dutch. Born 1958. The author of Homoseksualiteit in Katholiek Nederland, 1992 deals with homosexuality and the *Catholic church in the Netherlands. He is the author of a paper at the 1987 *Amsterdam conference Homosexuality, Which Homosexuality? (1987), titled "Male *Friendship and Homosexuality in Germany (1750-1940)"; the paper was published in English in the proceedings of the conference in the History II section. He was the editor of Homosexuality and Male Bonding in Germany, 1991, a selection of articles from Der *Eigene translated into English by *Hubert Kennedy. See also *Friendship - Dutch. Poet from the Netherlands writing in Dutch. Born 1942. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Naar vriendscaap zulk een mateloos verlangen, 100-101: poem "St Ouen" from the journal Maatstaf (Standard), vol. 25, July 1977 (source cited p. 121). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 313. Concept related to genre in Hebrew from Israel and in Greek, Italian, French, Persian and Turkish from other countries from 700 B.C. Open form is the idea that a work can be added to: for instance, in English. Walt Whitman's Leaves of Grass was continually expanded from its first publication in 1855. Open form also involves the philosophic proposition that a poem (or prose work) never finishes since every reader reads it differently and thus recreates it in a new way. Open form also involves the idea of openness to experience, which could include homosexual experiences. Leaves of Grass is perhaps the modern work of poetry which first embodies open form, though the issue of open form is raised in the problem of the canon of the books of the * Bible, both as originally laid down for the Hebrew *Old Testament and the Greek *New Testament *Gospels. It has especially been raised recently in relation to the * Gnostic *Gospels. Open form is also an issue in oral *epics in Turkic languages such as Kirghiz (for instance, the * Manas epic) and goes back to the oral delivery of *Homer (active 700 B.C.). In modern poetry it dates from Whitman and the French poets *Rimbaud and *Mallarmé but has reached its apogee in the *postmodern period. The Cantos of *Ezra Pound, which were continually added to, exemplify it. Rearrangement of the poetic text on the page (as in Mallarmé) and a layout where lines were "cut up" and repositioned with large spaces between them occurred in European poetry from 1890. The works of *Charles Olson and the *Black Mountain school especially exemplify it as does the poetry of *John Cage, *Harold Norse. *Concrete poetry is a related development. Linked with sexual experimentation in the *gay liberation period, open form has been a major concept in the writing of openly gay poetry especially in *sequences: see *Robert Duncan, *Allen Ginsberg and *Jack Kerouac (the two latter poets also wrote a poem together). The idea of open form led to the idea of openness in lifestyle and sexuality; indeed the concept of open form and the idea of openness personally are linked. The work of Allen Ginsberg is premised on the concept of open form. See Umberto Eco, The Open Work, 1989, a theoretical work originally written in Italian. Criticism. Perkins, History of Modern Poetry, volume two, 490-94. Oral epics - African languages Oral poems have been recorded in written form from ca. 1969 in the Nyanga language from Democratic Republic of Congo and in other languges. A huge number of oral *epic poems in many *African languages exist (the date given here is the date of the first known written form in English; epics may go back at least many hundreds of years). They need to be examined for close *male bonding and homoerotic feeling directed to males, especially great hunters and tribal chiefs (see also *hero poems and compare *praise poems). Only recently have African epics been studied seriously. Bibliography: see David Westley, "A Bibliography of African Epic", Research in African Literatures, vol. 2 no. 4 (1991), 99-115: defines the epic as "a song about the fantastic deeds of a man or men". See also Isidore Ikpewho, The Epic in Africa, 1991. Fulani. See Oinas, Heroic Epic and Saga, 340-41: re Silmaka and his friend Puluru. Mandekan and Mongo: a large number of epics exist - see Westley's "Bibliography" cited above. Nvanoa. The Mwindo Epic, trans. Daniel Biebuyck, 1969, from the Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly Zaire), Kinshasa province has provoked much interest (it shows the impact of Pygmy culture). References. Oinas, Heroic Epic and Saga, 336-67: discussion of epics in many languages with fine bibliographies. Oral epics - Albanian, Macedonian, Montenegrin, Serbo-Croat, Ukrainian Oral epics in Serbo-Croat and other languages from Croatia and Serbia and Montenegro date from before ca. 1815 when they were put in written form. Oral narrative poems sung or recited in the Balkans in the former Yugoslavia involving * pobratim and close *male bonding warrant perusal from a gay point of view; languages are Montenegrin. Albanian. Macedonian and Serbo-Croat (pobratim occurs also in Ukrainian which has oral epics). Compare *Homer re *Achilles and Patroclus. Montenegrin. Pobratim occurs in long poems e.g., The Mountain Wreath ofPetar *Njegos (1813-51) besides existing oral poems. Serbo-Croat. Oral epics were first collected by Vuk Karadzic (1787-1864) who recorded poems from ca. 1815. The poet Ivan Gundulic (1589-1638) who wrote a literary epic called Osman refers to them. For texts see Serbo-Croatian Texts, edited by A. B. Lord, 1954+ (up to volume 14) and Vuk Stefanovic Karadzhic, Srpske narodne pjesme, volumes 1-4, Belgrade, 1969 (repr. 1976). See The Making of Homeric verse: The Collected Papers of Milman Parry, 1971, edited by Adam Parry, for an essay comparing the Yugoslav epics with Homer. Parry first collected the Yugoslav epics in the first half of the twentieth century and his collection, which includes material on vinyl records and tape, is at *Harvard University library in the Milman Perry Collection (it was curated in a special room by Parry's disciple Albert Bates Lord, who was responsible for preserving the collection, until his death in 1993); see Mathew W. Kay, The Index of the Milman Parry Collection, 1993, for a guide. See further, Svetozar Koljevic, The Epic in the Making, 1980 (trans. from Serbian), perhaps the best introduction, and A. B. Lord, The Singer of Tales, 1960, and Epic Singers and Oral Tradition, 1991, where Lord relates the Balkan epics to Central Asian epics in Chapter 13. John Kolsti, The bilingual singer: a study in Albanian and Serbo-Croatian oral epic traditions, 1990, is a comparative study. See also influence - Turkish. Translation. English: see Anne Pennington and Peter Levi, Marko the Prince: Serbo-Croat Heroic Songs, London, 1984 - see pp. SI-34 re close male bonding ("they kiss each other on their white faces" p. 33). Marko the Prince is the most popular Serbian hero. Oral poem in Pashto from Afghanistan. Before 1885. See Reade, Sexual Heretics, p. 180: a poem quoted by *Richard Burton in English translation - "The worth of coynte the Afghan knows;/ Cabul prefers the other chose [French word for "thing"; here referring to the anus]." No source given. Oral poem in Russian from ca. 1966. The hero sings a song which is strongly sexual with the words "front or back it's all the same" in the Tarkovsky film Andrei Rublev (1966) based on the life of the famous icon painter. A homosexual reference cannot be ruled out. Oral poem in Akha from Thailand from 1968. The Akha are a tribal people in Thailand. In a film seen in Germany at the Instituit für Film, *Göttingen (rererence: Gottingen anthropological film catalog E1286/1968), a very slow circular dance is going on (see also *Oral poems - Jat). There is no sound in the film but singing is going on. Close *male bonding. Oral poems in Albanian from Albania date from ca. 1853. See Ellis, Sexual Inversion, pp. 10-11: discussion of homosexual love poems in the Gege (north) dialect of Albanian; Ellis gives the source of the poems as: Johann Hayn, Albanesische Studien, 1853. These poems seem to be related to the custom of a man taking a boy or youth as a special comrade discussed in * Iolaus (1902), pp. 20-21, also from Hayn, Albanesische Studien. Compare * pobratim. Tosk (south) is the other Albanian dialect. Oral poems and songs - Big Nambas Oral poems in Big Nambas from Vanuatu date from 1934. *Chants and oral poems occur in male homosexual initiatory rites involving homosexual intercourse. Fieldwork was carried out between 1958 and 1962 on the island of North Malekula: see Michael Allen, Cults and Secret Initiations in Melanesia, 1967, pp. 94 99 and p. 125 (notes p. 99, "homosexuality is bound up with circum-cision"). Material in Vanuatu dates from 1934: see A. Deakin, Malekula, London, 1934. Ritualized homosexuality is also reported on the Small Islands of Vanuatu: for sources see footnote 4 in the article in Journal of Homosexuality vol. 11 numbers 3 and 4 (summer 1985), 67. Vanuatu, formerly called the New Hebrides, is in Melanesia off New Guinea. References. Herdt, Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia, 83-126: "Ritualized Homosexuality... in North Vanuatu" by Michael R. Allen. Oral poems in Andamanese from India date from 1966. See Lido Cipriani, The Andaman Islanders, London, 1966 (trans. from Italian): on p. 22 he states "All the Onges [inhabitants of the Andaman Islands] have homosexual tendencies." Oral poems are likely relevant. The islands are in the Bay of Bengal in India half way between India and Burma and the language is not known to be related to any other language; only several hundred tribal islanders still exist and there are 200 islands. On the inhabitants see A. R. Radcliffe Brown, The Andaman Islanders, 1922. Oral poems in Arabic from Egypt and Saudi Arabia and other countries date from before 1962. Oral poetry has been downplayed in Arabic until recently. A major aim of education for Arabic speakers was to learn to read the written language in order to read the *Islamic holy book the * Koran. Recently however literary scholars have turned their attention to oral literature. A very old *dancing and singing boy tradition exists, though *"The penis smooth and round" (before 1962) is the earliest poem so far recorded. Arabic oral traditions are widespread across north Africa and west Asia and - when recorded - are likely to be fruitful sources for homosexual *bawdy. Only recently has study of oral literature commenced (e.g., Pierre Cachia, Popular Narrative Ballads of Modern Egypt, 1989). There is a special issue of the journal Oral Tradition devoted to Arabic oral traditions: see vol. 4 no. 1-2 (January-May 1989); in this issue see "'Tonight my gun is loaded': Poetic Duelling in Arabia" pp. 151-73: the *performance aspect of this material has homerotic aspects and obscene poems are recited in an all male setting (as the title indicates, there are subconscious sexual suggestions linked with the penis and with guns). See also *Songs, *Drinking songs, *Performance traditions. Oral poems in Badayuh from Malaysia date from 1990. Oral poems referring to homosexuality are very likely (source: a Sydney University anthropologist). The language is spoken close to speakers of Iban in east Malaysia (see *Oral poems-Iban). Oral poems in Balonda from Democratic Republic of Congo date from ca. 1856. See * Iolaus (1902), pp. 4-5: this describes an initiation ceremony "when two men agree to be special friends" p. 4 and which involves blood - "the friends of each of the men beat on the ground with clubs, and bawl out certain sentences... The ceremony is called Kasendi" (p. 5). These "sentences" seem to be a type of *chant. (Quoted from Rev. J. G. Wood, Natural History of Man, volume entitled Africa, p. 419). The Balonda are an African tribe from Londa land among the southern tributaries of the Congo River, and live in Zaire, which was visited by the British explorer David Livingstone (1853-56). Oral poems in English from Great Britain, the United States and Australia date from ca. 1600. Great Britain and the United States. The earliest poems with some reference date from *Will Kemp (active ca. 1600). *Ballads were originally oral poems as was most *Bawdry. *Slogans in the *gay liberation period are a new form of oral gay poem. For individual poems see *"Let's all be fairies", *"Ballad of Joking Jesus", *Barry Took, *Performance poetry. See also *Hymns, *"We're here we're queer". Australia. The earliest poems in Australian English were oral, the *ballads, but explicit homosexual material only dates from much later. Some relevant poems, such as the ballads, were sung. *Slogans such as "Say it loud/ Gay is proud" and "Two, four, six, eight/Gay is just as good as straight" can be dated from the 1970s. These slogans were probably introduced into Australia from the United States after the Stonewall riot in 1969 and were used in gay rights demonstrations after 1970; see also *"Ballad of Joking Jesus" (ca. 1950), *Bawdry, * Songs of the Gay Liberation Quire, *"We're here, we're queer" and *"Zip a dee do dah, zip a dee day". Oral poems in Hawaiian from the United States date from before 1992. Hawaii is an island in the Pacific Ocean and a state in the United States. See Murray, Oceanic Homosexualities, pp. 71-102; states homosexuality was accepted in Hawaii; poems p. 80; *chant on the death of a male lover p. 84; important bibliography pp. 96-102. For literary sources of Hawaiian literature see the bibliography in Bulletin of the New York Public Library vol. 67 (1963), 575-78. Oral poems in Hebrew from Yemen date from before 14QQ. Poems on 'pedophile or pederastic themes, possibly dating from the Andalusian period of Hebrew (before 14QQ), reported by 'David Gil (active 1981), sung in Yemen. Oral poems in Iban Dayak, an *Austronesian language, from Malaysia and Indonesia are likely to date from before 1957. See W. R. Geddes, Nine Dayak Nights, 1957, pp. 47-48 re bachelors quarters, 59-60 re homosexuality. Oral poems are quite likely in this tribal society where there is extensive oral poetry composed on every subject. The language is sometimes called Iban Dayak but Iban is now the accepted name. Institutionalized *pedophilia has been reported in Iban tribes in east Java involving 8-15 year old boys (source: ABC Radio, heard in Sydney, Sunday evening in December 1993). The Iban live mainly in East Malaysia (formerly Borneo); the language is *Malayo-Polynesian. On the oral literature see H. Munro Chadwick and Nora Chadwick, The Growth of Literature, 3 volumes, 1932-40, volume 3, pp. 475500: " A Note on the Oral Literature of the Iban or the Sea Dayaks of North Borneo". References. Murray, Oceanic Homosexualities, 273-84. Oral poems in Inuit from Canada. From ca. 1950? Inuit is the name of the Eskimo peoples of the Arctic region of Canada. Poems are very likely as sexuality among the Inuit is not inhibited and they have a rich oral culture. On the language see the entry "Eskimo - Aleut language" in Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Oral poems in Jat from Pakistan date from 1963. Oral poems have been noted in a film seen at Instituit für Film, Göttingen at the Institut fur Film (reference: E547/1963). The film shows homoerotic dancing with poems being chanted. Close *male bonding is evident. Jat is spoken in West Pakistan, in Sind Province. Oral poems in Makiritare, a *South American Indian language, spoken in Venezuela, date from 1959. See the film E157/1959 in the Institut für Filmwissenshaft, *Göttingen. The film shows an all male homoerotic Tanzfest (dance festival). Oral poems in Maltese from Malta may date from at least 1987. Maltese is a language which is a mixture of Arabic and *Romance languages (which were brought to the island by the Knights of Saint John, a medieval Christian order containing many wild-living people and no doubt some homosexuals). There is a strong oral bawdy tradition and oral homopoems are very likely (information from a visit to the island in 1987). Due to the strength of the Catholic religion on the island, there has been no known discussion of homosexuality. Homosexual behavior by males occurs in the tunnels under the island. The Cathedral contains a major work of the bisexual painter Caravaggio and the museum a homoerotic oil painting by the probably homosexual Guido Reni, The Baptism of Christ. There are major archives of the Order of Saint John, which order has an interesting history, on the island. On Maltese see Shipley, Encyclopedia of Literature. Oral poems in Pintubi from Australia. From before 1980. In Bruno Scrobogna, Die Pintubi, Am Ende der Steinzeit (Berlin, 1980) see photographs showing men embracing pp. 122-23 and 127. Oral poems are relevant. The Pintubi are a desert tribe who live in the center of Australia, southwest of Alice Springs. initiations are still practiced. On the tribe see Fred. R. Myers, Pintupi Country, Pintupi Self (Washington, 1986). Oral poems in the Rapa Nui language from Easter Island, Chile, possibly date from before 1980. Rapa Nui is the indigenous name for Easter Island (called in Spanish, Isla de Paschua); the island's language, which is also called Rapa Nui, is a Polynesian language (see *Overview - Polynesian). Easter Island is in the Pacific, south of Tahiti, and has been under the control of Chile since the nineteenth century. See Georgina Lee, Rock Art of Easter Island, Los Angeles, 1992, pp. 193-99, on the sexual symbolism of the giant rock figures of the island called moai. She states, p. 196,"The giant moai are themselves *phallic symbols, as described in a legend in which a penis provides the model for the statues" (this information is from P. Sebastian Englert's Leyenda de Isla de Paschua, fifth edition, Santiago, 1980, pp. 94-97; Sebastian Englert, a *Catholic priest, is perhaps the greatest expert on the island's history). The inhabitants are now Catholics. Since Polynesian cultures had rich oral poetry traditions, oral poems composed in relation to the figures may be relevant (especially when chanted or sung in an all male context); these poems, if they existed, appear to be *lost. Other oral poems of a gay erotic nature, if they exist or existed, may be relevant. Oral poems in Russian from Russia date from ca. 1760 in written form. See *byliny which date from ca. 1200 but were first written down in the 1760s, * Lay of Igor (originally an oral poem), *Oral poem - Russian. There is a huge corpus of oral material from the gulags, the Communist prison camps; the *Nobel Prize winning writer *Alexander Solzhenitsyn has an archive of prison camp material which was sent to him (this may include some gay poems in the form of samizdat, material circulated clandestinely); the archive was being microfilmed in Vermont, United States, where it was then housed, in 1994, before being taken back to Russia (whether it contains oral poems or not, investigation of it may lead to other sources of this oral material). For the homosexual slang of the camps and possible sources of gay oral poems see *Dictionaries - Russian. See also *Bawdry - Russian. Oral poems in Sepik languages from Papua New Guinea date from 1985. The Sepik languages are spoken in north Papua New Guinea along the Sepik River; a huge number of languages are spoken. Oral poems linked with *anal sex rituals are thought to exist, however none have been recorded to 1985 apart from possibly in Yangoru Boiken (see *Oral Poems - Yangoru Boiken); secret languages also exist. Songs exist for everything in Sepik languages. Yams have *phallic shapes and poems about them may be and probably are very relevant and references to them could be a trope with gay suggestion in some poems: see "Yam Symbolism in the Sepik: An Interpretative Account", Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, vol. 28 (1972), 230-254. There has been much *Christian contact along the Sepik river, a force militating against homosexual oral poems. Oral poems in Turkish from Turkey date in written from 1970 (and possibly from ca. 1320 in oral form). There are very strong oral traditions in Turkish and *Turkic languages. See Alan Dundes and others, "The Strategy of Turkish Boys Duelling Rhymes", Journal of American Folklore vol. 83 (1970), 325-48: discussion of contemporary verbal duelling - the duelling, which is between two boys, contains rhyme and the ripostes constitute oral poetry; the article translates the poems (which are strongly homosexual) into English. *Anal sex is a frequent motif as is *insult. See also the riposte by Mark Glazer, "On Verbal Dueling Among Turkish Boys", Journal of American Folklore vol. 89 (1976), 87-89. Oral folk poets from eastern Turkey put out a cassette ca. 1988 including obscene poetry (mainly satirical); Dr Chris Murphy, *School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, to the author, 1987. *Yunus Emre (active 1320) was recited orally for centuries. See also *Karagoz. Oral poems from South Africa in Xhosa date from ca. 1986. Xhosa is a south-eastern *Bantu language. Poetry writing is widespread and everyone has a poem written about him or her; *eulogy is a major poetic form. See, in J. B. Hainsworth, editor, Traditions of Heroic and Epic Poetry, vol. 2, 1989, Jeff Opland, "The Structure of Xhosa Eulogy and the Relation of Eulogy to Epic", pp. 121-43 (bibl. pp. 141-43), especially pp. 127-29 - a poem of praise for a chief, with some homoerotic feeling (trans. into English apparently by Jeff Opland about 1986: see p. 140). See in general Jeff Opland, Xhosa Oral Poetry, 1983. Oral poems in Yangoru Boiken from Papua New Guinea from before ca. 1943. Paul Roscoe "Male Initiation among the Yangoru Boiken" in Nancy Lutkehaus, Sepik Heritage: Tradition and Change in Papua New Guinea, Bathurst, Australia, 1990, 402-13. Ritual flagellations and genital mutilations are carried out in an all male context; some ceremonies, related to the bull roarer, are secret. Oral poems and chants are relevant. These initiation ceremonies are no longer carried out and the last date from ca. 1943. Oral poems in English and other languages date from before the time of the first *epic poem *Gilgamesh 2,150 B.C. Oral poetry is poetry which has not been written down and was composed and transmitted by word of mouth (sometimes over many centuries). It was and is composed and sung by and for people who cannot read or write. All poetry before the invention of writing was oral and was handed down orally. However, epics have been recited orally from *Gilgamesh on. See *oral epics (also see *epics since most were oral works originally), *oral poems, *songs and oral poems and *African languages, *Australian Aboriginal languages, *North American Indian languages, *Overview - Central American Indian languages, *Overview - South American Indian languages and *Overview - Papua New Guinea. *Singing and dancing boys and *Hijras sing oral songs. Oral poetry contains a huge volume of homosexually relevant poems and most of the world's up to 6,000 languages living languages - see *Languages of the world - are unrecorded in written form. References. Princeton Handbook of Poetic Terms; includes Tine bibl. Oral poem in Kashmiri from India from before 1885. See Reade, Sexual Heretics, 180: a Kashmiri proverb in verse, quoted by *Richard Burton, which is said to refer to homosexuality - "Though of men there be famine yet shun these three -/ Afghan, Sindi and rascally Kashmiri." Sexual behavior using the tongue and/ or mouth. Material survives in Latin from Italy from ca. 60 B.C. See also iicking, *analingus, *fellatio. Latin: see *Catullus (re poem 16). English: *Dennis Kelly, *Dorothy Porter. Sanskrit: *Vatsyayana. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, vol. 2, 929-31. Ullstein Enzyklopädie der Sexualität. Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Sex Practice: Oral Sex". Orchid Pavilion poets, also called Orchid Terrace Poets Group in Chinese from China. Active ca. 502. This group of *aesthetes has strong male bonding relationships and needs close investigation for homosexuality. It dates from 502-07 (see Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature, p. 460) and grew up in the *court of Emperor Wu of Liang. There was also a later group called by this name where strong homoeroticism is involved: see *Na-lan hsing-te. See also Jen Fang, *Liu Hsiao-cho. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature, 585. Figures in myth and trope in Greek from Greece and later in Latin and English. Documented from ca. 300 B.C. They characterised faithful friends and by implication homosexual lovers. There is a marble sculpture in the Louvre, *Paris, depicting Orestes and Pylades and the opera Iphinénie en Tauride (1779) by Gluck features them homosexually. See the index of Graves, Greek Myths, for reference in ancient Greek culture. For the ancient artistic depiction see the entry in * Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae in volume 7, part 1 and the plates. Greek: see *Yannis Ritsos. Latin: * Anthologia Latina. German. *Sebastian Brant. English: *Edmund Spenser. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Ioläus (1902), 35-36, 101 (in St. Augustine). Hidden Heritage, 65-66: trans. from *Lucian's Amores where they appear as examples of ideal lovers. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 23-24 (extract from Lucian, Amores 47). Criticism. Sergent, Homosexuality in Greek Myth, 250: citing *Xenophon viii, 31. Anthology in English from the United States. San Francisco: Gay Sunshine, 1977, 264 pages. Compiled by *Winston Leyland; biog. notes pp. 248-63. This is one of the best anthologies of the *gay liberation period, consisting mainly of poets active from 1969 and published in * Gay Sunshine 1970-77, but with some earlier poets in Arabic and Greek as well as some Spanish poets; two short stories are included. Outstanding erotic illustrations. Poets (see entries): Arab Poets of Andalusia (pp.11-19), Fernando Alegria, Edgar Allen Austin, Tommy Avicolli, Porfirio Barba-Jacob, William Barber, F. D. Blanton, Victor Borsa, Perry Brass, Stuart Byron, C. P. Cavafy, Luis Cernuda, Ira Cohen, Kirby Congdon, Dennis Cooper, Ed Cox, Emilio Cubiero, Gavin Dillard, David Eberly, Jim Eggeling, Larry Eigner, Kenward Elmslie, Sergei Esenin, Salvatore Farinella, Charles Henri Ford, Allen Ginsberg, John Giorno, Robert Gluck, Poems from the * Greek Anthology (pp. 99-100), Will Inman, Tom Kennedy, Maurice Kenny, James Kirkup, Nikolai Klyuev, Mikhail Kuzmin, E. A. Lacey, Erskine Lane, Federico García Lorca, Medieval Arab Poets (pp. 127-33), Thomas Meyer, Royal Murdoch, Harold Norse, Pier Paolo Pasolini, Sandro Penna, Robert Peters, Felice Picano, Robert F. Riordan, Eduard Roditi, Frederick Rolfe, Michael Rumaker, Stanley Rutherford, Raymonde Sainte-Pierre, Ron Schrieber, Sultan Selim I of Turkey, Robert Sellman, Charley Shively, Aaron Shurin, David Emerson Smith, Jack Spicer, Takahashi Mutsuo, Gennady Trifonov, Xavier Villaurrutia (spelt Villarutia), John Wieners, Jonathan Williams, Ian Young. Translators. Stephen Fredman, Simon Karlinsky, Edmund Keeley and Philip Sherard, Erskine Lane, Winston Leyland, Hiroaki Sato, W. I .Scobie, Ian Young and Marsha Jill Sharkey. See the note on statement of limitation p. 263: there were 3,000 paper copies published, 200 hard cover copies and 26 signed hardcover copies each with an additional translation of an Arabic poem translated by Winston Leyland (this edition has not been sighted). Review: Gay Sunshine no. 32 (Spring 1977), 21-23 by *Rudy Kikel. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 2330. Young, Male Homosexual, item 2331 is a special edition "with two extra poems" (but see above). Note: the list of poets in Young is not correct. Sexual behavior involving at least three people, here with two being males. It survives in poetry in Latin from France and later in German and English. From ca. 330. English: *Ginsberg. Latin: See *Forberg re *Ausonius (310-95); see also *Tiberius. German: see *Stefan George. Orgies also relate to ancient ceremonies of Saturnalia and the Christian Mardi Gras (which is held just before the Christian fasting season of Lent). See Burgo Partridge, A History of Orgies, 1958 - material discussed here is heterosexual, however; bibl. pp. 233-35. Compare *groups. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Hastings, Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics: see "Orgy". Ullstein Enzyklopädie der Sexualität: see "Clubs, sexuelle". Orientalism and orientalistic poetry A movement in *European languages related to the European interaction with the middle east, south Asia (that is India and Pakistan) and east Asia (China, Korea and Japan). The word orientalism is from the Latin word for "east". In this encyclopedia orientalism is important in relation to the translation of poetry from the Middle East into European languages. Orientalism started as a movement in the *Romantic period from ca. 1770 in German in Germany and English in Great Britain. A major component of the concept has been the influence of cultures on each other and the abrogation of the idea of cultures as discrete entities: orientalism thus leads into the idea of *post-colonialism. The Palestinian spokesman Edward Said has been a seminal influence: see his Orientalism, London, 1978 (there is a new introduction to the second edition, 1995). Raymond Schwab, La Renaissance orientale (Paris, 1950; English translation, The Oriental Renaissance, 1984) is also of major importance. John M. Mackenzie, Orientalism: History, theory and the arts(1995) is a theoretical discussion. The *British Library has a special oriental reading room. In homopoetry Orientalism has involved the Persian poets *Hafiz and *Rumi and Arabic and Turkish poets (for Arabic see 'Translation - Arabic and for Turkish see *Hammer-Purgstall). The influence of Indian philosophies on European cultures is a major aspect of orientalism: see *Indian philosopies and religions. Martin Bernal, Black Athena, 2 volumes, London, 1987-1992, takes the view that Africa, not the Islamic middle east, was the crucial nexus of influence on European culture. Black Athena argues that the north African influence on European civilization, which it argues came through ancient Greek covilization, is stronger than accepted. J. R. Harris, The Legacy of Egypt, 1971, "The Legacy to Africa", pp. 434-55 discusses the influence of Africa. Sanskrit. Winternitz, History of Indian Literature, volume 1, pp. 7-21 discusses the beginnings of the movement from ca. 1770; see also *Friedrich Rückert and 'Overview - Sanskrit as the nineteenth century rediscovery of Sanskrit constituted renewed interest in Indian cultures. German. *Goethe and *Platen were key poets; *Hammer-Purgstall and *Rückert were major translators; see also *Friedrich Bodenstedt. The article "Orientalisierende Dichtung" (Orientalising Poetry) in Reallexikon der deutschen Literaturgeschichte, edited by P. Merkur and W. Stammler, vol. 2, pp. 541-48 (with bibl.) discusses poetry in German imitative of middle eastern poetry. See also *Paul Näcke. English. Great Britain. *Edward Fitzgerald was the major figure; see also James Elroy Flecker. The *School of Oriental and African Studies in London is a major center of research. United States: see 'Transcendentalism. French: *Rimbaud was influenced by orientalism and lived in Arabic speaking countries. Russian. Oriental studies in Russia are comprehensively surveyed in Fifty Years of Soviet Oriental Studies 1917-1967, Moscow: Academy of the Sciences, 1968, a series of 27 pamphlets in Russian with English translations, discussing all areas or oriental studies; the pamphlets also give an overview of basic issues in the area. V. Minorsky, Oriental Studies in the USSR, London, 1943 is a pamphlet reprinted from Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society, vol. xxx, January 1943, 81-101. See *A. E. Krymskii, *Mahabharata, *Firdausi, *Sa'di, *Rabindranath Tagore. In east Asia in China and Japan there was a corresponding movement involving interest in Europe and the United States. Poet, critic and anthropologist writing in Japanese from Japan. 1887-1953. A leading Japanese folklorist who was a * tanka poet. He had affairs with young men: see Yamaori Tetsuo and Hozumi Namahagi, Shu Fukaku Are - Origuchi Shinobu no Erosu, Tokyo, 1997. A member of the Araragi poetry group from 1917 to 1921 he travelled about Japan examining leading Japanese customs in the present and relating them to the past. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan. Bookseller from Italy who sold Italian and English books. Active 1938. A bookseller in *Florence and *London. Author of Adventures of a Bookseller, 1938; see pp. 165-66 on *Christopher Millard and pp. 255-65 on *Norman Douglas. Giuseppe Orioli's own annotated copy appeared in Catalog 53 (ca. 1990) of the New York bookseller Jonathan A. Hill and makes clear that he was homosexual as, according to the note, it "recounts his experiences in a London male brothel" and has "largely unprintable reminiscences" apparently of Norman Douglas. A very close friend of Norman Douglas, Giuseppe Orioli was called Pino by his intimates; he and Douglas do not appear to have been lovers, however. See also *Richard Aldington, John Ellingham Brooks, *D. H. Lawrence; see Hyde, The Other Love, p. 167 re Reggie Turner and a Sotheby's Sale of 1938. *Mark Holloway edited a few letters he wrote to Mrs. Gordon Crotch (published in 1974). Poet, letter writer and lover from the United States writing in English. Born 1933. The lover of *Allen Ginsberg and his main companion for thirty years. He is *bisexual, having had several girlfiends besides a thirty year dependency relationship with Ginsberg (who sold his archive to provide money for Peter Orlovsky's upkeep after his death). He has published several volumes of poems, most famously Clean Asshole Poems and Smiling Vegetable Songs, San Francisco: City Lights, 1978. Straight Hearts Delight: Love Poems and Selected Letters, 1947-1980 (Gay Sunshine, 1980) is a major gay volume by both Ginsberg and Orlovsky, but only a few poems are by Orlovsky (pp. 91-110); there is an account of their relationship, pp. 111-18. The letters in this volume are all to Peter Orlovsky. There is also an account of their relationship in the biography of Ginsberg by *Barry Miles. Interview: see Leyland, Gay Sunshine Interviews, volume 1, pp. 239-50. Compare *Neal Cassady, a former lover of Ginsberg. Peter Orlovsky appeared in two films, Andy Warhol's Couch, 1965, and Me and My Brothers, 1969. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors New Revision Series, volume 9. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10892: Dear Allen: ship will land Jan 23, 58, Buffalo, NY: Intrepid, 1971. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2923-24: same book as Bullough and Clean Asshole Poems and Smiling Vegetable Songs, San Francisco: City Lights, 1978. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, 290-95; biog., 290. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 601. A Day for a Lay, 116-21. Figure from myth and trope in Greek from Greece and later in Latin, Italian, French and English. From ca. 259 B.C.. Orpheus was regarded as the archetypal poet and in some sources the first musician, whose instrument was the lyre (see *lyric poety). He was famous in ancient Greece for his love of the woman Eurydice whom he tried to rescue from hell but lost her forever by looking back at her when it was a condition of Hades that he not do this. He is said in later mythology to have been the founder of Greek homosexuality and to have preached homosexual love, after he was separated from Eurydice. A kind of monastic order sprang up in later times devoted to his cult. Graves, Greek Myths, vol 1, pp. 111-15, discusses the ancient sources and myths about him. Greek. See *Phanocles active ca. 259 B.C. (see also reference below in Licht) and Buffière, Eros adolescent, pp. 385-87. Writings attributed to him existed, some of which survive embedded in the writings of *Neoplatonism. A special literature called the Orphic corpus existed. For the Byzantine period see his entry in Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Latin. *Ovid conveyed the homosexual story to western Europe (see also the reference in Licht below). In his Metamorphoses x 78-85 Orpheus - as archetypal poet - eschews womankind and turns to love boys; he sings a song about the love of boys in lines 148-219 (about *Zeus and *Ganymede and *Apollo and *Cyparissus). For Italian *Angelo Poliziano wrote a play in verse which treats the theme of homosexual love. For the ancient artistic depiction see the entry in * Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae in volume 7, part 1 and the plates. French. The poet Jean Cocteau made a film called Orphée. In German, see "Orpheus als Sodomit" (Orpheus as Sodomite) in Zeitschrift für deutsche Philologie 109 (1990), 33-55. English: see *Arthur Golding, *Harold Stewart. Woods, Articulate Flesh: Male Homo-eroticism and Modern Poetry, p. 30 ff. discusses him. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, vol. 2, 932. Dictionnaire Gay. Gay Histories and Cultures. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Forberg, Manual of Classical Erotology. L'amour bleu, 45-46. Criticism. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 461-62: citing *Ovid's Metamorphoses x 464 and a fragment of the Greek poet *Phanocles which mentions the love of Orpheus for the boy Calais (the first surviving reference to Orpheus being the founder of Greek homosexuality after he was separated from Eurydice). Eglinton, Greek Love, 465-66. *Monica McAlpine, "The Pardoner's Homosexuality and How it Matters", PMLA: Publications of the Modern Language Association 95 (1980), 20: re *middle ages. See *Wayne Dynes, Orpheus without Euridice, Gai Saber vol. 1 no. 3/4 (1978), 267-73: the archetypal Greek poet. Orthodoxy and Orthodox churches Religion in Greek, Russian and other *Slavic languages in Greece, Russia and other countries of eastern Europe. From ca. 483. The orthodox churches cover Eastern Europe and the Slavic world as well as Greek Orthodoxy from where the Slavic churches originated: they include the Russian, Serbian, Bulgarian and Romanian churches. Homosexual acts have been strictly forbidden under church law since the Emperor Justinian (he commenced to rule in 483). See Eve Levin, Sex and Society in the World of the Orthodox Slavs, London, 1989, pp. 197-203 (re sodomy and the church law) and pp. 290-92 (re monasteries) and*Law - Greek for the legal situation in the Greek Orthodox church. Church law applies in all countries where the churches have spread by emigration of peoples from eastern Europe e.g., the United States. See Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, p. 1134, re Russian sermons denouncing homosexuality. For the early history and bibliographical references see, in Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, "Constantinople, Councils of". For Russian Orthodoxy see *Alexander Solzhenitsyn. Ortleb, Charles (also called Chuck) Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1950. One of Three New York Poets, London: Gay Men's Press, 1987, pp. 67-94. He was the founder and publisher of * Christopher Street magazine, Stonewall News, the New York Native, Theater Week and Opera Monthly. He is also called Chuck Ortleb. The author of a *long poem Militerotics first published in June 1975 issue of Mouth of the Dragon ; it is also printed in A True Likeness, pp. 202-05. Militerotics is a major poetic statement linking male sexuality with *S/M, *war and violence. Biography: see "Going for Gold" by Chris Bull, Advocate no. 533, 12 September 1989, 45-49. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Angels of the Lyre, 169-70; biog., 243. A True Likeness, 195-207. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 384-85. Son of the Male Muse, 132-38; biog., 189. Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, 295-303; biog., 295. Drobci stekla v ustih, 158; biog., 186. Name of Love, 44; biog., 76. Poet from Great Britain writing in English; translator from Greek to English. Active 1901. He translated The Poems of *Sappho, London: *Elkin Mathews, 1909. The spelling of his name is taken from the * British LIbrary General Catalogue; the spelling Osborne in Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, below, is wrong. Bibliographies. Murray, Catalogue of Selected Books, item 50: Rose Leaves from *Philostratus, 1901. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10893: same book, London: [At the] Sign of the Unicorn, 1901. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, 2939: same book: his name misspelled Osborne. (The book contains verse translations from the Greek philosopher *Philostratus.) Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 15. Reade, Sexual Heretics, 304-05: poem from *The Spirit Lamp. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 82. Smith, Love in Earnest, 51 (a fellow undergraduate with *Alfred Douglas); 249 (bibl.) - spelt Osborn. Poet and biographer in English from Australia; translator from French and German to English; he lives in Great Britain. Born 1927. Author of Letter to W. H. Auden and other poems 1941-84, London, 1984 (a detailed biography of Charles Osborne is on the back cover). The title poem is a charming poem about his relationship with the gay poet *W. H. Auden. He uses a stanza form favored by Auden and writes somewhat flirtatiously. See also "Guy" p. 41, "On *Cocteau's Drawing of Lifar Asleep" p.71, "On receiving from *Edward Lucie-Smith a Copy of his Bestiary" p. 85, and the brilliant *parody of *Edward Fitzgerald's translation of * The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, "Omar and Edward", pp. 87-88. Translations. In Letter to W. H. Auden see, translated from French. *Rimbaud's "Drunken Boat" pp. 19-25, and from German. *"Ganymede" by *Goethe pp. 55-56. He was a member of the Barjai *group of poets in Australia in Brisbane in the 1940s and went to London in 1953 (where he was assistant editor of London Magazine and later Literature Director of the British Arts Council from 1971 to ca. 1984). He is the biographer of *W. H. Auden whose W. H. Auden: The Life of A Poet (London, 1979) has been criticized for lack of detail. This work is reviewed in *Gay News 186 (1980), 21, by Colin Spencer - he states the opinion that, though the biography is "superficial", it "does treat Auden's homosexuality with amiable honesty." The United States edition of the biography on page 34 has extra material in which it is stated Auden and *Betjeman had sexual relations; this was withheld from the British edition in order not to embarass Betjeman who was then alive. Publisher from Great Britain of works in English. From ca. 1987. A *London based publisher of several *chapbooks of gay poetry and the anthologies * Sugar and Snails, *Take Any Train, *Of Eros and Dust and * Language of Water, Language of Fire. The chapbooks are each in a different *color. The press is controlled by *Peter Daniels and was co-founded by *Pat O'brien and has an internet site. Translator from Greek to English from Great Britain. 1880-1926. The pseudonym of *Sydney Lomer, the first translator of the complete text of the *Mousa Paidike into English. This work, The Greek Anthology: Epigrams from Anthologia Palatina XII, was "Privately issued" in 1914, 27 pp. It was reissued by Hermitage Books, UK, 1992, in an edition of 50 copies. The translations are very stilted. Bibliographies. Murray, Catalogue of Selected Books, item 24 and 51: The Greek Anthology, Epigrams from Anthologia Palatina XII, Translated into English Verse, [privately printed,] 1914. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2941: same book. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 17: translation of the Greek poet *Meleager into English. Poet from Germany who wrote in German. 1377-1445. In his poem "Frauendienst" a knight is falsely accused of homosexuality and loses his social status. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Die Stumme Sünde, 238-40; 87-88 (criticism). Critic from Germany writing in German. Born 1950. Author of Homotropie und die Figur des Homotropen in der Literatur des zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts, Frankfurt, 1979, 452 pp. (bibl. pp. 416-444). Though this work deals only with homosexual tropes in twentieth century novelists and prose writers some chapters are relevant e.g., the introduction discussing homosexuality and literature in general, Chapter 2 on *Wilde and Chapter 6 on *Genet. Translator from Latin to Italian from Italy. Born 1880. The translator from Latin into Italian of *Antonio Beccadelli, L'Ermaphradito, and *Pacifico Massimo, L'Ecatelegio, Milan, 1922, 129 pp. Period in Turkish from Turkey. Ottoman poets wrote from ca. 1400 to 1909 during the period of the Ottoman empire. The poetry had multi-layered meanings (see *Literary critics - Turkish), of which the poets and their audiences were very aware and this is especially seen in writings about *Sufism or based on it. The poetry is strongly homosexual and the entire tradition is *pederastic (or at least employed conventions of having a male beloved), as with Persian poetry. The sixteenth century was the pinnacle. *Fuzuli, *Baki, *Nef i, *Nedim and *Seyh Galib are regarded as the five greatest poets. For criticis of the poetry of the period see *Fahrir Iz and *E. J. Gibb (author of A History of Ottoman Poetry). The poets are sometimes called * Divan poets due to the custom of sitting on a low couch to recite. This type of poetry ceased in the early twentieth century when Turkey became a republic and modern European poetry made its presence felt. For biographical information see Louis Mitler, Ottoman Turkish Writers, 1988, a major source of information in English; it includes valuable bibliograpies and cites important editions e.g., many by *Abdulbaki Golpinarli. Criticism. Penguin Book of Turkish Verse, 41-43. Poet and dramatist from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1652-1685. See Neil Bartlett, Who Was That Man?, 1988, p. 108: an extract from Otway's Venice Preserved (1682), a play in verse, about the passionate friendship of Pierre and Jaffier. (This was commented on by *Roden Noel in his preface to the Mermaid Edition of the late nineteenth century.) He wrote a few poems. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Bibliography of gay journals from Canada. Its full title is Our Own Voices: Directory to Lesbian and Gay Periodicals 1890-1990, Toronto: Canadian Gay Archives, 1991, 704 pp. It was compiled by *Alan Miller and lists periodicals from thirty countries from 1890 to 1990 by date sections e.g., 1894-1899, 19001904 etc, with an index of places of publication at the end. It existed on computer from before 1988 and the computer version is available on the internet through the Canadian Gay Archives site. This is the largest list of lesbian and gay serials ever compiled. It is based on over 5,900 journal titles held in the *Canadian Lesbian and Gay Archives and lists, in all, over 7,200 titles and can be searched on the internet. (To 1991 there were only 3,300 titled held by the archives.) It is the only comprehensive reference document for tracing gay journals. There is a description of each journal giving publisher, place of publication, dates and volume numbers. Most journals are English language journals but there are journals in all western European languages and languages such as Hebrew and Japanese. There are many newsletters of gay clubs and groups and some guides. It does not include journals which were controlled by gays or homosexuals but are not overtly homosexual. Some *journals listed in this encyclopedia are not listed in Our Own Voices which is weakest on early journals but comprehensive after 1969. Information includes a holdings statement as to whether a copy is held by the *Canadian Gay Archives. Compare the list of journals compiled by *Homodok (which is less comprehensive). Anthology in English from Russia emanating from the United States. San Francisco: Gay Sunshine, 1997, 416 pp.. The first anthology of Russian gay poetry and prose in translation (Russian texts are not included); it is also the first Russian gay anthology as such (since the previous anthology * Eros Russe included non gay erotic poems). It is illustrated with photographs of handsome semi-naked Russian men. (There is also a special signed and numbered edition of 26 copies.) The work is historically based and includes critical essays (see *Mikhail Kuzmin). It has an introduction by *Simon Karlinsky and an "Editor's Preface" by the editor, *Kevin Moss, and is an excellent introduction to Russian gay poetry of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries from *Alexander Pushkin. Poets (see entries): Dimitri Bushev, Sergei Esenin, Dmitry Gubin, V. I. Ivanov, Ryurik Ivnev (pseud.), Nikolai Klyuev, Dmitry Kuz'min, Mikhail Kuzmin, Mikhail von Lermontov, Yaroslav Mogutin, Valery Perelshin (pseud.), Alexander Pushkin, Sergei Rybikov, Anatoly Steiger, Gennady Trifonov. There are critical pieces by *Michael Green. Concept in English and Spanish in the United States, Spain and other countries from ca. 1988. The practice of publicly disclosing the sexuality of homosexual persons, especially prominent persons. Sometimes from ca. 1995 it is simply the disclosure of the homosexuality of a person because they have not supported homosexuals or the gay cause openly; it has been argued by some gay activists that this sort of outing should only be done for persons who are in public life who do not support gay rights. Homosexuals may be outed by their enemies (see Spanish below). Some have argued that sexuality is a private matter; but this argument is spurious as sexuality is constantly expressed in public by heterosexuals (and increasingly more and more by gays). Outing raises the issue of possible harm to the person outed due to social stigmatization of homosexuality. *Libel could be involved if the person asserted to be gay is not gay and gossip is relied on. Another issue is the issue of persons who are predominantly heterosexual but who have had some homosexual experiences. Out lists are a feature of the internet (e.g., for Russian, the Russian Out List). English. United States. The practice started in the United States as a political tactic from ca. 1988. There was much controversy in the early 1990s on the ethics of the subject: see Larry Gross, Contested Closets: The Politics and Ethics of Outing, 1993. *Warren Johansson and *William A. Percy have written a book on the subject, Outing, published in 1994. Richard Mohr, Gay Ideas: Outing and other controversies, Boston, 1992, is another work. Australia: see *Adrian Rawlins. Great Britain: see *Peter Tatchell, *C. M. Bowra. United States: see * Christopher Street, and see Advocate no. 553, 19 June 1990, p. 49. Spanish. *Garcia Lorca was outed in 1932 very probably a factor in leading to his death. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gay Histories and Cultures. Bibliographies. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 77-78. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1993. In Paidika vol. 3, no. 2 (Winter 1994), see 3 poems (no pagination). An artist as well as a poet, who apparently lives in Scotland and was arrested. Poems on *pedophile themes. Poet from Denmark writing in Danish. Active 1979. With *Morten Skovsgaard the author of Skaeve skygger-sommerstykker, 129 pp.: a book of poems, essays and autobiographical notes. Source: a bibliography ca. 1980 entitled Danish Fiction by Bengt Olson supplied to the author; on p. 8 it is stated to be "Youthful poetry, a few with explicit gay feelings". African languages consist of indigenous languages (such as the Bantu languages of South Africa) and introduced languages such as Arabic, English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Afrikaans and Flemish (the language of Belgium, close to Dutch, a country which controlled the Republic of Congo in the nineteenth century). See the separate entry *African languages for discussion of the variety of languages spoken in the continent. The indigenous languages (which are the vast majority of languages) largely exist in oral form and have only recently been committed to writing (an exception is Hausa which was written in Arabic characters from the fifteenth century; Swahili has also been written in Arabic for many centuries). See the separate entries *Overview - Egyptian, - Arabic, - English - South Africa for those languages. Homosexuality is very hidden in Africa south of the Sahara; Nigeria is the least repressive country, though male homosexuality is illegal, as it is in many countries of Africa. There has been controversy in Zimbabwe over gay rights due to repressive anti-gay statements by the head of the country, Robert Mugabe. *Oral epics, *heroic poems and *praise poems are the major genres of relevance. *Chants and songs associated with initiation rites are of significance. *Male bonding in singing is strongly homoerotic: most singing by males is performed in groups and frequently in the past was performed in many parts of the continent in a semi-naked or naked state. For African religions, which are strong social forces, see Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion ; *serpent myths with homosexual undertones have been reported and are incorporated into religious songs. For an excellent history of Africa see Kevin Shillington, History of Africa, 1994. Northern (Saharan) Africa. Arabic, Egyptian, Coptic, Ethiopic, Nubian are major languages. See *Overview - Arabic for Arabic material. The Sahara is a desert covering the northern part of Africa. Nubian. Males often go nude and grooming ceremonies occur; oral poems are likely relevant. A famous book of photographs on the Nuba, Die Nuba von Kau, 1976 (English translation: The People of Kau, 1976, was compiled by Leni Riefenstahl, the German filmmaker and photographer; she also was working on a film of them which was unfinished at her death. Sub Saharan indigenous languages. "Homosexuality in Sub-Saharan Africa" in Gay Books Bulletin no. 9 (Spring 1983), 20-21 by *Wayne Dyne contains the most important bibliography to date (contributed by *Stephen Wayne Forster) on sources for homosexuality in black Africa. It is a bibliography of major importance, liaw: see ijaw initiation songs. Luo: see *Okut p'Bitek. Nuer: see *Songs - Nuer. Fula: see *Songs - Fula. Swahili. Written in Arabic script and spoken in east Africa: see *Sufism. Nigeria. Nigeria is one of the richest countries in west Africa for languages. Hausa is spoken in the north of Nigeria; see also *Songs - Fulani. *Dance poem - lobo initiation songs and chants - liaw. *Chants and songs - Yoruba and *Wole Soyinka. Wudaabe: men dress almost as women and oral poems are possible. South African languages. *Bantu languages are widely spoken: see, for example, *B. J. Laubscher (active 1937). Bands in Africa play bawdy called Kwasa Kwasa (now, now) which may have gay material. For information on languages see John Middleton, Encyclopedia of Africa: South of the Sahara, 4 volumes, 1999. Ethnic groups in Africa. See Laure Meyer, Black Africa: Masks, Sculpture, Jewelry, Paris, 1992, pp. 214-15 for a map of ethnic groups above South Africa. There are also maps in Tom Phillips, editor, Africa: The Art of a Continent, which occur at the beginning of each section. Introduced European languages. Afrikaans. Afrikaans is close to Dutch and is spoken by Dutch colonists and their descendents in South Africa. See 'Overview - Afrikaans. English. English was spoken by British colonists in South Africa and in east Africa in Zimbabwe (formerly Rhodesia). See 'Overview - English - South Africa. French. See *Jean-Joseph Rabearivelo (possible reference only). The article "Theyting de dat?" The treatment of Homosexuality in African Literature by Chris Dunto, Research in African Literatures, vol. 20 no. 3 (Fall 1989), 822-48 only discusses homosexuality in the modern novel in English and French and not poetry. Overall Ruth Finnegan, Oral Literature in Africa, 1970 (with bibl.) is a place to start in investigating oral literatures (second edition, 1976). African Literatures in the 20th Century, edited by Leonard S. Klein, 1988, is a guide by language. Queneau, Histoire des littératures, volume one, pp. 1536-1566, is a major survey of African literatures. On African sexuality see Roger B. Beck, A Bibliography of Africana in the Institute for Sex Research, Bloomington, 1979, 134 pages; with an index with five items referring to homosexuality (none referring to homosexual poetry); very rare (copy: *Paul Knobel; this copy was made as a photostat from the Kinsey Copy). Further on African sexuality see also Hans Freimark, Das Sexualleben der Afrikaner, Leipzig, 1906. A major study of African homosexuality was edited by *Stephen O. Murray in 1998, Boy-wives and female husbands; this surveys the subject for Sub-Suharan cultures: see pp. xi-xxii and pp. 1-18 for concise surveys of African homosexuality. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Shipley, Encyclopedia of Literature : "African Literature"; with bibl. to 1946. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature vol. 1 : "Africa (Subsaharan)" - discusses several literatures and gives bibliographies; the first edition of this work, 1953, has an article "Negro Literature" by Nora Chadwick which is the first survey in English on African oral literatures. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion : see "African Religions". New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics : see "African Poetry". Encyclopaedia of Sexual Behaviour : "Africans, Sex Life of"; "Negro". Kindlers neues Literatur Lexikon vol. 20: "Traditionelle Literatur des schwarzen Afrika" (Traditional literature of Black Africa); with bibl. Cassell's Encyclopedia of Queer Myth, Symbol, and Spirit: see "African and African-Diasporic" regarding religions. Bibliographies. Goodland, Bibliography of Sex Rites : many references, see the index. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, pp. 204-09. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 239-41 : sub-Saharan Africa. Other. Karsch-Haack, Das gleichgeschlechtliche Leben der Naturvölker, 116-84. Black Eros, 280-83 (discussion of homosexuality amongst African tribal cultures); map of tribal cultures 284-85; important bibl. 291-97. Baumann, Das doppelte Geschlecht: many references on *bisexuality, see the index. Second ILGA Pink Book: see 188-97 re laws. Greenberg, Construction of Homosexuality, 60-62. Homosexuality and world religions, 1-46: article on the Americas and Africa. Afrikaans is an *Indo-European language in the *Germanic group and is a dialect of *Dutch. It dates in usage from 1652 when the first Dutch persons arrived in South Africa where it is spoken. The *Overview - Dutch entry gives the Dutch background. Gay material of relevance dates from 1915 so far. Male homosexuality was only legalized in South Africa in 1995 with the new constitution (see IGA Pink Book 1985 and Second ILGA Pink Book for the previous situation). British law had prevailed prior to 1995 homosexual acts being illegal; homosexuality was included in the human rights legislation in 1995 as a ground of discrimination (under sexual orientation). Afrikaans poetry only came into existence in the late nineteenth century. Material dates from ca. 1915. Poets who wrote homosexual poems include *Melt Brink, *Louis Liepoldt, *Izak Du Plessis, *Ernst van Heerden and *Hennie Aucamp (who, in 1990, published a survey of homoeroticism in South African prose in the twentieth century titled Wisselstroom ). *Lucas Malan established a reputation in the 1980s and Johann De Lange is a contemporary poet who has written relevant poems. *E. Frost has written an umpublished thesis on homoeroticism in Afrikaans poetry. Several poets appear in translation in the anthology * Invisible Ghetto. A translation of *Shakespeare's sonnets exists in Afrikaans and the bisexual *Roy Campbell and the homosexual *William Plomer edited what has claims to be a gay journal, the satiric Voorslag, 1924-26. There is a Gay Association of South Africa (Gasa) which publishes a journal in English and Afrikaans, Link/Skakel. See also *Overview - English - South Africa. For indigenous languages see *African languages (the *Bantu language family is a major group spoken in South Africa). On Afrikaans see T. J. Haarhoff, Afrikaans: Its Origin and Development, Oxford, 1936, 72 pp. References. Queneau, Histoire des littératures, volume two, 1231-45. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature, vol. 1, 7-8. New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics : "South African Poetry", pp. 1183-84. Akkadian, an *Afro-Asiatic language, was spoken in Iraq from ca. 2,500 B.C.; actual material of relevance dates from 612 B.C. The language seems to have been spoken from the early third millennium to the beginning of the Christian era; for a long period it was the accepted language of international diplomacy and a lingua franca in Syria, Iran, Turkey and Egypt; from the seventth century this role was taken by Aramaic. The fullest surviving text of *Gilgamesh - with its strong homosexual relationship between the hero, Gilgamesh and his companion Enkidu - is in Akkadian. This makes the Akkadian version of Gilgamesh the first surviving *epic poem of gay relevance (predating the surviving text of *Homer's Iliad from the *Hellenistic period). The poem survived by being an *epigraphical inscription in cuneiform (a system of over 500 signs predating the alphabet). It dates from before 612 B.C. when the Palace of Ashurbanipal was destroyed. The Gilgamesh tablets in the Palace contain only complete surviving version of the poem. *Prostitution associated with religion round the cult of *Ishtar occurred (see *Hieroduoleia) and a poem from this background is *"My hire goes to the promoter". Love poems existed (see Kindlers neues Literatur Lexikon, vol.18: "Akkadische Liebeslieder") though whether any were homosexual is not known. The Middle Assyrian laws referred to homosexuality. There were two dialects of Akkadian: Assyrian and Babylonian. As a spoken language Akkadian was replaced by Aramaic from 800 B.C. Homosexuality is discussed in Vern L. Bullough, "Attitudes towards deviant sex in ancient Mesopotamia", Journal of Sex Research, vol. 7 no. 3 (1971), 184-203. An anthology of the literature is Ben R. Foster, Before the Muses: An Anthology of Akkadian Literature, 2 volumes, Bethesda, 1996. For a discussion of the literature see Queneau, Histoire des littératures, volume one, 253-76. On the language see the entry in Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. On ancient religious aspects of homosexuality see "Ancient Near Eastern and Western Antiquity" in Cassell's Encyclopedia of Queer Myth, Symbol, and Spirit. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality : see "Mesopotamia". Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 427-35. Albanian, which is a language isolate and does not belong to any known language family, is spoken in Albania and Serbia and Montenegro and in the former province of Yugoslavia, Kosovo, which, from the late 1990s, was under United Nations control after a disastrous war. Material of relevance dates from 1853. Situated in the Balkans, Albania is opposite southern Italy, adjoining Serbia and Bosnia. The religion of Albanian speakers is *Islam. (Kosovo, now 90% inhabited by Albanian speaking Muslims, was formerly inhabited by Serbo-Croat speaking Serbians and contains many old *Orthodox monasteries.) It was occupied by the Turks for several centuries and was part of Yugoslavia after 1945. Oral poetry in Albanian is extremely rich. The earliest reference to homosexual poetry is in the article by Johann Georg von Hayn published in German in 1853 which includes translation of gay poems by *Nesin (or Nesim) Bey. Another article in German referring to gay *oral poems was published in German in 1904 by *Paul Näcke. *Oral epics and *epics are also relevant; these may be very ancient having been handed down by word of mouth. * Pobratim or blood brotherhood exhibited in them is relevant. The bisexual *Byron visted Albania with his friend John Cam Hobhouse (Hobhouse wrote a book Journey to Albania; repr.). On Albanian literature see Everyman Companion to East European Literature : "Albanian" pp. 507-08. Surrounding languages are south *Slavic languages to the north and east and Greek to the south; these languages as well as Turkish have all influenced Albanian literature. There have been strong links with Italian to the west. References. Queneau, Histoire des littératures, volume two, 1513-1521. Arabic is one of the languages of the *Afro-Asiatic family. Arabic poetry comes from the Middle East and north Africa, rom Morocco to Iraq, and was formerly spoken in Portugal and Spain. Homosexual poetry dates in written form from ca. 622. Arabic poetry referring to homosexuality emerged out of *oral traditions and, in written form, dates from the rise of *Islam, the religion of most Arabic speakers, from 622, the date of the writing of the Islamic holy book, the * Koran. Written in Arabic, the Koran is in a poetic form of prose. Islam quickly spread by conquest to Iran, north Africa and Spain, though *Christianity was and is also a major religion in many Arabic-speaking lands. (Islam is now the majority religion in Afghanistan, Malaysia and Indonesia and a major religion in India; in all of these countries Arabic may be read or spoken since the Koran is read in Arabic.) The writing down of the Koran stimulated the writing down of poetry (all Arabic poetry until 622 was transmitted orally). The *Umayyad period (661-750), the first major period of written Arabic poetry, was also a major period for gay poetry. islamic law from 622 became the dominant form of law from Iran to Spain. Arabic is now spoken from Iraq to Morocco. Syria, Egypt and Iraq. *Anthologies may date from ca. 870. *Drinking songs - called *khamriyya in written form - are a source of gay poems. A *debate on love featured homosexual poems used as examples of love poems and this debate shows homosexual love accepted as normal in earlier centuries and many Arabic speaking cultures. Most poets remain in manuscript so delineating the corpus of gay poetry is difficult (see *Manuscripts - Arabic). Svria. Syria's crucial position in relation to trading routes passing though the country to the Mediterranean Sea has made it a bridging culture between Greek and Islamic culture. The capital *Damascus has long been a cultural center: see *Philosophers - Arabic. In the *Ummayad period Syria was especially rich in gay poets. Poets: see *Abu Tammam, *al-Mutannabi, *al-Wasani, *Beha al-Din Zoheir, *Walid II. Egypt. Egypt has a huge gay literary history centered on the capital *Cairo where the * Arabian Nights - which contains homopoetry - was first published. *Alexandria, the port at the mouth of the Nile on the Mediterranean, is the second largest city and dates back to Greek times. Arabic was only spoken following the Islamic invasions of the seventh century; before this Egyptian, also an Afro-asiatic language, was the common language. Greek and Latin were the languages of prior conquerors of Egypt and Turkish was spoken following the Turkish occupation of Egypt (1517-1798). *Ibn Sana al-Mulk compiled the first gay Egyptian Arabic anthology as such called * Dar at-Tiraz. *Ibn al-Farid is an outstanding *Sufi poet. In the twentieth century *Taha Husayn wrote the first modern article on homosexuality in poetry and *Muhammad Haddara has written an outstanding recent study of early gay poetry. (See *Overview - Egyptian for poetry in ancient Egyptian; *Overview - Greek is also relevant.) For the Mamluk period (1200-1550), see Wright, Homoeroticism in Classical Arabic Literature, pp. 158-91. I rag. The capital *Baghdad was the capital of the Islamic empire during the *Abbasid period when the famous homosexual poet *Abu Nuwas wrote. The poet *Di'bil ibn 'Ali wrote a brilliant poem on the gays of the city. According to some the poet *Bashshar is second in fame as regards homosexuality but *Abu Tammam, who also lived in Egypt, is also notable. Both Abu Nuwas and Abu Tammam were first edited by *Abu Bakr al-Suli and later by *Hamza al-Isfani, the first editors of Arabic homopoetry in written form. Other outstanding Iraqi poets include *al-Bahili, *Muti' ibn Iyas, *Ibn Dawud, *Ibn al-Hadjdjadj and *al-Ramidi. Recent literary scholarship has turned to the long neglected area of *oral poems. For biographical sources see *Biography - Arabic. Spain, Portugal and North Africa. Arabic was the language of the rulers of the Iberian peninsula from 711 to 1492. Arabic is still spoken across Saharan Africa in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia and in Egypt. Spain. Spain (called Andalusia: from the Arabic "al-Andalus", "the west") was invaded in 711 by Berbers from north Africa who spoke the Arabic of Morocco not the classic Arabic of the Koran. A *romance dialect was spoken in Spain and the first Spanish poems are *kharjas, which were initially the final lines of the Arabic * muwashshah genre. Some kharjas are homosexual in inspiration, as are muwashshah. In 1492 the Arabs were expelled but, for the six centuries prior, Arabic civilization in Spain reached splendid heights. A huge homosexual literature was produced but most poets remain in manuscript or inadequately edited. The eleventh century was a major period of Arabic literature in Spain. Notable poets include *Ibn Kuzman (only edited this century by *A. R. Nykl), *Ibn Sahl (whose lover *Musa is known), *Ibn Khafadja, *Abu Hayyan and *al-Ramadi. *Ibn Sa'id complied a notable anthology, including many homopoems. *Ibn Hazm from *Cordoba, then the largest city, wrote a notable *treatise on love. Many poets have written one or two outstanding gay poems. Poets have become more widely available through translation in the twentieth century: see the gay anthology * In Praise of Boys. Arabic love poetry of Spain influenced the *troubadours and, through them, Arabic ideas on love reached Europe (see *Debate on love - Arabic.) The journal al-Andalus covers the country. References for Spain. See Monroe, Hispano-Arabic Poetry, pp. 3-71: overview of Arabic poetry in Spain in general. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, volume 1, pp. 599-603: see "Arabic Literature in Spain" under "'Arabiyya" (overview of literature). For a recent overview of Spain see Salma Khadra Jayyusi, The Legacy of Muslim, Spain, 1992, a detailed cultural analysis which openly discusses homosexuality. Morocco and Tunisia. There were close connections between Andalusia and these countries. *AI-Fath ibn Khakan, who produced an anthology with homopoems, was from Spain but died in Morocco and *Al-Nafzawi in Tunisia produced a notable erotic *sex manual with homopoetry quotations. *Tangier in Morocco on the north coast adjacent to Spain has been a center for western gay visiters and some have chosen to live there. See also * Arcadie 103-04 (July-August 1962), 451-53, re two poems in L'anthologie de la litterature marocaine, arabe et berbere. In *Gay Histories and Cultures, the article "Morocco" gives the social background. Portugal: see *1 bn Muglana, *Ibn Sara. *Marc Daniel (pseud.) has written a Tine overview of Arabic homosexual poetry overall, one of the most brilliant surveys in any language. Critical comment has grown: see *Critics - Arabic. A general literary survey of Arabic literatures is H. A. R. Gibb, Arabic Literature: an Introduction, second edition, 1963. Transliteration of Arabic presents special problems since words have been transliterated in several ways: see *Transliteration of Arabic for more detailed information. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Great Soviet Encyclopedia vol. 2, 216-18: see "Literature" under the entry "Arabic Culture". New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics: see "Arabic Poetry". Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage : see "Middle Eastern Literature: Arabic". Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Arabic Literature". Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 277-322. Aramaic, an *Afro-Asiatic language sometimes called Chaldean, was a lingua franca in the middle east from Egypt to Iran from the seventh century B.C. - when it replaced Addadian in this role (see *Overview - Aramaic) - until the first centuries of the *Christian era. Material of relevance dates from ca. 30. The language is close to Hebrew (see *Overview - Hebrew). Apart from the Targums, translations of the *Old Testament from Hebrew into Aramaic, little material in Aramaic has survived and material from the time of Jesus has only recently come to light in the material of the Dead Sea Scrolls. The Targums were originally oral works but some survive in written form. Some parts of the Old Testament are in Aramaic; *"David's Lament for Jonathan" is a relevant poem. There are many commentaries on the Old Testament in Aramaic. Aramaic was the spoken language of Jesus Christ (died ca. 30) and some words used by him are in the * Gospels, the major source of the teachings of *Christianity. There are some who believe the Gospels were originally compiled in Aramaic and the Greek version came later. Works in *Manichaeism are in Aramaic and the Jewish mystical work the * Kabbala is partly written in it. On the language see "Aramaic" in G. A. Buttrick, editor, The Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible, 1962, vol. 1; there were several dialects. Syriac was an eastern dialect of Aramaic (see *Overview - Syrian). Overview - Aranda (also called Arunta) Aranda, an *Australian Aboriginal language, is the language spoken around Alice Springs in central Australia. Material of relevance dates from ca. 1908. Oral poems and songs relating to initiation ceremonies are relevant. Aranda is now normally spelt Arrente. Aranda is one of the Australian aboriginal languages with the greatest number of speakers (at least several hundred). The Aranda have been one of the most studied tribal groups in Australia with one of the earliest ethnographies of a tribal people being written on them by Baldwin Spencer and F. J. Gillen: The Aranda (1927). The first written work discussing the Aranda in any detail was Spencer and Gillen's Native Tribes of Central Australia (1899). *Geza Roheim has written extensively on their culture from a *Freudian view, including homosexuality. Their songs, some homoerotic, have been extensively studied by one of Australia's greatest anthropologists, *T. G. H. Strehlow, who was brought up with Aranda children and became fluent in the language from childhood and whose collection of Aranda artefacts is in the Strehlow Research Foundation in Alice Springs. initiation ceremonies involving homosexuality have been analyzed by *Les Hiatt and *Ronald Berndt. *Androgyny has been seen in their myths. Early works of relevance are by *B. Schidlof (active 1908) and an analysis of their culture was written in German by Carl Strehlow, T. G. H. Strehlow's father, a Lutheran missionary from Germany who first sought to convert the Aranda to Christianity. Robert O. Lagace, Sixty Cultures (New Haven: *Human Relations Area Files), 1977, pp. 16-26 has a concise survey of Aranda culture. Adjoining Aboriginal cultures such as the Walpiri and the Pintupi have religions strongly relating to Aranda religion. See *Singing and Dancing in Tribal Cultures, *Songs - Aranda, *Ritualized homosexuality. Armenian, a *Caucasian language in the *Indo-European group, has an ancient and rich poetry tradition and strong literary traditions. Christian *hymns date from at least ca. 500. The language is spoken in Armenia but there is a large overseas diaspora. *Christianity also came early to Armenia ca. 300 and there are two branches of the religion, an Orthodox church and a *Catholic rite. Armenian poetry has been strongly influenced by Persian poetry; *Sa'di and *Omar Khayyam have been translated (as has *Homer's Iliad). See *Anonymous poems - Armenian for poems based on Persian mystical traditions. Wandering *troubadours called ashik were common. One, *Sayat Nova, was the subject of a film by the homosexual Georgian *Parajanov; see also *Nahapet Khutchak. Illustration of poetic manuscripts should be considered (see Parajanov) and here are very rich oral traditions. Armenia was under Russian rule from 1827 to 1990. Georgian is an adjoining language, see *Overview - Georgian. See also *Overview - Persian since Persian strongly influenced Armenian and the language predates Armenian. For information on writers see Kevork B. Bardakjian, A Reference Guide to Modern Armenian Literature 1500-1920 (2000). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Great Soviet Encyclopedia vol. 2: see "Literature" under "Armenian SSR". Everyman Companion to East European Literature: "Armenian", 508-12. Other references. Queneau, Histoire des littératures, volume one, 791-802. Overview - Australian Aboriginal oral literatures Australian Aboriginal languages are spoken in Australia by the indigenous inhabitants. Though Australian Aboriginal oral literatures are very ancient recorded material of relevance only dates from ca. 1900. Some 250 languages were spoken in 1788 at the time of the British occupation of Australia (languages were in some twenty-nine language families) but some 150 languages only are now spoken. *Ritualized homosexuality has been reported widely across north and central Australia; it may have covered the continent and possibly Tasmania as well (*phallic rituals were recorded in South Australia in the last century and initiation ceremonies in New South Wales). On sexuality in general in Aboriginal cultures, which is much more sex positive than in the white population, see "A Perspective on Aboriginal Sexuality" in Ronald M. Berndt, Love Songs of Arnhem Land, Sydney, 1976, pp. 3-15. *Censorship and English *laws have been inhibiting factors in the elucidation of Aboriginal male homosexuality overall (male homosexual acts were prohibited from 1788 to the 1980s in most states and this prohibition held for Aboriginal cultures). In traditional Aboriginal cultures, song permeates Aboriginal life: there are the grand song cycles of the ritual ceremonies and there are ordinary songs made up to sing around the campfire (see, for example, * Tabi songs). *Songs, *chants and *oral poems in connection with ritual ceremonies are the main works for consideration (e.g., in Aranda, the most widely spoken language as recorded by *T. G. H. Strehlow). Ritual ceremonies among males occur in a naked state in most surviving cultures in the center, north (in Arnhem Land) and west (especially in the Kimberleys) of Australia the only parts where Aborigines still live in tribal cultures. *Geza Roheim has remarked on the repressed homoeroticism of all male initiation ceremonies in Aboriginal cultures. Sacred cycles contain hidden levels of meaning only revealed to initiated men and then only over long periods. Secret languages used in initiation ceremonies exist (these are mentioned in books on the languages overall by R. M. W. Dixson). Initiations were carried out over periods of months and spread over years and when women were absent. *Bisexuality is common in central Australian cultures and is connected to myths (see *snake and serpent motifs, *Songs - Yirrkalla). Fertility and renewal of the land are at the heart of many Aboriginal religions. Stories about creative creatures with large phalluses who sexually penetrate everything (called Djanggawul) in north Australia are common. *Mimi spirits come out at night and have large penises and are simliar pansexual creatures (poems about such creatures need to be considered). *Serpent myths frequently have phallic connotations. The Kunapipi myth - widely dispersed across northern Australia - also has submerged sexual aspects (see *R. M. Berndt). Yams and fertility ceremonies relating to them occur in initiation ceremonies among the Tiwi who live on islands to the north of Darwin may relate to similar ceremonies in Papua new Guinea; yams grow in central Australia and are involved in rituals. The bullroarer is associated with initiation ceremonies across Australia as in Papua New Guinea and subincision occurs widely (this is an operation where, on the underside of the penis, a long cut is made which is said to represent a vagina in some cultures by some interpretators). *Bawdry material is very likely at all levels since *Puritanism did not exist among the Australian Aborigines before the coming of the whites. Campfire songs with possible erotic references present great possibilities for research. Gossip songs and heterosexual love magic songs occur. There are usually both sacred and secular song cycles of the same material. As much as forty percent of the vocabulary of some languages has been said to be of sexual words (Professor *Les Hiatt, University of Sydney, to the author, 1987); such vocabulary has not usually been recorded by missionaries. Only a small number of ethnographies - studies of cultures - exist (e.g., of the Aranda, Muroin. Tiwi). For individual languages see the following entries. Northern Australia. See *Songs - Murnoin. *Songs - Oenpelli language. *Songs - Yirrkala. *Songs - Tiwi. Western Australia. *Songs - Kimberley languages.*Ta)b/'songs (re Pilbara languages'). *Songs - Tiwi. *Songs - Kutatia. Central Australia: see 'Overview - Aranda. *Oral poems - Pintubi. *Songs - Walpiri. *Shamans (re Warramunga') and *Thomas Jangala (re Anmatiarra'). North Queensland. *Songs - Dvirbal. Exact area unknown: see Initiation songs and chants - Yaroinoa. On homosexuality in general, see "Peopling the Empty Mirror: The Prospects for Lesbian and Gay Aboriginal History" in Gay Perspectives II, ed. Robert Aldrich, Sydney, 1992 pp. 1-62 (with bibl. in the footnotes at the end). This is the best bibliography so far (see especially p. 51, footnote 13). For bibliographical information on the Australian Aborigines overall, consult John Thawley, Bibliographies on the Australian Aborigine, 1987, and the Annual Bibliography of the Institute of Australian Aboriginal Studies, Canberra (published from 1975) now available in computer form and on the internet. The Institute - known as AIATSIS - is the premier institute for the study of Aboriginal and Torres Strait islander cultures. For an overview of the literary traditions see Margaret Clunies-Ross, "Australian Aboriginal Oral Traditions", Oral Tradition vol. 1 no. 1 (1987) and the Kindlers reference below. For another overview see Australian Encyclopedia, 1965 edition and under "Aborigines" see "Music, Poetry, Songs" (by *T. G. H. Strehlow). In the 1977 printing see "Oral Literature" under "Aborigines" (by Alice M. Moyle). For earlier material on literature see "Australian [Aborigine]" in Joseph T. Shipley, Encyclopedia of Literature, New York, 1946, pp. 74-78. In the New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians see "Aboriginal Music and Dance" under Australia. A map of the Aboriginal tribes of Australia is included in The Encyclopedia of Aboriginal Australia, 2 volumes, edited by David Horton, Canberra, 1994, which also has articles on many aspects of Aboriginal cultures. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Kindlers neues Literatur Lexikon, vol. 20: "Die Literatur der Australischen Aborigines"; with bibl. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion: see "Initiation, Secret Societies and Masculine Sacrality" (these articles give the essential background). Bibliographies. Goodland, Bibliography of Sex Rites: see index. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 237-38. Other references. Baumann, Das doppelte Geschlecht: several references (see index). Karsch-Haack, Das gleichgeschlechtliche Leben der Naturvölker, 65-90 (the earliest bibliography of homosexuality in relation to the Australian Aborigines). Herdt, Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia, 3-6: lists cultures where ritualized homosexuality has been recorded (reference has been incorporated here). Murray, Oceanic Homosexualities, 3-9. Azeri, sometimes called Azerbaijani, is a *Turkic language with a large oral literature and an ancient written literature. The language is spoken in Azerbaijan in central Asia. Material of relevance dates from ca. 1200 - see * Dede Korut. *Dancing boy *songs exist. See also *Sufism, *Sayat Nova, *Vazekh. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Great Soviet Encyclopedia vol.1: see "Literature" under "Azerbaijan SSR". Criticism. Jünger, Literatures of the Soviet Peoples, 48-52. Bengali, an *Indo-European language spoken in northeastern India, is the second largest language spoken in India (after Hindi, which is the most widely spoken language). Material of relevance dates from 1450. *Hinduism is the main religion of the state of Bengal in which Bengali is mainly spoken. Bengali is also the language of Muslim Bangladesh to the east of Bengal (this country was formerly part of India but partition took place in 1971, making it a separate country). The language belongs to the *Indic subgroup and is the easternmost Indo-European language. In India, the capital of west Bengal, Calcutta, was formerly the capital of the British colony before it was moved to the present capital *Delhi in 1912. Bengali has an ancient history and rich literature and is one of the most vibrant contemporary literatures of India; the city has many film studios and films on the ancient epic *Ramayana have been made there. Calcutta houses the National Library of India and has been a publishing centre for three hundred years (editions limited to Indian distribution may be published simultaneously with overseas editions of the same work). The Calcutta Writer's Workshop published *Vikram Seth's first book of poems which included a gay poem. The same word is used for "he" and "she" in Bengali which make love poems difficult to interpret as to whether homosexual or heterosexual in intent. *Allegorical gay interpretations of the early - apparently heterosexual - poet Jayadeva are possible. The *Vaisnava movement relating to Indian *mysticism produced mystical homoerotic works from ca. 1450 (see *Caitanya, *Candidas). Homosexual references have been found in the work of the nineteenth century poet *Isvar Chandragupta and the work of the greatest poet of modern Bengali and the first Asian writer to win the *Nobel Prize, *Rabindranath Tagore, warrants reading for homoeroticism. *Zia Haidar from Bangladesh has written a homoerotic poem about Tagore. There have been many translations from other Indic languages into Bengali (e.g., The * Mahabharata, * Bhagavad Gita, *Ramayana, *Kabir and *Vatsyayana's Kama Sutra); interaction of Bengali with these languages has been close over a long period of time and the outstanding Bangladeshi poet *Nazrul Islam translated *Omar Khayyam. There are rich oral traditions of reciting and storytelling as a significant number of people cannot read: see *Hijras, *Baul songs. There is also much *pornography in Bengali which is a very sophisticated culture. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Shipley, Encyclopedia of Literature, 500-11. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature vol. 1, 303-05: see "Bengali" (in "Indian literatures"). New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics: see "Indian Poetry". Burmese is a *Sinitic language and is part of the Tibeto-Burmese sub family. Known material dates from ca. 1985 so far. Burmese is spoken in Burma (at one period called in the 1990s Myanmar) where it is the majority language. It is written in an alphabet based on south Indian script which in turn is related to devanagari, the script of Sanskrit. Some 161 languages were spoken in Burma in the last reliable census carried out in 1931 and most languages are spoken by tribal peoples, resulting in rich *oral traditions. Perhaps due to the military regime at present ruling the country, which has instituted tight control over the country, little is known about homosexuality and less still of homosexuality in relation to poetry. The elected government of 1990 of Aung San Suu Kyi has not been allowed to govern. Burma is a *Buddhist country (see *Buddhist hymns and chants) but there are strong animist traditions especially amongst tribal peoples. *Transvestism with singing is believed to exist, as in neighboring Laos, Cambodia and Thailand (ca. 1985). *Court traditions saw the writing of homoerotic poems addressed to rulers. The *Ramayana has been translated into Burmese. An excellent survey of Burmese culture is by Aung San Suu Kyi in her Freedom from Fear (1995). Homosexuality has been documented by western travellers in Burma from the seventeenth century. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality : see "Burma" (by *Paul Knobel). Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Queneau, Histoire des littératures, volume one, 1384-94. Catalan, one of the *Romance group of languages which are a subgroup of the *Indo-European language family, is very close to Provençal (on which see *Overview - Provençal). It is an *Iberian language spoken in the province of Catalunya, in north east Spain, whose capital is *Barcelona. Material of relevance dates from 1175. Catalan has a rich literary heritage and its speakers are highly literate. The same number of books normally sell in Catalan in Spain as sell in Spanish, although there are many fewer speakers of Catalan (which is a minority language in Spain). The poet *Guillem de Bergueda (active 1175) wrote the first known gay poem of note and the first major Catalan writer is the poet *Raymond Llull who wrote philosophical works on love which warrant gay perusal. Another early poet, *Ausias March, is linked with homosexuality in a single document. Major gay poets such as *Whitman and *Shakespeare have been translated. A number of contemporary poets appear in the anthology *Poemes Gaies (1978). On the side of criticism, *Ana M. Gil has made a survey of homosexuality and Catalan literature. Barcelona houses major libraries and is the publishing center. See Arthur Terry, Catalan Literature, 1972. On Catalan see J. T. Shipley, Encyclopedia of Literature, 1946, "Catalan Literature", pp. 138-43 and Queneau, Histoire des littératures, volume two, pp. 805-26, Overview - Central American Indian (also called Central Amerindian) languages Cental American Indian languages are spoken in Mexico, Guatemala and the countries of the central American isthmus. Important languages are Náhuatl and Mayan; several language families exist. Material of relevance dates from ca. 1500. Since the conquest of the Central American Indians by Spain from the fifteenth century, Spanish has been the main language of scholarship. Náhuatl. This is the language of the Indians of Mexico; see *Songs - Náhuatl, *"Song for Meeting a Friend". *Nezahualcoyotl is alleged to have been a homosexual poet. Myths concerning Quetzalcoatal, the feathered *serpent god, may involve *effeminacy and poems addressed to him are relevant (see "Quetzalcoatl" in Encyclopedia of Mexico, ed. Michael S. Wagner, 1997). In Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, pp. 190-202, see Clark L. Taylor, "Mexican Gaylife in Historical Perspective", which is an overview of gay life in Mexico (reprinted from * Gay Sunshine no. 26/27, Winter 1975-76); in this article, see pp. 190-92 on homosexuality and the Aztecs. On the oral literature of the Aztecs overall, see the entry "Náhuatl Literature" in Encyclopedia of Latin American Literature. Mayan. Mayan is spoken in Guatamala and Mexico; there are over twenty different dialects. A rich oral literature existed of which little survives (mainly the * Books of Chilam Balam, which contains sexual *insults often connected with *anal sex, the * Popul Vuh, both works being in poetry, and the pre-Hispanic play the Rabinal Achí). The Mayan were the only pre-Hispanic people in America to have a written language (their writing system was partly phonetic, partly ideographic). The * Polul Vuh, the sacred book of the Maya, which contains a number of poems, is relevant. See also *Songs - Mayan re The Book of Chilam Balam. On the literature overall see "Mayan Literature" in Encyclopedia of Latin American Literature. For a selection of anthropological material, see *Alberto Cardin, Guerreros, Chamanes y Travestis (Cowboys, *Shamans and Transvestites), 1984 (in Spanish). See also the note on homosexuality in Richard C. Trexler, Sex and Conquest, Cambridge, 1995, pp. 174-76. For a discussion of ancient Mexican, Maya and Peruvian literature see Queneau, Histoire des littératures, volume one, pp. 14951510. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics : "American Indian Poetry"; see 44-45. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion : see "Mesoamerican Religions". Encyclopedia of Homosexuality : "Latin America". Kindlers neues Literatur Lexikon, vol. 20: "Altamerikanischen Literaturen"; with bibl. Bibliographies. Goodland, Bibliography of Sex Rites : check under sodomy etc. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, pp. 220-27. Criticism. Gay Books Bulletin no. 12 (Spring 1985), 17-19: "A Bibliography of Homosexuality Among Latin-American Indians" by *Stephen Wayne Foster - the major survey to date. Gay Sunshine no. 38-39 (Winter 1979), 37-39. Murray, Male Homosexuality in Central and South America, 4-23. Katzner, Languages of the World, 9: notes several language families exist. Karsch-Haack, Das gleichgeschlechtliche Leben der Naturvölker, 363-92. Baumann, Das doppelte Geschlecht. Chinese, the major written language of East Asia, is a *Sinitic language. It is as a written language that the term Chinese is used in this entry. (Oral material referred to here is to Mandarin or Putongwa, the standard spoken dialect.) Poetry dates from 479 B.C. Chinese has one of the richest and oldest homosexual poetry traditions in the world; however, due to the huge volume of poetry which survives, research on gay poetry is only in its infancy. Many cultures and religions have mingled in China. China is a huge country, one of the largest in the world and is akin to Europe as a cultural concept (for instance there is a large *Islamic population in the western provinces and these have links to central Asia). Chinese civilization has continually been renewed by external influences and China has been ruled by several foreign dynasties (for example the Mongolian speaking Mongols and the last dynasty to rule the country, the Manchu speaking Manchus). There are seven main spoken languages in the Chinese group, including Mandarin - or Putonghua, "common everyday speech", as it has been called since 1949 - in the north, Shangaiese, spoken in Shanghai, the second largest city of China, situated in the north east, and Cantonese in the south; these languages are, however, fairly close. Poetry that can be interpreted as being homosexual, dates from the *Shih Ching, the Classic of Poetry, from before 479 B.C., where *gender ambiguity is present. This was first recognized by the critic *Zhao Yi in the eighteenth century. *Ch'u Yuan (before 340 B.C.) is the first known poet to refer directly to homosexuality, in his poem Li sao (Remembering Sorrow), a poem which shows the influence of *shamanism. Ancient Chinese. Poetry was the dominant literary genre from 479 B.C. to the *Republican period (which dates from 1911); all *scholars wrote it, though literacy rates were not high before 1949. The * shih and the *tz'u were the main genres and complex meanings intended by poets were attached to poems. In addition the Chinese writing system is of great complexity, allowing for several meanings to the one written character. This needs to be taken into account in reading the poetry. Strong male *friendships, first noted in comments on Chinese poetry in a European language by the English translator *Arthur Waley and shown in the poetry from *T'ao Ch'ien (born 365) onwards, are an outstanding feature, especially among the *T'ang poets. The T'ang period, 618-907, was traditionally regarded as one of the great periods of Chinese poetry. Such friendships are integral to *Confucianism, a Chinese ethos for over two thousand years from 500 B.C., which emphasized close *male bonding (marriages in China were traditionally arranged). *Buddhism - which came from India and which never condemned homosexuality - was a major religion in China and is at present undergoing a revival. *Zen Buddhism, which originated in China, is of particular interest as is the *Gozan literature of Japan written in Chinese. No anthologies of homosexual poems as such exist so far but the anthology * Yu-T'ai Hsin-Yung (ca. 545) contained homosexual poems; *Tuan-hsiu-pien (ca. 1650), compiled in the early *Ch'ing period, was the first collection of texts referring to homosexuality in Chinese history. In 1927 a quasi anthology of poems written about a gay *actor, *Hsu Tzu-yun, was published. Homosexuality was long associated with the *theater and poems were written about popular actors. *Singing boys are also very ancient. *Emperors and all *scholars wrote poetry and all gay emperors, such as the Jianwen Emperor (503-551), need to be considered as well as all gay Chinese males who could write. Calligraphy and *design of books reached great heights of aesthetic perfection in China; *illustration, which was frequently done by the poet, since calligraphy and Chinese painting were intimately connected, is also relevant. *Allegorical interpretations of poems are common; in such a situation *critics and commentators assume new importance and Chinese has an ancient and brilliant exegetical tradition, one of the oldest in the world. In the *Han period (206 B.C.-220) several Emperors were gay or *bisexual and in this period *esthetes first emerge. The absolute power of the emperor probably meant that no one would dare contradict him even as a child, thus allowing him free play in his sexuality. The *Orchid Terrace School of poets (ca. 502) was a group of aesthetes who seem gay as do a later group of the same name around *Na-lan Hsing-te (born 1655). The *Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove (active ca. 250), included a pair of homosexual friends, *Ruan Ji and *Xi Kang; the literati friendships in this group set the pattern for all later poets. At this time *Zhang Hanbin (265420) wrote a fine love poem inspired by an actor. *Hsieh Ling-yun (385-443) seems homosexual and *Fei Chang (active 550) wrote a gay love poem. *Coded or indirect language is a common feature of Chinese poetry especially from the T'ang: *peach sharing, for instance, and *cut sleeves were common euphemisms for homosexuality but a large repertoire of indirect references to the erotic existed. The *T'ang period, as already noted, has been long regarded as a major period of Chinese poetry by later writers (3,000 Tang poets are known). T'ang poets strongly influenced poets not only in China but also poets in Korea, Japan and Vietnam, as models of what a poet should be. The T'ang period. The intense homoeroticism of the four major T'ang poets - *Li Po, *Tu Fu, *Wang Wei and *Meng Hao-jan - was remarked on by Robert Hans *van Gulik, who wrote the first modern survey of Chinese sexuality in a European language. The earliest *manuscript of a homosexual poem, a poem by *Po Hsing-chien, only rediscovered in the twentieth century at *Dunhuang in northwest China, in a huge Buddhist library not yet adequately assessed, dates from this period. The corpus of poems of the T'ang Buddhist monk poet *Han-Shan (pseud.) is also relevant. In the Sung period (960-1279), also a major period of Chinese culture, there has been little close investigation of homosexuality in the huge corpus of surviving poetry though *Su Shih warrants perusal. Outstanding later poets include the bisexual *epicurean *Yuan Mei (born 1716). *Songs date from the Shih Ching since Chinese poetry was commonly sung or written to song tunes from this work onwards; *singing boys abounded in *pleasure quarters in all major cities (such as *Beijing, the capital from 1644, Nanjing, Shanghai and Canton). Poems written by males from a female point of view (of which there are many, e.g., by *Wang Mo-jo, born 1887) need to be considered. There is also a long tradition of transvestism in boy singers. *Laws referring to homosexuality date from the Sung period and are more rigid in the *Ch'ing but burning at the stake for male homosexuality, as occurred in Europe, never occurred in China, so the conditions for the writing of gay poetry were much more favorable. From the Ming period onwards. The *Ming (1368-1644) and Ch'ing periods (1644-1911) saw the publication of erotic novels and literary works on a large scale, a trend which reached Japan; these works sometimes contained poems. The Republican period (from 1911) saw the translation of *Whitman into Chinese, the beginnings of western literary influence and the beginnings of the writing of *free verse (though China was in turmoil from 1912 until 1949 when the *Communist regime took over and the Nationalists retreated to Taiwan). *Achilles Fang, who lived abroad, hints at a homosexual interpretation of *Hu Shih (born 1891); the German scholar *Hans Frankel also drew attention to homosexuality in the interpretation of Chinese poetry. China has huge *libraries especially the Peking Library (over 15 million volumes; though western holdings are only a small part) and in the Shanghai Library, dating from 1849 and where the main library has over 8 million volumes. Many cities have libraries of more than 2 million volumes. These figures may be inflated since Chinese books consist of chuan - or fascicles - and one book may contain several fascicles which are counted individually. These libraries have not been assessed for homosexuality, let alone gay poetry; manuscript collections are especially important. The situation since 1949. Since 1949, with the coming to power of the *Communists, the situation overall in China has been repressive and not favorable for open gay writing, though this appears to be changing. *Male bonding in Communist poetry warrants perusal. The Communist Party was rigidly controlled by *Mao Tse-tung, who is known to have had homosexual experiences and who also wrote poetry; *Chou en Lai may also be relevant. The works of *Lu Hsun, a poet favored by the Communists, include many poems on male bonding. Western homosexuals who lived in China this century include the literateurs *Harold Acton and *Edmund Backhouse. The United States homosexual poet *Witter Bynner was responsible for a major translation of the famous anthology Three Hundred Tang Poems which was subtitled The Jade Mountain (1929); in the United States he occupied a position akin to Arthur Waley in Great Britain. Recent surveys of homosexuality include the *Hong Kong published two volume work published in 1964 by a committee of scholars who called themselves *Wei hsing shih kuan ch'i chu (pseud.) and a literary and historical survey by *Sam Shasha (pseud.) first published in 1984, both in Chinese. A brilliant literary survey published in 1990 by *Brett Hinsch exists in English subsuming much of the Chinese material in a concise and readable form; *Louis Crompton is working on a history of homosexuality in China in English. *Karsch-Haack wrote the first survey of Chinese homosexuality in a western language in German in 1906. In China *Kuo Mo-jo has commented on homosexuality in *Du Fu and *Li Bai. Recently, *Allen Ginsberg has been translated into Chinese. Beijing now has several gay bars. There are two systems of transliteration of Chinese into western languages (though neither makes account of the tones): the *Wade Giles (created by western scholars in the late nineteenth century) and *Pinyin (originating from mainland China after 1949). Both systems have been used in this encyclopedia depending on the way an author's name has been transcribed in a written source; the system used is usually stated. *Gay liberation is referred to in a recent Chinese edition of Encyclopedia Britannica. Granted the tradition of indirect reference, homosexuality is more likely to be expressed in a coded way in twentieth century works on both the mainland and Taiwan. This is changing. Taiwan. Traditional Chinese culture has been nourished in Taiwan where homosexuality is not mentioned in the legal code. There is a vibrant gay scene much influenced by the United States, to which the country has close links. A history of homosexual literature has been written by *Mao-feng chu who has also published a study on the *aesthetics of homosexuality. Hona Kona. *Hong Kong, which was under British control for a hundred and fifty years returned to Chinese control in 1997; though homosexuality was illegal under British law, the two finest known surveys of homosexuality and China were published there in this period. In 1996 there was a gay conference in Hong Kong organized by the Tongzhi Culture Society, a gay group. Minority languages in China. Over fifty minority languages are spoken in China: see Brian Hook, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of China, 1982, 97-102. Languages spoken by one million people include Uighur, Korean, Manchu, Mongolian, Yi (Lolo) and Tibetan (Tibet has been incorporated into China since 1950). Tibetan is a *Sinitic language in the same language family as Chinese: see *Overview - Tibetan for material of relevance. For the others see *Overview - Korean, *Overview - Manchi, *Overview - Mongolian. China has been the dominant country in East Asia for over 2,000 years and Chinese was read as a literary language in Korea, Japan and Vietnam: see the entry influence - Chinese. A large volume of *Chinese literature written in Japan, Korea and Vietnam exists. There has also been extensive commentary on Chinese poetry in these countries. As all Korean poems were written in Chinese until 1643, all Korean poetry until this date is relevant. Vietnamese poetry was written in Chinese characters until 1800 so entries in Vietnamese up to 1800 are relevant to consider. In Japan, Chinese occupied the place amongst scholars - all who could write - that Latin did in western Europe until recently; most Japanese scholars read and wrote Chinese until the contemporary period and the Japanese script is based on Chinese. For a history of China see John H. Fairbank and Edwin O. Reischauer, China: Tradition and Transformation, revised edition, Boston, 1989. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 212-21. Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature, 59-74: "Poetry" - overview of Chinese poetry to 1918. New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics: "Chinese poetry". Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Poetry Antholgies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 437-43. Criticism. Woods, History of Gay Literature, 59-63. Czech is a *Slavic language of the *Indo-European language family spoken in the western and central parts of what was formerly Czechoslovakia but is now the Czech Republic; it is closely related to Slovak spoken in the former eastern part of the country and the two languages may be seen as dialects (compare Croatian and Serbian). (These two different language speaking areas were joined until 1992 in the country of Czechoslovakia but are now separated; the two languages are treated as one here.) Material dates from ca. 1500. Czech has a rich poetic history itself but many classic gay authors have been translated into the language - including *Martial, *Omar Khayyam, *Shakespeare, *Whitman, *Oscar Wilde and the *Palatine Anthology. Only one native poet, however, is known to deal with homosexuality in his poems: *Jiri Karasek ze Lvovic. *Karel Hlavacek was also a decadent poet. *Richard Weiner seems to have been gay and Jaroslav Vrchlicky (pseud.) wrote a poem on an hermaphrodite. Amongst modern poets *Allen Ginsberg and *Sandro Penna have been translated. Homosexuality may be looked for in the poet Jan Neruda (1834-91) who was closely attached to his mother. In 1995 gay poems were openly published in Journals. The *Catholic Church has been very influential and censorship was strict until 1918-38, when Karasek published. Czech has rich scholarly traditions: see Jan Rypka (one of the greatest literary historians of Persian). The language was formerly called Bohemian (in which language a translation of the sonnets of *Shakespeare exists). For the social background see Gay Histories and Cultures, "Czech Republic". Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics: "Czech Poetry". Everyman Companion to East European Literature, 519-20. Danish, an *Indo-European language in the *Germanic group, is spoken in Denmark adjacent to the Dutch speaking Netherlands and adjacent to Germany in the south; to the north are Norway and Sweden where Norwegian and Swedish, both very close to Danish, are spoken. Norse, spoken in Iceland, is close since the language originated in Denmark, as Iceland was colonized by the Danes. Gay poetry dates from ca. 1850. The first literary figure of relevance so far known is the famous writer of fairy tales *Hans Christian Andersen who wrote some homopoems. The tortured gay novelist *Herman Bang also wrote a few poems. Two Danish language gay anthologies exist, the English *Gay Life and Gay Writers, and * Digte om mends kerlighed til mend (1980), the first gay anthology of poetry in the language (although it consists entirely of foreign - i.e. non-Danish - United States, British and European poets). *Bent Hansen has compiled a detailed bibliography published by the gay archive *Forbundet af 48 and *Uffe Bj0rn Hansen is a fine recent poet. *Wilhem von Rosen has written a detailed general gay history. Journals publishing poetry have existed since 1948;. See also *Overview - Norse since old Norse and old Danish are virtually the same language. Many books on homosexuality in Danish are in the *Library of Congress. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 311-12: "Denmark". Gay Histories and Cultures : see "Denmark". Bibliographies. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 193-94. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 381-82 and 385-91 (selection of poems). Dutch, an *Indo-European language in the *Germanic group, is spoken in the Netherlands (it was formerly spoken in Indonesia from ca. 1650 to 1949); Afrikaans, spoken in South Africa - which was colonized by settlers from the Netherlands - is a dialect (see *Overview - Afrikaans). Gay poetry so far documented dates from ca. 1880. Male homosexuality was legal in the Netherlands from 1811 (see *Laws - Dutch) though formerly persecuted; this enabled the early emergence of a vibrant gay culture. The Flemish poet *Guido Gezelle, a *Catholic priest, is the first poet of prominence so far discovered and his poetry has been recorded in a brilliant series of *anthologies. Outstanding poets at the turn of the century include *P. C. Boutens, Jacob Israël de Haan and *Louis Couperus. *Georges Eekhoud published the first bibliography in the Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen in 1904 with the leading member of the Dutch Scientific-Humanitarian Committee, *J. A. Schorer (who founded the Dutch branch of the Scientific-Humanitarian Committee in 1911; the Scientific-Humanitarian Committee was founded in Germany by *Magnus Hirschfeld in 1897). *Willem de Mérode (pseud.) was a noted *pederastic poet whose books were brilliantly illustrated and *Albert Verwey, a disciple of *Stefan George, wrote a noted book of poems titled in Dutch "On the love called 'friendship". *Nazism caused a hiatus in Dutch cultural life, 1940-45, when the Netherlands was occupied by the Germans and repression occurred. *Hans Lodeizen was an outstanding gay poet up to his death in 1950. Following *gay liberation, many poets have been active from 1970 when the influence of English gay liberation poets becomes apparent. *Gerard Reve, a gay novelist, has written a significant volume of gay poems, while James Holmes, a major United States gay poet, lived in 'Amsterdam, the main city of gay life. A major gay library resource, the *Homodok library and archive, is housed in Amsterdam. Noted gay poets translated into Dutch include *Abu Nuwas, *Oscar Wilde, *Walt Whitman and *Constantine Cavafy; works translated include the *Mahabharata and the *Bhagavad Gita. *Edward Brongersma has written an outstanding work on *pedophilia and *pederasty. *Wim van Wiggen and *Marten Schild have written theses in Dutch on Arabic poetry and the Islamic Middle East respectively. Flemish. Flemish is a dialect of Dutch spoken in Belgium. Relevant poets include *Albrecht Rodenbach and *Guido Gezelle. See 'Overview - French for French influences. De Gay Krant (ca. 1980+) is a gay journal, apparently later called De Homokrant (from 1974). The article "Schwule Literatur aus dem Niederlanden und Flandern" in Magnus Special (1993) no. 10 (October), 1-30, is a survey of Flemish and Dutch gay literature. Frisian is a dialect of Dutch spoken in east Holland and has a gay poet, *Sybe Krol. The 'Overview - German entry is also relevant as German has had a strong influence on Dutch and vice versa. See *Germanic languages for other languages close to Dutch such as Danish (spoken in the adjoining country to the north, Denmark), Norwegian and Swedish. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 884-92: "Netherlands (Holland)" - an historical survey. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 261-63 (overview) and 267-319 (selection of poems). Overview - Egyptian and Coptic Egyptian is an *Afro-Asiatic language formerly spoken in Egypt from before 3,000 B.C. to 100 A.D. Coptic, the modern language (from 100 A.D.), is a descendant of ancient Egyptian and is spoken by the Christian minority, mainly in upper Egypt but also in lower Egypt (each part having a distinctive dialect). Arabic, which is also Afro-Asiatic, is the present spoken language in most of Egypt (see *Overview - Arabic for gay poetry). Homosexual poetry in Egyptian dates from before 2,175 B.C. (see *"Go forth plant thyself on him). On the Egyptian and Coptic languages see the entries in Encyclopedia Britannica. It should be noted that dates in relation to the earliest material discussed here are uncertain, as are some later dates; there has also been recent discussion amongst linguists about whether ancient Egyptian was actually Afro-Asiatic. The language was only deciphered by Jean-Frangois Champollion in 1821, following the 1799 discovery of the Rosetta Stone containing an identical inscription in ancient Egyptian and Greek; prior to this date the language could not be read. The surviving literature is almost all in poetry though ther question of the prosody has not yet been settled. Homosexual behavior is well recorded in ancient Egypt. Gay love is depicted on the so-called Tomb of the Two Brothers ca. 2,360 B. C. (see Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, item 474). *Terence J. Deakin has written a concise overview of knowledge in English; Lise Manniche briefly discusses homosexuality in Acta Orientalia 38 (1977), 14-15, and in a book as does *Alessandro Simone. Ancient Egyptian had a highly erotic literature which has all been published and there is a large corpus of heterosexual love poetry. Almost all the surviving literature of ancient Egyptian is poetry. No gay love poems as such have come to light so far and experts think it is unlikely any will be found (if they existed). A possible poem showing positive homoerotic desire (in a Swedish translation) *"Skon ar gestalten, skapad av Ptah" may date from before the time of *Christ. Poems of relevance referring to homosexual sex relate to *spells put on enemies: see *"Go forth plant thyself on him" (which is from the earliest religious texts and is from the * Pyramid Texts of 2,350 BC to 2,175 BC). Similar spells occur in the related Afro-Asiatic language Hebrew in the * Old Testament. In the Maxims of *Ptahhotep, which are in strophic poetry, men are urged not to have sex with boys as it will inflame the boys and make them want more. Ptahhotep reputedly lived 2,350 B.C. but surviving manuscripts date from 1,850 B.C. The *Book of the Dead, a key religious text, required an affirmation of freedom from indulgence in *anal sex before the corpse could enter the next world. The Pyramid Texts relate to the myth of *Horus and Seth and one is an assertion of sexual power over other males: see *Hymns - Egyptian. The Pharaoh *Akhenaton - who reputedly had a homosexual relationship with his son-in-law according to some sources (though this idea is generally discounted today) - wrote the famous "Hymn to the Sun" and the concept of *God or monotheism, which Akhenaton is sometimes credited with inventing, dates from this time. On ancient Egyptian religion see Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion: "Egyptian Religion". Works in other ancient Afro-Asiatic languages, with which the Egyptians were in close contact - for instance Akkadian and Hebrew - interreacted with Egyptian; for instance the * Old Testament came from a common corpus of middle eastern writing and is in turn related to *Gilgamesh. Erect phalluses in relief sculptures and on papyri - see illustrations in Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, vol. 5 part 2 (1903) ,734-39 - seem to suggest religious rituals in ancient Egypt which may involve oral poems or songs: see *phallicism, *Boris de Rachewiltz. Some statues show the Pharaoh embracing a figure of the god Amen-Ra that is ithyphallic, that is has an erect penis (see Allen Edwardes, Erotica Judaica, 11). Oral material relating to songs sung by male dancing boys is likely in the main spoken languages of modern Egypt, Arabic, and Coptic, since this practice occurs extensively throughout the middle east in Arabic speaking countries. It is possible that homosexual dancing boys could have existed in ancient times (but this has not been proven), as dancing boys are known in the contiguous Greek speaking civilization in ancient times (on the interrelationship of Egyptian and Greek cultures see Martin Bernal, Black Athena: The Afroasiatic Roots of Classical Civilizations, 2 volumes, 1987-1991, a brilliant work on cross-cultural influences and *orientalism). Egypt has been much invaded: by the Greeks from 323 B.C. (when the bisexual or homosexual *Alexander the Great invaded), by the Latin speaking Romans, by Arabic speakers who brought *Islam and made Arabic the spoken language from the seventh century, by the *Ottoman Turks (ruled 1517-1798), then by the French under Napoleon and finally by the British (1882-1952). Dominic Montserrat, Sex and Society in Graeco-Roman Egypt, London, 1996, deals with sexuality in the *Roman and Greek periods but has some historical and social material on the earlier periods: see Chapter 6. "Homosexuality", 136-62; the work states p. 144, "sources for male homosexuality from Pharaonic Egypt are certainly not positive towards it..." For a concise introduction to ancient Egyptian literature see J. R. Harris, The Legacy of Egypt, second edition, Oxford, 1971, Chapter 9, 220-56. Overall for homosexuality in ancient Egypt see Lexikon der Agyptologie vol. 2 (1977), 4-9 "Erotik" and 272-74, For Coptic, a descendent of ancient Egyptian and spoken by Egyptian Christians from the time of *Christianity, the surviving literature is mainly religious since the language has been mainly used for liturgical reasons; see * Gospels, *Gnosticism, *Early Christian hymns. For information on the Coptic language and literature see Queneau, Histoire des littératures, volume one, 769-779. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature : "Egyptian Literature". Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 350-51 : "Egypt" New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics. Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Egypt, Ancient". Bibliographies. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, items 430-78. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 427-35. Other works. Bailey, Homosexuality and the Western Christian Tradition, 30-33. Bullough, Sexual Variance, 6466. English, an *Indo-European language, is the main spoken language in Great Britain. Via British colonization it has spread to be the spoken language in the United States, Canada, Australia, South Africa, New Zealand and other overseas former British colonies; in India, which was formerly a British colony, it is one of the fifteen official languages. Material of relevance dates from ca. 725. *Male bonding is strong in the poetry of *Old English (ca. 725-1066) as in the *epic poem * Beowulf, the first English poem (ca. 725). In *Middle English (from 1066) *Chaucer's pardoner in The Canterbury Tales is a recognizable homosexual. The Elizabethan period. However, it is in the 'Elizabethan period, the first great period of English language gay poetry, that homosexuality comes dramatically to the fore, in *Barnfield's Sonnets, the first extended gay work, and in *Shakespeare's Sonnets detailing a homosexual love affair (alongside a heterosexual one). *Marlowe and *Drayton are other outstanding poets of this period. In 1620 English spread to the United States with the *Puritan's immigration (see *Overview - English - United States); the rise of *censorship of published works dates from this time. English was first spoken in India with the beginnings of British colonisation in 1612 and reached Canada in 1670. Homosexual *bawdry may date from the Elizabethan period and gay *broadsheets date from 1698. Male homosexual behavior was forbidden by law, in various degrees, from this time until 1967 when consenting homosexual acts were legalized for males over twenty one; even affectional behavior between males has been proscribed (though it was never illegal for women). In this way the *law has severely inhibited the writing of gay poetry. The bisexual *Rochester is the outstanding poet of the *seventeenth century while in the *eighteenth century, *satires against homosexuals proliferated. *Thomas Gray's Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard is perhaps the outstanding gay poem of the eighteenth century. Identifiably homosexual *publishers date from Gray's close friend *Horace Walpole. The nineteenth centurv. In 1788 English reached Australia (see 'Overview - English - Australia), in 1806 South Africa and in 1814 New Zealand with the beginnings of British colonisation in these countries. The *bisexual *Byron is the outstanding poet of the *Romantic period beginning in the 1790s and continuing to around 1820. In the *Victorian period, the poet *Tennyson's In Memoriam *sequence (1850) shocked with its portrayal of strong feelings of grief at the death of a man, the poet's friend *Arthur Hallam: the British monarch of the time, Queen Victoria, even thought it was written by a woman when she read it. In the United States *Whitman, the originator of *free verse, is the outstanding English language homopoet of the *nineteenth century; his Calamus poems, a section of his long sequence Leaves of Grass, published in the second edition of this work in 1860, were openly gay. In Great Britain, *Edward Fitzgerald's translation of the * Rubaiyat of *Omar Khayyam revealed the Persian homosexual tradition in a guarded way to English readers and became cultish, spreading in translation around the world. The eighteen-nineties. *John Addington Symonds and *Havelock Ellis commenced the tradition of the serious study of gay culture in English in the *eighteen-nineties, the richest decade of the nineteenth century for gay poetry.*Oscar Wilde's Ballad of Reading Goal (1898) written after his imprisonment for homosexuality from 1985 to 1897 is the best known poem of this time. The *Uranian poets were a group writing ca. 1890-ca. 1910 who have been investigated by *Timothy d'arch Smith while in 1924 *Frederick E. Murray a *bookseller published the first English language literary gay *bibliography in 1924 based on their work; it is from this time that bookselling of gay books is recorded. The homosexual *A. E. Housman in A Shropshire Lad (1896) captured the mood of despair in English speaking countries and colonies where male homosexual sex was illegal after the Wilde trial, until 1967. It was only at this latter date that homosexual acts were decriminalized for males over 21 in Great Britain. Decriminalization followed in the other English speaking countries gradually though male homosexual acts are still illegal in many states of the United States; ages of consent vary, being as high as twenty-one in Western Australia. From the eighteen-nineties, Canadian entries are relevant (see *Overview - English - Canada. The twentieth centurv. In 1902, * Ioläus, the first indigenous English language gay anthology, edited by the British gay political activist *Edward Carpenter, appeared and in 1908 the United States writer *E. I. P. Stevenson, using the pseudonym *Xavier Mayne, published a major survey of gay culture - including poetry - which is still to this day outstanding in every way. Outstanding, too, as a poet, was the exponent of *magic, *Aleister Crowley, but his poems only circulated surreptitiously at this time. *Wilfred Owen wrote homoerotic verse in the First World War; *Siegfried Sassoon was another war poet. The *Georgians, a group of poets who wrote mainly about the country had a homoerotic side. The anthology * Lads (1989) is the outstanding anthology of first world war poets and a subtle reading of the poetry in gay terms; this is perhaps the finest anthology in English of a particular period. In the United States, *Hart Crane was a major poet of modernism in the 1920s. The British poet *W. H. Auden, who started publishing from the 1930s when *surrealism was a dominant style, emigrated to the States in 1939. His poem The *Platonic Blow (published in 1965 but written in 1948) shows another side of him: of conscious but mainly suppressed eroticism. English has a rich translation tradition in the twentieth century. For instance, the translation of *Cavafy into English from 1951 revealed a major Greek homopoet to English readers. *Allen Ginsberg and the *Beats in the United States brought homosexuality into the open from the fifties. The *New York School prominent from the 1950s - including *Frank O'Hara, James Schuyler and John Ashbery - had a strong *camp tone and has produced enduring poetry. *Los Angeles (see *Dennis Cooper), *Boston (see John Wieners) and *San Francisco (*Robert Duncan) have also been centers of gay poetry. Gay *archives, which are especially strong in the United States, have preserved gay books, *journals and *manuscripts. Law changes from 1967 encouraged openly gay writing in Great Britain: both the partial repeal of sodomy laws in 1967 and the lessening of censorship from 1970. Many *biographies and *autobiographies have appeared in this period which openly discuss the homosexuality of poets, starting with the biography of *Lytton Strachey by *Michael Holroyd, first published in two volumes in 1967 68. Gav liberation period from 1969. From 1969 when *gay liberation began, English has had the greatest number of openly gay poets ever to write in any language and this period is the finest period of gay verse in the language. Outstanding in Great Britain are James Kirkup (who, however, lived extensively abroad, mainly in Japan) and *Ivor Treby; in the United States, *Harold Norse, James Merrill, *Allen Ginsberg, Jonathan Williams aand *Tom Meyer have all produced an extensive body of work; in Canada, *E. A. Lacey lived mostly in foreign countries and died in tragic circumstances; in Australia, *David Malouf and *David Herkt are outstanding. *Edwin Morgan and *Stephen Gray are important gay poets in Scotland and South Africa respectively, while *James K. Baxter, possibly New Zealand's finest English language poet, had a strong homosexual side (see *Overview - English in New Zealand). In India *Vikram Seth, a novelist as well as poet, wrote the first gay poem in modern Indian English. Paradoxically, the first English language anthology of gay poems was actually published in India in 1881 and was a translation from Persian of an anthology of poets from the court of the Mughal emperor Akbar by *H. S. Jarrett; for India see *Overview - English in the Indian subcontinent. The period from 1969 has also seen an outpouring of *anthologies - for instance, those of *Winston Leyland and *Ian Young are outstanding. There has also been a proliferation of *journals while several outstanding bibliographies have revealed gay literature in increasing depth (see * Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, *Male Homosexual in Literature); these bibliographies have made the English language gay poetry heritage more widely known to readers. The finest known anthology in any language is in English: *The Eternal Flame compiled by *Anthony Reid, of which volume 1 was published in 1992; the author worked on it for over forty years. An outstanding contemporary journal of new poetry and reviews is the United States published * The James White Review (1983+); *The Harvard Gay and Lesbian Review (1994+) is outstanding for critical comment, as is the * Lambda Book Report (1990+). The sexually transmitted disease *Aids, which has had a huge impact since 1983, has produced a masterpiece by *Paul Monette, who unfortunately succumbed to the disease. The Australian anthology of poetry and prose * Love and Death (1987) was the world's first Aids anthology. Black gay poets are proliferating, especially in the United States: see, for example, the anthology * The Road Before Us. Important contemporary *critics include *Robert K. Martin and *Gregory Woods who has written a history of gay literature. English is especially rich in translation of homopoems and poets from other languages and is the language which is richest in these translations. Anthologies continue to proliferate: *The Badboy Book of Erotic Poetry is an excellent survey of contemporary United States erotic gay verse; * The Name of Love and *The Art of Gay Love are concise surveys. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 19-184 and 461-560 Overview - English and Welsh language poets from Wales Wales is one of the provinces of Great Britain; it is in the southwest of the main island of Great Britain. Poets writing in Welsh, Latin and English are relevant from 575. Relevant poets from Wales are earlier than English language poets from Great Britain. Welsh. Welsh is a *Gaelic language. It has a great tradition of poetry writing from the *middle ages. See *Aneirin (active 575), *Anonymous poet - Welsh, *Huw Arwystli and *Brydydd. The poetical works * Amis and Amiloun; *Homer, the * Anacreontea, the * Palatine Anthology, *Martial and The Rubaiyat of *Omar Khayyam have all been translated into Welsh. English. For poets writing in English, see *George Herbert, *Thomas Vaughan, *Edward Thomas (the three preceding poets are Anglo-Welsh), *Dylan Thomas, *David Jones, *Paul Chidgey (openly gay). For an early Latin poet from Wales see *Walter Map (active 575). The Mabinogion, a collection of stories from the fourteenth century, has a homosexual incident (see Woods, History of Gay Literature, 48-49). References. Queneau, Histoire des littératures, volume two, 339-50. See the entry "Welsh Literature" in the fourteenth edition of Encyclopædia Britannica. Overview - English in Australia English, an *Indo-European language of the *Germanic group, has been spoken in Australia from 1788 and is the main spoken language. (For languages spoken by indigenous peoples, see *Overview - Australian Aboriginal oral literatures; there are over a hundred introduced languages from Europe and Asia mainly.) The first direct reference to male homosexuality in a poem so far in Australian English in a poem is in a work by *Christianos (pseud.), dating from 1847 and written in the southmost state, Tasmania. Hints appear earlier - see *Francis MacNamara and the ballad *"Botany Bay" (dated possibly to ca. 1790). In the *eighteen-nineties, before the trial of *Oscar Wilde in 1895, homoerotic poems were written by *J. Le Gay Brereton, the first Professor of English at the University of Sydney and formerly the University Librarian; he seems to have been homosexual for part of his life at least (he later married a woman) and probably *bisexual. He was also a *critic who was fascinated by the gay poet *Christopher Marlowe. *Mateship was a strong force with homosexual undertones in Brereton's poetry and in that of other 1890s poets such as *Henry Lawson and *Victor Daley. Many *ballads - poems which circulated orally - were written around this theme. The first known poem referring to physical male homosexuality was written by *Christopher Brennan (written sometime after 1914 in a copy of * Oscar Wilde and Myself by *Alfred Douglas); it still remains a revolutionary homosexual poem in English. *C. J. Dennis, author of a popular sequence about a bashful bridegroom, The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke (1915), may have been gay. The novelist *Martin Boyd, who was probably homosexual, wrote homoaffectional verse while at *Cambridge University in Great Britain in the early part of the twentieth century. The *Nobel Prize winning homosexual novelist *Patrick White commenced his career at this time with a volume of love poems published in 1935; he has had a brilliant biographer in *David Marr. *William Blocksidge, a poet and philosopher, may have written a *lost book of *pederastic verse. In 1941, Charles Rischbieth Jury published the first work in poetry to openly deal with homosexual love, the verse drama, Icarius. Homosexual *bawdry is only documented from the 1950s and, due to *censorship, the first openly published homopoem, by *Robert Adamson, was only published in 1971. (For laws restricting homosexuality see *Law - English). Consenting male homosexual acts became partly legal in the state of South Australia first in 1972 and later in other states; only in 1997 were male homosexual acts legalized in Tasmania (for males over seventeen, though other states have higher ages of consent; in the case of Western Australia this is twenty-one). In 1964 *Laurence Collinson left the country to live in London where he wrote fine openly gay poetry. Around 1971 the underground poem describing gay sex, The *Platonic Blow (later sourced to *W. H. Auden), was published in Australia, as an attack on the censorship laws; it received wide currency. Only in the 1970s, after the beginning of *gay liberation in 1969, is there the beginnings of a gay poetry tradition: see for instance *Michael Dransfield, *Garth Clarke. Many poets of the *Generation of 68, which saw the emergence of *post modernism and of which Michael Dransfield was a major figure, wrote gay poems. *David Widdup published the first gay book of poems, The Homosexual Love Poems of David Widdup, around 1972 in Sydney. The unique multi-cultural journal * Ganymede: A Journal of Gay Poetics was published 1980-81, though it was not until 1983, with the publication of the first Australian gay anthology, * Edge City, that gay poetry writing emerged in any degree as an open activity. Poetry was published in gay *journals from 1970, though a few poems appear in journals before this date (for instance, by *Don Maynard). The * Songs of the Gay Liberation Quire (1986), compiled and partly written by *Paul Van Reyk, is a selection of this choir's protest *songs. The first *Aids anthology in the world was the Australian anthology * Love and Death (1987), edited by the Tine gay poet *Denis Gallagher who published the *long gay poem Making Do in Sydney. *Sydney, the largest city and capital of the state of New South Wales, has had an active gay movement since 1970 and where there is an annual Mardi Gras parade, drawing hundreds of thousands of spectators, may from overseas. The novelist *David Malouf published a masterly gay love sequence in 1976 and an outstanding recent poet is *David Herkt. An important but little known contemporary poet is the formerly *Adelaide based *Mikol Furneaux. The gay literary *journal * Cargo was founded in 1987 by the leading gay male *publisher of the country, *Laurin McKinnon. The anthology of prose and poetry, male and female, * Pink Ink (1991), shows a move towards *queer poetry (of whom outstanding examples are the openly *bisexual *Michael Dargaville and *Tim McCann). The *Melbourne based Javant Biarujia is a *post modernist poet; his partner *Ian Birks has also written gay poems. Some recent poems of *Stephen Williams are also outstanding. Queer poetry is also represented by the selection in *Robert Dessaix's mixed poetry and prose anthology Australian Gay and Lesbian Writing (1993). *Michael Hurley has written an outstanding Guide to Lesbian and Gay Writing in Australia which includes poets. The world's largest dictionary of sexual *words in English is being compiled in Sydney by *Gary Simes. The author of this Encyclopedia, *Paul Knobel, is also a poet and has written a survey of homosexual poetry, Male Homosexuality and Australian English Language Poetry published in 1998. See the *Overview - English in Great Britain entry for the background prior to 1788 and the influence of British material. The *Overview - English in the United States entry is also relevant from *Whitman onwards (from 1850) and especially from gay liberation in 1969. There are over 150 introduced languages in Australia due to large scale immigration from 1945 plus about 100 indigenous *Australian Aboriginal languages. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 93-95: "Australia" by Gary Simes. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Australia". Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Australian Literature"; by *Michael Hurley. English, an *Indo-European language in the *Germanic group, has been spoken in Canada from 1670. French, spoken from 1604, is the other official spoken language of the country (see *Overview - French, for Canadian French poets). *Indian languages are the languages of the indigenous peoples and poems may exist in Inuit, the language of the Eskimos the native people of the Arctic region (see *Oral poems - Inuit). *Overview - English gives the general background against which Canadian gay poetry emerges. The United States has had an especially strong influence on Canadian culture. The first poets of relevance so far known date only from the nineteenth century and include *Tom MacInnes, *Bliss Carman, *E. J. Pratt and *Frank Call. *Whitman had a Canadian disciple in *R. M. Bucke who published the first detailed biography of Whitman in 1883, as well as writing a mystical work which prefigured the ideas of *gay liberation; he also edited Whitman's letters to *Peter Doyle. *Oscar Wilde and *Edward Carpenter were visitors to Canada; Oscar Wilde's first lover and close friend *Robert Ross was born in the major Canadian city, *Toronto. The Canadian *Henry S. Saunders was an important *collector of Whitman material as well as compiling Parodies of Walt Whitman (1923), a defacto gay anthology. In the first half of the twentieth century, John Glassco wrote poetry on the *decadent model. *Patrick Anderson wrote gay poems from the early 1950s. He later went on to compile the outstanding English language anthology * Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, after leaving the country to live in Great Britain. Canadian gay culture, despite being overshadowed by that of the United States, was strong from the beginnings of the *gay liberation period (1969+), and especially in the 1970s. This period has seen a large number of openly gay poets. The major poet *Earle Birney even changed a word in a previously published poem in 1975 because of concern about the meaning of the word *gay. This period saw the founding of the important gay political and cultural *journal The *Body Politic (1971-87) published in Toronto, a major city of gay activism. *Montreal, in French speaking Canada, the country's second biggest city, also has English speakers. The poet *Ian Young, though of British citizenship, has been mainly resident in Canada; he conducted a Tine review column for The Body Politic and compiled the first gay liberation poetry anthology * The Male Muse published in 1973 and the bibliography * The Male Homosexual in Literature in (1975; expanded edition 1982). The first edition includes Canadian bibliographical entries. Ian Young was also a publisher and helped the work of many poets get into print through his printing press, *Catalyst. *bill bissett (who spells his name in lower case) has been associated with poetry activities in *Vancouver, the major west coast city and there has been a strong radical streak in Canadian gay poets: see *anarchism, *Marxism. The *Canadian Lesbian and Gay Archives in Toronto has been the source of two major gay bibliographies, both titled * Homosexuality in Canada (1979; second edition 1984) and both listing poets, the first being annotated; they constitute the finest bibliographic record of gayness in a nation. The Archives contains unpublished *manuscripts. *E. A. Lacey was an outstanding recent poet, one of the finest English language gay libertion poets, who has, however, like many Canadian gay poets, lived much of his life away from Canada, in south America and south-east Asia in particular. Similarly, *Daryl Hine, writer of an outstanding *long poem, has long been resident in the United States. There have been no separate Canadian gay *anthologies except for * Larkspur and Lad's Love. Canadian poets have invariably been incorporated into United States published anthologies. For academic achievement relating to gay poetry, see *David A. Campbell, *Richard Dellamora and *Phyllis Grosskuth. *Robert K. Martin has written the finest overall concise survey of Canadian English language gay poetry. Compare *Overview - English - Australia. Perhaps because of United States influence being so much stronger, Canadian gay poetry was much quicker to bloom after the beginnings of gay liberation than in Australia, where repressive laws were in place for longer and United States cultural influences were not so strong (due to copyright links with Britain for book publishing ensuring that many United States books, especially gay poets, did not reach Australia). The *law in Canada was changed nationwide in 1969 by Prime Minister Trudeau, before the first change in Australia, in the state of South Australia in 1972, and this law change undoubtedly greatly encouraged gay culture. *Censorship has been Tierce at times (e.g., the Body Politic has fought several legal battles). See *"Old King Cole" for a sung parody with homo reference from Ontario dating ca. 1963. In 1990, the seventy-six-year-old poet *Douglas LePan came out with a suite of love poems to a young man. John Barton is a recent poet of note. English Studies in Canada vol. 20 no. 2 (1994) is a special gay and lesbian literary issue. For Indian languages see *Overview North American Indian languages. There are are large number of introduced languages in Canada due to large scale emigration, especially since 1945. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 192-94: see "Canada". Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage: see "Canadian Literature in English". Overview - English in Great Britain English, an *Indo-European language in the *Germanic subgroup, has been spoken in Great Britain from ca. 550. Other languages spoken in Britain include the *Celtic languages of Welsh, Irish and Scots Gaelic. English has a rich homosexual poetry heritage from the earliest poetry, the *heroic poem * Beowulf. Old English and Middle English. In the *Old English period (to 1066), the first known English long poem, Beowulf, and *The Battle of Maldon show strong *male bonding with covert homoeroticism. *Christianity came to Great Britain in this period. In the *Middle English period (1066-1550), *Chaucer (1340-1400) created in his pardoner a recognisable homosexual. The universities of *Oxford and *Cambridge started at this time when they were institutions of single men; both have long homosexual histories. Anti-homosexual laws were introduced in the civil courts in 1533 (see *Law - English); before this, homosexual behavior, which was stigmatized, was controlled by the church. *Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, the first Renaissance poet, may have been gay. The Elizabethan Period. The 'Elizabethan period, when Queen Elizabeth the First was on the throne from 1558 to 1603 is a rich one for gay poetry. *Richard Barnfield, whose sonnets were outstanding wrote gay love poems at this time while *Shakespeare's Sonnets, which show the poet besotted by a young man and later a woman, were published in 1609 by the printer *Thomas Thorpe, probably some fifteen years after being written; they have been the subject of much controversy: such as whether his relationship with the man was sexually consumated. *William Webbe (active 1586) and *E. K. (pseud.) began gay criticism of poetry in English at this time. *London, the chief city and capital, is documented as a major center of male homosexuality from the period, including for the writing of gay poetry and the publishing of it. Translation from Greek and Latin is especially important in making available the Greek and Latin heritage. Most poets before the mid twentieth century read Latin and some read Greek and poets were aware of the rich heritage of homosexual poetry in these languages (see *Overview - Greek, - Latin). *William Golding's Elizabethan translation of *Ovid which revealed the homosexual loves of the ancient Pagan gods was a popular work. The poetry of the Elizabethan poets *Spenser, *Sidney, *Dyer and *Greville has strong homosexual undercurrents; in the theater the apparently homosexual couple *Francis Beaumont and *Thomas Fletcher wrote verse plays (their sexuality was first discussed by the first English biographer to mention homosexuality, John Aubrey). Licensing of book publishing at this time led to the beginnings of *censorship which has plagued British English language gay poetry. After 1620, the English poetry heritage spread to the United States as did *Puritanism, an anti-sexual and anti-pleasure movement in the Christian church, one of main inhibitos of open homosexual poetry besides anti-gay laws. The seventeenth centurv. In the 'seventeenth century the Cavalier poet *Crashaw expressed ardent love for Jesus Christ in homoerotic terms and *Abraham Cowley in "Platonick Love" wrote that human beings were *androgynous; their fellow *Metaphysical poet *George Herbert's poetry is also relevant. The seventeenth century English poet John Milton wrote love poems to the Italian *Charles Diodati (in Latin) but also wrote relevant poems in English; he supported freedom to write in a famous tract. The bisexual *Rochester wrote the only surviving erotic homopoetry from the *seventeenth century, as well as recording a poem showing that St James's Park, in central London, was a homosexual *meeting place. The rhymed play * Sodom has also been attributed to him, though this has not been proven. *Bawdry and *broadsides survive from this time: see "The He-Strumpets" (1707). The eighteenth centurv. In the 'eighteenth century, gay scandals abound in British poetry (see the 1739 * College Wit Sharpened about such a scandal at Oxford university). *Satire using homosexuality appeared in quantity. *Thomas Gray seems likely gay and Gray's Elegy, probably the most famous English poem, can be read as a gay poem and probably is. *Alexander Pope was certainly sexually repressed, though whether homosexually so remains to be proven - if, as in so many cases, it ever can be. The Romantic period and Victorianism. The *Romantic period from 1780 to 1820 saw the bisexual *Byron emerge as a major English poet. His fellow poet *Shelley translated *Plato's * Symposium and wrote an elegy to John Keats who died in another man's arms in Rome. In the *Victorian period, *Tennyson's In Memoriam, 1850 (written to the poet *Arthur Hallam and first published anonymously) was assumed by The Times reviewer to have been written by a woman, an assumption also made by the monarch, Queen Victoria, when she read it. The *Rubaiyat of *Omar Khayyam, translated into English by *Edward Fitzgerald from a Cambridge manuscript, made available in 1859 a Persian homopoet. It was widely read, though it has been erroneously heterosexualized in illustration. The homosexual poet *Beddoes committed *suicide in exile in Switzerland at this time. The *Catholic Jesuit priest *Gerard Manley Hopkins, who strongly identified with *Walt Whitman, wrote some homoerotic poems. It seems he fell in love with the poet *Digby Dolben whose poetry is much stronger homoerotically than Hopkins and who died tragically early. The sublimated gay *Cardinal Newman also wrote poetry. In this period *Swinburne wrote the first English poems directly inspired by homosexual *sado-masochism; *Henry Layng wrote sadistic poems with homosexual undertones in the century prior. The pre-Raphaelites, such as *Dante Gabriel Rossetti, exhibited *androgyny in their poetry and the anonymous 1866 poem * Don Leon is a defence of homosexuality showing that, despite the repression of the *Victorian period, it continued to flourish. From this time gay erotic *publishers existed in London. The Aesthetic Movement and the 1890s. *Walter Pater and French influence heralded the advent of the 'aesthetic movement in the 1880s, culminating in the *decadent movement whose best exemplar is the poet and playwright *Oscar Wilde (who was imprisoned for two years for homosexuality in 1895 from from prision a broken man). Around 1881 *Count Eric Stenbock published an openly gay book of love poems and, from 1877, *Henry Spencer Ashbee published the fruits of his serious study of sexual books in English (and, incidently, European gay culture). The *eighteen-nineties saw a dramatic increase in homosexual poetry. The first English gay *journals, * The Spirit Lamp (1892-93) - edited by Wilde's lover *Lord Alfred Douglas - and * The Chameleon (1894) appeared in this period. The poetry of the eighteen-nineties was frequently guilt ridden and religiously based and many poets - such as John Gray and *Lionel Johnson - went into the *Catholic Church, as did the intriguing figure of *Frederick Rolfe (who called himself Baron Corvo as well as Father Rolfe), a *pederast who died in *Venice. Oscar Wilde's Poems (1881) show he started life as an aspiring poet. His most famous poem, however, is his widely translated * Ballad of Reading Goal (1898) about his experiences in Reading prison 1895-97. He sued Alfred Douglas's father for calling him a sodomite and lost, leading to his being charged with consorting with male prostitutes (which evidence emerged in the libel trial). The bookseller *Christopher Millard's 1914 bibliography of Wilde's works remains to this day an exemplary listing of a gay poet and writer and has set a high standard for gay bibliographies of individual writers. The mood of the period after Wilde's trial in 1895 is expressed by *A. E. Housman in A Shropshire Lad (1896), which has remained a continuously popular work, its maudlin quality appealing to repressed homosexuals. *J. A. Symonds in A Problem in Greek Ethics published in 1883 revealed the Greek homosexual literary traditon and inaugurated the serious study of gay culture in English. *Benjamin Jowettt's translation of *Plato's dialogues, the first complete English translation, also revealed the heritage of ancient Greek homosexuality to readers. *Havelock Ellis in Sexual Inversion (1897; revised and enlarged 1915) began the serious study of gay culture overall - though the banning of this book in Great Britain denied gay cultural history to British gays, who for the next eighty years lived in ignorance of their history (since British copyright laws extended to fomer colonies this efffectively denied Australian, Indian, South African and New Zealand gays their history, too). *Charles Ricketts was noted for his fine bindings of poetry books, a feature of the nineties. A group of English poets, the *Uranians, who have been discussed in detail by *Timothy d'Arch Smith, wrote pederastic verse from 1890 to 1930: see, for example, *E. E. Bradford, *D. W. Cory, *J. G. Nicholson. They reveal a *pederastic and *pedophile underground which continues to this day. The influence of the major United States gay poet, *Walt Whitman, becomes apparent from the 1880s on. He especially influenced *Edward Carpenter who published the first modern surviving indigenous English language anthology * Iolaus: An Anthology of *Friendship in 1902, published simultaneously in London, *Manchester, the second largest city in Great Britain, and *Boston; published simultaneously in Boston and London, it has remained almost continuously in print in the United States and Great Britain. The rise of *socialism, a movement which shows homosexual feeling, parallels Whitman's influence. Modernism and the twentieth century. The founders of English *modernism *T. S. Eliot and *Ezra Pound (both born in the United States but later living in Great Britain), had a close friendship which the United States critic *Wayne Koestenbaum has argued has homoaffectional undertones. In traditional rhymed verse, the *Georgian poets had their homosexual contingent: *Siegfried Sassoon (who later married when he became a *Catholic), *Rupert Brooke (who vividly described having homosexual *anal sex in a letter) and the much admired *Wilfred Owen (who died tragically on the last day of World War I). *F. E. Murray in 1924 compiled the first catalog of a *bookseller and also the first separate book length *bibliography ever of gay books in English. *Roger Goodland's 1931 annotated Bibliography of Sex Rites and Customs is still a major source for homosexual poetry in cultures all over the world; the author wrote only this one book and worked on it for many years. *Surrealism was a major movememt in the 1930s extending to poetry: see *Dylan Thomas (who had a homosexual relationship with *Oswell Blakeston) and *David Gascoyne (who later married a woman). *W. H. Auden was the outstanding traditional poet of the period 1930-60 but he lived in the United States from 1939; his *long poem *The Platonic Blow (published in 1965, but written in 1948) revealed a startlingly different homosexual side; his close friend *Stephen Spender wrote gay poetry in the 1930s. The works of such major poets as the Welshman *David Jones and the Mercian poet *Geoffrey Hill and the *poet laureate *Ted Hughes warrant perusal. The *poet laureate *John Betjeman and the playwright *Noel Coward have both written charming and outstanding gay poems which will last. *William Plomer, though homosexual, mostly concealed it in his poetry, though clues were left for astute readers. *Ralph Chubb secretly produced his mostly awful but sometimes inspiring pederastic poetry in illustrated copies in small editions from 1924 to 1960. After World War II a flood of translation from such diverse languages as Arabic, Chinese, Persian and Turkish has appeared and English has the richest translation tradition of all written languages. Gav Liberation from 1969. It was only in 1967 that male homosexuality was legalized in Britain in private for males over 21: a prelude to the *gay liberation movement which emerged in 1969. Major post war anthologies include * Eros: An Anthology of Friendship (1961), *Brian Reade's fine anthology of Victorian poems 1860-1900 * Sexual Heretics (1970) and *The Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse (1983) compiled by *Stephen Coote, the most wide ranging gay anthology in any language until the publication in 1992 of volume one of *Anthony Reid's * The Eternal Flame, the most brilliant anthology of gay poems in English; this work will contain 600 poets when volume two is published. In the contemporary period a major gay British poet is James Kirkup, a poem of whose was the subject of a court case by the journal *Gay Times. He has written a fine series of autobiographies and has lived abroad for much of his life, mainly in Japan. *Ivor Treby is also a major contemporary gay British poet while the outstanding *Scots poet *Edwin Morgan is only one of a number of poets in the first English and Gaelic anthology from Scotland, * And Thus Will I Freely Sing (1989). There are also fine *Irish and *Welsh gay poets writing. Of recent anthologies, the anthology * Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches (1989) is exemplary for its subtle reading of the poetry of World War One and *Language of Water, Language of Fire (1992) is an outstanding recent gay anthology. Attention is being increasingly paid to individual periods such as the Elizabethan period (see *Alan Bray, *Gregory W. Bredbeck, *Bruce R. Smith), the *Victorian period (see *Richard Dellamora) and the *twentieth century (see *Gregory Woods). * Gay News (1972-83) was the major journal of the *gay liberation period (1969+) with outstanding poetry and literary coverage; its successor * Gay Times has good book reviews. Fine biographies are being written - e.g., *Peter Parker's on *A. J. Ackerley and *Philip Hoare's on *Stephen Tennant, the *lover of Siegfried Sassoon. These followed the 1967 biography by *Michael Holroyd who openly discussed the homosexuality of the *Bloomsbury prose writer *Lytton Strachey (who nevertheless wrote a brilliant gay poem on an envelope to his lover *Roger Senhouse). The poet John Fuller has published outstanding readings of the poems of *W. H. Auden which can have esoteric meanings. The anthology *Not Love Alone (1985) gives a good idea of contemporary British gay poetry. *Peter Daniels' *Oscars Press has also published an anthology * Take Any Train (1990) and a series of *chapbooks. Most major English language poets have been edited but works still remain in *libraries and *archives in *manuscript. The *Hall Carpenter archives is a major gay archive and library. *Aids has also made its presence felt. The historical and social background to British English language gay poetry has been investigated by *Montgomery Hyde, *A. L. Rowse and Jeffrey Weeks. Since 1945 especially many languages introduced to Britain by emigrats, especially from former British colonies, are spoken. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 354-57: "England". Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage: see "English Literature". Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 19-21 and 131-34 (poets born after 1882). Overview - English in New Zealand English has been spoken in New Zealand since 1814 when colonization from Great Britain began; the language of the indigenous inhabitants was and is Maori, a Polynesian language which is now enjoying a substantial revival after years of decline (see *Overview - Polynesian languages). Material dates from 1860 with the visit of the novelist *Samuel Butler, author of a few poems, to New Zealand. Male homosexual relations in New Zealand were only legalized in 1987, with an *age of consent of 16, and before this the culture was very repressive with strong censorship laws; anti-discrimination laws have since been passed. A famous poem "Not Understood", though not a gay poem, by the nineteenth century bachelor poet *Thomas Bracken and first published in 1879 summed up the situation until 1987. Though British influence on New Zealand has been very strong, leading the country to look to Britain for literary models, a series of lectures on *Walt Whitman were given in 1904 in Dunedin by *W. H. Trimble and published as a book in 1905. *David McKee Wright who wrote ballads about *mateship later lived in Australia. There has been a fairly strong bohemian presence in New Zealand best represented in poetry by the major poet James K. Baxter who had a homosexual side, as his biographer *Frank McKay has revealed. *Charles Brasch, founder of the major New Zealand journal Landfall, was homosexual and wrote fine love poems as well as an autobiography, only partly published. Brasch's poetry and homosexuality was first discussed in the seminal article on New Zealand gay literature published by *Bobby Pickering in the London based Gay News in 1982. The well known homosexual story writer *Frank Sargeson (pseud.), discussed in this article, possibly wrote one poem. He was a friend of *D'Arcy Cresswell, who was involved in a homosexual scandal involving the mayor of Wanganui (who commited a murder in association with it). He wrote a verse play, The Forest (1952) about the primacy of homosexual love. *Karl Wolfskehl, the German poet and *disciple of *Stefan George, lived for his last years in New Zealand. The poet*Rewi Alley, who never married, left New Zealand to live in China and support the Communist Revolution where he published translations of *Tang poetry and other works. In 1999 Jonathan Fisher published the first New Zealand gay poetry anthology, * When Two Men Embrace. In 1996 the anthology My Heart Goes Swimming: New Zealand Love Poems, edited by Jenny Bornholdt and Gregory O'Brien, included poems by *Charles Brasch while in 2000 some poems by *Charles Brasch were included in New Zealand Love Poems: An Oxford Anthology, edited by Lauris Edmond (Auckland, 2000) at pp. 89 and 189-90 (the editor, a famous poet, states in the introduction that she read many gay love poems but these seem the only ones, with the possible exception of a poem by Mohammad Amir on p. 9 which can be read as a gay poem). The homosexual critic *Eric H. McCormick wrote some of the first surveys of white (in Maori, Pakeha) English language literature while the poet *A. R. D. Fairburn charged homosexuals with exerting undue influence in the arts in a 1944 essay "The Woman problem". Many New Zealanders have left the country to live in Australia: see for example, *David Herkt who has produced the finest gay erotic sequence. *Barry Sotham is a recent poet of note. *Witi Ihimaera, the first New Zealand gay Maori novelist, has written a few poems. The *Lesbian and Gay Archives of New Zealand (LAGANZ) is a major gay archive housed in the National Library, Wellington and the only such archive to enter a national library collection. *A. P. Millett has compiled a bibliography of homosexuality including a small section on poetry. The New Zealand National Bibliography began publication in 1967 replacing the Current National Bibliography; it is on computer and lists gay material and has subject entries. Nigel Gearing, Emerging Tribe: Gay Culture in New Zealand in the 1990s (Auckland, 1997) surveys the contemporary gay scene with a chapter, Chapter 10, pp. 148-60 on "Gays and the Arts". Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Overview - English in South Africa English, an *Indo-European language in the *Germanic group, has been spoken continuously in South Africa since 1806. Afrikaans is the other main introduced *European language (see *Overview - Afrikaans). Both English and Afrikaans are minority languages in South Africa. Bantu is a major indigenous language family and for discussion of indigenous African languages (of which there are more than eight) see *Overview - African languages. *George Gillett (active 1894) is the first poet of note. The Portuguese poet *Fernando Pessoa, who wrote homosexual poems in English, was raised for some years in South Africa in Durban. The bisexual *Roy Campbell and the homosexual *William Plomer both emigrated to Europe and recent biographies of both have been written by *Peter Alexander. Jan Smuts wrote a study of *Whitman and rhe South African born *F. T. Prince has written homoerotic poetry. *Dennis Brutus has written powerfully of homosexuality in prisons. *Stephen Gray is a fine openly gay poet and a major South African literary figure. *Marcellus Muthien is a black poet living in London and the openly gay Afrikaans poet, Johann de Lange, who writes in Afrikaans has poems translated into English. The anthology * Invisible Ghetto (1993) includes some poems. Male homosexuality was legalized in 1995, under the new constitution, and equality of homosexuals under the law is also guaranteed. There is a gay journal Exit and gay group Gasa (see *Overview - Afrikaans). The lesbian novelist Mary Renault lived in South Africa: see her biography by David Sweetman, 1992, for details of homosexual life there during her lifetime. The *Gay and Lesbian Archives of South Africa is archiving the country's gay history and culture. For the recent social background see Mark gevisser and Edwin Cameron, Defiant Desire: Gay and Lesbian Lives in South Africa, London, 1995, which also includes a literary essay (review: Lesbian and Gay Studies Newsletter, Fall 1996, 19-21 by Ann Smith). See also Garry Wotherspoon and Clive Faro, "Against the odds", Outrage (Australian journal), August, 1989, 36-41. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature, vol. 1, p. 6. New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics: see "South African Poetry". Gay Poetry Anthologies. Black Men/ White Men , 85-89. Invisible Ghetto: has various articles on the social background. Overview - English in the Indian subcontinent English, an *Indo-European language in the *Germanic group, has been spoken in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, the three main countries in the Indian subcontinent - sometimes called south Asia - since India was first colonized by Great Britain from 1612. India. Indian English is today spoken by more than forty million Indians and is one of the fifteen official languages of India (whose capital is *Delhi). An *oral proverb translated from Kashmiri by Richard Burton is the first poem of relevance (ca. 1885). The * A'in i Akbari anthology, a translation of a Persian anthology which is in effect an anthology of gay poems, published in English translation in 1894 Calcutta, in a translation by *H. S. Jarrett, is the first English language gay anthology as such. Translations of Indian poets e.g., of *Kabir, for instance, by *Rabindranath Tagore in 1915, are relevant. *Vikram Seth wrote the first gay book of poems in 1982 and the collection of writing * A Lotus of Another Color (1993) has the first selection of gay poems; this work also lists journals publishing poetry. The poet *Hoshang Merchant compiled a selection of gay writing published by *Penguin Books in India in 1999 title Yaraana: Gay Writing from India which includes eleven poets. Both books give much information on the gay literary heritage and gay life in general both in the present and the past. (Translations of erotic classics from India in poetry into English mentioning homosexuality - e.g., the * Kama Sutra - should be mentioned as well as general philosophical works such as the * Upanishads.) From 1980, there have existed various gay journals and newsletters for the Indian gay community, both in India and for Indians living abroad and these may contain poems (there is a large Indian diaspora in countries as far apart as Great Britain, Canada, the United States, Australia and Fiji). These journals include, in India, Freedom and Bombay Dost ("Bombay boyfriend" - from 1991; rare - a copy is in the *Library of Congress). Bombay Dost prints some poems and was founded by the gay activist Ashok Row-Kavi. In the United States there are Anamika (1980 - the earliest journal), Trikone and Shakakami; in Canada Khush Khayal and, in Great Britain, Shakti Khabar. (See also Journals - English.) A gay conference was held in Bombay in 1995. Homosexuality is still illegal in India but the High Court has reduced the maximum penalties drastically. Pakistan See ifti Nasim, 'Anthologies - Urdu and the important critics *Tariq Rahman and *Mohammad Sadiq. Bangladesh: see Via Haidar. References. Lotus of Another Color, 21-33: article, "Homosexuality in India". Overview - English in the United States English, an *Indo-European language of the *Germanic branch, has been spoken in the United States since 1620 when British colonization started. (For indigenous languages see *Overview - North American Indian languages.) See *Overview - English in Great Britain for the background to 1620 and influence after 1620. From 1969, the volume of gay poetry in the United States has exceeded that of all other English speaking countries together. With over 260 million inhabitants, the United States is the third largest country in the world after China and India. Spanish is spoken in California, which adjoins Mexico, and may become a majority language in California in years to come; there are also many introduced languages due to immigration, especially from Europe (e.g. Hebrew, Yiddish - see *Overview - Hebrew, - Yiddish) but latterly from east Asia (e.g., Cantonese Chinese). French was formerly spoken in the *Southern states. Relevant poets date from 1662. After the Pilgrims arrived in 1620, English gradually became the dominant language over the whole of the country and, unfortunately, the anti-homosexual religious movement *Puritanism became a dominating ideology. *Censorship was strong until 1970. The first poet of interest is *Michael Wigglesworth whose 1662 poem The Day of Doom refers to homosexuality. The first known poem to deal directly with male homosexuality is the anonymous A *Present for the Sodomites (1808). *Friendship is a theme in poems by *Thoreau - who may have been gay though his exact sexuality may never be known; it is also a theme in *Ralph Waldo Emerson. Both writers were part of the movement called *Transcendentalism. *Walt Whitman was the first major homopoet of consequence: his Calamus poems from the 1860 edition of Leaves of Grass appeared in enlarged editions of Leaves of Grass to 1891 and are his best known works of relevance (though his Civil War poems are also important). His use of *free verse makes him a pioneer of *modernism. *R. M. Bucke, a disciple of Whitman, wrote the first notable *biography of the poet in 1883. *Stephen Wayne Foster has uncovered homosexual *tropes in many late nineteenth and early twentieth century poets and homosexuality in their lives. Even President *Abraham Lincoln, a much loved President who led the north in the American Civil War of 1861-1865, wrote a homopoem. *Harvard University in the *eighteen nineties had several homosexual poets, such as *George Santayana; many gay poets have subsequently attended the university. Followers of Whitman in the late nineteenth century were called Calamites or *Uranians and were first documented in the first United States gay poetry anthology * Men and Boys, 1924, compiled by *Edward M. Slocum. On present knowledge *songs date from 1888 (see *Eugene Field). The United States expatriate writer *E. I. P. Stevenson published the first extended literary survey of European and United States gay culture round 1911. The founders of English language *modernism were *T. S. Eliot and *Ezra Pound, both United States born citizens who later lived in Europe, and there is some homosexual interest in the poetry they wrote. T ranslations of gay poets emanating from the United States - e.g., *R. B. Cooke's translation of the sonnets of *Platen from German - have been excellent. The homosexual *Hart Crane was an important modernist poet; his poetry has *surrealist overtones and his homosexuality was disclosed in *Philip Horton's 1937 biography. From 1910, *George Sylvester Viereck was the most notable United States poet writing in the *decadent manner. The British poet *W. H. Auden lived in the United States from 1939, becoming a US citizen in 1946, and composed the famous erotic poem *The Platonic Blow in 1948; it has had numerous reprintings from its first publication in 1965. Due to *homophobia, the homosexual critic *F. O. Matthiesson may have committed suicide in 1948; his pioneering book American Renaissance is notable for avoiding homosexuality in Whitman and others and its lack of positive comment shows the extent of social ostracism of homosexuals at the time. The work of *Alfred Kinsey, who published the largest survey of male sexuality in 1948, saw the beginnings of more enlightened attitudes to homosexuality and the United States has been a leader in sex research; *psychology, which has done much to improve the life of gays, has also been a strong movement in the United States. *Vance Randolph collected *oral material from the 1940s and *Allen Ginsberg and the *Beats came to prominence in the the 1950s. *Frank O'Hara and the New York School (which included James Schuyler and John Ashbery) are notable from the fifties. *On the *west coast, Jack Spicer was a major poet of this time as was the openly gay *Robert Duncan from *San Francisco. The *gay liberation period from 1969 saw a flowering of poetry, much of which was published in the gay liberation *journals Gay Sunshine (1969-82) edited by *Winston Leyland (who has compiled several anthologies - most recently * Gay Roots which is a selection from Gay Sunshine), Fag Rag (1971+; edited by a collective which included the outstanding *Boston based poet and critic *Charley Shively), and the outstanding poetry journal * Mouth of the Dragon (1974-80) edited by *Andrew Bifrost. * Christopher Street journal under the guidance of the poet *Charles Ortleb, himself a fine poet, has published excellent poetry and the United States has produced the finest gay poetry journals in English in the period from 1969. Centers of gay liberation included *San Francisco, *Boston, *New York and *Los Angeles. Outstanding *bibliographies were compiled by *Dorr Legg and *Vern L. Bullough in the 1970s thus contributing vastly to increased knowledge of gay culture. *Wayne Dynes, the editor of *The Encyclopedia of Homosexuality (1990), which contains much literary material, published the finest research guide to homosexuality to its date in 1987. *Robert K. Martin in The Homosexual Tradition in American Poetry (1979) wrote the first extended study of homosex in United States English poetry. Outstanding openly gay poets of the period since 1969 (apart from those mentioned) include *Gavin Dillard, *Dennis Kelly, James S. Holmes, John Weiners, James Broughton, *Felice Picano, *Dennis Cooper, John Gill, *Thomas Meyer and *Harold Norse. Many major late twentieth century United States poets such as John Ashbery and James Merrill are regarded as amongst the finest United States poets of the time though gay poets have been unjustly neglected in recent general literary histories and criticism (almost all of which so far fail to mention recent gay poetry of the last thirty years since 1969). Harold Norse's gay poems, though written in the forties and fifties, were only published in 1976. Recent *Black gay poets have been outstanding and a series of black gay *anthologies has been published of which * In the Life edited by Jim Beam and *The Road Before Us, edited by *Asotto Saint (pseud.), stand out. *Paul Monette and *Michael Lassell have written fine poems about *Aids, which has been prominent since 1983. Major gay biographies of recent date include *Barry Miles on Ginsberg and *Tom Clark on *Charles Olson - the leading poet of English language *Postmodernism. On the other hand, *Arnold Rampersand's recent life of *Langston Hughes reveals little of the subject's gay life. The United States has outstanding *libraries and archives which have not yet been fully consulted by researchers on gay poetry; they contain many important *manuscripts (see for example *Horace Traubel). *Booksellers and *publishers of gay poetry books in the United States are outstanding and have greatly helped the present gay cultural renaissance (secondhand books can now be searched on the internet). The *nineteen seventies, *nineteen eighties and *nineteen nineties are the richest decades in English language gay poetry so far. The * James White Review (1983+) is the leading periodical publishing poetry and reviews. *Queer literature is the latest movement in the United States. *Vladimir Nabokov the Russian and English language novelist and poet produced in Pale Fire an enduring work about homosexuality, poetry and truth. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, vol. 2, 1341-52: "United States" (gives an historical overview). Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage, 25-53: overview of gay literature. Gay Histories and Cultures: see "U.S. Literature" and "U.S. Literature: Contemporary Gay Writing". Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 461-67. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 523-817: anthology of poetry and prose covering United States English from 1840. Criticism. Woods, History of Gay Literature, 151-66: "The American Renaissance" (of the mid nineteenth century). Overview - English language Scottish and Scots Gaelic poets and entries Scots English, which is spoken in Scotland, the province in the north of Great Britain, is markedly different from southern British English and sometimes can be difficult to understand. Poets discussed here wrote or write in English (and sometimes Scots English) and in Scots Gaelic (which is part of the Gaelic group of languages spoken in Ireland, Wales and Brittany in France) as noted. Material dates from ca. 1500. The languages are *Indo-European. Scotland was united with England in 1706 and lost its separate parliament (only restored in 1999). *William Dunbar and *Walter Kennedy who worked in the last quarter of the fifteenth century and the beginning of the sixteenth are the first poets of relevance (compare *Middle English). In 1515 in England *Alexander Barclay published the first English *eclogues. The gay King James VI of Scotland (who became James I of England in 1603) wrote poetry and *Robert Burns collected *bawdry (though only one poem is of relevance here). *W. E. Henley and *R. L. Stevenson lived and collaborated in *Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland. In the twentieth century, the poet *John Henry Mackay whose works celebrate *pederasty, though born in Scotland, wrote in German and lived in Germany. * And Thus Will I Freely Sing is a modern anthology in English and Scots Gaelic, which includes some poetry, which was compiled by *Toni Davidson; the introduction is by *Edwin Morgan, a major openly gay twentieth century Scots poet writing in English. *Christopher Whyte writes in Scots Gaelic which is enjoying a revival as well as English. See also *G. M. Brown, *Norman Douglas, *Hugh MacDiarmid, *Richard Livermore, *Tom Leonard, *Douglas Young. The * Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam and *Homer's Iliad have both been translated into Gaelic. A Scottish journal, Gay Scotland, exists and has had cultural material. Sometimes the Gaelic of Scotland is differentiated from Irish Gaelic - or Irish - by being called Scots Gaelic. A gay guide giving contemporary social background is Scottish Gay Scene (1998). References. Queneau, Histoire des littératures, volume two, 327-338. Finnish is a *Uralian language related to Hungarian and Estonian (which is spoken adjacent to it). Gay poetry dates from 1789. Finnish is spoken in Finland, which is called Suomi ("swamp") in Finnish. The country is across the Gulf of Finland from Sweden - which occupied the country until 1809 - and is adjacent to Russia (which occcupied the country in the Second World War). Swedish has particularly influenced the culture. Male homosexual acts were illegal until 1971. Although homosexuality is legal, public opinion is negative. Written texts date only from the mid nineteenth century but there are rich literary traditions dating from then. The country has especially rich oral traditions only recorded from the beginning of the nineteenth century. The singing of the national poem the * Kalevala (recorded from 1835) had homoerotic undertones - see *singers - as does the subject matter; the poem has some erotic material and the huge corpus of recorded oral material related to it may yield homosexual material on closer examination. *Modernism has been influential in the twentieth century. Contemporary poets of relevance include *Uuno Kailas, *Pentti Holappa and *Jrjo Kaijarvi. The gay erotic artist *Tom of Finland (pseud.) is supposed to have written poems. The Finno-Swedish poet *Gunnar Bjorling lived in Finland but wrote in Swedish. Translation into Finnish has been particularly rich - e.g., *Whitman, *Homer's Iliad and *Ginsberg have been translated and translation dates from *Horace's Odes in 1789. The Georgian poet *Rustaveli has been notably translated. For a *bibliography of gay wrritings see *Bent Hansen. For the legal situation, see Second ILGA Pink Book. Censorship: see IGA Pink Book 1985, pp. 109-113. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics: "Finnish Poetry". Everyman Companion to East European Literature: "Finnish", 523-25. Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Finland". French, one of the *Romance group of *Indo-European languages, is spoken in France, Belgium, Switzerland and Canada (settled by French speaking Europeans from 1604). The language dates from ca. 1100 and is a modern form of the Latin spoken in France. The *Overview - Latin and *Overview - Greek entries are relevant as poetry in these languages, especially Latin, strongly influenced French poetry. From the Middle Ages to the French Revolution. Poems with homosexual reference exist in French from the *Middle Ages. *Troubadour poets were homosexual or referred to homosexuality in their poems (e.g., *Conon de Bethune). A 1270 poem by *Guillot refers to homosexuality in the streets of *Paris, the capital of France, which was the intellectual center from this time on. In the *Renaissance, the poetry of *François Villon (active 1453) has homosexual aspects and in the sixteenth century homosexual *epigrams - especially relating to the homosexual king *Henri III - circulated (as noted, for instance, by the diarist *L'Estoile). *"Epitaph for Jean Maillard", ca. 1570, refers to the death of a homosexual sodomist. *Saint-Pavin and *Viau are notable poets of this period. *Ode aux Bougres (1789) published at the time of the French Revolution is an extraordinary poem pretending to satirize homosexuality but actually written by someone fully familiar with gay customs in France. Following the revolution, the *law was changed in 1791 legalizing male-male homosexual relations in line with the enlightened beliefs exhibited by the philosopher *Voltaire's writings. The ninetenth centurv. In the mid-nineteenth century, *Baudelaire's poetry opened up new subject matter in poetry: the underworld of Paris. The homosexual lovers *Rimbaud and *Verlaine, influenced by Baudelaire, produced openly gay erotic poetry (but only published from 1894) and the two collaborated on a famous sonnet to the arsehole, perhaps the finest poem ever written on the subject. Rimbaud's text has proved difficult to edit and only in 1991 was a comprehensive text published by *Alain Borer. *Lautreamont displayed a gay dimension as well as writing about the sexuality of animals. From this time French has had a strong tradition of openly gay poets. In 1897, *André Raffalovich published in French the first modern history of gay culture. Gay literary *journals exist from 1909 when the journal * Akadémos was published for one year by the rich Swede Jacques Adelswärd Fersen, who was found guilty of sex with minors and later lived in exile on the island of *Capri in Italy near *Naples. The closely related *decadent and *aesthetic movement were strong in France and the *dandy *Robert de Montesquiou wrote poems. The poems of Wilde's lover *Alfred Douglas, translated into French in a bilingual edition in English and French, were widely read on publication in 1896 in Paris. This followed the 1895 trial and imprisonment of Wilde. In the *eighteen nineties the gay novelist *Marcel Proust also wrote poems which were set to music by his lover *Reynaldo Hahn. The twentieth centurv. The homosexual poet *Jean Cocteau produced some twenty books in the 1920s (including much poetry) at the same time as the *Nobel winning *André Gide defended homosexuality in his prose work * Corydon. *Surrealism, which was homophobic in the person of its leader *André Breton, had a French contingent and a gay poet, *René Crevel. In the 1940s the outstanding gay French novelist whose work emerged out of the milieu of prisons and reform schools,*Jean Genet, began his career; he was hailed by *Sartre in a long work of criticism in 1952 and wrote some poems. The French gay journal Arcadie (1954-1982) was the only journal in a Romance language during its time of publication and circulated as far as Portugal; it published scholarly articles and gay poetry and prose and remains one of the most important gay journals ever. In 1968 *Pierre Guiraud published a study of François Villon's language, arguing that each poem contained three levels of meaning, one of which was homosexual. *Gay Liberation has produced two excellent anthologies * Beau Petit Ami and *Les Amours masculines. * L'amour en... vers et contre tout (1989) and *Pour tout l'amour des hommes: Anthologie de l'homosexualité dans la litterature (1998) are the latest anthologies. The gay historian and philosopher *Michel Foucault wrote in French and there was a strong gay element in the critical movements called *Semiotics and *Deconstruction with which Foucault was also deeply involved; see also *Roland Barthes. Notable contemporary poets include Pierre Gripari (born 1925), Willy Marceau (born 1961), and Bernard Delvaille (born 1931). French has a strong tradition of translations. Belgium. French is spoken in Belgium in conjunction with Flemish, a dialect of Dutch. *Charles-Joseph de Ligne wrote erotic gay poems in the Romantic period (but they were only published in the late nineteenth century); see also *Georges Eekhoud. *William Cliff and *Eugène Savitzkaya are contemporary poets. See also *Overview - Dutch and Flemish since Flemish is the dialect of Dutch spoken in Belgium and there has been continuous interchange between the two cultures. References. See Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 123-25. Canada. French has only been spoken from 1604. In the early twentieth century *Emile Nelligan may have been gay. A group of French Canadian poets emerged from 1970 who deal with male homosexuality in their poetry: see *Paul Chamberland, *André Roy. *Montreal and *Québec are the most important cities. A journal Sorti (1982+; defunct) has emanated from French Canada. For the social background see *Paul-François Sylvestre (who is also a poet), Bougérie en Nouvelle-France (1983). French is also spoken in Switzerland in the south west of the country; Geneva and Lausanne are the main cities. The Swiss gay journal *Der Kreis had French material. *Blaise Cendrars has written poetry of relevance. *Edmond Fazy (pseud.?) appears to have been a Swiss translator from Turkish to French of gay poetry. *Steven Finch is a translator into English who lives there. On French literature in general see Queneau, Histoire des littératures, volume three: the whole volume is a history of French literature; detailed indexes are included. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 383-467. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 402-03: "France (1970-1945)". Georgian is spoken in Georgia in the Caucasus, the region between the Black and Caspian seas. The language is from the *Caucasian language family. Gay poetry dates from ca. 1200. Original literature developed from the fourth century when the country became Christianized and the * Gospels were translated; the Christian church in Georgia is a self-governing branch of *Orthodoxy. A rich gay poetry heritage, influenced by Persian traditions, is strongly suspected. The great Georgian epic poem by *Shota Rustaveli, The Man in the Leopard Skin, has strong homosexual material. The Persian epic, the Shahnama of *Firdawsi, was early translated. *Sayat Nova wrote in Georgian besides his native Armenian. The twentieth century poets *Paolo Iashvili and *Titsian Tabidze seem relevant. The film maker *Parajanov has made relevant films. Compare *Overview - Armenian. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Great Soviet Encyclopedia, vol. 17: under "Georgian SSR" see "Literature". Everyman Companion to East European Literature: see "Georgian", 525-27. Criticism. Lang, Guide to Eastern Literatures, 181-96. Queneau, Histoire des littératures, volume one, 803-21. German, one of the *Germanic languages which are a subgroup of the *Indo-European language family, is spoken in Germany, Austria and Switzerland; it was also formerly spoken in overseas colonies in Africa and in the Pacific in Papua New Guinea (under German control in the northeast part of the island until 1918). Material of relevance dates from ca. 1150. Germany. *Male bonding in old German literature was strong, especially in the work of the *minnesingers and works using *Arthurian material. This continued later in the cult of *friendship in the * Aufklärung/Enlightenment (1700-1800; see also *Elisabeth Frenzel). There have also been notable readings of literature from this point of view: see *Friendship - German. The rediscovery of the Greek *Mousa Paidike and its editing by *C. A. Klotz in the mid eighteenth century made the Greek gay poetry heritage fully accessible and German scholars were well aware of Greek and Latin gay poetry from the *Renaissance on since both languages were part of a gymnasium education (see *Overview - Greek, - Latin). The Romantic period. *August Platen (1796-1835) is the first outstanding gay German poet; he was vociferously attacked by *Heinrich Heine about his homosexuality and lived in Italy for much of his life, dying there. A noted biography of Platen is by *Peter Bumm and a brilliant *bibliography is by *Fritz Redenbacher. The great German *Romantic poet *Goethe wrote some homosexual poems. Under the influence of *Orientalism such translators as *Rückert and *Hammer-Purgstall first brought into German poetry translations of Persian, Turkish and Arabic homopoetry. *Karl Theodor German translated Shakespeare's sonnets into German (published ca. 1823) beginning a cult for the sonnets of Shakespeare in German translation (there have been many translations into German). In 1838 the Swiss *Heinrich Hössli published the first German anthology * Eros: Die Männerliebe der Griechen, in response to a debate with his friend *Heinrich Zschokke. *Paul Derks has made the major literary study to date of a single period 1750-1850 (which includes the time of Hössli). In the nineteenth century, *Richard Wagner wrote the librettos of his operas in poetry; his last opera, Parsifal, is especially relevant. The Bavarian King *Ludwig the Second fell in love with him and wrote ardent love letters which have survived. The nineteenth century poet *Mörike seems to have been gay and the *Munich group of poets warrant attention as well. *Karl Ulrichs who lived in the last part of the nineteenth century and was the first German gay activist, also wrote poems and has been the subject of a notable biography by *Hubert Kennedy. Many works have been published on German erotic *bibliography which begins with *Hugo Hayn in 1875; Hayn later collaborated with *Alfred Gotendorf to produced the largest, most detailed, erotic bibliography known in any language. The late nineteenth centurv. Gay bibliography has been notably thorough in German. Gay literary bibliography starts from 1899 in the * Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen (1899-23) which also contained some of the first gay literary criticism. It was edited by *Magnus Hirschfeld, the German gay sexologist who founded a sex research institute in *Berlin, the capital of the then recently united Germany, and formerly the capital of the state of Prussia. Before 1870, Germany was a series of smaller states; in 1870 the Bavarian law, which criminalized homosexual behavior (though not mutual masturbation), was adopted for the whole state. Some parts of Germany, such as Prussia in the north had not previously criminalized *anal sex. Magnus Hirschfeld also campaigned against the German *law though it was not repealed until 1969 sixty years after Hirschfeld's death. The German *homosexual emancipation movement grew steadily in the years 1896-1933 (see *Historical and social background - German) when a huge *debate on homosexuality occurred: see *Hans Blüher, *Benedict Friedländer, *Gustav Wyneken. This period also saw the rise of *sexology, the serious study of sexual mores. At the beginning of this period the Estonian *Elisar von Kupffer, who had emigrated to Germany, compiled the anthology * Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe in der Weltliteratur (Darling Love and Friend Love in World Literature; 1899). The circle centered on the gay *symbolist poet *Stefan George, the *George Kreis, was a gay group of poets, and his journal Blätter für die Kunst (1892-1919) was the first German literary journal with significant gay content. Stefan George wrote love poems to the youth *Maximilian Kronenberger; the critic *Marita Keilson-Lauritz has written a fine study of his homosexual work. The *Leipzig *publisher *Max Spohr published the first modern gay books in German (including gay poetry) from 1896 until his death in 1906. From the late nineteenth century, *Whitman became available in German where there was, as in France, intense discussion about his homosexuality (see *Eduard Bertz). John Henry Mackay was a noted *pederastic poet of this time. The twentieth centurv. *Adolf Brand, editor of the major gay cultural journal Der *Eigene (1896-1932), also wrote poetry and compiled an anthology * Die Bedeutung der Freundesliebe (published in 1923). Many *journals containing poetry were published in the period 1896-1933 when a large gay culture flourished in Germany. A number of literary histories of erotica appeared in German from 1908 but most, such as that by *Paul Englisch, slighted homosexuality (see also *Herbert Lewandowski). When the *Nazi regime came to power one of their first acts was the burning of the Hirschfeld Institute's library in 1933 and homosexuality entered a dark period until 1945: Stefan George fled to Switzerland where von Kupffer, also a major gay artist as well as poet and anthologist, had long lived. The journal *Der Kreis (1932-67) published in Switzerland, continued publishing German material, including much gay poetry. After the war Germany was divided into West Germany under United States, British and French control and East Germany under Russian domination. Berlin, in the Russian area, was under joint control of all four allied powers, with the western half of the city under United States, British and French control and the eastern half under Russian control; the western part was was to remain an island officially under United States, British and French control within East Germany until 1989 when east and west Germany were reunited. Male homosexual acts remained illegal through the Nazi period and were only finally legalized in West Germany in 1969 though they were legalized in *Communist East Germany from 1953. The postwar period. In 1964, *Ernst Günther Welter published the first comprehensive gay bibliography which is unfortunately carelessly compiled. The major study of *bisexuality in ritual and myth by *Hermann Baumann, published in 1955, yields much material on literature. * L'amour bleu (translated from the French) is the most comprehensive historical anthology in German. Several *anthologies have emanated from *Berlin in the *gay liberation period: they are notable for having an *anarchistic streak, a characteristic associated with Berlin in the years when West Berlin was cut off from West Germany. Germany, reunited in 1989, has outstanding *libraries and several gay *archives. Research is being carried out at several large *universities. The capital was moved from Bonn to Berlin in late 1999. The * Lexikon homosexuelle belletristik, being compiled at Siegen by *Wolfgang Popp and others, surveys gay writers mostly prose writers. In 1982, *Manfred Herzer published a non-literary bibliography of German works. *Hubert Fichte is a noted recent literary theorist and *Detlev Meyer a recent poet of note. *Verlag rosa Winkel in Berlin is the foremost gay publisher and *Prinz Eisenherz bookshop in Berlin is the largest European gay bookshop (its catalogs are bibliographical documents). Following the reunification of Germany, the reorganization of the library system which followed, should greatly help literary research (see *Libraries and archives - German). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 471-74: "Germany" (background to the poetry). Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 187-95 (overviewi) and 199-255 (selection of poems). Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 440-56: "Germany (1899-1939)". Criticism. Mayne, The Intersexes, 295-325: fine literary overview mentioning many poets. Austria. Austrian poetry starts with the * Nibelungenlied (ca.1200) and the poet *Der Stricker (pseud). A book of *Theognis owned by the Austrian humanist *Georg Tanner now in *Harvard University Library may be relevant. Poets of relevance include *Grillparzer, the librettist *Schikaneder, Josef Kitir, *Emmerich Stadion-Thannhausen and the twentieth century poet *Rilke. *Hammer-Purgstall was a noted early orientalist and Johann Hayn wrote the first work on Albania (discussing homopoetry). *Erich Lifka is a notable gay poet after World War Two. *Norbet C. Kaser is a recent poet who has provoked recent interest. *W. H. Auden lived in Austria for the summers of the last years of his life. Austria produced a huge literature on sexuality in the early part of the twentieth century - see *Sigmund Freud, *F. S. Krauss, * Bilder-lexikon - and the gay philosopher *Wittgenstein was Austrian. The rise of the Nazis in Germany in 1933 preceded an authoritarian period in Austria from 1934 and the Nazis entered Austria in 1938, leading to the eclipse of gay culture until after the war. The HOSI gay group in *Vienna, the capital, publishes a journal Lambda Nichrichten. Johannes W. Paul is a poet currently writing. Michael Handl and others, Homosexualität in Osterreich, 1989 (bibl., pp. 236-39) is a work which mainly deals with the contemporary period. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 97-99: see "Austria". Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage: see "German and Austrian Literature". Switzerland. Despite harboring the *Puritanical *Calvin, Switzerland produced *Heinrich Hössli who published the first Germany ga anthology in Switzerland in 1838. The British poet, researcher and writer John Addington Symonds lived in Switzerland to escape the repressive British *laws. The Estonian born poet *Elisar von Kupffer, who edited the second German gay anthology (as noted above), spent most of his life at Minusio in Italian speaking Switzerland. Both J. A. Symonds and Elisar von Kupffer attest to the fact that Switzerland has given refuge to gays who could not live in other countries. Von Kupffer's lover *Dr. Eduard von Mayer also wrote poetry.*Stefan George, too, to escape the Nazis fled to Switzerland where he died. The American journalist and novelist *E. I. P. Stevenson, who published the first major survey of gay culture in English, also died there. The philosopher *Nietzsche lived in Switzerland for much of his life and *Vladimir Nabokov died there. *Der Kreis (1932-67), the world's longest running gay journal was published from Switzerland edited by the *actor *Rolf Meier. It included much poetry as well as serious essays. Basel and Zurich are the main cities in the northern German speaking part and an exhibition of the history of gay Basel was held in 1988 (see Forum no. 3, 1988, 137-38). The catalog of this exhibition titled Mannergeschichten: Schwule in Basel seit 1930, ed. Kuno Trueb and Stephen Miescher was published in 1988 (Basel: Basel Zeitung) and is 230 pages. Geneva and Lausanne are the main cities in the south west French speaking section; Italian and Romansch are spoken in the south east. See also *Gottfried Keller. For Swiss laws see *Law - Switzerland. Greek is spoken in Greece and was formerly spoken in Turkey, Egypt and southern Italy. Greek homopoetry is known continuously from ca. 700 B.C. onwards. The corpus of ancient Greek literature as it survives is only a small part of what actually existed. Much has been destroyed or *lost snf undoubtedly many lost works dealt with homosexuality. The first centuries of gay poetry in Greek. There has been much critical discussion as to whether *Achilles and Patroclus, the two central protagonists of *Homer's * Iliad (ca. 700 B.C.), which begins recorded Greek literature were intended to be seen as lovers. The poets *Hesoid (who wrote about the hero *Hercules) and *Archilochus (who survives only in fragments, many showing desirefor males) may have lived at the time of Homer. Many Greek *myths which survive in literature refer to the homosexual loves of the gods. Amongst poets, *Alcaeus of Mytilene (born 620 B.C.) inaugurates a *lyric tradition associated with homosexuality which continues to this day. In the next century *Anacreon (ca. 570-485 B.C.) wrote poems about homosexual lovers but appears to have been *bisexual. *Theognis (active 544 B.C.) was an outstanding gay poet and a work related to his works, the * Theognidea, contains what many *scholars regard as the first gay anthology. Many poems in the Theognidea while attributed to Theognis, are probably by others; they are the first known example of the copying of an ancient poet which makes the work of later *editors difficult (see *fakes). In the twentieth century the Scottish poet *Douglas Young comprehensively searched for Theognis's surviving manuscripts and came up with many previously unknown, a process which could be applied to the manuscripts of other poets. In the fifth century *Pindar (518-438 B.C.) wrote homoerotic poems inspired by, among others, the cult of athleticism associated with the gymnasium and the Olympic Games. The first surviving *critic of Greek homopoetry in gay terms was *Aeschylus, though homopoems survive on Athenian vases of the fifth century (the names of males desired homosexually inscribed on the vases have been cataloged by *David M. Robinson). A vigorous *debate on love was started by *Plato in the fourth century B.C. in his * Symposium (in which the validity of homosexual love was accepted); this continued into the Christian period, when the * Gospels of Jesus Christ form part of the background against which poetry was written. Poems and *hymns addressed to Jesus can have an underlying homoeroticism, especially from a *Freudian point of view (such works exist in many languages). Plato was also a poet. Homosexuality was a feature of ancient Greek comedies on the stage and figures prominently in the plays of the comic writer *Aristophanes (active 427 B.C.) in the form of *transvestism. In the fourth century B.C. Athens at the time of Plato was the dominant Greek city, a position it was to lose in the *Hellenistic period to *Alexandria in Egypt. Poems associated with homosexual *dancing boys, who sang at all male dining and drinking occasions, date from this time; the dancing boys frequently sang bawdy *songs, a tradition which relates to other languages of the middle east. The Hellenistic period 323 B.C. - 146 B.C. *Theocritus and other *Alexandrian poets wrote brilliant gay poetry in the third century B. C. in the city of Alexandria. This city was founded by the possibly homosexual *Alexander the Great, at the mouth of the Nile in Egypt, to which country Greek civilization had spread. Greek culture also extended to southern Italy at this time and was present in Turkey - where The liad takes place and where the Greek presence in *Istanbul was very ancient. Theocritus established the *pastoral tradition, with shepherds conversing, sometimes amorously. He has been widely translated (including into such languages as Turkish) and was widely influential in European poetry from the *Renaissance. Greek homopoetry influenced Latin poetry after 146 B.C. when Rome subjugated Greece and the Hellenistic period ends. The Roman conquerors were infatuated with Greek civilization and were frequently biblingual (see *Overview - Latin for the extent of this influence). The anthology called the * Anacreontea (compiled from 323 B.C. to 899 A.D.), which dates in inception from the Hellenistic period contains a selection of gay poems. They are joyous and fun-loving like much ancient Greek homosexual poetry. The collection of Greek poems, the *Palatine Anthology, a major surviving corpus of ancient Greek lyric poetry, contains as one of its fifteen books, the * Mousa Paidike, an important gay anthology compiled ca. 117-30 by the Greek poet *Straton. Much of the material of the Mousa Paidike, though dating from the reign of the probably exclusively gay Roman Emperor (and poet) *Hadrian, comes from the Hellenistic period. The poems in this work are erotically directed towards youths by older men in a symposium context, in the same joyous and fun-loving context as the preceding anthologies. The Palatine Anthology also contains poems dating from the Hellenistic period and homosexual poems are in other books apart from Book 12. *Meleager (active 100 B.C.) is a typical poet of the Mouse Paidike. A *fragment of a poem on the theme of a lion hunt of Hadrian written by *Panchrates survives from the late second century A.D. However, this marks a dramatic decline in homosexual poetry coinciding with the rise of *Christianity. Tropes such as the *cupbearer and *down on the face associated with homosexuality date from before 300 B.C. The Byzantine period. The homopoems in the Palatine Anthology were handed down in *manuscript until the compilation of the Palatine Anthology manuscript ca. 980 by *Constantine Cephalas in Istanbul. Istanbul, the largest Greek speaking city, was then under *Byzantine rulers. It is now the capital of Turkey. The Palatine Anthology was finally published by *Friedrich Jacobs in 1813 thus making this corpus widely available (though the Mousa Paidike was first edited separately by *C. A. Klotz in 1764 and the erotica by *J. J. Reiske in 1752). The influence of the Palatine Anthology on European poetry, which has been enormous, has been studied by James Hutton. Istanbul, then called Constantinople, had been made the capital of what remained of the Roman empire in the east in 324. It remained in Greek hands until the Turks captured the city in 1453; Greeks fleeing the city in the centuries prior took with them Greek manuscripts, which has enabled many ancient Greek works to survive. The early Byzantine poet *Nonnus wrote an epic of the loves of *Dionysus, god of wine. Otherwise the Byzantine period represents a drying up of homosexual poetry in Greek. The Renaissance. From the *Renaissance onwards, the Greek classics, including Homer and especially Anacreon, who was very popular, were edited and published in book form, at first in Italy and then gradually in all the countries of Europe. This resulted in the heritage of ancient Greek homosexual poetry gradually becoming widely known in European scholarly circles (most scholars knew Greek and all learnt Latin into which translations were immediately made). Commentaries, almost invariably in Latin, date from this period - see *scholars. The first major modern work discussing Greek gay culture, including poets, was an article by *M. H. E. Meier published in 1847, though *Heinrich Hössli discussed the Greeks and included a generous selection of poets in translation in the first German gay anthology, * Eros: Die Männerliebe der Griechen (Eros: The Male Love of the Greeks; 1838). Greek poets have been included in all comprehensive historical gay *anthologies from Hössli on. Meier's article was relied on by *J. A. Symonds and translated into French (with the footnotes incorporated into the text) by *Georges Hérelle. The work of *Paul Brandt, however, constitutes the major discussion of ancient Greek homopoetry to date; *Félix Buffière has also written comprehensively. The *Byzantine period has been barely examined by scholars and there has been no known comprehensive search even for material in manuscript (as has occurred for Latin - see *Thomas Stehling). Modern Greek. There is a large gap in important homopoets between Nonnus and the best known twentieth century Greek poet *Constantine Cavafy. Cavafy's biography by *Robert Liddell is outstanding, while his poetry has only recently been completely and satisfactorily edited by *George P. Savidis. Nevertheless, evidence has emerged that the Greek Romantic poet *Solomos was gay while *Napoleon Lapathiotis, who committed suicide in the 1940s, was a poet on the *decadent model. An outstanding contemporary Greek poet is Cavafy's successor, *Dinos Christianopoulos, whose poetry is much more explicitly erotic that Cavafy. The great left-wing poet *Yannis Ritsos is known by oral tradition to have had gay experiences and probably to have been basically gay, at least for part of his life. The Russian gay poet *Gennady Trifonov has been translated into Greek as has the Russian *Essenin, as well as such classics as the sonnets of *Shakespeare and the works of *Whitman. The background to the ancient debate on love in the early Christian period has been brilliantly investigated by *Michel Foucault whose work goes a long way towards explaining the decline of homopoetry (as well the loss of so much from the pre-Christian period) due to the rise of *homophobia with the coming of *Christianity. The 1982 anthology * Amerikanike homophylophile poiese (1982) translated American gay poets of the *gay liberation period into Greek and constitutes a modern Greek anthology. Another was the brilliant collection of oral poems, containing many homosexual ones, compiled by *Mary Koukoules, titled * Loose-tongued Greeks, 1983, a landmark in the collection of erotic bawdy. *Rembetika, which came from Turkey after the war with the Turks in 1922 when Greek civilization in that country came to an end, also contain homosexual references, representing a continuation of the long ancient Greek tradition of oral poetry. *Constantine Trypanis, whose poetry shows some homoerotic interest, has recently written the finest survey of Greek poetry ever. Other notable contemporary Greek gay poets include *Nikos Aslanoglou and *Loukas Theodorakopoulos. See also influence - Arabic, - Turkish as interconnections between these languages and Greek have been strong. There is now a large Greek-speaking diaspora overseas in Australia and the United States: see *S. S. Charkianakis for a poem on Cavafy written in Australia. Greece follows the Code Napoleon and there is a legal age of consent for homosexual acts of 15. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 491-504: overviews of Ancient and Modern Greek civilization. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Everyman Companion to East European Literature : see "Byzantine and Modern Greek", 527-28. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 107-16; 141-42; volume 2, 461-67 (overview) and 471560 (selection of poems). Criticism. Queneau, Histoire des littératures, volume one, 576-620: deals with the early Christian period to 400; 697-750 (the Byzantine period). Woods, History of Gay Literature, 17-31: deals only with ancient Greek. Hebrew is an *Afro-asiatic language close to Arabic and originally spoken in Israel. Relevant material survives from ca. 50. Hebrew is the religious language of Jews all over the world though Jews speak the language of the country in which they live. Hebrew is spoken in Israel, the Jewish national state since 1948, and is the national language (Arabic is also spoken by Palestinians). The dating of the earliest homoerotic poetry in Hebrew is problematical. Material dates from the time of Christ in surviving written form from the Dead Sea Scrolls, ca. 50, (*Song of Songs manuscripts). A Greek translation of the Christian *Old Testament (*Tanach to Jews) is known from 250 B.C. preceding the canon of Hebrew works which came into existence ca. 100 (at this time the spoken language of Jews in Egypt and Israel was Greek). However much material is believed to predate surviving written material either in oral form or written on materials which have perished. Hebrew, the language of the Tanach (which has the same number of works as the Christian Old Testament), nearly died out as a spoken language in the late nineteeenth century. Jews in eastern Europe spoke Yiddish, a mixture of German and Hebrew, as their main spoken language until 1945 (see *Overview - Yiddish); due to the rise of the *Nazis and the killing of some six million Jews in the Second World War Yiddish nearly became extinct. Jewish people also speak the native languages of the country in which they live and literature by them has been written in these languages. *"David's Lament for Jonathan" by King David is possibly the earliest poem (it is said to date from 970 B.C. but is only verifiable from surviving written records from 300 in the Codex Vaticanus written in Greek). Poems of the temple prostitutes, *hierodouleia (which custom dates from before 586 B.C.), may be relevant. Judaism has been strongly *homophobic and this in turn influenced *Christianity; Judaic *law strictly forbade homosexuality and emphasized marriage in order to propagate the faith. *Sodom and Gomorrah were cities said to have fallen due to homosexuality and this became a famous trope in *European poetry referring to homosexuality; the trope also occurred in Hebrew poetry. Jewish scholarship, which has focused on the interpretation of the Tanach is very ancient. *Allegorical and *hermetic interpretations in homosexual terms (especially associated with the *Kabbala), of the erotic collection of poems * The Song of Songs are possible. There is also a long tradition of secret interpretations of the Tanach. A homosexual *parody in English exists of the Song of Songs by *William Alan Robinson (active 1976). *Medieval Hebrew poets writing in Spain under the influence of Arabic models produced a rich corpus of gay poetry from 1000 to 1300, which has only been published and studied in any detail in the twentieth century. The poets were not edited until around 1850 and much material remains in *manuscript. Outstanding medieval poets who wrote on homosexual themes are *Samuel Ha-Nagid, *Solomom Ibn Gabirol, Judah Ha-Levi, *Moses Ibn Ezra, *Isaac Ibn Mar Shaul. These poets were all heavily influenced by the Arabic poetry of Spain and homosexual tropes such as the *cupbearer, *wine drinking, the *faun and the *coming of the beard all appear in their work. The brilliant scholar and editor of some of these poets Jefim Schirmann wrote the seminal article on homosexuality and poetry. *Norman Roth has written outstanding articles on homosexuality and medieval poetry, as has Schirmann's pupil *Dan Pagis. With the revival of Hebrew in the late nineteenth century, many classsics were translated into Hebrew (e.g., *Shakespeare's Sonnets, *Whitman, the *Palatine Anthology). *Ilan Schoenfeld and *Mordechay Geldmann are two openly gay poets writing in Hebrew in Israel. The city of Jerusalem, now the capital of Israel, has been a focus of Jewish life from King David who ruled there. See also Jewish Poets. The anthology She-lo ke-derekh ha-teva': homoseksu'alim, lesbiyotm shirah, prozah, ma'amarim, katavot compiled by Oren Kaner (Tel Aviv, 1994) is believed to contain some gay male poems; not sighted. It has been cataloged with the *subject heading "Homosexuality Literary Collections". Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Judaica : see "Poetry". New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics: see "Hebrew Poetry". Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 427-35. Hindi, an *Indo-European language, is spoken in India and is a modern form of Sanskrit; it is one of the *Indic subgroup of the Indo-European family. Material of relevance dates from 800. Hindi is the language of the Hindus, the largest religious group in India and is the most widely spoken language in India (Bengali is next in number of speakers in India). Written in the Devanagari alphabet, Hindi is is descended from Sanskrit and is close to Urdu (which is written in the Arabic script); Rajasthani is sometimes regarded as a dialect. Read the *Overview - Sanskrit entry first as this provides the background to Hindi poetry. Hinduism is the religion of most Hindus and is itself a group of religions; see *Siva, *Krishna for gods to whom poems have been addressed. *Hymns are especially important. *Kabir is the most important poet for homoeroticism (see especially the translation by *Robert Bly). The *Bhakti movement which has produced homoerotic poetry is a major relevant religious movement within Hinduism. *Bihari is the author of *love poems written in the persona of a woman and is one of the most popular Hindi poets. The *epic poem The *Mahabharata which features some homosexual incidents is widely performed. Other poets: see *Tulsidas, *Raskhan. *Hijras are men who dress as women and castrate themselves; they exist throughout India and are invariably homosexuals. They sing songs and exist all over India. Marriages in India are arranged (which means there is social pressure on homosexuals to marry). The literary anthology * A Lotus of Another Color deals with Indian homosexuality in English. There is now an Indian diaspora in Great Britain, the United States and other countries. Since India has some forty million speakers of English, many of whom also speak Hindi, homosexual poetry and culture is easily available to educated Indians (see *Overview - English for this background). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Shipley, Encyclopedia of Literature, 515-21. Great Soviet Encyclopedia : see "Hindi literature". New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics: see "Hindi" under "Indian Poetry". Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature, vol. 1, "Hindi Literature" (under "Indian literatures"). Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage: "South Asian Literatures". Hittite is an *Indo-European language, now extinct, but spoken in Turkey. Material dates from before 1,200 B.C. Hittite contains in the * Gilgamesh *epic, the earliest surviving *heroic poem - whose Hittite version dates from prior to 1200 B.C. which is the approximate date of the fall of the Hittite capital Hattusa (the modern Turkish town of Bogazkoy). Hittite seems to have been spoken from 1700 to 1100 B.C. and after 1100 B.C. became extinct. The Hittite Gilgamesh, which survives on *epigraphical inscriptions on tablets in the palace library of Hattusas, only excavated in the early part of the twentieth century, contains elaborate homosexual puns which have been discussed by *Geoffrey Tigay. *Bisexuality, *friendship and even *lovers figure in this work of a *patriarchical culture. The *cupbearer relationship may be implied in Hittite myths in a homosexual way: see the note on the word saqi in footnote 85 in Wright, Homoeroticism in Classical Arabic Literature, 138-39. For the language see the entry in Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. For discussion of the literature see Queneau, Histoire des littératures, volume one, 332-342. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica; the date of the fall of Hattusas has been taken from here. Hungarian is spoken in Hungary. The language, a *Uralian language related to Finnish and Estonian, has a rich poetic traditon; it is called Magyar by its speakers. Note: Hungarian names are given with the surname first and they have been entered thus here. Relevant material dates from 1789. The great *Romantic poet *Petofi Sandor, though heterosexual, strongly bonded with other men, a recurring feature of other Hungarian poets (e.g., Tompa Mihaly and the one time actor Arany Janos; Vorsmarty Mihaly and Kisfaludy Karoly are another example). The influence of *Wilde is apparent in the work of *Babits Mihaly. Twentieth century poets have demonstrated a bizarre streak and homosexuality is suspected in some cases but has not been proven. The decadent movement was especially strong in Hungary e.g., Toth Arpad and Babits Mihaly were influenced. The major poet *Attila Josef translated *Rimbaud and *Villon from French and *Esenin from Russian (he later threw himself under a train). *Laszlo Nagy translated *Garcia Lorca. *Nadasdy Adam is an openly gay contemporary poet. *George Faludy is a *bisexual poet who has lived much of his life abroard. Hungarian is rich in translation: for instance, *Virgil's Eclogues (1789), *Whitman, *Auden. The National Library, Budapest, is the major library and a very fine library. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics. Everyman Companion to East European Literature, 529-32. Overview - Irish language and English language poets from Ireland Ireland, the island to the west of the island comprising England, Scotland and Wales in Great Britain, is divided into two parts: the Republic of Ireland in the south and Northern Ireland, which is a province of the United Kingdom of Great Britain. Both Irish and English are spoken. Irish is sometimes called Irish Gaelic and sometimes loosely called *Gaelic, though Gaelic is actually the name for a group of languages in the *Indo-European language family, the most westerly group of this family. *Welsh and *Scots Gaelic are closely related languages. Poetry of relevance dates from 800. *Dublin is the capital of the republic of Ireland and *Belfast is the capital of the province of Northern Ireland. The population of the Republic of Ireland is *Catholic and that of Northern Ireland is Catholic and Protestant. Both parts of Ireland have been harshly condemnatory of homosexuality and *Puritanism has had a terrible effect on Irish sexuality. Early poets dating from ca. 800 were not puritanical, however: see * Cormac Mac Airt Presiding at Tara (possibly ca. 800) and *"My love is no short year's sentence". The Celtic renaissance at the end of the nineteenth century set up a cult of Ireland which appeared in the work of the *decadent poet *Lionel Johnson. Republic of Ireland. Male homosexual acts were only legalized in 1993. Catholicism has played a heavy hand in Irish life. Irish. There is a rich poetic tradition (see Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics: "Irish Poetry"). *Tain Bo Cuailinge is an important early work. *Homer's Iliad and The Rubaiyat of *Omar Khayyam have both been translated into Irish. (Irish is very close to Scots Gaelic: on these languages, see *Overview - English and Scots Gaelic.) For English language poets see *Thomas Moore, *Brendan Behan. *Edmund Spenser,*Oscar Wilde. *W. B. Yeats and James Joyce came from Ireland. There is an Irish gay journal, Identity, published in Dublin from 1984 which has published poetry. The Dublin journal Kottabos published poems by *Oscar Wilde and *Sigma (pseud.) 1877-81 (see Reade, Sexual Heretics, pp. 145 and 154). *Green is the color of Ireland as well as being in the twentieth century a gay color; Oscar Wilde was famous for wearing a green carnation (the flower was artificially dyed). On the background see Eibhear Walshe, Sex, nation and dissent in Irish writing, New York, 1997 (a collection of essays, only two relevant, one on *Wilde and one on *Forrest Reid) and Anthony Bradley, Gender and sexuality in modern Ireland (1997). Northern Ireland. For English poets see *Sir Roger Casement, *Paul Durcan, *Tom Paulin, *Anthony Weir, *Paul Wilkins; see also *Sir John Leslie, *Forrest Reid. The law was only changed in northern Ireland in the 1990s, due to the Dudgeon case in which the British government was taken to the European Court of Human Rights by the gay activist Jeffrey Dudgeon. On losing, the government changed the law though, strictly speaking, it was not obliged to do so. The journal Gay Star has been published in Belfast since 1980. Irish influence has spread to other parts of the world: see the Australian poet *Roderic Quinn. References. Queneau, Histoire des littératures, volume two, 327-338. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 613-14: "Ireland". Italian, a *Romance language in the subgroup of *Indo-European language family, is spoken in Italy. Material of relevance dates from ca. 1250. Italian is a development of ancient Latin and gay poetry in Latin forms the background against which Italian homosexual poems were written (see *Overview - Latin for this Latin background). *Rome, the capital of Italy since the unification of the Italian states in 1870, has been continuously occupied since ancient times but often sacked. *Vatican City, the headquarters of the Catholic Church, the religion of almost all Italians, is a separate state situated in Rome. Latin was the language of administration of the Church as well as being the language of *universities (such as the University of *Bologna) and of learning until recently. The earliest oav poems. Italian is close to Spanish, Portuguese, French and Romanian, other Romance languages. It has a very rich gay poetry writing tradition from the time of *Brunetto Latini (active 1250) and a circle of homosexual poets in *Perugia of the same century. This tradition emerges out of the Latin poetry tradition of Italy which dates back to the Romans (*Martial lived in Rome, Juvenal satirized the city, and *Virgil, who wrote the epic The Aeneid, were all popular poets in Italy with many editions published there). Since Latin was read by all priests and monks of the Catholic church and by all *scholars until recently, all known Latin homosexual poems are relevant and especially those of writers living in Italy. Latin homopoems written by Italians following the downfall of the Roman empire have been little examined because of continued usage of Latin in church and learned circles which frowned on homosexuality. (Compare Sanskrit in India in relation to Hindi.) For 2,000 years of Italian history the Catholic church has been the dominant factor in life and politics. *Dante is regarded as the greatest Italian poet and came at the end of the *middle ages when the Church's influence was at its height; its theology was elaborated by *Saint Thomas Aquinas. Dante lived in *Florence but was exiled for periods of his life. A detailed study of *sodomy in the *medieval world of the Catholic Church in his most famous poem The Divine Comedy has been written by *Richard Kay. Dante's teacher *Brunetto Latini was apparently gay. The Renaissance. The 'Renaissance saw the publication of many 'epigrams with homosexual reference in line with the publication in mechanically printed form of the ancient Greek and Latin classics with their rich heritage of gay poetry which became more widely known from this time due to publication. *Bernesque and *Burchiellesque poetry also contain much homosexual material, as yet little analyzed, as does *Fidentian poetry. *Platonism and *Platonic Love - as seen in the work of the renaisance philosopher *Marsilio Ficino - were *coded ways of referring to homosexuality. *Pastoral poetry dates from the Renaissance and was another homosexual focus of poetry. Much of this Renaissance material was written in opposition to the Church and a tradition of *pornography dates from this time (see *Pietro Aretino); Italian translations of the licentious *Anacreontea and *Meleager were also popular in the Renaissance. *Michelangelo's *sonnets, vividly portraying his love for *Tommaso de' Cavalieri, are the outstanding poetic achievement of the Renaissance and compare to *Shakespeare's. *Benedetto Varchi was a homosexual poet who eulogised Michelaneglo at the great sculptor, painter and poet's funeral. Torquato Tasso seems to have been gay. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, a tradition of *libertinism was strong in Italian literature, a tradition especially associated with the maritime empire centered on the city *Venice. In 1782 *Giuspanio Graglia translated the * Palatine Anthology into Italian at a time when it had to be read in Latin in most countries. It is now also possible to look for homosexuality in the poet regarded as the greatest Italian *Romantic poet, *Giacomo Leopardi, who lived with his friend *Antonio Ranieri for many years in *Florence and never married. In the late eighteenth century *Goethe visited Italy where he wrote homosexual poems in *Venice. The German Romantic gay poet *August von Platen died in *Sicily after a long stay; Platen was twice translated into Italian in the latter part of the nineteenth century. *Byron also visited Italy and wrote extensive poetry based on his life there (mostly dealing with heterosexual love affairs especially in Venice). Male homosexual acts were legalized in Italy in 1889, following the unification of the nation (which formerly had been a number of city states). However, little poetry has come to light for the nineteenth century. The *Decadent movement, which has been analyzed by the homosexual *Mario Praz, is represented by the work of *Gabriele D'Annunzio; in Italy it acted as the focus of opposition to the heavy hand of the church in moral issues. The German gay anthologist *Elisar von Kupffer, who lived in Florence for several years, wrote a book of poems in Italian. The twentieth century. Italy has produced notable gay poets in the twentieth century. Outstanding modern gay poets include *Umberto Saba, the brilliant *pederastic poet *Sandro Penna - perhaps the finest twentieth century Italian gay poet until his death in 1977 - and the equally fine contemporary poet *Mario Stefani (brilliantly translated into English by *Anthony Reid), and most recently the anguished Catholic *Giovanni Testori. The *Marxist filmmaker *Pier Paolo Pasolini also wrote poetry; fine biographies of him have appeared. *S/M has made its appearance in Italian gay poetry in the poetry of *Corrado Levi. The first and only gay anthology (on historical lines) * L'amicizia amorosa was published in 1982. It was compiled by *Renzo Paris and *Antonio Veneziani. *Piero Lorenzoni compiled an anthology of erotic material including gay poems in 1976 after the advent of *gay liberation (which has had a strong effect in Italy despite the opposition of the Catholic Church). *Giovanni Dall'Orto has compiled the first gay Italian bibliography of works from 1800. Important gay poets translated into Italian include: the English poets *Whitman (first translated by *Luigi Gamberale in 1881), *W. H. Auden, *Allen Ginsberg, the German *Stefan George, the Portuguese *Fernando Pessoa, the Greek *Cavafy, the * Palatine Anthology (most recently translated by *Adolfo Magrini and *Filippo Montani) and the * Mousa Paidike (notably translated by Guido Paduano in 1989). An excellent selection of Italian poems in English is in Anthony Reid's anthology * The Eternal Flame. There are a large number of dialects of Italian in which poets have written homopoems e.g., Neapolitan (see *Nicola Capasso), Roman (see *Giuseppe Belli), Florentine (the standard spoken and written language from Dante on) and Venetian (see *Giorgio Baffo). Friulian, spoken north of Venice (see *Domenico Naldini, *Pasolini) is treated as a separate language. *Oral poems are likely in these languages, as well as in standard Italian. There are some 30 Italian dialects. Italy has important gay *archives (see *Bologna, *Milan, *Rome, *Stefano Casi, *Massimo Consoli, *Fondazione Sandro Penna) and *journals include *Sodoma and the popular monthly * Babilonia (which has had good cultural articles, especially by Giovanni Dall'Orto). The * European Gay Review had an Italian-born editor *Salvatore Santagati. Italian has been a major language of *Oriental research: see also *Historians and Critics - Arabic, - Persian, - Turkish. Many Italians emigrated from Italy from the nineteenth century due to poverty: to south America (for instance Brazil and Argentina), the United States and, from 1945 after the devastation of the Second World War, to Australia. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 620-26: "Italy". Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 205-71. Japanese is spoken in Japan. As a language it is frequently regarded a language isolate but it may be related to Korean and recent research relates the language to the *Altaic language family; some linguists believe the language may be a mixture of Altaic and Austronesian languages. Material of relevance dates from 780. The *Overview - Chinese entry is relevant as all Japanese *scholars read Chinese until recently and the Japanese writing system is based on the Chinese. The bibliography compiled by *Iwata Jun'ichi, * Nanshoku Bunken Shoshi (compiled before 1944) was the first comprehensive homosexual bibliography in any known language and documents homosexuality in Japan from 780 to 1800; the author also laid the foundation of Japanese gay cultural history in a series of essays in Japanese. However, earlier work was done in German by *Ferdinand Karsch-Haack (active 1906) and *Friedrich Krauss. The *historical and social background has been increasingly explored in detail and Japan has one of the richest documented histories of homosexuality of any nation (much of this material has not been translated into English). The earliest oav poetrv. As in China, poetry is central to Japanese culture and permeates Japanese life. From the beginning, Chinese influence has been paramount, especially the influence of the *T'ang poets. Interpretation of poems in homosexual terms dates from the corpus of the first Japanese poetic anthologies, the *Manyoshu (ca. 780) and the *Kokinshu. The *waka or *tanka (from which the *haiku emerged) represented in these anthologies are major Japanese poetic genres from then on. Following Chinese practice, the use of *coded or esoteric language is central to Japanese poetry: homoerotic meanings may be read and intended where none might be suspected at a cursory reading (see *Kiyomitsu). The *Heian period 794-1185, when the capital until 1868 was *Kyoto, saw the work of *Saigyo, a monk poet suspected of homosexuality. *Gozan literature flowered from this time. It was connected with *Buddhist temples where homosexuality flourished, helped by the belief that *Kobo Daishi (774-835), the founder of Japanese Buddhism, who came from China, was gay. *Shinto was the religion before Buddhism and continues to be practised. * Chigo Monogatori, tales of monks and boys with poems interspersed date from this time (see *Maggie Childs). *Confucianism also exerted a strong influence on Japan. *Murasaki Shikibu's famous *prosimetrum novel The Tale of Genji, dating from 1000, includes at least one homosexual incident. The Edo period. A long tradition of'aesthetes dates from the Kamakura period which followed the Heian period: see *Yoshida Kenko. Gay *emperors, scholars and *shoguns (military rulers had exercised the real power in Japan) all wrote poetry on the Chinese model and, as in China, all who could write wrote poetry, regarded as the mark of a scholar. Some poets even wrote poems in Chinese: see *Chinese literature written in Japan. Haiku emerged with *Matsuo Basho who was gay - at least, in his own words, "for a time" - and whose Narrow Road to the Deep North (composed 1687-89) was written in conjunction with his travel companion *Sora. *Pupils of Basho warrant perusal and possible erotic traditions of haiku warrant scholarly investigation. * Iwatsutsuji, published in 1676, and compiled by *Kitamura Kigin was the first Japanese gay anthology; it included poems but consists mainly of stories. *Saikaku's Great Mirror of Male Love (1687) was a famous gay classic based on *samurai traditions (its prose had poems scattered throughout). This outpouring of homosexual literature was influenced by Chinese *Ming and *Ch'ing erotica and the fact that scholars always looked to China, with its much older homosexual traditions, for inspiration. The period from 1600 to 1868 was called the *Edo period, when the capital was Kyoto; *Hajime Shibayama has written a detailed study in Japanese of homosexuality in this period. * Senryu are satirical poems, many of which deal with homosexuality and date from this period. *Pleasure quarters especially date from this time; they included the *theater area of major cities. *Actors, *prostitutes and *transvestites, who were associated with the pleasure quarters, all had poems written to them or based on them if they were famous. Homosexual *songs (see also *Anonymous poems - Japanese) and *singing boys, who sang in tea houses, also existed. *Censorship operated, forcing material underground and forcing the emergence of a *pornography tradition. The twentieth century. Following Japan's coming under United States influence in 1868, the capital was moved to *Tokyo and male homosexuality was made a crime (see *Law - Japanese). An examination of the life of *Masaoka Shiki, who revived haiku in the late nineteenth century, shows homoerotic relationships with disciples as had occurred from Basho's time (Masaoka Shiki never married). The Buddhist poet *Miyazawa Kenji's poetry also reveals homoeroticism in some poems (he too remained single). The early twentieth century saw several translations of *Whitman (from 1919) as well as translations of poems of his disciples, *Edward Carpenter and *Horace Traubel; free verse made its appearance at this time. In the contemporary period *Takahashi Mutsuo (translated into English by *Hiroaki Sato) is an outstanding poet of gay sexuality in the manner of *Allen Ginsberg. The gay novelist *Yukio Mishima - who committed suicide in 1970 in dramatic public circumstances - wrote some poems. *Tanikawa Shuntaro, has written sixty books of poetry, is Japan's best known poet and has been nominated for the Nobel Prize. He wrote a poem in which homosexuality is granted equal status with heterosexuality, an attitude typical of China and Japan. *Ishii Tatsuhiko is a fine contemporary poet. *Design and *illustration of books and the *calligraphy of a poet are regarded highly in Japan. The article "Homosexuality" in the Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan, English version, 1983, by *Noguchi Takenori and *Paul Schalow (who has translated Saikaku) is a concise cultural survey. The Australian poet *Harold Stewart lived in Japan for many years as did the British gay poet James Kirkup. *W. H. Auden has been translated into Japanese and *Arthur Waley has been an outstanding translator from Japanese to English. *Overview - Korean is also relevant because of the close contact between Japan and Korea for many centuries. Japan invaded Korea in the nineteenth century and occupied the country 1910-1945. For a concise overview of Japanese literature see The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Japan, edited by Richard Bowring and Peter Kornicki, 1993, pp. 122-49. On the language see the entry in the Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. The names of all entries in this encyclopedia have been standardized here (as far as possible) with the form of spelliing and of entry in the Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics: "Japanese Poetry". Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 632-36: "Japan". Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 445-53. Criticism. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Woods, History of Gay Literature, 63-67. Korean is spoken in Korea. Recent research suggests the language is part of the *Altaic language family. Korean has a very old poetry tradition dating from the Silla Dynasty (57 B.C.-935) with homosexuality documented from 550 in the *dancing boy or *hwarang tradition (though homosexuality is reported as being more forbidden than in China or Japan). The language was written in Chinese characters until the invention of the Korean phonetic alphabet by King Sejong in 1443 so the *Overview - Chinese entry is also relevant: all scholars to this time and even later read Chinese. There were three dynasties in early Korean history. The Silla dynasty was followed by the Koryo (918-1392) and then the Yi dynasty (1392--1910). Japan formerly exercised a strong influence on the country as did China (the Korean peninsula strategically joins China and Japan). After occupation by the Japanese from 1910 to 1945, the country was occupied by the Americans in the south after 1945 and is now a republic below the 49th parallel; the north is a *Communist dictatorship under Kim Il Sung. Love and nature were the main themes of traditional Korean poems which were usually sung (see * sijo, *Yun Son-do). Homoerotic feelings are strongly present in the poetry from earliest times, both in terms of strong *male bonding - exemplified in *Confucianism - and in individual relationships: see *Chong Ch'ol. The Chinese homosexual *cut sleeve trope appears in a poem of *Yi Hyang-Gum. Korean *Buddhism also has a homosexual component: see *Great Master Kyunyu, *Han Yong-un. *Yi Chong-bo wrote an outstanding homosexual poem and *King Kong-min seems gay. However even in 2001 there is an unbroken tradition in Korea "that homosexuality be shrouded in silence" (Sydney Morning Herald, 3 March, 2001, p. 5). The first study of homosexuality in relation to Korea was by *Ferdinand Karsch-Haack in German in 1906; *Father Richard Rutt has written the seminal article on the poetry. *Peter H. Lee's poetry translations into English are outstanding. All *scholars wrote poems and *calligraphy was highly regarded as in China and Japan; poets also frequently did *illustrations to their poems. There are very few records of popular culture before the nineteenth century. For an overview of the literature see Queneau, Histoire des littératures, volume one, pp. 1305-1316. Leupp, Male Colors: The Construction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan, 17-19, has a historical over of homosexuality in Korea. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 667-68: "Korea". For the language see Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Latin is an *Indo-European language, the original lanuage of the *Romance group. It was spoken originally in Italy. Material of relevance dates from 200 B.C. While spoken initially in Italy. with the spread of the *Roman empire, in Europe as far as Britain, German and the *Iberian peninsula, in north Africa along the Mediterranean coast (including in Tunisia and Egypt), and in Greece after 146 B.C. (when the Romans conquered the country), Latin became widely spoken in west Europe, north Africa and western Asia. It was also spoken in the countries of the eastern mediterranean, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon and Israel which were conquered by the ancient Romans. It was the language of the *Catholic church and of scholars in western Europe which ensured that poetry in Latin continued to be written until the twentieth century creating a huge exegetical tradition which has been little explored. From about 1100 Latin became Italian. Ancient Latin. Latin has a rich homosexual poetry tradition, beginning with the first Latin satirical poet *Lucilius (active 131 - 103 B. C.), of whom only fragments survive, and continuing with the *Roman poets *Catullus (85-54 B.C.), *Tibullus, *Martial and Juvenal. However, the works of the dramatist Plautus (ca. 240 B.C.-184 B.C.), who wrote in verse, contain the earliest poetry relating to homosexuality. Both Catullus and Tibullus wrote poems to male *lovers and both were bisexual judging by their poetry. The Roman educated classes were bilingual after 146 B.C. when the Romans subjugated Greece. The upper classes were infatuated with Greek civilization and educated people - such as the poet *Virgil - spoke Greek and we can assume the entire Greek homopoetry heritage was known to them including poets lost to us today (see *Overview - Greek and *lost works - Greek). Of course, knowledge of such works depended on access to written manuscripts which were not as widely circulated as printed books. Latin homosexual poetry of the Roman period was therefore written in this environment. Homosexuality occupies a significant place in surviving ancient Latin poetry. The "Second Eclogue" of *Virgil (70-19 B.C.), the writer of the finest *epic in ancient Latin, The Aeneid, is a homosexual love poem. Male homosexuality finds a restrained place in his great contemporary *Horace (65-8.C.), the most popular Latin lyric poet in Europe from the *Renaissance when the Roman poets were first published in printed form. The *epigrams of Martial (ca. 40-ca. 104) describe homosexual activities in *Rome in great detail and he regarded Virgil as homosexual; the 300 and more surviving manuscripts of Martial testify to his great popularity through the *Middle Ages and he is the Latin homosexual poet par excellence. His work was to inspire the writing of the *European epigram from the Renaissance on (though rarely in explicit sexual terms because of harsh laws against homosexuality). The Second and Ninth Satires of Juvenal (60-140) are the first Latin homosexual *satires to survive: they vividly portray male *transvestism and *prostitution in Rome, attesting to a rich homosexual culture. They have been frequently omitted from editions of the poet's work owing to *censorship. Later in the middle ages, satire in poetry, by such writers as *Bernard of Cluny, was directed against the dominant Italian and west European institution, the *Catholic Church, accusing it of fostering homosexuality . Homosexuality is referred to in *myth in the Roman poet *Ovid (43 B.C-17), a major souce of ancient Greek and Roman myth to the modern world, and a homosexual *graffiti poem survives from *Pompeii. *"Gallias Caesar subegit" and other oral poems about Julius Caesar (100 B.C.-44 B.C.) are the earliest Latin *bawdry *songs known, a tradition later continued in the songs of the * Carmina Burana and *student songs. The late *imperial poet *Nemesianus (active 283) is the last poet to write a homopoem in the Latin *eclogue tradition started by Virgil. The middle ages. In the *middle ages homopoems continued to be written in monasteries, since Latin was the language of western Christianity - see the brilliant anthology of the period 300-1400 of *Thomas Stehling * Medieval Latin Poems of Male Love and Friendship. John Boswell, who has dealt with the religious background, also compiled an anthology of poetic works. It has been estimated by A. G. Rigg that up to ninety per cent of literature written in Great Britain 1066-1422 was written in Latin; much of this material has not been analysed for homosexuality and if similar figures hold for other countries a huge volume of Latin material awaits analysis. Many gay love poems were written in the Middle Ages and popular poems such as *"O Admirabile Veneris Idolym" (about a beautiful youth) and *"Altercatio Ganimedis et Helene" (debating whether it was better to love a man or a woman) testify to the popularity of gay themes. The French philosopher *Michel Foucault has brilliantly discussed the rise of *Christianity and its suppression of Greek and Latin culture, including homosexuality. Though Latin remained the language of learning in western Europe from the fall of the Roman empire until the late nineteenth century, it was otherwise a dead language, gradually breaking down into such *Romance languages as French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Catalan and Romanian. But scholars in these languages were aware of the literature in Latin since Latin was used in the universities as well as the Catholic Church. For the Middle Ages see the special entry *Medieval Latin. Major poets are *Walafrid Strabo, *Baudri, *Marbod and *Hilary the Englishman. The Renaissance period. In the *Renaissance writing poetry in Latin enjoyed a revival - see *Neo-Latin Poets - and poems were written by such figures as the Frenchman *Théodore de Bèze (who was attacked by his enemies for homosexuality), the Italian *humanist *Angelo Poliziano and the English writers *Francis Bacon and John Milton. The works of *Beccadelli, Bèze, *Henry More, John Milton (banned in English) and the * Priapeia were put on the Catholic Church's * Index (1559+), a list of books which Catholics were forbidden to read. The ancient Latin classics, in spite of their blatant homosexuality, were not banned. The publication of the ancient poets - such as Martial - in book form from the Renaissance on made them widely available to a learned audience (especially supposedly celibate clerics); previously manuscripts had only a limited circulation. The collection of the works of five Latin poets, *Quinque Illustrium Poetarum (1791), published in *Paris after the French Revolution, reprinted the Latin poets *Beccadelli, *Pacificus Maximus and *Ramusius. *Commentaries in mechanically-printed editions, dating from ca. 1475, need examination, these usually being written by the *editors (see also *scholars). Translation from Latin to *European vernacular languages commenced in 1480 with the translation of Juvenal into Italian. The ancient Latin poets have been widely translated into European vernacular languages and their work is known in all countries sharing European educational traditions, from Brazil to Australia to South Africa. Translation of ancient Greek homopoetry - an important vein of homopoetry - into Latin itself also started in the Renaissance (the *Anacreontea was a favorite work, as were *Theocritus and *Theognis). This continued until the nineteenth century. Translation into Latin has acted as a form of *censorship. Learned readers, including Catholic clerics, could enjoy the works while denying them to vernacular readers. However it was not until the 1750s that the major anthology of Greek poems, the * Palatine Anthology, containing the first complete homosexual anthology, the *Mousa paidike, was put into Latin by *J. J. Reiske. Later poets. The tradition of poets, writers and scholars writing poems in Latin continued into the eighteenth century with such writers as *Thomas Gray, *Horace Walpole and *Richard West writing poems and in the nineteenth century with *William Johnson and *Lionel Johnson (a brilliant poem referring to *Oscar Wilde). The first surviving poem of the famous nineteenth century homopoet *Rimbaud is a Latin poem. In the seventeenth century the poet *Théophile de Viau wrote what have been described as homosexual love letters in Latin. The early gay German activist *K. H. Ulrichs wrote poems in Latin and edited a journal written entirely by him in Latin . The writing of Latin poetry virtually ceased at the end of the nineteenth century though Latin poems used in homosexual *magic rituals by *Aleister Crowley and *Victor Neuburg, involving *anal sex, were composed by *Walter Duranty ca. 1914. The *Oxford scholar John Sparrow who was homosexual also wrote Latin poetry. *Dissertations in Latin concerning poetry and homosexuality have been written - especially at the *Sorbonne, in Paris; these were noticed by the great gay scholar *Georges Hérelle in the early part of the twentieth century. In 1943, the gay book collector *C. R. Dawes wrote the first - and still unpublished - study of homosexuality in ancient Roman life and literature. *Otto Kiefer in Sexual Life in Ancient Rome (1933; repr.) discusses homosexuality in the chapter "Love in Poetry". Recent scholarship, especially since the weakening of censorship in the United States and other countries from the mid-1960s, shows increasingly candid discussion (see *Kenneth Quinn) and there has been detailed work on Martial. In 1983 *Sara Lilja published the first comprehensive study of homosexuality in *Republican and early Imperial literature but no overall study of homosexuality in Latin literature - let alone homosexuality and poetry - has been written even for the Roman period. A detailed bibliography of references in literature is being compiled by *Claude Courouve. The Persian poet *Sa'di was translated into Latin in 1651 and such diverse works as *Shakespeare's Sonnets and the works of the Persian poets *Hafiz and *Omar Khayyam (pseud.) have also been translated into Latin; on the other hand, Catullus has been translated from Latin into such languages as Ukrainian. No overall anthology of Latin homopoetry - the longest continuous gay poetry tradition in a west European language - exists. The closest is * Il Gaio verso: poesia latina per l'altro amore, an anthology of ancient Latin homosexual love poetry published in 1992. See Queneau, Histoire des littératures, volume two, pp. 237-316, for an overview for the period from Christianity onwards; volume one, pp. 479-539, has an overview of the earlier Latin period. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage: see "Roman Literature". Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 153-66 (ancient Latin); 205-11 (Renaissance Latin; some poets only). Criticism. Woods, History of Gay Literature, 32-40: deals with ancient Latin. Overview - Malay, Bahasa Indonesisa, Javanese, Balinese Malay, Bahasa Indonesia, Javanese and Balinese are *Malayo-Polynesian languages and are all close (especially Malay and Bahasa Indonesia). Malay is spoken in Malaysia and Bahasa Indonesia, Javanese and Balinese in Indonesia. Material dates from ca. 1000 in Javanese (see *Mahabharata). See the separate entry 'Overview - Oral languages - Southeast Asia for oral cultures in these two countries. 'Indian religions have been very influential culturally in Malaysia and Indonesia: the Indian ' Mahabharata and *Ramayana exist in translation and in adaption in the languages. Javanese, spoken on the island of Java in Indonesia, is the most ancient written language - records go back a thousand years. The poem ' Centini contains references to homosexuality and the 'Lay of Jaya Prana warrants perusal. Javanese is written in a script descended from Indian scripts and is sometimes called Kawi (also spelt Kavi); Malay and Bahasa Indonesia are now written in the Roman alphabet. 'Islam has been the predominant religion in Malayasia and Indonesia since 1500 and the 'mystical influence of 'Sufism appears in the Malay 'Pantun and the work of 'Hamzah Fan Suri (pronouns in Malay are 'non gender specific, an added complication for Sufi poetry - which could in theory be addressed to a man or a woman). 'Omar Khayyam has been translated into both Malay and Bahasa Indonesia. Prior to Islam 'Buddhism was the dominant religion. Animistic religions are still widely practiced. In twentieth century poetry, in Bahasa Indonesia, see 'Amir Hamzah and 'Chairil Anwar; the *Bhagavad Gita has also been translated. The gay journal Gaya Nusantara (1987+), edited by the gay activist Dede Oetomo of Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, has published some gay poems: e.g., in vol.1 no. 2, p. 36 and no. 4, pp. 8-9, though the poems are unsigned (copies sighted: 'Cornell University Library; copies in the collection of 'Paul Knobel). Another journal is Jaka (1985+) edited in Yogyakarta by Persaudaraan 'G' (source: 'Library of Congress Catalogue). W. S. Rendra, a famous contemporary Indonesian poet and dramatist has written a poem, "Prostitutes of Djakarta Unite", which may have some applicability as some prostitutes are transvestites. In Balinese, spoken on the island of Bali in the east of Indonesia, a most unusual situation is described in the poem ' Gaguritan Brayut. For the literatures of Indonesia overall see Queneau, Histoire des littératures, volume one, pp. 1425-44: "Indonesian literature". Some 669 languages were listed as being spoken in Indonesia in 1988 (see "Indonesia: Language Situation" in Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics). For the very recent gay social background to Indonesia see "Indonesia" in Gay Histories and Cultures. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Kindlers neues Literatur Lexikon : see volume 20, 725-33, "Die Malaio-Indonesischen Literaturen" for a general overview of the literatures; bibl., 733. Lexikon des gesamten Buchwesens: see "Indonesian" and "Java" for libraries in Indonesia. Other works. Karsch-Haack, Das gleichgeschlechtliche Leben der Naturvölker, 185-228. Murray, Oceanic Homosexualities, 373-85. Manchu, in the *Altaic language family is in the *Turkic language group of Altaic and spoken in China from ca. 1644. The Manchus ruled China from 1644 and were called the *Ch'ing dynasty; they came from Manchuria. Manchu is related to the Tungus language and Manchu-Tungus form an Altaic subgroup; it was written in a modified version of the Mongolian alphabet. As one of the only inner Asian languages to be written, the language enjoyed considerable prestige. Material dates from 1644 when the Chinese classics were translated by order of the Emperor: see * Shih-ching. The early *emperors sought to retain the use of Manchu by the nobility; however, by the time the dynasty was overthrown in 1908 the Manchus had become absorbed into the Chinese populace. *Sir Edmund Backhouse wrote books on the end of the dynasty; some Manchu *emperors had homosexual experiences and the last emperor *Pu Yi was homosexual. Very little original poetry exists in the language but the *Ch'ien Lung Emperor, who had a homosexual lover, wrote a poem "Ode to Mukden". *Buddhist hymns and chants are relevant. See also *Translation - Chinese, influence - Chinese. A survey in German is in W. Fuchs, Tungusologie, 1968, 1-7; with bibl. p. 7. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica. Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Maori, a language of the *Austronesian family, is spoken in New Zealand and is in the Polynesian subgroup of languages (see *Overview - Polynesian on them). New Zealand was colonized probably from Hawaii around 1000 A.D. by ancestors of the present Maori people and oral poetry traditions are very old. Relevant material dates in written form from ca. 1900. Men dance in all male groups and sing songs called haka (dance songs). Poems are composed for all occasions and there are many poetic genres - for instance, songs have been composed in return to insults (these songs are called patere). Eric Schimmer, The World of Maori, 1966, Chapter 19 "Song, Speech and Dance", pp. 91-97, notes the wide number of genres including abuse and defamatory poems. insult poems and poems written in reply may possibly refer to homosexuality but none are at present known. Poems are oral or sung. Waiata, "song", is the most widespread type of oral poem and they are a mixture of love, sorrow and longing; see Margaret Orbell, Waiata: Maori songs in history (1991) with bibliography pp 113-14. *Love poems are a major genre as are *elegies or laments for the dead, called pokeka. Karakia are *spells. *Omar Khayyam has been translated and the *Bible was translated and published complete in 1851. Erotic carvings on buildings were suppressed with the coming of Christianity so the erotic element in Maori culture has been considerably underplayed in the last two hundred years. *Witi Ihimaera is the first openly gay New Zealand Maori poet (so far as is known he has only written poetry in English). Fine translations of Maori oral poetry have been made by Margaret Orbell who has also written on it. A large volume of material exists. Collection of material began from 1815 and manuscripts of nearly all early collections are in public libraries in New Zealand; most material is unpublished. After nearly dying out, Maori has experienced a renaissance from the 1990s and from 1987 is, with English, an official language of New Zealand. For information on Maori literature see Ian Wedde and Harvey McQueen, The Penguin Book of New Zealand Verse, Auckland, 1985, pp. 53-62, "The Maori Tradition" by Margaret Orbell - a concise survey; this anthology also includes a selection of poems in Maori and English translation. "Maori Literature: a survey" by Jane McCrae in Terry Sturm, editor, The Oxford History of New Zealand Literature in English, 1991, pp. 1-25, is written by a librarian at the University of Auckland and includes detailed bibliographical references (a second edition which also includes this article was published in 1998). Agathe Thornton, Maori Oral Literature as Seen by a Classicist (Dunedin: University of Otago Press, 1987) is a comparative study. Some gay social background is given in the writings of the Maori lesbian activist Ngahuia Te Awekotuku, Mana Wahine Maori, 1991; see especially "Dykes and Queers: Facts, Fairytales and Fictions", pp. 36-41. See also *Overview - English in New Zealand. Overview - Micronesian languages Micronesian languages are in the *Austronesian family and include the languages of the Marshall, Pelau, Mariana, Caroline and Gilbert Islands between *Polynesia and the Phillipines to the north east of Papua New Guinea. The Caroline Islands are a United Nations trust territory under United States control. Material of relevance dates from before 1911. Oral poems or *chants in relation to male homoerotic dancing are likely: see *Karsch-Haack, Das gleichgeschlechtliche Leben der Naturvölker, p. 249, re Caroline Islands language (material dates from 1911). Ifalik. "The young men are very affectionate with each other generally. They lie next to each other in the canoe houses, singing bwarux. They may stand together, their arms circling the others waist. And almost universal is their practice of walking down the path, hand in hand" (the author characterises these as "mild homosexual manifestations"); cited in the * Human Relations Area Files from Melford Spiro, Ifaluk: A South Sea Culture, unpublished manuscript, Washington DC, Coordinated Investigation of Micronesian Anthropology, Pacific Science Board, National Research Council, 1949, no page, Washington DC. Similar works are likely for the other languages since dancing with chants occurs widely in *Polynesian and *Papua New Guinea languages. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion: see "Micronesian Religions". Kindlers neues Literatur Lexikon: "Die Traditionell Literatur Mikronesiens" (overview of the literature). Other references. Karsch-Haack, Das gleichgeschlechtliche Leben der Naturvölker, 249-51. Murray, Oceanic Homosexualities, 150: map of the area. Mongolian, an *Altaic language related to Turkish and spoken in the Mongol Republic in the northwest of China, is actually the name for a group of languages of which the major dialect is Khalkha. Material of relevance dates from at least ca. 1240 and probably much earlier. The *Secret History of the Mongols (ca. 1240) is the first work of relevance: one passage suggests homosexuality in this work which is considered a poem by some authorities. *Buddhism is the national religion (though *Marxism has contributed to a dramatic decline in Buddhism). The language of the Buddhist church is Tibetan and monks know this language in which the scriptures are taught so Tibetan influence is strong (see *Overview - Tibetan). Almost all males spend time in monasteries. There is a rich *epic literature and *Tantrism figures in the religious practices. For the political history, which is complex, see Guy Wint, Asia: A Handbook (London, 1965), "Mongolia" by Owen Lattimore pp. 11722. Russian explorers re-discovered the ancient Mongol capital of Karakorum in 1948. Nikolaus Poppe and others, Mongolistik (Leiden, 1964), is an excellent survey of the languages and literature. A Mongolian gay group was formed in 1997. On Mongolian see Queneau, Histoire des littératures, volume one, pp. 1140-56. Nepalese is an *Indo-European language spoken in Nepal, a country in the foothills of the Himalayas, mountains which straddle Nepal and Tibet (there are many Tibetan loan words and the culture is very influenced by Tibetan culture). Relevant material survives from ca. 1500. The culture is a mixture of *Buddhism and *Hinduism and the Buddha was born in Nepal. *Tantrism is very strong and there is much erotic iconography in the art; homoerotic poems are suspected. The *Ramayana has been translated. A Nepalese *queer group was formed in 1996, Nepal Queer Society, and its director K. P. Sharma sent an appeal abroad for foreign aid because he claims "Everyone hates us" (see James Saslow, Pictures and Passions: A History of Homosexuality in the Visual Arts, 1999, p. 302). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica . Overview - Norse (also called Icelandic) Norse, a *Germanic language close to Norwegian and Swedish, is also known as Icelandic in its modern form; the language is in the *Indo-European family. Written records from ca. 1200 survive only from Iceland, a colony of Norway. Norse was formerly spoken both in Iceland and Scandinavia (in Norway and Denmark). Iceland was colonized from Denmark. In the early *middle ages the language was spoken in the northern part of Great Britain and Norse invaders even reached Canada and the United States. Norse is now spoken only in Iceland. *Laws referring to male homosexuality are negative and date from 1164. Homosexual references occur extensively in the ancient literature which is obsessed with it. An *Anonymous Norwegian scholar made the first study of homosexuality and old Norse literature in 1902. *Preben Meulengracht S0rensen has made the most detailed recent study. Several of the poetic * edda are relevant but most references to homosexuality in them are negative and homophobic. *Havamal does present a positive reference. The concepts of nid (or nith) and ergi are crucial. Modern Icelandic. The singer and songwriter 'Hordur Torfason founded the country's gay organization Samtokin '78 after coming out of the closet in 1975 and seeing his career ruined. See *Bent Hansen re his bibliography * Nordisk Bibliografi, the first listing of gay material in Icelandic, and see *Theocritus, *Homer, *Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam. A journal Ur felum was published ca. 1982 by the gay organization Udgivet af Samtokin '78; this may have literary material. See Queneau, Histoire des littératures, volume two, pp. 317-26, for an overview of Icelandic literature. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature, vol. 1: "Norse Literature"; "Edda"; "Scald". New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics : "Old Norse Poetry". Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1156-58: "Medieval Scandinavia". Bibliographies. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 193-94. Overview - North American Indian (also called North Amerindian) languages North American Indian languages are spoken in the United States and Canada. There are approximately six language families. Several million native Indian people existed in the United States and Canada in the sixteenth century; 1.8 million were listed in the 1980 census in the United States. Originally there were between 500 and 1000 languages but in 1940, only 149 were spoken. United States. *Chants in ritual dramas, *songs and oral narratives are the main forms of surviving oral literature of these languages. Dance traditions are strongly homoerotic; in summer males dance almost nude (see also the Sioux poet 'Ben Geboe). Navaio is the most widely spoken language by numbers today: see *Songs - Navajo. Songs comprise the largest part of Indian literatures and are composed extensively on many subjects: none on homosexuality has come to light so far, though they must be suspected in all 'tribal cultures. The 'trickster figure in Winnebago culture is a figure of interest. *Berdache are men who dress as women and this has been the most discussed aspect of homosexuality in north American Indian cultures so far (e.g., among the Zunj); see also 'Songs - Mohave. However, the berdache is only one aspect of homosexuality. Little detailed research has been done on homosexuality and north American Indian peoples. Translation into English to date has been very restrained and censorship of records is suspected due to *Puritanism of the white translators; the Navaho creation myth is highly sexual but this hardly comes through in the two translations to date (both of the late nineteenth century) and translation of poetry has been similarly chaste. Only recently have adequate translations begun to appear. Poets in * Living the Spirit, the first English language gay Indian anthology may also have written in Indian languages. English is now a major Indian literary language. See also *Indians, *Historical and Social - North American Indian. Religion and myth: see the article in Encyclopedia of Religion, "American Indian Religions". Kwakiutl: see 'Serpent. Pawnee: see 'Berdache. Wintu: see 'Daniel-Harry Steward. Yokut: see 'Berdache. A discussion of sexual roles is in Sue-Ellen Jacob and others, Two Spirit People: NAtive Anerican Gender Indetity, Sexuality and Spirituality, 1997 (review: Harvard Gay and Lesbian Review, summer 1998, 47-48 by Randy P. Conner); in this book a recurring theme is that gay and lesbian Indians insist they are not berdaches Canada. For the Eskimo or Inuit who live in the north of Canada in the Arctic area see 'Performance traditions. The Canadian gay poet *bill bisset has been influenced by Indian chants. The Smithsonian Museum, Washington, and Museum of Natural History, Field Museum, Chicago, have films of Indian rituals. See A. La Vonne Brown Ruoff, American Indian Literatures, 1990, for detailed bibliography (see pp. 147-89) and discussion of literatures to 1989: this is the place to start in research. On the literatures see also Queneau, Histoire des littératures, volume one, pp. 1513-1522. Translations and records are in French, English and Spanish though mainly in English. See also *Mark Thompson for an important sociological essay. Compare *Overview - Central American Indians, - South American Indians, *Overview - African languages. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Sexual Behaviour: see "American Indians" (with bibl). Parlett, Short Dictionary of Languages: see "Amerindian languages". New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics: see "American Indian languages" 4244; with bibl. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 593-95. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage: "Native North American Literature". Encyclopedia Britannica: "American Indian Cultures". Kindlers neues Literatur Lexikon, vol. 20: "Literatur der nordamerikanischen Indianer"; with excellent bibl. Katzner, Languages of the World, 8: lists languages. Gay Histories and Cultures: see "American Indian/ Alaskan Native Gender Indentity and Sexuality". Bibliographies. Goodland, Bibliography of Sex Rites: check index. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, pp. 215-19. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 242-44. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Living the Spirit: the whole anthology is relevant; see especially the listing of 133 tribes with *Berdache roles 217-222; bibl. 229-35. Other works. Karsch-Haack, Das gleichgeschlechtliche Leben der Naturvölker, 320-62. Katz, Gay American History, 282-334: documents on Indian homosexuality to 1976. Baumann, Das doppelte Geschlecht: many references re bisexuality (consult index). Homosexuality and world religions, 1-46: article on the Americas and Africa. Norwegian, an *Indo-European language in the *Germanic group spoken in Norway, is a dialect of Danish (spoken to the south) and is close to Swedish spoken in the adjoining country, Sweden. German, also close, has heavily influenced the language. Norway was joined to Denmark until the nineteenth century. Norway is close to English speaking Scotland from where British influences have come. Gay poetry dates from 1900 as presently known. The earliest *law proscribing homosexuality dates from 1164. Norwegian stems from old Norse. For earlier poems see *Overview - Norse. The Norwegian scholar *Ebbe Hertzberg published an article in German anonymously in 1902 discussing homosexuality in old Norse literature. The first Norwegian gay poetry anthololgy * Fra mann til mann: Dikt om menns kjerleik til menn, consisting of translations from other European languages, was compiled by *Jan Olav Gatland and published in 1986; poets included date from *Whitman, *Rimbaud and *Verlaine and the main concentration is on the poets of *gay liberation, similar to the earlier anthology in Danish * Digte om mends kerlighed til mend to which it owes its subtitle which means "poems of men's love towards men". The same author also compiled a major critical and historical study of homosexual themes in nineteenth and twentieth century poetry and prose published in 1990 and completed the first separate bibliographical study in 1996. Relevant poets in Norwegian only date from ca. 1900: see Jens Peter Jacobsen, *Bj0rnstjerne Bj0rnson, *Asmund Sveen (known as a gay poet), *Tor Jonsson and his close friend *Jan-Magnus Bruheim, Jens Bjorneboe and *Ole Frederik Einarsen. *Jan Olav Gatland cites the poets *Sigmund Skard, *Ole Fredrik Einarsen, *Nils, Yttris, *Harvard Rems, *Edvard Ruud and *Erik Fosnes Hansen for the period from 1970 to 1990. Homoerotic sentiments have been detected in the poetry of Norway's national poet *Henrik Wergeland. Bibliographies covering Norwegian homopoetry are also by *Olle-Petter Melin and *Bent Hansen. *Shakespeare's Sonnets, *Whitman, *Wilde's Ballad of Reading Goal and *Hafiz have been translated into Norwegian. Male homosexuality is now legal and there is an anti-discrimination law (see Second ILGA Pink Book, p. 238). There are two gay organizations DNF-48 (full name: Det Norske Forbundet af 48), which is based on the Danish organization Forbundet af 48, and FHO. For a general gay history in Norwegian see *Karen-Christine Friele. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 381-82 (overview), 392-95 (selection of poems). Overview - Oral languages of Southeast Asia in Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines Languages spoken in Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines which are mainly in the *Malayo-Polynesian family. Material of relevance dates from 1954 at least. Religious dualism and *bisexuality in gods is relevant and poems, songs and *chants associated with religious rituals. Compare also similar religious practices amongst tribal peoples in the mainland of Southeast Asia - in Burma for instance (see *Overview - Burmese). Little research has been done on homosexuality in these languages. Malaysia. Over 200 oral languages exist. See 'Prostitution - Sacred re Toraia. Olo Nvadia. Olo Dusun. Kavan. See also *Oral poems - I ban (possible poems only). Indonesia. Sulawesi and Kalimantan - huge islands north of Java - are the two main islands of tribal cultures in Indonesia; Papua (the province formerly called West Irian) was incorporated into Indonesia in 1965 and East Timor from 1975 both having many tribal groups. West Papua languages belong to the *Papua New Guinea languages. The large island of Sumatra to the west of Java is also important for tribal cultures. There were some 669 languages spoken by the peoples of Indonesia in 1988; on the island of Alor alone 70 languages are spoken. (On Indonesian languages see the article "Indonesia" in Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics.) Transvestism and oral poetrv. See the seminal article '"Transvestism and the Religious 'Hermaphrodite in Indonesia", Journal of East Asiatic Studies (1954), 257-65; regarding male transvestitism and hermaphroditism and the Toraia of Malaysia (Borneo) and 'shamanism see pp. 257-58; for oral poems, songs, 'chants linked to the Naadiu Dava (i.e. Ngaju Dyaya) of Kalimantan (Borneo) see pp. 259-60 (on these people see also Encyclopedia of Religion article above p. 523); for oral poems linked to the Bugis (speakers of Buginese) and Makarassese people (speakers of Makassan) of Sulawesi with a 'bisexual religious ritual and subincision ceremony performed (see 'Initiation) see pp. 260-63; see further Marind-Anim 'initiation discussed pp. 263-65 in relation to homosexual initiation ceremonies and *snake symbolism (Marind-Anim speakers live in Indonesia in Irian Jaya and also in Papua New Guinea). Mambai. Spoken in east Timor: see Encyclopedia of Religion, "Southeast Asian religions", p. 523, re dualism and an hermaphroditic being which shelters the world; poems and songs associated with religious rituals are relevant. Buainese. */ La Galigo is an epic cycle recited by male 'transvestite priests who enjoy great esteem in the culture and are linked with the authorship of the poem. Bugis street in Singapore is a gay meeting place and transvestites are seen (personal visit of the author, 1985). The Buginese, who live in south west Sulawesi (formerly Celebes), have a rich written literary tradition in an alphabet based on an Indian form of writing (see the entry "Buginese" in Encyclopedia Brittannica); they were *Buddhists until the seventeenth century, when they converted to *Islam, and are traders. There are elaborate chanted heroic *epic poems in Buginese and Makassan played with a two stringed lute (see Frits A. Wagner, Indonesia, 1962, pp. 186-87); this performance practice may be related to similar methods of performance in central Asia; there were trading links by sea and through Islam with Islamic parts of south Asia. Philippines. See 'Songs - Cebuano. 'Songs - Taaaloa. 'Transvestite singers occur in the form of males who dress as women and who are homosexual. See also *Overview - Papua New Guinea, Irian Jaya re the province of Irian Jaya and *Overview - Malayo-Polynesian languages. Compare *Overview - Papua New Guinea, *Overview - Polynesian languages, *Overview - Australian Aboriginal. See also James Frazer. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion: "Southeast Asian Religions". Bibliographies. Goodland, Bibliography of Sex Rites: several references, see index. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, pp. 177-82. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 221-22, 234. Other references. Karsch-Haack, Das gleichgeschlechtliche Leben der Naturvölker, 185-228. Baumann, Das doppelte Geschlecht: several references. Overview - Papua New Guinea and Irian Jaya oral languages Papua New Guinea languages are spoken in Papua New Guinea and Indonesia. Material of relevance dates from 1885. There are some 870 languages in the *Papuan New Guinea languages spoken in Papua New Guinea itself, the largest spoken group in Papua New Guinea and Irian Jaya; possibly up to 1,000 separate cultures exist, many speaking their own language making this area of the world one of the richest in languages. Little scientific work has been done on them. Papua New Guinea and the adjacent islands are called Melanesia, from the Greek word for black and referring to the fact that the people are dark black skinned. Language groups in Papua New Guinea include Melanesian languages (immigrant languages which are nearly all coastal), *Polynesian languages and Papuan. For general information see "Languages" by A. Capell in Peter Ryan, editor, Encyclopaedia of Papua and New Guinea(1972); with bibl. Many of these languages are very little known apart from their native speakers. Attempts are being made to translate the *Christian * Gospels into them. Papua New Guinea. Material dates from 1885, when *ritualized homosexuality in connection with initiation ceremonies was first recorded - see 'Initiation songs - Kiwai. Clothes in the western sense are not worn in traditional societies and eroticism is much more perceptible; men wear penis gourds in some cultures, a piece of clothing which emphasises the penis. Songs and *chants associated with initiation ceremonies are the major poetic works of importance with regard to homosexuality: see *Gilbert Herdt (who has specially discussed the Eastern Highlands peoples in relation to ritualized homosexuality), *Bruce Knauft (who has studied ritualized homosexuality in relation to the south coast peoples) and *Gisela Bleibtreu-Ehrenberg. Few initiation songs have, however, been recorded and fewer still translated: as an example see '"Cosmogonic song" in Yaawoia. However, songs exist for virtually anything in these languages since song making is a daily activity; gossip songs are common as are love magic songs and songs of these two types are likely in relation to homosexuality. Relevant oral material exists undoubtedly exists (e.g., oral *bawdry poems as well as ordinary homopoetry). Homopoems relating to the penis shaped yam, a crucial food in Papua New Guinea, are very likely. Initiation ceremonies are linked to fertility rites and *magic (especially to yam ceremonies, the yam being a staple food) and to the fertility of the dugong fish in the case of the Kiwai (these relate to similar ceremonies in northern Australia). Male sperm may be inseminated in the anus, given in the mouth - *fellatio - in the case of the Sambia and I a wave or smeared over the body in initiation ceremonies (sometimes, as in the Kiwai case, in connection with female sperm): see initiation - Sambia, - Iqwaye. All males must undergo such ceremonies which have been reported in the south coast and the eastern highlands; in some cultures initiation ceremonies have ceased. Reports also exist of some youths being allegedly so debauched in the initiation ceremonies that they have been alleged to become homosexual afterwards (see the Knauft article in initiation songs - Kiwai); such youths may, however, have been homosexual initially. See Barry Adam's remarks in "Age, Structure and Sexuality" in Journal of Homosexuality vol. 11 numbers 3 and 4, Summer 1985, 25-29 for a concise summary of Papua New Guinea ritualized homosexuality. Secrecy - after western penetration of the country - is a feature in many cultures (e.g., Sepik') so this is an added complication in anything to do with homosexuality. Homosexuality was illegal under Australian law (see *Law - English) and Papua New Guinea was under Australian control from 1918 to independence in 1975 (and prior to this under Australian control from 1883 in Papua while the northern part was under German control until 1918); homosexuality was illegal in 1999 and does not appear to have been changed from the law under Australian control. German law prevailed in New Guinea from the nineteenth century to 1918. *Christianity, which was introduced from the late nineteenth century, also condemned homosexuality. See entries for initiation songs for ritualized homosexuality for Sambia. Baruva. East Bav. Etoro. Foi. Gebusi. Kaluli. Marin-anim. Kiwai. Keraki. Kolopom. Yaawoia. Compare initiation songs for Australian aborigines e. g., Aranda initiation songs (see *Overview - Aranda) and similar works in Irian Jaya (see below). 'Songs sung by transvestite men in latmul are relevant. Ethnographies for the hundreds of cultures of Papua New Guinea wait to be written and a huge amount of oral poetry of relevance is suspected. Links exist and have existed in the Torres Strait where the northern state of Queensland in Australia and Papua New Guinea are joined: it is possible to walk from Australia to Papua New Guinea at low tide. The bull roarer, used in southern Papua New Guinea, is also used widely across Australia in initiation ceremonies. In addition, links have existed by boat between New Guinea and Australia. Whether Australian Aboriginal cultures got customs from Papua New Guinea or vice versa remains to be elaborated, if this is possible; certainly Australian aboriginal and Papua New Guinea cultures do show close connections with similar ritualized homosexuality reported widely across northern and central Australia and similar implements such as the bullroarer used. Compare other *tribal cultures (e.g., in *Africa, *South America). The journal Oral History, published in Port Moresby, records Papua New Guinea folk tales and mythology. See Peter Ryan, Encyclopaedia of Papua and New Guinea, 1972, for information on individual cultures. English is widely spoken since Australia took over control in 1975 in the south, Papua and in 1919 in the north, formerly New Guinea, with German being spoken previously in the north. The country became independent from Australia in 1975. Indonesia. Papua, to the west of Papua New Guinea, formerly called Irian Jaya, is now a province of Indonesia (the province was renamed in 1999). Material follows a similar pattern to Papua New Guinea - see entries 'Initiation - Kimam initiation (referring to an outstanding article by J. Patrick Gray), 'Initiation - Asmat. Bahasa Indonesia is the language of administration since Indonesia took over in 1965 (previously Irian Jaya was under Dutch control). Some five hundred languages are spoken. Compare also 'Oral poems - Big Nambas relating to Vanuatu. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, pp. 209-14. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion: see "Initiation". Kindlers neues Literatur Lexikon vol. 20: "Traditionelle Literatur Melanesiens". Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Melanesia". Bibliographies. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 234-37. Other references. Karsch-Haack, Das gleichgeschlechtliche Leben der Naturvölker, 91-115. Pashto is spoken in Afghanistan, northern India and northern Pakistan. It is the language of Afghanistan and is an *Iranian language which is in the *Indo-Iranian family. The earliest literary records date from the seventh century but the earliest gay poem so far known dates only from 1885. Persian (also called Farsi or Farsi-Kabulli) is read and spoken by the educated classes in Afghanistan and Persian influence is very strong. *Sa'di has been translated and * rubai written. The *Whirling Dervish *Sufi order exists. Pashto has strong oral traditions - see *Songs - Pashto, *Afghani love song, *Oral poem - Pashto (ca. 1885), the earliest relevant work. *Alessandro Bausani has written a study of the literature (in Italian). Work on the literary history has been done in Russia (see Rypka, History of Iranian Literature, p. 808 - bibliography). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition: under "Afghan" see "Pashto Literature". Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 17-18: "Afghanistan". Great Soviet Encyclopedia vol. 2: under "Afghan" see "Literature". Bibliographies. Besterman, A World Bibliography of Bibliographies: see "Pushtu literature" for manuscript sources. Persian, an *Indo-European language, part of the *Iranian languages, is spoken in Iran. The language has one of the strongest traditions of homosexual poetry of any language. Material of relevance dates from 500 B.C. The language, which is also called Farsi, is the major literary language of the Iranian languages, a group extending into central Asia, Pakistan and India (see, for example, *Zuhuri). Poetry was the major literary art form until recently and was more highly regarded than prose. The Persian language dates back in Old Persian to at least 1000 B.C., and the first literary works of note, the *hymns of the philosopher *Zoroaster (active 500 B.C.) are strongly homoerotic; these works have influenced *Indian philosophies in India, *Sufism, possibly *Plato and even *Christianity. Zoroastrianism, which relates to the Indian * Vedas, is a world religion. Modern Persian dates from 800 A.D. when the country was occupied by Arabic speaking Islamic Arabs and when *Islam was adopted and the language written in the script of Arabic. Since then there has been a huge interchange between Arabic and Persian poetry. Seljuq Turks invaded Iran in the eleventh century and brought Turkish influence; interaction with Turkish was constant from then to the fall of the Ottoman empire in 1918. (See influence - Persian, - Arabic, - Turkish.) Persian has itself strongly influenced Urdu and languages in Pakistan and north west India (e. g., Punjabi). The Persians occupied Pakistan - see the poet *Farrukhi - and parts of India from the thirteenth century following the invasion of the Indian subcontinent by the Persian speaking Mughals and a school of *Mughal poets existed. Persian influence was enormous in Pakistan and India as far as Bengal: the language was for centuries a lingua franca and widely spoken and written (including poetry) until the British domination from 1857. The entire tradition of classical Persian *divan poetry is pederastic with many poems directed at *youths and the * saki (or *cupbearer at drinking parties) who is a fixture of the poetry tradition (this custom may date back to ancient times; it almost certainly has connections with the ancient Greek *symposium tradition). A * Saqi-nama is a collection of wine drinking verses, usually, but not invariably, by one poet. The tradition of Persian poetry is basically lyrical and the * ghazal was the main poetic form (though *masnavi or long poems were written). The *epic poet *Firdawsi's Shah-na-mah shows considerable homoeroticism; it relates to vast epic traditions in the area of central Asia and *Turkestan. *Wine drinking - see *Khamriyya - and *down on the face are notable tropes associated with homosexuality throughout Persian poetry. The trope of *Sultan Mahmud and the slave *Ayaz is a trope of gay love occurring in the works of many poets. But if *epicureanism is a major theme in Persian poetry so also is *sado-masochism, especially the subjugation of the lover to the beloved, ideas which recall the European convention of *courtly love, which may be related to Persian traditions through Arabic poetry. The sex of the *beloved in love poetry in Persian was usually male. Like Turkish, Persian does not have gender, which can make for ambiguity in love poetry, as the historian of Persian literature Jan Rypka has pointed out. Illustration of Persian manuscripts is especially homoerotic showing all male groups with male cupbearers - see illustration - Persian. *Court poets seem in many cases homosexual, as the rich tradition of illustration of manuscripts shows; since Persian was written in the Arabic script *calligraphy was highly valued as with Arabic poets. Much poetry remains in manuscript or is inadequately edited and *manuscripts are scattered all over the world; the Ottoman capital *Istanbul has huge numbers, as *Helmut Ritter pointed out, but so do cities like *Oxford, *London, *Delhi and *St Petersburg. Outstanding poets include *Omar Khayyam whose complex text has been best edited by *Mohammed ali Forughi, while *Ali Dashti and *Arthur Christensen are notable writers on the complex problems associated with the text of this poet, who seems to have been homosexual and certainly wrote within a homosexual tradition. *Edward Fitzgerald famously translated Omar Khayyam's homoerotic * Rubaiyat (Works) into English, a translation which, after publication in 1859, was then retranslated into languages all over the world. Most Persian poets were handed down in handwritten manuscripts until the nineteenth century. Other outstanding poets of relevance include *Sa'di (one of the greatest Persian poets, whose poems are taught in schools), *Hafiz (whose homosexual poems are outstanding), *'Attar, *'Iraqi, *Jami and the Jewish homosexual Persian poet *Sarmad. Explicitly erotic homosexual poetry occurs in the work of *'Ubayd Zakani and *Iraj Mirza (who wrote at the beginning of the twentieth century). *Dancing and singing boys (noted by *E. J. Browne a century ago in *Shiraz) still sing bawdy songs. Urdu and Turkish poets also wrote in Persian; for example see the Urdu poets *Dard and *Ghalib and the Turkish poet *Nef i. Classical Persian dates to 1500 but traditional forms were used until 1945. The *Sufi tradition of *mystical poetry is strongly homosexual. The founder of Persian and Turkish Sufism, *Rumi, wrote strongly homosexual poetry and the Sufi *Kirmani is an outstanding homosexual poet. Sufism descends from, has in turn been influenced by, and in turn influenced *Indian Philosophy in India and Pakistan (see *Kabir but even further back the * Vedas). It has strongly influenced the poetry of all languages around Iran - such as the northern *Indian languages. *Literary historians and critics (e.g., the brilliant Czech Jan Rypka already mentioned) have notably commented on homosexuality in Persian (which cannot be escaped, though *A. J. Arberry the noted British expert managed to avoid mentioning it). *Marten Schild has perceptively discussed homosexuality in the Middle East, including Persian. Recently such major Persian scholars as *Ehsan Yarshater have dealt extensively with homosexuality in the poetry. *Paul Sprachman has written an exceptional article on the Persian bawdy tradition in which poets insult others by homosexual reference (compare similar traditions in Arabic - see Jarir). Translation of Persian homopoetry into *European languages dates from the late eightenth century: see *Platen, *Hammer-Purgstall, *Edward Fitzgerald. *Aleister Crowley has brilliantly parodied Persian gay poetry in one of the most brilliant gay works of poetry ever composed: The Scented Garden of *Abdullah the Satirist of Shiraz. Strong *censorship in Iran in the twentieth century has severely curtailed the writing of gay poetry especially from the 1970s. The modern poet *Reza Bahareni has written about *rape in *prison. In Iran, from the time of the Islamic revolution of 1979, homosexual behavior has been severely proscribed leading even to the death penalty: see *Law - Persian. A contemporary poet *Cyrus Atabay lives in Germany and writes in German. The poet *Hushang Merchant who comes from Iran has written a Tine work in English. For biographical sources see *Biography - Persian. A concise survey of Persian literature is A. J. Arberry, The Legacy of Persia, 1953: "Persian Literature", 199-229. Reuben Levy, An Introduction to Persian Literature, 1967, is a recent excellent history. Rypka, History of Iranian Literature is a basic reference; it includes a section on Persian literature in India. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition: under "Persia" see "Persian Literature". Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition: under "Iran" see "Literature". Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 612-13: "Iran". Great Soviet Encyclopedia, vol. 10: see "Literature" pp. 396-98 under "Iran". New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics: "Persian Poetry". Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage: see "Middle Eastern Literature: Persian" (the first overall gay discussion). Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Persian (Iranian) Literature and Culture" and "Iran". Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 335-54. Criticism. Woods, History of Gay Literature, 57-59. Polish, spoken in Poland, is an *Indo-European language in the *Slavic group. It is the third largest Slavic language after Russian and Ukrainian, both contiguous languages. *Slowacki (died 1850) seems the first poet of relevance. The great Polish Romantic poet *Mickiewicz died in the arms of a male friend and the poet *Cyperian Norwid wrote a long poem based on the gay Roman emperor *Hadrian. The *decadent movement had a significaant influence in Polish (e.g., *Pater was translated). *Waclaw Rolicz Lieder around 1900 was a disciple of the homosexual German poet *Stefan George. *Modernism and *surrealism were strong movements in the twentieth century. Polish poets of the twentieth century who are relevant include *Iwaskiewicz, Jan Lechon (pseud.), *Bialoszewski, *Gombrowicz and *Andrzejewski. For contemporary poets see Josef Czechowica, *Tadeusz Olszewski, *Grzegiez Musial. The *Nobel Prize winner *Csezlaw Milosz has translated Whitman and Shakespeare. Polish is rich in translations of gay poets and works e.g., *Michelangelo, *Martial, *Whitman, *Oscar Wilde and the * Palatine Anthology. In 1995 gay poems were openly published in Journals. On homosexuality see Krzysztof Boczkowski, Homoseksualizm, Warsaw, 1992 (rare: a copy is in the *British Library). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1012-14: "Poland". New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics: "Polish Poetry". Everyman Companion to East European Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 417. Overview - Polynesian languages Polynesia refers to the area to the south east of Papua new Guinea as far east as Hawaii (a state of the United States). The people have light brown skin in contrast to the black skinned Papua New Guineans. They mainly live on small islands including Tonga, Samoa, Tahiti (a French overseas territory), Hawaii, and New Zealand (which consists of the two largest islands in the group). New Zealand - where Maori is the language of the indigenous people - is the largest country and there has been a recent revival of Maori which is now a national language. Polynesian languages are part of the *Malayo-Polynesian family. Material of relevance dates from 1881. Gay *oral poems have been discovered in Hawaiian. *Chants associated with the strong male bonding exhibited in *dancing (men dance and sing in groups with other men) are of interest. Male *transvestites who sing and dance also exist. *Eulogies in which men praise other men who have died are another genre which needs examination. However much literature remains in manuscript (e.g., in Maori in Auckland Public Library and the Hocken Library, Dunedin, and in Hawaiian in the Bishop Museum in Hawaii). Until this material is published no adequate assessment is possible and even then *censorship may have resulted in the non recording of homobawdy, particularly as *Christian missionaries played a big part in the recording of these languages. An excellent survey of the Polynesian literatures to 1940 is in H. Munro Chadwick and Nora Chadwick, The Growth of Literature, 1932-40, volume 3, Part 2, pp. 229-474; this was written by Nora Chadwick. More recent work is covered in Ruth Finnegan and Margaret Orbell, editors, South Pacific Oral Traditions, 1995. The * Gospels have been translated into these languages. See Victor Krupa, The Polynesian Languages, 1982, for discussion of the languages. Maori. Maori is the indigenous language of New Zealand; there are several dialects. The language is undergoing a vigorous revival after nearly dying out. See *Overview - Maori for discussion. Tonoan: see 'Ulamoleke. Although Raymond Firth, "Sex and Slander in Tikopia Song", Oral Tradition vol. 5 numbers 2-3, 219-40, examines only heterosexual material in these *insult poems, the scabrous nature means that homosexual reference cannot be ruled out; this work is reprinted in Ruth Finnegan and Margaret Orbell, editors, South Pacific Oral Traditions, 1995, pp. 64-84. Tikopia is in the Solomon Islands. Samoan. Erotic heterosexual dancing in connection with love has been recorded: see *B. Schidlof, Liebe und Ehe bei den Naturvolkern, 1932, Ch. 6 pp. 156-73 (trans. as Sex Life in the South Seas, 1953, with the imprint Melbourne Anthropological Research Association but published in the United States: see "Love Dances and Erotic Songs" pp. 203-230 in this translation). Homosexual songs are likely. Marauesan language. See 'Songs and oral poems - Marquesan (though not confirmed, material seems likely). 'Herman Melville visited the Marquesas and homosexuality occurs in his early novels set in the south seas. Tahitian. See 'Transvestite singers. Rapa Nui. 'Oral poems which are relevant may exist in this language which is the language of Easter Island. Hawaiian. A brilliant sexual poem to a man was composed by 'Papa'ala before 1881. The Journal of the Polynesian Society surveys material in these languages and is nearly one hundred years old. See *Stephen O. Murray for the social background and bibliographic sources for homosexuality; see also Bengt Danielsson, Love in the South Seas, New York, 1933 (trans. from Swedish). Bibliographies. Goodland, Bibliography of Sex Rites : many references (see index). Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, pp. 2Q9 - 14. Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Sexual Behaviour, volume 2, 8S2 - 4Q. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 9S7 - 4Q: see "Pacific Cultures". New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics : "Polynesian Poetry"; with important bibliography and manuscript sources; see also the entry in the 1974 edition of this work. Kindlers neues Literatur Lexikon, vol. 2Q: see "Traditionelle Literatur Ozeaniens". Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion : see "Oceanic Religions". Criticism. Karsch-Haack, Das gleichgeschlechtliche Leben der Naturvölker, 229 - 48. Queneau, Histoire des littératures, volume one, 1469 - 92. Baumann, Das doppelte Geschlecht: many references especially to Maori (see index). Overview - Portuguese in Brazil Portuguese, an *Indo-European language of the *Romance group, has been spoken in Brazil from 1500. Material dates from ca. 1680. Brazil was colonized by Portugal and *Overview - Portuguese in Portugal gives the background for Portuguese in the parent country. Brazil was founded as a Portuguese colony in 1500 and has been the most relaxed country in South America for homosexuality (there is a Portuguese saying that there is no sin under the equator). The first poet to refer to male homosexuality is *Gregorio de Matos (born 1633). Nineteenth century poets include *Alvares de Azevedo and *Olavo Bilac. A *Carnival Song of ca. 1920 refers to homosexuality and in 1928 *Mara L. Flaury wrote a study of homosexuality in literature (though not useful for poetry). The great gay poet *Antonio Botto who was brought up in Portugal spent his last years (1947-1959) in the country and is the first major gay poet associated with Brazil. Many poets from the late nineteenth century appear in the first Portuguese gay anthology *Poemas do amor maldito (1969), compiled by the poets *Gasparino Damata (pseud.) and *Walmir Ayala; published in Brazil it is on the *decadent model. The country has an active gay movement which saw the publication of the cultural *journal * Lampiao (1978-81). *Cassiano Nunes and *Franklin Jorge both appeared in the first Latin American anthology * Now the Volcano (1979). The major poets *Carlos Drummond de Andrade and Jorge de Lima have written homosexual poems. In 1982 *Glauco Mattoso published an extraordinary volume illustrated with erect penises. *Robert Piva is a noted contemporary poet. *Twenty-four Poemas Gays (1982) is the second Brazilian gay poetry anthology. *Valdo Mota is an outstanding recent gay poet whose poetry is centered on the asshole as a way of finding *God. *Valery Peleleshin, a gay poet who wrote in Russian and lived in Brazil, has also written some poems in Portuguese. *Chants and songs sung in connection with *Afro-Brazilian cults contain homosexual poetry, but need investigating. There have been periods of repression of homosexuals in Brazil though the law was decriminalized in 1823 under the influence of the *Code Napoléon. *Joâo Trevisan has written a fine historical and cultural study and *Luiz Mott has written extensively on Brazilian gay culture and compiled the first detailed bibliography. *Irwin Stern has written the first article in English on homosexuality and literature in Brazil. David William Foster, Gay and Lesbian Themes in Latin American Writing, 1991, deals with prose (bibl. pp. 165-74). Libraries in Brazil are generally poor. The city library in Rio de Janeiro was formerly the National Library until 1960, when the capital was moved to Brasilia, an artificially created city which now houses the National Library. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 162-64: see "Brazil". Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage: see "Latin American Literature". Overview - Portuguese in Portugal Portuguese is spoken in Portugal and Brazil (see *Overview - Portuguese in Brazil). The language is an *Iberian language, part of the *Romance group of the *Indo-European language family. It is close to Spanish, French and Italian, other Romance languages. Gay poems in Portugal date from Portuguese *troubadours (e.g., *Pero de Armea) from ca. 1250. *Cantigas, a form of ballad with homosexual reference, date from 1300. Anti-gay *laws also date from the *middles ages though male homosexual acts were legalized in 1852, following the *Code Napoléon. *Gregorio Ferreira wrote a satirical poem ca. 1660 naming Portuguese sodomites and there are gay references in the work of the *epic poet *Luis de Camôes, author of the national epic Os Lusiadas. In the late nineteenth century, the *decadent movement was strong in Portugal (see *Gomes Leal, *Antonio Feijo) and much poetry of relevance was written in the *eighteen nineties (see *Eugenio de Castro). French influence has been the strongest of all outside influences on Portuguese culture - for instance in poetry, *Rimbaud and *Verlaine, whose gay poems were being published in French from 1894. The decadent movement and French gay poetry formed the background for the poetry of Portugal's greatest *modernist poet - and perhaps greatest poet - *Fernando Pessoa, who never married. He wrote a spirited defence of his contemporary *Antonio Botto's openly gay sequence Os Cancôes (The Songs; 1920); José Regio (pseud.) has written a notable book of criticism on Botto's work. (Botto later emigrated to Brazil in 1947, due to a court case relating to his homosexuality.) The compatriot of Pessoa and Botto, *Gomes Leal, defended sodomy in a pamphlet entitled Sodomia divinisada ("Sodomy Divined") at this time, while another friend the possibly bisexual *Mario de Sa Carneiro committed suicide in *Paris in 1914. The outstanding Portuguese literature on gay culture begins with *Arlindo Monteiro, who wrote a huge cultural study of homosexuality in 1922 showing the influence of *Magnus Hirshfeld. *Asdrubal D'Aquiar has written a survey mostly discussing the laws while *Luiz Mott has done recent work on the historical background. The *surrealist poet *Mario Cesariny has written homosexual poems while *Eugenio de Andrade is an important poet active from 1940 whose work, especially from 1988, is relevant. *Al Perto (pseud.) was a notable 1980s gay poet. *José Blanco has compiled the finest bibliography on *Pessoa (many of whose works remain unpublished; there is no collected edition of his poems); *Joâo Simôes's biography of the poet remains inadequate in dealing with homosexuality. Portugal is at present a democracy (from 1975) but has been a military dictatorship at times during the twentieth century; it was formerly a monarchy. The influence of Portuguese homopoetry in Portugal on Portuguese in Brazil (and also from 1968 of Brazilian Portuguese on Iberian Portuguese) is considerable. The only anthology in Portuguese, the Brazilian * Poemas do Amor Maldito (1968) comes out of the *decadent tradition in Portuguese. The *Catholic Church is still the basis of Portuguese religious life. Julio Gomes Viana has written the most recent survey in Portuguese of gay culture. The National Library in the capital *Lisbon is a major library for research purposes. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 678-81: see "Latin America". Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 329-31 and 335-81 (selection of some poems with Spanish poets). Provençal is also called Occitan, that is, the language of Oc, referring to the south of France. It is spoken in south west France along the Mediterranean and is a *Romance language of the *Indo-European language family, very close to *Catalan (which is spoken in north east Spain around *Barcelona). The language is still spoken today. Material dates from 1180. A number of *troubadour poets are relevant - e.g., *Arnaut Daniel - though more research is needed on them. The * Anacreontea have been translated. On Provençal see Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics : see "Occitan". Punjabi, spoken in India and Pakistan, is an *Indo-European language; it is sometimes spelt Panjabi. Material of relevance dates from the *Kafi genre (from ca. 1550), a type of poem written in the persona of a woman. Punjab means land of the five rivers and is an area in the north-western part of the Indian subcontinent; since 1947 the area has been divided between India and Pakistan. It is the land of the Sikhs. Punjabi is one of the fourteen official *Indian languages and is close to Hindi and Urdu. *Sikhism is a religion strongly influenced by *Sufism and *Indian religions and founded by *Guru Nanak. Homoeroticism is strongly present in Sikh religious hymns. *Gulab Singh (active ca. 1830) is one of the rare homosexual *dancing boys known by name. The twentieth century poet *Puran Singh according to one critic had a "feminine sensibility" and was strongly influenced by *Walt Whitman; he also translated *Bhai Singh whose poems are homosexual in feeling. Persian and Urdu poetry has heavily Punjabi poetry: see influence - Persian, - Urdu. *Omar Khayyam has been translated. For information see Omakara Aina Kaula, Punjabi Language and Linguistics: annotated bibliography, Patiala, 1992. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Shipley, Encyclopedia of Literature, 552-56. Encyclopedia Britannica: "Punjab"; "Punjabi language". Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition: see under "Pandjab"; with bibl. at end. Other references. Besterman, A World Bibliography of Bibliographies: see under "Panjab"; Toomey, A World Bibliography of BIbliographies 1964-1974: see under "Punjab" for manuscripts and printed book catalogs. Romanian, an *Indo-European language, is the easternmost *Romance language and is spoken in Romania; it is close to Italian. Material dates from 1900. Sometimes spelt Rumanian, especially in older reference works. Though little gay poetry has been found to date - see however *Caragiale re *sonnets - the language is rich in gay translations of note: *Shakespeare's Sonnets, *Cavafy (trans. *Aurel Rau), *Virgil's Eclogues and *Whitman (trans. by Alexandru Busuioceanu in 1925). See the poet *Tudor Arghezi for possible connections. There are strong poetry traditions especially in relation to the theater and more material is suspected. Laws against homosexuality under the *Communist regime were extremely harsh and the country was a dictatorship from 1945 until the early 1990s; in 1994, Romania was asked to change its anti-gay laws and other laws against civil rights to bring it in line with west European civil rights law: see Public Scandals: sexual orientation and criminal law in Romania (New York: Human Rights Watch, 1998). *Radu Afrim is the first openly gay contemporary poet. Much research need to be done: for instance, figures like the theater director Vasile Alecsandri (1821-1890) who visited Morocco, long a mecca for gays, in 1853 and who wrote poetry await investigation. On the literature see Gino Lupi, La letteratura romena, Milan, 1968. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics: "Romanian Poetry". Everyman Companion to East European Literature, 541-43: "Roumanian". Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 417. Russian, the most widely spoken *Slavic language, is spoken in Russia. Poetry of relevance dates from 1200. The language is in the *Indo-European language family and has a very rich gay cultural heritage. Its literature divides into three areas: religious literature, oral folk literature and a classical literature, inspired by western European literature, from the eighteenth century; all contain gay poetry. The first reference to male homosexual acts in Russia is in an English poem by *George Turberville written after a visit in 1568-69, though the legend of *Boris and Gleb deals with homoerotic bonding and * byliny date back to 1200 (first written down in the 1760s). The early *epic poem *Lay of Igor dating from 1200 is also relevant. Anti gay *laws date from 1706 and anal sex was a criminal offence until 1917; it was recriminalized for sexual acts with males under sixteen in 1922 and for all males in 1933 under the *Communist leader Stalin and not decriminalized until the summer of 1993 by Presidential decree of President Boris Yeltsin. *Censorship (controlled by the *Orthodox Church) has been mainly strict except in the periods 1905-17 and from 1991. The first poet of note is *Ivan Dmitriev (1760-1837) though in the field of *pornography much work remains to be done, especially on *oral poems and underground samizdat (illegal) publications which date from the eighteenth century. The poet *Mikhail Lermontov wrote several homosexual bawdy poems in his youth based on his experiences at cadet school in *St Petersburg in 1834-35 (they were first published in 1879 in * Eros Russe - see below). The great Russian *Romantic poet *Pushkin - whose career was modelled on *Byron and who was notably accepting of homosexuality - wrote some gay poems. *Bawdry and *songs date from ca. 1840, though works probably date back much earlier and much more bawdry material of an oral nature is suspected than has come to light. Russian also has a rich tradition of erotic bawdy words and *dictionaries (see *Vladimir Kozlovskii, compiler of a dictionary of gay sexual slang). Gay poetry in Latin (e.g., *Catullus, *Virgil) has been translated as have such poets as *Shakespeare and *Whitman. In 1879, in Geneva, the first anthology containing homosexual poems was published titled * Eros Russe. In the last decades of the nineteenth century the poet *Alexei Aputkin was the lover of the homosexual composer Tchaikovsky (who set his poems to music). The *decadent and *symbolist movements had a huge impact in Russia at this time, as did the poets of the *eighteen-nineties and later *modernism. The twentieth century. The period 1905-1917, free of'censorship, saw the publication of openly gay poems. These were notably by *Mikhail Kuzmin (whose lovers included the *bisexual poet *Vsevolod Knyazev), *Nikolai Klyuev, *Vyacheslav Ivanov and the bisexual *Sergei Esenin, who committed suicide after writing a poem in his own blood (see the biography by *Fritz Mierau). From 1920 to 1933 very little material was printed and the Stalinist repression from 1933 saw gay life go underground. Some poets - such as *Anatoly Steiger - went into exile and *Valery Pereleshin (pseud.) lived in Brazil after emigrating from China. The novelist and *Nobel Prize winner *Alexander Solzhenitsyn wrote a poem of intimate friendship in 1938. The Russian novelist *Vladimir Nabokov emigrated to the United States where he wrote in English a satirical novel on editorship of the works of poets, Pale Fire, after himself editing an edition of Pushkin's Eugene Onegin; has father had been responsible for reducing the penalty for homosexual sex to a maximum of three months in 1903. *Gennady Trifonov is an outstanding contemporary gay poet, a worthy successor to the earlier twentieth century poets. He has been imprisoned for writing gay poems (though the poems in question were only circulated in manuscript and were never printed - an example of the extent of gay persecution in *Communist Russia). The gay writer *David Dar, now living in Israel, wrote the first gay critique of Trifonov's work in Russian in 1978. A huge literature of oral poems relating to the Stalinist prison camps is only now beginning to be assessed: see *Libraries and Archives - Russian. A lesbian and gay archive exists in *Moscow the capital which also has a gay center. Recent editing and translation in the west of twentieth century Russian poets - see *Vladimir Markov - has increased knowledge of Russian gay poetry. From 1990 material has been published in Russia, notably the complete poems of Kuzmin. Manuscripts by Klyuev, thought lost in the Stalinist purges, have recently come to light. John E. Malmstad has written an outstanding life of Kuzmin, while *Simon Karlinsky, who lives in the United States, has written the only detailed literary surveys to date of homosexuality and Russian culture (with much reference to poetry). *Yevgeny Kharitonov, though best known as a prose writer, is an outstanding gay poet recently published. In 1997, a fine English language anthology of Russian gay poetry and prose Out of the Blue was published in San Francisco by *Gay Sunshine Press. There is no comprehensive anthology of gay poetry in Russia though one was planned in the 1920s (see *Kuzmin). A huge number of literary histories of *Islamic languages containing much homosexual poetry have been written in Russian and these works need to be examined for comment: see *Literary Historians and Critics - Arabic, - Persian, - Turkish, - Urdu. Much research has been done in Russian on *Turkic languages and all the *languages of the USSR (the former Soviet Union); this research was instrumental in recent interest in *oral poetry. *Overview - Polish is relevant as Polish and Russian have influenced each other, being neighboring languages. Slavic attitudes to sexuality have generally been more liberal than in the United States, Great Britain and Australia (which have suffered from *Puritanism). See also *Historical and social background - Russian. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics : see "Russian poetry". Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Russian Literature". Gay Poetry Anthologies. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 457-68: see "Russian Literature (1836-1922)". Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 417-19 (overview). Overview - Sanskrit Sanskrit was and is spoken in India where it is one of the fifteen official languages (however, only a few thousand persons spoke it in a recent census). It is an *Indo-European language. Material dates from 1100 B.C. Sanskrit is the most ancient recorded language of India dating to the *Vedic hymns (believed to date from before 1100 B.C. and possibly as early as 2,000 B.C.); on the language see the entry in Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. The relevant material is religious in basis as Sanskrit was the religious language of India (and is still so used). *Phallic worship is very ancient and one of the oldest loci of poetry. The language was replaced in the *Middle Ages by the vernacular languages such as Hindi and Bengali - dating from ca. 1000 - of which Sanskrit is the precursor (these vernacular languages are sometimes called Prakrits). Sanskrit has exercised a strong influence on all *Indian languages (including the *Dravidian languages spoken in southern India through translation). Material of relevance dates from the most ancient documents of *Hinduism, the * Vedas. The texts of *Buddhism were written in Sanskrit, though the Buddha used the prakrit or vernacular language Pali to speak. The * Upanishads, of which the *Bhagavad Gita is the main work, are major Hindu works. Homosexuality, though not mentioned in the Vedas or the Upanisads, is nevertheless incorporated into the cosmology of the Hindu universe: this universe is seen as a unity where nothing is excluded and male and female and all opposites are united, especially in *Brahman (and sometimes in *Siva). The huge *epic poem the *Mahabharata, widely diffused both in India and in south east Asia as far as Indonesia in translation, is relevant: for instance, in the relation of *Krishna and Arjuna which exemplifies *disciple relationships, which pervade Indian civilization (see *Sikhism, *Kabir). Homoeroticism also appears in the smalller epic, the *Ramayana, which has also been widely diffused in India and south east Asia. *Hymns to Shiva and *Krishna by men are strongly homosexual in inspiration, especially as the authors were usually men. Many poems have been written in the persona of Radha, Shiva's consort, addressed to Siva, by male poets can be read homosexually. *Vatsyayana's Kama Sutra is a *sex manual written in poetry which has a strong religious basis and one chapter refers to homosexuality. The Sanskrit *anthologies of poetry contain love poems, some capable of being read homosexually. *Tantric sexual rituals which are widely practised in India were originally compiled in Sanskrit and there is a homosexual side to tantrism. The openly gay *Thomas Meyer has translated poems from ancient Sanskrit. Sanskrit mysticism stemming from the Upanishads strongly influenced *Sufism and such Sufi poets as the Persian *Rumi are inconceivable without the Sanskrit background. See also *Indian Philosophy and Religions, *Orientalism and *Translation - Indian languages. Arthur A. Macdonell, A History of Sanskrit Literature, 1899, is a concise introduction. Overall, Sanskrit reveals there are strong homosexual aspects to the cultures of India and ancient Sanskrit traditions have continued in the modern vernacular languages descended from Sanskrit. Sanskrit greatly influenced the literature of the two most widely spoken languages in India - Hindi (see *Bhakti, *Kabir) and Bengali (see *Vaisnava poets, *Tagore). It also influenced all other *Indic languages of north India, especially through the bhakti movement and the cults of Krishna and Shiva. Sanskrit has influenced the Dravidian languages; e.g., see *Overview - Tamil. To the north, Tibetan and Nepalese *Buddhism took their basic documents from Indian Sanskritic Buddhism and have a strong Tantric component. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica, eleventh edition: see "Sanskrit" (brilliant overview). Shipley, Encyclopedia of Literature: see under "Indian". Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature, vol. 1, 296-99 (under "Indian literatures"). Great Soviet Encyclopedia: see "Sanskrit Literature". New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics: see under "Indian Poetry". Serbo-Croat, a *Slavic language of the *Indo-European language family, is spoken in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia and Montenegro, all countries of the former Jugoslavia (in existence from 1947 to 1990 and still in existence with Serbia the main country). Material of relevance dates from 1600. There are different dialects in Croatia and Serbia and the Croatian dialect is written in the Roman alphabet, while the Serbian dialect is in the Cyrillic. The first poets of probable relevance are the Ragusan *Petrarchists, *Bobali and *Durdevic. *Oral epics (notably Meho Smailagic sung by *Avdo Mededovic but first recorded by *Friedrich Krauss in 1885) show close male bonding (see * pobratim); they remain a rich unexplored source of homoeroticism in poetry and a huge number survive. Bawdy homosexual songs have existed from before 1903: see *Songs - Serbo-Croat. In the twentieth century, *Vladimir Nazor may have been gay and the modern poet *Hamdija Demirovic, who has been translated into English by *Charles Causley, has written a poem with the *Nisus and Euralyus trope. *Allen Ginsberg has been translated as have classic authors such as *Homer. See Babilonia no. 16 (1984), 42-44 on contemporary gay life. A gay literary anthology is being compiled in Serbia by Dusan Malkjovic (information from Gay Times, 250th anniversary issue, July 1999, 88 - in the article on gays in Serbia, 88-90). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics: see "Yugoslav Poetry". Everyman Companion to East European Literature. see, among the entries at the rear: "Croatian"; "Serbian". Slovenian is a *Slavic language spoken in Slovenia, formerly a Yugoslav republic, and adjacent to Austria and Italy. Material dates from 1950. Homosexuality was legalized in Slovenia in 1974 and a gay movement quickly emerged from 1984 under the gay student rights group Magnus centering in the capital Ljubljana. The journal Revolver (from 1991) is edited by the poet *Brane Mozetic who has also compiled the first gay anthology of poems * Drobci stekla v ustih in 1989 and which included many fine translations such as those by *Ciril Bergles who has also published gay poems. *Shakespeare's sonnets have been translated as have Homer's Iliad (in 1950). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Slovenia". Overview - South American Indian (also called South Amerindian) languages South American Indian languages include Akamara from Peru and other Indian languages from Brazil, Venezuala and Bolivia. Poetry relating to homosexuality is known from 1959 in Makiritare from Venezuela. Homosexuality has been reported amongst Amazon tribes in Brazil and Indian Andean cultures in Peru; however anthropological records are scant in relation to the huge number of tribes which once existed. Little material has come to light in these languages relating to oral poetry so far. Much more *oral tribal material is suspected especially among Brazilian Indians (who spoke 800 languages last century, only 170 languages being still spoken). See Julian H. Steward, Handbook of South American Indians, 1946 (repr.), 5 volumes, for bibliographical material. Spanish and Portuguese are the main languages of scholarship; Portuguese for Brazil and Spanish for the rest of South America. *Alberto Cardin has compiled an anthology of anthropological passages to do with homosexuality including South American tribal peoples. Akarama. See *Song - Akarama (1969). Avmara. Spoken by Indians in the Andes, especially in Bolivia: see *Poems - Aymara (gay poems have not been confirmed but could be possible); the language is spoken on the Titicaca plateau in Bolivia, Peru and Columbia. Chaco. See "American Indian languages" in Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics article p. 44, re *chants (especially in all male groups). Makiritare: See *Oral poems - Makiritare (material only dates from 1959). Quechua. The language of the Incas of Peru; relevant oral poems may exist or have existed. On this language see Queneau, Histoire des littératures, volume one, 1506-09. Tupi and Guarani: see "American Indian languages" in Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics, p. 44, re call and response couplets where the *performance tradition involving two males seems to have a homoerotic basis (these two languages are Andean cultures). There is a lot of homosexuality amongst the Guaranis: see Carlos Luis Jauregui, La Homosexualidad en la Argentina, Buenos Aires, 1987. *Shamanism has been reported in south American Indian tribes in relation to *trickster figures (see Encyclopedia of Religion article "South American Indians", p. 489). Brazil is the largest country in South America, occupying over half the land mass. For information on languages, see "Indian Languages" in Dictionary of Brazilian Literature. Only 200,000 speakers of these languages exist in 1988 in Brazil of a Brazilian population of over 140 million (the fifth largest country by polulation in the world). Of the 170 presently spoken Brazilian Indian languages many are dying out. Compare *Overview - Central American Indian languages. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics : in "American Indian languages" see pp. 4445. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 44-46: "Amazonia"; 52-64: "Andean Cultures". Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion : see "South American Indians", "South American Religions". Bibliographies. Goodland, Bibliography of Sex Rites : see index. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 241-42. Other reference works. Gay Books Bulletin no. 12 (Spring 1985), 17-19: "A Bibliography of Homosexuality Among Latin-American Indians" by *Stephen Wayne Foster (the major bibliographic survey to date). Murray, Male Homosexuality in Central and South America, 139-69. Trevisan, Perverts in Paradise, 20-22, 62: re the large extent of homosexuality among the Brazilian Indians. Katzner, Languages of the World, 9: notes several language families exist. Baumann, Das doppelte Geschlecht: see index. Homosexuality and world religions, 1-46: article on the Americas and Africa. Overview - Spanish in Central and South America Spanish is an *Indo-European language in the *Romance group. It is spoken in South America in Mexico, Cuba, Columbia, Argentina, Chile, Peru, Bolivia, Uruguay, Venezuela, Puerto Rico (an autonomous political entity in the Caribbean in association with the United States) and other countries. It has been spoken in Mexico from the Spanish conquest of 1519-21 and in Peru from 153133 (when the Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro conquered the country). Material of relevance dates from 1901. All these countries have been sharply divided politically between the left and the right and dictatorships have been common during periods of their history. See *Stephen O. Murray for a general collection of social documents, *Law - Spanish for the legal situation, and 'Dictionaries and words - Spanish for words. * Now the Volcano is the only anthology to date. David William Foster edited Latin American Writers on Gay and Lesbian Themes: a Biographical and Critical Sourcebook, Westport, CT, 1994; this work has excellent overviews of the writers in relation to homosexuality and entries have bibliographies; there is also a fine introduction with bibliography, pp. xxxiii-xxxvi, and a further bibliography pp. 471-73. *Ana María Brenes-García has written a brief overview of erotic and homoerotic writing in the Encyclopedia of Latin American Literature (1997), which work openly but briefly discusses male homosexuality. David William Foster, Gay and Lesbian Themes in Latin American Writing, 1991, deals with gay prose ; bibl., pp. 165-74. See *Central and South American Indian languages for indigenous works of relevance. For material on *Chicano writers see the separate entry Central America. Spanish speaking countries are Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama. Mexico. Mexico has a rich gay history from the Aztecs, the Indian inhabitants prior to the Spanish: see *Songs - Náhuatl. The adoption of the *Code Napoléon following the French occupation (1862-67), made male homosexuality legal. Because of the fact that homosexuality has not been stigmatized in Mexico it has one of the richest South American gay poetry heritages. The earliest surviving poem so far known in Central and South American Spanish is *"Los 41 Maricones", a broadside of 1901, illustrated and published by the publisher of street literature *José Guadalupe Posada. *Agustín Lazo (born 1879) has been stated to be homosexual. *Porfirio Barba-Jacob and *Xavier Villaurrutia are notable poets of the earlier twentieth century while the poet 'Salvador Novo Lopez has written a gay memoir. The major Spanish gay poet *Louis Cernuda died in the capital *Mexico City. The *Nobel Prize winning *Octavio Paz has written on *Cavafy and *A. Jimenez has edited bawdy poetry. *Ernesto Bañuelos Enriquez, a very fine *gay liberation poet, died of *Aids. *Abigael Bohórquez is an openly gay poet. *Carlos Monsivais the country's leading intellectual has brought a gay sensibility to writing about poetry. See also *Arturo Rojas. *Clark L. Taylor has written an overview of the gay history. See Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, pp. 803-07, "Mexico", for a general overview of gay life in the country. Cuba. Cuba has a rich tradition of gay poets which is slowly becoming known. The situation for homosexuals was especially harsh with the coming to power of a *Communist regime under Fidel Castro from 1959, though has improved recently. See *Reinaldo Arenas (mainly a novelist), *Emilio Ballagas, Julian del Casal, *Ernesto Che Guevara, 'Nicholas Guillen Batista, *José Lezama Lima, *Virgilio Piñera. The novelist *Guillermo Cabrera Infante is important as a critic. See the entries "Cuban Literature" and "Cuban Literature in Exile" in Gay Histories and Cultures. Guatemala. See 'Francisco Nájera. Puerto Rico. This country is an island to the east of Cuba and is a country in voluntary association with the United States. See *Manuel Otero, *Victor Fragoso (possible Spanish poet only), *Carlos and *Rafael Rodriguez-Matos, *Rane Arroyo, *Abniel Marat. A general work is José Ramón del Puente, El homosexual en Puerto Rico (Rio Piedras, ca. 1986; rare: a copy is in the *New York Public Library). Costa Rica. A book Hombres que aman hombres (Men who love men) by Jacobo Schifter Sikora and Johnny Madrigal Pana was published in 1992 in San José by Ediciones ILEP-Sida and has bibliographical references pp 359-6. Not seen. South America. Spanish-speaking countries are Columbia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Chile, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay and Argentina. Argentina. Argentina is the largest Spanish speaking country in South America. Its capital is the great city of *Buenos Aires. *Alberto Nin Frias was a major gay cultural historian. *Tulio Carella and *Nestor Perlongher are both poets who emigrated to Brazil. The poet and prose writer Jorge Luis Borges is a fascinating figure from a homosexual point of view. The Polish writer *Witold Gombrowicz emigrated to Argentina in 1939, while the Argentinian Juan Rudolph Wilcock emigrated to Italy where he writes in Italian. With the return of democracy following the period of military rule (1976-1984), poetry writing has flourished: see *Miguel Angel Lens, *Claudio Lerena, *Daniel Navarro, *Oscar Vitelleschi. Bolivia. See Jaime Saenz, *Ernesto Che Guevara. Chile. The great *Communist poet *Neruda who won the *Nobel Prize for Literature was strongly influenced by *Walt Whitman. See also *Fernando Alegria. Columbia. See *Leon Zuleta. *Bernardo Arias Trujillo wrote a brilliant long gay poem about a *boy prostitute. Peru. See the Communist poet *Cesar Vallejo, *Garcilaso de la Vega, Jorge Eduardo Eielson. Uruguay. See *Alberto Nin Frias. See Carlos Basilio Munoz, Uruguay homosexual (Montevideo, 1996), 175 pp. with bibl. pp. 172-75, is a lightweight work. Venezuela. *Reynaldo Hayn, *Proust's lover, came from the country. *Enrique Nunez has written a sequence and *Miguel Castillo Didier compiled the first Spanish dictionary of sexual words. See also *Anthony Knight-Dewey and *Oral Poems-Makiritare. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, vol. 2, 678-81 : "Latin America". Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage: "Latin American Literature". Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Argentina", "Cuban Literature and Culture" and "Cuban Writing in Exile". Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 329-81 (includes a selection of poems). Bibliographies. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, pp.151-56. Other works. Karsch-Haack, Das gleichgeschlechtliche Leben der Naturvölker, 392-446. Spanish is spoken in Spain in the *Iberian peninsula and also in South America (see the separate entry *Overview - Spanish in South America). It is a *Romance language in the *Indo-European language family. Material of relevance dates from ca. 1200. Before this, during Roman occupation, the spoken language in Spain was Latin. Spanish is the modern form of the Latin spoken in Spain. *Kharjas are the first Spanish poems but were not poems as such. They were Spanish couplets added to Arabic poems. Spain was under Arabic domination until 1150 and had a rich Arabic homosexual tradition (see influence - Arabic) which continued in the extreme south in Granada until the expulsion of the Moors in 1492. Though the * Poema de Mio Cid (ca. 1200) is relevant, *Coplas del provincial (ca. 1474), which satirizes the court (referring to homosexuality) is the first poem with overt gay references. The Spanish *mystic, *Saint John of the Cross, wrote homoerotic poems and the great seventeenth century poet *Góngora has been thought to be gay by some. The *law has been repressive and homosexuality only recently became legal in 1975. The twentieth centurv. Several of the *modernist 'generation of 1927 - including the great poet *Federico Garcia Lorca were gay; see also Juan Gil-Albert. Lorca is the subject of a fine biography by *Ian Gibson who has also examined the circumstances of his murder in 1936 when Spain fell under the dictatorship of General Franco until his death in 1975). Lorca wrote gay poems, some only recently published. *Angel Sahuqillo has discussed homosexuality in the work of the generation of 1927 in a fine thesis and *Paul Binding has written a study of Lorca in gay terms. *Emilio Garcia Gomez's translation of Arabic homopoets from 1930 may have inspired Lorca. Lorca may have also possibly been inspired by *Antonio San de Velilla's *historical survey of gay culture published just before the Franco regime's repression from the 1930s. The fine gay poet, *Luis Cernuda, more important than Lorca for the openness of his poetry, fled to Great Britain, the United States and Mexico following the rise of General Franco when the republic was defeated. *Salvador Dali, the *surrealist artist, is known to have inspired Lorca's love. * Poemes Gay (1978) is a recent anthology - the only gay anthology as such - while * Cuaderno Bibliografía Gay (1987) is the only gay bibliography so far. Spanish translations of Arabic (and Hebrew) poets who wrote homosexual poems form part of the corpus of Spanish gay poetry e.g., translation of the Arabic poets *Ibn Sahl and *Ibn Kuzman. Spanish also has a rich translation tradition from other languages - e.g., *Straton and the * Mousa Paidike have been translated from Greek. Latin was the language of the *Catholic church, the only religion from 1492, and gay poets in Latin were read by clerics and educated Spaniards. The finest gay reading of Spanish poetry from Spain so far is an interview by Jaime Gil de Biedma, who was himself a fine gay poet; he died of *Aids and has become something of a cult figure. *Luis Antonio de Villena is a major contemporary gay poet. The Latin gay poet *Martial came from Spain. Events in Spain and Spanish politics and culture have strongly influenced its former colonies in central and south America (from Mexico to Argentina and Chile). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage: see "Spanish Literature". Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Spanish Literature". Gay Poetry Anthologies. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 475. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 329-31 and 335-81 (selection of poems). Swedish is an *Indo-European language in the *Germanic group and is close to the neighboring languages of Norwegian, Danish, and German. It is spoken in Sweden. *Victor Rydberg (active 1870) is the first poet of note. The work of *Vilhelm Ekelund and *Gunnar Bjorling (whose work belongs also with Fenno-Swedish literature, Swedish literature written in Finland) dates from 1900. *Nils Hallbeck who wrote from the 1950s is the finest openly gay poet. The work of the United Nations secretary-general *Dag Hammarskjold warrants perusal since he appears to have been gay. *Allen Ginsberg and *Dinos Christianopoulos (pseud.) have been translated into Swedish, as have many classic authors such as *Platen. *Bengt Martin is a contemporary poet of note. *Olle-Petter Melin compiled a fine bibliography in 1975. The legal situation for gays is relaxed; see Gay Books Bulletin no. 5, 25-27 on the Swedish gay group RFSL. Rosa Rummet is a gay bookshop which has published from 1988 * Rosa Bulletinen, a listing of new European gay books. The gay and lesbian foundation of Sweden's archive is now at the Riksarchivet (State Archive) in Stockholm. See also *Overview - Norse. Jacques d'Adelswärd Fersen came from Sweden. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1267-71: "Sweden". Bibliographies. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 193-94. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 381-82 (overview), 396-9408 (selection of poems). Syriac (sometimes called Syrian) is an *Afro-Asiatic language spoken in Syria through which much of ancient Greek culture passed to Arabic culture (for example, *Plato's Timaeus - though not, apparently, his *Symposium). The language is an eastern dialect of Aramaic, the language of Jesus Christ, the founder of Christianit (see *Overview - Aramaic). Material dates from 100 B.C. Syriac's importance for this encyclopedia is primarily as a bridge language. Antioch, in the ancient world a major city in northern Syria (an area formerly covering Lebanon and southern Turkey), was famous for its licentiousness: see *hymns regarding mother goddess worship and alleged males who castrate themselves (ca. 100 B.C.). Though ancient Syria was preeminently the country of pleasure, the surviving literature from the time of *Christianity on, is religious in basis. Much ancient material seems lost. Cultures impinging on Syrian include ancient Hebrew and Greek cultures, the Latin speaking Romans and Persian, Arabic and Turkish speaking cultures. *Horace Satires i. 2. 116-19 mentions Syrian *slave boys. See * New Testament, *Flagellation, *Sir James Frazer. The Syrian New Testament, called the Peshitta (Syrian: "simple"), is one of the earliest translations. Homosexuality is known extensively in monasteries and *Saint Ephraim, a fammous Syrian saint who wrote hymns and praised virginity, may have been gay. On Syrian literature see W. Wright, Syriac Literature, 1894. On the relation of the language to Aramaic see "Aramaic" in G. A. Buttrick, editor, The Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible, 1962, vol. 1. Tagalog is a *Malayo-Polynesian language spoken in the Philippines where it is the official language (about thirty-five other languages are spoken in the country). Material dates from 1992. The first gay anthology *Ladlad, consisting of poetry and prose, was published in 1992, in which year a gay book of poems by *J. Neil C. Garcia was successfully launched. In 1993 a gay book of poems by *Nicholas Pichay was published. J. Neil Garcia has also published a history of Philippine gay culture and critical essays. *Teansvestites sing *songs and *singing and dancing boys exist; the term in Tagalog bakla has been used for effeminate gays but gay is increasingly used. On the internet a web site called Kakasarian (of the same sex), Queer Resources for Filipinos, has been in existence from at least 1995; material on the site includes an anthology of gay chants. Tajik, one of the *Iranian languages, is a simplified form of Persian spoken in central Asia in the area known as Turkestan (see Encyclopedia Britannica entry and *Songs - Tajik). Material dates from 1500. *Hilali (active 1500) is the first poet of note, though *Mushfiqi of Bukhara, who wrote gay poems in Persian may be relevant. *Dancing boy *songs can be documented from ca. 1885 at least and probably date much earlier. *Islam is the religion. There are strong oral traditions. As the discussion in Rypka, History of Iranian Literature, cited below, makes clear, Persian traditions operate and there are also close ties to Uzbek traditions. Tajikistan was under Russsian domination from 1917 to 1989, when the great Soviet orientalist *Evgenii Bertel's was the leading expert on the literature in Russia. *Lahuti is a modern poet of some relevance. Jünger, Literatures of the Soviet Peoples, pp. 80-83 has a survey of the literature. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Rypka, History of Iranian Literature, 483-600 and bibl. 814-31. Great Soviet Encyclopedia, vol. 25: see "Literature" in "Tadzik Soviet Socialist Republic". Tamil is the most ancient of the *Dravidian languages of southern India for recorded literary material; it is spoken in the state of Tamil Nadu. Material dates from 100 B.C. It is the major Dravidian language. The * Eight Tamil Anthologies are the earliest relevant works. In an *epic poem by ilankovatikal (active 500) the hero abandons his wife for men at one stage. The * Mahabharata, *Bhagavad Gita and *Ramayana all exist in Tamil versions as do various epic poems. Saivism (based on the work of *Shiva), *Vaisnavism and *Bhakti are practiced. There is a strong oral tradition of homoerotic *hymns addressed to Siva and *Krishna. *Hijras exist. For a survey of the literature see Kamil Veith *Zvelebil, Tamil Literature, Weisbaden, 1974. Sanskrit has had a strong influence: see *Overview - Sanskrit. George Hart, The Relation between Tamil and Classical Sanskrit Literature, Wiesbaden, 1976, discusses the interrelationship of the two literatures; it is claimed by some Tamil speakers that works in Sanskrit originated in Tamil and not vice versa. Tiruvalluvar (active fourth or fifth century), a probably Jain writer is famous for his couplets and has been compared to some of the world's greatest writers. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Shipley, Encyclopedia of Literature, 557-64. Great Soviet Encyclopedia, vol. 25: "Tamil Literature". New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics, 590-92 and following. Thai is a tonal language thought by some to be *Sino-Tibetan but regarded by others as from a separate family, called the Tai family. It is spoken in Thailand. Material dates from 1920. *Buddhism is the religion though Indian influence has been strong - e.g., the *Ramayana is performed in dance. There is no law against homosexuality in Thailand and homosexuality is fairly openly accepted (e.g., there has been a Thai Prime Minister who was open about his homosexuality). Northern Thai is written in a phonetic script based on central Thai and Chinese *influence is noticeable. Southern Thai is written in a phonetic script related to south Indian and Khmer scripts and dating from ca. 1300. There are rich oral traditions in Thai and several minority languages in Thailand (e.g., Shan). Chinese, Burmese, Laotian and Cambodian are adjoining languages. There is also a large Chinese community in Thailand, mainly from south China and Cantonese speaking. *Omar Khayyam has been translated. Bangkok, the capital of Thailand, has a thriving gay culture and several gay journals have appeared from 1984 based around the bar culture (see the entry on the city in * Gay Histories and Cultures). In 1985, The National Library in the capital Bangkok held no books in Thai specifically on homosexuality (see Jackson, cited below, p. 7). Homosexuals who worked in classical song and dance are relevant and a gay tradition is likely. Earlier in the century *René Guyon worked in Thailand. A tradition of transvestism and *singers may and probably does exist. There is a tradition of erotic heterosexual poetry. See *Suntorn Pu (1786-1855) for a *non gender specific love poem and *Camille Kepler re a poem on a *pedophile theme in French referring to sex with a ten-year-old Thai boy. On the literature see Queneau, Histoire des littératures, volume one, pp. 1362-82. On the gay social background see Peter A. Jackson, Male Homosexuality in Thailand, New York, 1989; this contains a Thai English lexis pp. 276-77 and bibliography in English and Thai pp. 278-80 (review: Murray, Oceanic Homosexualities, 387-96; Journal of Homosexuality 20, 1990, 126-138); an expanded version of this book is Dear Uncle Go: male homosexuality in Thailand, Bangkok and San Francisco, 1995. The author has also written "Thai research on Male Homosexuality and Transgenderism and the Cultural Limits of Foucaultian Analysis", Journal of Homosexuality, vol. 8 no. 1 (1997), 52-85. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1288-1290. Great Soviet Encyclopedia , vol. 24, 559. Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Thailand". Tibetan, a *Sinitic language spoken in the Tibetan autonomous region of China (formerly the country of Tibet), has been greatly influenced by *Turkic languages (especially Uighur) spoken to the north. Material dates from 1670. Tibetan lacks gender. The country has been under Chinese control since 1951 and there have been reliable reports of the large scale destruction of Tibetan culture since then (up to 3,000 monasteries and buildings destroyed especially since 1959). The country was formerly a theocracy with a monk ruler, the *Dalai Lama, who now lives in northern India in Dharamsala north of Delhi after escaping in 1959 (India is now a center of the culture but there is a Tibetan diaspora in other parts of the world). As in Mongolia, monks and monasteries are a dominant feature of Tibetan life. No notice is taken of homosexuality in monasteries and Tibetans are said to very comfortable about homosexuality (see Heinrich Harrer, Seven Years in Tibet, Los Angeles, 1981, p. 217); monks are frequently gay and no fuss is made (oral sources to the author). Peter, Prince of Greece and Denmark, in A Study of Polyandry, 1963, states, p. 458, "monasteries in Tibet.. have.. a very strong reputation for male homosexuality..." The * Tibetan Book of the Dead (text possibly ca. 1120), a prose work with poetry, which is a work of philosophy, has a homosexual episode. *Buddhist hymns and chants are relevant as is Tibetan *Tantrism and its secret sexual traditions; the * Kama Sutra has been translated. Strong oral traditions exist and a huge literature - mostly religious - existed (though 60% of this has been destroyed under *Communist Chinese control of Tibet). The sixth Dali Lama *Lobzang Rindzin was a sexual libertine and his poems, emerging from the oral folk tradition, have been a source of much interest culminating in several translations. They present interesting possibilities from the point of view of a gay reading; some can be read as gay poems in English translation. Tibetan is written in an alphabet related to Devanagari, the writing system of Hindi. Assamese and Nepali are spoken to the south east, Punjabi and Hindi in the south west, and Chinese to the north east. There are *secret interpretations of letters and words of the language. For the language see the entry in Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. For the literature see Queneau, Histoire des littératures, volume one, pp. 1118-39. David Snellgrove, A Cultural History of Tibet, 1968, is an excellent introduction to Tibetan civilization. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Great Soviet Encyclopedia, vol. 25: see "Tibetan Autonomoous Region". Dictionary of Oriental Literatures: various entries. Turkish, a member of the *Altaic language family, is the major literary language of the *Turkic languages which are spoken across Asia from Turkey to China; these languages are all close. Turkish is spoken in Turkey (sometimes referred to by Greek in its ancient Greek name of Anatolia). It is a major language for homosexual poetry. *Islam is the dominant religion and there has been close interconnection with islamic languages especially Arabic (see influence - Arabic) and Persian (see influence - Persian). Material dates from 1320. Turkish before 1928 is called Ottoman Turkish; it was a language which was written in the Arabic script and had a large proportion of Arabic and Persian words. From 1928 the first President of the Turkish Republic, Kemal Ataturk, insisted by law that the language be written in the Latin alphabet. There was also a campaign in the 1920s to purify the language and replace Arabic and Persian words with Turkish words. As a result, Ottoman Turkish is not understood by modern Turkish speakers and is only taught in universities. The Divan poets. The *mystical *Sufi oral poet *Yunus Emre (active 1320), whose poetry emerges out of that of *Rumi (the founder of Sufism who died in Turkey), is the first known relevant poet. The language has a strong poetry tradition dating from the fifteenth century. These poets, writing in the *Ottoman periodm are called * divan poets, so called because poems were recited on a low bed on the floor in a private setting. All divan poets are relevant as there was a convention of addressing the beloved in the male form (see *gender switching). There are also strong *oral poetry traditions which continue today, including *dancing boys who sing songs (see *Ingeborg Baldauf, Jonathan Drake [pseud.]). Dancing boys were so famous that the poet *Enderunlu Fazil wrote about one, *Qingene Ismail, in poetry and forty-five are mentioned by name in another work; Enderunlu Fazil wrote a poem mentioning dancing boys from Istanbul. Outstanding poets of the Divan tradition include *Baki, *Nedim, *Ahmedi, *Ahmet Pasha, *Nefi, *Necati, *Razi; *pederasty was the dominant form of homosexuality in these poets (who appear in * The Penguin Book of Turkish Verse and in whose poetry the * ghazal is the dominant genre). Poetry of this period is many-layered. Traditional Turkish poets used *pseudonyms (see * takhallus). The Penguin Book of Turkish Verse has a splendid introduction discussing homosexuality in the traditional poetry by the great Turkish scholar *Fahrir Iz. In *long poems *Mehmed Ghazali wrote a *mesnevi (also spelt mathnavi) comparing the anus and the vagina for pleasure and *Mesihi a mathnavi on the beautiful youths of Edirne. *Fadil Bey wrote homosexual poetry. During the Ottoman period, 1453 to 1921 (when Turkey became a republic) the Ottoman empire reached from the Balkans to Egypt and as far as Iran. Persian influence was strong (Turkish - like Persian - also does not have gender) and can be seen in the use of the *cupbearer and *wine drinking tropes. Many *Sultans, rulers of the Turkish Ottoman empire, wrote homopoems - for instance *Selim I - as did the Emperor *Babar in India. *Literary historians and critics who have discussed homosexual poetry include, in German, *Hammer-Purgstall and, in English, *E. G. Browne and *E J Gibb and there are several historians in Russian (where much work on Turkic languages has been done). The critic *Ismet Eyuboglu dealt with homosexuality in poetry. A huge corpus of *Manuscripts exists, especially in *Istanbul, the capital of Turkey which has long connections with Turkish gay poetry (including a several centuries old *meeting place); *Helmut Ritter was a German gay scholar who lived there and wrote extensive critical works. The *historical and social background has recently been investigated in Turkish by *Arslan Yuzgun. For biographical sources see *Biography - Turkish. See also *Rebetika, a Greek genre which came from Turkey. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1329-30: "Turkey". Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition (1934): see "Ottoman Literature" under the entry "Turks" 938-59 (with important bibl.). Great Soviet Encyclopedia: see "Literature" in the article "Turkey", vol. 26 pp. 474-77. New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics: see "Turkish Poetry" (with bibl.). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 357-76. Ukrainian is an *Indo-European language in the *Slavic group and is spoken by more people than any other Slavic language apart from Russian. Material dates from 1913. The language is spoken in Ukraine which became an independent state in 1990 after the breakup of the Soviet empire. The Russians under the Soviet system had ruled from 1924. Religion in the country is *Orthodox Christianity. Conditions in the country are very difficult. *Oral epics involving *pobratim (brotherhood) exist as do *songs. Translations of homopoets include *Whitman, *Shakespeare, *Catullus and *Martial, translated in 1913 (the latter both translated by T. Franko). Folk material has been investigated by Pavlo Tarasevskjy (see *Sexology and sexologists - European). See Volodymyr Kubijovyc, editor, Ukraine: A Concise Encyclopedia, 2 volumes, Toronto, 1963, for information on the country. Male homosexuality was legalized between 1990 and 1992 (before Russia). Kiev is the capital of Ukraine. Jünger, Literatures of the Soviet Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Great Soviet Encyclopedia, vol. 26, 599-605: see "Literature" under "Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic". New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics: see "Ukrainian Poetry". Everyman Companion to East European Literature: "Ukrainian", 550-55. Urdu is spoken in Pakistan and in parts of India and in overseas countries where Pakistanis have settled (such as Australia, Great Britain). It is an *Indo-European language. Material dates from ca. 1550. The word "Urdu" is Turkish for "camp" or "army" and Urdu was a western Hindi dialect, Khari Boli ("standing language") overlaid with Persian and Turkish; Khari Boli is an amalgam of Pushtu, Arabic, Turkish, Aphabramsa and Persian so the language contains words from many other languages. It is a lingua franca used in India and Pakistan. Proto Urdu goes back to the thirteenth century when the Ghaznavids invaded the Lahore area, now in Pakistan. Notable poetry dates from the sixteenth century though the first written work was a work on *Sufism and morals by Khwaja Sayyid Samnani dating from 1308. Urdu is now the national language of Pakistan, though before 1947, when India was partitioned, it was spoken in northern India; after the partition of India into India and Pakistan many speakers left India for Pakistan. Arabic, and especially Persian, have provided literary models (see influence - Arabic, - Persian). Attempts to make Urdu the state language of Pakistan have never been entirely successful and continue to meet with opposition from the indigenous speakers (speakers of Sindhi, Pashto, Pubjabi, Baluchi and Seraiki). Of all *Islamic languages Urdu has one of the richest homosexual literary traditions. Literary conventions such as the *coming of the beard which occur in Persian are present; *Sufism has had a strong influence on the poetry. The convention of a male beloved in the traditional Urdu *ghazal means all poems in this form are relevant; see also *gazal-e muzakkar. In more recent times the beloved is accepted as female. The British rulers of Pakistan and India discouraged the concept of a male beloved. There have also been outstanding homosexual poems in the *mathnavi form. Outstanding *literary historians and critics who have revealed homosexuality in Udru include *'Andalib Shadani who wrote what is apparently the first article in Urdu ca. 1950 and *C. M. Naim who has written the most comprehensive discussion; *Muhammad Sadiq and *Ralph Russell have also written on the subject. *Pederasty has been the dominant form of homosexuality in the poetry. The early poet Vali (pseud.) (1667-1741) who moved from the Deccan in India to *Delhi, wrote poems on the theme. Major poets with homosexual themes writing in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries include *Abru, *Mir Taqi Mir, *Dard and *Ghalib. *Delhi and *Lucknow were centers of schools of poetry. The fine twentieth century poet *Firaq, who was known to be homosexual, did not write gay poetry. Sex has been a theme in twentieth century poetry as well as in earlier poetry: *Josh Malihabadi (pseud.) wrote openly of homosexuality and *Ifti Nasim has written poems in both English and Urdu. *Dancing boys still sing bawdy songs in Pakistan. All poets use *pseudonyms. After the partition of India in 1947, the centre of Urdu literary activity moved to Pakistan. Much material remains in *manuscript in which illustration, following Persian influence, is outstandingly homoerotic. Compare *Overview - Persian, *Overview - Turkish. Other Pakistan languages with homosexual themes include Baluchi (see *Songs - Baluchi), Sindhi (see *Songs - Sindhi, *Sufism, *Sayyid), Pashto (see *Overview - Pashto), Gujarati (also spoken in India; see *Hijras, *Mira), Punjabi (see *Overview - Punjabi); see also the entry Pakistan in Great Soviet Encyclopeida, vol. 19. Bengali was spoken in east Pakistan (now Bangladesh) after the 1947split. East Pakistan became Bangladesh in 1971 when it split from Pakistan. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition: see "Urdu". Shipley, Encyclopedia of Literature: see under "Indian" 567-71. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature vol. 1, 301-02: "Urdu" (by *Ralph Russell). Great Soviet Encyclopedia: see "Urdu Literature". See also De Bary, Guide to Oriental Classics, 148-51. Uzbek is a *Turkic language spoken in Central Asia in *Turkestan in the Uzbekistan. Material is documented from 1885. Notable *songs sung by young *dancing boys involved in the cult of bacabozlik or boy love are of major importance and have been studied by *Ingeborg Baldauf; photographs of such dancing boys exist from the 1890s. Dancing boy songs exist from ca. 1885. The poet *Magidi (active 1929) wrote satirical poems on this subject. Persian and Turkish influence is strong in Uzbek. *Firdausi has been translated and other *epics exist. See also *wrestling matches and influence - Persian, - Turkish as both languages influenced Uzbek. Uzbekistan is a strictly controlled state, more strictly controlled than the USSR under the Soviet regime; the capital is Tashkent. Uzbek Poetry, Moscow, 1958 (no editor given), pp. 7-10, gives an overview. Vietnamese is a tonal language spoken in Vietnam; the language is part of the Austro-Asiatic language family. Material of relevance dates from 700. Vietnamese was written in the Chinese script until the nineteenth century and Chinese influence has been strong, especially since the *T'ang period: see *scholars, *Confucianism. *Buddhism has been the main religion and *Communism the dominant ideology from 1945. Sex is an open subject in literature in Vietnamese and there have been several notable female poets dealing with it; homosexual poems dealing with sex are suspected. Many references to male homosexuality occur in the work of the remarkable woman poet *Ho Xuan Huong (early nineteenth century). The poet *Du'ong Tu'ong wrote a poem referring to homosexuality which caused a scandal ca. 1992. An earlier twentieth century poet is *Xuan Dieu. Poets: see *Nguyen Trai, *Bui Tong Quan. The *Ramayana has been translated. Male homosexuality is illegal in Vietnam in 1997. On sexuality in Vietnam, see Jean-Noül Bergmann, La sexualité à travers le monde: études sur la Péninsule Indochinoise, Paris, 1966, and Philip Marnais, Saigon After Dark, New York, 1967 (this book is very rare). On the literature see Queneau, Histoire des littératures, volume one, pp. 1318-42. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Great Soviet Encyclopedia, vol. 5 p. 437: see "Vietnam - Literature". Yiddish, a mixture of two languages from the *Indo-European and *Afro-Asiatic families, was originally a dialect of Middle High German and is usually written in the Hebrew alphabet; it spread over Europe from western Europe to Russia and was the spoken language of the Jews in Europe. Material dates from 1934. From the twentieth century there was a dramatic engagement with contemporary literature in the poetry and a vigorous written poetic tradition. A selection of *Whitman (in 1934) and *Shakespeare's Sonnets have been translated. An oral literature appeared in the twelfth century and a printed literature in the sixteenth century. Oral homopoems are likely since there was a rich oral literature; but none have been discovered so far and because of the destruction of the European Jews in the Second World War none is likely to be found. Homosexual bawdry in the form of poetry is likely; see an essay in Bruce Jackson, Folklore and Society, 1966, for possible sources. A poem about the beautiful man Joseph has been found in the Cairo Geniza. The language suffered from the attempted genocide of the Jews in the Second World War and later under Stalin in Russia. French translations of Yiddish classics are being made in a series edited by Marion Van Renterghem called Domaine Yiddish. *New York and Israel are at present publishing centers of Yiddish. Many Yiddish books were saved and donated to United States libraries by Aaron Lansky in the 1980s: see Nicholas Basbanes, A Gentle Madness: Bibliophiles, Bibliomanes and the Eternal Passion for Books, New York, 1995, pp. 383-94. Donations to such universities as *Harvard and *Yale enabled courses in Yiddish to be established when the language was thought to be near extinction. See also *Overview - Hebrew. On the literature see Queneau, Histoire des littératures, volume two, 1246-73. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics: see "Yiddish Poetry". Everyman Companion to East European Literature: see "Yiddish", pp. 555-57. Poet from Italy writing in Latin. His full name in Latin is Publius Ovidus Naso. Ca. 43 B.C.-ca 17. His major work for male homosexual poetry is the Metamorphoses, a *long poem in fifteen books, showing *Alexandrian influence and dealing with mythical stories of Gods involving change in their corporal being; in this work, see Book Ten, lines 86-219, which list the homosexual loves of male gods (e.g., *Apollo). See Metamorphoses Book 3, lines 339-46, regarding *Narcissus and Book 10, lines 86-119 on *Orpheus turning to the love of boys after failing to rescue Eurydice (Bullough, Sexual Variance, pp. 104-05); see also *Adonis. For other relevant passages see those listed below in Anthologies and Criticism. The work was first published in 1471. In Ovid's work the poet assumes that the love of boys is equal to the love of women. Through the Metamorphoses ancient Greek and Roman myths of gods who loved men were transmitted to the modern world. It was by reading Ovid that European readers gained knowledge of the Greek myths, including homosexual ones. Ovid also wrote The Art of Love which does not discuss homosexuality except in one passage in which it is assumed to be equal to heterosexuality (ii lines 683 ff.) - see *Debate on Love. Ovid was read in both Latin and translation and was very popular from the sixteenth century. He was known in the form of the * Ovid Moralisé in the *Middles Ages. For his influence (which was enormous) on painting and sculpture see Michael Grant, Roman Literature, Penguin, 1958, pp. 216-17. See also *Sappho. Translation. Only major translations are included here. Ovid was first translated into Catalan in 1474, English in 1480, then French in the *Ovid Moralisé (1484). English: W. Caxton (1480; facsimile edition 1968), *Arthur Golding (1565-67; repr.) - a very popular translation, G. Sandys (1626; repr. - also very popular), John Dryden (1717; repr. - very popular), W. H. D. Rouse (1904; repr.; Loeb edition); Catalan: F. Alegre (1494), A. M. Trepat and A. M. de Saavedra ( 1929); Czech: A. Truhlar (1879); Danish: S. S. Meissling (1831); Dutch: J. Florianus (1637), J. Vondel (1671 repr.); French: Mansion (1484; repr. - actually * Ovid Moralisé ); German: Translaor not known (1551), Michael von Albrecht (1994); Greek: S. Plantes (1798), M. Planudus (1822), Alexander Kasdaglu (1908); Hungarian: Versegy Ferencz (1825), Kis, J. (1839), Devecseru Gabor (1964); Italian: G. Bonsignore (1497), N. di Augustini (1533; repr.), M. L. Dolce (1553; repr.), G. A. dell'Anguillara (1554; repr. - very popular); Polish: J. Zebrowskiego (1636; repr.), W. Otfonowskiego (1638), Brunona Kicinskiego (1953); Portuguese: A. F. de Castilho (1841); Romanian: Ion Florescu (1959); Spanish: J. de Bustamente (1546), Trans, not known, see Cuaderno bibliográfico gay, 14, Madrid: Avuso, 1982; Swedish: G. Adlerbeth (1862). Consult the * British Library General Catalogue and * National Union Catalog for a fuller record of translations Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Dictionnaire Gay. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 88: Metamorphosen, Leipzig: Teubner, 1890 (re *Hyacinthus and *Narcissus). Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10894-96: The Art of Love, Indianapolis: Midland Books, 1957, trans. by Rolfe Humphreys, Heroides and Amores, London: Heinemann, 1931 and Metamorphoses, London: Heinemann, 1946. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 2947: The Art of Love and Other Poems, London: Heinemann, Loeb Classical Library, Fasti, London: Heinemann, Loeb Classical Library, Heroides, Amores, London: Heinemann, Loeb Classical Library, Metamorphoses, London: Heinemann, Loeb Classical Library. Cuaderno bibliográfico gay, 13: Spanish translation; see above for details. Courouve, Ces petits grecs, 28. Gay Poetry Anthologies. *Forberg, Manual of Classical Erotology. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 51-54: Metamorphoses, 10, re *Hyacinth and 3, re *Narcissus. Iolaus (1902), 87-88 (*Apollo and *Hyacinth). Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 88-93: Metamorphoses, Book 9, lines 792-938 (Iphys and Ianthee). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 179-80. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 111-16: x 64 ff. (Story of Orpheus), Cyparissus, Ganymede, Hyacinth and Apollo; Book xi Death of Orpheus). Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 68-70. Criticism. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 462: citing book x, lines 86-142 (*Apollo and *Cyparissus), 152-61 (*Zeus and *Ganymede), 162-219 (Apollo and Hyacinthus). Kiefer, Sexual Life in Ancient Rome, 220-46. Buffière, Eros adolescent, 363, footnote 45: citing Fausti 33, 45 ff. re *Dionysus and Ampelus. Lilja, Homosexuality in Republican and Augustan Rome, 79-81; index p. 154. Poem in French from France. Ca. 1350. French poem by 'Berchorius originally written in Latin. First printed 1484: see 'Ovid. See also 'Ganymede. Criticism. Saslow, Ganymede in the Renaissance, 6. Poet from the Netherlands writing in Dutch. Born 1946. Pseudonym of Arnold Spauwer. Active 1975-76. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Naar vriendscaap zulk een mateloos verlangen, 104-06: three poems from Een Prinsiade, Amsterdam: Panholzer, 1975, and Dertig, Amsterdam: Panholzer, 1976 (books cited p. 121 and disclosure of his real name). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 314-15. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1893-1918. Wilfred Owen is perhaps the finest British war poet. He was killed on the last day of the First World War. Only five poems were published in his lifetime and his reputation became established only after *Edmund Blunden's edition of 1931. Poems of special note in regard to homoeroticism include "Greater Love" and "Strange Meeting". He was a close friend of *Siegfried Sassoon whom he met at Craiglockhart hospital when being treated for shock. His Collected Letters were edited by Harold Owen (his brother) and John Bell, London, 1967, 629 pp; most letters are to his mother. Many of his letters and papers were destroyed and his brother Harold Owen has rigidly controlled access to his papers. Text of his poems. The most complete is by Jon Stallworthy, 2 volumes, 1983; in this edition in volume 1 see "My dearest Colin" pp. 8 -9, "How do I love thee" p. 86 (a *sonnet modelled on *Elizabeth Barrett Browning but also showing the close influence of *Shakespeare), "Perversity" p. 108, "Arms and the Boy" p. 154, "I am the ghost of Shadwell Stair" p. 183 (about cruising in London). Biography. See Jon Stallworthy - however, this barely mentions homosexuality. Dominic Hibberd, Wilfred Owen: The Last Year 1917-18, 1991, is reticent about the issue of homosexuality (see review in the Times Literary Supplement, in November 1992, p. 10, by Andrew Motion who states "When Owen discovered his true strong homosexual self, he discovered his genius."). Criticism. "I am the ghost of Shadwell Stair" has been interpreted as being about cruising the East End, London, waterfront; a brilliant gay reading has been attempted by Jonathan Cutbill. See also "Criticism in homosexual terms" below. Translation. German: translator not known, titled Meine Scheue Hand, 1992 - a small collection of poems (source: *Prinz Eisenherz catalog 1992/2). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Howes, Broadcasting It. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10897: Collected Poems, New York, 1965, edited by C. Day Lewis, "Especially 'Great Love'". Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2952: Collected Poems, London: Chatto and Windus, 1931. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 306-07. Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 68-69, 91, 94, 103, 130, 146, 153-54, 168-69, 193, 210-12. Les Amours masculines, 372-73. Drobci stekla v ustih, 43. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2. "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen", 117. Art of Gay Love, 33: "From my Diary", July 1914 (*bathing poem). Poems of Love and Liberation, 17: poem "To - ". Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 50, 106, 143, 194, 220. Pour tout l'amour des hommes, 215. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 364-66. A Day for a Lay, 26; biog., 26-28. Criticism. Caesar, Taking it like a man: Suffering, sexuality and the War Poets, 115-71. Owens, Terriss, also called Persis M. Owen Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Active 1924. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 70: the poem "Regret" - "'Godspeed' I cried and watched him go-/ The lovely boy I craved"; his name is given as Terriss Owen. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 506: same poem and another "Abbazia, V"; his name is given here as Persis M. Owen. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1988. An *Indian poet from Shoshone-Metis/ Cree tribes who is a published poet. A collector of Indian art who lives with his working *cowboy "brother"/friend. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Living the Spirit, 97; biog., 226. Fine poem "Children of Grandmother Moon". Oxford in Great Britain north of *London, is both a city and the name of a University; the University dates back to ca. 1150. English is the spoken language; Latin was formerly the main language of instruction. Oxford was, until the nineteenth century, with *Cambridge University, one of only two *universities in Great Britain. The Chancellor of the university had civil and criminal jurisdiction for all cases involving a scholar until 1825. The University's Bodleian Library is a deposit library for Great Britain and one of the largest in the country; it has a restricted section, the Phi collection. Oxford has been an important center for *publishing from the *Renaissance (see *Anacreon done into English). The university is organized round colleges which have dons (fellows of colleges who tutor students); until 1874 all dons had to be unwed. *Alexander Barclay was an early graduate of note. For a celebrated homosexual scandal involving Wadham College, see the poem *College Wit Sharpen'd (Wadham also rhymes with *sodom; it was the college of *Rochester). For a later poem relating to the college see *"Oh, for the sofas of Sodom". The poet *Gerard Manley Hopkins attended Balliol College and *A. C. Benson was master of Magdelan ca. 1924. The *eighteen nineties journals, the first British gay journals, The *Chameleon and The Spirit Lamp (edited by Lord *Alfred Douglas) emanated from the University; the poem *"Love in Oxford" printed in The Chameleon is an outstanding gay poem. Many eminent poets were undergraduates of Oxford or dons in colleges: see *Patrick Anderson, *W. H. Auden, *Roy Campbell, *Thomas Beddoes, *C. M. Bowra, *Hellenism, *A. E. Housman, *Benjamin Jowett, *William Plomer, *Ivor C. Treby, *Oscar Wilde. *Oscar Browning was dismissed from *Eton for homosexual sex with his pupil George Curzon, who later became Chancellor of the University. The homosexual John Sparrow was warden of All Souls college. Crucial to Oxford is *male bonding in undergraduates and between dons and undergraduates. Practically every notable English poet from Great Britain went to Oxford or Cambridge from the Renaissance until 1945 when the red brick universities were built (these newer universities contrasted with Oxford and Cambridge colleges which were built of stone). Religious dimensions have played a big part in the history of the university - see John Henry Newman, *Gerard Manley Hopkins, *C. S. Lewis, *Charles Williams. The Bodleian and college libraries hold important English literary *manuscripts (e.g., the manuscript of Tennyson's In Memoriam). Compare *Cambridge; in popular parlance, the two universities have also been called *Sodom and Gomorrah. See overall Mercia Mason, Oxford and Cambridge, 1958. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality: see "Cambridge and Oxford". Howes, Broadcasting It. Poet from Uganda writing in Luo; he later lived in Nigeria. 1931-1982. Some of his poetry has been translated into English. See G. A. Heron, The Poetry of Okut p'Bitek, 1976, p. 90: "Look for a dry peg/ Push it into Owiny's anus". This poem taunts another man of witchcraft and *magic. In Song of Lawino, 1966, the poet complains that westernized African men are behaving "like a woman trying to please her husband". Song of Ocol, 1970, pp. 45-53 depicts a strong male *patriarchal world. Biography: see Leonard Klein, African Litertatures in the 20th Century, 1988, 226-29. Criticism. Woods, History of Gay Literature, 303, 305, 306-08. Poet who wrote in English. Ca. 1975?-died before 1999. His poems are somewhat *Romantic. A painter and writer he acted in his own plays and his poetry is a link between the Indian poets Aurobindo and Ezekiel and uses Christian imagery. He died at the age of twenty-three. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Yaraana: Gay Writing from India, 37-45 (two poems and a play in verse); biog., 211. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1942. Editor of The Complete Poems of *Edwin Denby, 1986. He edited an anthology of *New York School poets. For a note on his career see Schuyler, Diary, p. 311: "Schuyler met Padgett and his wife Patricia in the early 1960s." Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors New Revision Series, vol. 57. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Bugger; an anthology, 6-7; biog. 19: states he is the author of In Advance of the Broken Arm and is married. Poet from Portugal who wrote in Portuguese. Active before 1250? See Gomes Viana, O homosexualidade no mundo, volume 2, p. 183: a *troubadour poet possibly accused of homosexuality. Poet from the United States writing in English; he lived in India. Active 1976. See Temple of the Phallic King: The Mind of India: Yogis, Swamis, Sufis and Avataras , New York, 1973 - a collection of essays and some *phallic poems e.g., see p. 137 re lingam, *Shiva (by apparently an American who went to India); see also pp. 246-47. Editor from Great Britain of works in Greek. 1908-1978. With *A. S. F. Gow he edited The Greek Anthology: Hellenistic Epigrams, Cambridge, UK, 1965, 2 volumes, which includes an attempt to reconstruct the *Garland of Meleager and a translation of the poems. His Poetae Melici Graeci, Oxford, 1962, is an edition of poets including *Ibycus, *Anacreon and *Simonides. He was Regius Professor of Greek at *Cambridge. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography: revealing he married and seems to have been a happy heterosexual. Editor from Great Britain of works in English. Born 1937. Author of "Kiss Me Goodnight Sergeant Major", London, 1973, bawdry poems gathered from World War Two with some homobawdry, many poems containing "obscene" and subsconscious homosexual suggestions: see pp. 19, 26 (title poem), 29, 32-34 ("Hitler Has Only Got One Ball"), 34-35 (re "Hitler"), 50, 53 ("At Enugu, Gold Coast"), 113-14. The book was the first serious attempt to collect these poems which are mostly heterosexual. Not all are from British sources and some are Australian. The cover features a soldier in a kilt being kissed by a sailor (from an old postcard). See also *Bawdry - English. Poet from Australia writing in English. Born ca. 1950. He has published one book of poems: They're Knocking at My Door, Pariah Press, 1986: no overt gay content detected; but see "Fire for a Young Lover", p. 52 (*non-gender specific). Second book of poems: Satellite Link, 1991. He has lived and travelled widely in the United States, South-East Asia, Portugal and Australia. *Melbourne poet. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Edge City, 157-58; biog., 222. Dessaix, Australian Lesbian and Gay Writing, 59-60; biog., 377. Critic from Israel writing in Hebrew and English. 1930-1986. A noted Israeli poet, critic and professor. He was the leading scholarly expositor of mediaeval and *Renaissance Hebrew poetry. His lectures titled in English Hebrew Poetry of the Middle Ages and Renaissance, Berkeley, 1991, 84 pages, contain, on pp. 64-68, the most recent and brilliant discussion in English of homosexuality in the *medieval Hebrew poetry of Spain; he states of the corpus of medieval Hebrew poems and poets p. 66: "All this seems to indicate actual homosexual practice." There is a biographical note on the author in the Foreword, pp. ix-xvi, by Robert Alter. He was born in a German speaking assimilated Jewish home in Czernowitz, Bucovina (after World War Two Soviet Russia), spent a part of his adolescence in a *Nazi concentration camp, and emigrated to Israel in 1947 after the war. He studied under Jefim Schirmann on whom he compiled a bibliography of writings. He was the author of three books on medieval and Renaisance Hebrew poetry: Shirat hahol vetorat hashir lemoshe ibn ezra uvney doro, 1970 (Secular and Poetic Theory: *Moses Ibn Ezra and his Contemporaries - written in Hebrew and not translated) and Hidush umasoret beshirat hahol ha 'vrit: sefarad ve'italia, 1976 (Change and Tradition: Hebrew Secular Poetry in Spain and Italy) written in Hebrew and not translated) and 'Al sod hatum (On the sealed secret, 1986) - on the Hebrew poetic *riddle. Books not sighted; they are likely to contain discussion of homosexuality. A bibliography of his writings occurs in Jerusalem Studies in Hebrew Literature, vol. 10-11, 1987-88, "Essays in Memory of Dan Pagis", pp. 153-88; this contains essays in Hebrew on him and on the topics he explored. He was Professor of Medieval Hebrew at the Hebrew University in *Jerusalem. Critic from the United States writing in English. Born ca. 1955. Her first book Sexual Personae, New Haven, 1990, includes discussion of *androgyny; see also "Spenser and Apollo", pp. 170-193, a reading of *Edmund Spenser's *long poem The Faerie Queene. Sex, Art and American Culture, New York, 1992, has major essays on gay culture e.g., one on "Homosexuality at the *Fin de siècle". Vamps and Tramps, New York, 1994, is a major collection of essays on gay themes (see especially "Love Poetry", reprinted from Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics, pp. 317-27). Interview: James White Review, vol. 12 no. 3, fall 1995, 8-9 with Bill Andriette. Criticism. New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics : see her article "Love Poetry" (which includes gay reference). Word and concept in Greek from Greece from before 390 B.C. The love of an older man for a boy or youth particularly in fifth century Athens, in Sparta and in Crete where it was linked with education; in English, *pederasty comes from this word. The word is first known from *Plato's * Symposium 181 (the only listing of the word in Liddell and Scott, Greek-English Lexicon, p. 1286, where it is defined as "love of boys"). This is a specific form of homosexuality and does not mean that the ancient Greeks - who lived in many cities in the western Mediterranean apart from Athens and whose civilization extended over many centuries - practised paiderastia solely or that it was the dominant form of homosexuality. (Much has been destroyed so our view of ancient Greek sex life may, in addition, be distorted by what survives.) The homopoems of book twelve of the * Palatine Anthology, the * Mousa Paidike, are based on this form of homosexuality. See also Harold Patzer, Die griechische Knabenliebe (Greek Boy Love), Wiesbaden, 1982 (bibl. p. 129) and *Gisela Bleibtreu-Ehrenberg, "New Research into the Greek Institution of Pederasty" (unpublished paper 1987 *Amsterdam conference, Homosexuality, Which Homosexuality?). References. Symonds, A Problem in Greek Ethics, 4 ff. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, item 527. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 960-61; 1227 (misspelled). Dover, Greek Homosexuality, 239. Journal in English from the Netherlands from 1988. A major journal dealing with the issues of *pedophilia and *pederasty emanating from *Amsterdam. It has had serious articles on gay poets, artists and cultural figures: see *Donald Mader, *Maarten Schild, *Pat Macgregor, *Willem de Mérode (pseud.), John Henry Mackay, *Tariq Rahman. Ten issues have apppeared and there is an index to all issues on the internet. Word in Greek from Greece from ca. 130. This word, which means literally "boy" or "son" in Ancient Greek, is frequently used by the poets in the * Mousa Paidike (117-ca. 38) with the sense of "lover" or "junior partner in a sexual relationship". It is also used by *Sappho. Compare English *boy and ancient Greek *eromenos (younger partner in a sexual relationship) which has a similar sense. The *age of death in the ancient world needs to be considered in relation to the use of the word: people died much earlier and sexual relations occurred generally at a lower age. Dover, Greek Homosexuality, 16, notes the the word can also mean child, girl, son, daughter and *slave. Anthology in Greek from Turkey from ca. 980. The manuscript and its compilation. The Palatine Anthology contains the most important selection of surviving Greek homosexual poems, including the first known homosexual poetry anthology. It was found in the library of the Elector of Palatine, Germany, in 1606 (see Hutton, The Greek Anthology in Italy, pp. 31-32) and is a manuscript collection of Greek *epigrams, assembled possibly ca. 980 by an unknown anthologist or anthologists in *Istanbul, and largely based on an earlier collection compiled by *Constantine Cephalas, in the tenth century (about 925). The manuscript contains some 3,150 epigrams, now printed in sixteen books, and the manuscript of the *Anacreontea. Included in the manuscript is a collection of 258 homosexual poems apparently compiled by the poet *Straton, circa 117-30 A.D., and printed as Book 12, the *Mousa Paidike (boyish muse). (This is the only known manuscript of these poems.) Incorporated within the manuscript, which consists of groups of poems on particular themes gathered together, are anthologies by *Agathias Scholasticus, *Meleager and *Philip of Thessalonika. It thus consists of poems from several sources compiled into one manuscript and several anthologies compiled into one work. The 980 date is from *P. Waltz, the editor of the French Budé edition (see Hutton, The Greek Anthology in Italy, p. 10) which contains an index of poets; *Robert Aubreton has dated the manuscript to the 11th century. The manuscript was written by four scribes with Scribe B writing the Mousa Paidike. It was seen by Salmasius in the library of Heidelberg University in 1607, removed to the Vatican Library in Rome after the sack of Heidelberg in 1623 and taken to Paris in 1797 by Napoleon, having been recently rebound in two volumes. One part - the volume containing books 1-13 - was returned to *Heidelberg University in 1815 (where it is cataloged as Codex Graecus 23); the second volume, Books 14 and 15 and the * Anacreontea, was left in *Paris in the *Bibliothèque Nationale. A facsimile edition was published by *Karl Preisendanz in 1911. The editing and printing of the manuscript. The manuscript was first edited and printed in full by J. J. Reiske in 1754. The poems were first printed and numbered in the order of the manuscript by *Friedrich Jacobs in Germany in his 1813-17 edition. He divided them into 15 books with an extra book, Book 16, containing the poems in the *Planudean Anthology not in the Palatine manuscript (now called the Planudean appendix). A prior Italian edition by *G. Carcani (Naples, 1788-96), compiled when the manuscript was in the Vatican, had the first Italian translations. The homopoems of Book 12 were first printed separately in 1764, in an edition edited by *C. A. Klotz, and the erotic poems even earlier in an edition by J. J. Reiske in 1752 (this last work, however, is not listed in the * National Union Catalog entry Anthologia Graeca; see the entry *Harold Beckby for reference to it). The Jacobs numbering has been followed in all subsequent editions. A recent scholarly complete edition is the edition of *Harold Beckby (1957-58; repr.), with German translations of the poems. The Waltz edition (1928+), which has French translations of the poems, is not complete and Book 12 has not been edited, so far as is known; see also *F. Pontani and *S. Lida for other recent editions. In the nineteenth century heavily censored editions existed for schools. Poems and sections were also translated into Latin (as in the *Dubner edition). The *Loeb edition by *W. R. Paton (1916-18) is the standard edition in the English speaking world but has poor English and some Latin translations until the 1971 edition; it is the edition used in this Encyclopedia, unless otherwise indicated. The most thorough study of the homopoems is the 1908 article by *Paul Brandt. A list of homosexual epigrams is discussed by *Félix Buffière, in his study Eros Adolescent, pp. 680-82; see also *Géorges Herelle for other works in French. *Straton and *Meleager are the poets with the greatest number of homopoems; these occur mainly in Book 12. The Jacobs edition has an index of poets (as does the Beckby edition which also contains biographical indexes). Paton's edition does not have an overall index, each volume of his five volume set being indexed separately. By means of the Beckby or Jacobs indexes it is possible to investigate any one writer in the anthology. There are homosexual poems in eleven of the fifteen books. For Paul Brandt's list see below. *A. S. F. Gow, The Greek Anthology: Sources and Ascriptions, 1958, is a detailed (and complex) discussion of the editorial problems. For almost all editions and printings see the entry Anthologia Graeca in the National Union Catalog ; see Greek Anthology in the * British Library General Catalogue . The manuscript of the Palatine Anthology is one of the most important manuscripts of ancient Greek homopoems, preserving in the Mousa Paidike a major corpus of ancient Greek poems relating to homosexuality of the *Hellenistic age and *Roman period (323 B. C.-ca. 200 A.D.). It should also be emphasized that the same manuscript preserves the * Anacreontea (which contains an anthology of homosexual poems though the overall context is bisexual). The Palatine manuscript thus preserves two homosexual poetry anthololgies. Contents of the fifteen books. A Greek word index is Index to the Anthologia Graeca: Anthologia Palatina and Planudea by Vittorio Citti and others, Amsterdam, 1985-90. The contents of the 15 books are as follows: Book 1: Christian Epigrams, 2: Christodorus of Thebes in Egypt, 3: Cyzicene Epigrams, 4: Proems of the Different Anthologies, 5: Amatory Epigrams, 6: Dedicatory Epigrams, 7: Sepulchral Epigrams, 8: Epigrams of St Gregory the Theologian, 9: Declamatory Epigrams, 10: Hortatory and Admonitory Epigrams, 11: Convivial and Satirical Epigrams, 12: * Mousa Paidike, 13: Epigrams in Various Metres, 14: Arithmetical Problems, *Riddles, Oracles, 15: Miscellaneous, 16: Epigrams of the Planudean Anthology not in the Palatine. A strict reading of the Palatine Anthology in homosexual terms would have to examine the subject in relation to all these books and categories. No comprehensive overall analysis in gay terms has been attempted since Brandt's 1908 article. Criticism. Most of the above editions include commentaries; there is thus over two hundred years of commentary in existence on the Palatine Anthology. A recent brilliant critical work is Alan Cameron, The Greek Anthology from Meleager to Planudes, Oxford, 1993, a detailed discussion of the manuscript tradition (with bibl., pp. 395-99). See also "Criticism in homosexual terms" below. For the major earlier Greek works containing homosexual anthologies see * Theognidea, *Theognis, * Anacreontea and *Skolia. See also *Norman Douglas. Gav poems. Homosexual poems in the * Palatine Anthology are listed here. The poems listed are those discussed in Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der grieschen Dichtung" (1908), the most exhaustive analysis to date. The text referred to is the *H. Stadtmueller edition for Books 1-7 and 9 and for the rest the *Friedrich Dubner edition; in some books the numbering differs from other editions. Book 2: 82-85, 102-07. Book 5: 5, 18, 27, 48, 53, 64, 115, 116, 121, 166, 207, 276-77. Book 6: 278-79, 282, 330. Book 7: 327-28, 343, 448-49, 453, 467-68, 483, 515, 527, 535, 542, 558, 602-03, 628, 669-71. Book 9: 77, 241, 248, 317, 330, 341, 556, 626-27, 639, 666, 668-69, 686, 751, 783, 826-27. Book 10: 19, 20, 68. Book 11: 19, 24, 36-37, 40, 51-52, 216-17, 224, 407. Book 12: almost all 258 epigrams are relevant - see Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griesischen Dichtung", (1908), 230-79, and for an individual breakdown see the entry * Mousa Paidike. Book 13: 2, 12, 20, 22-23, 27. Book 16: (poems from the anthology of *Planudes - normally now included in this work but strictly speaking not in the Palatine manuscript) 1, 2, 14, 24, 33, 49-51,75, 167, 188, 194200, 203-15, 236-38, 240-43, 250-52, 260-61, 287-88, 306-09. See also Brandt's discussion pp. 281-86 of poems pertaining to homosex in the Planudean Anthology not included in the Palatine: e. g., on p. 281, he mentions a poem referring to a statue of *Eros by Praxiteles and on pp. 284-85 poems about beautiful statues of men. These poems in Book 16 do not appear in the Palatine Anthology manuscript and, as noted, are part of the Planudean Anthology. Many of the poems of Book 16 that Brandt refers to are illustrated with homoerotic illustrations of some of the possible statues referred to in the Loeb edition of *W. R. Paton. This listing by Brandt is not an exhaustive listing of all the overt homopoems in the Palatine Anthology, but it must be accounted a fairly thorough one as Brandt was a careful scholar. Buffière, Eros adolescent, pp. 280-82 lists poems discussed in his book. An Index to the Anthologia Graeca, 4 volumes, 1985-1990, will help in locating homopoets. See Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, pp. 132-35 for an excellent small selection of gay poems: this selection is a good introduction to the work. Influence. Many of the Greek epigrammatists lived in Rome and the various anthologies comprising the * Palatine Anthology (such as the Garland of Meleager) must have been known to them as poets. *Alcaeus and the *Alexandrian poets certainly were. The major influence of the anthology from the *Renaissance, has been on the *epigram tradition in English, French, Italian, Latin and Spsnish. James Hutton, who has compiled the most extensive studies on the influence, writes: "For neo-Latin writers the liveliest interest in the Anthology falls within a period extending from 1475 to 1550" (Hutton, Greek Anthology in Italy, p. 42) and "in vernacular verse its greatest influence falls within the limits 1550-1610" (ibid., p. 49); these writers Hutton discusses were, however, working from the * Planudean Anthology (which did have some homosexual poems) as well as poets and poems included in the Palatine Anthology. The Palatine Anthology has had an influence on gay writing since publication of Book 12 in 1764 and especially since the late eighteenth century when the text was first published in full and translation commenced; translations from * The Eternal Flame onwards have made it known to a wider English speaking audience than ever. See also * Mousa Paidike. Translation. The *National Union Catalog entry, under Anthologia Graeca, reveals translations of poems in the Palatine Anthology first into Latin (1529), then French (1589); however, these were only those poems in the * Planudean Anthology which are in the Palatine Anthology. Translation of the Palatine manuscript began with *J. J. Reiske's translations into Latin (1752 and 1754). Translations after this date listed in library catalogs almost certainly are from the Palatine manuscript; *G. Carcani's into Italian (178896) certainly was. On translations to 1800 see James Hutton. All translations after the 1813-17 Jacobs edition, the editor's second attempt at editing the work, are almost certainly from the Palatine Anthology. Generally, the closer to the present, the more sexually explicit the translation is likely to be. Czech: Rudolph Kuthan (1938). English. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10825. Young, Male Homosexual in LIterature, item 1573 and following; item 1573 is The Greek Anthology, New York, Putnam (Loeb Classical Library), 1916-18 (not 1918 as in Young), edited and translated into prose by *W. R. Paton. The homosexual poems were largely translated into English from the first printing, though some, deemed obscene, were translated into Latin and still remain largely so. There is an important bibliography of English verse translations in volume 1, xiii-xv. This is the standard English translation (with Greek text opposite) but it is wooden and stilted. An excellent selection of verse translations was compiled by *Peter Jay (1973; 850 poems). See also: *J. W. Mackail (1906+; heavily censored as regards all erotic poems), *Sydney Oswald (pseud.) (1914; Mousa Paidike only), *Sir Rennell Rodd (1916), *M. S. Buck? (ca. 1929?), *Shane Leslie (1929; ca. 1932 - Book 12), *Forrest Reid (1943 - selection), *Kenneth Rexroth (1962 - selection), *Willis Barnstone (1962; repr.; selection in Greek Lyric Poetry), *Robin Skelton (1971; selection of 200 poems), John Gill (1986 - a brilliant modern version of the * Mousa Paidike), *Ross Fraser (1988; fine selection). Consult also the * National Union Catalog entry Anthologia Graeca and the * British Library General Catalogue entry Greek Anthology. See also the entries *Meleager, *Mousa Paidike, *Straton. Orgasms of Light, pp. 99-100: trans. from French (see pp. 253-54). Men and Boys, p. x, mentions an unpublished manuscript of pederastic epigrams from the Palatine Anthology by *S. E. Cottam. See Anthologies below for the most recent translations by *Anthony Reid in *The Eternal Flame and by *Daryl Hine and *Byrne S. Fone in * The Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature. French: several unknown translators, Trans, from Latin (1589), *F. D. Dehèque, Paris (with the Mousa Paidike translated into Latin) (1863), Gabriel Soulages (1919), Trans not known (1933) - see Bibliographies below, *Pierre Waltz and others (but not complete since the Mousa Paidike has not yet been translated) (1928+), *Maurice Rat (1938), P.-L. Couchard (1952). German: J. G. von Herder (1801; repr.), F. J. [Friedrich Jacobs?], Leipzig, 2 volumes (1803), *Friedrich Jacobs (1824; repr.), *W. E. Weber and *G. Thudichum (1838-70), J. G. Regis, Stuttgart (1856), *Otto Kiefer - partial trans. (1906), *Auguste Oehler (pseud.) (1920), *H. Beckby - the standard German trans. (1957-58). Hebrew: Benzion Benshalom (1960; Ma'arkhot Eros., [in the series Sifre mofet mi-sifrut ha-:olam], Jerusalem, 1960, 183 pages - information from *Harvard Library catalog and *National Union Catalog, Supplement 1956-67). Italian: Tommaso Mochenigo-Soranzo, Venice (1752), *Gaetano Carcani (1788-96), Alessandro Veniero (1905), *Ettore Romagnoli (1940-43), *Salvatore Quasimodo (1945; repr. - selection), *A. Presta (ca. 1957), *Filippo Maria Pontani (ca. 1978-ca. 81), P. Zari - Book 5 only (1964), Adolfo Magrini (Florence, 1985; titled Erotici del antologia palatina [Erotic works from the Palatine Anthology]), *Guido Paduano (Milan, 1989; Anthologia Palatina: Epigrammi erotici libro V e libro XII [Erotic poems from the Palatine Anthology Books 5 and 12]). Latin: *A Alciati, O. Luscinius and I. C. Zuiccauiensus (the last two names are Latinized) (1529), *H. Estienne (1570), *Eilhard Lubin (1604), J. J. Reiske (1752 - Erotica only; 1754), *Hugo Grotius (1795-1822; repr. 186490), *F. Dehèque (see French above) (1863), *Friedrich Dubner - in Latin prose (1864-1900), Charles Warren Mellor, 61 pp., Dolphin Press, printed for private circulation, Latin and English (1914). Polish: Trans, not known (1978): titled Anthologia Palatynska (Warsaw, 1978), 416 pages - details are from *Harvard University Library, which does not list the translator's name. Russian: V. A. Alekseev (1896). Spanish: Manuel Fernandez-Galiano (1978; information from *Harvard University Catalogue). Welsh: T. Gwynn Jones, 95 pp. (1927). See the National Union Catalog entry Anthologia Graeca for fuller bibliographical details. *Censorship is an important aspect of the translations; this varies from language to language, country to country and over time. See also the *Meleager and *Straton entries as these poets are major gay poets appearing in the Palatine Anthology. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 67-68: see "Anthology". Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium : see "Greek Anthology". Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 504-05: see "Greek Anthology". Bibliographies. Murray, Catalogue of Selected Books, item 24: *Greek Anthology; reference to *Sydney Oswald as translator (item 51). Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10634, 10698, 10825. Pia, Les Livres de l'Enfer, vol. 2, column 1239: Soixante-cinq Epigrammes érotiques de l'Anthologie Palatine (69 erotic epigrams from the Palatine Anthology; note the phrase "sixty-nine" in English refers to love making in which two people simultaneously perform fellatio on each other ), Angers: André Bruel, 1933, 38 pp., trans. into French (translator is called "Le Traducteur du Corbeau" i.e., The translator of Corbeau); the note states it includes *Rufinus, *Paulus Silentarius, *Agathias, *Meleager and others. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1573 and cross references following. Courouve, Ces petits grecs, 6. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: Die Männerliebe der Griechen, 61-64: trans. by *Hössli. Men and Boys, 16-18. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 51-6. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 56-74. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 132-35. Art of Gay Love, 56-57. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 40-45. Criticism in homosexual terms. J. A. Symonds, Studies in the Greek Poets, 1901, vol. 2, 301-64 (includes English translation). Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griesischen Dichtung", (1908): the whole article is relevant (with extensive German translations of poems). Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 478-88. Buffière, Eros adolescent, 293-324. Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian, 1885-1975. Beginning as a crepuscular poet he has used several styles and published a huge oeuvre. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amicizia amorosa, 18587: two poems including "Habel Nasshab"; biog., 183. Editor from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1824-1897. A *Victorian poetry anthologist, famous for the selection The Golden Treasury. In his 1861 edition of *Shakespeare's sonnets, he left out sonnet 20 since he thought it demonstrated a physical relationship between Shakespeare and *Mr W H: "We cannot understand how our great and gentle Shakespeare could have submitted himself to such passions" he stated (quoted in N. T. Parsons, ed., The Joy of Bad Verse, 1988, p. 284). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Encyclopedia Britannica. Criticism in homosexual terms. Mayne, The Intersexes, 365. The Italian novel 'Alcibiade fanciullo a scuola was formerly ascribed to him but is nowdays given to 'Antonio Rocco. Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. Active 200 B.C. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 773: stating he was previously thought to be Homeric but fragments indicate a*Hellenistic dating. Criticism. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 461: citing Pausanias ix, 27, 2 regarding his writing *hymns to *Eros. Figure from myth and trope in Greek from ancient Greece and later in Latin, English, Dutch and Japanese. From 2BQ B.C. Greek. Pan was the leader of the *satyrs and like them capable of all types of sexual behavior. Pan appears in a homosexual context in the 'Ampelus idyll of 'Nonnus (e.g., Dionysiaca, Book 11, 124). See P. Borgeaud, Récherches sur le dieu Pan (Research on the god Pan), Rome and Bern, 1979, for a full study of Pan. Pan was later associated with the 'Devil: a case of a non-Christian god being inverted with Christianity. For the ancient artistic depiction see the entry in ' Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae in volume B, part 1 in the Supplement and the plates. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary. Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Other. Buffière, Eros adolescent, 364-65: citing several homosexual references in Greek poetry from 'Theocritus on. Sergent, Homosexuality in Greek Myth, 259-6Q and 312, footnote 6: giving sources stating "in Alexandrian ' bucolic poetry it was often assumed that the god Pan was in love with the shepherd 'Daphnis." Latin. The Oxford Latin Dictionary entry Pan reveals he appears in the work of several *Roman poets but not necessarily in a homosexual context ('Virgil, Ovid, Tibullus). English. He recurs in later poetry after the classical period in a homosexual or bisexual context: e.g., in English, in a poem by *Herbert Horne in the 'Century Guild (ca. 1BB6) and in 'Oscar Wilde. 'Aleister Crowley wrote a famous "Hymn to Pan", 1913, and The Triumph of Pan was the 191Q title of a book of poems by his disciple 'Victor Neuburg. See also 'Hugh McCrae, 'Francis Ledwidge, 'Witter Bynner. Pan was popular with poets of the 'aesthetic movement who had rediscovered the Greek homosexual past (e.g., 'Oscar Wilde). From about 1890 a movement called Pantheism occurred in the arts in Europe: this involved worship of nature - usually seen to be inhabited by fauns, nymphs and Pan figures - see *Aleister Crowley, *J. le Gay Brereton. There is a pedophile journal called ran (1979+) published in Amsterdam. See also, 'Bestiality, *Bucolic poets. Danish: see *Jens Peter Jacobsen. Japanese: a group called Pan no kai (active 1908-11) was named after the ancient Greek god; this group consisted of'aesthetes and included several poets (see the entry in Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan ). English journal from the Netherlands. From 1979. A very serious *pedophile journal with important literary articles and illustrations e.g. no. 8, April 1981, had an article by *David Gil, "And my fawn right beside me", on homosexuality and Hebrew poets. The journal has now been superceded by * Paidika. Poet from China who wrote in Chinese. 247-300. A poet noted for his good looks. His name is spelt Pan Yue in *Pinyin and P'an Yueh in *Wade Giles. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature, 648: see "P'an Yueh". Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 217: a fervent admirer of male beauty. Criticism. Hinsch, Passions of the Cut Sleeve, 64: states *T'ang readers evidently considered his relationship with Xiahou Zhan (243-291) homosexual. Poet from Egypt who wrote in English. Active between 150 to 200. Marguerite *Yourcenar in Memoirs of *Hadrian, London, 1955, p. 309 cites a *fragment of the poem "The Hunt of *Hadrian and *Antinous" (referring to a lion hunt in Libya) found in Egypt and published in the collection, Oxyrhynchus Papryi (London, 1911), edited and translated by Arthur S. Hunt VIII, 73-77 (this work is Fragment 1085); this includes translation into English. The manuscript is dated 150-200. The lion hunt is a very ancient motif in Middle Eastern culture - e.g., the British Museum has sculptures from the Palace of Ashurbanipal, at Ninevah, dating ca. 650 B.C., and it also occurs in Egyptian culture of the Pharaonic period. The poem appears to be a fairly conventional work glorifying Hadrian. Pancrates is mentioned in *Athenaeus (Book 15, 677 d-f) as a poet and contemporary from *Alexandria whom Athenaeus knew. He dates the poem from Hadrian's visit to the city; four lines are also quoted here comparing the beauty of Antinous to various *flowers. Not found in Pauly, Wissowa, Paulys Real-Encyclopadie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft. Poet from Spain writing in Spanish. Active 1982. Books of poems: Un agujero llamado Nevermore (1992) and El lugar del hijo (1976). Dictionaries and Biographies. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Bibliographies. Cuaderno bibliográfico gay, 14: Dioscuros, Madrid: Ayuso, 1982 - apparently *Castor and Pollux trope. Panormita, Antonius (pseud.), also called Panormitanus (pseud.) Pseudonym of a writer from Italy writing in Latin. Name by which *Antonio Beccadelli was known. 1394-1471. The word comes from the Latin word Panormus, meaning Palermo, the capital of the province of Sicily, in Italy. He is known in Italian as Il Panormita, that is, "inhabitant of Palermo". Genre in Malay from Malaysia. Relevant material dates from 1932. It is a major poetic form in Malay where the dominant religion is *Islam. Pantun are of four lines and similar to * rubai. Many are *non gender specific and show the strong influence of *Sufism. See A. W. Hamilton, Malay Pantun: Pantun Melaya, Singapore, 1942 (repr. 1982) - he states "Though there is a predominance of erotic verse no indelicacy of expression is permissable in public" (p. 6). Despite this, it is possible to read some pantun homosexually. See H. Overbeck, "The Malay Pantun", Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 85 (1922), R. J. Wilkinson and R. O. Winstedt, Pantun Melayu, 2nd edition, 1932 and R. O. Winstedt, Classical Malay Literature (second edition 1961), 193-207. Poet from the United States who wrote in Hawaiian. Active before 1881. Author of a genital song, very sexual, composed for Kalani'opu'u and referred to in Lilikala Kame'eleihiwa, Native Land and Foreign Desires, Honolulu, 1992, a book about homosexuality in Hawaii; the poem includes reference to rubbing noses together, a form of *kissing in Hawaii. The poem is cited in the review of the book in Journal of Homosexuality vol. 29 no. 1 (1995),127-29 by the reviewer Robert J. Harris but does not appear to be printed in the book (no reference to the poet is in the index and the poem could not be located in the text). Poet from Greece writing in Greek. Active 1990. A contemporary poet who possibly wrote relevant poems, mentioned in the Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, though the entry does not make completely clear he was a poet. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 503. Poet from France who wrote in French. 1555-1599. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Les Amours masculines, 101: a homopoem published after his death; biog. note. 'L'amour bleu (German edition), 299: trans. of poem into German titled "Stanze uber die Wonnen der Liebe". Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 403: trans. of the poem in Les amours masculines into English. Pour tout l'amour des hommes, 63. Poet from Brazil writing in Portuguese. Born 1933. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poemas do amor maldito, 69; biog., 68 - the author of two books of poems. Papua New Guinea languages are spoken in Papua New Guinea and Indonesia. Relevant material is recorded from at least 1885 in Kiwai (see initiation songs and chants - Kiwai). A total of some 1,370 languages exist. Some 870 languages are known in Papua New Guinea and they are all related. English is widely spoken following Australian control of the southern half of the country, formerly Papua, from 1875, and the northern half, formerly New Guinea, from 1919 (German was spoken prior to this in the norther half since the country was a German colony). Tok Pisin (Melanesian Pidgin) and Hiri Motu are also spoken as lingua francas. The country became independent from Australia in 1975. *Austronesian languages are spoken on the coast. The languages of Papua (the province of Indonesia formerly called Irian Jaya and referred to sometimes as West Papua), are in this family and there are some 500 languages spoken in the Indonesian province of Papua: see initiation - Kimam, initiation - Asmat. Research in the languages is not very advanced. See W. A. Foley, The Papuan Languages of New Guinea, 1986 and A. Capell, A Study of New Guinea Languages, Sydney, 1969. Peter Ryan, Encyclopaedia of Papua and New Guinea, 1972, has information on individual cultures Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Filmmaker from Georgia of works in Georgian; he was possibly also a poet. 1924-1989. The best known Georgian filmmaker in the west, he was imprisoned for homosexuality. His last film Ashik Kerib, 1988, is about a wandering *bard, who sings songs on his saz (lute), and who is in love with a wealthy Turkish girl. The film is outstandingly homoerotic with an *androgynous hero played by the actor Yuri Goyan and overall very *camp (e.g., see the sequence at the beginning with the god and goddess saying "he loves me, he loves me not" as they peel petals from a flower; this is based on the Indian motif of *Shiva and his consort). Shadows of Our Forgotten Ancestors, 1964, deals with Ukrainian culture. He made a film called Sayat-Nova or The Colour of Pomegranates, 1969, on the Armenian poet *Sayat-Nova, based on Armenian miniatures in its artistic conception and which shows the poet as strongly androgynous. No critical or biographical works on him have been found. See also *Steve Abbott. Biography. A film made on him in France exists called Sergei Parajanov: A Portrait, ca. 1988. The film Paradjanov: le dernier collage (Parajanov, the last *collage) was made in France in 1995. Parajanov made artistic collages. He was born in Armenia and there is a museum dedicated to him in Erevan, the capital. A brief entry is in Ginette Vincendeau, editor, Encyclopedia of European Cinema, London, 1995. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Howes, Broadcasting It. City which is the capital of France and where French is the main spoken language; Latin was spoken by the ancient Romans who occupied France and it was the language of learning and the *Catholic church until the twentieth century. Material dates from 1270. A thirteenth century poem "Dit des rues" by *Guillot (active 1270) refers to homosexual meeting and is the first poetic reference to male homosexuality in relation to Paris. The city was important as a center for printing from the *Renaissance onwards, especially for publishing Greek and Latin classics. Records from law cases have been analyzed and the city had an especially active gay culture centering on the court from the sixteenth century, especially that of King *Henri III. The *University of Paris, sometimes called the Sorbonne, had and has an outstanding intellectual tradition; theses from the University were published in Latin, including some dealing with homosexuality. The period after the French revolution of 1789 (when male homosexuality was legalized in 1791) saw increasing openness of gays. English homosexual erotica, including poetry, was published there in the late nineteenth century (e.g., *Alfred Douglas). As the capital of France, where administration was highly centralized in Paris, almost all French poets of note were associated with the city: for instance, the gay writers who wrote poetry *Rimbaud, *Verlaine, *Robert de Montesquiou and later *Gide, *Cocteau and *Genet have all lived in Paris. The city houses the major French library, the *Bibliothèque Nationale, which has a special erotica section the *Enfer. The journal *Arcadie was published in Paris. For Latin see *Peter Abelard. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 947-50. Gay Histories and Cultures. Bibliographies. Hayn, Gotendorf, Bibliotheca Germanorum Erotica, vol. 6, 64-112: lists erotica. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1968. Pseudonym of *Paul O. Welles. Gay Poetry Anthologies. In Homage to Priapus. Anthologist, critic and poet from Italy writing in Italian. Born 1944. Co-editor of L'amicizia amorosa with *Antonio Veneziani. Book of poems: Album di famiglia, 1993, 101 pp. (poems from the last twenty years). The first volume of *Anthony Reid's *The Eternal Flame is dedicated "for/ Renzo/ most magical of boys" (see page vi) and appears to be this poet; see also The Eternal Flame, volume 1, 470. Born at Celano he lives in *Rome and teaches French literature at the University of Viterbo. Other books of poems include Lo spettattore pornofono. He has written several novels and two volumes of short stories and a critical work Romanzi di culto as well as editing a collection of the work of *Apollinaire. He has an internet homepage with poems in Italian including "Kenya" written in Kenya in 1998. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amicizia amorosa, 9-32: Introduction. Critic from the United States writing in English. Active 1989. Author of The Exploration of the Secret Smile: The Language of Art and Homosexuality in Frank O'Hara's Poetry, New York, 1989; with important bibl. pp. 141-54. The work analyses several poems including the *Vincent Warren poems and is the first examination in book form of a *postmodernist poet from a homosexual angle with special attention to O'Hara's language. Biographer and critic in English from Great Britain. Born 1954. Author of Ackerley: A Life of *J .R. Ackerley, London, 1989 (with bibl. of Ackerley pp. 448-49), a biography which discusses Ackerley's homosexuality frankly, giving details of his circle of friends including *E. M. Forster (who gave him money), James Kirkup and *Francis King. See also his article "Literary Lionheart", The Listener, 7 September 1989, 14-15 by Peter Parker: regarding homosexuality and Ackerley's time at The Listener (the reviewer states Ackerley never hid his homosexuality). He was also a fine reviewer for * Gay News: see *Siegfried Sassoon, John Lehmann. He is writing a biography of *Christopher Isherwood. Bibliographer from the United States of works in English. Born 1921. Author of Homosexuality; A Selective Bibliography of over 3,000 items, 1971, Metuchen, New Jersey: Scarecrow Press, 323 pp., which is an unannotated listing of items in several categories. The first volume does not contain any separate section on poetry; for poetry items see items in "Literary Works" pp. 258-71. There is extensive coverage of sociology, law and religion which is continued in the two supplements. Homosexuality Bibliography: Supplement 1970-75, 1977, has a few poetry items - numbers 3113-3136 (all items are noted in this Encyclopedia). Homosexuality Bibliography: Second Supplement 1976-82 (1985) does not cover poetry or literature (since, as William Parker explains in the introduction, the bibliographies of *Ian Young have covered it). See his "Homosexuality in History: An Annotated Bibliography" in Journal of Homosexuality, vol. 6 no. 1/2 (1981), 191-210: this is one of the best introductions to the cultural side of the subject. Compare *An Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality. Poet and philosopher from Greece who wrote in Greek. 515 B.C.-450 B.C. A philosopher of whom *Plato wrote a dialogue (which was named after him); he loved his pupil Zeno (see Parmenides 127A) and was said to be 65 in 450 B.C. A didactic poem survives in large fragments. He is the first philosopher to philosophize about the meaning of exactly what "to be" meant. Text: see Oxford Classical Dictionary entry. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Iolaus (1902), 30. Movement in French from France. 1866-1876. A group of poets who stood for *classicism in poetry as distinct from looseness in form. *Leconte de Lisle was the founder. *Verlaine was a key member whose first poems were published with the group in 1866. The movement was influential in Russian poetry and in Portuguese poetry in Brazil. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Parodies of poets and poems in homosexual terms probably exist from ancient Greek parodies of *Homer but the first surviving one is in Latin from Italy in Juvenal and dates from 100. Parodies exist in other *European languages, Persian and Hebrew. Parodies are sometimes called burlesques. See the entry *ode for parodies of this form; *bawdry poems frequently parody ordinary poetry. English. See *Thomas Bridges, *Edward Fitzgerald, *Aleister Crowley, *Henry S. Saunders (re his book Parodies of*Whitman, 1923), *Ern Malley (pseud.), *"Lost lines from the prologue", *Christopher Millard, *Charles Osborne (a brilliant parody of the * Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam), *Philip Bainbrigge (a fine parody of *Rupert Brooke), *William Cole (re Shakespeare), *Gladys Bentley, *Limericks, *Omar Khayyam, *J. G. Small, *Old King Cole - parody, *Witter Bynner. *Oscar Wilde and his works were subjects of parody in poetry: see, for example, *"Aesthete of aesthetes" and the Oscar Wilde entry. James Holmes started an *epic parody. United States: see *Carl Phillips, *David Laurents. In Maurice Sagoff, Shrink Lits, Sydney, 1980, see pp. 110-11 - a parody of *Shakespeare's Sonnets. See also D. MacDonald, Parodies, 1961, K. Baker, Unauthorised Versions: Poems and Their Parodies, 1991, N. Parsons, The Joy of Bad Verse, 1988. French. See *Paul Scarron, Jacques d'Adelsward Fersen; parody is called travestie in French. German: see *Wilamowitz re parodies of *Stefan George. Greek: see *Homer, *Mary Koukoules. Latin. Juvenal's "Sixth Satire" is a parody on *Virgil's gay "Second Eclogue" (the date is ca. 100); see also *Horace, *Petronius, * Index Expurgatorius, *Flagellation litanies, *Virgil. Persian. For parodies of works in English see *Charles Osborne, *Richard Burton, *Aleister Crowley (a poet of major importance for parody). Parodies of *Edward Fitzgerald's Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam are numerous. Hebrew: see *"Song of Songs". Compare *Satire. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics: see "Parody"; see also "Burlesque". New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics. Poem in English from Great Britain. First published in *Dublin and then reprinted in London, 1734, 16 pp. A witty poem in *heroic couplets about a pious priest who was gay ("This Priestly, domineering Spark,/Had an Amour with his own Clerk" - p. 8). Taken to court, he manages to escape conviction. It is preceded by "A Letter to Rev Dr Codex" who is the subject of the satire (see p. 8). Copy sighted: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. See Foxon, English Verse 1701-50: item P81 (lists copies in libraries). Poet from the United States writing in English; translator from Italian to English. 1819-1892. A character in *Longfellow's Tales of a Wayside Inn is modelled on him. A graduate of *Harvard, he later travelled in Italy and translated the Italian poet *Dante. He published several books of poems; see his Complete Poems, 1893. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 480: poem "To a Handsome Boy". Criticism. Foster, "Beauty's Purple Flame: Some Minor American Gay Poets", Gay Books Bulletin no. 7 (1982), 15,18 - states he was a dentist, poet and *pederast and re the poem by him "To A Handsome Boy" (with brief quote) from The Old House at Sudbury, Cambridge, MA, 1870. Anthology in English translated from Japanese. San Francisco: Gay Sunshine, 1996, 351 pages. Introduction by *Paul Gordon Schalow. The selection was edited by *Stephen D. Miller. The finest selection of Japanese gay literature in a western language; it contains mostly prose but some poets are included: see * Iwatsutsuji, *Takahashi Mutsuo, *Ishii Tatsuhiko (a modern poet who has written a *Tanka sequence about a bathhouse). The works are translated by various translators: see the Contents pp. 5-6 for details of translations and poets. Review: Monumenta Nipponica, vol. 53. no. 1 (Spring 1998), 108-111. Partners Males who lived or live with other males on a long term basis without necessarily having a sexual relationship. The term "partner in life" has also come to be used. Compare *Lovers (persons who lived with another male in a sexual relationship), *Addressees (persons to whom love poems were addressed), * Erastes and * Eromenos. Some partners of males may be their lovers and it is difficult to know in many cases if they were lovers. When used in this encyclopedia partners has been used in a non sexual sense. Italian. *Antonio Ranieri (active 1830). English. *Chester Kallman. French. *Gabriel Yturri. German. *Horst Bienek. Poet and letter writer from Italy who wrote in Italian and Friulian. 1922-1975. An Italian writer and film maker who was a gay activist and a member of the Italian *Communist party. He wrote a significant volume of poetry but all his papers have not been published (information from Italian gay sources). It is suspected some unpublished homosexual poetry exists. His poetry as published so far is not erotic. His first volume of poems was written in Friulian, sometimes considered a dialect of Italian. He fell in love with the young star of his films Ninetto Davoli, in 1963, and poems were written to him: see Enzo Siciliano, Pasolini, translated by John Shepley, 1982, pp. 283-86 and 336-37); Davoli later married. A famous poem about gay *bikies by Pasolini was "The Caracalla Baths" (see Reid, The Eternal Flame below). Pasolini was mysteriously killed on the outskirts of Rome in brutal circumstances, being run over in his car by some youths whom he appears to have picked up for sex. Pasolini's sensational death and his glamorous lifestyle and handsome goodlooks have made him something of a cult figure. Criticism. See European Gay Review no. 6-7, re *Sandro Penna. *Stefano Casi has edited a book on him: Quaderni di critica omosessuale no. 2, 1977. See also "Criticism in homosexual terms" below. Biography. Works have been written by *Dominique Fernandez and *Enzo Siciliano. *Nico Naldini wrote a biography, Pier Paolo Pasolini, published in 1991. Barth David Schwarz, Pasolini Requiem (New York, 1992, 785 pp.) is the longest biography so far. His letters have been published (English translation: Letters of Pier Paolo Pasolini, Volume One 1940-1954, London, 1992). Bibliography. See Bianco e Nero vol. 1 n. 1 (1976) - Pasolini memorial issue. See also European Gay Review vol. 8-9 (1992), 6-15: poems trans. by James Kirkup (illustrated by Filippo de Pisis [pseud.]); 4449: review of a *Penna book by Pasolini, 1973. Translation. Only poems translated into other languages from Italian are treated here (translations of Pasolini's prose are not included). English: Selected Poems trans. Norman MacAfee with Luciano Martinengo, London, 1984, 231 pp.; Roman Poems, trans. *Lawrence Ferlinghetti and Francesca Valente, *San Francisco: City Lights, 1986; Pier Paolo Pasolini: poetry, trans. Antonino Mazza, Toronto, 1991; French: Philippe de Meo (1979); German: translator not known, titled Die Nachtigall der katholischen Kirche, 211pp., 1989; translator not known, ca. 1989 titled Pier Paolo Pasolini, 31 pp. with four poems; trans. titled Propherelung, translated by Peter Kammerer, published in Germany, 1995, 45 pp. Spanish: Translator not known, 1981 and 1983 - see Cuaderno bibliográfico gay, 14 (details given below). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Italian Literature. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 951-53. Howes, Broadcasting It. Dictionnaire Gay. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Bibliographies. Leggere omosessuale, item 324: L'usignolo della Chiesa Cattolica, Turin: Einaudi, 1976; notes most of his gay poems are not published. Cuaderno bibliográfico gay, 14: Poesía en forma de rosa, Madrid: Visor, 1983 and Transhumanar y organizar, Madrid: Visor, 1981. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Orgasms of Light, 169-71: translated by *W. I. Scobie; biog., 258. Digte om mends kerlighed til mend. Frä mann til mann, 67-68. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 333-34. Les Amours masculines, 467-71. L'amicizia amorosa, 201-07. Drobci stekla v ustih, 81-83; biog., 179. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 256-58; biog., 244 and note on English trans. 255. " Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen", 146-48. Poems of Love and Liberation, 47-48: from "David". Pour tout l'amour des hommes, 283-86. Criticism in homosexual terms. Woods, History of Gay Literature, 273-74. Pasquinate, also called pasquinades Genre in Italian and English. From ca. 1525. Pasquinades are satirical poems which originated as a genre in Italy where they were called pasquinate (singular pasquinata). English: see John Stuart, Lord Bute and the poem *"Religion has now become a mere farce". Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amour bleu, 94: defined as *satiric poems originating in Italy in Italian where they were posted beneath the mutilated statue of Pasquino near the Piazza Navona in Rome. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 317-19: Italian work trans. English. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 150-51; two Italian works trans. by James J. Wilhelm, one about Cardinals in the *Vatican. Movement in Greek from Greece and later in Latin, Italian, English and other *European languages. From 280 B.C. One of the most complex literary movements in European poetry, pastoral poetry is permeated with homosexuality (and bisexuality) from its inception. It started in ancient Greek, where the major surviving writer is *Theocritus (active 280 B.C.) and these poems were called idylls (from the Greek eidos, shape, form, literary form). It was taken up in Latin by *Virgil. In pastoral poems the shepherds converse amongst themselves; when they do this amorously the poems have a homosexual ambience. Discussed here are only pastoral poems which are homosexual in context or theme. The translation of *Theocritus and *Virgil's Eclogues into European vernacular languages (and in Theocritus's case into Latin) from the time of the *Renaissance in effect transferred the homosexuality of these works into the vernaculars, giving rise to centuries of imitation of this classical genre. See also * Eclogues Greek. Pastoral poetry, setting poetry in the countryside, is a movement which started from poets writing in Sicily; the word comes from the Latin word pastor meaning shepherd. The main early Greek pastoral poet was *Theocritus (ca. 300 B.C.-ca. 260 B.C. but the tradition continued until *Nonnus (possibly fifth century A.D.) and several of his pastoral poems are gay; other poets include *Bion and *Moschus. The movement has been discussed by *Anthony Holden. See *faun, *flowers, *Pan, *satyr. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 786-87: see "Pastoral (or Bucolic) Poetry, Greek". Latin. Latin pastoral poetry emerged out of imitation of the works of Greek *Pastoral Poets. For the *Roman period see *Virgil (his Eclogues date ca. 42 B.C.) and in the late Roman period *Nemesianus. There is a pastoral quality to the odes of *Horace which are set in the Italian countryside near Rome. In the *Renaissance a vogue of imitating the earlier Latin poets arose: see *Sannazaro and *Mantovano (called Mantuan in English), who influenced the English poets *Alexander Barclay and *Spenser. The Latin pastoral in the Renaissance influenced the creation of pastoral literature in vernacular languages, which in turn had a homosexual content. There was a very large movement in Italian, French and Spanish. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 787-88: see "Pastoral Poetry, Latin" (this article covers the period to the *Renaissance). Italian: See the entry in Dictionary of Italian Literature and entries *Guarini, *Tasso, *Sannazaro. English. Norton, Homosexual Literary Tradition, pp. 149-258 has extensive discussion of the genre in the 'Renaissance and in 'Elizabethan poets. Great Britain. See 'Alexander Barclay (active ca. 1513), 'Richard Barnfield, 'William Browne, 'Michael Drayton, *Phineas Fletcher, *Barnabe Googe, *Andrew Marvell, John Milton, *Christopher Marlowe, *Sir Philip Sidney, * Sixe Idyllia, *Edmund Spenser, *George Turberville. *Oscar Wilde wrote in the tradition. The British *Georgian group of poets is a *twentieth century group of poets influenced by the pastoral tradition in a diluted form (the poets all studied Latin at school). The beauty of the British countryside is the background to British pastoral poetry. For critical discussion see E. K. Chambers, English Pastoral Poetry, 1910; Frank Kermode, English Pastoral Poetry, 1952 (repr .1972). United States. 'Walt Whitman's Leaves of Grass owes much to the pastoral tradition. Australia. There was a significant movement from 1890 to ca. 1920 when British pastoral conventions were transferred to the Australian bush. See *J. Le Gay Brereton, *Hugh McCrae, *Patrick White. See Ivor Indyk "The Pastoral Poets" in Laurie Hergenhan, The Penguin New Literary History of Australia, Melbourne, 1988, pp. 353-69 (this article does not discuss sexuality). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature: see "Pastoral" (with bibl.). Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics: see "Pastoral" (with bibl.). Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Criticism. Woods, History of Gay Literature, 108-123. Poet from the United States writing in English. 1911-1972. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10900: Poem-scapes, Highlands, NC: Jonathan Williams, 1958. Critic from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1839-1894. An *Oxford don and writer. The publication of his essays, The Renaissance (1873), marks the beginning of the *aesthetic movement in English. The Renaissance included essays on the poetry of the Italian poet and artist *Michelangelo. The conclusion was thought to be shocking and suppressed in the printing of 1877 and only restored in the printing of 1888; "To burn always with this hard, gemlike flame, to maintain this ecstasy, is success in life" (second last paragraph) is its most famous sentence. *Oscar Wilde was a friend of Pater and was greatly influenced by this book (see *Richard Ellmann's biography). In 1885, Pater published the novel Marius the Epicurean (trans. into French in 1922) based on the philosophy of *Epicurus. Pater's sexuality has been a source of fascination. See *Richard C. Jackson for a poem attributing love of Pater for Jackson; this poem is printed in Reade, * Sexual Heretics (above p. 225). The poem in the appendix to volume 2 of Thomas Wright's Life (1907) is the same poem as in Reade and may have been the source of his information. *Frank Harris hints at him being homosexual. On Greek writers see Pater's book Plato and *Platonism (1893). On English writers see *Chaucer and *Amis and Amile (Pater wrote an essay on this pair). Pater's influence in Europe was huge. Criticism in non-English languages. German: books on Pater were written by A. Beyer, 1931 (on his influence on French culture), Hans Proesler, 1917 (on his influence on German culture), W. Vollrath, 1951, and by Wolfgang Iser, 1960. French: books by L. Cattan, 1936, and Germain d'Hangest, 1961, were written on him. Italian: see F. Olivero, IIpensiero religioso ed estetico di Walter Pater, 1939. Polish: Walter Pater by Z. A. Grabowski, 1929. Biography. Thomas Wright (of Olney) wrote The Life, 1907; 'Ian Fletcher published his life in 1959; see also Michael Levey, The Case of Walter Pater, 1978 (reviewed by *Timothy d'Arch Smith in Gay News no. 149, 1978, p. 28 - the reviewer states: "there can be no doubt that he was basically homosexual"). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 652-53. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 953-54 by *Warren Johansson - stated to be "a type of homosexual with profound *aesthetic sensibilities". Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reade, Sexual Heretics, 76-104, 193-97, 309-13; see also 225. Hidden Heritage, 166-68. Criticism. Hirschfeld, Die Homosexualität, 669: cites *Edward Carpenter. Mayne, The Intersexes, 114. Poet from Italy writing in Italian. Born 1954. The author of several books, born in Regio Emilia. Bibliographies. Leggere omosessuale, item 345: his book of poems Il tempo totem, Forli: Forum, 1982 (poems on homosexual themes). Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amicizia amorosa, 257: two short poems; biog., 284. Paterson, Andrew Barton, called "Banjo" Paterson Poet from Australia who wrote in English. 1864-1941. His *ballad "How Gilbert Died" deals with *mateship (in Australia he was one of the promulgators of this doctrine along with *Henry Lawson); this poem has strong sublimated homosexual elements (see the text in F. T. Macartney, The Collected Verse of A. B. Paterson, 1952, pp. 67-69). His most famous poems the ballads, "Clancy of the Overflow" and "The Man from Snowy River" are both poems of strong affection written by one man about another. His poem "Waltzing Matilda", called Australia's national song, provided the title Camping by a Billabong, a survey of Australian gay history by Robert French (1993); the poem could be read as having sublimated gay elements. He spent his early life in an all male environment with drovers, teamsters and even bushrangers. Biography. See Clement Semmler, The Banjo of the Bush: The Work, Life and Times of A. B. Paterson (1966). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Australian Dictionary of Biography, vol. 11 (1988). Bookseller from the United States selling books in English from 1980 to 1996. The bookshop was owned by *Walter J. Phillips, who died in 1996 of asthma, at the age of 53. He founded the company in 1980. (Information from *Ian Young.) The title of the shop refers to the first poem of the *Calamus section of Leaves of Grass by *Walt Whitman For bibliographical reference to United States poetry and other gay fields, the catalogs of Paths Untrodden take over to some extent from *Elysian Fields from 1988 (when Elysian Fields ceased operating) , though they are not comprehensive since only major poets are listed. For United States poets from 1988 the catalogs need to be supplemented with the book review journals of gay bookshops such as the New York and San Francisco based * Different Light Review and Washington's * Lambda Rising Book Report. Earlier issues of Paths Untrodden catalogs are also bibliographically relevant: no. 4, the earliest sighted, is dated 1983. No. 8 is 1992. Compare * Books Bohemian. Editor from Great Britain of works in Greek; translator from Greek to English. Ca. 1860-1921. Editor and translator of the * Palatine Anthology into English prose in the Loeb edition, titled The *Greek Anthology, London and Cambridge, MA, 1916-18 (repr.). This is the standard text with English translation; however the translation by *Anthony Reid is now the best in English for gay works. There are two indexes in each volume, a general index and an index of authors so each volume has to be checked separately for entries on a particular poet. There is no overall index for all five volumes. Not all the poems were translated into English - some in Book 12, the * Mousa Paidike, are in Latin (however printings after 1971 contain the whole translated text in English); these are the poems deemed to be "obscene" or which would not have passed *censorship restrictions. Latin poems: see Palatine Anthology, Book 12, poems 3, 7, 30, 210, 216, 222, 225, 232, 238, 240, 243, 245 - these poems are nearly all entirely in Latin. Some poems in Book 12 contain Latin phrases (e.g., Palatine Anthology xii 30). Other books have not been checked. Paton's English translations are stilted (even after 1971 printings) and a new translation is needed. Many of the poems of Book 16, referring to famous ancient sculptures of naked males, are illustrated by Tine homoerotic line engravings of works chosen by Dr Solomon Reinach. The drawings are by Mademoiselle J. Everard - see p. vi (with a list pp. vii-xi). In 1898 W. R. Paton published The Love Epigrams or Book V of the Palatine Anthology Edited and Partly Translated into English Verse. This contains an occasional poem with homoerotic overtones: see the poem on p. 76 by *Posidippus. Paton's birthdate is not listed in the * National Union Catalog or *British Library General Catalogue. See also *Paul Brandt. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 47. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 19-20: discussion of his translation. Patriarchy and patriarchal culture Patriarchy, from the Latin word stem meaning "father", in modern terms has come to refer to male dominance in human affairs. Homosexual aspects of patriarchal culture have barely begun to be explored: in such cultures men bond with men. Since this custom seems to apply in all cultures, there seems to be no culture in which patriarchal elements are not found. Material dates from ca. 1200 B.C. The Hittite and Akkadian versions of * Gilgamesh are based on patriarchal culture. Greek: see 'Homer, 'Symposium; the whole tradition is strongly patriarchal. Chinese: male 'friendships form the basis of much poetry. Latin: the whole tradition is strongly patriarchal, most surviving poetry being by men and commentators in universities being mainly single clerics who did not marry (see 'scholars). In English poetry this has resulted in men being preeminent in human affairs and in male poets being granted preeminence in poetry and, in fact, only men being considered as serious poets until recently. Strong *male bonding is a feature of patriarchy and in this respect English poetry is decidedly homosexual from Beowulf (ca. 625) on. See 'Groups, 'Apostles, *Bloomsbury group. The *Beats are a good example of a male group containing many homosexuals with a strong patriarchal basis; see also 'Elizabethan poets, 'Robert Bly. German: see 'friendship. Arabic. Persian. Turkish and Japanese have strong patriarchal literary traditions in poetry. 'Islamic cultures in which purdah occurs - e.g. Arabic speaking cultures (but also Persian, Urdu and Turkish) - are strongly patriarchal. Many *tribal languages have patriarchal cultures. See *friendship, *Men's Movement and compare *feminism. An exhaustive study in German is *Ernest Borneman, Das Patriarchat, 1991; bibl. pp. 550-650 (this may well be the largest bibliography ever on the subject). Arthur Evans, Critique of Patriarchal Reason, 1998, is a critique of the philosophy of privileged European and American white males; no bibl. but extensive notes. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Ullstein Enzyklopädie der Sexualität. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active before 1976. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10901: poems in the journal In Touch issues 1 and 3 through 8. Character in Greek from Greece. Ca. 7QQ B.C. See 'Achilles and Patroclus. See also 'Charles Churchill. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1936. A *black poet who travels the country performing solo shows based on his life and on poetry by black Americans. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 102: "How it feels when you fall on your head in love" (Tine poem about *kissing); biog., 180. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born before 1968-1988. *Black poet from *New York who died of *Aids. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 103 - "Time (Be Still)", a fine poem on being in love; biog., 180. The head of the *Catholic church from Italy who was Pope 1464-1471 and was involved with censorship of works in Latin and Greek. 1417-1471. See J. N. D. Kelly, The Oxford Dictionary of Popes, 1986, pp. 249-50. He banned the study of pagan poets by Roman children ca. 1470, effectively stopping knowledge of homosexuality in ancient Greek and Latin poetry by children. The classics could be read by adults. It constitutes the beginning of modern *censorship of homosexual poetry in Europe (a century later came the Catholic church's *Index). The ban was due to the introduction of printing which made the poets widely available. Poet from Austria writing in German. Born 1949. Book: In den Scheren des Krebses, 1991, 63 pages - poems of nature and love by this Austrian gay poet. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active before 1971. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10903: The Doll House and Eight Seasons of the Lonely, Nashville, TN: Gernhardt Publications, 1971, 100 pp. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2986: same book; the publishing details are stated to be: Chicago: Gernhardt Publications, no date. Religious writer from Israel who wrote in Greek. Active ca. 50 - died ca. 65. Paul was *homophobic and is responsible for many of the homophobic attitudes of the Christian church from his time (although the *Gospels express a message of love and are not homophobic). His essential pronouncement on the subject is in the "First letter to the Corinthians", verse 6, lines 9-10. It has been suggested he may have been a repressed homosexual: see John Selby Spong, Rescuing the Bible from Fundamentalism, 1991, which discusses this issue. On Paul and his influence see the article "Paul the Apostle" in G. A. Buttrick, The Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible, volume 3, 1962. See also *Benjamin Jowett. Recent writers on homosexuality and Christianity have seen Saint Paul as having a repressed homosexual side to his character. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Criticism. Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance and Homosexuality, 335-53: regarding trans. of the words malakoi and arsenokoitai in Paul. Paul's epistles are accepted as part of the New Testament, the essential Christian literature. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1949. In Modern Poets Five, edited by Jim Hunter, London, 1981, in the poem "The Garden of Self-Delight", see stanza 3, "the men who walk the paths/ murmur and hold hands/ for they are special friends/ who like a fragrant verse." Biog. note: ibid., p. 107. "Special friends" is a phrase from French meaning homosexuals; the garden context recalls Persian poetry where poetry frequently occurs in such a setting. He is an *Irish poet from Belfast in the north of Ireland. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Poet and letter writer from France who wrote in Latin. Ca. 353-431. He married but later became an escetic, then Bishop of Nola. For a letter to *Ausonius see My Dear Boy: Gay Love Letters through the Centuries, 28. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 109. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 111-12. Medieval Latin Poems of Male Love and Friendship, 4-5: an extraordinarily strong poem expressing affection for *Ausonius who had taught him; biog., 142-43. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 138-39. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 103: translation by Jack Lindsay. Poet from Italy who wrote in Latin. 376-460. The grandson of *Ausonius, his poetry shows the deadening effect of *Christianity. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Der kleine Pauly, volume 4, 562. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 204 - from Eucharisticus 154 (confession of youthful lechery though whether gay is unstated); biog., 166. Poet from Turkey who wrote in Greek. Ca. 520-ca. 575. Paulus was silentarius or usher at the courts of Justinian and Justinian II. Translation: English - see *Andrew Miller. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 792: see "Paulus" (2) - stating that eighty-one of his poems "doubtless collected by his friend Agathias" (see *Agathias Scholasticus) are in the * Palatine Anthology and forty deal with love. Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium: see "Paul Silentarius". Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 73. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 135. Lover from Greece relating to Greek. Born 400 B.C. Said to be the lover of the poet *Agathon in *Xenophon's Symposium viii, 28-31. (This is not the same person who wrote A Description of Greece, a work dating from the second century A.D.) Poet who wrote in Persian and Urdu. Active ca. 1590. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A'in i Akbari anthology, 670-71 (poem in Persian); biog., 670 - of Arabian extraction and his name is stated to be 'Andu 's-Salam. Criticism. Rahman, "Boy love in the Urdu ghazal", Paidika vol. 2 no. 1 (1989), 19-20: poem in Urdu about the boys of 'Delhi cited. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1970. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2987: At the Corner of Third Avenue and 14th Street, New York: Interim Books, 1970. Poet from the United States who wrote in English; he later lived in Tunisia. 1791-1852. *Actor, playwrite and poet, he wrote the lyrics for the famous song "Home Sweet Home", courted Mary Shelley, the wife of the poet *Shelley, and became consul in Tunis. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Criticism. Foster, "Beauty's Purple Flame: Some Minor American Gay Poets", Gay Books Bulletin no. 7 (1982), 15: states he is one of a number of poets who wrote an isolated homopoem. Poet who wrote in Persian. Active ca. 1590. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A'in i Akbari anthology, 670; biog., 670 - states his name is Amir Beg. Critic, editor and poet from Mexico writing in Spanish; translator from Portuguese to Spanish. 1914-1998. He lived in *Mexico City, the capital of Mexico, and won the *Nobel Prize for literature in 1990. In On Poets and Others, 1986, he has written essays on *Whitman, pp. 8-12, and *Cernuda, pp. 190-219 (a brilliant discussion confronting Cernuda's homosexuality directly). Some of his love poems are *non gender specific e.g., see "Touch" p. 65 of Selected Poems (trans. English), 1979. In his essays on poetry The Double Flame: Love and Eroticism, 1993, see Chapter one "The Kingdoms of *Pan" and Chapter Two "Eros and Psyche" (see especially on *Plato, pp. 43-52); though these essays are mainly on heterosexual love. Mexican attitudes to homosexuality are explored in The Labyrinth of Solitude: The Other Mexico (English translation, 1985): see p. 39 - "masculine homosexuality is regarded with a certain indulgence [in Mexico] insofar as the active agent is concerned. The passive agent is an abject degraded being. This ambiguous conception is made very clear in the word games or battles - full of obscene allusions and double meanings - that are so popular in Mexico City." As editor, see *Xavier Villaurrutia, of whom Paz has written a long - and major - critical study openly dealing with his homosexuality. He translated the Portuguese poet *Pessoa into Spanish. Obituary: The Australian, 23 April 1998, 15 (reprinted from The Times.) A fine overview of his career is Enrique Krauze "In Memory of Octavio Paz (1914-1998)", New York Review of Books, 28 May 1998, 24-25. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Spanish Literature. Flores, Spanish American Authors. Encyclopedia of Latin American Literature. Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. 1509-1555. See Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, p. 1359: a writer of *sonnets alluding to *Varchi's homosexuality. Trope in Chinese from China. From ca. 539. A euphemism for homosexuality in Chinese and an example of *indirect language (compare *cut sleeves.) The trope dates from the Zhou period from the story of Mizi Xia and Dong Xian who shared the eating of a peach (see Hinsch, Passions of the Cut Sleeve, pp. 20-21). Used by the poets *Liu Zun (died 535), *Emperor Jianwen (active 550) (see Hinsch, Passions of the Cut Sleeve, p. 74) and *Liu Xiaochao (died 539). The shape of the peach could allude to the buttocks. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. 1576?-1643? In Minerva Brittania, 1612, p. 48, is a poem on *Ganymede with an engraving illustrating it (shows Ganymede sitting on what appears to be a rooster who is flying or flapping); the poem begins "Vpon a Cock, heere Ganimede doth sit". He wrote a book of etiquette called The Complet Gentelman (1622): see the separate entry for this work in Handbook of Elizabethan and Stuart Literature. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Handbook of Elizabethan and Stuart Literature. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1785-1866. He wrote a prose satire Headlong Hall (1819) satirizing *Byron and formally based on *Plato's * Symposium. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Criticism. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1008: possibly the true author of * Don Leon (ca. 1836) "though this cannot be proven". Poet from Australia writing in English. Born ca. 1950. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Edge City, 159-60; biog., 222: lives and writes in Sydney. Journal in English from Great Britain. It was originally printed 1879-80 according to the dates given on the issues of the journal (and if these dates are to be believed). The eighteen issues are dated July 1879-December 1880. It is a *Victorian journal of erotica; in fact the only one known. Most material is heterosexual erotica (with much reference to heterosexual anal sex). It contained homosexual *limericks (some of which are quoted in *Gershon Legman, The Limerick, 1964 in Chapter 5, "Buggery") and *S/M poems by Swinburne (see Ian Gibson, The English Vice, 1978, pp. 320-28). In the New York, Grove Press,1968 reprint, see the poems on pp. 86-92 "Charlie Collingwood's Flogging" (*flagellation), pp. 104-05 Nursery Rhymes (actually limericks), pp. 138-39 "The Joys of Coming Together" (*non gender specific), pp. 210-11 Nursery Rhymes (limericks), p. 299 "Ten Little Niggers", pp. 368-73 "Frank Fane: A *Ballad". This is the first known journal in a European language with significant homosexual poetry referring to sexual acts. The poems "Charlie Collingwood's Flogging" and "Frank Fane: A Ballad" are thought to be by Swinburne. It is an early example of what some have called *pornography. Bibliographies. Ashbee, Bibliography of Prohibited Books, volume 3, 352-57: discussion of the journal. Pia, Les Livres de l'Enfer, vol. 1, columns 1020-2022: detailed description of the *Enfer set of the journal. Kearney, Private Case, items 1410-15: discusses various reprints. Poet from Australia who wrote in English. Active 1893. A horse cab driver famous for reciting his verses to his passengers in Katoomba, New South Wales. Author of "A genial soul was good Bob Duff" (written ca. 1893) about a bullock driver, Robert Duff (1845-93), and first printed in the book Historic Blackheath, a production of the Rotary Club of Blackheath, New South Wales, 1975-76: "Bob gave his needy friends a start/ Did to a stranger stand/ For sympathetic was his heart/ And open was his hand." An example of an interesting poem in the *mateship tradition with homoerotic undertones. Poet, critic, editor and biographer from Italy writing in Italian. Born 1944. He edited *Sandro Penna's poetry and has also written a biography of him: Sandro Penna, Milan, 1984. Bibliographies. Leggere omosessuale, item 346: "16 poesie d'amore" in Nuovi argomenti no. 61 (1979), 101-16. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amicizia amorosa, 259-61; biog., 284. Drobci stekla v ustih, 132-34; biog., 184. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 267. Criticism. Sodoma no. 1 (1984), 111-12: eight love poems for Berto. Sodoma no. 3 (1986), 123-32: discussion of four gay poets with a selection of each - Sandro Bartolucci, Lillo di Mauro, Saverio Maggio, Lucio Micheli. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 625: highly rated. European Gay Review no. 8-9 (1992), 38-43: essay on Penna. Pederastia,also spelt paederastia Word in Latin from Italy. From ca. 1000. The Latin word for *anal sex (it can also be used to refer to heterosexual anal sex). Not in Oxford Latin Dictionary since the first usage, as a word, is in medieval Latin (therefore from at least 1000). It was used by *Forberg in 1824 as the title for Chapter 2 of his De figuris veneris (About Sex). Poems. See *Forberg, Manual of Classical Erotology, for poems discussing anal sex, which is first documented as a concept in Latin in *Catullus (84-54 B.C.). See also *Sodomy, *Pederasty. Pederasty (also spelt paederasty and pæderasty) and pederastic behavior Concept to do with sex in Greek from Greece and later in other languages. Material dates from ca. 544 B.C. Love or sexual attraction of an older man for a younger man or youth who is past pubescence, usually a teenager, but varying in age from ca. 12 to ca. 18, and vice versa; however the term can be used loosely to refer to sexual attraction between an older person and a younger one (for example, a person of 70 and one of 30). Compare 'pedophilia (sexual attraction to prepubescent children usually 8 to ca. 14), 'androphilia (love between adults of the same sex). In most cases the ages of the persons in poems (either that of the poet or the lover or person about whom he writes) involved are not known - for example in most ancient Greek poetry - so literary statements about pederasty, a term used in older literature, need to be treated with much caution. The sexuality of the person making the statement needs to be considered too; e.g., elderly single male dons from such 'universities as 'Oxford and 'Cambridge, who edited Greek and Latin texts, were sometimes pederastic by their occupation as tutors to handsome young men. In general, there may be some overlap with pedophilia at the lower end of the age group since pedophilia (sexual relations with persons below the age of puberty, that is with a child) cannot be absolutely defined or separated from pederasty. However, here the term pederasty is taken to refer to sex at the age of puberty. The word 'boy is sometimes used in a pederastic context (see 'boy lover poets). A concise overview of the subject in Europe is "Pederasty in the Western Mind" by 'Willam A. Percy, in the Harvard Lesbian and Gay Review, Fall 1999, 16-19. 'Edward Brongersma and others, Male Intergenerational Intimacy: Historical, Socio-Psychological and Legal Perspectives, 1991 (also published as volume 20, numbers 1-2 of the Journal of Homosexuality, 1990) is the most up to date survey. The age of life was lower in times past and in many cultures it was and is normal for sexual relations to be legal from puberty. In many European cultures, the 'age of (sexual) consent is now above puberty (though this was formerly not the case in Great Britain, for instance, where the age of consent for heterosexual sex was 12 until 1875); the age of consent at present varies in different countries: in Spain, Malta, the Netherlands and 'Vatican City it is 12, in Italy, 14 and in Sweden, 15 while in Japan it is 13. Bibliography. See Journal of Homosexuality, vol. 8 no.1 (Fall 1982), Gerald P. Jones, "The Social Study of Pederasty"; this is an annotated list of sources in English; a few titles - e. g., work by Parker Rossman (pseud.) - refer to literature while some refer to pedophilia. Since males start being sexually active at puberty usually pederasty is a major form of gay sexuality. In the normal course of events males from puberty on may have sex both with persons of their own age and males who are older - varying from somewhat older to many years older. Pederasty is documented in Greek in poetry from *Theognis (active 544 B. C.) onwards; see *Straton and the *Mousa paidike especially. 'Palatine Anthology xii 4 is a famous poem on the subject; see also 'paiderastia,'M. H. E. Meier, 'W. Kroll. For criticism in French on Greek poets see 'Félix Buffière, who wrote one of the finest studies (with wide ranging literary analysis). In German, see Gundel Koch-Harnack, Knabenliebe und Tiergeschenke, Berlin, 1983 - on the giving of animals as gifts by older men to youths in ancient Greece (with many illustrations from Greek vases). H. I. Marrou, A History of Education in Antiquity, 1956 - Chapter 3, "Pederasty in Classical Education", discusses the ancient Greek background. Other 'European languages. Italian. See *Sandro Penna. English. See *Walter Breen (he claimed in his book Greek Love, 1964, 4, that pederasty was the dominant form of homosexuality), 'Jim Eggeling. ' Gay Sunshine had a pederastic tone in much material. A work titled Child -loving in Poetry and Literature - an anthology, edited by Ianthe (pseud.) is listed on the 'Internet as e-text only. It is 94,000 words long and has "samples from most of the various paederastic traditions". Two prose works by Michael Davidson (18971976), his autobiography, The World, The Flesh and Myself (1962) and its sequel Some Boys (1970), detail the author's pederastic experiences; on Davidson see his entry in Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. For French see Jacques d'Adelswärd Fersen, 'Georges Hérelle, 'Roger Peyrefitte and the entry in Dictionnaire Gay, pp. 214-18. A major defence of pederasty was the 1924 work of *André Gide, Corydon first published in a limited edition in 1911. German. See *C. L. Klose, *W. Kroll. The German word päderastie meant 'anal sex (not pederasty). Other languages. Japanese. Pederasty is widely documented in Japanese culture; see, for instance, * Chigo Monogatori. Relations in monasteries between monks and novices (see 'Buddhism) and in the theater (see 'actors, 'transvestism) were strongly pederastic; chigo were young boy attendants in temples and warrior households who had sexual relations with men - see the entry on them in Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan. Latin. See the dissertation at the *Sorbonne, Paris, by Hérisson, De puerili institutione apud Atheniensis (About the boyish institution in 'Athens), Paris, 1886 (not sighted - source: 'Herelle manuscript 3258) and the thesis by 'J. Jarry, De pueris apud antiquos poetas (About boys in ancient poets), Lille and Paris, 1868; see also ' Pederastia (the medieval Latin word). In Persian, the entire tradition of poetry writing is pederastic especially in poems in which the *cupbearer figures. Turkish: see *Ottoman poets. Urdu: see 'Overview - Urdu. *C. M. Naim, "The Theme of Homosexual (Pederastic) Love in Pre-Modern Urdu Poetry", in Studies in the Urdu Gazal and Prose Fiction, edited by M. U. Memon, 1979, 132, states homosexuality in the Urdu 'Ghazal is fundamentally pederastic. Chinese. See *actors. Male singers and dancers, frequently teenagers in many cultures, sometimes had sex with males: see 'Dancing boys. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 959-63. Dictionnaire Gay: see "Pederastie", pp. 241-18. Ullstein Enzyklopädie der Sexualität : an extensive article on pederasty in ancient Greece. Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Pederasty" and "NAMBLA". Pedophilia, also spelt paedophilia and psdophilia Concept relating to sex in Greek from ancient Greece and other languages. Documented from ca. 130. Pedophilia is sexual love of an adult for a child and sexual behavior of an adult with a child - i.e. a pre-pubescent male in the case of male homosexuals, usually a boy of between eight and fourteen. When used here it does not necessarily imply that sexual relations to the point of ejaculation have occurred and could refer to kissing and other amorous play; it also refers in this encyclopedia to sexual relations between the ages of ca. 8 to puberty (ca. age 14). It is not always possible to distinguish pedophilia from *pederasty (generally sexual attraction of an older man for a post-pubescent adolescent but sometimes used generally to mean simply love of an older man for a younger man). The word comes from the Greek word "pais" meaning boy. There is an excellent discussion of the discussion of the word in the journal Paidika vol. 1 no. 2. It is a species of homosexual love and homosexual behavior (as well as of heterosexual behavior). Material survives from 130 in the *Mousa Paidike but other ancient Greek works such as the *Anacreontea may be relevant. A psychiatric definition in the American Handbook of Psychiatry is "the term applied to sexual activity involving the sexually immature object" (Slovenko, Sexual Behavior, p. 542); this definition raises the issue of what constitutes sexual maturity. The word pedophilia has only come into common use in the 1990s in English and appeared in the Oxford English Dictionary in the 1982 supplement where it is defined as "An abnormal, especially sexual, love of young children." A legal definition is "individuals who engage in legally prohibited sexual behavior with minors" - see Ralph Slovenko, Sexual Behavior and the Law (Springfield, Illinois, 1965), p. 542. Most homosexual pedophile behavior is below the *age of sexual consent now around 14 to 16 generally (though it is 12 in some countries and was 12 for heterosexuals in Great Britain and other English speaking countries until the late nineteenth century). In the late 1990s this legal definition has been generally accepted in the press worldwide as the meaning of pedophilia when what is meant in most cases is *pederasty. *Boy love is also used for both pederasty and pedophilia but is also a problematic term (since it may be referring to pederasty). Knabenliebe (boy love) in German generally has a pederastic sense. *Singing and Dancing Boys are relevant as are in some cases initiation ceremonies (see also *Anthropology). In the late 1990s a climate of hysteria in Europe, the United States and other countries developed on this subject and many internet sites on it are blocked. Very long prison sentences have been given to persons convicted of under age sex. Robert A. Baker, Child Sexual Abuse and False Memory Syndrome, New York, 1998 deals with problems of memory and false accusations. Felicity Goodyear-Smith, First Do No Harm (1994) also discusses this issue. State funded compensation funds for sexual abuse have sometimes led persons to make up charges; there is also the issue of memory with charges being brought many years after they allegedly occurred in many cases. There is a bulletin for victims of false sexual abuse called COSA Bulletin. Arabic. Persian. Turkish and Urdu: see *Cupbearer, *singing and dancing boys (this entry is also relevant for other languages). Greek. The concept dates from the *Mousa Paidike (which title means muse of boy love). *Eros (later *Cupid), the god of love in ancient Greece, depicted in art as a young boy, is a major trope. English. Great Britain. It is documented from *Leigh Hunt in a translation then possibly *Aubrey de Vere in 1864, *Lord Henry Somerset in 1889 and *John Gambril Nicholson in 1892 who is posssibly the best known poet (see Smith, Love in Earnest, photograph opposite p. 8). John Moray Stuart-Young was another *Uranian poet, a group who existed in the later nineteenth century (many of this group were pederasts however and some androphile homosexuals attracted to adults). *Havelock Ellis refers to the subject. *Frederick Rolfe and *Norman Douglas were figures from the first part of the twentieth century while *Ralph Chubb produced a large volume of poetry (see also Norman Douglas's biographer *Mark Holloway regarding Douglas's life and censorship of this issue). *Oliver Hill also wrote poems and published books and *A. Newman (pseud.) is possibly relevant; *Lewis Levien Thompson lived in India. For the last half of this century see *Graham Ovenden, *"Little boys are cheap today", *Nicholas Wilde. Much of the poetry in English is affectional and not sexual. Other poets who wrote poems on this theme include *M. Snow, James Kenneth Stephen, *Francis Ledwidge and W. G Shepherd. United States. 'Boston (with *New York, Boston has been a center of support for pedophilia in the United States). Poets: regarding the anthology * Men and Boys see *Bert Adair, * Wayne Gordon, *Clifford Whitford; a later poet is *Sidney Smith. Australia. See *Hal Porter (possibly relevance), *"Sex before eight". A work titled Child -loving in Poetry and Literature - an anthology, edited by Ianthe (pseud.) is listed on the internet as e-text only. It is 94,000 words long and has "samples from most of the various paederastic traditions". There is a pedophile and pederastic organisation in the United States called NAMBLA (North American Man Boy Love Association) which has been persecuted; a spokesman for it was David Thorstad. The Pedophile Information Exchange in Great Britain (active 1980) has also been persecuted. The most recent detailed study in English, and one of the most detailed ever, is by *Edward Brongersma, Loving Boys, 2 volumes, Amsterdam, 1986-1990; it has the most extensive bibliography on the subject (though literary items are virtually non existent). Jay R. Feierman, Pedophilia Bio-social Dimensions, New York, 1990, is an academic study; see pp. 65-68 for a bibliography of sociological works. Joseph Doucé, La Pédophilie en question, Paris, 1987, pp. 149-60, has a discussion of literature and pedophilia. The author of this book, a gay Protestant pastor from Belgium born in 1945 and living in *Paris, was mysteriously murdered 1990 with possible involvement of the French secret police; see an article on his death in Paidika no. 7; at least three books have been written on his murder: see Geraci, Dares to Speak, p. 258. Journals in English. * International Journal of Greek Love has some articles. *Pan (1979+) emanates from Amsterdam but is written in English and has scholarly articles as does the very scholarly * Paidika (1988+). A selection of journal articles from Paidika has been reprinted in John Geraci, Dares to Speak: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives on Boy-Love (1997); this work also contains a fine annotated bibliography pp. 257-75. NAMBLA has published a journal, NAMBLA Bulletin (1978+) with some poems, e. g. in December 1994, 25 ("Tim" by A. Schneur Horowitz, with *incest overtones). Danish: see Jens Jersild, De paedofile, 1982, 224 pages (not sighted). On the author (1903-1978), a Danish police officer, see his entry in Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Dutch: *Edward Brongersma, 'Amsterdam, *Willem de Mérode (pseud.). French: Jacques d'Adelswärd Fersen, *Maurice Bonhomme, *Marceau, *Camille Kepler. See Dr O. Brunoz (pseud, of *Edward Brongersma), Le Pédophile (cited in International Journal of Greek Love vol. 1 no. 2, 1966, 54); trans. from Dutch. German: *Peter Baschung, John Henry Mackay. See Mathias Stöckel, Padophilie: Befreiung oder sexuelle Sustbeutung von Kindern: Fakten, Mythen, Theorien, 1998, 169 pp. - a serious survey of the subject. A book titled Sexual Desire for Children is being written by Dr. Rudiger Lautman (information from the internet homepage of Paidika). Italian: *Bendetto Varchi - re attraction to the 10 year old Lorenzo Lenzi and a 10 year old boy called Cirillo in sonnets. See Dr. Mariotti, La neophilia (cited in International Journal of Greek Love vol. 1 no. 2, 1966, 54); the author of this book was imprisoned in connection with pedophilia. Hebrew: see *David Gil regarding poems from the *Middle Ages. In *Non literate cultures initiation ceremonies sometimes involve pedophile behavior: see *Oral poems - I ban Davak. initiation songs and chants - Kimam. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 964-70. Gay Histories and Cultures : see "NAMBLA". Bibliographies. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, items 604-12; called Intergenerational Sex. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 39-44. Criticism. Gay Sunshine, numbers 31-34, 38-38: "Boy love in the Far East" by Jameson Donaldson. Brongersma, Loving Boys, volume one, 1986, 283-331 (the most detailed bibliography ever compiled but very weak on literature); see also vol. 1, 77-91 "History and Ethnology of Boy Love". There are additions to Brongersma's bibliography at the end of Volume Two of Loving Boys, 1990, 477-83. Geraci, Dares to Speak: the whole book is relevant; pp. 257-75 contain the finest annotated bibliography to 1997. Woods, Articulate Flesh: Male Homo-eroticism and Modern Poetry, pp. 10-16 Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. 1345-1431. From Tuscany. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amicizia amorosa, 55-56; biog., 53. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 282-85: poem to a young Florentine Andrea Ferrantini. Philosopher in English from the United States. 1839-1914. One of the most important philosophers of the United States. *Harvard educated, he was, with *William James, one of the founders of the philosophy of Pragmatism - the idea that usefulness should be the paramount principle in philosophy (this movement especially influenced *psychology). This philosophical approach was the background against which the United States gay movement emerged and the effect of pragmatism was to assert, especially through psychology, that homosexual feelings and acts were valid. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of American Biography. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Figure in myth in Latin from Spain. Born ca. 950. A boy who was martyred for refusing the advances of a Moor: see *Roswitha (active ca. 950) where he first appears in poetry. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1973. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2998: Madsongs, Freeman, S. D.: Pine Hill Press, 1973. Highly rated by *Ian Young. Critic, historian and editor from France writing in French. 1914-1992. Author of the *"Liwat" (i.e. sodomy) article in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, which has been vigorously criticised by *Arno Schmitt: see the reprint in Schmitt, Sexuality and Eroticism Among Males in Moslem Societies, "Liwat", pp. 151-169. He was one of the main editors of the second edition of the * Encyclopaedia of Islam and he was also an expert in Berber languages, besides being an expert in Arabic. See also *Ibn Shuhaid. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition: "Liwat". Criticism. Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance and Homosexuality, 19: attacking him. Poet from Brazil writing in Portuguese. Born 1949. He is mentioned in the article in the Dictionary of Brazilian Literature (New York and London, 1988) "Homosexuality and Literature" by *Irwin Stern as writing poems dealing with homosexuality. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Brazilian Literature: states his 1984 collection Paixoes (Passions) contains poems about drugs, sexual violence, homosexuality and political cynicism. Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. 1789-1854. An Italian patriot whose account of imprisonment under the Austrians became a classic. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amicizia amorosa, 151-52: poems about *Foscolo; biog., 149. Figure from myth in Greek from Greece. From 400 B.C. A youth loved by *Poseidon and snatched up to heaven like *Ganymede. Criticism. Buffière, Eros adolescent, 358-59: citing *Pindar's "First Olympian Ode". Sergent, Homosexuality in Greek Myth, 59-67: the same. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, The Anthology in English from Great Britain. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1983, 410 pages. One of the most wide-ranging gay poetry anthologies ever assembled, The Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse includes some 160 male poets or, where the author is unknown, poems relating to male homosexuality. It was compiled by *Stephen Coote with an excellent historical introduction; index of poets and translators pp. 399-401 ; index of first lines pp. 403-10. A special feature is use of translations from earlier periods of English. Though many of these translations are stilted and read poorly, they reveal another tradition of gay poetry in English apart from works composed in English: gay works translated from other languages into English. It is a combined male and female anthology, unlike previous anthologies, though the male side is much more accentuated than the female. It builds on its great English language predecessors * Sexual Heretics, *Eros: An Anthology of Friendship and ultimately *Edward Carpenter's * Ioläus. Compare The *Eternal Flame, the only poetry anthology which is larger. Male poets, translators and anonymous poems (see entries) are: Peter Abelard, J. R. Ackerley, Adaios, Fleur Adcock, Alcuin, Alcaeus, Paul Archer, Kingsley Amis, Forrest Anderson, Anonymous poets, Pietro Aretino, At-Taliq, Marcus Argentarius, Theodore Agrippa d'Aubigné, W. H. Auden, Ausonius, Automedon, Philip Bainbrigge, William Barber, John Barford, Richard Barnfield, Charles Baudelaire, Antonio Beccadelli, Bernard of Morlas, John Boswell, Perry Brass, John Le Gay Brereton, Reginald Brett (Viscount Esher), Horatio Brown, Lord Byron, Edward Carpenter, Catullus, C. P. Cavafy, Luis Cernuda, Ralph Chubb, Charles Churchill, Jean Cocteau, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Kirby Congdon, R. B. Cooke, James Fenimore Cooper, Stephen Coote, W. J. Cory, Samuel Elsworth Cottam, Abraham Cowley, T. Creech, Aleister Crowley, Dante Alighieri, John Dart, G. Lowes Dickinson, Don Leon, Lord Alfred Douglas, Michael Drayton, John Dryden, Robert Duncan, Alistair Elliott, Royston Ellis, Epigrams fron the Greek Anthology, "Epitaph for Jean Maillard", Stephen Finch, Flaccus, James Elroy Flecker, Fortunatus Venantius, G. G., Jean Genet, Stefan George, Gabriel Gillett, Allen Ginsberg, Glaucus, Godfrey the Satirist, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Arthur Golding, Paul Goodman, Roland Grant, Thomas Gray, Peter Green, Thom Gunn, W. Gunn, Tony Harrison, Lee Harwood, Thomas Heywood, Brian Hill, Teddy Hogge, Homer, Gerard Manley Hopkins, Horace, A. E. Housman, Ibn al-Abbar, Christopher Isherwood, George Ives, Edward James, Peter Jay, Steve Jonas, Juvenal, Simon Karlinsky, Erich Kastner, Walter Kaufman, Edmund Keeley, Dennis Kelly, James Kirkup, E. A. Lacey, Erskine Lane, T. E. Lawrence, George Lesley, Limericks, Eddie Linden, Sydney Lomer, Federico Garcia Lorca, "Lost Lines from Chaucer's Prologue", Pierre Louys, Edward Lucie-Smith, Edmund St Gascoigne Mackie, Paul Mariah, Christopher Marlowe, Alan Marshfield, Martial, John Mavrogordato, Meleager, Thomas Meyer, Michelangelo, James Michie, Andrew Miller, Edwin Morgan, James Mitchell, Ernst Morowitz, J. Murat, R. Nichols, John Gambril Nicholson, Harold Norse, Cassiano Nunes, A. R. Nykl, Frank O'Hara, Charles Ortleb, Sydney Oswald (pseud.), Ovid, Wilfred Owen, Panormitanus (pseud.) - see Beccadelli, Pier Paolo Pasolini, Paulinus of Nola, Paulus, Valery Perelshin, Louis Saunders Perkins, Phillip of Thessalonica, Felice Picano, Pindar, Alexander Pope, Karl Auguste von Platen-Hallermünde, Plato, William Plomer, Andrea Poliziano, Ralph Pomeroy, Alexander Pushkin, Arthur Lyon Raile (pseud.), Rhianus, Arthur Rimbaud, Rochester, Frederick Rolfe (Baron Corvo), Rufinus, Michael Rumaker, Sappho, Dorothy Sayers, W. G. Shepherd, Philip Sherrard, Siegfried Sassoon, William Shakespeare, Skythinos, Sodom or the Quintessance of Debauchery, David R. Slavitt, Solon, Stephen Spender, Jack Spicer, Statius, Straton, Walafrid Strabo, Algernon Charles Swinburne, J. A. Symonds, Lord Alfred Tennyson, Theocritus, Theognis, Henry Thoreau, Tibullus, Gennady Trifonov, Carol Valhope, Paul Verlaine, Virgil, J. J. W., Edmund Waller, Sir John Waller, E. P. Warren, John Weiss, Peter Whigham, Walt Whitman, Tennessee Williams, John Wilmot (Earl of Rochester), F. S. Woodley, William Wordworth, Theodore Wratislaw, Ian Young. Spellings of ancient Greek poets have been Latinized in accordance with practice in the Oxford Classical Dictionary. The above list is more inclusive than the index of the book which has some mistakes (e.g., the poet there called Andrea Poliziano is really Angelo Poliziano; George Lestey's real name is Lesley). There are omissions in the index too (e.g., translators giving their names with initials such as G. G. or J. J. W.). In the second edition 1986 there is a different text for the last poem by *Michael Rumaker and the length of the book is 408 pp. (two less pages than the first edition); formerly its last words (by Michael Rumaker) were "they are allies courting in the bloodstream/ join them". These words were omitted because of *Aids which is a disease spread by the blood. Reviews: see extended reviews by *Paul Knobel, *Robert K. Martin and in The Advocate no. 376 (15 September 83), 39-40, by Stuart Kellogg (he characterizes the book as "a meadow to idle through"); see also the entry in Hurley, Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia. Penguin Book of Turkish Verse, The Anthology from Turkey in English translated from Turkish. Compiled by Nermin Menemencioglu with *Fahir Iz. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1978, 416 pages. The translations are very readable and it is in several parts. For gay poems see the section *"Divan Poets" (translated by John R. Walsh), pp. 59-119. Many Divan poets who wrote in the *Ottoman period wrote love poems to male beloveds - see the "Introductory essay" by Fahir Iz pp. 39-56 - while others are *non gender specific. The Ottoman section of the anthology is a quasi homosexual anthology which has revealed to English readers the homosexual character of much Turkish poetry (even though this may be a convention in some cases). Divan poets (see entries): Ahmedi, Ahmet Pasa, Baki, Kadi Burhanettin, Dai, Fuzuli, Seyh Galib, Gazayi, Hayali, Mesihi, Nabi, Naili, Nefi, Necati, Nesati, Nedim, Nev'i, Ruhi, Seyhi, Cem Sultan, Vasif, Seyhulislam Yahya, Taslicali Yahya, Zati. *Yunus Emre is also included. The divan poets used *pennames. Publisher in English from Great Britain. Relevant works date from ca. 1949. Penguin Books has provided a range of cheap classics to British readers and those in the British Commonwealth (for instance India, Canada, Australia) for some fifty years. There are separate printings in India and some works published in India are not published elsewhere (for instance translations of Indian classics). In line with an expansion of publishing after the Second World War, *Virgil was published in translation from 1949; The Pastoral Poems (The Eclogues) of this year includes the homosexual "Second Eclogue". From the mid 1960s onwards, homosexual material has appeared openly and candidly: for Instance *Petronius in 1965, *Catullus in 1966, Juvenal in 1967, *Theognis in 1973, and *Martial (a selection only) in 1978. Penguin Books published * The Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse in 1983, which was thus a landmark year in its history for gay publications. Increasingly, in translations of classic authors, such as *Juvenal and *Goethe, homosexual elements are not censored as was the case with earlier publishers (such as *Loeb) and translations have been very important in making available homosexual poetry in English; for instance, * The Penguin Book of Turkish Verse (1978) has revealed this aspect of *Ottoman Turkish poetry. In 1999 Penguin Books India published a selection of gay writing titled * Yaraana edited by *Hoshang Merchant. As a major publisher, widely influential and whose books are widely read, the policies of Penguin in not avoiding homosexual material have greatly helped the emergence of gay culture. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1948. An *Afro-American poet. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 104: "Heckler's Fear" (about lesions and makeup, apparently to do with *Aids); biog., 181. Milking Black Bull, 17-29; biog., 17. The World in Us: Lesbian and Gay Poetry of the Next Wave, 252-58; biog., 369. Philosopher from the United States writing in English. 1644-171B. The 'Quaker founder of the city of 'Philadelphia; his thought relates to that of the 'Cambridge Platonists. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of American Biography. Encyclopædia Britannica . Gay Poetry Anthologies. Ioläus (19Q2), 144-45: on 'friendship (from Fruits of Solitude). Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. 1906-1977. One of the finest Italian writers of homosexual poetry of the twentieth century, active as a poet from 1939 when his first book was published (with the openly gay poem "la vita... e ricordarsi di un risveglio"). *Umberto Saba helped him in his early career. In his poems - which are usually only a few lines and show the influence of the *epigram form and the * Palatine Anthology - the source of his inspiration was invariably young men or youths (2, 3 or 4 line poems on beautiful boys were frequently written - see Dictionary of Literary Biography entry p. 200 - which show *pederasty interest). He has had a huge influence on recent Italian poets. From Perugia, he lived with his mother until 1966 and was extremely shy and retiring. He was close friends with the gay poet and painter *Filippo de Pisis. Peccato di Gola, 1991, 72 pp., includes twenty-six poems to a young man. As a critic: see *Giacomo Leopardi. Criticism. James Anthony Cascaito, Lieto Disonore: the Poetry of Sandro Penna, 1981, 244 pp. (a Ph. D. thesis at Columbia University, New York, which appears to be the first full length study of his poetry: see synopsis in * Dissertation Abstracts International, vol. 42 no. 1 (July 1981), 243A. Sodoma no. 1 (1984), 35-44: see article in Italian by Leonard Castellani, "The 'Lost Seed': Research on one of Sandro Penna's themes". *Pasolini wrote criticism on him. See also "Criticism in homosexual terms" below. Text. He has had an excellent editor in *Elio Pecora but there is no collected poems so far. See Tutte le Poesie, 1970. Stranezze, 1976, was his last book. Un po' di febbre, 1973, is prose pieces. Confuso Sogno, 1980, collects some more poems; see "Postfazione", pp. 133-45 by Elio Pecora. Biography: see *Elio Pecora. An internet homepage exists. A gay letter was published in *Sodoma no. 5 Translation. English. This Strange Joy: Selected Poems, trans. by *W. S. di Piero, Columbus, 1982; Remember Me God of Love, Manchester, 1993, translated by Blake Robinson (also includes a selection of prose); see also Confused Dream, 1991 (trans. not known; poems on erotic themes). *Anthony Reid (1992) has translated an excellent selection in The *Eternal Flame. Czech: a translations exists - see European Gay Review no. 7-8, p. 44 (details not given). French: *Dominique Fernandez and J. N. Schifano (1979). German. See Bibliographies below. Spanish: Pablo Luis Avila (Madrid, 1995). Swedish: selections were translated (see Dictionary of Literary Biography entry, p. 203). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Dictionary of Italian Literature. Duroc, Homosexuels et lesbiennes illustrés, 329. Dictionary of Literary Biography, vol. 114: fine survey dealing with his homosexuality. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 974-75. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Leggere omosessuale, items 325-28: Tutte le poesie, Milan: Garzanti, 1977 (his poems to 1970), Poesie, Milan: Garzanti, 1973, Stranezze, Milan: Garzanti, 1977 (his last published poems in his lifetime), Confuso sogno, Milan: Garzanti, 1980 (posthumous poems, explicitly pederastic); see also p. 45 where he is noted as a great gay poet; item 225 is his prose Un po' di febbre, Milan: Garzanti, 1977. Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen, item 835-36: Fieber (trans. of Un po' di febbre, 1973 by Bettina Kienlechner with Toni Kienlechner), Freiburg: Beck and Glückler, 1987; Qual und Entzücken. 60 Gedichte (trans. by Richard von der Marwitz with biographicla note by Thomas Derra), Freiburg: Beck and Glückler, 1985. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Orgasms of Light, 173-75; trans. *Ian Young and *Marsha Jill Shakley (see also Gay Sunshine no. 24 p.18 for poems by the same translator); biog., 258. L'amicizia amorosa, 197-200. Digte om mænds kærlighed til mænd. Les Amours masculines, 425-26. ''Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen ", 137-38. Drobci stekla v ustih, 65-67. Reid, The Eternal Flame, volume 1, 250-56: fine selection trans. English by *Anthony Reid. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 51 ; trans. Blake Robinson. Pour tout l'amour des hommes, 255-56. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 472-74. A Day for a Lay, 36-39. Criticism in homosexual terms. Gay Books Bulletin no. 5 (Spring 1981), 27-29, by *Stephen Foster; with bibl. European Gay Review no. 3, 68 trans. English by James Kirkup; no. 7-8, 8-50 (with English trans. by John McCrae 18-27 and two essays by John McCrae 40-46 and *Enzo Siciliano 46-50). Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1974. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10904: poem "For Don and Steve..." in College English 36: 342-44, November, 1974. Poet from Germany writing in German. 1892-1955. See *Hubert Kennedy in Journal of Homosexuality, volume 38, numbers 1/2, 2000, 65-66; on p. 65 he states six poems of his appeared in *Der Kreis and extracts from his novel Idolino appeared there also. He wrote plays and novels and was also a sculptor. Critic from the United States writing in English. Active 1985. Author of Such is my love: a study of *Shakespeare's Sonnets, Chicago and London, 1985 - a brilliant reading of Shakespeare's sonnets which honestly confronts their homosexuality; see especially Chapter 4, "The Expressions of Homoeroticism" and Chapter 5, "The *Bisexual Soul". He is Professor of English at State University of New York, Stony Brook. Review: Journal of Homosexuality 4 (1987), 128-34. On Shakespeare's plays, see his essay "The Two Antonios and Same-sex Love in Twelfth Night and The Merchant of Venice" in Shakespeare Criticism Yearbook, 1992, vol. 22, 69-77. Poet from France who wrote in French. 1883-1942. One of the ioint authors of the first catalogue of the *Fnfer he also edited I e Cabinet Secret du Parnasse (1928-32) and using the pseudonym Alexandre de Verineau, Les Priapees (1920) - see *Priapus. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Les Amours masculines, 348: poem on *Narcissus and anti-pederastic *epigram; biog. note. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 440: two poems "Against Paedophiles" - *Ganymede, *Hyacinthus and *Apollo tropes - and *"Narcissus before the Mirror". T ranslator from Portuguese to Slovenian possibly from Slovenia. Active 1989. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Drobci stekla v ustih, 27 - S1 (trans. of 'Fernando Pessoa), 84 - 85 (Mario Cesariny). Historian and critic from the United States writing in English. Born ca. 1935. Co-editor of *The Encyclopedia of Homosexuality and the author of many of the articles on Greece (e.g., the Greek poets *Homer, *Theognis) and Rome (e. g., the Latin poet *Catullus, Medieval Latin Poetry), the European *Middle Ages and other areas. An historian at the University of Massachusetts, Boston, who has written a book on homosexuality and ancient Greece, * Pederasty and Pedagogy in Archaic Greece, 1996, which also discusses the poetry; this is the most detailed study of pederasty in archaic Greece and it has the finest bibliography of homosexuality and ancient Greece yet assembled. He is the nephew of the poet *William Alexander Percy and was born and educated in the *South. He is the author, with *Warren Johansson, of *Outing, 1994: this discusses the making public of a person's homosexuality either voluntarily or forced and the ethics surrounding it. Poet from the United States writing in English. 1885-1942. Books of poems: In April Once, 1920; Enzio's Kingdom, 1924; Selected Poems, 1930. A *Southern poet who was gay (*William Percy, his nephew, to the author, 1989). Lanterns on the Levee: Recollections of a Planters Son, 1941(repr. 1968) is his autobiography. See Bertram Wyatt-Brown, The House of Percy, 1994, pp. 218-220 on his homosexuality. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 81: "A Page's Song" (by A. W. Percy - probably W. A. Percy, that is William Alexander - as Men and Boys contains many mistakes). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 501: same poem plus "In April Once". Poet from Italy writing in Italian. Active 1976. Bibliographies. Leggere omosessuale, item 329: book of poems Altre erbe, Bari: Ed. Interventi Culturali, ca. 1976. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born ca. 1960. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gents, Bad Boys, and Barbarians, 161-64; biog., 160. Pseudonym of a poet from Russia who wrote in Russian; he lived in China and later in Brazil. 1913-1992. An outstanding Russian writer of gay poetry who lived in Brazil. Born in Irkutsk in Russia, he emigrated to Harbin, China, in 1920 and emigrated from China with his mother to Brazil in 1952. In Brazil, he lived in *Rio de Janeiro. His real name was Valery Frantsevich Salatko-Petryshche. He studied law in China and graduated in 1935 and then turned to the study of theology in 1943, being a monk in Peking and Shanghai from 1938 to 1945. He published four collections of poetry in China beginning with Vputi (On the way) in Harbin in 1937. In Brazil, from 1967, after giving up poetry for a number of years, he published at least five books including the highly rated book of gay sonnets Ariel, 1976 (dedicated to a Soviet poet and modelled on *Shakespeare's sonnets): see *Simon Karlinsky, "A Hidden Masterpiece: Valery Pereleshin's Ariel", Christopher Street, December 1977, 37-42 (with trans. of poems). The sequence consisting of 168 sonnets was provoked by a correspondence with a Russian gay man Yevgeny Vitkovsky; it is a very sophisticated work with complex wordplay. The sonnet is his favorite form but he has written a long narrative poem Poema bez predmeta (Poem without an object), Holyoke, MA, 1989, 411pp. edited by *Simon Karlinsky (who wrote the foreword pp. 7-31) about his love affairs. His manuscripts are now in Leiden University (due to the efforts of *Jan Paul Heinrichs); there are a large volume of unpublished manuscripts. An article on him by Aleksis Rannit, an Estonian poet, in Russian Language Journal, 1976 is a detailed study of his poetic technique. He is the author of the prose work Russian Poetry and Literary Life in Harbin and Shanghai, 1930-1950: The Memoirs of Valerij Perelesin, edited by Jan Heinrichs, Amsterdam, 1987 (see review by Simon Karlinsky in Slavic Review, vol. 48 no. 2, Summer 1989, 284-90). A brief note on his life and work is in Albert C. Todd, editor, Twentieth Century Russian Poetry, 1993, p. 607. There are deeply religious elements in his poetry including themes of conflict of faith and despair, light and darkness. Criticism: see Jan Paul Heinrichs Translations by the poet. Chinese. He translated the Chinese poet *Qu Yuan's Li Sao into Russian in 1975, *Pessoa's English language sonnets into Russian and, from Russian, Kuzmin's "Alexandrian Songs" into Portuguese (see Terras, Handbook of Russian Literature entry). Translation. Dutch. *Jan Paul Henrichs (1993). English. See above and Anthologies below. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Terras, Handbook of Russian Literature. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Now the Volcano, 263-65 (trans. from Russian to English by *Simon Karlinsky including fifteen *sonnets from Ariel); biog., 263. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 198: trans. of *Pushkin. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 648: text of Pereleshin in Portuguese and trans. into English by *E. A. Lacey; 649 - article: "Pushkin's Gay Poem". Out of the Blue, 18395; biog., 183. Critic from France writing in French. Active from 1937. Author of La Poésie andalouse en arabe classique au XI siècle (Andalusian poetry in classic Arabic to the eleventh century), 1937. The book was translated into Spanish from the second, 1953, edition and titled El Esplendour de al-Andalus (The splendour of Andalusia), Madrid, 1983; in this work see pp. 344-45. This work is a brilliant study of Spanish Arabic poetry with a very extensive bibliography; it has been called "the most important monograph which has been devoted to the literary history of Muslim Spain" (Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, volume 1, p. 604). See pp. 338-43 of the French edition see "Les bains", on *bathhouses and homosexuality (mentions poets). See also his study of the relationship of Arabic poetry of Spain to the poetry of the *troubadours: La Poésie arabe d'Andalousie et ses relations possibles avec le poésie des troubadours in l'Islam et l'occident, Paris, 1947, pp. 107-130; this is the most detailed study of the subject yet. Criticism. *Jefrim Schirmann, "The Ephebe in Medieval Hebrew Poetry", Sefarad I5 (1955), 63: cites La poésie andalouse en arabe classique auXI siècle, 1937, 341-43 (lists poems in praise of boys). Performance poetry and poetry readings Performance poetry is poetry especially written for *oral performance. All poetry before the invention of writing is in this form. Material exists in Greek from ancient Greece and later in other languages. (See also *Performance traditions with homoerotic basis.) From ca. 300 B.C. Greek. Poetry readings occurred in all male gymnasiums and other all male gatherings such as banquets. Granted the homosexual nature of much ancient Greek poetry, there must have been a homosexual - in the physical sense - basis to some of these: see 'Symposium, *Plato. *Bawdry poems probably were recited. Latin. Dawes, A Phase of Roman Life, p. 99, notes gymnasia and *bathhouses became meeting places for conversation, exercise and to broadcast news and "the verses of a poet". Persian. Turkish. Urdu and Arabic. Poetry readings associated with the *divan tradition were and are common. Song contests in Turkish oral poetry might have a homoerotic component: on them see Yildiray Erdener, The song contests of Turkish minstrels, New York, 1995. English. *Ginsberg achieved fame partly through his readings of Howl from 1956 and *W. H. Auden came out at a gay reading in *New York ca. 1970. In the nineteen nineties gay poems are regularly read in the English speaking world at poetry readings. Poetry readings form part of gay writers' festivals in the United States, Great Britain and the Netherlands from ca. 1987. Readings are almost invariably held when books of gay poetry are launched. United States. *Carl Morse organized gay readings in *New York ca. 1985. The * James White Review organized regional readings in the United States for contributors from ca. 1985 (see e.g., vol. 4 no. 3, Spring 1987, 2). The Glines in New York had readings from 1976 (see Boston Gay Review no. 3, 1977, 18-19). See also *Kenward Elmslie, *John Giorno, *Minstrel Songs. Great Britain: see *David Alien (pseud.). A program called Homoerotica - consisting of selections of gay poetry mostly from The *Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse - was presented in London by the Wild Justice Company about June 1995 and presented by Stephen Jeffery-Poulter; there was a catalogue and three performers, The Boy, The Athlete and The Older Man. Australia. Readings have taken place as part of the Gay Mardi Gras festival from ca. 1988. The Darlinghurst Review of Unnatural Acts was an infamous Sydney gay reading including poetry ca. 1983 (the author read in it). A gay reading was given at the national poetry festival in Melbourne in 1995 at Montsalvat; it was organized by Adrian Rawlins. See also *K. Zervos. Netherlands. 1987 saw a writers' festival with *Harold Norse and *James Holmes reading. Tapes and possibly videos exist of such readings; for sources see *Archives. There has been a growing movement towards performance poetry in English from the 1960s though it dates from *Allen Ginsberg's readings of Howl (from 1955). All *oral poetry is performed and oral *epics are especially notable for long performances. See also *conferences. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Princeton Handbook of Poetic Terms : see "Poetry reading". Performance traditions with homoerotic basis Oral poems in Persian from Iran and in other languages. Material exists from at least ca. 1500. All male environments where poems are recited in *oral cultures are of interest since the relationship of the performers to the male audience may have a homoerotic basis. Homoerotic all male *initiation ceremonies occur amongst *African, *Australian Aboriginal, *American Indian and *Papua New Guinea peoples whose literatures are mainly oral. It especially exists in cultures where nakedness is the norm and where the sexes are segregated for some of the ceremonies. Much male *dancing and *singing occurs in all male groups in all tribal societies. Cultures where written records predominate or where some written material exists: English. See *Poetry readings and Performance Poetry. Finnish. Oral narratives are frequently sung by two men together, see *Singers - Finnish. Arabic. See Saad Abdullah Sowayan, "'Tonight my gun is loaded'; Poetic Duelling in Arabia", Oral Tradition vol. 4 no. 1-2 (1989), 151-73: discusses the custom of two poets composing poems orally one poem in exchange for another in all male environments in Saudi Arabia with photographs showing performance. Bawdy poems need investigation: verbal obscenities occur - see p.167 of this article. Hausa. See David W. Ames, Glossary of Hausa Music and its Social Contexts, 1971, 85 (under masu molo it is noted that these are sung in combination at times). Turkish. See *Oral poems - Turkish. Somali. See B. W. Andrzewski and Musa Galaal, "The Art of the Verbal Message in Somali", in Hamburger Beitrage zur Afrika-kunde , vol. 5 (1966), 29-39; notes concealed meanings are regarded as being very clever. Inuit. In this, the Eskimo Indian language, performance of songs by two males together is common in relation to song duels: see Ruoff, American Indian Literatures, p. 32. (Erotic carvings occur in Inuit art.) Cultures which are mainly non written. * Australian Aboriginal languages. All male initiation ceremonies involve song cycles. African languages. Initiation ceremonies involving all males occur in many *African languages e.g., for Bantu see *B. J. Laubscher. Oral poems and songs addressed to a male are common in many oral cultures - e.g., *Praise poems in African cultures to a chief or in *Polvnesian languages to a king. Performance of such poems needs to be considered for homoeroticism especially as poems are frequently sung in an all male context. *Court poets frequently show homoeroticism in relation to rulers (see *Emperors, *Sultans) e.g., in Persian from ca. 1500; sometimes this homoeroticism is manufactured and is not genuine. See also *dancing and singing boys: the relationship of the boys to an all male audience (all audiences are male) needs to be considered in such languages as Arabic, Persian and Turkish. Historian and critic from the United States writing in English. Born 1928. Author of A History of Modern Poetry, 2 volumes, 1976-1987: volume one is entitled From the *Eighteen Nineties to the High Modernist Mode (1976) and volume two * Modernism and After (1987). The History takes the *eighteen-nineties as a starting point for its analysis of modern poetry and is the major history of English language British and United States poetry of the *twentieth century so far (it omits Canadian, Australian, New Zealand, South African, Indian and other English language poetry). Concise overviews of the poets dealt with are given. It concludes with an extensive analysis of the poems of the openly homosexual James Merrill (vol. 2, pp. 638-59). The author was John P. Marquand Professor of English and American Literature at *Harvard and was also an expert on the *Romantics; see Who's Who in America for biographical information. See also *Allen Ginsberg. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors, vol. 77-80. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Active 1924. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 78. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 314-15: same poem "Genius" - "Lady,/.. you are not half so beautiful../ As the young workman who just went swinging down the street.. " Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 512: same poem. Historian and critic from the United States writing in English. Active 1976. His The Secret Record: Modern Erotic Literature, 1976, Chapter 8, "Erotic Poetry", pp. 144-50, is the pioneer study in English of homosexual erotic poetry touching on *Norman Douglas, * The Platonic Blow and John Weiners; he states "there are at present no poets who publish mainly erotic poetry" (p. 149). Anthologist and critic from the United States writing in English. Active 1979. As compiler of the anthology * Brother Songs: A Male Anthology of Poetry, he has given an interesting new perspective to gay poetry, linking it to men's poetry about men. He is co-author of * Walt Whitman: The Measure of his Song, 1981, a major survey of poems and essays written to and about Whitman from 1855; "Bibliographic Chronology" pp. 359-81. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in LIterature, second edition item 3001: Brother Songs. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Brother Songs, 118 (biography) - states he was born and raised in Minneapolis, Minnesota, is co-founder of three little magazines, and is presently completing graduate work at the University of Minnesota. Poet from Argentina writing in Spanish; he lives in Brazil. 1949-1992. See Trevisan, Perverts in Paradise, pp. 37-38: stated to be a contemporary poet and student who fled from Argentina to Brazil where he lives in Sao Paolo and has written his impressions of gay life in Brazil. He wrote two books of prose, one on male prostitution in Sao Paolo, O negocio do miche: prostituigao viril em Sao Paulo (Sao Paolo, 1987) and one on *Aids. He died of *Aids. His poetry is very difficult but is specifically gay in Spanish. He founded the first gay group in Argentina. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Foster, Latin American Writers on Gay and Lesbian Themes. Gay Histories and Cultures. Poet from Portugal writing in Portuguese. Active 1250. Criticism. Monteiro, Amor safico e socratico, 126-27. Gomes Viana, O homosexualidade no mundo, volume 2, 183: *troubadour poet who accused the troubadour poet *Pero de Armea of homosexuality. Poet from Portugal writing in Portuguese. Active before 1250. See Gomes Viana, O homosexualidade no mundo, volume 2, p. 183: a *troubadour poet accused of homosexuality - see *Peri de Ambroa. Perotto, Niccolo, also spelt Niccolo Perotti Critic from Italy who wrote in Latin. 1429-1480. An Italian *humanist who wrote an extensive commentary on *Martial (published in 1490 - see * British Library General Catalogue of Printed Books Martialis entry p. 430); it was replied to by *Domizio Calderini. See his entry in the British Library General Catalogue under "Perottus, Nicolaus" and, for the commentary, under Cornucopiae; the commentary was extensively reprinted. Copy sighted: the 1527 edition printed in *Venice (in Rare Books, Fisher Library, University of Sydney) - in this edition the commentary appears to be over 1000 pages, though it may not be bound in the order of the title page. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Enciclopedia italiana . Poet from Canada writing in English. Active 1974. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, first edition, item 2017a: Harry, Toronto: Coach House, 1974. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10905: same book. Homosexuality in Canada, first edition (1979), 13: same book. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 3003; same book. Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (1984), 140: same book. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1980. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 3004: By Moon and Sun, *Edinburgh: Canongate 1980. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1969. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10906: The Obnoxious Few, New York: Vantage, 1969. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 3006: same book. Biographer from the United States who wrote in English. 1860-1954. Author of *Walt Whitman, His Life and Work, London and New York, 1906, the first scholarly biography of the poet and still one of the best. He was editor of the Atlantic Monthly 1899-1909 and thereafter a teacher of English at *Harvard until 1930. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Dictionary of American Biography, Supplement 5. Poet and lover from Canada writing in English. 1961-1993. Born in Norfolk, Connecticut, he is interested in magic and his work has been published in gay journals. The lover of *Ian Young from 1978 who has described him as a "blond, streetwise young runaway" when they met in *New York, he was the author of a broadsheet "For All Hallows Eve" (1986; fifty copies). Ian Young and he stayed close until his death (inflrmation on his life from Ian Young). Persius Famous as a satirist and frequently printed with Juvenal, Persius was self effacing and a Stoic. He is known for his *effeminacy and lived with his mother. Text: see *Guy Lee. The volume of his poems is small. He has rarely been translated. He had a library (see Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature, volume 1, p. 351) and, if he was gay, this is possibly the earliest known gay library). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 805-06. Bibliographies. Courouve, Ces petits grecs, 29: cites "Satire iv", 33-41, v 36-37. Gay Poetry Anthologies. *Forberg, Manual of Classical Erotology. Criticism. Mayne, The Intersexes, 288: states he is "plentiful in simisexual allusions". Kiefer, Sexual Life in Ancient Rome, 267-69; on p. 268 he states "I should be inclined to conjecture that he confined his affections entirely to men." Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 141. Lilja, Homosexuality in Republican and Augustan Rome, 154: "Satire 4", 33 ff. Poet from the United States writing in English; he lives in Canada. Born 1941. From 1966 to the present he has lived in *Vancouver where he attended the University of British Columbia and is a gay activist. His slim volume of eight poems Slaves is reviewed in Body Politic no. 13 (May-June 1974), 9. Wrestling the Angel is a fifteen year collection of poetry and prose with many *prose poems (review: Boston Gay Review no. 4-5, Fall 1978, 5). He is also the author of Buddy's: Meditations on Desire, 1989, tales of hustler youth based on *Roland Barthes (review: James White Review vol. 9 no. 2, p. 18 by Dan Gawthorp). Boyopolis, 1996, is a prose work based on eastern Europe after the fall of the Berlin Wall and features young hunky German males. Some themes concern *pederasty. See also * Body Politic. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10907: Slaves, Vancouver: New Star, 1974. Homosexuality in Canada, first edition (1979), 13: cites Slaves and Wrestling with the *Angel, Vancouver: Talonbooks, 1977 - states this collects his poems of the last twenty years; two other literary works cited. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 3010: same books. Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (1984), 140: Slaves. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Angels of the Lyre, 171-73: "Slaves" ("Gay pride is the opposite of the slave fantasy"), "Swans", both poems verging on *prose poems; biog., 243: this states he was born in *Chicago, lived in San Francisco, 1961-66 with *Robin Blaser and his poetic mentor was Jack Spicer. City in Italy where Italian is spoken. Gay poems exist from ca. 1200. A famous university city in central Italy which is an especially congenial place for foreigners to learn Italian (which is a speciality of the University of Perugia). *Sandro Penna lived here and there is now a gay foundation in the city. See *Piero Lorenzini for a circle of poets (active ca. 1200) and Ignazio Baldelli, "Lingua e letteratura di un centro trecentesco: Perugia" in Rassegna dell letteratura Italiana 66 (1962), 4-21 which discusses this group. See also *Marino Ceccoli, *Christopher Whyte. Poet from Portugal who wrote in Portuguese and English; he lived in South Africa in his early life. 1BBB-1935. Pessoa is the most famous twentieth century Portuguese 'modernist poet who was involved with the pioneering modernist Portuguese 'journal Orpheu ('Raul Leal and 'Sá Carneiro were also involved). He was later the publisher of his own journal (where he published his poems), Athena. He never married and was extremely shy and alcoholic. He lived in South Africa as a child and in English wrote the homosexual poem Antinous (191B) and 35 'Sonnets (191B). The only book he published in Portuguese in his lifetime was Mensagem. He left a huge oeuvre which has not yet been fully published, although an eight volume works has been published in Portugal. Pessoa defended 'Antonio Botto's homosexual poems in a famous polemic and may have translated Botto's homosexual sequence Os Cancöes into English. He was much influenced by 'Whitman. His poem "Oda maritima" appears to be about anonymous gay sex while 'cruising; a translation into English by Edwin Honig and Susan M. Brown appears in Jerome Rothenberg, Poems for the Milennium, 1995, pp. 14B-51. In this extraordinary poem he imagines himself a woman who is at the complete sexual, and otherwise, use of pirates (the work shows the influence of 'Rimbaud and may have influenced 'Jean Genet). Text of his poems. At his death, over 25,000 published and unpublished works were left. They were published in a "collected" edition from 1942 but not all manuscripts have been published and unpublished works remain with his family. Pessoa used several pseudonyms which have been seen to reflect different aspects of his personality: Alberto Caeiro, Ricardo Reis and Alvaro de Campos (this last with homosexual traits; the "Oda maritima" was written under this name). Biography. Joäo Gaspar Simöes has written the major work to date, though this work has problems. His sexuality has never been discussed in detail. Pessoa is a cult figure in Portugal and widely regarded as the country's greatest poet. For an excellent overview of his life see his entry in Leonard S. Klein, Encyclopedia of World Literature in the Twentieth Century (19B3) or in World Authors (1970-1975) (19BQ). While always a cult figure in Portugal he has become something of a cult figure in other parts of the world in the 199Qs (especially in Brazil). Bibliography. José Blanco has written a huge work. It supercedes the 1967 bibliography by Carlos Alberto loannone. Criticism. For gay aspects, see Gay Books Bulletin vol. 1 no. 2, 20-22, "The Masks of Pessoa" by *Wayne Dynes, a seminal study for a gay reading; see also the article in British Library Journal 9 (19B3), 161-7Q, by R. B. Howes and Ruud Ploegmakers, "Fernando Pessoa", Forum 9 (199Q), 57-73, (in German and possibly trans. from Dutch). The journal Europe no. 71Q-11 (June/ July 19BB) is a special Pessoa issue. The latest critical trends in relation to Pessoa may be seen in the Brazilian journal Estudos portugueses (no. 5, 1995), a special issue devoted to the poet. Translation. Catalan: Trans, not known titled Obra poética (Barcelona: Ediciones 29, 1981), see Cuaderno Bibliográfico Gay, p. 14; English: *Edouard Roditi (see Poetry vol. 87, October 1955, 26-29; a few poems), Peter Rickard (1971), Edwin Honig (1971), F. E. G. Quintanilha (1971), Jonathan Griffin (1974), Richard Zenith (1998); French: Armand Guibert (1980) - an expert on the poet; German: *Paul Celan, Georg Rudolf Lind (1989-90). Italian: Luigi Parnese; Spanish: *Octavio Paz; see also Cuaderno Bibliografico Gay, p. 14: Poesía (Madrid: Alianza Editorial, 1983). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 977-7B. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Murray, Catalogue of Selected Books, item 53: Antinous, 191B. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 1Q9QB-Q9: Antinous, Lisbon: Monteiro/Olispo, 191B-21 and Sixty Portuguese Poems, Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1971. Young, Male Homosexual in LIterature, second edition, 3Q13-17: Antinous: A Poem, Lisbon: Monteiro and Co., 191B, English Poems, Lisbon: Olispo, 1921 and Poemas Ingleses, Lisbon: Editorial Attica, 1974, Selected Poems, Chicago: Swallow, 1971 and Sixty Portuguese Poems, Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1974. Cuaderno bibliográfico gay, 14: Catalan and Spanish translation - see above for details. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Les Amours masculines, 361-62. Drobci stekla v ustih, 27-31 : translation of "Oda maritima". Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 336-37; biog., 33Q. Pour tout l'amour des hommes, 2Q6-Q7: translation into French of "Oda maritima" by armand Guibert. Poet, diarist, critic and editor from the United States writing in English. Born 1934. His book of poems Cool Zebras of Light, 1973, details a love relationship with a young man, Lee (some poems from the book are included in the anthology * Angels of the Lyre ). In The Poet as Ice Skater, 1976, see "Love Poem for Whitman". As a poet his poems are outstanding (he came to gay poetry after the death of his small son, when he realized he was gay). The Picnic in the Snow (1978) is about the homosexual *Ludwig II of Bavaria about whom he has written a *sequence: Ludwig of Bavaria, 1986 (reviewed James White Review vol. 5 no. 2 16-17). Poems: Selected and New 1967-1991, 190 pp., is a selection for these years. For You, Lili Marlene: A Memoir of World War II (1995) and Nell's Story: A Woman from Eagle River (1995) are reviewed by John Gilgun in James White Review vol. 13 no. 4, Fall 1996, 23. As a critic. In his book Huntingthe Snark: A Compendium of New Poetic Terminology, NewYork, 1989, he deals with various topics in contemporary poetry - see especially *"Homophobic Poems", pp. 180-81, and "Homosexual Poems", pp. 182-83 (the last being a concise article on poets from *gay liberation on, perhaps the most concise survey to date). As a critic see also * Poets for Life. His Where the Bee Sucks: Workers, Drones and Queens of Contemporary American Poetry, Santa Maria, California, 1994, is a selection of pieces on poets from his books of the last twenty-five years. Gay poets form a significant contingent and include James Broughton, *Robert Duncan, *Paul Mariah, Jack Spicer and John Weiners. (There is probably a pun on the word "queen" - meaning homosexual - in the title.) See review James White Review vol. 12 no. 1 (Winter 1995), 20-21. He was the editor, with Herbert M. Schueller, of John Addington Symonds, The Letters of John Addington Symonds, 3 volumes, 1967-69. These are the letters of a major gay nineteenth century poetry researcher and gay activist and some of the most important letters of such a person to be edited; they have been edited with annotations by Peters and Schueller. He lives with the poet *Paul Trachtenberg and his 1992 volume of poems Good Night Paul deals with their relationship. Interview: James White Review, vol. 13 no. 1 (Winter 1996), 18-19. He was guest poetry editor of * James White Review, vol.10 no. 1 (Fall 1992). See also the article by Nancy Shiffin in The Advocate, no. 411, 24-25. Diary: see Crunching Gravel, 1988, 122 pp. (excerpts are in James White Review vol. 5 no. 3, 4-6). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors, vol. 13-16. Contemporary Literary Criticism volume 7. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10910-14: "A celebration" and "On being ravished by an angel" in Gay Sunshine 8:8-9, August, 1971, Cool Zebras of Light, Santa Barbara, CA: Christopher's Books, 1974, Holy Cow: Parable Poems, Berkeley, CA: Red Hill Press, 1973, The Poet as Ice-skater, San Francisco: *Manroot Books, 1976 and Red Midnight Moon, San Francisco: Empty Elevator Shaft Press, 1973, a *chapbook. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, 3023-28, 3624, 3724: same books plus Bronchial Tangle, Heart System, Handover, NH: A Granite poetry Book, 1974, Gauguin's Chair: Selected Poems 1967-1974, Trumansburg, NY: Crossing Press, 1977 and Red Midnight Moon, San Francisco: Empty Elevator Shaft, 1973. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Male Muse, 85-88; biog., 123. Angels of the Lyre, 174-78; biog., 243. Orgasms of Light, 176-79; biog., 258-59. Brother Songs, 110; biog., 116. Amerikanike homophylophile poiese , 53-54; biog., 72: trans. into Greek. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 618. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 522: two poems including "The *Kiss". Name of Love, 4; biog., 76-77. Leyland, Gay Sunshine Interviews, volume 2, 123-41; biog., 124. A Day for a Lay, 96-99. Criticism. Gay Books Bulletin no. 10 (Winter 1984), 10-11: *"Walt Whitman's Lost Homoerotic Poems". Poet writing in German. Active 1977. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Schwüle Lyrik, schwüle Prosa, 131-40; no biographical information. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 251. Poet from Spain writing in Catalan or Spanish. Active 1928. Bibliograpgies. Cuaderno bibliográfico gay, 14: De hombre a hombre, Barcelona: Icaria, 1984. Poem from Great Britain in English. Ca. 1728. The poem is included in Plain reasons for the growth of Sodomy in England, to which is added, The Petit Maitre, an odd sort of unpoeticalpoem in the trolly-lolly stile, London: A. Dodd, ca.1728, 24 pp. See the *British Library General Catalogue entry for this work; its copy was used in compiling this entry. The poem is about a male recognizable as a homosexual within the context of the work and its title. The poet wonders whether he is man or woman. Possibly the person referred to in the poem was a *transvestite. It refers to the debate about men's fashions at the time. Poet from Hungary who wrote in Hungarian. 1823-1849. A *Romantic lyric poet frequently regarded as the most outstanding figure of Hungarian literature who had strong male friendships (e. g., with the novelist Jokai). He seems heterosexual. Translated into German by *Kertbeny. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Penguin Companion to World Literature. Klaniczay, History of Hungarian Literature, 222-31. Poet from Italy writing in Italian and Latin. 1304-1374. One of the most famous Italian poets, Petrarch popularized the *sonnet. He was a cleric who never married. Inspired by the ancient Latin classics he wrote 12 *eclogues in imitation of the Latin poet *Virgil. He was also much influenced by *Platonism. He constantly revised and rewrote his works. His Italian Rime (Poems) were first published in manuscript in 1360 and a second edition in 1373; they were published in printed form titled Canzoniere (Poems) in 1470. His collected works, titled Opera, were published in print in 1554 and 1581. His sonnets concern Laura (a young women he allegedly first saw in 1327 and whose exact identity is unknown), himself and *Amor or Cupid. Laura's physical existence has been questioned (compare similar sonnets by English *Elizabethan poets). His work in the Canzoniere grows out of the *troubadors and the *courtly love tradition. Indeed Coleridge called him the "final blossom and perfection of the troubadors". In Latin. "Eclogue 8", is a dialogue between *Ganimede and Amidas. A strong element of'Narcissism has been detected in him by some readers. See *Petrarchism for the movement originating with him. Text: see the edition of the Italian works by G. Contini, 1949. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Encyclopedia Britannica; with excellent bibl. Petrarchism and the petrarchan movement Movement in Italian and other *European languages starting in Italy from ca. 1470. The Petrarchesque movement was inspired by imitation of *Petrarch starting with the mechanical printing of his Canzoniere (Poems) in 1470. The homosexual implications have barely been examined though there is a considerable element of homosexuality in Petrarchism e.g., *Narcissism. See Leonard Forster, The Icy Fire: Five Studies in European Petrarchism, Cambridge, UK, 1969, Chapter 1, "The Petrarchan Manner"; bibl. pp. 188-190. E. H. Wilkins, Studies in the Life and Work of Petrarach, 1955, Ch. 12, "A general survey of Renaissance Petrarchism," pp. 280-99, is a very thorough survey in west European languages. Petrarchan conceits were copied in other European languages (e.g., fire and ice) and in many cases sonnets and lyrics were simply translated. Most poems inspired by the movement were *sonnets. The device of the distant and disdainful lady was a perfect way of concealing homosexual love, though this has not yet been studied. The movement emerged out of the *troubadors and *courtly love. Arabic love poetry also influenced it through Provençal: see A. J. Arberry, Arabic Poetry, 1965, pp. 18 ff for comparable themes. There are *Sadomasochistic elements. English. Petrarchism was a major movement in the 'sixteenth century starting with the poets 'Surrey (active 1557) and 'Wyatt and which emphasized unrequited and cruel love (not happy and consumated love); it lapsed after Wyatt's death but revived later in the century with the sonnet sequences of *Barnfield and *Shakespeare. *Fulke Greville, *Sidney (who was especially influenced by it), *Spenser and *Drayton were key poets and Spenser's Faerie Queene and *Marlowe's Hero and Leander are monuments to the movement. *Donne was also heavily influenced. See the article by Lu Emily Pearson, in Elizabethan Love Conventions, 1933, for discussion. French: see the 'Pléiade school, 'Ronsard. Italian. The movement strongly influenced 'Ariosto, 'Berni, especially 'Michelangelo, and 'Tasso; see also 'Pietro Bembo. Latin. The study of Petrarch and Latin poetry has hardly begun let alone homosexuality in relation to it. Poets influenced include 'Sannazaro and 'Scaliger. Spanish: see 'Garcilaso de la Vega, 'Gongora. Serbo-Croat: see 'Giorgi Durdevic. There was also an anti-Petrarchan movement: see J. Hosle, Texte zum Antipetrarkismus, 1970 - an anthology of Italian, Spanish, French poets. Shakespeare in "Sonnet 130" sent up Petrarchism. Berni (in Italian) also satirized it. There is a journal of Petrarchan studies: Studi Petrarcheschi (Bologna, from 1948). Compare *pastoral poetry. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature, vol. 1, 432-33 (with important bibliography discussing Petrarch's influence in English, Dutch, German, French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese; the movement also spread to Serbo-Croat). Dictionary of Italian Literature. Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Love Poetry, the Petrarchan Tradition". Petronius, called Gaius Petronius Arbiter Novelist from Italy who wrote in Latin and whose works include poems. Active ca. 50. Petronius wrote the first known homosexual novel, The Satyricon, recounting the adventures of the disreputable pair, Encolpius and his boyfriend Giton. There is doubt as to whether the author of the novel is the so-called "arbiter of elegance", of the emperor Nero, a *dandy and *aesthete who committed *suicide, or whether Petronius is another person. The form of the novel is Menippean *satire and the work is a *prosimetrum, prose interleaved with poems. The text of The Satyricon, as it survives, is fragmentary (what we have is only part of a large novel, which must have been in its entirety one of the longest novels in the world.) The most complete fragment is the homosexual drinking party, the dinner of Trimalchio, which includes some important homosexual bawdy poems in *Anacreontics (see *Cinaedic Songs, *drinking songs); the poet Eumoplus, who has homosexual tendencies, discourses on poetry in one part. The dinner is explicitly homosexual and sheds much light on gay culture in ancient *Rome. This work is a *satire on the *symposium tradition of the Greeks descending from *Plato. Lost parts of the text were only discovered in the seventeenth century but the *manuscript seems to have been known in the Carolingian period. Some lyric and elegaic poems attributed to Petronius have come down to us apart from The Satyricon; it is less sure that these are by him. His poems (including those from the Satyricon) have been edited as The Poems of Petronius, by Edward Courtney, Atlanta, Georgia, 1991. Text. The * editio princeps of The Satyricon was ca. 1482 and the work was continuously popular. It may be based on earlier works in Latin and Greek, now lost: see Peter Parsons, "Fragments of a Greek Satyricon" in Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies, ca.1973. The work parodies *Homer's Odyssey. The Dinner of Trimalchio fragment, which is the longest, was only published in 1656 and depends on a single fragment now in Paris from a copy made as late as 1423 (see introduction pp. vi-vii by Stephen Gaselee to Petronius: a revised Latin text of the Satyricon, London: R. Straus 1910 with Illustrations by Norman Lindsay, including one of a gay *bathhouse opposite p. 132). Consult Brunet, Manuel du libraire, on early editions in Latin (which may include commentaries). The Alfred Ernout edition, Paris, 1950, is excellent. The P. Burman edition of the text (Utrecht, 1709; another edition Amsterdam, 1743) has excellent footnotes (in Latin); it has been reprinted New York, 1974 in two volumes, 1294 pages. There have been many editions of the Cena Trimalchionis (The Dinner of Trimalchio): see, for instance, Martin S. Smith, Cena Trimalchionis, Oxford, 1975 (with bibl.) Imitations. For these see the *British Library General Catalogue entry for Petronius under "Imitations and Adaptions" (p. 319 of the Petronius entry). Federico Fellini made a film called Satyricon based on the work (1968); on the film see John Baxter, Fellini, London, 1993, pp. 237-53, and Howes, Broadcasting It, under "Fellini Satyricon". Bibliography. See Stephen Gaselee,"The Bibliography of Petronius", in Transactions of the Bibliographical Society, vol. 10 (1909), 141-233; the *British Library General Catalogue reveals this was published as a book titled The Bibliography of Petronius (1910) - see the Appendix of the Petronius entry p. 320. (On Sir Stephen Gaselee see his entry in the Dictionary of National Biography.) Criticism. The Satyricon has recently attracted much critical attention. J. P. Sullivan, The "Satyricon" of Petronius, 1968, is a basic work - see especially pp. 234-35 in which he discusses the sexuality of the main characters who are mainly *bisexual in his view. Also of importance is Niall W. Slater, Reading Petronius, 1990 (with bibliography of criticism, pp. 253-60 though this omits Gaselee's "Bibliography" cited above). T. Wade Richardson, "Homosexuality in the Satyricon", Classica et Mediaevalia, 35 (1984), 105-127 is also of relevance. On the poems, see E. J. Barnes, The Poems of Petronius, dissertation, 1972, University of Toronto. In the 1990s, there has been an increased interest by classical scholars in the work (see books and articles listed in the translation of R. B. Branham below for a bibliography to 1996). See also John Lehmann, *Charles Churchill and "Criticism in homosexual terms" below. Translation. Only major translations are listed. English: William Burnaby (1694; repr., including London, 1910, with illustrations by Norman Lindsay, including one of a *bathhouse. Note: this translation is based on Nodot's spurious edition of 1691.), *Ben Jonson, W. H. D. Rouse (1913; repr. - Loeb edition), Translation attributed to Oscar Wilde published under a pseudonym associated with him, Sebastian Melmouth (Paris, 1902), Jack Lindsay (1927; repr.), William Arrowsmith (1960), Paul Gillette (ca. 1970; US and UK paperback edition) J. P. Sullivan (1974; Penguin edition), R. B. Branham and Daniel Kinney (titled Satyrica), London, 1996 (excellent translations of the poems), P. G. Walsh (1996). Danish: K. Schwanenflugel (1914). French: Francois Nodot (1605; repr. - a fake from a manuscript that did not exist: see the entry for Francois Nodot in Biographie universelle), Heguin de Guerle (Paris, 1860), A. Ernout (Paris, 1931), Maurice Rat (1933), Leon Herrmann (1955; 24 poems of Petronius). German: J. G. K. Schulter (1796), other translations, Wilhelm Heinse (1922; repr. 1989), Fritz Tech (1963; repr.); Konrad Müllerand Wilhelm Ehlers (1965), Otto Schönberger (1992). Hungarian: G. Somogyi (1819). Italian: V. Lancetti (1806), other trans., Piero Chiara (1969), Eduardo Sanguineti (Torino, 1993). Polish: possibly trans. by M. A. Lucanus (1691), Leopold Staff (1963). Russian: G. I. Gidoni (St Petersburg, 1923; see the *British Library General Catalogue). Serbo-Croat: Martin Kuzmic (1932), 'Nikola Sop (1951). Spanish: Tomas Meabe (Paris, ca. 1913), Juan B. Bergua (Madrid, 1932). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 807: "Petronius (3)"; see also the entry in the third edition, 1996. Jonathan to Gide, 139-40. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 978-79. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Gay Poetry Anthologies. *Forberg, Manual of Classical Erotology. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 91-98. L'amour bleu, 62-63. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 181: trans. into English of a poem. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 132-33: poems from sections 23, 79 and 109 of the Loeb edition. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 70-81 (translation attributed to Oscar Wilde); poems are cited on pages 74 and 77. Criticism in homosexual terms. Mayne, The Intersexes, 290-92. Editor from Greece writing in Greek; he lives in France. Born ca. 1928. A folklorist and the foremost authority on Greek *bawdry, he is the author of Kaliarnta: An Etymological Dictionary of Greek Homosexual Slang, Athens, 1971 (fourth edition 1982), the first such dictionary in the world, containing some 3,000 words. He printed the first edition privately. (Note: though the Greek word is pronounced Kaliarda, the *Library of Congress transliteration is "Kaliarnta".) See John Taylor, "Benvis ta Kaliarda?", Gay Books Bulletin, no. 9 (Spring 1983), 14-18, and Gay Books Bulletin no. 11 (Fall 1984), 10-11. He has published a poem Body (Athens: Nefeli Press, 1980; French edition, Corps, Paris, 1976); not sighted. He has also published an anthology of *rebetika titled Rebetika Traghoudhia (Rebetic Songs), 1969 (fourth edition Athens, Kedros Press, 1979), containing over 1,400 songs. He was imprisoned for publishing the dictionary (during the period of the Colonels' rule in Greece), for the book on rebetika and for the poem Body. He now lives in *Paris. Articles on him are: "Elias Petropoulos, The Mounopsira" by John Taylor, Maledicta 5 (Summer/Winter 1981), 11-24; H. Ionnidi, "Caliarda: la langue secrète des homosexuels grecs", Topique 20 (October 1977), 115-50. He has written nearly forty books. The journal Maledicta's fifth volume is called Elias Petropoulos Festschrift and discusses his work. *Mary Koukoules, is his wife. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 656-67. Translator from Greek and Italian to French from France; critic in French; book collector. 1907-2000. A well known French gay novelist and writer; he was formerly a French diplomat stationed in *Athens from 1933 to 1939, then briefly in 1943. He translated the Greek gay anthology the * Mousa Paidike into French titled La muse garçonnière, Paris: Flammarion, 1973. He was the owner of a collection of erotic books, some of which were sold in Paris ca. 1975 (a catalog is held in the *Deane Erotica). His most famous novel is Les amities particulières, 1945 (Special Friendships; English trans. 1950), and a fictionalized biography of Jacques d'Adelswärd Fersen: L'Exile de Capri, 1959 (The Exile of Capri, English trans., 1961). He co-founded, with André Baudry, the first French gay organization *Arcadie in 1953, which organization published the journal of the same name. Interview: see Gai Pied Hebdo, no. 532, 27 August 1992, 12-14 (he states on p. 14 that he had a relationship with a youth, now married, Alain Philippe, whom he first knew from the age of twelve). Propos Secrets, Paris, 1977, is his memoirs; it includes an account of a relationship with a woman. He has translated from Italian *Cecco Angiolieri, and *D'Annunzio. L'innominato: nouveaux propos secrets, Paris, 1989, is a further biography. He wrote a biography *Voltaire et Frederic II (Paris, 1992), 2 volumes, on the French philosopher and the gay German king, *Frederick the second in which he claimed Voltaire had sex with Frederick. He also had a collection of gay erotic art which was reproduced in Un Musée de l'amour, Monaco: Editions du Rocher, 1972. See the article on him in *Lampiâo, no. 29 (October 1980), 12-13, with reproduction of a fine marble sculpture of a youth from his art collection. A concise overview of his career is his entry in John Wakeman, editor, World Authors 1950-1970, New York, 1975. Interview: see Leyland, Gay Sunshine Interviews, volume 2, pp. 143-58. An obituary appeared in the New York Times, ca. 14 November, 2000. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors, vol. 65-68. Contemporary Authors, New Revision Series, vol. 47. Dictionnaire Gay. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 89: lists German translations of his novels. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10915-16: trans. of sonnets from Italian of *Cecco Angiolere with commentary in Arcadie 71: 585-90, November 1959 and "L'enfant poème de Gabriele d'Annunzio" in Arcadie 64: 193-204, April 1959. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amour bleu, 240-42. Pour tour l'amour des hommes, 261: discussion of his life and work. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active 1914. The *British Library General Catalogue lists one book by him: Die Lyrik der Annette von Droste-Hulshoff, Berlin, 1914, 129 pp. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 90: Der bekranzte Eros - collection of poems [no other details]; two other references. Phallicism and phallus worship Worship of the phallus; religious or sacramental rites involving the phallus. Relevant poems survive from ca. 2,175 B.C. Phallicism is extremely widespread, in countries such as Italy, Greece, Egypt, India and Japan. Phallis cults usually relate to fertility and such worship can have homosexual elements when worship is of the penis by males. *Chants and *hymns are relevant. Compare the *Snake/ Serpent motif. See George Riley Scott, Phallic Worship, 1966 (repr. 1970 with illustrations from various cultures) and Eugene Monick, Phallos, 1987. In German, see Eugene Monick, Die Wurzeln der Männlichkeit, 1990 - a study of the phallus in myth and religion; in English, H. Cutner, A Short History of Sex Worship, London, 1940 (repr.) is also relevant. For north west Europe see *Thorkil Vanggaard. Egyptian. See *"Go forth plant thyself on him": the earliest relevant poem. Rachewiltz, Black Eros, 26-65, has illustrations from Egyptian art. Greek. See Pauly, Wissowa, Paulys Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, entries "Phallophorie" (ancient processions of phalli) and "Phallos". See also entries for *Priapeia and *Priapus. Eva C. Keuls, The Reign of the Phallus: Sexual Politics in Ancient Athens, New York, 1985 is a discussion of ancient *Athens in feminist terms with important photographs of Greek vases showing such things as *anal sex. Japanese. *Haiku and *Senryu contain references. There have been phallic festivals in Japan which James Kirkup has described. (Japanese phallicism, which is very ancient, is linked with rice production and fertility rituals.) See Dr Genchi Kato, A Study of the Development of Religious Ideas among the Japanese People as Illustrated by Japanese Phallicism, 1927 (with copious phallic illustrations); see the *chant, p. 30, and poem, p. 47. Latin. See *Priapeia (major homosexual material for this phenomenon). Festivals involving phallicism (where statues of the penis were carried) are believed to have occurred in ancient Rome, similar to such festivals in ancient Greece. Sanskrit. Worship of the phallus or Ungarn in relation to *Shiva is very ancient and continues in India today; see Wendy O'flaherty, Siva, 1981. See also *Mahabharata. Hindi. See the book Phallic Miscellanies, 1891 (rare; copy used: *Deane Erotica) - this discusses phallic worship in relation to *Brahma and *Siva in India. Other *Indian languages are also relevant as the custom of worship of the phallus, called the lingam - in contrast to the yonithe female organ - is widespread over India. Milk is poured over the lingam in rituals in India to this day. (The title page of Phallic Miscellanies omits the author's name; however the author is said to be the author of another book titled Phallicism of which no date is given.) The National Union Catalog states that the author of Phallic Miscellanies is Hargrave Jennings (1817?-1890). Other languages. Phallicism has been detected in the male rituals of *Australian Aboriginal languages and *Papua New Guinea languages. The cult of the bullboarer was associated with phallic sexual rituals in both Papua New Guinea and Australia: see "Bullroarer" in Encyclopedia of Religion. Early anthropologists continually referred to phallic worship in Australian aboriginal material; their works were compiled at a time when initiation ceremonies were still widely performed. Phallic ceremonies are discussed in Ashley Montagu, Coming Into Being Among the Australian Aborigines, London, 1974 (first published 1937), 307 -09. For an article see C. P. Mountford, "Phallic Stones of the Australian Aborigines" in Mankind vol. 2 no 6 (May 1939). * African languages. See the article by Ladislas Segy, "African Phallic Symbolism" in Zaire (Brussels), volume 9 no. 10, December 1955, 139-165; with bibl. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Hastings, Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics: see "Phallism" (reports various tribal peoples who pray to ithyphallic figures). Encyclopaedia of Sexual Behaviour, volume 2, 819-26: "Phallicism and Sexual Symbolism". Encyclopedia of Religion: see "Phallus" (with important bibl.). Ullstein Enzyklopädie der Sexualität. Bibliographies. Goodland, Bibliography of Sex Rites: consult the index. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 251-53. Poet who wrote in Greek. Active 80 B.C.? Not in Oxford Classical Dictionary. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Garland of Meleager. Palatine Anthology xii 31. Criticism. Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 9 (1908), 273-74. Poet possibly from Greece writing in Greek. Active 259 B.C. Six fragments of his poem The Erotes survive; the longest, fragment i 1-6, deals with the myth of *Orpheus. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 810: stating his date is unknown but may possibly be "the first half of the third century B.C.". Bibliographies. Courouve, Ces petits grecs, 29: citing fragment i: 7-10. Criticism. Brandt, Sittengeschichte griechenlands, volume 2, 180. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 463-64: re Erotes e Kaloi ("Love stories, or beautiful boys"), "a history of the love of boys in poetic form with abundant examples from stories of the gods and heroes" (p. 464). Buffière, Eros adolescent, 385: stating he made *Orpheus one of the initiators of pederasty and he was an Alexandrian poet. Poet from Canada writing in English.1993. He was the first *lover of Ian Young. They met in 1967 when Ian Young was 23 and Richard Phelan was 17 and published three books together (information from Ian Young). Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, first edition, item 2910: White Garland: 9 Poems for Richard, Scarborough, Ontario: Catalyst, 1969, written by *Ian Young; with an additional poem by Richard Phelan. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 3038: Spring Greetings, Scarborough, Ontario: *Catalyst, no date (*postcard) (written with *Richard Hall). Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 3038 (same item as preceding) and item 4270: Cool Fire, Scarborough, Ontario: *Catalyst, 1970 (written with Ian Young). Homosexuality in Canada, first edition (1979), 13 and 17: referring to Cool Fire, Scarborough, Ontario, *Catalyst ca. 1970, (12 pp. chapbook written with *Ian Young). City in the United States where English is the main spoken language. Material dates from ca. 1861. The city's name is Greek for "brotherly love" and its founder *William Penn, a Quaker, meant it to have a philosophical basis; consequently, poems associated with the city may be relevant. Poetry uncovered so far dates from *Whitman who lived in Philadelphia intermittently and died there. Philadelphia has long been a center of publishing and the book trade and has a gay bookshop, *Giovanni's Room (see James Baldwin). There has been a deep *Quaker influence in the city. Over fifty percent black population is *black. *Daniel Hoffmans's great long poem Brotherly Love sums up the code of the city. Walt Whitman lived across the river from the city in Camden in the last years of his life (where his house is now a museum). He is buried in Camden cemetery. The *black poet Jim Beam who died of *Aids came from Philadelphia and worked in Giovanni's Room. Other poets: see James M. Cory (a noted poet in 1995), *R. Daniel Evans, *Scott Tucker. On the city in 1982 see The Advocate no. 350, 2 September, 1982, 26-29. Pseudonym of a poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Active 1918-34. Pseudonym of John Leslie Barford. Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek; he later lived in Italy. Active ca. 40. He lived in *Rome, but, as his *ethnic indicates, came from *Thessaloniki. He compiled an anthology The Garland. An attempt to reconstruct this work has been made by *A. S. F. Gow and D. L. Page: see entry * Garland of Philip. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 817: see "Philippus (7)". Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 33. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 64: trans. of Palatine Anthology xi 36 by *Edwin Morgan. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 134: same poem as preceding. Criticism. Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 9 (1908), 228. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1959. His book of poems In the Blood, 1992, 75 pp. (with introduction by *Rachel Hadas) was winner of the 1992 Morse Poetry Prize. Other books of poems: Cortege (1998), From the devotions (1998) and Pastoral (2000). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Badboy Book, 289: fine *parody of *Langston Hughes; biog., 390. The World in Us: Lesbian and Gay Poetry of the Next Wave, 257-66; biog., 369. Word of Mouth, 379-88. Bookseller from the United States of books in English. The owner of *Paths Untrodden bookshop, he died in 1996 of asthma, at the age of 53. He founded the company in 1980. (Information from *Ian Young.) Poet, philosopher and book collector from Greece who wrote in Greek; he later lived in Italy. Ca. 110 B.C.-ca. 35 B.C. Philodemus was born at Gadara in Greece and probably died at *Herculaneum where a library consisting of his writings and other works was found carbonized and preserved (about 1,000 scrolls exist) in the Villa dei Papryi (Villa of the Papyrus Scrolls). This is the only surviving ancient Roman library. The Villa dei Papryi, with its treasure of rediscovered statues, had much homoerotic statuary (the statues, which were excellently preserved, are now housed in the Archaeological Museum, Naples). The Getty Museum, at Malibu in the United States, is a copy of the Villa; the museum houses the Getty Collection of ancient Greek and Roman art, including homoerotic male statuary around the pool made from copies in the original villa. On the original villa see Maria Rita Wojcik, La villa dei papiri, 1986. It was previously thought of Philodemus that he was given the villa by L. Calpurnius Piso (see Philodemus's entry in the Oxford Classical Dictionary) but this is now doubted (Piso seems to have been his patron; on their relationship see Palatine Anthology xi 44). The exact owner of the Villa is unknown; it may have been Philodemus or Piso or another. Philoedmus's main activity was popularizing Greek philosophy in which he was an *epicurean. He taught at both Herculaneum and *Naples. Some twenty-five epigrams of Philodemus are preserved in the * Palatine Anthology. He has many poems in Book 5 of the Palatine Anthology, all heterosexual. Several of his surviving poems are homosexual (see Anthologies below). Text of poems: see Epigrammi scelti, edited by Marcello Gigante (Naples, 1988). His poems are alluded to and imitated by *Horace and *Ovid. His library is not only the only surviving Roman library but is also the first surviving library of a man who may have been bisexual. On his library see Marcello Gigante, Le bibliothèque de Philodeme et l'épicurisme romain, Paris, 1987; trans. into Italian as Filodemo in Italia, Florence, 1990, 141 pp.; translated into English as Philodemus in Italy: The Books from Herculaneum, 1999. His library is now being transferred to computer under the direction of Marcello Gigante in Naples at the Officina dei Papiri Ercolanese; the complete texts are being transcribed and the possibility exists that more poems of his and philosophical works by him may come to light when the texts are completely transferred. Some works have been published: see Dirk Obbink, On Piety (1996) and Richard Janko, Philodemus on Poems (Oxford, 2001). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 818-19 - noting his poems are "often indecent". Gay Poetry Anthologies. Palatine Anthology vi 246 (possibly by Argentius), vii 222, ix 412, 570, xi 318, xii 173. Reid, Eternal Flame, vol. 1, 67 (trans. of Palatine Anthology xii 173). Philosophers in Chinese, Greek, Arabic, Catalan, Hindi, Bengali, Latin, French, German, Japanese, Persian and Sanskrit from China and other countries date from ca. 500 B.C. The earliest relevant philosopher is the Chinese philosopher *Confucius (551-479 B.C.), followed by the Greek philosophers *Parmenides (515-450 B.C.) and *Plato (469-399 B.C.). Philosophy is an attempt to give a rationale on how to live life; inevitably the question of affection for other human beings ("love") arises in philosophy since human beings have to live together. Another issue is the issue of living a happy life. Much philosophy in relation to homosexuality has revolved around the question of defining love (e.g. *Plato, Jesus Christ, *Irving Singer). Poetry and philosophy have been intimately connected since *Plato and many poets have presented in their poems a philosophy of living (e.g., the poems of *Omar Khayyam). Latterly there has been an attempt to define a philosophy of homosexuality: see in English, for instance, *Michael Ruse. A significant number of philosophers - such as *Plato and *Wittgenstein - have been gay. See also *aesthetic of homosexuality. The boundary between philosophy and *religion is hard to define. Arabic. See *al-Ghazali, *1 bn Hazm, 'Philosophers - Arabic. Bengali. See *Ramakrishna. Catalan and Latin. See *Raymond Llull. Chinese. See *Confucius, *Wang Yang-ming, *Hsi K'ang. English. See *Francis Bacon, *Nenry More, *William Penn, *Bronson Alcott, *Ralph Waldo Emerson, John Stuart Mill (regarding *Liberalism), *William James, *Charles S. Pierce, *G. L Dickinson, *George Santayana, *William Baylebridge (pseud.), *Aleister Crowley, *Norman Douglas, *Harry Hooton, *Paul Goodman, *Irving Singer, *Michael Ruse, *Heart-Master Da Love-Ananda. French. See *Michel de Montaigne, *Voltaire, *Marquis de Sade, *Sartre, *Michel Foucault, *Guy Hocquenghem, *Didier Eribon. German. See *Schopenhauer, *Max Stirner, *Neitzsche, *Rudolf Steiner, 'Wittgenstein, *Sigmund Freud, *Carl Jung, *Gustav Wyneken, *Martin Heidegger. Greek. See *Plato, *Socrates, *Empedocles, *Aristotle, *Epicurus, Jesus Christ, *Lucian, *Plotinus. Hindi. See *Kabir, *Rajneesh. Italian. *Mario Mieli. Japanese. See *Yoshida Kenko, inagaki Taruho. Latin. See *Alan of Lille, *Cicero, *Aelred of Rievaulx, *Marsilio Ficino, *Giordano Bruno, *Saint Thomas Aquinas. Persian. See *'Attar. Russian. See *Vasili Rozanov. Sanskrit. *See Sankara. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality:see "Philosophy" (discussion of western philosophy only). Philosophers in Arabic survive from ca. 850. The first known relevant person is *Ahmad ibn Muhammad (active 850). *Al-Ghazali was the brother of the more renowned *Sufi *al-Ghazali who wrote a treatise on the *Beloved, Lover and Love. See also *al-Jahiz, *Ibn Sina. Through these philosophers the works of the Greek philosophers *Plato and Aristotle reached the Arabic speaking world and from there passed into Hebrew. Transmission reached Arabic through Syriac: see *Overview - Syriac. Some manuscripts of Plato in Arabic are apparently lost. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, volume 5, 122-23: al-Kindi (800-870). Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition: see "al-Farabi" (875-950); "Ibn Sina" (980-1037); "Ibn Rushd/ Averroes" (1126-1198; translated into Hebrew and Latin). Philosopher from Greece who wrote in Greek. 170-ca. 249. Philosopher of the second century who wrote a series of amatory letters to youths. For homoerotic letters see My Dear Boy: Gay Love Letters through the Centuries, 26-27. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary: see entry (1). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 15: verse trans. of "Epistle One" by *Percy Osborn. L'amour bleu, 41. Poet from Greece writing in Greek. 435 B.C.-380 B.C. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 825: see "Philoxenus (1)". Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 90 - poem "Das Gastmahl (Nun hat über unsere Hände...)" [no other details]. Criticism. Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 8 (1906), 659: called Philoxenos of Cythera. Date taken from Brandt. Phokylides, also spelt Phocylides Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. From Miletus. Only fragments survive. Active 544 to 541 B.C. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 826. Criticism. Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 8 (1906), 628. Pseudonym of 'Pierre Durand, a bibliographer in French from France; his achievement is discussed in this entry. Born ca. 1895. Under the name Pascal Pia, he compiled 'Les Livres de l'Enfer, 2 volumes, Paris, 1977-78, an annotated bibliography of the 'Enfer erotica collection in the 'Bibliothèque Nationale, listing 1,730 items. See ' Les Livres de l'Enfer for a detailed description. Under this name he wrote an afterword to a 1995 edition of 'F. K. Forberg. Pseudonym of a singer in French from France. 1915-1963. A French cabaret singer who lived a tragic life and was popular with homosexuals in France and abroad. Most of her songs were about her unhappy love affairs. Very well known amongst gays is "Non, je ne regrette rien" (No, I regret nothing): see "Je ne regrette rien" in Howes, Broadcasting It. Her name means "little sparrow". Compare Judy Garland. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music; includes bibliography. Poet, anthologist, publisher and novelist from the United States writing in English. Born 1944. Compiler of the fine anthology * A True Likeness: Lesbian and Gay Writing Today. His Deformity Lover and Other Poems, 1978, was a major volume of the *gay liberation period; it consists of fine poems which celebrate gay sexuality (third edition 1980). It was reviewed in Boston Gay Review no. 4-5, Fall 1978, 4. He has published six novels and one volume of poems and was the founder of the gay publisher *Sea Horse Press. He lives in New York and was a member of the Violet Quill group of writers, gay prose writers of New York. Interviews: Gay News no. 209, Supplement, and in No Apologies no. 5 (1985), 26 ff. His Men Who Loved Me, 1989 is subtitled "a memoir in the form of a novel" and is set in New York and Rome in the 1960s. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 3048 and 51: The Deformity Lover and Other Poems, New York: The Seahorse Press, 1978 and (as editor) A True Likeness. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Orgasms of Light, 180-84; biog., 259. A True Likeness, introduction ix-xxii; biog., 356. Gay Poetry, 7. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 370-72. Son of the Male Muse, 141-44; biog., 190. Not Love Alone, 106-10; biog., 143. Poets for Life, 195-98; biog., 239 - notes Ambidextrous, a volume of memoirs, is forthcoming. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 532; 466 biog. note. Badboy Book, 291-94; biog., 390. A Day for a Lay, 158-61. Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. Active 1907. See the poem of his "Un brutto fatto all'incisa: L'arresto di un assessore communale" dated Florence, 1907, reproduced in Babilonia, no. 9 (1983), 7. This appears to be about the arrest of a man for homosexuality and seems to be a *broadside. It is illustrated with an engraving of the police arresting the man. The poem does not mention homosexuality directly. Poet from Italy who wrote in Latin. 1405-1464. An Italian humanist who led a licentious life and wrote extensive poetry in Latin, he became the head of the *Catholic Church as Pope Pius II. As a writer he used the pseudonym Aeneas Silvius. His Latin prose satire De curialium miseriis is mainly based on Juvenal and was put into English by *Alexander Barclay in the first three of Certayne Egloges (1570): see the title page of Barclay's work. *Gilbert Highet, Juvenal the Satirist, 1960, footnote 11, pp. 320-21 notes the influence of Juvenal on him in this work - "he knew Juvenal very well indeed and obviously sympathised with him" (p. 320). Biography: see Oxford Dictionary of Popes, edited by J. N. D. Kelly, 1986, pp. 247-49. He fathered several illegitimate children before becoming a priest. His life was immortalized by the frescoes of Pinturrichio in the Piccolomini Library in the cathedral of Siena; these frescoes have considerable homosexual interest. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Dictionary of Italian Literature. Poet from the Philippines writing in Tagalog. Active 1993. Author of a gay book of poems: Ang Lune Na Mahirap Bunuin (Monday is hard to stab at), Quezon City: D M Alvarzez, 1993. He is in the anthology ' Ladlad. Critic from New Zealand writing in English. Active 1982. See Gay News no. 232 (1982), 31: about *Charles Brasch - a reading of the New Zealand poet's work in gay terms which states he was homosexual and lived with his lover, Harry Scott, in Christchurch after returning to New Zealand from Europe in 1947. Bobby Pickering also discusses the poem *sequences "The Estate" and the love sequence "In Your Presence". This is the first discussion of homosexuality in New Zealand English language poetry. Pico della Mirandola, Giovanni Poet from Italy who wrote in Latin. 1463-1494. A 'Renaissance 'humanist who wrote Oratio de hominis dignitate (Oration on human dignity; 1486) - see 'humanism. He was very learned and knew Arabic and Hebrew and was familiar with such philosophies as 'Neo Platonism. He is buried in a grave with 'Girolamo Benivieni with the 'epigram: "Ne disjunctus post mortem locus ossa separet/ quorum animos in vita conjunxit." ("May no loosening of this place after death separate the bones of those whose minds were joined in life.") The printed source of this epigram has not been located. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Penguin Companion to World Literature. Duroc, Homosexuels et lesbiennes illustrés, 335. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Criticism. Saslow, Ganymede in the Renaissance, 29: stating he wrote sonnets to Benivieni. Translator from Italian to English from the United States. Active 1975. Translator of the Italian poet *Sandro Penna into English. Author of Memory and Enthusiasm: Essays 1975-85, 1989, 258 pp. - essays on many poets with gay interest including *Whitman, *Keats and *Dante. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born ca. 1973. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gents, Bad Boys, and Barbarians, 167-71; biog., 166. Poet from Brazil writing in Portuguese. Born 1927. A *post modernist poet, author of several volumes. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poemas do amor maldito, 73; biog., 72. Editor from France of works in French. Active 1956 to 1970. His work Anthologie de la poesie érotique (see below) is cited by 'Edouard Roditi in his De l'homosexualité, Paris, 1962, p. 396 in his bibliography. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10922: Anthologie de la poésie érotique, Paris: Caractères, 1956. Pia, Les Livres de l'Enfer, vol. 2, column 1061 : La Poésie Erotique, Bordeaux: Delmas, 1970; lists contributors including 'Raymond Radiguet. Poet in English probably from Great Britain Born 1883. Possibly the real name of *A. Newman. Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. 528 B.C.-438 B.C. One of the few *lyric poets to survive from fifth century Athens in any quantity. His *odes, though composed for wealthy patrons to celebrate athletic victories, show considerable homoerotic interest in the athletes - as the gay critic *Sir Maurice Bowra shows in his reading (see his Pindar, Oxford, 1964, 169-71). His "First Olympian Ode" mentions the love of *Posedion for *Pelops. Only four of fourteen books of odes survive: called the Olympic, Pythian, Isthmian and Nemean odes. Other poetry was written and some survives. He wrote a famous poem to his lover *Theoxenus, who is said to have been by his side when he died; this survives only in *Athenaeus (xiii, 601). Pindar is an immensely difficult poet. Traditionally associated with *Thebes, his rival was *Simonides, the uncle of *Bacchylides. He was very popular from the *editio princeps in 1513, which was published by *Aldus Manutius and was especially popular in Latin translation (and particularly up to the end of the nineteenth century). A fashion for writing Pindaric *odes flourished in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries e.g., the English poets *Abraham Cowley, John Dryden, *Alexander Pope and *Thomas Gray wrote such odes: see Oxford Companion to English Literature under Pindar. Editions of the poet. *Henri Estienne's was the most popular early edition; C. G. Heynes's edition was very popular in the eighteenth century; John Sandys compiled another. See also John Milton. Translation. Pindar was first translated into Latin in 1528, becoming immensely popular in Latin from Estienne's edition in 1560. He was then translated into French in 1617, Italian in 1631 and English in 1691. Popularity has been continuous. Many translations of a separate ode or a few odes exist; these have generally not been listed here and for translation of individual odes see the National Union Catalog and British Library General Catalogue entries, which have both been consulted. Consult also old library catalogues. Catalogs and entries in the catalogs do not always give full translation details. Catalan: Joan Maragall (1929), Joan Triadu (1953). Croatian: Preveo Ton Smerdel (1952). Danish: M. Rosing (1862), T. Lange (1900). Dutch: Johannes van Leeuwen (1964). English: R. Fleming (1691; four odes only), E. B. Greene (1778), Rev. J. Bannister (1791), G. West, R. B. Greene, H. G. Pye (1810; repr.; editions usually include a dissertation on the Olympic games by Gilbert West), J. L. Girdlestone (1810?), A. Moore (1822-23; repr), P. E. Laurent (1824), C. A. Wheelwright (1830), H. F. Cary (1833), D. W. Turner (prose) (1852; repr.), F. A. Paley (1868), *E. Myers (1874; repr), T. C. Baring (1875), G. H. Moberly (1876), F. D. Morice (1876 - Olympian/Pythian odes), C. Mayne (1906 - Olympian odes), *J. E. Sandys (1915; repr.), A. S. Way (1922), C. J. Bilsson (1928), *C. M. Bowra (1928 - Pythian odes; 1969 - Complete odes, Penguin classics), L. R. Farnell (1930), A. M. Murisson (1933), *R. Lattimore (1947; repr.), G. S. Conway (1972 - Everyman's library). French: F. Marin (1617), Le Sieurde Lagausie (1626), L. F. de Sozzi (1754), M. Chabanon (1772 - Pythian Odes; 1787 - several odes), P. L. C. Gin (1801), A. Fresse-Montval (1854), E. Sommer (1869), M. Rathier (1910), A. Puech (Paris: Les belles lettres, 1922-23; repr.). German: F. Gedike (Olympian odes - 1777; Pythian Odes, 1779), F. H. Bithe (1808), F. Tiersch (1820; repr.), J. T. Mommsen (1846), U. F. L. Petri (Olympic odes - 1853), J. A. Hartung (1855), J. Minckwitz (1850 - Pythian odes), J. J. C. Donner (1860), C. F. Schnitzer (1860-66; repr.), J. Schwickert (1878), E. Boehmer (1891), Franz Dornseiff (1921), S. K. Radt (1958 - Isthmian odes). Greek. Modern: K. N. Konstantinides (1935), T. Voreas (1948-49). Italian: Adimari (Pisa, 1631), G. B. Gautier (Rome, 1762), Bellini (1818-20), A. Mezzanotte (Pisa, 1819; repr.), G. Borghi (1824; repr.), M. A. Marchi (1835), L. Mariani (1887 - Olympic odes), G. Fraccaroli (1893; repr.), *E. Romagnoli (1921; repr.). Latin: J. Lonicerus (Basil, 1528, 1560), *H. Estienne (1560; repr.), E. Schmidt (1616; repr.), J. Benedictus (1620; repr.), N. Sudorius (1697; repr.), J. B. Koppe (prose) (1773; repr.) - very popular. Russian: P. I. Golenishchev-Kutuzov (1803). Spanish: P. Pereyra (1798), Ignacio Montes de Oca (1883; repr.). Swedish: J. P. Janzon (1841), Trans, not known (1856) - see British Library General Catalogue. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 833-34: by *C. M. Bowra and referring to fragment 108 for the boy Aristagoras, whose brother was *Theoxenus. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 25-26. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 995-96; see also i, 497. Dictionnaire Gay. Gay Poetry Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 90: Carmina Pindari, Leipzig: Teubner, 1896. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10923-24: Odes and Fragments, Cambridge, MA: Loeb Classical Library, 1973 and The Odes of Pindar, Chicago: Phoenix Books, 1947, trans. Richmond Lattimore. Young, Male Homosexual in LIterature, second edition, item 3053: Odes and Fragments, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, Loeb Classical Library, 1973. Anthologies. *Forberg, Manual of Classical Erotology. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 26-27 (from *Athenaeus xiii 601). Ioläus (1902), 77-78. Men and Boys, 9: translator E. E. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 32-35: trans. *Sir John Sandys; "Pythian Ode 6", trans. *Richmond Lattimore. L'amour bleu, 20. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 55-56: trans. *J A Symonds. Les Amours masculines, 39. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 125; 115 biog. "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen", 19. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 38 - 39 (trans. J. A Symonds). Criticism. Symonds, A Problem in Greek Ethics, 26-27. Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 8 (1906), 652-57. Brandt, Sittengeschichte griechenlands, volume 2, 187-88. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 473-74. Buffiere, Eros adolescent, 261-66. Courouve, Ces petits grecs, 31: citing "Isthmian Ode 1" (beauty desiring a young man), Olympian Odes I, i (Pelops loved by Posedion), ii 43 (*Zeus and *Ganymede) and x (youth and beauty of a boy). Poet and critic from Cuba who wrote in Spanish. 1912-1979. A gay poet who was persecuted under the Castro regime in Cuba (source of information: see *Guillermo Cabrera Infante, Mea Cuba, 1994). He also wrote novels, plays and short stories and was an associate of José Lezama Lima. He lived in exile in Argentina, eventually returning to Cuba. His papers were sealed on his death and it was only in 1987 that unpublished material saw print. His stature outside Cuba has continued to grow. He was briefly incarcerated as a homosexual after the Cuban revolution in 1961. He was involved with the theater of he absurd. He wrote one of the first articles discussing *Emilio Ballagas in terms of his homosexuality. Text. See La vida entera (poems), Havana, 1969. Criticism: see Ana García Chichester, "Codifying Homosexuality as Grotesque: The Writings of Virgilio Pinera", in David William Foster, Bodies and Niases: Sexualities in Hispanic Cultures, 1966, pp. 294-315. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors vol.131. Oxford Companion to Spanish Literature. Encyclopedia of World Literature in the 20th-Century: Supplement. Foster, Latin American Writers on Gay and Lesbian Themes. Encyclopedia of Latin American Literature. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Criticism in homosexual terms. Woods, History of Gay Literature, 235-36. Concept and color in English poetry from Australia. From ca. 1933. Pink was associated with homosexuality from the German Nazi period (1933-45) onwards, when homosexuals were forced to wear pink triangles in concentration camps. The pink triangle has been adopted as a symbol since then by homosexuals, gays and latterly queers. Compare iavender. English: see *Tim McCann, *Paul Knobel, *Pink Ink. Pink Triangle Press was a Canadian Gay Liberation press (see *Body Politic ). Survey of law in English from the Netherlands. From 1985. This work is published in English in Amsterdam by the International Gay and Lesbian Association and is meant to be an annual survey of the legal situation for homosexuals world wide. The first edition was published in 1985 as Pink Book (no editor is listed). The Second ILGA Pink Book, 1988, 269 pp., is an expanded version. The Third Pink Book, edited by Aart Hendriks, Rob Tielman and others, was published in Buffalo, New York, in 1993. Each Pink Book is the most detailed country by country survey of the legal position of gays at the time of publishing, which legal situation significantly affects the writing of poetry. Pink Ink: An Anthology of Australian Lesbian and Gay Writers Anthology in English from Australia. Sydney: Wicked Women, 1991, 303 pages. A combined prose and poetry anthology, mostly prose. It includes women as well as men. The poetry is not especially distinguished and the printing and production are poor. The Introduction, surveying the period 1970 to 1990 (pp. 12-42), is by *Michael Hurley. Fourteen male gay poets are included: Javant Biarujia pp. 184-91, *Ian C. Birks pp. 107-09, *Buffy Bright pp. 242-43, *Steven Dawson pp. 203-11, *Mikol Furneaux p. 198, *Denis Gallagher pp. 194-95, *Chris Jones pp. 258-63, *Manfred Jurgensen pp. 66-68, *Karl Karlsen pp. 245-46, *Kerry Leves pp. 75-79, *Don Maynard pp. 120-24, *Kurt Josef Schranzer, pp. 171-72 *Paul van Reyk pp. 137-40 and *Xalid Abd-ul-Wahid pp. 146-47. There were about one hundred and fifty persons who submitted work; fifty-three were published. For the significance of the title see *pink. Review: Sydney Star Observer, 1 November 1991, 19. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Hurley, Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia; includes reviews. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1894 to 1927. Bibliographies. Murray, Catalogue of Selected Books, items 57-58: Galeazzo, a Venetian and other poems, Venice, 1886 and Adriatica, 1894. The*British Library General Catalogue reveals that Adriatica is a selection from Galeazzo; London: Gay and Bird, 1894; it also lists Venetian Poems (New Edition), London, 1927. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1962. Author of the *chapbook, Not Another Threesome, London: *Oscars Press, 1990 (with *D. I. Harrison and *Adam Johnson); see pp. 30-43; biog., 4. Born in Hertfordshire, he lives in London where he works in book publishing. Poet from Brazil writing in Portuguese. Born 1928. The author of several books. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poemas do amor maldito, 81; biog., 80. Poet from France who wrote in French. 1689-1773. A French dramatist and poet who was a lifetime enemy of *Voltaire. The author of licentious poems. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Les Amours masculines, 160-61. Bibliographies. Pia, Les Livres de l'Enfer, vol. 1, columns 925-27: three editions of the "Ode to Priapus"; vol. 2, columns 951-56: seven editions of Œeuvres badines (Sportive works) from the first known edition (Paris: Chez les Marchands de nouveautés, 1796) to one in 1882 with illustrations; columns 1066-67: Poésies diverses d'Alexis Piron with the imprint London: Williams Jackson, 1777 (and another printing with the date 1787). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, Volume 1, 412 - three gay poems; biog., 387: states his "Ode to *Priapus" caused Louis XV to veto his election to the French academy. Pour tout l'amour des hommes, 100. Criticism. Kearney, History of Erotic Literature, 62. Translator from French to English from France. Active 1925. His translation of the French poet *Verlaine's homosexual poems was titled * Hashish and Incense, [London?]: Paul Verlaine Society, printed for private circulation, ca. 1925 (with illustrations by Mahlon Blaine). Rare: a copy is in the *Private Case. This was the first English translation. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 223-26: translator of Verlaine into English. Pseudonym of a bibliographer from Great Britain in English. 1834-1900. Pseudonym of *Henry Spencer Ashbee, bibliographer in English from Great Britain, who is commonly referred to as Pisanus Fraxi. Active 1877. Pisanus in Latin means "inhabitant of Pisa" but *Gershon Legman suggests it has a *scatological reference in his introduction to Ashbee's bibliography (Ashbee, Bibliography of Prohibited Books, vol. 1, p. 42) and that it refers to urine. The Latin pronunciation of the first syllable is close to the English word "piss"; the last syllable "anus" means in English anus and there could be a wordplay on these two words. Fraxi may be a truncated form of the Latin fraxinus, meaning ash tree and in the genitive, which is used, it means "of the ash" thus alluding in a coded way to Ashbee. His real name was first revealed in volume 3, p. 93, of *Richard Burton's Tales from the Thousand and One Nights, "The Tale of the *Hashish Eater" (Burton Club reprint, 1885). Peter Fryer's discussion of the words in Forbidden Books of the Victorians, 1967, p. 12, states they were used by Ashbee in Notes and Queries from 1875 and suggests also that they mean in a coded way "bee of the ash"; this phrase "bee of the ash" has a sexual suggestion since bees pollinate plants. Bibliographies. Ashbee, Bibliography of Prohibited Books, volume 1, 42. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1994. Untitled and other poems, Portland, 1994; a self published *chapbook. See the poem "Five Gay Men". Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1931. A member of the Flamming Faggots in the founding year of gay liberation, 1969, he was an editor of Double-F: a magazine of effeminism and was the author with *Steven Dansky and John Knoebel of "The Effeminist Manifesto" (printed in Double-F no. 2, Winter/Spring 1973) and has published several books of poetry. The Effeminist Manifesto was reprinted in Jon Snograss, editor, A Book of Readings for Men Against Sexism, Albion, CA, 1977, pp. 116-20. Color Photos of the Atrocities contains homosexual *sonnets (see pp. 39-47). See also *effeminism. A noted poem of his at the time of its writing was entitled *"Flaming *Faggots". Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10925: Color Photos of the Atrocities, Boston: Little, Brown, 1973 [this is reviewed in Fag Rag no. 5, p. 18]. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 3061-62: same book plus The Contraband Poems, New York: Templar Press, no date (highly rated by Ian Young). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gay Poetry, 3. Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, 313-15 - "Surgery", a poem strongly defending gays; biog., 313. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 739-40. Poet from Brazil writing in Portuguese. Born ca. 1945. See Trevisan, Perverts in Paradise, pp. 108-09: he is stated, p. 108, to be a "truly exceptional" poet and a poem is translated into English on p. 109. *Surrealist influence. Books of poems: Paranoia (1963), Piazzas (1964, 1980) and Antologia Poética (Porto Alegre, 1985) (collects his earlier books as well as publishing recent poems). A fine openly gay writer who translated *Oscar Wilde's play Salomé and his Portrait of Dorian Gray into Portuguese. Information is available on the Internet. Historian and critic from Italy writing in Italian; translator from Persian to Italian. Active 1894. Author of Storia della poesia persiana, Turin, 1894, 2 volumes, the first history of Persian poetry in Italian and in a European language. Author of Poeti mistici persiani, 1891, on Persian *mystical poets. He also translated *Firdawsi (1886+) and *Sa'di (1917) from Persian into Italian. See his entry in the *British Library General Catalogue. Placzek, Siegfried His book Freundschaft und Sexualität (Friendship and Sexuality; 1919), was frequently reprinted and is notable for the presentation of his view of how difficult it is to distinguish between friendship and sexual love. He was also the author of Homosexualät und Recht, Leipzig: Thieme, 1925, and Erotik und Schaffen (Erotics and Creating), 1934. See also the article "Freundschaft und Sexualität", Zeitschrift fur Sexualwissenschaft, November 1915, 265-83. Compare *Hans Blüher. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 90. Anthology in Greek from Turkey. 1301. An anthology of ancient Greek poetry compiled by the monk *Planudes, some three hundred years after *Constantine Cephalas compiled the Palatine Anthology. It was first edited for book publication by Janus Lascaris and published in Florence in 1494. The manuscript is dated 1301 and is in *Venice in the Biblioteca Marciana. Until the manuscript of the * Palatine Anthology was published in 1754 (see *Friedrich Jacobs), this remained the standard anthology of ancient Greek *epigrams. Many of the poems in the work are *Hellenistic or *Roman and most of the poems are included in the Palatine Anthology. The 388 poems which are not included in the Palatine Anthology are normally printed as Book 16 of the Palatine Anthology in editions published after the Jacobs edition (1813-17); these 388 poems are called the Planudean Appendix - though, strictly speaking, the poems were not in the Palatine manuscript and are not part of the Palatine Anthology and therefore are not an appendix. There are a significant number of homosexual poems. The anthology was divided into seven books: Section I Declamatory and Descriptive Epigrams, II Satirical Epigrams, III Sepulchral Epigrams, IV Epigrams on monuments, statues etc., V Christodorus' description of the statues in the gymnasium of the Zeuxippus and a collection of Epigrams from the Hippodrome in Istanbul, VI Dedicatory Epigrams and VII Amatory Epigrams. All of these categories need to be examined in relation to homosexuality. There are some overt homosexual poems, although the poems of the homosexual Book 12 of the Palatine Anthology, the *Mousa Paidike, were not included. This raises the question of whether Planudes deliberately left them out or whether they were not in the manuscript of which the Planudean manuscript is a transcript. The Planudean Anthology was first translated into Latin in 1529. A complete translation into Latin was made by *Hugo de Groot, thus making the work more widely known amongst educated persons in Europe, alll of whom read Latin. *Henri Estienne's edition of the text (1566+) remained the standard edition for two hundred years. Homosexual poems in the manuscript. *Paul Brandt's analysis of the homopoems in the Palatine Anthology, for Books 1-15 of this work, does not distinguish between those in the Palatine Anthology which were included in the Planudean (on this issue see the *Harold Beckby edition of the Palatine Anthology which has an index on the Planudean poems corollating them with the poets of the Palatine Anthology). However Brandt analyzes those included in Book 16: for his list see the * Palatine Anthology entry under Book 16 (where he discusses some forty poems). Book 16 of the Palatine Anthology corresponds with Book IV of the Planudean Anthology. Criticism. Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 9 (1908), 281-86; but see also the whole article. Anthologist from Turkey of a work in Greek. Ca. 1250-ca. 1305. Planudes was a monk who compiled the *Planudean Anthology, an anthology of Greek poems which did not include the homosexual poems of the * Mousa Paidike of the * Palatine Anthology, but did contain some homopoems. The fact that the stock of poems of the Planudean Anthology and the Palatine Anthology is basically the same raises the issue as to whether Planudes removed homosexual poems from the manuscripts from which he assembled his own collection of poems. (He may possibly have been working with manuscript sources which did not include the poems of the *Mousa Paidike.) However, if he did perform an act of *censorship, he did not remove all the homosexual poems: for a list of some of these see the * Palatine Anthology entry (under Book 16). On the problem of the homosexual poems in the Planudean Anthology, see the entry for this work. Planudes also compiled an edition of *Theognis: see *Douglas Young. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium . Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1863-1929. He appears to have been heterosexual. His book of poems In the *Dorian Mode, 1896, is relevant only because of the title with its *eighteen nineties and *decadent undertones. He was a member of the Rhymers Club. See Collected Poems, edited by *Ian Fletcher, London, 1974 (with introduction by Fletcher). Platen-Hallermünde, August, Graf von Poet, diarist and letter writer from Germany who wrote in German. 1796-1835. Platen is the most important gay German poet before *Stefan George. He was both a *Romantic and a *classicist, active as a poet from 1821. He was influenced by the recently published * Palatine Anthology which revealed the ancient Greek homosexual poetry tradition, especially in Book Twelve. Important volumes of poems include Ghaselen (1821) and Neue Ghaselen (1823), inspired by *Hafiz and the * ghazal form, and Sonnette aus Venedig (*Sonnets from *Venice) (1825). Many *sonnets were addressed to lovers or hoped for lovers (e.g. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, p. 195: the sonnet "To Rotenham"; pp. 195-96: *sonnet "To Bulow"; pp. 196-97: two sonnets to Liebig; p. 194: love poem to Eduard Schmidtlein). In accordance with his classical background he also wrote *odes and poems in the *alcaic meter and a play about *Oedipus. His love life was extremely unhappy, including a catastrophic love for *Eduard Schmidtlein. After 1826, he lived in Italy or the last years of his life, including *Naples and *Florence, and died in Sicily. In Italy he wrote a history of *Naples from 1414 to 1443 (translated into Italian as Storia del reame di Napoli dal 1414-1443, Naples, 1864, 260 pp). There he also became friends with the fine Italian poet *Leopardi. His poetry clearly reveals his love for men: passionate love sonnets were addressed to *Cardenio and especially *Karl Theodor German, for instance. He was attacked by *Heinrich Heine (an attack later analysed by *Max Kaufmann) and his orientalizing satirized by *Karl Immermann. The publication of the full uncensored text of his diary from 1896 to 1900 revealed his homosexuality in detail. He learnt Persian to translate *Hafiz. For an account of his literary relationship with Goethe, who not only visited Italy, but also wrote homosexual poems there, see Rudolf Unger, Platen in seinem Verhältnis zu Goethe, Berlin, 1903. The fullest discussion of Platen's life and work in English is in *Xavier Mayne's The Intersexes (cited in Criticism at the end of this entry). The best and most up to date discussion in English is in Dictionary of Literary Biography (see Dictionaries below). See also Criticism in homosexual terms" below. Manuscripts. See the Dictionary of Literary Biography entry (cited below) p. 254 for sources in German 'libraries. Criticism. The Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, no. 1 (1899) 158-214 contains a long article by *Ludwig Frey, "Aus dem Seelenleben des Grafen Platen"; see also the continuation in Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, no. 6 (1904), part 2 , 257-447. *Xavier Mayne (pseud.) wrote the earliest appreciation in gay terms in English ca. 1911, and this is still brilliant, though it was little known until republication of The Intersexes. The German novelist and cultural critic, *Thomas Mann, wrote an essay on him in 1930; see Frank Busch's book August von Platen, Thomas Mann (1987) on the relationship of the two writers. In * Forum 11 (1991), 5-52, Werner Heck, "August von Platen: Tristan", is a study with gay reference of an individual work. *Hubert Fichte has written a brilliant gay critique and impassioned defence. The *British Library General Catalogue entry lists critical material to 1975. See further *Robert Aldrich. Bioaraphv: by Max Koch, 1910; by Rudolf Schlösser, 2 volumes, 1910-13. *Peter Bumm has written a very detailed work, the most up to date biography. Bibliography: see *Fritz Redenbacher (a brilliant work); see also the bibliography in the biography by Peter Bumm. Diarv. Die Tagebücher, 1896-1900, edited by G. von Laubmann and *Ludwig von Scheffler. Parts of the diary are written in English. French and Portuguese. Letters. Der Briefwechsel, 4 volumes, 1914-31, edited by Paul Bornstein; reprinted, Munich and Leipzig, 1973+, edited by Ludwig von Scheffler and Paul Bornstein. Translation. English: Selected Poems in The German Classics (1913), 'Reginald B. Cooke (1919, 1920 and 1923; he also found a few earlier translations which he lists), *Edwin Morgan (1978); French: Poésies lyriques, ca. 1845, 52 pp.; no author given; Italian: *Giosué Carducci (Bologna, 1880; repr. - selection), Giacomo Surra etc (Milan, 1897 - see entry * British Library General Catalogue; a selection), Gli Abbasidi trans. Carmelina Vittori (Lanciano, 1905), Emilio Weilich (Palermo, 1935); Swedish: Dikter i svensk, ca. 1925, 56 pp.; no author given. The * National Union Catalog and * British Library General Catalogue were checked. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature: states he had "a homosexual disposition". Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 580-83. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 999-1000. Dictionary of Literary Biography vol. 90: the best and most up to date introduction in English and probably in any languages; bibl. 253-54. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 44 (cites F. Braun, "Platen" in Das Platenarchiv II, 3,4, 1927), 90: cites his collected works for his poetry, ballads, eclogues, epigrams, banquet songs, idylls, songs, odes, romances and diary and especially the following editions - Gesammelte Werke (published by Bertelsmann [no date]), Gedichte. Gesammtausgabe, Berlin: Hendel, 1924, Sonnette an Freunde, Leipzig: Ruwohlt, 1910, Platens Tagebücher (Diary), Munich: Piper, 1905, Venezianische Sonette, Leipzig: Ruwohlt, 1910, Einzelne Betrachtungen über einige moralische Verhältnisse des Lebens. Für Junglinge, Berlin: Tieffenbach, 1921, Tristan, Munich: SesamPresse, 1923 and Tristan, Nach Zeichnungen und Druckangabe von Hermann Pfeiffer, Dioskuren-Ausgabe Nr. 3, Darmstadt: Hohmann, 1924: cross references to several critics. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10927-32: Gedichte, Berlin: Hendel, 1924, Gesammelte Werke, Gütersloe: Bertelsmann, (no date), Sonette an Freunde, Leipzig: Ruwohlt, 1911 and Boston: Badger, 1923, trans. by *Bancroft Cooke, The Sonnets of Karl August George Max Graf von Platen-Hallermünde, Boston: Badger, 1923, Tristan, Munich: Sesam-Presse, [no date], Venezianische Sonnette, Leipzig: Ruwohlt, 1910. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 3066-67: Platen: Selected Poems, West London: Castlelaw Press, 1978 and The Sonnets of K. A. G. M. Graf von Platen-Hallermünde, Boston: Badger, 1923. Herzer, Bibliographie zur Homosexualität, item 3014: cites a 1971 Freiburg dissertation by Ahmed Hammo on the significance of the orient in *Rückert and Platen, 188 pp. Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen, items 852-880: various editions of the poet's works including the five volume edition Stuttgart: J. G. Cotta, 1847, the four volume edition Stuttgart: J. G. Cotta, 1883, and the 12 volume edition Leipzig: Max Hesse, 1910, the Tagebücher (Diary), Leipzig: Piper, 1905 and Der Briefwechsel (Letters), Leipzig: Georg Müller, 1911, various later selections of poetry and reprintings of the Diary (in 1928 and 1990) and Memorandum meines Lebens (Autobiography), Frankfurt: Athenäum, 1988. Lists also a Selected Poems (1986) and the Diary in the Reclam series, a famous German paperback series. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 136-41. Ioläus (1902), 151-53: English trans. of two sonnets by *Edward Carpenter. Die Bedeutung der Freundesliebe, 22. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 194-98: trans. *R. B. Cooke. Les Amours masculines, 212-13: diary extracts. Andere Lieben, 173-77. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 213-16: excellent selection of poems trans. English; 193 (biog.). "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen", 82-86. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 43; poem "Venetian Sonnets: XII" trans. by Edwin Morgan. Criticism in homosexual terms. Raffalovich, Uranisme et unisexualité, 330 ff. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 1 (1899), 159-214: by *Ludwig Frey. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 6 (1904) 357-447. Mayne, The Intersexes, 301-02 and see Ch. xiii 563-620: biography and discussion, the longest and most detailed in English, apparently based on Frey's Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen articles. Hirschfeld, Die Homosexualität, 669. Eldorado, 95: called the most important 19th century German gay poet. Derks, Der Schande der heiligen Päderastie, 479-613: the most detailed recent German discussion. Philosopher and poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. Ca. 429 B.C.-ca. 347 B.C. Plato is the most famous Greek and European philosopher whose dialogue, The *Symposium (The Banquet), contains a famous discussion of homosexual love which became an exemplar to later gays (it was referred to, for instance, by *Oscar Wilde at his trial). It is the record, by Plato, of a series of dialogues at a banquet in Athens in which Plato's teacher *Socrates is the main speaker. The setting of the symposium is a homosexual one. Other dialogues of Plato deal with *friendship: The Phaedrus and The Lysis. Charmides, another dialogue, was used as the title of *Oscar Wilde's first book of poems. Plato in The Laws (i 8) changed his position on homosexuality, expressing negative sentiments. *Otto Kiefer has discussed Plato's position on homosexuality. In The Republic, Plato deals with the place of poets and may be seen to commence *literary theory. Plato may be said to have founded the philosophical school of idealism. Epigrams attributed to Plato may be doubtful (see Oxford Classical Dictionary, p. 392); if the love poems to men are genuine he wrote homosexual poems. A poem is addressed to Aster (Star); another is addressed to *Dion. *Marsilio Ficino is the person most responsible for Plato reaching a wide European audience from the *Renaissance onwards; he translated him into Latin, a much more accessible language in western Europe than classical Greek and wrote commentaries on his dialogues, including The Symposium. Plato's Dialogues constitute a biography of sorts of Socrates and he can be seen as the first known gay biographer. See *Macrobius regarding an alleged poem and *Gustav Wyneken for a modern disciple. Translation. Only major translations are included here. Plato is included in translation because of his major importance in giving the background to fifth century B.C. Athens, discussion of homosexual love and also because of the major importance of *Platonism; translation exists in printed form from 1518. Arabic: translations occurred in the middle ages but are apparently iost (this information is only included here because of the cross-cultural importance) - see 'Philosophers - Arabic. Catalan: Joan Crexella (1924). Danish: Carsten Hoeg and Hans Hennig (1953). English. The National Union Catalog reveals translations by Floyer Sydenham (1710-1787), H. Carey and G. Burges (1844-48), W. Whewell (1959-61), *Benjamin Jowett (1871), R. M. Lambe, H. N. Fowler and others (1913-30 - Loeb edition). The *Penguin Books edition of Plato's Dialogues, the most accessible edition, is by various translators. The most popular complete translation has been the Jowett translation. French: André Dacier (1699) - partial trans., excluding The Symposium and Phaedrus, V. Cousin (1822-40), A. Callet, L. A. Martin, J. A. Schwalbe (1845) A. Dacier and J. N. Grou and revised by E. E. Saisset and E. Chauvet (1861-82), M. Croiset (1920), E. Chambry (1936-46), L. Robin (1940+). German: Not known (1778-86), F. E. D Schleier-Macher (1804-09), F. Susemihl and others (1853-61 ; repr.). Italian: Domenico Nicolini, Venice (1601), Ruggiero Bonghi, Milan (1857), G. Modugno (ca.1925-28), F. Arci (1925-37), M. Valgimigli (1931-37), C. Giarratano and others (1945+). Latin: *Marsilio Ficino (1518+) - the most important translation from its time until translation into the vernacular European languages, S. Corrado (1781-87), i. Bekker (1823), Federicus Astius (pseud.) (1819-32). Russian: I. I. Sidorovskii and M. S. Pahhomov? (178085). Spanish: Trans, by various people (1927-30), J. D. Garcia Bacca (1944). The *National Union Catalog and the * British Library Catalog were consulted. Translation of the Symposium. Translations of *Plato's *Symposium within the complete works are listed above. The Symposium was first translated into Latin (1518) then Italian (1544) and French (1558). Danish: Hans Raeder (1907), M. C. Gertz (1928). English. Floyer Sydenham (1761-67), *P. B. Shelley (1840+) - in volume 1 of his essays, *Benjamin Jowett (ca. 1879), *Shane Leslie and Francis Birrell (1924+), Michael Joyce (1935), W. Hamilton - Penguin Books edition (1951; repr.). The Jowett translation has been widely read. Faroese: J. H. O. Djurhuus (1938). French: J. Dubellay (1558+), Madame de Rochechouart de Mortemart (1732), C. Foucault (1876), E. Feltesse (19..?), J. Meunier (1920+), Leon Robin (1929), C. Maurras (1933), P. Jaccotet (1951). German: G. Schulthess (1782), E. Zeller (1857), K. Prantl (1864), F. Schleiermacher (1877), A. Jung (1880), M. Oberbreyer (1894?), O. Linke (1901), R. Kassner (1903+), K. Hildebrandt (1912), O. Apelt (1923), C. Ritter (1931), E. Muller (1932), F. Boll (1944), F. Eckstein (1951), E. Salin (1952). Greek. Modern: N. Kountouriotis (1912), J. Sykutris (1934+). Hebrew: S. Tchernichovski (1946). Italian: trans. of*Ficino's Latin, trans. by H. Barbarasa da Terni (1544+), F. Acri (1919), G. Calogero (1928+). Latin: *Marsilio Ficino (1518) J. Cornarius (1548). Polish: W. Witwicki (1924). Portuguese: A. Ribeiro (1924). Serbo-Croat: V. Perinovic (1920). Spanish: R. Urbano (1923) J. D. Garcia Bacca (1944). The National Union Catalog was consulted; see the Plato entry in National Union Catalog, pp. 20714. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 839-42. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 44-45. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1000-02. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Dictionnaire Gay. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 90. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Garland of Meleager. Eros: Die Männerliebe der Griechen, 109-110. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 29-32. Ioläus (1902), 31, 4243, 72-73, 78-79 (poetry). Ioläus (1906), 187. Men and Boys, 10. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 57, 60-69. Orgasms of Light, 100: poem trans. *Winston Leyland. L'amour bleu, 24-27. Hidden Heritage, 11-28. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 56-57: poem trans. *Peter Jay. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 127: love poems ascribed to Plato written to Aster, Agathon, Alexis, Dion; biog., 115. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 21-22. Poems of Love and Liberation, 31, 36. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 25-36 (selections from his dialogues). Criticism. Symonds, A Problem in Greek Ethics, 8-10, 48-55 see 52, footnote 2. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, vol. 7. part 1 (1905), 107-27 by *Otto Kiefer. *Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 8 (1906), 635. Brandt, Sittengeschichte griechenlands, volume 2, 184. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 469: re poems. Histoire de l'amour grec, 124-40. Dover, Greek Homosexuality, 11-13. Courouve, Ces petits grecs, 31-32. Platonic Blow, The, also called A Gobble Poem and A Day for a Lay Poem from the United States written in English. It was written in 1948 but first published in 1965. A long erotic poem by *W. H. Auden. The various printings. In Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, pp. 654-58, there is printed a text of the poem and an important discussion dating the composition to 1948 on the advice of Auden's bibliographers. The note states the poem was first printed in journal form in Fuck You/A Magazine of the Arts, no. 5, 1965, by *Ed Sanders and later by him in book form. It lists several printings, stating Ed Sanders seems to have received his copy of the text from the poet *Tram Combs and that a manuscript copy in Auden's hand was sent to *Christopher Isherwood. (Sanders edition was seized by the New York police when they raided his Peace Eye bookstore.) Michael Perkins, The Secret Record: Modern Erotic Literature, New York, 1977, p. 146, states that '"the poem appeared in an underground literary magazine of the sixties called Fuck You/A magazine of the Arts" and Fuck You was published by Ed Sanders (ibid., pp. 146-47), ca. 1965. The genesis of the poem is given in *Humphrey Carpenter, W. H. Auden; A Biography, 1981, pp. 358-360, who states it was written in 1948 in a style modelled on *Charles Williams' poem Taliessin through Logres, and that the original title was The Platonic Blow (short for "blow job"). The poem (and possibly the title) satirizes *Platonism and *Platonic love, since the poem makes the point that love in its truest sense is physical. All other titles are the inventions of the publishers. *Charles Osborne, in W. H. Auden, 1979, pp. 283-84, also discusses the poem. Auden later admitted he wrote the poem: see W. H. Auden: a tribute, edited by *Stephen Spender, New York, 1975, p. 219 (in the article by Charles Rosen, "Public and Private"). The first book edition is described in Kearney, Private Case, item 155. It was "Designed & Published, Zapped and Ejaculated by two legendary Editors and Poets at a secret location in the Lower East Side, New York City, U.S.A" (on the page after title page) "both evil *Toe Queens, & cocksmen, scandalously freaking in the Lower East Side" (back page). It is stated to be published by Fuck You Press for "the World Gobble Grope Fellowship." There was "A Trade edition of 300 copies" and "A Rough Trade Edition of 5 numbered copies, each with beautiful slurp drawings by the artist Joe Brainard" as well as an edition of three copies "containing secret gobble relics from the body of W. H. Auden"; the editors quote *Kenneth Rexroth, "November, 1965": "Wystan told me he had learned more about writing poetry from writing The Platonic Blow than from anything he had ever written" (from the last page). These descriptions cleverly satirize eighteenth century title pages and limited edition conventions: see, for example, the *satires * College Wit Sharpen'd, *Love in the Suds. United States printings. Kearney, in Private Case, item 155, says that the two legendary poets were Ed Sanders and *Tuli Kupferberg. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10445 refers to United States printings in the journals Avante Garde 11 (March 1970) 46-47, Vector 7 (March 1971), 3, 18-19, and *Gay Sunshine 21 (Spring 1974), 11. The Guild Press edition titled The Platonic Blow, Washington, 1970, has erotic sexual photographic illustrations which were very daring for the time. British printings. A British printing in green wrappers (Kearney, Private Case, item 156) is called A Gobble Poem and bears the imprint and date London, Fuckbooks Unlimited, 1967; the item described in Kearney, Private Case, item 157, appears to be the same edition in *lilac wrappers (note: the lilac edition has the title printed in *green, both green and lilac being traditional gay colors: see *Design, *lavender.) That is: the first British printing was bound in two different colors. The text of A Gobble Poem is from The Platonic Blow. Australian printings. There was an Australian printing by Wendy Bacon under the title A Day For A Lay, in the short-lived journal Oink (ca. 1971), as part of an attempt to lessen Australia's Tierce *censorship laws. It was also published in Australia in a short-lived gay magazine, Male Maze, ca. 1972, 20-22 and in Gay (ca. 1979), 14-15 and Campaign no. 154 (January 1989), 30-31. The Oink Australian printing follows the United States 1970 Guild Press edition. Netherlands printing. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, p. 654, lists a Netherlands printing in the 'Amsterdam sex paper Suck: the first European sex-paper, no. 1 October 1969, 8. There may be other printings. This was the most important openly male homosexual poem published in the United States, Great Britain, Australia and the Netherlands at the time of its first publication. It describes a man having sex and finally performing *fellatio on another younger man, Bud, a twenty-four year old motor mechanic. Textual variations. In the British 1967 edition, the first stanza is stanza five in the United States 1965 printing; stanza 17, line 1 of the British edition has "monstrous" for "muscular" in the United States edition and in both editions stanza 11 has only three lines. A Guild Press, *Washington edition, 1970, with erotic photographs, 73 pages, follows the text of the British edition but has "muscular" in stanza seventeen and in stanza 11 has four lines; stanzas 5 and 6 are also run together in this edition and the edition exists in two printings, in the second of which the advertisements are blocked out. Guild Press was an underground press. There may be other textual variants in the above editions and an edition collating all known printings with Auden's manuscript, if in existence and located, is needed. The various editions are described fully in B. C. Bloomfield and Edward Mendelson, W. H. Auden: A Bibliography 1924-1969, Charlottesville, second edition 1972, pp. 366-68; they date the poem to 1948 stating, p. 366, it was written under the stylistic influence of *Charles Williams and no manuscript is known to exist. The poem was not reprinted in the 1976 edition of Auden's Collected Poems though it is entered in the British Library Catalogue under Auden. Check the * National Union Catalog (especially the microfiche supplements) and the *Research Libraries Information Network and *Online Computer Library Catalog for holdings in major United States libraries; gay *archives probably hold rare printings. This entry was compiled with the help of John Willis, *Gary Simes, *Burton Weiss and *Denis Gallagher and from copies and photostats in the author's possession. Translation. Dutch: see *Prinz Eisenherz catalgue 1991/2 p. 4 (no translator given; length, 29 pp.). Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, Volume 2, item 10445: calling the poem *A Day For A Lay (printings are listed above). Kearney, Private Case, items 155-57: describes the first printing (New York, 1965), in a white card envelop, and the first United Kingdom printing (London, 1967) with two different colored wrappers, one green and one lilac. Concept in Greek and *European language from ca. 350 B.C. Platonic love may mean sexual love (including homosexual sexual love); it may also mean non-sexual love, a distinction which goes back to *Plato's * Symposium where Plato's five speakers spoke of love as both something physical and as a *god (something nonphysical) - though always directed towards men. This ambiguity runs through all discussions of Platonic love. Because of the homosexual component in *Platonism, Platonic Love may also be a disguised way of referring to homosexuality. The fact that it could be used to refer to non-physical love was useful at a time when male homosexual relations were banned by the Christian church (and notably the *Catholic church). This has been the case until recently and still is in Catholicism; referring to Platonic love might enable a person to allude to homosexuality indirectly. Platonic love was a concept that was especially used in the *Renaissance where *scholars and poets who could read Latin (and sometimes Greek) knew about the homosexual background. English: see 'Cambridge Platonists, *Benjamin Jowett, *Shelley. German. Swedish: see Rolf Lagerborg, Den platoniska karleken (Platonic love) (Stockholm, 1915). German. Rolf Laberborg's work was trans. into German as Die platonische Liebe (Liepzig, 1926). The design on the cover of the German translation, which is of an *angel and youth having intercrural sex is uncompromisingly homosexual and is from a Greek vase painted by the Master with the Sprig; it is copied on the cover of the Pagan Press edition of *J. A. Symonds, A Problem in Greek Ethics; the vase is also illustrated in Raymond de Becker, The Other Face of Love, New York, p. 43 (this vase was destroyed in the Second World War). See also *Edward Westermarck and Constantin Ritter, Platonische Liebe, 1931. Italian. *Ficino and *G. Benvieni may have been the first to use the phrase "platonic love". See Hans Kelsen, L'amor platonico, 1985. Latin: see the thesis by Raabe, Dissertatio de poetica Platonicae philosophiae natura, Rotterdam 1866, 208 pp. (source *Herelle manuscript 3258). The Platonic Academy in *Florence was founded by *Lorenzo de' Medici to discuss philosophical issues. Translations of Plato are also relevant. *Socratic Love is also used interchangeably for Platonic Love in a homosexual sense. See also *Platonism. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature, 770. Ullstein Enzyklopädie der Sexualität. Platonism and Platonist philosophy Philosophy in Greek from Greece and later in other *European languages. From 350 B.C. Platonism strictly refers to the ideas of *Plato but is especially associated with a revival of Plato's ideas in the *Renaissance (following the publication of his works in book form with the invention of printing and sometimes called *Neoplatonism). Platonism at this time was also a veiled attack on the *Catholic Church. Translation of Plato into Latin was effected by *Marsilio Ficino making Plato's ideas available to learned European readers (but not those who could not read Latin); they were gradually translated into the European vernacular languages. Under Ficino the Platonic Academy was established at *Florence. He wrote a commentary on Plato's * Symposium, the famous dialogue on gay love, in 1469. Although this work specifically talks of love in physical terms, by perverse logic, and due to the influence of the Catholic church, *Platonic love came to mean spiritual or non-sexual love (although the concept always contained some ambiguity which can be traced to Plato himself: see the * Symposium entry and *Platonic love ). The anti-gay *laws of the time also have to be taken into account in discussing this concept at this time (including severe penalties for physical homosexuality); because of this homosexuality was best referred to in a veiled way. The Christian concept of love directed towards the non-corporeal *Jesus Christ (and God) which lay at the heart of *Christianity is also relevant; this concept undoubtedly shows the influence of Plato. In Italian, *Petrarch, a cleric, was influenced by this movement: love in his work is non-physical. *Dante's poetry shows that the roots of modern Neoplatonism go back to the middle ages; his Divine Comedy is built upon the idea of non-physical love. *Michelangelo is, however, the major poet of relevance in Italian. Such an approach to love also opens the way to *allegorical interpretation of poetic works. The revival of Plato's thought in the early Christian era is discussed under *Neoplatonism (see also *Plotinus). Because Platonism is associated with Plato, who was homosexual, the doctrine usually has homosexual connotations (as does Neoplatonism); or rather, homosexuality can not be ruled out when Platonism is being referred to. English. See Oxford Companion to English Literature entry "Plato". Ernst Cassirer, The Platonic Renaissance in England, 1953, discusses the *Cambridge Platonists. The idea of ultimate love being non-physical became a very powerful one in English literature even until the *Victorian period; see, for example, *Benjamin Jowett. Richard Jenkyns, The Victorians and Ancient Greece, 1980, pp. 227-63, discusses Plato and *Pater; see also *J. Berridge, John Betjeman, *Cambridge Platonists, *Abraham Cowley, *G. L. Dickinson, *Sir Edward Dyer, *Richard Jenkyns, *Henry More, *J. H. Newman, *Pater, *W. Penn, *F. Rolfe, *Shelley, *Edmund Spenser, *W. Pater, *G. Santayana, *Wallace Stevens. *W. H. Auden's poem *The Platonic Blow is a powerful mockery of Platonism. See also *Platonic love. Dutch. For the poet *P. C. Boutens, see A. Reichling, Het Platonisch denken bij P. C. Boutens, 1925. French: see *Alan of Lille (active 1165-85) and see Winthrop Wetherbee, Platonism and Poetry in the Twelfth Century: The literary influence of the School of Chartres, 1972. German. There is a strong Platonic streak in German philosophers (e.g., *Nietzsche) which has significantly influenced German culture. See also *Mysticism, idealism, *Transcendentalism and compare *Symbolism which displays strong Platonic elements. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica, Macropaedia vol. xiv, 539-45: an excellent discussion. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Translator from French to German. Active 1977. The translator of *Beau Petit Ami from French into German with *Michael Lim. No other details are known. Dramatist and poet from Italy who wrote in Latin. Ca. 240-184 B.C. A comic dramatist whose works were very popular. His plays were written largely in verse and 21 survive of over 130 known; they are based on Greek models, especially Menander (ca. 342-ca. 289 - whose works are lost except for fragments: see W. G. Arnott, Menander, two volumes, Cambridge, US; Loeb, 1979 and 1996). He was greatly influential on the European theater: in English, for instance, he influenced *Shakespeare. There are homosexual characters in his plays e.g., in Miles Gloriosus the main character is aggressively bisexual; Pseudolus features a Roman brothel; Captivi features a slave and master who exchange roles (see *SM). See Ludwig Gurlittt, Erotica Plautina, Munich: G. Müller, 1921: a collection of erotic scenes in Plautus. Compare *Petronius. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1002-03. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 91: re Ludwig Gurlitt. Courouve, Ces petits grecs, 32. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 167: from Pseudolus Act 3, lines 767 ff. re a *slave and The Persian Act 2, lines 282 ff., re bed boys; biog., 163. Places in China, Korea and Japan relating to poetry in Chinese, Korean and Japanese. They date from at least 1500. Pleasure quarters are the area of the theaters, *prostitution and sometimes ribald publishing in a major city or the capital of east Asian countries, usually just outside the Imperial Palace in China, Korea and Japan. They were areas specially set aside for erotic pleasures. The Chinese pleasure quarter set the model for Japan and Korea. Chinese. *Beijing, the capital, had a pleasure quarter before the Communist takeover. Nanjing (see the poet *Lu T'ieng-Ch'eng for a work connected with the pleasure quarters), Xian, Suchow and Shanghai had such areas. Shanghai was especially notorious before the Communist takeover in 1949. On Nanjing see Howard S. Levy, A Feast of Mist and Flowers: The Gay Quarters of Nanking at the end of the Ming, 1966; this discusses *prostitutes (to whom poems were addressed) and aesthetically minded scholars in Nanjing. Erotic books were published including homosexual ones with illustrations; woodblock illustrations from nanjing influenced the Japanese tradition of shunga or erotic woodblock prints. Japanese. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, p. 449: notes one hundred cities with brothel centers in 1679. The following cities had major pleasure quarters: *Edo (later *Tokyo - where the quarter was called the Yoshiwara), *Kyoto and Osaka (the second largest city in Japan where the area was called the Shinmachi). On homosexuality and the Yoshiwara see Stephen and Ethel Longstreet, Yoshiwara, 1970, pp. 95-100; this work states that the kabuki theater was a major locus of homosexuality and there were also homosexual brothels where young boys were trained to dance and sing (see p. 97) and by 1780 (p. 99) there were ten famous homosexual brothels in Tokyo with 250 prostitutes. See *Saikaku whose works originated here. *Oral poems and *songs about prostitutes and *actors are known. These areas still continue in Japan and in Taipei the capital of Taiwan. Korean. Soeul the capital of Korea has a similar area on the mainland Chinese model. Movement in French in France, active ca. 1547. A group of poets which consisted of *Pierre de Ronsard, Joachim du Bellay, *Baif, *Rémy Belleau and Pelletier. Attempting to revitalize French literature, they wrote in 1547 a Défense et illustration de la langue francaise attacking *mediaeval court poets and mediaeval Latin scholars and calling for a new poetic based on Renaissance models; they were especially influenced by *Petrarchism. The group wrote many *sonnets. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Handbook of Elizabethan and Stuart Literature (with bibl.). Poet and lover from Italy who wrote in Latin. 61-113. Pliny is most famous for his letters, which extensively depict Roman society, but he also published two books of poems in the manner of his protege *Martial. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 846-47. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 181 - re lovers and admitting he was one (Book vii 4); biog., 166 - notes a number of references to homosexuality in his letters in Letters iii 3, vii 27, ix 17. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1951. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gents, Bad Boys, and Barbarians, 173-77; biog., 172. A Day for a Lay, 210-220; biog., 210 - lives in *Los Angeles. Poet, critic and lover from South Africa writing in English; he later lived in Great Britain. 1903-1973. One of the finest English language poets writing in rhyme (as distinct from free verse) of his time. He published ten volumes of poems and edited the satirical journal Voorslag (1924-26) with *Roy Campbell when in South Africa. *Peter Alexander has written a fine biography of the poet. Almost all poems were published in his Collected Poems, London, 1960 (information from his biographer Peter Alexander). A Collected Poems was also published in 1973 apparently just after his death. He destroyed all unpublished overt homosexual poems before he died, not wishing to be known as a homosexual poet; he also destroyed all homosexual letters from friends (Peter F. Alexander to the author, 15 March 1990). For gay poems see "Vagabond Love" pp. 23, "The Russian Lover" pp. 25-26, "Greek Love" pp. 54-55, "To the Greek Poet C. P. Cavafy" p. 57 and "Dedication" p. 58 In The Fivefold Screen (1932); see "Archaic Apollo", "Another Country", "Visiting the Caves" and "Tattooed" in Visiting the Caves (1936). In Collected Poems, 1973, where the poems are arranged in groups (not by book), see *"Ludwig the Second" (pp. 200-201), *"Ganymede" (p. 210), *"Angel *Satyr" (pp. 212-14), "Casual Encounter" (pp. 259-60) - this latter poem is extremely explicit. His Collected Poems, 1973, do not include the gay poem "The Russian Lover". Text. The poet censored the texts e.g., in "At Lake Chuzenji", Collected Poems, 1973, p. 50, the word "joys" (end of line 16) was originally "boys"; this is referred to in a letter possibly to *J. R. Ackerley or a biography of Ackerley or a biography of *W. H. Auden (source not traced). Peter Alexander stated in 1993, Plomer would have expected this reading among his friends and he also sent homosexual poems to friends in letters and sent poems with cryptic homosexual meanings (see *hermetic readings); if this is the case all his poems need to be examined in this light (in "Phillhelene", dated Athens 1930, in Collected Poems, 1960, pp. 63-65, for instance, the "she" could easily be a "he"). The fact that male homosexual acts were illegal for most of Plomer's life in Great Britain needs to be taken into account (see *Law - English). In Collected Poems, 1960, see "Another Country" p. 67; note that the "Note" at the beginning states that the texts have been revised. A re-edited Collected Poems is needed to correct these deficiencies. As a critic, see, in Electric Delights, 1978, *"C P Cavafy", pp. 151-54 (dated 1951 and mentioning Cavafy's homosexual love affairs p. 152); *"F. T. Prince" pp. 155-57; he states, p.156, "In a sense all Mr Prince's poems are love poems" and these poems "are concerned with the love of the unattainable or with an unattainable love" (1954 review of Soldiers Bathing). Autobiographies. Three were written: Double Lives, 1943, At Home, 1958, and The Autobiography of William Plomer, 1975. No mention of his homosexuality exists in any of these books. Manuscripts. His manuscripts and books were left to *Rupert Hart-Davis and are at Durham University. Biography: see *Peter F. Alexander, William Plomer, Oxford and New York, 1989; includes a bibliography of Plomer's work. Charles Erdmann was his close companion for thirty years from 1944 (the two lived together). James Kirkup states Plomer and *J. R. Ackerley "had been lovers at one time" (A Poet Could Not But Be Gay, 1991, p. 120). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Literary Biography, volumes 20 and 162. Contemporary Authors New Revision Series, volume 34. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10933: Collected Poems, London: Cape, 1960. Young, Male Homosexual in LIterature, second edition, items 3070-71: Celebrations, London: Cape, 1972 and Collected Poems, London: Cape, 1960. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 386: poem "Archaic *Apollo" (from Visiting the Caves, 1936). Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 317-19: "The Playboy of the Demi-world: 1938" and *"Ganymede". Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 161: "Ganymede". Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 48-49. Philosopher from Egypt who wrote in Greek. 205-ca. 270. Commonly regarded as the founder of *Neoplatonism (a movement which probably has connections with *Indian philosophy), he was responsible for *Plato's influence surviving into the Christian era. He studied in *Alexandria where he had an eleven year long pupil/teacher relationship with Ammonius and later he moved to Rome. There is no record of his marrying. His ideas can be summed up as being concerned with the mystical union with the Good. His major work was The Enneads. There is a considerable *mystical dimension to his thought, which may derive from Indian sources (see *Indian philosophies - influence). He influenced *Sufi writers and Hebrew philosophers such as Maimonides. Translation. His ideas were introduced into later European thought by John Scotus Eriugena, also called Erigena, (810-ca. 77) who translated him into Latin and who was influenced by him in his own work of theology, De divisione naturae. Later, in the *Renaissance, *Marsilio Ficino translated him into Latin (first published ca. 1492). His biography was written by his pupil Porphyry. Text and English trans: Enneads, Cambridge, MA: Loeb, 1966. English: Enneads, trans. S. MacKenna, New York, 1957 (first published 1917). A. H. Armstrong (1966 - Loeb edition). French: M. N. Bouillet (1857-61), Abbe Alta (1924-26), Emile Brehier (1924-38); German: D. J. G. V. Engelhardt (1820), H. F. Muller (1878-80); *0. Kiefer (1905); Italian: Vincenzo Cilento (1947-49); Latin: Ficino's translation was continuously reprinted; Polish: Adam Krokiewicz (1959); Spanish: J. M . Q. (1930). The *British Library General Catalogue was checked. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 847-48. Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion, vol. 9, 368-69: "Plotinus" (excellent introduction; with bibl.). Encyclopedia Britannica . Collection in English from Canada. Toronto: Coach House Press, 1995, 160 pages. Edited by *Lynn Crosbie and *Michael Holmes. It consists of United States and Canadian poets (see entries): Jeffrey Conway, *Sky Gilbert, *Courtnay McFarlane, *David Trinidad, *R. M. Vaughan. Review: James White Review vol. 13 no. 4, Fall 1996, 20-21, by Walter Holland. Not seen. Philosopher, biographer and poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. Born before 50-died 120. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 848-50. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 496: states he wrote a life of *Solon; 1004-05: "Plutarch". Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 57-61 (poem p. 60). Iolaus (1902), 22-25, 26-28, 61-63. Die Bedeutung der Freundesliebe, 18 (poem). Men and Boys, 6. Criticism. See Foucault, The Care of the Self: The History of Sexuality, volume 3, 1986, 193-210, "Plutarch": a discussion of Plutarch's Dialogue on love (Erotikos) in his Moralia - part of the *Debate on Love in Greek - in which the alternative is "between boys on the one hand and *marriage on the other" (p.195). Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1989. See Peters, Hunting the Snark: A Compendium of New Poetic Terminology, p. 184: re his fine poem "San Francisco Ward: for Bill MacNeil, painter, *San Francisco" in his book of poems Forever Wider: Poems New and Selected 1954-1984, 1985 (pp. 19-21). This poem is also printed in James White Review vol. 10 no. 1, p. 9. Charles Plymell is a heterosexual *beat poet and friend of *Allen Ginsberg: see Robert Peters introduction to Forever Wider. Poet from China who wrote in Chinese. 772-846. One of the most popular *T'ang poets, he wrote some 2,800 poems. *Allen Ginsberg wrote a sequence "Reading Bai Juyi in China in 1984" (see White Shroud, pp. 63-68; homosexuality is implied in section iii p. 65). His name is spelt Po Chu-i in *Wade Giles and Bai Juyi in *Pinyin. Letters in poetry were written to Yuan Zhen: see My Dear Boy: Gay Love Letters through the Centuries, pp. 29-32. Translation. English: by *Arthur Waley - see One Hundred and Seventy Chinese Poems, new edition 1962, pp. 83-129; *Rewi Alley, Bai Juyi: 200 Selected Poems (Beijing, 1983). See also James Wright. German: Allen Ginsberg's Reading Bai Juyi has been trans. into German (trans. not known). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature: "Po Chu-i". Criticism. Hinsch, Passions of the Cut Sleeve, 80-83: re poems to male friends showing strong bonding (including with *Yuan Zhen). Po Hsing-chien, also spelt Bo Xingjian Poet from China who wrote in Chinese. 775-825. A *T'ang poet, he was the younger brother of *Bo Juyi. He is the author of the earliest surviving Chinese manuscript referring to homosexuality, a work which was found at *Dunhuang: "Ta-le fu" (Prose poem on the greatest pleasure). This contains the *peach sharing trope and was translated into Dutch as "Het hoogste genot" in Cahiers van De Lantaarn no. 19, Leiden, 1983. His name is spelt Po Hsing-chien in *Wade Giles and Bo Xingjian in *Pinyin. The poem is the earliest literary description of the homosexual life in China (see Journal of Homosexuality, vol.14 no. 3/4 [1987], 2728) and attests to the continuity of the homosexual tradition in the T'ang. It makes use of the ideas of *Yang and Yin. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature: "Po Hsing-chien". Criticism. Van Gulik, Sexual Life in Ancient China, 203-08: detailed discussion of Ta-lo-fu in part in Latin. Hinsch, Passions of the Cut Sleeve, 83-86. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1992. See James White Review, vol. 10 no. 1 (Fall 1992), 20 - biog. note; in same journal, p. 16, see the fine poem "*Queer Bashed". His chapbook Yes: Irises is available from Singular Free Press. Pobratim, also called blood brotherhood Concept and trope in Serbo-Croat, Montengrin, Ukrainian from Croatia, Serbia and Montenegro and Ukraine; similar concepts occur in Albanian, Greek and Chinese. From ca. 1500 or before. Pobratim is blood brotherhood, usually in the Balkans involving a ceremony of exchanging blood. It is a motif which appears in *oral epics and poems in Serbo-Croat, Montengrin, Ukrainian. Dinko Tomasic, in Personality and Culture in Eastern European Politics, New York, 1948, p. 79, remarks "Pobratimstvo... may take on some homosexual aspects". Compare *Marxism. Albanian: see Johann Hayn, *Oral poems - Albanian. Greek: a similar concept occurs (veins are cut and joined, chests are cut and joined and sometimes blood is put in a cup and the blood of two men joined). See *Klephtic ballads where it sometimes occurs. Chinese. A similar custom occurs in China; see *Witter Bynner, Journey with Genius: Recollections and Reflections Concerning *D. H. Lawrence, London: Peter Nevill, 1951, p. 281 where it is dated from ca. 1500. This custom recalls similar customs involving scarification in Australia and Africa among tribal peoples. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1809-1849. A poet who lived in desperate poverty and had an unhappy life. His poetry is morbid - as in the famous poem "The Raven" - and his relations with women were very unsatisfactory. He was also an alcoholic. He has been particularly popular with the French. See the article in French in * Arcadie no. 213 by Serge Talbot, L'homosexualité latente d'Edgar Poe (The latent homosexuality of Poe), pp. 374-81. The possiblity of latent or repressed homosexuality in Poe's complex character cannot be ruled out; in the Dictionary of American Biography it is noted p. 26 that some biographers have thought him sexually impotent and this might be the case (however, he may have been sexually impotent only with women and not necessarily with men). The concept of the * femme fatale occurs in Poe, who famously said "The most poetic subject is the death of a woman". Poe was a precursor of *symbolism and was greatly taken up by French poets of the nineteenth century. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of American Biography. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Poem from Ethiopia in Ethiopic. Before 1896. See Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics entry "Ethiopian poetry" p. 387 where the poem is translated into English (reference to the trope of *Sodom and Gomorrah). The poem is in the literary language Ge'ez. Work relating to bibliography in English from the United States. 1992. A CD ROM which indexes the first line and title of poems in English. It indexes over 250,000 poems from anthologioes, single author collection and literary periodicals. It includes translations from Greek and *Roman poets, traditional English and American poetry and other foreign language poetry. Published in the United States in 1992. A check revealed a few items not recorded in this encyclopedia: see *Neruda, *Barry Southam, *Sodom. It can be checked for any word in a poem: compare * English Poetry Full Text. Now available on the internet. Poem in Spanish from Spain. Ca. 1140. The earliest long poem in Castilian Spanish. In this feudal poem consider the strong *male bonding between the hero El Cid and the men around him. It dates from ca. 1140. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Spanish Literature: see "Cid, poema". Anthology from Brazil in Portuguese. Brasilia: Coordenada Editora de Brasilia, 1969, 134 pages. There is a bibliography of the poetry books from which poems came pp. 133-34. Edited by *Gasparino Damata (pseud.) and *Walmir Ayala both of whom also edited a prose anthology, Historias do Amor Perdito, Rio de Janeiro, 1967. Almost all poets are from the twentieth century, with many from the earlier part. The anthology has a *decadent taste and poems are "inspired by or connected with homosexual love" (*Trevisan, Perverts in Paradise, p. 108). According to *Irwin Stern (see his article cited in his entry) it consists of poems of the 1940s and 1950s. The anthology, which was published at the beginning of the *gay liberation period when gay liberation was only just beginning to make its presence felt, would have been quite different if published a few years later. Contributors (see entries): José Augusto do Amaral, Carlos Drummond de Andrade, Mário de Andrade, Augusto de Carvalho Rodrigues dos Anjos, Walmir Ayala, Herminio Bello de Carvalho, Sosigenes Marinho Costa, Antonio Arruda Dantas, Mario Faustino, Francisco Badaro Bittencourt Filho, Junqueira Freire, Luiz Carlos Lacerda de Freitas, Ebe Guarino, Van Jaffa (pseud.), Marcos Konder Reis, Jorge de Lima, Cecilia Meireles, Orley Mesquita, Vinicius de Moraes, Cassiano Nunes, Felipe Daudt de Oliveira, Julio José de Oliveira, Hilton Alberto Papini, Decio Pignatari, José Alcides Pinto, Edson Regis, Marcos Konder Reis, Augusto Federico Schmidt, Deolindo Tavares. Anthology in Spanish and Catalan from Spain. Barcelona: Institut Lambda, 44 pages; dated 1978 in the Prologue. It consists of alternate Spanish and Catalan poets and a poem is printed first in the poet's native language then translated on the following page into the other language. Thus the anthology is bilingual. There is no anthologist listed. The title page features a drawing of *Aubrey Beardsley. Contributors with the poet's language following their name (see entries): Innaki Arrate (Spanish), Jaume Creus (Catalan), Marc Garcipons (Spanish), Guillem de Lara (Catalan), Eugenio Madrigal (Spanish), Andrea Marti (Catalan), Jaume Noguera (Catalan), Quimo (pseud.) (Catalan), Victor Serpis (Spanish), Joan Soldevila (Catalan). The anthology was briefly examined in *Barcelona and a photostat of the contents page supplied. It is a *gay liberation anthology of contemporary poets. The poets appear to be all contemporary poets; none is listed in Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Poems from Bolivia, Peru and Chile written in Aymara. From ca. 1960? Aymara is an *Indian language spoken in the Andes in Bolivia, Peru and Columbia, which is related to Quechua (see *Poems - Quechua). The language is still spoken and one third of the population of Bolivia speak the language (those living on the Titicaca plateau). On eroticism in the Andes see Andes Chirinos, Eros Andino (Cuzco, 1996); the erotic culture of these peoples was not puritanical. Though not confirmed, oral poems with homosexual reference cannot be ruled out. The language is recorded in written form from the seventeenth century. The Aymara speaking peoples were conquered by the Incas. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Latin American Literature: see "Aymara Literature" (includes bibliography). Poems in Basque from Spain from before 1990. In the Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, p. 1006, *S. W. Foster in the article "Poetry", states poems are known but does not state who wrote them or when. The social background is given in Ed Jackson and *Stan Persky, Flaunting It: A Decade of Journalism from the Body Politic, Vancouver, 1982, pp. 248-58, in the article "Out In Basque Country". Poems in Friulian from Italy. Before 1990. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, p. 1008, states homosexual poems in Friulian are known. Friulian is a variety of Romansch, spoken in the northern and northeastern sections of Venetia, the area north of Venice (as far as the Yugoslav border to the east and to the Austrian border to the north); the main town is Undine and the language is close to Italian (some consider it a dialect of Italian). The language is heavily influenced by the Venetian dialect of Italian. Pietro Zorutti (1792-1867) is a notable early poet (sexuality not known; see entry in Enciclopedia italiana). *Domenico Naldini and *Pasolini wrote in the language. Poems from the Desert: Verses by Members of the Eighth Army Collection in English from Great Britain. Published in 1944. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 3075: published London: Harrop, 1944, 45 pp. Slight reference only: see "Midday Swim - Mersa Matrah", pp. 38-29 re a naked youth *bathing by *P. W. R. Russell (Lieutenant); homoerotic suggestions. Poem from Lithuania in Lithuanian. Before 1990. In Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, p. 1006, *S. W. Foster states homosexual poems exist but does not state what they are or who wrote them. Anthology in English from the United States. New York: North American Man/ Boy Love Association (NAMBLA), 1996, 68 pages. Edited by *David Miller. This is a serious survey of *boy love poems with fine illustrations; Preface p. 9 by David Miller, and Contents pp. 5-8. The title comes from a poem by *Harold Norse, "The Singing Gallery", p. 65, which is based on the sculpture by Lucia della Robbia in the Cathedral Museum, Florence (reproduced opposite the title page). There are other illustrations. Choice of poems appears to be excellent judging by the poets included. Poets (see entries): Abu Nuwas, Adaios, Karl Ahlers, Hervey Allen, Anonymous poets - Greek, W. H. Auden, Paul Blackburn, Callimachus, Edward Carpenter, S. T. Coleridge, Alfred Douglas, Drinking Song, Linda Frankel, Goethe, Paul Goodman, Hakim Bey (pseud.), Jan Hanlo, Philip Hutchinson, Edmund John, Judah Halevi, D. H. Lawrence, T. E. Lawrence, Richard Lovelace, Martial, Meleager, David Miller, Tatsuji Miyoshi, Eugenio Montale, Harold Norse, Wilfred Owen, Pasolini, Robert L. Peters, Plato, Ruan Ji, S. G., Samuel Ha-Nagid, Shakespeare, David Emerson Smith, Song from Fukushima, Statyllius Flaccus, Lytton Strachey, Straton, Montague Summers, Walt Whitman, Ian Young. Not sighted; poets have been listed from the contents pages supplied by *Canadian Lesbian and Gay Archives. As can be seen the poems cover western and eastern cultures. Poems in Quechua from Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, Chile and Argentina. Before 1600? Quechua is spoken by the Indians of the Andes and was spoken by the Incas. It is more properly a family of South American Indian languages. An erotic poem exists in a book translated into English. It is possible gay erotic poems exist or may have existed. On eroticism in the Andes see Andes Chirinos, Eros Andino (Cuzco, 1996) and Artidoro Caceres Velasquez, La Sexualidad en El Peru Pre-Columbino (Lima, 1990), 154 pp., the latter is not a satisfactory reference work. The language is still spoken and is related to Aymara (see *Poems - Aymara). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Latin American Literature: see "Quechua Literature"; with bibl. Anthology in Spanish from Argentina. Buenos *Aires. Before 2000. A *broadside which apparently contains the work of a number of poets. Edited by Oscar López. Source of information: Gay Poetry Anthology Index (on the internet). Not seen. A poet is anyone who writes or composes *oral or written poems or songs in verse (see *meter, *poetry). Known early poets of relevance include King David in Hebrew (who reputedly lived 1000 B.C.) and Homer in Greek (reputedly alive 700 B.C.) The word comes from the Greek word "to make". See also *Poetry. Oral poems predate written works and the person who eventually records the poem may not be known, though this is not always so (see *Manas epic and *Homer). In ancient Greek the term poet includes dramatists (as it does in English in the *Elizabethan period). The first known homosexual poet to whom definite dates can be ascribed is the Greek poet *Theognis (544 B.C.). Major gay poets and those whose works express gay life in various countries and under various conditions and whose oeuvres have survived in significant quantity (see iost works) include, in Greek *Theognis, *Anacreon, *Meleager, *Straton, *Cavafy, *Dinos Christianopoulos (pseud.) in Latin *Virgil, *Juvenal, *Martial, *Catullus and *Beccadelli; in English. *Richard Barnfield, *Shakespeare, *Tennyson, *Walt Whitman, *Oscar Wilde, *Alfred Douglas, *Aleister Crowley, *A. E. Housman, *W. H. Auden, *Noel Coward, *Allen Ginsberg, *Frank O'Hara, *Ian Young, *Harold Norse, *E. A. Lacey, *Dennis Cooper, *Gavid Dillard, *Tom Meyer, Jonathan Williams, *Charles Ortleb, John Gill, James S. Holmes, *Thomas Glave, *Thom Gunn, James Kirkup, ivorTreby, *David Herkt, *David Malouf; in French *Rimbaud and *Verlaine; in Italian 'Michelangelo, *Sandro Penna and *Mario Stefani; in Portuguese *Antonio Botto, *Fernando Pessoa, *Robert Piva; in Spanish. *Ernesto Banuelos Enriquez, *Luis Antonio de Villena, Jorge Luis Borges; in German *Platen, *Stefan George, *Detlev Meyer; in Swedish *Nils Hallbeck; in Russian *Mikhail Kuzmin, *Gennady Trifonov, *Valery Pereleshin (pseud.); in Arabic *Abu Nuwas, ibn Sa'id al-Maghrebi, ibn Kuzman, *al-Tifashi, *Abu Tammam, *al-Tha'alabi, *al-Nawadji, ibn Sana al-Mulk; in Hebrew *Medieval Hebrew poets; in Persian *Omar Khayyam, *Hafiz, *Rumi, *Sa'di and the poets of *Sufism (e. g. *Kirmani); in Turkish *Mehmed Ghazali, *Mesihi, *Nedim, *Fazyl Bey and other *Ottoman poets; in Urdu *Abru and *Mir Taqi Mir; in Chinese *Li Bai and *Tu Fu and, in Japanese. *Basho, *Takahashi Mutsuo. The poets in this list cover all five continents of the world. The greatest gay poets usually elaborated a gay *aesthetic in their works, allied to a social role (e.g. *Whitman, *Ginsberg). Poets who wrote many poems remain *Anonymous while poets who wrote many *epic poems (such as the * Mahabharata) remain unknown. Homoeroticism pervades many *long poems such as the Shahnama of *Firdawsi. See also for homoeroticism, entries relating to *friendship (especially in Chinese and languages influenced by *Confucianism). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics; the article on poets is in three sections - "Person and Maker", "Seer and Maker" and "Social Role". Concept relating to an official position in Great Britain and the United States for a poet writing in English. From 1616. This is a special position in the Royal Court where a poet is appointed for a lifetime and has to write poems on important events (though this duty is no longer enforced). He receives a small stipend fixed at 100 British pounds since 1692. *Tennyson is one of the most famous poets laureate. For others see *Ben Jonson (usually credited with being the first person to hold the position), *William Davenant, John Dryden, *Robert Southey, *Robert Bridges, John Betjeman, *C. Day-Lewis and *Ted Hughes. See also *Swinburne. N. Russel, Poets by Appointment, 1986, discusses poet laureates to 1986. The United States now appoints a Poet Laureate who is headquartered in the Library of Congress. The full title from 1986 is Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry. This position was formerly titled from 1935 to 1986 Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress. The position is a yearly appointment from October to May and he or she receives a salary of $35,000 and must give an annual lecture and reading. The appointment is made by the Librarian of Congress. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics. Collection in English from Australia. Published in 1971. An annual anthology of poems published by Philip *Roberts on his Island Press. Publication of *Robert Adamson's poem "Action would kill it/a gamble" in this work was the publication of the first openly gay poem in Australia. The poem was reprinted as the first poem in *Ian Young's anthology * The Male Muse, 1973, the first English language *gay liberation anthology. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 3076: Sydney: Island Press, 1971. Poetic Friends Nosegay: An Anthology of Gay Quaker Poetry, The Anthology in English from the United States. New York: Tower Press, 1978, 56 pages. A selection of *Quaker gay poetry compiled by *Steven Kirkman and John Murphy. Calligraphy by Harry Persinger, floral illustrations by Michael Sullivan; book design by Steven Kerman. The anthology is in several sections: Growing, Searching, Finding and Sharing, Quaking, Our children, Trust and Being. Contributors: Jude Brandt, Robert Charles, Frank Flanders-Morrison, Frank Grant, Erica Hathaway, Shel Horowitz, David John, Jeff Keith, *Steven Kirkman, Kent Larrabee, Rene Mazon, David Murphy, Harry Persinger, Michael Sullivan, Henry Weitzer, William Wynkoop. Rare: a copy is in *New York Public Library. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2135: New York: Tower Press, 1978. Criticism in Greek, English, French, German, Chinese and other languages from Greece, the United States, France, Germany and other countries. It dates in *European languages from the Greek philosopher *Plato from before his death in 347 B.C. (he discusses the place of poets in The Republic). All works of literature presuppose a theoretical framework: for instance, in Chinese. *Shih-ching which dates from ca. 479 B.C. set models for poetry. As well as referring to the role of a literary person and what constitutes a literary work - that is, what is literature (and specifically what is *poetry) - literary theory refers to the conceptualization behind the critical appreciation of a literary work, that is, the way readers react to literary works and, following from this, their reception history after production, in German rezeptionsgeschichte. The relationship of work to its social and historial context is crucial: for instance *Marxism has shaped literary works in a particular way and *social constructionism has claimed that social forces alone create homosexuals. 'Philosophers such as the German speaking gay 'Wittgenstein have had things to contribute to literary theory and *the French writer Michel Foucault has had a big influence on recent gay culture; he was one of the founders of *deconstructionism. The German critic *Hubert Fichte has been a major gay literary theorist. *Queer theory is a recent development. The 1995 article in Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage, cited below, is the first article on this subject in relation to gay literature. See also *aesthetic of homosexuality, *Critics (for various languages), *Semiotics and Structuralism. In English René Wellek and Austin Warren Theory of Literarure (1949) is a basic study of literature; the same author's eight voume History of Modern Criticism (1955-1992) discusses European criticism from 1750 to 1950. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics: see "Theory" and "Poetics"; the latter article is divided into two sections "Western" and "Eastern" but oral and written would be more apt. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage (1995): overview of gay and lesbian criticism in the modern period. The New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics defines poetry as "a text in verse" which is the definition followed here. Material exists from the first *epic poem*Gilgmesh from possibly ca. 2,150 B.C. and the ancient Egyptian spell "Go forth plant thyself on him" (before ca. 2175 B.C.). Most theories take into account that poetry is "a fabricated thing, not found in nature" and that some form of regular rhythm is involved (rhyme is also a component in much poetry except in *free verse - which dates from *Whitman). Of the about 6,000 *languages of the world still in use, the majority are still *oral languages in which the poetry is not recorded. Homosexual short poems survive in Egyptian from ca. 2,175 B.C.: see *"Go forth plant thyself". *Epics of relevance survive from the Sumerian version of Gilgamesh (fragments date from ca. 2,150 B.C.). The full number of poetic genres (types of poems - e.g., *sonnets, *ghazels, *epics) is not known: see "Poetic Genres, Modes and Forms" at the end of Princeton Handbook of Poetic Terms for a discussion of poetic genres. T. V. F. Brogan, Verseform: A Comparative Bibliography, 1989 is the most detailed bibliography on its subject to date. *Roman Jakobson maintained that language was innately poetical and hence all language is poetry; this theory rests on the basis of human breathing forcing people into an innate rhythmical pattern and poets such as *William Carlos Williams and *Charles Olson had similar theories. The Greek gay poetry Constantine Cavafy agreed with Jacobson - see Robert Liddell, Cavafy, London, 1974, 207: "You'll say: "What about the verse?" But doesn't that exist in our conversation? What is most of our talk but verse, and Iambic verse?" (quoted in "Fragments of Table Talk"). A discussion of poetry occurs in Mortimer Adler, editer, Great Books of the Western World, Volume 2: The Synopticon: II Chicago, 1990), "Poetry", pp. 318-334; this discussion only deals with European works. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Princeton Handbook of Poetic Terms. New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics. See also entries "Poetry, theories of" and entries for "Verse" in these works. Howes, Broadcasting It. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage: see "Poetry, Gay Male". Other. Adler, The Great Ideas, volume 2, 283-98. Collection in English from Australia published in 1923. The title page of this collection of poems by various authors features an engraving by Norman Lindsay of a *devil like man (with two horns on his head) holding a pretty, naked man by the hand with his right hand and holding a naked woman with his left. The artist was famous for depicting mannish women, including *lesbianism. Poets in the issue include *Kenneth Slessor (including *"Pan at Lane Cove") and *Hugh McCrae both with a large selection of poems. The work was published by The Vision Press, Sydney. There is no editor but it has a preface by Norman Lindsay. On the Lindsay family see Joanna Mendelssohn, Letters and Liars (Sydney, 1996); see *Martin Boyd regarding a homosexual affair of Robert Lindsay and Martin Boyd discussed in Letters and Liars. Anthology in English from Great Britain. Peterborough: Poetry Now, 1995, 82 pages. Compiled by Kerrie Pateman. It is not known if this work has been published. There is no copy in the *British Library. Compare * Absolutely Queer(the two are the same work). Poets for Life: Seventy-Six Poets Respond to Aids Anthology in English from the United States. New York: Crown Publishers, 1989, 244 pages. The second *Aids anthology (*Love and Death was the first). The editor is *Michael Klein; preface by Paul Elmer Moore, Bishop of New York, pp. 1-2; Foreword by Joseph Papp (with a poem) pp. 3-5; essay "Rewriting the *Elegy" by *Carol Muske pp. 6-10; Introduction by Michael Klein pp. 11-16; biog. notes pp. 232-40. It consists of poems by gay and heterosexual poets (over three hundred were contacted). Since Aids is not exclusively a gay disease, the work does not qualify as a gay anthology (though most cases of Aids in the United States, at the time, were stated to be homosexual); so there is a large gay presence among the poets included. In many cases it is not possible to tell if the poem is about a gay person. Several noted lesbian poets contribute (e.g., *Adrienne Rich). Most poems are quietly despairing. There are many Tine poems e.g., by *Thom Gunn, James Merrill, *Paul Monette. Following are a list of contributors, some thirty three poets being here listed. Only those poets who were found prior to the anthology to have written gay poems or have written openly gay poems in the anthology are asterisked (*). Those asterisked have entries in this Encyclopedia. David Craig Austin, Wendy Baker, Robin Behn, Marvin Bell, *David Bergman, Michael Blumenthal, Philip Booth, *Walta Borawski, Olga Broumas, Michael Burkard, Michael Cadnum, Kevin Jeffery Clarke, *Henri Cole, Robert Cording, *Alfred Corn, *Robert Creeley, William Dickey, Deborah Digges, *Melvin Dixon, *Tim Dlugos, *Mark Doty, Carol Ebbecke, Eve Ensler, *Edward Field, Gary Fincke, *Allen Ginsberg, *Brad Gooch, *David Groff, *Thom Gunn, *Marilyn Hacker, *Rachel Hadas, Joseph Hansen, *Richard Harteis, *Christopher Hewitt, *Daryl Hine, Edward Hirsch, Walter Holland, Lynda Hull, Greg Johnson, June Jordan, *Arnie Kantrowitz, X. J. Kennedy, *Michael Klein, *Wayne Koestenbaum, Steve Kowit, *Michael Lassell, Philis Levin, Robert Louthan, *Paul Mariah, Richard McCann, *J. D. McClatchy, Heather McHugh, James Merrill, *Paul Monette, *Honor Moore, *Carol Muske, Eileen Myles, Frankie Paino, Molly Peacock, *Felice Picano, Stanley Plumly, James Purdy, *J. M. Regan, *Adrienne Rich, Mark Rudman, Stephen Sandy, *Ron Schreiber, Maureen Seaton, Charlie Smith, William Jay Smith, Laurel Speer, *Elizabeth Sullam, *David Trinidad, Jean Valentine, Chester Weinerman, Miller Williams. Review: Lambda Rising Book Review vol. 1 no. 11 p. 10 by *Robert Peters - states only a "a mere dozen are worth reading" and Thom Gunn's "In Time of Plague" is "possibly the best poem in the anthology". There is a review in James White Review vol. 6 no. 4 (Summer 1989), 15, by *George Klawitter. Pogey-Castries, L. R. de (pseud.) Pseudonym of an historian from France who wrote in French. Pseudonym of *Georges Herelle. 1848-1934. The first part of the pseudonym "Pogey", refers to Pougy-sur-Aube where he was born (see Lucien Morel-Payne, Georges Herelle, Troyes, 1929, p. 3); the second word is an anagram for the French word "Tricasse" (meaning both Trojan and inhabitant of Troyes, the city in France in which Hérelle lived in later life). Information from the Bibliothèque de Troyes where his papers are held. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1944. See Schuyler, Diary, p. 312: stated to be a poet and botanist and states he is the lover of *Douglas Crase and the two "appear in the poem [by Schuyler] 'Dining Out with Doug and Frank'". No other information has been found on this poet who is not in Contemporary Authors. Poliziano, Angelo, also called Politian Poet from Italy who wrote in Latin and Greek. 1454-1494. He wrote love poetry in Greek and Latin but not in Italian and poems are addressed to lovers Chrysocumus ("golden locks") and *Corydon. He was accused of harbouring homosexual tastes by the poet *Andrea Dazzi. He was a follower of *humanism and his Greek and Latin poems are *epigrams. His pastoral drama in Italian La favola di Orfeo (The fable of Orpheus; 1480) treats the theme of the homosexual love of *Orpheus; it has been translated into English by Louis Lord (1931) and Frederick May, as La favola di Orfeo, Sydney, ca.1960—the translator (1921-76) was Professor of Italian at the University of Sydney, though by some former students to be gay. (The copy in the University of Sydney library, the only known copy in a public library, is misplaced). Poliziano was noted for his 'misogyny. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 236-37. Duroc, Homosexuels et lesbiennes illustrés, 340-41. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1021-22. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Anthology. L'amour bleu, 88. L'amicizia amorosa, 75-77. Les Amours masculines, 71-72. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 137: English trans. by 'Stephen Coote of a Latin poem (he is incorrectly named Andrea Poliziano). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 219: from Orfeo (i.e. 'Orpheus), Act 5. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 307-310: trans. from Greek 'epigrams 308-09 and then Orfeo. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 136-39; poems (trans. James J. Wilhelm) and extract from La favola di Orfeo (trans. Elizabeth Basset Wells). Pour tout l'amour des hommes, 45-46: from Orfeo trans. Henri Longnon, 1982, 304. Criticism. Hirschfeld, Die Homosexualität, 669. Pollitt, Herbert Charles Jerome Lover from Great Britain relating to English. 1871-1942. The lover of *Aleister Crowley who famously exposed their relationship, involving *anal sex, in an *acrostic. He had transvestitic tendencies and called himself Diane de Rougy. He was a friend of *Beardsley who designed a *bookplate for him. See Smith, Love in Earnest, p. 96. Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. Active before 270 B.C. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 855. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10934: *Musa Puerilis, London: Heinemann, 1918, Book 12, poem 91. Palatine Anthology xii 91. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 49. Criticism. Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 9 (1908), 274. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1991. A *black poet whose dance company has toured widely. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 105-6 - "Elegy for a Schoolmate" (about making love with a former schoolmate); biog., 181. Poet from the United States writing in English. 1926-1999. He published three books 1961-68, and was an artist, curator and writer on art and, from 1979, associate director of Forum Gallery, New York, where he lectured on Modern Painting at the New York School of Interior Design. Stills and Movies (1961) has a note by *Thom Gunn. A very handsome man in photographs in his books. Books consulted: *Library of Congress. On the poet see *Edward Field, "Remembering Ralph Pomeroy, 1926-1999", in The Gay & Lesbian Review, vol. 7 no. 3 (Summer 2000), 12-15; he recalls their friendship and the change in him from being a handsome man in New York to a leather guy in *San Francisco. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Male Muse, 89-93 - see especially "Gay Love and the Movies"; biog., 123. Fra mann til mann, 78-79. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 342-45; see "The *Leather Bar" (fine poem). Drobci stekla v ustih, 96-97; biog., 181. Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, 315-16; biog., 315. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 732-33. Pompeii was a famous resort city near *Naples in Italy where Latin was spoken. It was buried by a volcanic eruption in 79 A.D. An important variant *manuscript of *Martial was discovered in the ruins: see *Kenneth Hopkins. Pompeii was excavated from the mid eighteenth century and many wall paintings and sculptures depicting male homosexuality were uncovered; these are in the Naples National Museum and show the context in which Roman poetry was composed. Not all the city has been excavated. A Latin gay *graffiti poem has been discovered. As a city of pleasure there were *bath houses. See also *satyr, *Herculaneum (a nearby city buried in the same earthquake). Poet from France who wrote in French. 1848-1937. Author of a huge oeuvre of verse. Not in Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Les Amours masculines, 253-55: poem "Le Monome"; biog. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 424 - trans. English ('bathhouse trope); biog., 388. Pour tout l'amour des hommes, 150-51. Editor of works in Greek and translator from Greek to Italian from Italy; critic in Italian. Active 1946 to 1981. Editor of the 'Anthologia Palatina, 4 volumes, 2nd edition, Turin: Einaudi, ca. 1978 - 81. This is apparently a complete Italian translation of the 'Palatine Anthology and includes illustrations (heterosexual). He translated 'Cavafy: Constantino Kavafis: Poesie, Milan, 1961, and Constantino Kavafis: Poesie nascoste, Milan, 1974. He has also written two critical studies of Cavafy: Metrica di Cavafis, Palermo, 1946, and Motivi Classici e Bizantini negli Inediti di Cavafis, Venice, 197Q. Poet from Italy who wrote in Latin. 1426-1503. A friend of *Beccadelli, he also wrote in Italian and his writings are almost entirely heterosexual. Despite this, the poem in Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, indicates he was *bisexual. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 290. Songs and singers in English from the United States, Great Britain and Australia and other countries and in Portuguese from Brazil. From ca. 1960. The Encyclopedia of Gay and Lesbian Recordings, compiled by Jay McClaren, 1989, Volume 1 (of 3), A-F, Amsterdam, 1989, is the basic reference. This is a detailed and exhaustive coverage of the subject. Published by the author. Pop songs with gay resonance date from ca. 1960. Elvis Presley, the United States singer, early appealed to gays (from ca. 1960). English. Australia: see *Peter Allen. Great Britain - see *Tom Robinson - possibly the earliest singer of an openly gay pop song, *Mick Jagger. The Village People were a group which catered to gay audiences from 1978 with their hit YMCA (see their entry in Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History). *Elton John is the best known openly gay pop singer from Great Britai. Portuguese. See Caetano Veloso. Pop songs are sung in many other languages - German, French, Italian, Spanish, Russian and Chinese - and there may be relevant poems in these languages. There has been an increasing movement by pop singers in various parts of the world and various languages who are gay to come out and to sing songs celebrating homosexuality (e.g., Tom Robinson). The entry *Popular music and songs deals with some of these languages. Phil Hardy, The Faber Companion to 20th-Century Popular Music, 1990, provides references. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1688-1744. A British poet more famous for his translation of The Iliad in his lifetime than his poetry. The portrait of *Sporus, the man whom the *Roman emperor Nero castrated and married, in The Epistle to Dr Arbuthnot, 1735 (lines 305-334), is based on the homosexual *Lord Hervey; the satire on *Addison in the same poem, lines 193-214, is based on strong feelings which may have a homosexual basis. These works reveal very tortured feelings about homosexuality. With *Dryden and *Congreve, Pope translated *Ovid's Metamorphoses and Ars Amatoria. Pope was a hunchback and a Roman *Catholic in a Protestant society and a very bitter human being. His sexuality is very problematical - the possibility of asexuality cannot be ruled out. His sexuality has been little discussed; it is possible he had a low sexual drive or else may have merely masturbated for sexual outlet. See Eighteenth Century Life, vol. 9 (1985), 134: he seems to have fallen for *Lord Hervey and then later satirized him. Biography. The latest major biography is Maynard Mack, Alexander Pope, 1985; it contains an inadequate discussion of Pope's sexuality, though perhaps because it is not possible to ascertain this. See also *Charles Churchill. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 425-47: no evidence presented as to his alleged homosexuality. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 37. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 19-20: translation of *Achilles speech from Homer's Iliad. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 51-52 - an extract from Pope's translation of *Homer's * Iliad which makes the relationship of Achilles and Patroclus very homoamative; 86-87 (a poem adapted from an imitation of the Latin poet *Horace's Odes iv 1). Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 181: portrait of Sporus from Epistle to Dr. Arbuthnot. Criticism. Mayne, The Intersexes, 356. Editor, critic and collector from Germany writing in German. Born 1935. Author of Mannerliebe: homosexualitat und Literatur, Stuttgart, 1992: a series of excellent short 1-2 page essays on gay German poets (e.g., *Detlev Meyer) and other gay poets as *Cavafy, *Verlaine, *Genet and *Wilde and various other gay writers (review: Literatussi no. 12, December 1992, 10-11). He is a Professor of German Literature at the University of Siegen. He has also written books on *Hans Henny Jahnn who is one of his main literary interests. The main editor of the journal *Forum; see his long article on *pornography in no. 7 (1989), 71-96, "Ist das Pornographie?" (bibl., p. 96). He is one of the editors of *Lexikon homosexuelle belletristik and edited, with Maria Kalvam, Homosexualitaten-literarisch, Essen, 1991, papers on the 1987 *Amsterdam gay conference, including papers by *Robert Aldrich, *Marita-Kielson Lauritz and *Robert K. Martin . In Forum no. 1 (1987), 4-20, see "Homosexualität und Literatur". Biography: Forum no. 7 (1989), 137. See also *Hubert Fichte. The library of gay books assembled by him and Wolfgang Grunow is listed in Uwe Meyer, editor, * Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen, Siegen, 1995, 177 pages. This lists 2,105 books and has Personal Name and Subject indexes at the end. It is in six sections: Gay Male Literature pp. 13-89, Lesbian Literature pp. 89-100, Anthologies pp. 101-04, Literary Criticism pp. 105-30, General criticism and varia pp. 131-52 and Works of assistance (this includes bookshop catalogs) pp. 153-58. The publishing details of books are given but there are no annotations apart from noting signed editions; for instance, it is not noted whether works are poetry or prose. The work covers mainly German eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth century works. Though the work is not a bibliography, in the absence of the second volume of *Manfred Herzer's bibliography covering literature, it provides bibliographical coverage for German literature for the last three centuries. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Critic in German from Germany. 1869 - 1915. The 'British LIbrary General Catalogue entry reveals him as a critic and writer on architectural design. Not in Oxford Companion to German Literature. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 91: '"Grillparzers inferno" in Neue deutsche Rundschau, October 19QS (apparently a critical article). Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 1Q9S5: same citation. Poem in Mayan from Gautemala. The surviving version dates from 1703. The Popul Vuh is the Quiche Mayan book of creation. The English translation by Denis Tedlock, New York, 1985, has an excellent Introduction, detailed notes and biblography (pp. 373-80). Quiche, the town from which the manuscript comes, is in Guatemala. Mayan is a family of American Indian languages and over twenty languages are spoken in southern Mexico, Guatemale and Belize. Quiche Mayan is the most widely spoken language. The work is a * prosimetrum consisting of poems and prose. Compare the * Books of Chilam Balam, also in Mayan. In Miguel Leon-Portilla, Pre-Columbian Literatures of Mexico, 1969 (trans. from Spanish), on p. 30, the author notes that, in the Popul Vuh, the original foundation of the world is attributed to a supreme dual *androgynous principle, Our Mother-Our Father; see also the Denis Tedlock translation, New York, 1985, p. 72. Richard Trexler, Sex and Conquest, 1995 has some references to homosexuality (see the index). For the Mayan text see the note in English translations below. See also *Songs - Mayan. Translations. There is a discussion of translations in Delia Goetz's English version pp. 49-61. English Delia Goetz (1951 - from the Spanish translation of Adrian Recinos), DenisTedlock (1985). Spanish: translated by Francesco Ximenez, ca. 1703, who made the only Mayan copy; this translation was first published in Vienna, 1857 (facsimile of the Mayan text with his Spanish translation, Guatamala, 1973); Adrian Recinos (Mexico City, 1947). French: Abbe Brasseur de Bourbourg (1861); Georges Raynaud (1925). German: Noah Elieser Pohrilles (Leipzig, 1913). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Brittanica: "Mayan languages" and "Mayan religion". New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics, 44-45; with bibl. Popular songs referring to male homosexuality date from ca. 1350. See Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, pp. 857-62: "Popular Music" - this article traces songs from Italian in Florence in the fourteenth century and in French from the eighteenth century (songs about the homosexual composer Lully). However this tradition goes back to ancient Greek and Latin - see *Songs - Latin, - Greek. English. Great Britain. British songs date from *"The Horrible and Woeful Destruction of Sodom", 1570. Music hall songs have been inadequately examined (e.g., see *"Let's all be fairies"). See *Noel Coward for light theater songs. The sale of popular songs in printed form grew greatly in the later Victorian period: many contain homosexual suggestiveness - see the Encyclopedia of Homosexuality article cited above. United States: see *Lorenz Hart, *Cole Porter. There is a large tradition of musical dramas with homosexual suggestiveness in the songs which has not been investigated. In the folk song tradition before the twentieth century, little of *bawdry song has survived; for the United States, see *Vance Randolph. German. Material survives from ca. 1900 (see *Songs - German). French. See Pour tout l'amour des hommes, 334-54, for a comprehensive survey. Vietnamese. Many popular songs refer to male homosexuality and poems from the 1970s refer to closed relationships between soldiers. Source: oral sources in Vietnam, 1995. For the contemporary period in pop music and rock and roll (from ca. 1957) see The Encyclopedia of Lesbian and Gay Recordings, edited by Jay McClaren, Amsterdam, volume 1, 1989; there is an enormous volume of such works - see *Peter Allen as an example. The entry *Pop songs deals with this in more detail. Compare *Classical music songs. Anthologies. Pour tout l'amour des hommes, 334-54: discussion with quotations of homosexuality in European songs from the ancient world. Critic and historian from France writing in French. Active 1927. Author of L'amour qui n'ose pas dire son nom (The love which does not dare to speak its name), Paris: Bernard Grasset, 1927 - a history and criticism of homosexual literature, whose title comes from a poem by *Alfred Douglas. Chapter 3 is on poetry (*Shakespeare, *Sadi, *Verlaine, *Rimbaud and there is a poem by an unknown author p. 37), Chapter 11 is on *Whitman and Chapter 12 on *Wilde. Rare. Copy sighted: National Library of Vietnam, Hanoi. Pornography and pornographic poetry Pornography is sexually very explicit writing, frequently banned; the term *erotica is now more generally used. Poetry exists in Latin from Italy and other languages from 150 B.C. Recently in the United State and Europe, attention has been turned to works advocating violence in sexual relations as constituting hard core "pornography" as distinct from non violent erotica which is seen as being non threatening. Most pornography in *European languages has been prose but there is a long tradition of poetry in Arabic from *Abu Nuwas (active 800). Surviving material dates from the Latin work The Priapeia (from 150 B.C.) The tradition in homosexual poetry dates back to the *Romans and derives from secret *oral traditions about sexuality (see * Priapeia entry). What is pornography to one generation is not to another; the British author *D. H Lawrence, whose erotic novels and poems suffered censorship, once wrote "What is pornography but the laughter of genius" (in his 1929 essay Pornography and Obscenity). *Censorship has been responsible for many works being destroyed (see *lost works); see also * Index (regarding the *Catholic church's index of forbidden books, including erotic homosexual poetry). *Publishers and *bibliography entries are also relevant. Greek. Latin: see *Aldus Manutius for the beginnings of mechanically published works (ca. 1495 - publication of *Theognis), *Lisieux. French. The Paris-based publisher *Lisieux (active from 1882) was one of the most important nineteenth-century publishers. The *Enfer is a special collection in the *Bibliothèque Nationale, *Paris. The French attitude has been more relaxed toward erotica than the British, allowing for a tradition of genuine erotic writing which saw the first modern gay erotic poets with *Rimbaud and *Verlaine. See Henry L. Marchand, The French Pornographers, New York, 1965. English. The tradition dates from printings of'Rochester's poems (ca.1689); these poems were reprinted several times in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. See also the printer *Edmund Curll (see *Poems of Anacreon and Sappho, 1713). The Victorian journal *The Pearl contained material then deemed pornography. *H. S. Ashbee was the great early bibliographer and *Montgomery Hyde has written a history. *William Dugdale and *Carrington were other printers. The British Library's *Private Case holds restricted works and there are other restricted collections in the Bodelian Library, *Oxford and the Library of Congress, *Washington and elsewhere (e. g., the University of Sydney, *Sydney, houses the *Deane Erotica a major recearch collection of European erotica). *Alfred Rose listed British holdings. A specialist work for the United States is Jay A. Gertzman, Bookleggers and Smuthounds: The Trade in Erotica 1920-1940, Philadelphia, 1999. The FBI library and archives in *Washington may have copies of banned books. German. *Hayn-Gotendorf, Biblioteca germanorum erotica, lists works to 1929. For discussion and bibliography to 1989 see *Wolfgang Popp; see also Edgar Mertner, Pornotopia, 1970, pp. 329-339. Italian: see *Giorgio Baffo. Italian libraries hold restricted collections (e.g., the Milan Public Library) and the "Vatican library is rumored to have a secret collection. Latin: *Priapeia are of major importance. See also *Venice, *Paris, *London, *Amsterdam, *New York, *Los Angeles - all major centres of pornography publishing. Russian. *William Hugh Hopkins wrote a major study or Russian erotica. Arabic. See Encyclopedia of Homosexuality. "Mujun" (by *Marten Schild) - discussion of homosexual erotica from *Abu Nuwas onwards; refers to *al-Tifashi and *al-Nafzawi. The most famous examples in Arabic are stories in the * Thousand and One Nights. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Sexual Behaviour. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1023-28. Gay Histories and Cultures. Bibliographies. Homosexuality: A Research Guide, pp. 47-51. Poet from Germany who wrote in German. Active 1618. See Derks, Der Schande der heiligen Päderastie, p. 27: a poem titled "Von einem Griegischen Knabenschander" published in Delitiae historicae et poeticae, 1618, pp. 66-67. About Greek boy-love. Poet and songwriter from the United States who wrote in English. 1893-1954. A composer and lyricist, who appropriated the tradition of *W. S. Gilbert for the United States theater. His witty song lyrics such as "So In Love", "I get a kick out of you", "Let's do it", "Anything goes", "What shall I do?", "Ten cents a dance" and "You're the top" may have a gay subtext e.g., "You're the top" means: "You're the penetrater". A graduate of *Yale he wrote over three hundred songs, some still sung. He married in 1931, was rich, snobbish and a social climber and hypocritical about his homosexuality. The works of Cole Porter which are full of romance on the surface verge on *parody of the heterosexual world when his background is known. See the article by *Roger Baker in the entry *Lorenz Hart (who was his contemporary). Compare *Noel Coward. Text. The Complete Lyrics, New York, 1968 (however this is not complete). Biography: Charles Schwartz, Cole Porter, 1978 (review: Gay News vol. 146, p. 25). William McBrien, Cole Porter: the definitive biography, 1999, is candid on his lifelong passion for young men. He married but his wife was an invalid. Cole Porter's manuscripts are at Yale. Dictionaries. Encyclopedia Britannica. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature: called "a witty versifier, infectiously gay". Dictionary of American Biography: by Charles Schwartz. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Criticism. Bronski, Culture Clash, 113: re the lyric "Farming" (ca. 1935); permission was refused to reprint it in Bronski's book and it contains the line "beautiful but he's gay". Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1028. Poet from Australia writing in English. Born 1954. Author of a series of poems on the Egyptian pharaoh * Akhenaton (Brisbane, University of Queensland Press, 1992) which vividly refer to various homosexual sexual practices of the Pharaoh with his brother Smenkhkare - e.g., *oral sex: see pp. 102-119 and intermittently to p. 154. See also *incest. Openly gay, she appears in * Pink Ink (1991) with a Tine lesbian poem (Pink Ink, 282-86; biog., 300). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Hurley, Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia. Poet from Australia who wrote in English. 1911-1984. Known to have been gay from 1984: see Max Harris, "Divided Spirit That was Hal Porter", Weekend Australian, 13 October, 1984, relating his creativity to "a torment of the spirit over his homosexuality". Biography. See Mary Lord, Hal Porter, 1993: a brilliant biography which reveals him to have been a *pederast, though the author calls him a *pedophile (the author states p. 10 he "sexually abused" her son Patrick and he had an affair with a schoolboy "Callinan" as a teacher in *Adelaide - see pp. 25-26). Mary Lord states a lover "Shani" inspired poems in Porter's first book The Hexagon, 1956, including "To the Beloved Born Too Late" pp. 32-33 (two versions of the same poem?). Other relevant poems in The Hexagon: "The Plant of Flame" p. 25, "Aftermath" pp. 2627, "To an Impotent Larrikin" p. 28, "Problem" p. 30, "Poet " p. 34, "The Return" p. 38, "The Ark of Onan" p. 48, "A Sly Acolyte Thinks" p. 50. These poems show the influence of *Surrealism and are all very obscure. See also the *non gender specific *camp poem "Alexandra Tea-room" (dated 1968) in Hal Porter, edited by Mary Lord, 1980, p. 362. Manuscripts are in the Mitchell Library, Sydney (some letters are restricted). He wrote a three volume autobiography The Watcher on the Cast Iron Balcony (1963), The Paper Chase (1966) and The Extra (1975) regarding his *Melbourne upbringing; he refers in the autobiography to homosexual behavior with other boys at school. He propositioned *Adrian Rawlins in 1960 - most wittily (Adrian Rawlins to the author). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Hurley, Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia. Translator from Latin to English from Australia; he lives in London. Born 1929. A noted Australian poet, his translations of *Martial, After Martial, London 1971, are fine translations, or versions, several dealing with homosexuality: see, for example, Collected Poems (London, 1984) II. lxx (p. 313), III. xii (p. 314), X. lxvi (pp. 327-28), XI. civ (pp. 329-30). These translations are notable for their candour. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Publisher from Mexico of works in Spanish. 1852-1913. He published and illustrated *"Los 41 Maricones", the first known Mexican Spanish gay poem. A famous printer, he produced much other Mexican street literature which he sold on the streets. See José Posada, Posada's Popular Mexican Prints, New York, 1972. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Spanish Literature. Figure from myth in Greek from Greece. From ca. 400 B.C. The god of the sea who had at least one homosexual liaison with Pelops. Greek. See Buffière, Eros adolescent, pp. 358-59. Sergent, Homosexuality in Greek Myth, pp. 59-67: re *Pindar's "First Olympian Ode", where he is said to have loved *Pelops. For the ancient artistic depiction see the entry in * Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae in volume 7, part 1 and the plates. English: see *Christopher Marlowe. Poet from Jordan writing in Greek; he also lived in Egypt. Active 27Q B.C. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, B67: "Posidippus (2)" - stating he lived in 'Samos and worked with 'Asclepiades in 'Alexandria. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 1Q936: *Musa Puerilis, London: Heinemann, 191B, Book 12, poems 45, 9B, 12Q, 131, 16B. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Garland of Meleager. Palatine Anthology xii 45, 77 (or 'Asclepiades), 9B, 12Q, 131, 16B. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 3B, 45, 51, 55, 5B, 66. Criticism. Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 9 (19QB), 266-67. Buffière, Eros adolescent, 297-9B. Poet and lover from the United States writing in English and possibly Italian. Born 1926. A poet who had an affair with *Somerset Maugham in 1943: see Ted Morgan, Maugham, 1980, pp. 473-74 and 503. He is stated to be a prize winning poet later in this work. He appears to be the National Union Catalog entry David Louis Posner and wrote ca. 194355 and one book appears to be in Italian: S'un casto amor (On a chaste love), Oxford, 1953, 41 pp., edition of 30 copies. "Post aquile raptus", also called "Debate between Ganymede and Hebe" Poem in Latin from Germany. Ca. 1250. A poem about the attractions of the beautiful youth *Ganymede. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance and Homosexuality, 292-98. Medieval Latin Poems of Male Love and Friendship, 130-35 (with English trans.); notes 161-62 - text from a German manuscript. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 18790. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 107-111: trans. John Boswell. Movement in English in Great Britain, Australia, Canada and othre countries, in French from France and other French speaking countries and in Spanish from Argentina and other South American countries from ca. 1960. Post colonialism is a movement which has emerged especially from literary study with the granting of independence to former European colonies after the end of World War Two in 1945. In this movement literatures of the former colonies are said to be of equal value to those of Great Britain or France or rather individual writers are seen to equate to British writers in stature. Taken further it means the equal validity for all cultures and languages. From a homosexual point of view in relation to poetry, this means that cultures which have suppressed homosexuality (e.g. the United States and Great Britain) are no more important that those which haven't (e.g., China and Japan). The idea thus has applicability to all the *cultures and *countries of the world with the main emphasis being that countries with dominant cultures or which are richer than other countries should not be able to dominate other cultures. The rise of the internet is making some countries aware of these issues where formerly they were ignorant. In history the movement saw the rise of indigenous history as a major historial interest; formerly in British colonies, for instance such as in Australia, history had focused on British history. English. See Bill Ashcroft and others, The Empire Writes Back: Theory and Practice in Post-Colonial Literatures, 1989. In the United States Edward Said is a crucial figure (see *Orientalism). In French it is linked to *Deconstructionism where *Jaques Derrida is a crucial figure. The ideas of *Michel Foucualt also have been influential. The influence of Francophone writers, writers writing in French from former French colonies, became more prominent in this period. Spanish. The Argentinian writer *Borges came to world prominence in the period from 1960; other South American also came to be seen as major Spanish writers Postcard poems and poem cards (also spelt poemcards) Poems printed in small card format and used to send short messages to people; they are smaller than *broadsheets and need to be differentiated from them. They are only known in English from the United States, Great Britain and Australia and datable from the beginning of the *gay liberation period from ca. 1970. *Ian Young seems to have been the first to publish them from ca. 1970. *Ivor Treby in 1984 published the poem card, "His sake". *Louie Crew has published one. *Paul Knobel has also published three, "My Homeland" (1992) and the gay poems "The Friendship Garden" (1995) and "Don't Forget" (1998). *Allen Ginsberg published some (see *Bill Morgan for details). See also *Allan Douglas, *Richard Phelan. Poems in English from the United States and Canada from 1978. Poster poems are poems printed on large sheets of paper and designed to be displayed on walls in a prominent place. They are known in English from the United States and Canada from 1978: see *George Whitmore, *Ian Young (details are in * Ian Young: a bibliography). Compare *broadsides and *postcard poems. Some broadsides could be poster poems. Postmodernism and postmodernist poetry Movement in English from the United States and other countries and other *European languages from ca. 1945. Modernism is normally dated 1908-24. Postmodernism, which is only loosely a movement, usually refers, in poetry, to poems springing from the modernist style after World War Two and can be dated from 1948 with the publication of the Pisan Cantos of *Ezra Pound. Formally, postmodernism features include lack of capitals, stepping (breaking lines across and down the page) and emphasis on the visual form of the typography. The idea of *open form was critical while in addition formerly taboo subject matter such as homosexuality was a subject of postmodernist poetry (see *Allen Ginsberg, *Beats). Post modern poets have been wildly experimental formally (e.g. *Charles Olson). In poetry broken lines or *projective verse has been de rigeur in many cases (e.g., see *David Malouf). Portuguese. In Brazil it *dates from 1945 and relates to the later work of *Antonio Botto; see also *Decio Pignatari. For Brazil see the entry in Dictionary of Brazilian Literature. English. It can be dated from 1950 with the early work of *Charles Olson whose work formally grew out of that of *Ezra Pound (especially the Pisan Cantos first published in 1949), *e. e. cummings and *modernism. *Frank O'Hara was a *New York postmodernist; the city was a center of the movement and John Ashbery also qualifies and other members of the *New York School. The *gay liberation poets form an offshoot of this movement. The Russian and English language novelist and poet *Vladimir Nabokov wrote a major work in terms of this Encyclopedia, Pale Fire(1962). See Jonathan Williams, *John Cage, *Robert Duncan, *John Giorno, *Guy Davenport - all United States poets - and *bill bissett (a Canadian poet). *Basil Bunting has an interesting reference. Australia. See 'Generation of 68, Javant Biarujia, *Michael Hurley. Italian: see *Corrado Levi. Overall see John Jencks, Post-Modernism, London, 1986. Russian. Mikhail Epstein and others, Russian Modernism, 2000, surveys the subject. Postmodernism has tended to refer to the period after 1990 and hence the period when openly gay writing re-emerged. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Encyclopedia of World Literature in the 20th Century: Supplement (1994). Gay Histories and Cultures. Criticism. Perkins, History of Modern Poetry, volume two, 331-33, explains the term. Translator possibly from Slovenia from Greek and English to Slovenian. Active 19B9. He translated all the English poets into Slovene in the anthology ' Drobci stekla v ustih. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Drobci stekla v ustih, 5-7 (trans. with 'Vasilia Tsigarida from Greek to Slovene of 'Constantine Cavafy), 32 (trans. from English of 'T. E. Lawrence), 41 (trans. from English of 'Ralph Chubb), 43 (trans. from English of 'Wilfred Owen), 69-7Q (trans. from English of 'Stephen Spender), 74 (trans. from English of 'Tennesse Williams), 75-76 (trans. from English of 'James Kirkup), 77 (trans. from English of 'Robert Duncan), 9Q (trans. from English of 'Jack Spicer), 91 (trans. from English of 'Frank O'Hara), 9B (trans. from English of 'John Ashbery), 14B-49 (trans. from English of 'John McCrae). Translator from Latin to English from Great Britain. Active 1924. See *F. A. Wright. Bibliographer who wrote in English from Great Britain of works in Persian; a book collector, collecting works in Persian and other languages. Active 1923. A *London collector and author of two bibliographical works on *Omar Khayyam. He is the author of A Bibliography of printed editions of the Quatrains of Omar Khayyam in Foreign Languages, Privately printed for Members of the Omar Khayyam Club of America , 1923: this lists lithographed and other editions in Persian from 1836 to 1906 and translations of Omar Khayyam (these include works which translate anything from one quatrain upwards, bi-lingual editions, German, Italian, French, Spanish and various other language translations). He also compiled A bibliography of the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam together with kindred matter in prose and verse, London, 1929, 314 pages. It is in four sections; section One, editions of Fitzgerald's text and versions in English other than Fitzgerald's; Two, versions in non-English languages; Three, prose and verse works relating to The Rubaiyat (including (*parodies pp. 269-300); Four, manuscripts and lithographed and printed texts in Persian. This is one of the most detailed bibliographies ever compiled on a poet's published editions. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1954. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 107: "Buddy" (about introducing his lover to his father); biog., 181: a *black poet. Poet from the United States who wrote in English and later lived in Italy; translator from Chinese to English. 1885-1972. The first major *modernist poet of the United States. See *Wayne Koestenbaum regarding his close relationship with *T. S. Eliot. He edited Eliot's poem The Waste Land, 1922, shortening the text. He was famously imprisoned in Italy after World War II by the Americans for making broadcasts from Fascist Italy during the war supporting Mussolini; he was not tried but was found to be insane and was placed in a hospital for the insane, St. Elizabeth's Hospital, Washington, from where he was released in 1958, when the charge of treason was dropped. He then returned to live in Italy. Translation. Chinese: he translated the *Shih-ching in 1954, titled The Classic Anthology Defined by *Confucius. Some Cantos refer to Confucius: see especially Canto 13, "Kung Walked" showing close *male bonding between Confucius and his male followers. Biography: see Humphrey Carpenter, Ezra Pound, 1988; see pp. 56-57 (notes his low sex drive towards women and failure to write love poems). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 215-16: from "Hugh Selwyn Mauberley". Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 824-25 (re Modernism), Canto xii (coarse *homophobic joke). Pour tout l'amour des hommes: Anthologie de l'homosexualité dans la littérature Anthology in French from France. Paris: Delétraz Editions, 1998, 383 pages. This is one of the most comprehensive French gay anthologies. It was compiled by *Michel Larivière and incorporates poems, parts of poems and prose works within a critical commentary so it is not strictly speaking an anthology (compare * Ioläus). Much of the work consists of prose. The introductory essay, pp. 9-10, Un siècle de honte, is signed Bernard Poiret-Depech and date 1984. The anthology is almost entirely European writers and is in eight sections: Les origines pp. 17 to 40 (a historical and critical study from *Gilgamesh and the * Bible to ancient Greek and Latin poetry), Le moyen age (*Middle Ages), pp. 41-50, XVIe Siècle (Sixteenth century), pp. 51-73, XVIIe Siècle (Seventeenth century), pp. 71-94, XVIIIe Siècle (Eighteenth century), pp. 95-122, XIXe Siècle (Nineteenth Century), pp. 123-170, XXe Siècle (Twentieth Century), pp. 171-234, Epoque Contemporaine (Contemporary Period), pp. 235-333. Each section is preceded by a short introduction. It concludes with a special section L'homosexualité dans la chanson (Homosexuality in song), pp. 334-337 covering the ancient world to the present. Notes pp. 340-352 gives the source of the poems and prose works and lists translators. There is a Bibliography pp. 355-360, Index pp. 361-70 and Glossary of French gay words pp. 371-76 and a Table of Contents pp. 378-83. Most writers included are French; there are also English, German, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Greek and Latin writers and poets. All non French poets are translated into French. All poets have been entered in this Encyclopedia. Most poets are in the editor's earlier anthology * Les Amours masculines. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1963. A San Francisco poet widely published in journals. Books: tea (1996) and lunch (2000). Gay Poetry Anthologies. The World in Us: Lesbian and Gay Poetry of the Next Wave, 267-69; biog., 369-70. Word of Mouth, 404 12. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English; he also lived in Australia. 1912-1998. A conservative member of the British parliament who made a notable speech referring to "rivers of blood" in Great Britain if immigration continued; he later had a celebrated feud with the Conservative Prime Minister Edward Heath. He was educated at Trinity College, *Cambridge, where he was a pupil of *A. S. F. Gow and where *A. E. Housman was living when he was a student At twenty-five, he was appointed Professor of Greek at the University of *Sydney, Australia, where he lectured 1938-1940. In Collected Poems, London, 1990: see poems v, xii-xv, xxv. These are poems in the manner of *Housman, many *non gender specific. See especially poem xxv. His poety was also influenced by *Edward Thomas. Biography: see Who's Who, 1972. Book length biographies are: Patrick Cosgrave, Lives of Enoch Powell, London, 1989, and Simon Heffer, Like the Roman: The life of Enoch Powell, 1999 (see in this work under "homosexuality, allegations of" and pp. 33 - regarding his being deeply affected by the death of his friend A. W. J. Thomas - 34, 51-52 - discussion of poem - and 89-90 - deep misogyny). *A. S. F. Gow supervised him at Cambridge. Simon Heffer's book was written by a close friend. A huge private archive exists. He married and had two daughters. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10937: Dancer's End and the Wedding Gift, London: Falcon, 1951. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 3095: same book (highly rated by *Ian Young). Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1995. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Badboy Book, 295; biog., 290 - a *San Francisco poet. Poet, anthologist and critic from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1948. He compiled the anthology * Gay Love Poems. Book of poems: True Colours, 1991. Criticism: "Gay Publishing, poetry and *Aids", Poetry Nation Review 58 (vol. 14 no. 2), 1987, pp. 40-43: a review of the books of poems of James Kirkup and John McCrae, So Long Desired, and *Paul Binding and John Horder, Dreams and Speculations. See also *Gregory Woods. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Not Love Alone, 111-15; biog., 143-44. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 156, 228. Poet from Spain writing in Spanish. 1899-1962. One of the *generation of 27 discussed by *Angel Sahuquillo. He was in exile from 1939. A notoriously difficult poet. He adopted the orphan Francisco Sala whom he came to regard as a son. Not in the Oxford Companion to Spanish Literature. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Cuaderno bibliográfico gay, 14: El cuerpo perseguido, Barcelona: Labor, 1971 and Antologia poética, Madrid: Alianza Editorial, 1978. Criticism. Gay Sunshine no. 42/43, p. 20: cites the poems "Cinco de Abril" and "Amor" as gay poems. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1240. Praetorius, Numa (pseud.), also spelt Pratorius Pseudonym of a bibliographer and critic from Germany of works in German. Active 19QQ. The pseudonym of 'Eugen Wilhelm, a bibliographer for the 'Jahrbuch fur sexuelle Zwischenstufen and a critic for the journal. His name is spelt Prätorius in the 'Jahrbuch, volumes 1-3 and after this, Praetorius. (Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, vol. 2, 432, gives his real name incorrectly as Magnus Hirschfeld.) He wrote two articles on 'Walt Whitman: "Zur Homosexualität von Walt Whitman" in Jahrbuch fur sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 17 (January 1917 no. 1) 68-76 and "Der Streit um Walt Whitman's Homosexualität im Mercure de France und den Archives d'anthropologie criminelle von 1913-14" in Zeitschrift fur Sexualität vol. 3 no. 8 (November 1916), 326-39 (this discusses the dispute about Whitman's homosexuality in the French journals Mercure de France and Archives d'anthropologie criminelle, 1913-14); see also his "Ein homoseueller Dichter des 17 Jahrhunderts" (on 'Saint-Pavin) in Zeitschrift fur Sexualät, vol. 5 no. 8 (November 1918), 261-267. See Ruitenbeck, Homosexuality and Creative Genius, 12-39; 191-202 for an English translation of the 'Saint-Pavin article. Arabic. See the article by him *Anthropophyteia vol. 7 (1910), 189-195, "Homosexuelle arabische Liebesgedichte": this discusses two homosexual love poems translated from Arabic in the French collection Anthologie de l'amour arabe, 1902, trans. by Martino Ferdinand and Abdel Khalek Bey Saroit with a forward by 'Pierre Louys (the poems discussed are poems 29, by 'Moudrik el Chaibany - whose life is briefly given - and 61 titled "An 'Idyll by an anonymous poet"; both poems are trans. from French to German by Eugen Wilhelm pp. 189-190); this article also discusses homosexual love poems from the 'Arabian Nights in the German translation of J. C. Mardrus. Anthropophyteia 7 has an article on homosexuality in Tunisia and Algeria, "Uber gleichgeschlectlichen Verkehr in Algerien und Tunis" (reviewed in Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 12 [1911-12]). Italian. He also wrote an article on 'Michelangelo. Overall he was a painstaking scholar. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 91. Herzer, Bibliographie zur Homosexualität : see index. Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. 1839-1875. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amicizia amorosa, 159-62 - a poem on friendship and one to *Arrrigo Boito; biog., 157 - the author of two books of poems. Praise poems and eulogy poems, also called eulogies Oral poems in Egyptian from Egypt and in Xhosa from South Africa and other *African languages. They date from 1300 B.C. in Egyptian: see*"Skön är gestalten, skapad av Ptah" in ancient Egyptian which is apparently one such work. Praise poems are poems praising a chief or leader. They can also be poems written after the death of a man by another man praising his achievements and qualities. There are frequently sublimated homosexual aspects in the relationships of the men involved. Such poems are widespread in contemporary *African languages with their vast oral cultures. Compare *Eulogies - Polynesian which are similar and compare *elegy where the focus by male poets in literate cultures is on the loss of the man. Praise poems are mainly recorded in written form in *Bantu languages: Xhosa, Tswana and Zulu in South Africa, and Shona and Sotho to the north of South Africa. Egyptian. See "Skön är gestalten, skapad av Ptah". Bahima. See H. F. Morris, The Heroic Recitations of the Bahima ofAnkole, 1964. Shona. A. C. Hodza, Shona Praise Poetry, 1979, is one of the earliest and still most thorough analyses of praise poetry. Sotho. See Lithoko: Sotho Praise-Poems, 1974. Sotho is a cluster of languages within the *Bantu group. Tswana. See I. Schapera, Praise Poems of Tswana Chiefs, 1965. Tswana is one of the languages of the Sotho cluster of Bantu. Xhosa: see *Oral poems - Xhosa (ca.1986). Zulu. See Trevor Cope, Izibongo: Zulu Praise-Poems, 1968, e.g., pp. 122-27; D. K. Rycroft, The praises of Dingana, 1988 (e.g., pp. 70-75); Mazisi Kunene, Zulu Poems, 1970, 42, "Elegy for My Friend E Galo" (trans. English). Poet from the United States writing in English. Born ca. 1930. Gay Poetry Anthologies. See *Sage Writings from the Lesbian and Gay Men's Writing Workshop, pp. 78-93; biog., p. 78 with photo - states "Closets were meant for material things not human beings"; his poems are on pp. 84-91. Poet from Italy writing in Italian. Ca. 1367-1446. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 285. Poet from Canada who wrote in English. 1883-1964. A narrative poet. Strong *male bonding relationships occurred while he was young: see D. G. Pitt, E. J. Pratt, 1976, pp. 75-80. He was very religious and *Puritanical and was an ordained Methodist minister. Duality is a theme of his work. Strong male relationships occur in his poetry which is heavily male centred, as in the long poem Brebeuf and his Brethren (1940). Pratt's world is typical of that of his time in English poetry as whole: one dominated by males in which the social values were set by them. Probably no poem touching on homosexuality would have been accepted by Canadian Poetry Magazine in the years it was edited by Pratt (1936-42). He lectured in English at the University of *Toronto, 1919-53, and married. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Canadian Literature. Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. Active 451 B.C. Only a few fragments of her work survive; some have homosexual reference. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 874. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 91: Gedicht über der Raub des Chrysippos durch Laios [Poem on the rape of *Chrysippus by *Laius; no other details]. Criticism. Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 8 (1906), 652. Brandt, Sittengeschichte griechenlands, volume 2, 191. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 476-77: referring in fragments 6 and 7 to the homosexual rape of Chrysippus by Laius and the love of *Apollo for Carnos. Oral poems from 716 B.C. in Akkadian from Iraq and later in other languages. Any poem used in a religious ritual: see as an example, *"My hire goes to the promoter" (in Sacred. *Christian prayers composed and recited by men to the male *God with sublimated and Greek are examples of languages (all languages of the *New Testament are relevant), prayers to *Shiva and *Krishna should be consulted. Compare *Hymns, *Chants, *Spells. Akkadian: dated 716 B.C.), 'Prostitution - homoerotic elements are relevant: Latin See also *Apollo. Sanskrit and Hindi Critic from Italy writing in Italian. 1896-1982. A comparative literature specialist who was a professor of English at *Rome 1934-66. His book La carne, la morte e il diavolo nella letteratura, 1930 (English trans. The Romantic Agony, 1933) is a major critique of literature in *decadent terms in relation to French (e. g. *Marquis de Sade, *Verlaine), Italian (*D'Annunzio) and English literature (*Swinburne). Homosexuality is a subtext in this work. It is perhaps the most thorough study of the *decadent movement in the languages it deals with and traces the influence of De Sade on later writers. He was something of an *aesthete himself and married 1934-47 and had a daughter. His famous apartment, full of antiques, in *Rome, about which he wrote a book La casa di vita (1958; English trans., The House of Life, 1958), is now a museum. His apartment was robbed by thieves at his funeral (cited in the obituary in Architectural Review). He edited a complete Italian translation of *Shakespeare's plays. Obituary: see Architectural Review, August 1982, 4-5; states his collection was left to the Italian state but thieves have already forced themselves into his apartment. He has an entry in the Dictionary of Art. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Contemporary Authors, vol. 101: includes a brilliant bibliography of this complex author. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1976. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10940: three poems in *Mouth of the Dragon 8:6-8, March 1976. Movement in English from Great Britain. A group of painter, poets and artists, active as a movement 1848-1855. See *D. G. Rossetti, *William Morris, *Pater, *William Michael Rossetti. *Simeon Solomon was on the edge of the group. The poems of those asociated with the group - such as Rossetti - were mainly heterosexual but the concept of *androgyny was a key issue in both poems and art; strong *male bonding appears in the poetry of William Morris and in his relationship with D. G. Rossetti. See the anthology * Sexual Heretics for examples of stylistic influence on poets. The movement formed a precursor to the *Aesthetic movement. See also *Melchior Lechter. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Editor of works in Greek from Germany; critic in German; translator from Greek to German. 1883-1968. Editor of a facsimile edition of the manuscript of the Greek * Palatine Anthology : Anthologia Palatina, published in "Lugduni Batavorum" (Latin for Leiden, Netherlands), 1911. The National Union Catalog reveals he wrote a book on the Palatine Anthology in German, Zur griechischen Anthlologie, Leipzig, 1910, and edited the *Anacreontea, titled Carmina Anacreontea, Leipzig, Teubner, 1912, as well as translating Greek poetry into German. Poem in English from the United States. 1808. A Present for the Sodomites is a poem published in 1808 with no place of publication or publisher but probably published in *Boston, 14 pp. The poem is based on an incident in a small town in Massachusetts (see "To the Reader", p. 3), apparently involving a school teacher who was tried for *sodomy (see p. 11) and is basically a tirade against sodomites, religious in inspiration. Copy used: *Harvard University Library (a microfilm copy exists). Translator from Greek to Italian from Italy. Active 1957. Translator of the Greek 'Palatine Anthology into Italian: Anthologia Palatina, Rome, 1957, 811 pp. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1893-1962. Educated at *Oxford and an officer in the First World War; he was a friend of *Siegfried Sassoon. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 137, 145; biog., 241. Priapea (also spelt Priapeia) and priapic poetry Anthology in Latin from Italy with poems dating from 20 B.C. to 120; poems also exist prior to the Latin work in Greek from ca. 150 B. C. The Priapeia (also spelt Priapea) are poems centered around the phallus and dedicated to the god *Priapus (known from 150 B.C.). They are extremely bawdy and very sexual. The Latin corpus (dated about 20 B.C.-120 by W. H. Parker) contains eighty poems and they survive in some seventy-five manuscripts, though all manuscripts but one are late (15th century). There have been over 70 printed editions. Most recent authoritites believe the surviving poems to be the work of one poet. The surviving poems were probably inscribed on statues of the god. The statues depict Priapus with an erect phallus and usually stood in fields (see *phallicism). Some statues have survived and are in museums. Pictures of Priapus are on Greek vases. The purpose of the poems was to warn off thieves (whom Priapus usually threatens to penetrate anally) and also to encourage fertility. The poems are strongly homosexual in flavor and constitute an anthology of homosexual poems (though not all are homosexual). The poems have at times been ascribed to *Virgil. They were placed on the *Catholic Church's * Index. Text. See Goodland, Bibliography of Sex Rites, pp. 489-92, for a list of editions from 1517. Consult Brunet, Manuel du libraire for early editions; the National Union Catalog and British Library General Catalogue also list early editions. There were regular printings on continental Europe but the first British printing of the Latin text was only in the 1888 English translation listed below. For a reliable recent edition see W. H. Parker, Priapea, London and Sydney, 1988 (with a very fine introduction and English translation); see the preface for a bibliography; for the date of composition see pp. 36-37. (However the edition is not totally reliable and the translations are not particularly good.) Poems of relevance and possible relevance from this edition are: 3 (*Ganymede), 11?, 13, 15, 22, 25, 28?, 29?, 31 ?, 35?, 36, 38?, 45, 46, 51, 52, 56, 64, 68 (parody of *Homer), 69, 74, 76, 77. *Anal sex is the most frequent motif. See also p. 11 regarding works of Latin poets involving Priapus. *Tibullus also wrote a homosexual Priapic poem (Elegies 1 iv). Greek. See Palatine Anthology vi 254 - dealing with *effeminacy and 'transvestism - by *Myrinus (the date of this poet is uncertain; it has been taken as *Hellenistic, ca. 150 B.C., following the entry in Pauly, Wissowa, Paulys Real-Encyclopadie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft); see also pp. 1-9. It seems that ancient Greek Priapeia existed in signficant numbers but very few have survived. In 1868 Michal Lelekos published a selection in the last section of his classic anthology which was reprinted in 1981 (see introduction to Loose-tongues Greeks, edited by Mary Koukoules, 1983, p. 17); this work has not been located. Italian: see *Beccadelli, *Niccolo Franco. A fashion in Italy for these poems from the late *Renaissance onwards stems from the publication of the ancient Latin poems of the Priapeia. See also *fellatio. Translation. The poems were first translated into English in 1888, then German in 1905 and French in 1929. English: Neaniskos [Greek for young man] (pseud.) (in prose; with the publishing place Athens, 1888) [actually London,: *L. C. Smithers, 1889 - see Kearney, Private Case, item 1492]); Neaniskos (prose trans. and author of the prose notes; the pseudonym of L. C. Smithers) and Outidanos [Greek for worthless] (pseud. of *Richard Burton - author of the verse trans.; published allegedly in "Cosmopolis", [no date] but actually London: L. C. Smithers, 1890 - see Kearney, Private Case, item 1493) [note: this edition was reprinted in Great Britain in paperback in 1994]; M. S. Buck (1937); see above regarding the trans. of W. H. Parker (1988); Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 174-75 - a selection of Priapeia which are homopoems trans. into English by *Anthony Reid (1992); French: Trans not known (1866) - see Bibliographies below, A. t'Serstevens (1929); German: A. von Bernus and Adolf Danneger (1905), Carl Fisher and B. Kytzler (Salzburg, 1969), B. Kytzler and C. Fisher (Zurich and Munich, 1978); Italian: G. Bach (Rome 1945, 1950), A. Vespini (Naples, 1976), C. Vivaldi (Milan, 1976); Spanish: E. M. Cartelle (Madrid, 1981). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. See Oxford Classical Dictionary, 876: "Priapus"; see also the entry "Priapeia" in the third edition of Oxford Classical Dictionary, 1996, by Lindsay Watson, University of Sydney. Bibliographies. Pia, Les Livres de l'Enfer, vol. 2, column 1093: cites an edition Les Priapeia trans. from German to French, Brussels: Imprimerie de A. Mertens et fils, 1866, with commentary by Philomneste Junior (pseudonym of Gustave Brunet). Kearney, Private Case, items 1492-94. Gay Poetry Anthologies. *Forberg, Manual of Classical Erotology. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 174-175. Reade, Sexual Heretics, 172: poem xvii refers to two male partridges alternatively copulating in the ritual of the Copts. Criticism. Kiefer, Sexual Life in Ancient Rome, 246-47: revealing they were first printed in 1469 as an appendix to a Roman edition of *Virgil. Figure in myth and trope in Greek from Greece and Latin from Italy and later in French and English. From 150 B.C. (though the date is uncertain). A god of fertility, usually depicted in art with a permanently erect phallus; sculptures of him were popular in ancient Roman civilization and frequently stood in gardens to bring about fertility and to ward off thieves. His cult is generally sexual with emphasis on the phallus and no specific reference to homosexuality or heterosexuality, hence both can be involved. For reproductions of statues see Eva C. Keuls, The Reign of the Phallus (New York,1985) and W. H. Parker's edition of the 'Priapeia. Richard Payne Knight, A Discourse of the Worship of Priapus (1786; repr.) was an early work in English discussing him. This work is reprinted in Sexual Symbolism (New York, Julian Press, 1957): it deals with this practice mainly in ancient Greece. Giancarl Carabelli, In the Image of Priapus (London, 1996) is a detailed study of sculptures to Priapus. Greek: see * Priapeia (most of the Greek Priapea poems are lost, however). Latin: see * Priapeia (the major corpus of homopoems relating to him), 'Phallicism, 'Martial. For the ancient artistic depiction see the entry in ' Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae in volume 8, part 1 in the Supplement and the plates. English: see *ln Homage to Priapus. Richard W. Hooper, Priapus Poems, Urbana, 1999. French: see *Alexis Piron, *François Maynard. Anthologies devoted to priapic poetry existed in French: see Pia, Les Livres de l'Enfer, vol. 2, column 1061 : Marcel Coulon, La poésie priapique au XVIe siècle, Paris: Editions du Trianon, 1933; vol. 2, columns 1089-90: Priapée Homérique, no place: Collège de 'Pataphysique', [no date], trans. from Latin by Jeanne de Valsenestre and Les Priapées, Paris: Editions du Trianon, 1929, trans. from Latin by A. t'Serstevens (illustrated) - apparently a translation of the Priapeia rather than a work based on it. Criticism: see E. M. O'Connor, Symbolum salacitatis: A Study of the God Priapus, Frankfurt am Main and New York, 1989; discussion of both Greek and Latin poems. 'L'oeuvre priapique des anciens et des modernes, an anthology, was published in 1914; this work seems more an anthology based on the priapic idea. See in French Marcel Coulon, Histoire de la poésie priapique, 1932. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 876: citing the Greek writer Pausanias (active 150 B.C.) ix, 31, 2, and the Latin poet 'Ovid Fasti i , 391 ff. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Gay Histories and Cultures. Collection in English from Great Britain. 1890. The *British Library General Catalogue lists this work as Primavera: Poems by four authors (Stephen Phillips, Lawrence Binyon, Manmohan Ghose, Arthur S. Cripps), Oxford, 1890, 41 pp. A second edition was printed in Oxford, 1890, 43 pp. An edition was published in the United States by Thomas B. Mosher, Portland, Me., 1900, 42 pp., with an introduction by *J. A. Symonds, which the * British Library General Catalogue lists as being held in the *Private Case. This work is believed to be a gay collection at least in part. Pseudonyms may have been employed. Not sighted. Primera antología de la poesia homosexual: los arquetipos orals de veneno, fango, punción, mutilición, y devoración Anthology in Spanish from Mexico. México, DF: Frente de la Afirmacion Hispanista, 1997, 299 pages. The first anthology of homosexual poems in Spanish from Mexico; it is mainly in Spanish with a few poems in English and was compiled by *Fredo Arias de la Canal. Not seen. Rare: copies are in the *Library of Congress. Poet from South Africa writing in English; he lives in Great Britain. Born 1912. From South Africa, educated at *Oxford and *Princeton, he was Professor of English at the University of Southampton from 1957-74. A Collected Poems 1935-92 was published in 1993. He is best known amongst gay readers for his poem "Soldiers *Bathing" (see Anthologies below). See also "The Old Age of *Michelangelo" in Collected Poems, pp. 73-82, reprinted from Soldiers Bathing (1954). Criticism: see *William Plomer. An article on him was written by *George Daniel in the Australian journal Campaign (*John Willis to the author). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition and Contemporary Poets, fifth edition. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 384-85: the title poem of his book Soldiers Bathing and Other Poems, London: *Fortune Press, 1954 (this poem, inspired by World War Two, is strongly homoerotic, and has been regarded as one of the finest poems of the war). City and University in the United States where English is the spoken language. Princeton, in the state of New Jersey close to *New York, was founded as a private university in 1746. It is one of the oldest private universities in the United States and is one of the Ivy League universities, private universities which are expensive, prestigious and especially well endowed. Poets: see *G. R. Lansing, *F. T. Prince, Jonathan Williams. The University has a magnificent library with important manuscripts (see *al-Suyuti, *Kimon Friar). Scholars: see *Edmund Keeley, *R. B. Martin. Compare *Harvard, *Yale. Bookseller from Germany mainly of works in German but also other languages. From ca. 1979. The finest gay bookshop in Germany and the most comprehensive in the world for its coverage of gay male material in different languages - though material held is mainly in *European languages. It is situated in *Berlin and issues catalogs which contain valuable bibliographical material, including new German poets, translations into German, and works relating to poetry and literature in such languages as French, English, Italian, Spanish and Dutch. It is especially good on English and Spanish books. The catalogs are valuable bibliographical tools for the period from 1979. A computer generated poetry catalog titled Lyrik covering the years 1988-1993 was issued in 1993 and has been used in this encyclopedia. An updated list may also be available. A quarterly newsletter of new books has been issued from ca. 1985. Brief critical notes are included on the works in their catalogs. Prinz Eisenherz is one of a group of gay *bookshops who publish a quarterly survey of new German gay books Die schwulen Buchladen, from ca. 1985. In 1993 the bookshop issued Lyrik, a list of about 20 pp. of poetry volumes in west *European languages published 1988-1993. titled Lyrik. The name of the shop refers to a fairytale German prince from the *Middle Ages. Bibliographies. Herzer, Bibliographie zur Homosexualität, item 3400a: Catalogue 1, 1979, 112 pp. Catalogue 2, 1981, was 88 pp. Gesamtkatalog 80/81, 208 pp. Catalogue Nachtrag/Supplement 81-82, 88 pp. (These catalogs did not index poetry separately.) Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1664-1721. He attended *Cambridge and was a Tory. Very effeminate in appearance, his poetry makes much mention of heterosexuality. Only a few poems from his huge output are relevant: e.g., *"Cupid and Ganymede", a few other poems about Cupid (possibly) and possibly "The Chameleon" (see *Alfred Douglas). He is implied homosexual in the poem The *He-Strumpets (1710). He is suspected of being gay. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionary of National Biography. Criticism. Eighteenth Century Life vol. 9 no. 3 (May, 1985). Poems about male homosexuals who have been in prison for homosexuality survive in several languages from 1898. The most famous poem is in English: *Oscar Wilde's * Ballad of Reading Goal, first published in 1898, which has been extensively translated (see the Wilde entry for translation). Dutch: *Willem de Merode. English: Australia: see *"Botany Bay", *Robert Adamson, *Harry Hooton. Great Britain: *T. Cannon, *Alfred Douglas, *W. Dugdale, *S. Finch, *T. E. Lawrence, *J. J. Lee, ian Horobin. United States: see *S. Abbott, *F. Greenfield, *Jamiel Hassin, *Paul Mariah. See also *R. L. Peters, Hunting the Snark, 1989, pp. 278-84. The anthology The Light from Another Country: Poetry from American Prisons, edited by Joe Bruchac (place of publication not known, before 1989) contains some relevant poems written in jails. South Africa: *Dennis Brutus. French: *Jacques d'Adelswärd Fersen, *Jean Genet. Persian: *R. Baraheni. Portuguese: *Anonymous poets - Portuguese. On prisons, see Prison Homosexuality: Myth and Reality by Alice M. Propper, Toronto, 1981 (with bibl., pp. 208-227). See also *Rape. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality: see "Prisons, Jails and Reformatories". Bibliographies. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 300-03. A special collection of erotica in the British Library dating largely from the bequest of *H. S. Ashbee in 1900 but in existence in private hands from about 1856. It is the largest known public collection of erotica. Works are mainly in English but are also in French, German and Arabic. See Paul J. Cross, "The Private Case: A History" in P. R. Harris, editor, The Library of the British Museum, 1991, pp. 202-240; bibl., pp. 229-31. The Private Case holds many rare books of the poetry of homoerotica - e. g., * Index Expurgatorius. In the *H. S. Ashbee entry of this Enyclopedia, the cataloging of the collection is explained. Ashbee and the homosexual *C. R. Dawes were the two principal benefactors. A partial catalogue of holdings to 1975 was compiled by *Patrick Kearney and published in 1981 ; the holdings in 1935 are contained in *Alfred Rose's bibliography of erotic books (some of these items had been removed from the Private Case by the time Kearney came to compile his catalogue). The books were only entered in the * British Library General Catalogue in 1965 following a campaign by Peter Fryer: see his book Private Case - Public Scandal, 1966 (which contains a short history of the Private Case). There were 2,143 items in 1991 (Kearney, Private Case lists 1,939). Recent erotica not in the Private Case is listed in the * British Library General Catalogue with press marks beginning Cup. and in the online catalog. Most titles are in English but there is much material in French and German. There is also an *Oriental section of thirty-three items (mainly of translations from Arabic at Or.59.3.) - see Cross's article "The Private Case: A History" cited above, pp. 239-40. For a brief description and discussion of the contents see Peter Webb "The Restricted Collections of the British Museum and the Victoria and Albert Museum" in his The Erotic Arts, 1975, pp. 345-54 (this book also includes a discussion of *Aretino). Eric John Dingwall was honorary curator and left some items to the Private Case (see Legman, Horn Book, pp. 40-42 and infibulation on which he wrote a book). Compare the *Enfer, the erotica collection in the *Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris. Private presses and publishers - English Publishers in English in Great Britain, the United States and Canada from 1757. Private publishers are concerned with the publishing of a poet's work, usually by the poet himself or a close friend, without commerical gain. Frequently the book published circulates only amongst the poet's friends. In the contemporary period this has been a way of getting around censorship problems since if the work is not sold for commercial gain no prosecution may be possible. Some "private" presses have produced books for sale, sometimes expensive works in small numbers. Private gay presses date in English at least from *Horace Walpole's *Strawberry Hill Press in 1757; Walpole published his close friend the poet *Thomas Gray. However, it should be pointed out that, from the *Elizabethan period on when printing first started, it was the custom of the poet to pay the printer (who then distributed the book). The most notable poet to self publish was *Walt Whitman. Many *gay liberation poets self-published *chapbooks because of the increasing cheapness of printing. Computers, which eliminate typesetting and thus cheapen the publishing process, have also helped in enabling poets to self publish. The *Vale Press (1889-1903) of *Charles Ricketts was notable in the *eighteen-nineties. It was influenced by the Kelmscott Press of *William Morris which published *Shakespeare's Sonnets (1892) and *Amis and Amile (1894). The *Uranian poets frequently published on private presses. Private presses have been set up by wealthy individuals to produce luxuriously illustrated volumes, an important aspect of private presses: see, for example, *Nicholas Wilde. The press of *Ralph Chubb is the most notable of the twentieth century in this respect. Sometimes poets have published themselves under an imprint (a quasi form of private press). Great Britain. See *Cayme Press, *Fortune Press, *Tragara Press, *Robert Gathorne-Hardy. The Golden Cockerel Press (1920+), First Edition Club (ca. 1925) and Nonesuch Press (1923-81+) have also published gay poets: these presses were not totally private presses, being for subscribers. United States. See *Sidney Smith. Peter Pauper Press (1928+) has published gay poets and became a public press. There is a huge private press movement at present: see, for example, Jonathan Williams. For Canada see *G. Brender a Brandis for his press Branstead Press. New Zealand. Many private presses exist and the National Library, Wellington, has a large collection; gay relevance has not been investigated. See also *Publishers - English and *Design - English. See Will Ransom, Private Presses and their Books, 1929, for discussion of what constitutes a private press. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1051-54. Projective verse and Projectivism Meter in English which started in the United States. From ca. 1949. A development of *free verse, projective verse, as a movement, begins with *Charles Olson's "The Kingfishers", 1949, and *Ezra Pound's Cantos (especially the later Cantos from The Pisan Cantos, 1949, onwards). *William Carlos Williams's Paterson (1946-58) also used it. It is thus closely linked with *postmodernism, which began ca. 1945. In projective verse, lines do not read across the page but are broken and what was formerly one line becomes several (this is called stepping); lines and sometimes whole sections may be repositioned on the page. Projective verse points forward to *concrete poetry which is related to it. It is also called composition by field or open verse (see *open form) and is one of the most important technical innovations of poetry in the period after World War II, though its origins go back to *Mallarmé. In Olson's 1950 essay "Projective Verse" he spoke of the importance of breathing in composition and stated "form is never more than an extension of content" and "one perception must immediately and directly lead to a further perception"; the essay was first published in 1950 in Poetry New York no. 3 and was reprinted in *Donald Allen's anthology of postmodern poets. In emphasizing spontaneity, the essay provided the possibility of legitimizing gay sexuality as a theme for writing: see *Black Mountain for gay poets in his circle (Olson himself also wrote a few gay poems). Olson's major sequence The Maximus Poems is in projective verse. Projective verse is a major form of English poetry in the twentieth century related to jazz and abstract expressionism in painting. Towards a New American Poetics, edited by Egbert Faas, 1978 is an anthology of seminal projective verse. See *Robert Peters, Hunting the Snark: A Compendium of New Poetic Terminology, 1989, pp. 283-84. Major gay poets writing projective verse include *Allen Ginsberg, *Robert Duncan, *Frank O'Hara, *bill bissett and *Stephen Jonas. So far, there is no study of the genre in relation to gay poetry. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1908-1989. See Donald Spoto, The Kindness of Strangers: The Life of Tennessee Williams, 1985, pp. 160-61 (implies he was homosexual); see also p. 164. The author of Ballad of Love, 1960. His poetry is melancholy in tone. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 3123: Chosen Poems, Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1948. Criticism. Babilonia no. 34, 46-47: article on him. Poet from Italy who wrote in Latin. Ca. 54 B.C.-16 B.C. Propertius was a major Latin love poet. A reference to 'Hylas is in Egegies I 2Q ff. In II xxii Propertius states that, though susceptible to women, he cannot resist the charms of a male 'actor. 'James Elroy Flecker translated the Hylas episode into English. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 3133: Propertius, London: Heinemann, Loeb Classical Library, [no date]. Courouve, Ces petits grecs, 36. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 176: Hylas and 'Eros trope; biog., 164 - "boy love seems to have appealed to him more deeply" than heterosexuality. Criticism. Mayne, The Intersexes, 2B7. Lilja, Homosexuality in Republican and Augustan Rome, 7B-79: referring to II iv 17-22 where Propertius states that to love a boy is better than an unhappy love with a woman and also refers to homosexuality in mythical figures ('Ganymede, Hylas etc) in odd passages; index 156. Genre in Chinese from China from 1100 and later in other languages. As the name implies, these are poems written in prose, though they may be longer. They usually resemble a paragraph of prose. The language may be that especially used by poets in a particular language or language that is especially imagistic. Sometimes (as with *Guy Davenport) it is difficult to tell whether the work is in poetry or is short prose. Chinese: see *Su Shih (active 1100). The initiator of the form in European languages was the French poet *Rimbaud who first used it in Les Illuminations (1871-73; published in 1886). However, the Catalan poet *Raymond Llull probably used the form. English: see *Simeon Solomon, *J. G. Nicholson (1894), *Oscar Wilde (much translated into European languages), *Richard Bruce, *Phillip Steffens, *Freddie Greenfield, *Stan Persky, *Robert Gluck. Polish: *Waclaw Lieder. A work in prose which contains poems scattered thoughout. Material survives initially in Latin from Italy from ca. 50 and later in other languages. Some works listed here contain poems throughout the entire work (e.g., The Tale of Genji) while others contain only a few poems (*e. g., The Satyricon fof Petronius). Greek: see *New Testament. Latin: see *Petronius (active ca. 50). Japanese: see *Chigo Monogatori, Lady *Murasaki's Tale of Genji (perhaps the best known work), * Iwatsutsuji (the first gay anthology); *Basho wrote a well known work. Norse: see *Gisli Saga. Arabic: see * Arabian Nights, *al-Nafzawi, *al-Tifashi. Persian: *iraki, *Jami. English: see *Horace Traubel, *J. Le Gay Brereton, *Taylor Mead, *Erskine Lane, *Vikram Seth, *Tim Barrus. Swedish: see *Dag Hammarskjöld. Tamil: see * Ilankovatikal. See Joseph Harris and Karl Reichl, Prosimetrum, Rochester, New York, 1997. Prostitution and prostitutes - sacred Prostitution is selling of a person's body for sexual purposes. It survives in homosexual poetry in relation to religions in Akkadian from Iraq from 716 B.C. and later in other languages. Cultures with writing. Egyptian. Akkadian. Hebrew: see * Hierodouleia, Kadesh. In Akkadian *"My hire goes to the promoter" (dated 716 B.C.) is a poem. Latin. See Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion, "Hieroduoleia" article, p. 311: this reports that, in the cult of Cybele brought to Rome in 204 B.C. and based on the cult of ishtar, male priests dressed in women's clothes and engaged in cultic homosexual activity. *Hymns and *prayers in relation to Cybele should be examined. Material is also likely in Sanskrit. Compare *Hijras. Cultures lacking writing. See Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion *"Hierodouleia", p. 312. Náhuatl. "In the capital of Teocolhuacan, on the Gulf of Mexico, founded by descendents of the Toltec [whose language was Náhuatl!, temples had attached to them male transvestites and women who engaged in some form of cultic sexual activity" (op. cit., p. 312). On the Toltec see Encyclopedia Britannica under Toltec; they were in Mexico 900-1100. Toraia. Olo Nvadiu. Olo Dusun. Kavan: these languages are spoken in east Malaysia, formerly Borneo. "The priests [of these tribes] dress as women and act as homosexual prostitutes" (op. cit., p. 312). The priests have specialized knowledge of garden *magic and of healing and are involved in the religious ritual, songs and *chants. On Nyadjy (spelt Ngadju) see Murray, Oceanic Homosexualities, 257-58. See also *Overview - Southeast Asia. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Ullstein Enzyklopädie der Sexualität: see "Tempelprostitution". Prostitution and prostitutes - secular Sexual behavior from Greece relating to songs in Greek and later in other countries and languages. From 350 B.C. Secular prostitution - i.e., prostitution for money (compare *Sacred prostitution) - is first mentioned in poetry in Latin in the work of Juvenal (60-140) though it dates from 350 B. C. in literary remains (see the entry for the Greek poet Aeschines and *Singers - Greek). It is especially associated in many languages with songs sung by male prostitutes at all male gatherings (see *dancing boys). *Iwan Bloch wrote a major study in German with a chapter on literature and art (references are heterosexual however). William Sanger, The History of Prostitution, new edition, New York, 1937, deals mostly with hetero prostitution; no poems found. Kenneth Marlowe, Mr Madam: consfessions of a male madam ( Los Angeles: Sherbourne Press, 1964) deals with modern prostitution. Arabic: see *al-Wasani. Chinese: see *Zhou Xiaoshi, *Wu Jun (active 500), *Zhang Hanbin; see Van Gulik, Sexual Life in Ancient China, p. 163. See also *Law - Chinese: banning of use of female prostitutes forced males to use males from 1429. English: see *Robert Burns (possible gay interpretation), *Marc Almond, *Patrick Anderson, *Royston Ellis, *Vincent Buckley, *Dennis Cooper, *Le Baron Brooke. Prostitution in English-speaking lands was mostly illegal from 1500 until the late twentieth century. French: see *Aristide Bruant. Hindi: see *Hijras; other indian languages are also relevant. Japanese: see *Senryu, *Songs - Japanese. *Gary Leupp, Male Colors: The Construction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan, 1995, has discussion throughout. See S. and E. Longstreet, Yoshiwara: City of the Senses, New York, 1970, pp. 95-6 (a poem in English translation from a seventeenth century print by Masanobu possibly by a male *prostitute - "A fragrant plum youth/ Fond of our *pederasty/ Gives you the first/ Smile of the year."). Latin: *Rome, see also *Werner Krenkel. Spanish: see *Anonymous poets - Spanish, *Biedma. Turkish: *Singing and Dancing Boys - Turkish, istanbul. References. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, pp. 478-87. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 166-68 ("Brothels"), 1054-58. Ullstein Enzyklopädie der Sexualität has a general article on prostitution touching on homosexual prostitution. Religious movement in Germany in German, the Netherlands in Dutch in Great Britain and the United States in English and in other countries. From 1520. Protestantism was a movement within *Christianity which arose in reaction to *Catholicism; emphasis was on reading the * Bible in native languages. All the Protestant churches are so-called because of protesting against the excesses of Catholicism and all have condemned homosexuality, continuing with the sex negative attitude of Catholicism. Attitudes have softened in the late twentieth century amongst Protestants, the *Quakers being most tolerant. The churches date from *Martin Luther's split with Rome in 1520. See *Puritanism, John Calvin, *Christianity. Contrast *Catholic Church, *Orthodoxy. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1058-69: major article by *William Percy (discusses *Lutheranism, *Quakers, Anglicanism and minor sects). Other. Homosexuality and world religions, 149-80; article by Marvin M. Ellison. Novelist, poet, letter writer from France writing in French. 1971-1922. Proust is the most famous gay French novelist of the twentieth century whose long novel A la recherche du temps perdu (The search for time lost), 1913-1927, features many gay characters including the homosexual Baron de Charlus modelled on the dandy and poet *Robert de Montesquiou. His early work, Les Plaisirs et les jours (Pleasures and days), 1896, contained some poems which were elegant an dlight weight saloon poetry. He was something of a *dandy himself and his work emerges out of the *eighteen-nineties. Reynaldo Hahn, the Venezuelan composer-pianist (1975-1947), was a lover; another was Lucien Daudet while Proust also fell in love with his car chauffeur Alfredo Agostinelli, a married man who was tragically killed in 1913. Antoine Compagnon, Proust Between Two Centuries, 1992, in the central essay "This shuddering of a heart being hurt" is a detailed discussion of homosexuality in Proust; he contends disgust and pain lie at the heart of Proust's description of erotic feelings. J. E. Rivers, in Proust and the Art of Love, 1980, discusses homosexuality in A la recherche du temps perdu. His letters give the background to his work and French gay life of his time. twenty-one volumes were published 1970-1993 edited by Philip Kolb. He and *André Gide met. See also Henri Bonnet, Les amours et la sexualité de Marcel Proust, 1985, and Stéphane Zagdanski, Le sexe de Proust, Paris, 1994. Text. His collected poems were published in 1982 by Galimard in the Cahier Marcel Proust. Biography: see in English Ronald Hayman, Proust, 1990 - this work is much more sympathetic to Proust's homosexuality than the standard biography in two volumes by George Painter, Proust: a biography (2 volumes, 1959-65). *Edmund White (1998), his latest English language biographer, is the author of a short readable work with an excellent annotated bibliography pp. 141-49 listing English translations of his novels and other works. Translation. Italian: Poesie, Torino, 1983: see pp. 114-17 on a friend whose homosexuality he scorns. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 697-700. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1069-70. Howes, Broadcasting It: see "Marcel Proust" and "Remembrance of Things Past". Dictionnaire Gay. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 265, 275-90 (novel). L'amour bleu, 232-36. Les Amours masculines, 310-13. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 407-11(prose). Criticism. Ruitenbeck, Homosexuality and Creative Genius, 263-89. Woods, History of Gay Literature, 192-200. Poet from Spain who wrote in Latin. 348-405. He wrote hymns: e.g., the "Cathemerion" (see *Hymns - Latin). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Oxford Classical Dictionary: "the greatest of the *Christian Latin poets" who knew pagan poetry well. Bibliographies. Courouve, Ces petits grecs, 36: citing Peristephanon (Crowns of martyrdom) X 204 (re Jupiter and the lex Scantinia [see *Law - Latin]). Critic from Germany writing in German. Born 1938. Author of Die Liebkosungen des Tigers: Eine erotische Goethe Biographie (The Tender Caresses of the Tiger: An Erotic Goethe Biography), Berlin, 1997, examines Goethe's life from a homosexual point of view and is the most detailed study to date (see review in The Harvard Gay and Lesbian Review, Spring 1998, 43-44); an English translation was published in 1999 titled The Tiger's Tender Touch; The Erotic Life of Goethe (with an extensive bibliography pp. 181-92). The work claims that by celebrating in his poetry the idea of love between men and women, Goethe disguised his own secret passion for men. He has written a biography of Helmut Kohl, the longterm Chancellor of Germany. Poet from Poland writing in Polish and German. 1868-1927. A Polish bohemian writer who was a proponent of "satanic" doctrines and was influenced by *Nietzsche (whom he compared with Chopin in a book). See *A. E. Smith's article, "The Curious Controversy over Whitman's Sexuality", in One Institute Quarterly, vol. 2 no. 1, Winter 1959, p.16 re *Whitman's influence (note: his name is misspelled here). The idea of *androgyny was central to his thinking: see his Androgyne (1906). He wrote in both German and Polish. He married in 1893. He was the leader of the Polish modernists and had links to Young Germany and Young Scandinavia. Subconscious urges revealed in the sexual instincts were part of his thought, as in his doctrine of the "naked soul" in Totenmesse (1893). He wrote *prose poems. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Everyman Companion to East European Literature, 321-22. Criticism. Milosz, History of Polish Poetry, 329-33. Songs and poems in Hebrew from Israel. Ca. 150 BC. (the date is uncertain and many many date from as early as 1000 B.C.). The Psalms (in Hebrew Tehilllim) are a collection of 150 *hymns, songs and laments (see *elegy), mostly *non gender specific. The word psalm comes from the Hebrew psalterion, a stringed instrument and means "striking" or "plucking" and the poems were originally sung. They are usually dated from the post exile period in their present form; some have been attributed to *King David, whose relationship with Jonathan has been seen to show homosexuality. Indeed many psalms are said to be by him (the words "A psalm of David" appears before the text). They must be considered in relation to the expression of repressed homosexual feelings directed to *God; the psalms also repeatedly stress Go'ds love to humans and the whole dialectic could be read as being in part homosexual in basis, especially as the speaker of the psalms has traditionally been taken to be male. (That the Christian order is used in this entry; the Jewish order differs slightly.) They also take on extra significance when the prescriptions against *sodomy in Jewish and *Christian culture are considered (e.g. in English from 1533 onwards); for instance, to Jewish homosexuals, they could be felt to express their suffering. Psalm 119 is an *acrostic. Psalm 137 refers to the Bablyonian exile (of 586 B.C.). The psalms have been some of the most widely used works of worship in both Judaism and Christianity. They were recited daily in Christian monasteries and also chanted - where the psalms were called the psalter or breviary. The sexuality of monks needs who daily recited them to be taken into account (some were homosexual in orientation). A huge number of psalter manuscripts in Latin exists. See also *flagellation. The psalms have been frequently set to music: in the westent tradition from Josquin des Pres, G. Gabrieli and Monteverdi onwards to Stravinsky. See the entry in New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians for detailed discussion of the musical tradition. The Psalms are frequently printed at the end of the * New Testament. A psalm 151 exists in the Syriac Bible and the text in Hebrew was rediscovered amongst the Dead Sea Scrolls in Cave 11 at Qumran with other non canonical psalms. Translation. English. *Francis Bacon and *James I (who both translated them into English). For sources of other translations see * Old Testament. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Great Soviet Encyclopedia; excellent concise discussion of the western musical tradition. Encyclopedia Judaica. Encyclopedia Britannica. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. A pseudonym is a literary name adopted by a poet which is different from the poet's real name which the poet wishes to conceal for some reason. The use of a real poet's name (e.g. *Omar Khayyam) by another poet writing in his style is a quasi pseudonym. Pseudonyms survive in gay poetry in Greek from ancient Greece from 80 B.C. from *Diocles and later in other languages. Pseudonyms are particularly prevalent in times when poets wish to hide their homosexuality for one reason or another. They may reveal as well as conceal (sometimes giving a clue to the author's real identity) and have also been used by scholars, editors and translators (see *Pseudonyms - Greek for instance). They were used in the *Renaissance by the first scholars who edited the Greek and Roman classics from *manuscript and published the first printed editions of ancient Greek and Latin poetry when printing was invented in the late fifteenth century. These scholars took Latin pseudonyms (sometimes Latinizing their own names though this is not, of course, a pseudonym). Pseudonyms are frequently disclosed in the entries of library catalogues e.g., the * British Library General Catalogue and * National Union Catalog, both of which remain a most important source of information. The early written cards of older libraries are other sources. They may also be disclosed in poetry manuscripts. Poets writing in Turkish all used pennames, by convention, in the *Ottoman period and poets in Arabic were known by names from places and mannerisms (see *nisba) which are a type of pseudonym though are not pseudonyms as such. Persian and Urdu poets also used pseudonyms. See also the Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, entry lakab (nickname). Chinese. Literary names were used e.g., *Han Shan (see the separate entry). Dutch. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 263: states several poets have used pseudonyms. See also *Willem de Mérode (pseud.). English. See the separate entry; they were much used in the *eighteen-nineties and especially after the 1895 trial of *Oscar Wilde. Latterly, because of *Aids, they are being increasingly used. German. They were especially used from 1890, e.g. see *Sagitta. Significant pseudonyms include *Henry Benrath, *Heinz Birkin, *Caesarion, *Paul Celan, *Christl, *Der Strieker, *Elisarion, *Friedrich Gundolf, Josef Kitir, *Hans Licht, *Maximin, *Novalis, *Th. Ramien, *Mechtild Sperrmull, *St. Ch. Waldecke. In Catalogue 32 of *Rainer G. Feucht, Homosexuality, some pseudonyms are disclosed in various items for German and French writers. French. Significant pseudonyms include (see entries) Francis Careo, Blaise Cendrars, Marc Daniel, Flora, Jean Lorrain, Pierre Louys, César Moro, Pascal Pia, Georges Hérelle, Tireis, Marguerite Yourcenar. Greek: see 'Pseudonyms - Greek. They may date from after the time of Theognis (active ca. 544 B.C.) but cannot be confidently ascribed to this time. Italian: see *ll Burchiello (pseud.), *Filippo de Pisis (pseud.). Japanese. They were especially used by *Haiku writers e.g., *Basho (pseud.). Korean. Literary names were used as in Chinese. Latin: see 'Pseudonyms - Latin; Persian: see *Takhallus, *Omar Khayyam. Pseudonyms were frequently used. Portuguese: see *Pessoa who used four pseudonyms. Swedish: see *Nils Hallbeck. Turkish: see *Makhlas. Persian. Urdu: see *Takhallus, *Kunya. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, vol. 1, 401-02 and volume 2, 427-35 (list of pseudonyms used by writers together with the real names when known). Pseudonyms - Chinese and Japanese *Pseudonyms or literary names were extensively used by poets and literary writers in East Asia following the Chinese model. They date from ca. 608. Chinese: see *Sam Sha Sha (pseud.), *Weixingshi (pseud.). Consult Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature for all poets for their literary names (used especially from the *T'ang period on). Japanese: Literary names were very common especially for *haiku poets e. g., *Basho (pseud). See also *Saikaku (pseud.). *Pseudonyms in English from Great Britain and other countries date from ca. 1890. Great Britain. They were especially used in the 'eighteen nineties and after the trial of *Oscar Wilde. Among the important poets and relevant writers who used pseudonyms are: *David Alien, *Philip Castle, *Wiilliam Cory, *Norman Douglas, *Haji Abdu el-Yezdi (the pseudonym of *Richard Burton), ion lonicos, *Sydney Oswald, *Stuart Mason, *Pisanus Fraxi. United States: among the important entries which are pseudonyms of writers are *Antler, *D. W. Cory, *Edmund Edwinson, *J. Z. Eglinton, *Noel I. Garde, *Stephen Jonas, *Li Min Hua, *Xavier Mayne, *Nuki, *A. L. Raile, *Tennessee Williams. *Black poets of the period from 1980 frequently use pseudonyms (e.g., *Blackberri, *Shahid). They are also being used from 1983 because of *Aids. Australia: see * Cargo, *Jeremy Fisher, *Ern Malley, *Martin Mills (ca. 1920), *Mother Armageddon to be A Habit, *Mother Inferior, *Jason Shaw. Canada: see *George Colman. The * British LIbrary General Catalogue and * National Union Catalog entries for writers frequently disclose the real name of the person if a pseudonym is used. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2: see list at end of vol. 1, 401-02 and vol. 2, 427-35. *Pseudonyms in German from Germany date from 1225. *Der Stricker (active 1225), is the first known pseudonym of gay poetry relevance. In the twentieth century *Sagitta was the famous pseudonym of John Henry Mackay. A list of erotic pseudonyms pertaining to German, some of which are relevant, titled "Pseudonyme der erotischen Literatur" by *Paul Englisch, was published in Archiv für Bibliographie 3 (1930), 127-34; this was reprinted in W. von Murat, Register der Personnennamen zu Hayn-Gotendorf, Hamburg, 1984, pp. 92-99 (some items also relate to French). See also *Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, vol. 1, pp. 401-02, and vol. 2, pp. 427-35 (includes German pseudonyms but is not totally reliable). Pseudonyms in Greek date from 80 B.C. Pseudonyms are the use of a false name by a writer. The attachment of a poet's name to that of a famous poet by a later poet writing in the style of the poet is also a form of pseudonym, as well as being an attempt to conceal the identity of the writer, as is the purpose of a pseudonym; it occurs extensively in surviving ancient Greek poetry. (It may also, of course, be a form of forgery.) This practice occurs from some of the earliest Greek homopoetry: see the *Theognis and * Anacreontea entries - poems ascribed to Theognis (active 544 B.C.), the so-called Book 2, may date as early as 700 B.C. (if this is the case they are using the name Theognis as a quasi-pseudonym). The * Anacreontea are in the manner of *Anacreon, but are also unsigned. Whether *Homer is a pseudonym is unknown. The name *Diocles (possibly active 80 B.C.) may be the first gay Greek pseudonym and the practice can be dated from this time. It is probable that some of the poets of the *Mousa Paidike (and the * Palatine Anthology) wrote under pseudonyms. Pseudonyms were used by the editors and translators of the first printed editions of the Greek poets in the *Renaissance (see J. *Schegkius, H. *Stephanus); they were also used by translators from the *Renaissance on - see Theognis for some. Some modern writers have followed Renaissance precedent and chosen pseudonyms with ancient Greek origins: the pseudonym *P. Stephanus is the pseudonym of the important homoscholar *Paul Brandt who also used the pseudonym *Hans Licht (German for light). *Ion lonicos was inspired by the ancient poet. The Christian origins of the pseudonym *Dinos Christianopoulos, the leading contemporary Greek gay poet are self evident. The word comprising a pseudonym needs to be examined carefully as a clue to its meaning: pseudonyms, that is, may reveal as well as conceal. The names of addressees and lovers (e.g., *Bathyllus as it occurs in the Anacreontea) have been used in pseudonymous situations, when poets did not wish the name of their lover known - both in ancient Greek and later. See also *Marc Daniel, *J. Z. *Eglinton, Jan Hogan, *Auguste Oehler, *L. R. de Pogey-Castries, *Sydney Oswald, *Th. Ramien, *M. Yourcenar. Pseudonyms in Urdu date from ca. 1700. All poets used a *takhallus or pen-name (following Persian tradition) e.g., *Dard means pain. See Josh Malihabadi, *Jan Sahib. Compare *nisba. Movement in German, Russian and English and other languages in Austria and the United States and other countries. From ca. 1902. Founded by *Sigmund Freud ca. 1902 in Austria, psychiatry may be described as a counselling movement for deeply disturbed individuals; it uncovered human motivations by questioning and created awareness of the actions of an individual but psychiatrists usually did not direct their patients in their actions. It contrasts with *psychology (which also involved counselling) which is for lesser disturbed persons. Psychologists did and do tell or direct people in their actions. Generally, psychiatry has had a positive effect in getting people to accept their homosexuality when previously they had rejected it due to social pressures. The poet James Merrill, as he recounts in his autobiography, is a good example. It has been a huge movement in the United States where psychoanalysis, the process of consulting a psychiatrist, was common from the 1940s: see, for instance, *Eduard Roditi. For *Victorian English language poetry see Egbert Faas, Retreat into the Mind: Victorian Poetry and the Rise of Psychiatry, 1988; this deals with *Tennyson and *Browning amongst others. With homosexual behavior being illegal as it has largely been in Germany, the United States and Great Britain and other countries, severe mental disturbances may be caused because of legal and social pressures. Russian. See the entry "Vladimir Chizh" in Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 220-21 for a Russian figure in this field. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1075-77. Gay Histories and Cultures. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, items 2690-4261. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 335-45. Movement in philosophy in English from the United States and in other countries and languages from 1890. Psychology is the science of human behavior. It basically dates from 1890 (see *William James) and has been a strong movement in the United States where psychologists have often replaced priests and ministers of religion as guides for living. Psychological counselling has resulted in homosexuals adopting a more rational approach to life: basically accepting gay sex as natural. The effect of psychology on *gay liberation (which provoked a flood of gay poetry) cannot be underestimated. The rise of psychology has also had an effect on critics of literature (see *William Cowper). See A. A. Roback, A History of American Psychology, 1952. Compare *Psychiatry. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1078-81. Gay Histories and Cultures. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, items 954-1454. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 346-359. Poet from Egypt who wrote in Egyptian. Believed active ca. 2,350 B.C. Ptahhotep was a vizier of ancient Egypt, living ca. 2,350 B.C., who attained high repute in wisdom literature (the Encyclopedia Britannica him as living 2,350 B.C.); he is reputedly the author of the famous piece of wisdom literature in strophic poetry, The Maxims of Ptahhotep (sometimes called the The Instruction of Ptahhotep), which upholds obedience to a father and a superior as the highest virtue (an idea taken by *Aleister Crowley; see also *male bonding). Miriam Lichtheim Ancient Egyptian Literature, vol. 1, 1975, 62 dates this work to "the latter part of the Sixth Dynasty" that is ca. 2,200 B.C. However, surviving manuscripts date from ca. 1850 B.C. (see below). In maxim 31 he says "Bend your back to your superior" and in no. 32 men are urged not to have sex with young boys as it will make the young boys want more. For the text of his poems (with a note on manuscript sources and note on their dating pp. 5-7) see Miriam Lichtheim Ancient Egyptian Literature, vol. 1, 1975, 61-80 (trans. into English, except for no. 32 which is said to be be an injunction against illicit intercourse - probably homosexual *anal sex - and to be very obscure). For Italian translation see *Alessanrdo Sirmone. On maxim 32 see a new translation into English by H. Goedicke in Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt vol. 6 (1967), 97-102; on p. 100 he states that he believes that he has established that Maxim 32 is pederastic in reference and on p. 101 he states "Maxim 32 is clearly an admonition to abstain from making pederastic advances". He is the first known homosexual poet. Compare *Theognis. An excellent English translation with notes and introduction is by R. B. Parkinson in The Tale of Sinuhe and other ancient Egyptian poems 1940-1640 B.C. (Oxford, 1997), 246-72; he states "the earliest manuscripts date from the middle of the Twelfth Dynasty" that is ca. 1850. Text. The edition of Eugène Dévaud (1916) compares known manuscripts. Translation. Czech. Translator not known (1928); see the *British Library Catalogue. English. D. I. Heath (1858), B. G. Gunn(1906), John Foster (1977), R. B. Parkinson (1997 - see details above). French. Eugène Dévaud (1916), Z. Zába (Prague, 1956). German. Gerharh Fecht (1958). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica : see "Ptahhotep". Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Poet and autobiographer in Chinese from China. 1906-1967. The last Chinese emperor who ruled 1908-1911, though he was then a child. He was homosexual, probably exclusively so. Poems ascribed to him are believed to be forgeries; however, he learnt to write poetry as a boy since all *scholars did so in China. On his homosexuality and forged poems see Jerome Ch'en, "The Last Emperor of China", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, vol. 28, 1965, 336-340, especially footnote 8, p. 340. He married and was converted to *Communism under the Communists and reputedly wrote an autobiography: From Emperor to Citizen (but this is largely compiled by many hands: see Brian Hook, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of China, 1982, p. 251). He had no children and therefore no heirs, leaving on one to claim the throne. In the autobiography he specifically stated he did not have sex with his wife. H. McALeavy, in A Dream of Tartary, London, 1965, pp. 238-39, states he had a "male concubine". *Gary Leupp in Male Colors: The Construction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan, 1990, states, p. 165, "copious evidence exists to confirm the homosexuality of Puyi". Publishers - Chinese and Japanese In both Chinese and Japanese in China and Japan there are old traditions of the publishing of erotica, with some poetry being included. Material survives from ca. 1600. 'Pleasure quarters were centers of erotic publishing. Chinese. See *Ming and *Ch'ing novels, *Bawdry, illustration. The Commercial Press, Shanghai, published some sex books in the 1940s (see *Havelock Ellis). Japanese: see *Saikaku, *Onnagata. The tradition continues in Japan today. See the entries "Publishing and Printing, premodern" in Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan. Publishers - English Publishing in relation to gay poetry in English dates from 1579 initially in Great Britain and later in other English speaking countries. Great heights of *design of books were reached from the *eighteen nineties. The *gay liberation period has been another major period, with the largest output. Book *collectors are an important phenomenon in the preservation of gay material since they have ensured that gay literature has survived since some gay works have not been collected by libraries. Great Britain. *London has been the main centre of publication of gay poetry which starts with the publication of *Edmund Spenser's Shepherd's Calendar by Hugh Singleton in 1579. Barnfield's Sonnets, published in 1594 "by John Danter for Thomas Gubbin" as the title page states, were the most open work of the Elizabethan period before *Shakespeare's sonnets. *Edward Blunt published *Marlowe's Hero and Leander. Shakespeare's sonnets were famously published by Edward Blunt's close friend *Thomas Thorpe in 1609, possibly twenty years after their initial composition. (See *Elizabethan entries for details of other poets.) Homosexual *bawdry in *broadsheet form probably dated from this time (see *Richard Tarlton) though samples which have come to light, so far, date only from 1698. *Censorship has been a severe encumbrance to gay publishing in all periods from the Elizabethan period on until the 1970s. *Anthony Stephens published two works of note 1693-94 (one of which, the somewhat erotic * Anacreon done into English, *Edmund Curll, the first English publisher of *pornography reprinted in 1713). *Horace Walpole's *Strawberry Hill Press (1757-97) has claims to be the first known gay publisher as such (he published his friend *Thomas Gray's Poems). It was a *private press, not run to show a profit. *Robert Dodsley, the most important eighteenth century British printer, repays attention. Byron's publisher John Murray has continued as a publisher to this day. *William Dugdale published * Don Leon in 1866, a poem reputedly by Byron, and from this time there was a growing publishing industry of erotica in London. A scandal was caused by *J. C. Hotten's publication of *Swinburne in 1866 (no other publisher would accept it). The private press the Kama Shastra Society (active 1882), associated with *Richard Burton, published several works of relevance including the work of *Sa'adi. With cheaper printing methods which became available in the late *Victorian period, the Mermaid Series edited by *Edmund Gosse made many Elizabethan poets available (e.g., *Christopher Marlowe, *Richard Barnfield); before this time many poets were only poorly edited. The increasing sophistication of printing from 1850 saw more and more poets edited in decent editions. The *Vale Press (1896-1903) of *Charles Ricketts and Charles Shannon was the first private gay press of the modern period. Fine binding and printing came into the fore with Ricketts' design of the poetry volume Silverpoints by John Gray (1893) published by John Lane and *Elkin Mathews (inpartnership from 1887 to 1894). Ricketts also designed books for *Oscar Wilde whose influence on fine printing of gay books was enormous (see *Design) and who paid for the publication of John Gray's poems. Homoerotic *book plates date from this time. Bird and Gay was a small press which published poetry as well as the gay journal The *Chameleon in 1894. Many works of *Uranian poets were published on private presses in fine editions (though receiving little circulation) from 1890 to 1930. The late Victorian publisher of *pornography, *Leonard Smithers, published Wilde's Ballad of Reading Goal in 1898 and *Aleister Crowley's celebrated White Stains in 1900; Crowley himself published several works bearing the imprint Cosmopoli. The late *eighteen-nineties saw a number of publishers of *decadent poetry emerge: such as *Swan Sonnenschein 1897 (publishers of * Iolaus the first English gay anthology), *John Lane, *Elkin Mathews and *Grant Richards. Andre Deutsch published gay material at this time as did the Nonesuch Press. The private press *Cayme Press published several poetry books 1923-ca. 1930 and the *Fortune Press of *R. A. Caton published many gay works of poetry by little known authors from 1924 to 1970. Jack Lindsay's Fanfrolico Press 1926-1930 published some works of relevance (e.g., Lindsay's translation of *Catullus). *Ralph Chubb made his own books of poetry in small editions of about ten copies each from 1924 to 1960. *Stephen Spender published himself as well as *W. H. Auden 1928-30. The general press, The *Hogarth Press, with *Bloomsbury links, published - somewhat daringly - the Greek homosexual poet *Cavafy in translation in 1951: he was the most open homopoet in the twentieth century published in Great Britain before the contemporary period. In the 1950s, 60s, and 70s, *Rupert Hart-Davis, *Anthony Blond and *Neville Spearman were active in publishing gay material; *Cecil Woolf also published books of note and the First Editions Club published a few items of relevance in this period. *Gay Mens Press (ca. 1980+) has published several volumes of poetry; it reprinted Uranian verse and was the major British publisher of gay poetry but no longerpublishes poetry. The private press, *Tragara Press (1954+, *Edinburgh), publishes finely printed *eighteen nineties *decadent material, though not this material exclusively. Fulcrum Press (active 1970-80) has published work by gay poets such as *Lee Harwood, *Allen Ginsberg and *Robert Duncan while The Oscars Press (from ca. 1987) under *Peter Daniels publishes gay poetry in the form of *chapbooks. Major publishers such as *Penguin Books are increasingly publishing gay poetry. Finely illustrated editions of such works as *Marlowe's Hero and Leander, *Shakespeare's Sonnets, *Tennyson's In Memoriam, *Housman's poems and *Wilde's Ballad of Reading Goal should be considered. *Nicholas Wilde's illustrations to the poetry of *Edmund John are an outstanding recent example of such gay fine printing. The CD Rom of the *British Library General Catalogue and other *computer data bases can be searched for particular publishers; as library computer data bases are extended further back, more and more material will be brought to light. References. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition: the bibliography lists publishers with each entry thus enabling the discovery of publishers who published important gay works. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition pp. 290-94, "Some Notes on Gay Publishing", by *Ian Young, discusses the subject from 1900 on. Smith, Love in Earnest, pp. 240-55 (lists *Uranian verse). United States. *Boston, *New York, 'Philadelphia on the *east coast and latterly *San Francisco and *Los Angeles on the *west coast of the United States have been centres of publishing of United States gay and gay related books. Most important gay poetry publications have emanated from these cities. *Walt Whitman self published Leaves of Grass in various editions from 1855, thus initiating United States gay publishing; similarly, many poets have self published *chapbooks in the *gay liberation period. Most gay poetry books have emanated from small presses. Library deposit copies from the *gay liberation period have frequently not been deposited in libraries (or when deposited have not been cataloged, frequently being discarded) thus making access to the texts very difficult. Poor quality paper in recent publications is also compounding problems of conservation. Little is known of the The Ladslore Series (publisher of a gay poetry book, Lads o' the Sun in New York in 1928 and connected with *E. M. Slocum who was the probably compiler of * Men and Boys, 1924, the first United States gay anthology); it is possibly the first gay press of note. The *Loeb press published English translations of Greek and Latin poets from ca. 1918 (initially in Great Britain but later from ca. 1920 in the United States under the control of Harvard University Press). The Obelisk Press published the United States poet *Richard Thoma in Paris ca. 1931 where publishing laws were freer. *Censorship was then a major obstacle to publication of erotic writing. Oliver Layton press (1959-ca. 1964) in New York published * Greek Love and the International Journal of Greek Love. Greenleaf Classics has published some poetry in the 1970s. For Brandon House, a publisher of erotica, see Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, item 10574 (1965). *Lawrence Ferlinghetti's *City Lights bookshop also published, particularly *Allen Ginsberg and *Beat writers. With the relaxing of censorship from 1970, the gay liberation period saw a number of major gay presses publishing poetry. *Gay Sunshine Press (1975+), founded by *Winston Leyland, was the major press in San Francisco; it published several gay anthologies and books in the 1970s as well as the journal Gay Sunshine from where the press took its name. Pagan Press of John Lauritsen briefly published *J. A. Symonds (titled Male Love) and reprinted * Iolaus (for the possible source of the name see *Hart Crane). *Good Gay Poets (1975+) was a gay publishing co-operative which published the * Boston Gay Review and several poets (e.g., John Wieners). Paul Mariah's and Richard Tagett's *Manroot was, like Gay Sunshine, a journal which beame a press. *Little Caesar Press (publisher *Denis Cooper) also published a journal (1976-82) as well as being a publisher. John Gill's Crossing Press (1973+) has made a major contribution. Four Seasons and *Donald Allen's Grey Fox were San Francisco presses which built a gay readership in the *nineteen seventies. The Dragon Fly press of *Sidney Smith was active in the 1970s. The gay poet Jonathan Williams's Jargon Society has published gay poetry and *Sea Horse Press founded by *Felice Picano published the anthology * A True Likeness and poetry. Black Sparrow Press is a west coast press which has published some gay authors, as has North Point Press. The contemporary east coast gay publishers *Alyson and St Martin's (see *Paul Monette, * Living the Spirit) are the main United States east coast gay publishers. Global Academic Publishers, New York, published gay titles from ca.1988 but in 1995 became defunct. See the article in *The Advocate no. 243 by *Ian Young on the history of gay small presses. General publishers who have published a significant amount of gay poetry include New Directions. Latterly big university presses have taken up serious gay publishing e.g., Chicago University Press published John Boswell and Duke University Press. The *Library of Congress Computer Catalog should yield detailed lists of the publications of publishers from 1967 and progressively back as its old card catalog is put into machine readable form (especially as computer searching becomes more sophisticated). See Richard Hall, "The Growth of Gay Small Presses", Advocate no. 304, 31-32; James M. Saslow, "Movers and Makers", Advocate no. 332 (10 December 1981), 30-31. References. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition: publishers are listed with each entry; see also pp. 290-94. "Some Notes on Gay Publishing" by *Ian Young (from 1900). Canada. *Catalyst Press (1968-80) controlled by ian Young was the main *gay liberation press (it was taken over by Stubblejumper and operated in 1987 as Stubblejumper under *Doug Wilson). Pink Triangle Press has published * Body Politic and works of the *Canadian Gay Archives. Blewointmentpress, Vancouver, controlled by *bill bissett has published gay poetry books: see entries in Homosexuality in Canada and entries *bill bissett, *Bertrand *Lachance and *Stephen Miller. Canada seems to have no gay male press at present. Australia. Island Press (1970-79) is the first publisher of note: see *Philip Roberts (who published *Robert Adamson). The Sydney Gay Writers' Collective (1980-83) published the *journal Inversions and the first Australian gay anthology * Edge City, with the owners being the editors of Edge City; it was the first openly gay Australian publisher. Nosukumo in Melbourne (ca. 1982-1996) was controlled by Javant Biarujia; this was not strictly speaking a gay press but has published poetry by Javant Biarujia and *Ian Birks and the broadsheet Carrionflower Writ (which has featured gay poems). Black Wattle Press (1987+) of *Laurin McKinnon has published poetry books by *Ian MacNeill and *Denis Gallagher, and the journal * Cargo. The Griffin Press, Adelaide, controlled by Richard Griffin, though not a gay press, published the gay erotica of *Donald Friend (with some poetry). Publishing concerned with gay poetry in French dates from at least 1789. The publisher of *Ode aux bougres (1789), a poem in French pretending to be against homosexuality but revealing much fascination with it, is not known. Prior to 1789 mostly poems were epigrams in poets works. Jules Gay published some gay titles ca. 1861 (see * Alcibiade fancuillo, *Francois Maynard) and *Lisieux was active in *Paris ca. 1882 as the main printer of erotica. The journal * Mercure de France published considerable gay book material at the turn of the century. The Paris based Bibliothèque des Curieux published works ca. 1910. *Charles Carrington (pseud.) and *Leonard Smithers both published English *pornography ca. 1890-ca.1910 in Paris. Paris has been the major center for publishing in French though material has emanated from *Brussels (see *Verlaine). Publishers of gay poetry in German date from at least 1896. Though the publishers of *Platen's gay poetry were probably the first publishers of the period, from 1800, to publish gay poetry, the *Leipzig printer *Max Spohr (1896-1905) was the first gay German publisher. *Adolf Brand's press of the same name in *Berlin was outstanding; he published Der Eigene. The period from 1896-1933 saw many finely produced books and especially German *journals. Paul Aretz in Dresden published the fine art books on Greek art and literature of *Paul Brandt, Sittengeschichte Griechenlands. *Leipzig and *Berlin have been the two outstanding centers. From 1933 to 1945 all gay publishing ceased in Germany with the rise of the Nazis. *Eremiten-Presse has published significant gay poetry from before 1964 and *Verlag rosa Winkel is the major contemporary *gay liberation publisher. *Maldoror im blauen Mond briefly published *chapbooks in *Berlin ca. 1980. Fine gay publishing has also been done in Austria and Switzerland (see * L'amour bleu). The journal *Der Kreis, published in Switzerland, was finely produced. A catalog of a exhibition of German gay books is Dirk Naguschewski, Bücher von hinten, Berlin, 1993. Publishers of Greek and Latin gay poetry erotica dates from the *Renaissance in Italy and other west European coutries. Material dates from ca. 1495. Greek. Aldus *Manutius published the first book, the * editio princeps of *Theocritus in 1495 in *Venice, Italy (see the *Douglas Young entry); he was also responsible for the * editio princeps of Theognis, 1495-96. Greek and Latin: see 'editions of classical texts; *Martial was very popular and *Virgil was published early. Publication continued until the present mainly in Italy, Germany, France and Spain and also in all European countries in which Latin was the language of scholarship as far as Poland and south to Greece. Works have also been published in all areas to which European culture has spread (in south America, north America and Australia). School editions have been censored. Poets in Japanese from Japan. Active ca. 1700. See *Enomoto Kikaku, *Etsujin (pseud.), *Hattori Ransetsu (pseud.). Erotic suggestiveness is a feature of the work of these poets following Basho himself. See also *disciples. Criticism. Henderson, Introduction to Haiku, Chapter 4, 52-89. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1923. A United States novelist who has written five volumes of poems 1971-85. Collected Poems, 1989. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Contemporary Authors New Revision Series, volume 19. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poets for Life, 200 - *non gender specific love poem; biog., 239. Criticism. European Gay Review , no. 3, 10-15: two poems including *"David and Jonathan". Puritanism was a major religious movement in Great Britian from ca. 1600 and later in the United States and other countries colonized by Great Britain. Puritanism arose in England (which did not join with Scotland, Wales and Ireland to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain until 1702). Like *Calvinism, it emphasized severe restrained behavior, simple clothes and close cropped hair styles. The reading of the * Bible was a major component off belief. It started as a religious reform movement within the Church of England. Sex within marriage was seen as the only form of sexuality and the Bible was strictly interpreted to stigmatize sexual behaviour between males (see *Sodom and Gomorrah). Puritanism culminated in the Civil War and Commonwealth of England 1640-1660 under Oliver Cromwell. The *Cavalier poets in the early part of the seventeenth century represent a reaction to Puritanism in its early manifestation. John Milton was the major poet with Puritan links of the period 1640-60 (though Milton was a complex person, sensual as well as being Puritanical). *Restoration poets such as *Rochester represented a reaction after 1660. These poets are shot though with cynicism and indulgence of pleasure after the recall of Charles II (whose father had been beheaded) to ascend the throne where he could indulge his whims - theatre, women, lively court life etc. Such an extreme philosophy was bound to produce a strong reaction and Puritanical attitudes have had a lasting legacy. They have characterized British culture (and its overseas derivatives the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and including in India and other former colonies such as Hong Kong); they are apparent in the persecution of *Oscar Wilde and such critics as *Samuel Johnson and *F. R. Leavis. Movements like the *Aesthetic Movement and the *Decadent movement represent a reaction to Puritanical attitudes. Puritanism has largely been responsible for the scarcity of erotic poetry in English. In Great Britain it was also responsible for *censorship of erotic books until the 1970s and for the *laws prohibiting male homosexuality remaining in place until 1967. Puritanisn has been strong in Wales (see *Edward Thomas), Scotland and Northern Ireland (see *Law - English) as well as England. United States. The first British settlers were Puritans and Puritanisn has been responsible for much United States morality, to this very day. Puritans went to the United States from 1620 because they were determined to preserve what they felt they had lost in England. It was this fanaticism which caused the 100 on the first ship, the Mayflower (that included men women and children) to establish a society that was so restrictive. In England Oliver Cromwell had always had to contend with republicans as well as royalists though the United States was not to become a republic until 1776, being until this date a colony of Great Britain. It is an extremely strong force in United States life. Poets: see *Edward Taylor, *T. Dwight, *Wigglesworth, *Thoreau, *T. S. Eliot. For the United States see Perry Miller, The New England Mind: The Seventeenth Century, Cambridge, MA, 1953. The probably gay philosopher *George Santayana wrote on the conflict of Puritanism and hedonism. Australia. Puritanism characterised the religious beliefs of some of the early British settlers and has had a lasting effect: see *B. O'Dowd, *Hugh McCrae. The first religious leader, Reverend Richard Johnson, was a British evangelical who aspired to have everyone believe or go to hell. Canada: see *E. J. Pratt. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica . Color and trope in Latin from Italy from 85 and later in English and German. Purple was first associated with homosexuality in the * Latin poet *Martial (ca. 85-103) in Book 3 poem Ixxxii. (The lesbian poet *Sappho in poem 32 refers to violets - which are purple - and other poems.) As a color it is documented from the Phoenicians who specialized in selling the dye expecially to the Romans who used it to dye the edges of their togas. English. Purple was associated with homosexuality from ca. 1893 when *Oscar Wilde had the English edition of his play Salomé bound in purple. Purple has been used for bindings of gay books since then: see *S. W. Foster, *T. Dwight, *Victor Daley, *Roderic Quinn, *Henry Stevenson, * Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine. It has been recorded as purple passion referring to sexuality, but not unequivocally homosexuality, by *Gary Simes from ca. 1934 onwards. German: see *Oliver Balde, 1980. *Lavender, Lilac and Mauve are a paler shade of purple. Poet from Russia who wrote in Russian. 1799-1837. Pushkin is the most famous Russian *Romantic poet who modelled his career on the bisexual *Byron and his greatest work, the *long poem Eugene Onegin, on Byron's Don Juan(the first five cantos of which Pushkin read in Pichot's French prose translation: see Eugene Onegin: Revised Edition, 1975, edited by *Vladimir Nabokov, vol. 1, p. 69), Eugene Onegin was begun in 1823 and completed in 1830. Pushkin occupies the position in Russian that *Dante occupies in Italian, *Goethe in German and *Shakespeare in British English occcupy. Pushkin's poem in *The Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse (see references below) is supposedly an imitiation "from the Arabic" written in 1835. It appears to show the influence of the * Palatine Anthology also. In a poem, "Sappho", of 1826, *Sappho is attracted to the male Phaon because of his girlish beauty (discussed in Green's article below). The sexuality of the hero of Eugene Onegin, which contains many risqué allusions, may be seen as problematical and he is a *dandy as Pushkin also was in real life, following Byron's example. The narrative poem Gavriliada has lines devoted to sexual matters in a similar way. Pushkin's sexuality is a mystery; he may have been largely asexual - in a famous letter concerning Anna Kern, occur the words "with God's help I fucked [her]" (though the wording is controversial). These words imply he may have had difficulty in sexual relations with women (they are quoted in the introduction to D. M. Thomas, The Bronze Horseman and other poems, London, 1982). (A *homosexual, though able to achieve an erection with men, may not be able to achieve one with a woman; though whether Pushkin ever had or attempted to have sexual relations with a man may never be known.) A complicating factor is that Pushkin was under serveillance by the Tsar's police for periods of this life. Pushkin died in a duel defending his wife's, Natalya's, honour. The duel may have some relationship to his sexuality since Natalya was flirting with another man at the time. The duel was fought with Baron Georges d'Anthès and it has recently been revealed that d'Anthes's relationship with the Dutch ambassador, Baron van Keeckeren, was of a homosexual nature (see Times Literary Supplement, 9 October, 1998, 17). D'Anthès was married to Natalya's sister. The circumstances of the duel are discussed in Serena Vitale, Pushkin's Button, 1999 (translated from Italian). Pushkin was well read in classic Latin poetry and the homosexual *Martial was a favorite author; *Petronius was another interest. (Also known to him were *Aretino and *Piron, bawdy authors such as *Shakespeare and *Rabelais, and French erotic poetry of the eighteenth century.) One thing is certain: Pushkin was tolerant of homosexuality, as letters to Filip Vigel in 1823 reveal (quoted in Michael Green's article below). Pushkin has been widely translated. The Charles Johnston translation of Eugene Onegin into English of 1977 was used as a model by *Vikram Seth for his gay poem The Golden Gate. In 1999 Douglas R. Hofstader published an English translation of Eugene Onegin. Text. See the discussion of first printings of the text in Eugene Onegin: Revised Edition, 1975, edited by *Vladimir Nabokov, vol. 1, pp. 74-83 which is complex and in which censorship was involved; major editions published in Russia are listed pp. xxvii-xxviii and the best known is the Academy Edition of 1937. The complete text was first published in Russia in 1833 and 1837. *Vladimir Nabokov and *Roman Jakobson edited editions published in the United States with commentaries on the work. Nabokov's is in four volumes (Eugene Onegin: Revised Edition, 1975; first edition 1964) and has the Introduction and translation in volume one, an extended commentary in volumes two and three and the text of the 1837 edition photographically reproduced in volume four (this volume also includes an Index). Criticism. See Anthony Cross, "Pushkin's Bawdy", Russian Literature Triquarterly 10 (1974), 203-36; see p. 217 for an *epigram aimed against the Metropolitan of St Petersburg who was demanding severe punishment for a Captain Borozda convicted of *sodomy. Michael Green, "Just an imitation?", Gay News no. 222 (1981), 30 discusses the poem in The Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse and letters to Vigel; *Valery Pereleshin has also written on his poem (see Criticism below). Lenore Scheffler, Das erotische Sujet in Puskins Dichtung (The erotic subject in Pushkin's poetry), Munich, 1968, is a dissertation in German from Tubingen, on his erotic poetry. See also Criticism in homosexual terms" below. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Terras, Handbook of Russian Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros Russe: possibly relevant poem only. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 198: trans. *Valery Pereleshin. Out of the Blue, 2935: same poem trans. by Michael Green with a discussion of the poem. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 457-58; trans. Michael Green: "Imitation of the Arabic" (1835) and "On the Statue of a Player at Svaika". Criticism in homosexual terms. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 649 - *Valery Perelshin, "Pushkin's Gay Poem" Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1976. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 3154 (with *Robert F. Riordan): Partners... of *Friendship and Love, New Haven, Connecticut: Lydian Publicatoins, 1976. Critic from the United States writing in English. 1892-1950. Author of the article "Literature and Love" in Victor J. Robinson, Encyclopedia Sexualis, 1936, vol. 1, pp. 451-506 (note: the promised second volume of this work was never published). This is a concise, scholarly and detailed survey with contents list of writers dealt with p. 452 and mentioning some relevant periods and works (e.g., *Vedic literature, ancient Greek literature) and authors of relevance (e.g., *Catullus, *Aretino). It examines sexuality in relation to the various cosmologies; overall, however, there is not a great deal of discussion of homosexuality. There was a United States publishing firm called Samuel Putnam and this may be the same person. The * British LIbrary General Catalogue and * National Union Catalog reveal Samuel Putnam was a translator from French (including *Cocteau's Enfants Terribles, 1930, *Rabelais and *De Sade), Italian, Portuguese and Spanish and wrote The World of *Jean Bosschere, London: Fortune Press, 1932 (100 copies). Possibly his father Samuel Porter Putnam (1838-1896) wrote 400 Years of Freethought, New York: The Truth seeker company, 1894. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors, vol. 107. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active 1929. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 90: Barella der Romer. Der Dichter. Nov. der Freundesliebe, Berlin: Phoebus, 1929 and the poem: "Begegnung (Ich weiß, auf mich gerichtet..." [no date or source given]. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1961. The son of a docker, his mother was a housewife until she divorced and became a steel fixer in a concrete factory. He has worked for Outcast Theatre Company, and now works with Positively Healthy. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Take Any Train, 42-44: "For a Dead Friend" (who committed *suicide), "Hey Dad" (suggestions of *incest); biog., 63. Chapbook: Cottage Cream, London, *Oscars Press, 1988, pp. 34-47 - Tine *free verse sequences (with biography p. 34); name spelt here Greyum Pyper. Poems in Egyptian from Egypt. From before 2,176 B.C. The Pyramid Texts are the oldest corpus of Egyptian funerary and religious literature; the first 236, on the Pyramid of Unas, go back to 2,350 B.C. and the last is 2, 175 B.C. They were carved in the walls of the pyramid of King Wenis of the late fifth dynasty and of the rulers of the sixth dynasty. The texts consist of *chants or *spells relating to the king: see *"Go forth plant thyself" (the earliest homosexual poem). There is considerable homoeroticism implied in the relationship of the King and *Horus and other male gods, e.g., Osiris. Text. The standard edition is by Kurt Sethe, 1908-22 (reprinted); a new edition incorporating material discovered in the twentieth century is in course of preparation by Gustave Jequier. Translation. English: J. H. Breasted (1912; partial trans.), Samuel A. B. Mercer (1952), R. O. Faulkner (1969); French: Maspero (1882 and 1894), Louis Speleers (1923-24; partial trans.?); German: Kurt Sethe (1908-22). References. Encyclopedia Britannica. Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Poet from India writing in Urdu. Died 1793. See *C. M. Naim, "The Theme of Homosexual (Pederastic) Love in Pre-Modern Urdu Poetry", in Studies in the Urdu Gazal and Prose Fiction, edited by M. U. Memon, 1979, 124: states very few verses contain unambiguous pederastic references. Not in Dictionary of Oriental Literatures or in Sadiq, History of Urdu Literature. Compare *Qaim Chandpuri. Poet who wrote in Urdu. Ca. 1850?; date uncertain. Possibly the same poet as *Qa'im. Criticism. Rahman, "Boy love in the Urdu ghazal", Paidika vol. 2 no. 1 (1989), 21: poem cited. Poet who wrote in Persian. Active ca. 1590. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A'in i Akbari anthology, 656-58 - a homosexual love poem referring to "the beautiful boy" and another such poem; biog., 656 - states his name is Nur 'd-Din. Poet who wrote in Persian. Active ca. 159Q. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A'in i Akbari anthology, 67B; biog., 67B. Poet from India who wrote in Persian. Active ca. 159Q. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A'in i Akbari anthology, 636-3B - not specifically gay; 'friend trope; biog., 636-37. Poet possibly from India who wrote in Persian. Active ca. 1590. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A'in i Akbari anthology, 679 - includes a homosexual love poem to Yusuf; biog., 679 - states he lived as a Faqir and wandered bare-footed and bare-headed through the world. Qassim, Muhammed The poem "To a Basketball Player" (cited below) was translated from Arabic with the assistance of Ali Haidar al-Rikabi and is a brilliant poem about the poet's love for a basketball player. The poem is said to be very famous in *Baghdad and to descend from odes written in praise of Caliphs. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10941: "To a Basketball Player" in New World Writing No. 5, 1954, 287-88, translated by Desmond Stewart. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 3156: same poem. Poet from Iran who wrote in Persian. Active ca. 159Q. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A'in i Akbari anthology, 669 - includes a homosexual love poem to "the sweet boy"; biog., 669. Quakers, also called Society of Friends Religion in English in Great Britain and the United States. From 1649. A religion which arose in 1649 in Great Britain stressing peace and inner harmony and especially associated in the United States with *Philadelphia (founded in 1681 by the Quaker *William Penn). It was founded by the Englishman George Fox (1624-1691). Its distinguishing feature is that there is no intermediary (priests and ministers) between the congregation and God. The movement has been especially influential in the United States. Quakers are also called the Society of Friends and have been especially tolerant of homosexuality. See *Logan Pearsall Smith, *Scott Tucker, *Harvey Gillman, * Poetic Friends Nosegay (a Quaker gay poetry anthology). *Walt Whitman dispplayed strong Quaker traits. Harvey Gillman, A Minority of One, London, 1988, is a lecture by the author who was born a Jew, discovered himself gay and became a Quaker (see poems pp. 19, 112-13). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica: see "Friends". Gay Histories and Cultures. Criticism. Arcadie no. 114 (June 1963), 281-86: article by *Marc Daniel (pseud.). Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1061. Poem in Latin. Ca. 1150. The full title means "A perverse custom it is to prefer boys to girls". Gay Poetry Anthologies. Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance and Homosexuality, 389-90; Latin text on p. 392. Hallam, Book of Sodom, 109. Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian; translator from Greek and Latin to Italian. 1906-1968. An Italian poet who won the *Nobel Prize for Literature in 1959. Greek. He translated a selection of the Palatine Anthology from Greek into Italian with the title Lirici greci, 1945, 248 pp.; he also published Dall Anthologia Palatina, 1968, translations which have been highly rated. Latin. He translated *Catullus (1945+) and *Martial (1945; repr.). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Archive from the United States of works in English. From 1983. Situated in St Paul, Minnesota, it is the major mid west archive and library of the United States (compare *Gerber Hart Library). Address: 1619 Dayton Ave, St Paul, Minnesota, 55104. The library had some 490 journals in August 1995 and a list exists (personal visit). It has a large library of books including rare and unusual gay books. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Directory of the International Association of Lesbian and Gay Archives and Libraries, 130-33. Poet who wrote in Persian. Active ca. 1590. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A'in i Akbari anthology, 672 - a love poem to "the beautiful boy"; biog., 672. City in Canada where French is the main spoken language. Material dates from ca. 1970 at least. It is also the name of a Canadian province. There was a gay movement in the city from 1971. French. Québec had a strong counterculture movement in the 1970s and homosexuality was a theme in the works of several poets: see *Paul Chamberland, Jean Basile, *Andre Roy. English. See *Frank Call, Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1089-90. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage : see "Québécois Literature". Word in English from Great Britain, Australia and other English speaking countries. It may date with homosexual suggestion from the reign of King James I of Great Britain (commenced in 1603). In the twentieth century the word has come to be a general euphemism for a homosexual. Poets: see *Edmund Spenser, *Federico García Lorca (translation), *Samuel Augustus Jennings, *William Barber, Joel Lane, James Gidley. The entry in *Gary Simes, A Dictionary of Australian Underworld Slang, 1993, p. 165, where the word is spelt "quean" dates modern usage from 1910. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gay Histories and Cultures. Word and movement in English in Great Britain, the United States and other English speaking countries and in German, French, Spanish and Arabic. Used from 1894. The word queer has become current in certain circles, especially academic ones, to replace gay from 1989 though it had been used to refer to homosexuality from 1920 and was used by Lord Queensberry, the father of Lord Alfred Douglas in 1894 in a homosexual sense in a letter (see Richard Ellmann, Oscar Wilde, 1987, p. 402); it signifies strangeness and otherness in its post 1990 usage (see the Encyclopedia of Homosexuality entry) and a new militancy in contrast to an assimilationist view of gay life. In some sections of academia it is the preferred word to describe homosexuality, both male and female. McKenzie Wark, in The Australian newspaper, 24 February 1993, 16, states: "It [queer] encourages people who may not share the same sexual identity to see that they confront common social problems. It calls for a politics of affinity rather than indentity. With queer theory lesbian and gay males are encouraged to form a common front. Queer also seeks to incorporate transvestism and transsexuals into homosexuality." Victoria A. Brownworth, "Queer are the Uses of Diversity", Lambda Book Report vol. 3 no. 3 (1993), 11-12, states "a Queer aesthetic must include all the others". See Gary Simes, A Dictionary of Australian Underworld Slang, 1993, pp. 165-66 for discussion of the word, dating it from ca. 1920 with the meaning "homosexual". The article in Art Forum (November 1990), vol. 3, 21-23, by Tom Kalin deals with the rebirth of the word from August 1990. For Queer Theory, a new area of academic discourse, see the special edition of the journal Differences edited by Teresa de Lauretis, vol. 3 no. 2, 1991 (based on a conference at University of California, Santa Cruz on Queer Theory in 1989); on p. 2 the editor says "queer foregrounds same-sex desire without designating which sex is desiring". *Michael Moon is one of the leading persons involved and a good introduction is Annmarie Jagose, Queer Theory (Melbourne, 1996) which has an excellent bibliography. TVolume 2 number 4 (Novelmber 1999) of the journal Sexualities is a special queer issue. Queer has emerged after *Aids stigmatized homosexual behavior after many years of *gay liberation (which from 1969 had emphasized the normalcy of homosexuality) and titles of articles and books owe much to *Postmodernism. It represents a reaction to gay liberation which had become an orthodoxy. Queer, however, now threatens to become an orthodoxy. In English the word has generally not displaced "gay" in general speech and in fact is not well known to mean "homosexual". For English in Candada see Peter Dickinson, Here is Queer: Nationalisms, Sexualities and the Literatures of Candada (Toronto, 1999); with bibl. In homosexual poetry, queer has seen a new vigor with much more emphasis on expression of all sorts of contradictory attitudes (though this trend was apparent from the early 1970s). See also Robert McRuer, The Queer Renaissance, 1997, Mark Simpson, AntiGay (London, 1997) and *Robert Dessaix. A bibliography is Joan Nordquist, Queer Theory: A Bibliography, 1997. German. See Christoph Lorey, editor, Queering the Canon; defying sights in German literature and culture, Columbia, SC, 1998; bibl. pp. 434-72. This work includes essays on *medieval poetry, *Goethe and *Schiller. French. See Tamsin Spargo, Foucault and Queer Theory, 1999. Spanish and Arabic. Josiah Blackmore, editor, Queer Iberia: sexualities, cultures and crossings from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance, Durham, 1999 (with bibliographical references) deals with Spain from the 10th to the 16th centuries. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1091: see "Queer". Howes, Broadcasting It. Cassell's Encyclopedia of Queer Myth, Symbol, and Spirit: see "Queer Spirit". Gay Histories and Culturesp: "Queer Theory"; see also "Queer Nation", "Queer Politics" and "Queer Skinheads". Bibliographies. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 77. English biographer and critic from Great Britain writing in English. 1905-1993. His Byron: The Years of Fame, 1935, was the first discussion of Byron's homosexuality since * Don Leon (*Xavier Mayne discussed the issue but his work did not have wide circulation): see p. 86 of the Penguin reprint, 1954, which states *Byron was *bisexual (see also discussion of Byron's sexuality pp. 82-88). He has also written Byron in Italy, 1980. His The Marble Foot: An Autobiography 1905-38, New York, 1977, discusses sometime gay identities of the 1930s from Great Britain who were friends (e. g., *Evelyn Waugh, *Cyril Connolly). Five times married, he had two children from his third and fifth marriage. He was a close friend of *Stephen Tennant and, in 1930, accepted the newly found Chair of Literature in *Tokyo which he held for one year. Biographical information with a photograph is on the back of the *Penguin edition of Byron in Italy, 1955. He was a man of letters who wrote a large number of biographical and critical works on English writers and edited History Today, 1951-79. He was especially interested in Byron and wrote and edited four books on him; eighteenth century British writers were another major interest. He is also a poet and was knighted in 1992. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Contemporary Authors, New Revision Series, vol. 69. Quevedo y Villegas, Francisco Gomez de Poet and critic from Spain who wrote in Spanish. 1580-1645. He was also a novelist, satirist and moralist. He called *Villamediana gay in a poem. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature (the entry notes his marriage was a fiasco). Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1239: states he called *Gongora gay (though there is no evidence supplied). Poet from Australia writing in English. Born 1950. Author of Listen to me with love (Perth, 1989), a series of *non gender specific romantic love poems, with a non gender specific drawing of two persons embracing on the cover and photographs of the Australian landscape by Steven Davies. The work can by read by gays or straights. Unpaginated; in the last pages, it contains photographs of the author and photographer with information on them. Poet from Spain writing in Catalan. Active before 1978. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Poemes Gais, 35-38; also trans. into Spanish in Poemes Gais. Collector and editor from Australia of books in English. Active 1899-died 1954. He was a close friend of Brennan, one of a group called The Compliqués (French for The Complicated Ones), who used to dine together each Friday: for information on him, see the index to Axel Clark, Christopher Brennan, Melbourne, 1980. He joined the Public Library staff in 1899 and was Parliamentary Librarian in Sydney, New South Wales, from 11 June 1924 to 31 January 1944, formerly being assistant librarian 1909-1923 and acting librarian 1923-24. He was a friend of Brennan's from the time he worked in the Public Library, 1899-1909, during which period Brennan also worked in the Public Library. Owner of a book by *Alfred Douglas, Oscar Wilde and Myself, 1914, with a homosexual poem by *Christopher Brennan written in the book in Brennan's handwriting. He also edited Brennan's poems which omitted this homosexual poem from the edition; he died in 1954 before the edition could be published and the editing was completed by A. R. Chisholm in 1960. Editor from Canada of works in Latin; critic writing in English. Active 1972. An editor of the Latin poet 'Catullus, with commentary, titled Catullus: The Poems, New York, 1970 (second edition, 1973). This is the best edition with English commentary. See his Catullus, An Interpretation, London, 1972, pp. 242-55, "The homosexual poems" (there is also an important bibliographical "Note on Books" regarding editions and commentary pages x-xi). His Horace: The Odes (London, 1908; repr.) is an important commentary on 'Horace. Poet from Australia who wrote in English. 1867-1949. His book, The Hidden Tide, as the reviewer in The Bookfellow of 25 March 1899 noticed, was "*purple inside and *green out" (p. 2). The cover was coloured *green and the printing inside was in *purple ink. Purple could be a veiled reference to homosexuality, particularly in the context of the *eighteen-nineties. Green had Irish associations in Australia at the time and *Oscar Wilde was famous for wearing a green carnation. See also "The Greater Love", in Poems, Sydney, 1920, 79-81. "The Fairy Man" in Rod Quinn's Own Cutting Book, ca. 1920 (held in Rare Books, Fisher Library, University of Sydney) is a published poem with possible homosexual connotations (see *fairy). A published poem, titled *"J. Le Gay Brereton", is an uncollected poem in the manuscript Rod Quinn: Letter to Hugh McCrae (held in Rare Books, Fisher Library). He was part of the movement known in Australia as the Celtic twilight, centered on *Irish writers (*W. B. Yeats was the most prominent British writer). His poems have not been collected. Rod Quinn's Own Cutting Book, in Rare Books, Fisher Library, University of Sydney, contains cuttings of his poems published in journals. It seems to be a complete record for the years covered. A collected edition of his poems is needed. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Australian Dictionary of Biography: revealing he was a close friend of *E. J. Brady, a leading member of the Dawn and Dusk Club and never married. Collection in Latin of poets from Italy. Paris: Prostat ad pistrinum in vico Parisiis, 1791, 242 pages. The title of this work, meaning "five of the more illustrious poets", wittily hints at something it isn't: the poets were not famous as they were barely known and, when known, they were notorious for the scandalous nature of their poetry, especially - in the case of three of the five poets - for homosexuality. The poets are: *Antonio Panormita (pseudonym of *Antonio Beccadelli), *Ramusius of Rimini, *Pacificus Maximus, Jovianus Pontanus and Joannes Secundus. The work was published Paris in 1791 (just after the French revolution in 1789) and edited by *Mercier de Saint-Leger. As three poets, Beccadelli, Pacificus Maximus and Ramusius, wrote Latin homosexual poems with significant homosexual content (though the overall context of Beccadelli's poetry is bisexual). Many poems are relevant in the works of *Pacificus Maximus. What the volume does confirm is the tradition of - and interest in - homosexual poetry in Latin, dating in printed form from the *Renaissance. Because of the significant homosexual poetry content it is a quasi Latin homosexual anthology though not an anthology as such. Not sighted; a copy is in the *Enfer and also the British Library (see * British Library General Catalogue). Bibliographies. Ashbee, Bibliography of Prohibited Books, volume one, 343: states the work is "full of errors of every imaginable kind". Pia, Les Livres de l'Enfer, vol. 1, column 774: title transcription of the Enfer copy with a note stating it was edited by *Barthelemy Mercier and Molini. Criticism. Forberg, Manual of Classical Erotology, x-xii: gives the title and the poets. Poet from Spain writing in Spanish. Active 1976. See Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1242; stated to be a "Bohemian, self- publishing poet" author of Apuntes sobre el homosexual, Madrid, 1976 - a work with gay themes. Poet from Italy writing in Italian. Active 1978. Bibliographies. Leggere omosessuale, item 347: Nel ghetto, Milan: Ottaviano, 1978 (re *Ivan Teobaldelli); militant gay poetry. Pseudonym of a poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active ca. 1620. Edited by J. M. Cowper the poem by R. C., The Times' Whistle or a New Daunce of Seven Satires, London, 1871, contains references to homosexuality (the date of the poem has not been absolutely ascertained): see, in this edition, pp. 55 (lines 1651-1668), 79-80 (lines 2466-2512 containing a *Ganymede reference), 91 (lines 2882-2902). The poem is a *satire and the lines from Satires 5 and 6 are condemnatory of sodomy ("this vice is so inveterate" - line 2508), which the author sees as prevalent in Great Britain. Criticism. Bray, Homosexuality in Renaissance England, 51: quotation from "The Times' Whistle". Poet from Madagascar who wrote in French; he also wrote in Malagasy and Spanish. 1901-1937. The eighteenth poem of Translations of the Night is a pastoral poem, featuring the lovers *Corydon and Alexis. A *black poet who wrote mainly in French but also in Malagasy and Spanish. Strongly influenced by French poetry, especially the *decadents, he committed *suicide after taking to *drugs when the authorities refused to allow him to go to France. He was associated also with *negritude and his poems appeared in an anthology of Leopold Senghor. He appears to have married. He later drifted from job to job. Biography: see G. Moore and U. Beier, Modern Poetry from Africa, revised edition 1968, p. 258. Translation. English: Twenty Four Poems, 1962; Night: Selected Poems, with parallel text, 1975; Translations from the Night, London, 1975, trans. John Reed and Clive Wake. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1007: stating he was gay and, incorrectly, that he lived in Mauritius. Criticism. Woods, A History of Gay Literature, 306. Novelist and poet from France who wrote in French. 1490-ca. 1553. Famous French ribald novelist who is the author of the novel Gargantua and Pantagruel (1532-34). See Claude Courouve, Vocabulaire de l'homosexualité masculine, 1985, p. 158, regarding the famous poem over the Abbey of Thélème in his novel. The poem refers to mignons (lovers) and has the phrase "Do what you will" which inspired *Aleister Crowley and which can obviously be read to include approval of homosexuality. It is an early expression of iibertinism. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1983. Rachewiltz, Boris de He has written books on African sexuality and on art in Africa and art in Egypt. On homosexuality in Africa see Rachewiltz, Black Eros, pp. 280-82: a very concise statement on homosexual practices amongst *African *tribal cultures (about fifteen are mentioned); he notes "Few tribes condemn masturbation between boys" (p. 280), "Sodomy is also known to occur among various tribes, and is often practised as a fertility rite" (p. 282). (See iiaw initiation songs, *Songs - Fulanj). Ancient illustrations of rituals on rock art may be relevant regarding ancient initiation rituals: see pp. 15, 16, 22-23, 24. His book includes a major bibliography on sexuality in Africa pp. 292-97 and tribal map pp. 284-85. Egyptian: see various illustrations pp. 42, 46, 51, 63, 64 in connection with ithyphallic rituals involving the Pharaoh. Black Eros was written in Italian and first published as Eros Nero (Milan,1963). There was a French translation titled Eros noir (Paris, 1965) and a German translation titled Schwarzer eros (Stuttgart, 1965). Poet and novelist from France writing in French. He was a lover of Jean Cocteau; Radiguet was fifteen when they were first lovers. Book of poems: Les joues en feu, 1920. Les joues was republished in 1993, 114 pp., with pieces from his second book Devoirs de vacances, 1923. His works have been edited by Julien Cendres: Oeuvres complètes (Paris, 1993) Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Dictionnaire Gay. Gay Histories and Cultures. Bibliographies. Pia, Les Livres de l'Enfer, vol. 2, column 1384-1386: Vers Libres, Champigny: Au Panier Fleuri, no date (dated by *Pascal Pia to 1926); two other printings listed. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 3174: Cheeks on Fire, London: Calder, 1976 (cataloged as poetry) - this is a translation of his book of poems Les joues en feu, 1920 by Alan Stone: see in this translation, "Septentrion, God of Love", 92-95 (*Narcissus trope, *Eros). Criticism. Babilonia no. 38, 60-62 has an article on him by Carlo Jansiti. Poet from France who wrote in English; critic and historian in French; he later lived in Great Britain. 1864-1934. Raffalovich came from a rich Jewish family from Paris. He was a key figure in the *eighteen nineties and indeed was active as a homosexual poet and writer from 1884. He became attached to the Catholic John Gray (later a priest) and converted to Catholicism in 1896. From this time on he appears to have been asexual, in accordance with Catholic belief of the time (though this cannot be proved). He built a church in *Edinburgh for Gray and lived there in close proximity to him visiting him daily and hearing Mass daily at the church. He is known to have had a collection of homosexual books which had his *bookplate by Eric Gill in them (this consisted of a snake entwined about itself): see The Engraved Bookplates of Eric Gill 1908-1940, 1986, p. 44. He published several books of poems: Tuberose and Meadow-sweet, 1885, In Fancy Dress, 1886, and It is thyself, 1889, and ceased writing poetry in 1895 (the year of the trial of *Oscar Wilde). He wrote in French the first sustained history of European homosexuality: Uranisme et Unisexualite (1897), which is discussed in New Blackfriars 59 (1978), 56-64. In L'Affaire *Oscar Wilde (Paris, 1895, 47 pp.) he attacked Wilde. Biography: see *Brocard Sewell. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Murray, Catalogue of Selected Books, item 36a (It is Thyself, 1889; his name misspelled as Kaffalovich) and 59 (It is Thyself, 1889). Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10942-46: Cyril and Leonard [and Other Poems: A Volume of Sentimental Studies], London: Kegan Paul, 1884, In Fancy Dress, London [: Walter Scott], 1886, It is Thyself: Walter Scott, London: Walter Scott, 1889, The Thread and the Path, London: David Nutt, 1895, Tuberose and Meadowsweet, London: David Bogue 1885. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 3176-80: same books. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Ioläus (1902), 151. Reade, Sexual Heretics, 197-99, 226, 418. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 84. Smith, Love in Earnest, 29-34; bibl., 294. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 293-95. Poet from Canada writing in English. Active before 1979. Bibliographies. Homosexuality in Canada, first edition (1979), 19: states three unpublished poems are held in the *Canadian Lesbian and Gay Archives. Poet from Iran who wrote in Persian. Active ca. 159Q. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A'in i Akbari anthology, 663; biog., 663 - states his name is Haydar. Poet from Turkey who wrote in Turkish. Born before 1905. An *Ottoman poet. Possibly Raghib Pascha: see Gibb, History of Ottoman Poetry, volume 4, 92-106. Not found in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Anthologie de l'amour turc : trans. into French. Poet who wrote in Persian. Active ca. 159Q. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A'in i Akbari anthology, 6BQ; biog., 6BQ - states his name is Khwaja Jan. Critic from Pakistan writing in English; translator from Urdu to English. Active 1990. On poets in Urdu, see his article in issue five of Paidika vol. 2 no. 1 (1989), 10-27: "Boy Love in the Urdu *Ghazal" (another version of this article is in Annual of Urdu Studies no. 7, 1990). This is a major survey of the subject; he notes, p. 12, that there is no significant body of adult-adult male homosexual literature in Urdu; in includes many poems translated by the author. He is also the author of Ephebophilia in Late *Victorian Literature (MA dissertation, University of Sheffield). See also his "Ephebophilia: the case for the use of a new word", Forum for Modern language Studies 24 (1988), 126-41. "Ephebophilia and the Creation of a Spiritual Myth in the works of *Ralph Chubb", Journal of Homosexuality, vol. 20 numbers 1 and 2 (1990) 103-27 (with bibl., 125-27), is an important assessment of a major gay poet. A list of Tariq Rahman's works is in Journal of Homosexuality, vol. 20 no. 1-2 (1990), 127. Pseudonym of a poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1860-1928. Pseudonym of *Edward Perry Warren. Poet from France writing in Provençal. Active 1200. See *Arnaut Daniel. *Troubadour poet. Translator from French to English from Great Britain. Born 1944. See "Arsehole" in Rich, London, 1984, p. 26: translation of a famous homopoem by the French poet *Rimbaud. The context is *non-gender specific and the poem could be read heterosexually as well as homosexually. He is also a poet. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Singer and songwriter from the United States writing in English. 1886-1939. A *black blues singer. See Katz, Gay/Lesbian Almanac, pp. 442-44, for homosexual songs sung by her: the songs "Sissie Man Blues", "Freakish Man Blues", "Fairy Blues" refer to male homosexuals (p. 443); "Prove It One Me Blues", a lesbian song written by Ma Rainey and recorded in 1928, is quoted in full (a gay male version of this song exists by Sloppy Henry called "Say I do it"). She was known as "Mother of the Blues". See also *Bessie Smith whom she greatly influenced, *Bawdry (re recordings of the songs with homosexual reference). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of American Biography, Supplement Two. Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music; includes bibliography. Lesbian Histories and Cultures. Rajneesh, Osho, also called Bhagwan Philosopher from India writing in Hindi and English. Ca. 1940-died before 1995. An Indian guru who preached free love and had many followers in the United States. Works were written in Hindi but translated into English - e.g., From Sex to Super-Consciousness, Cologne, no date (before 1995). He wrote many books and his ashrams were and are famous for free love, including homosexuality. The headquarters of his cult is at Poona, India; visitors can see males walking around hand in hand with female couples doing the same. He was called Bhagwan by his disciples and was formerly a lecturer in philosophy at universities in India. He became very wealthy and at one stage was refused admission to the United States though some of his followers saw this as persecution by United States federal authorities. See also *Indian philosophies. Translator from the United States from Hebrew to English. Born 1903. He is also a poet, published from the 1920s and linked with *Ezra Pound. From the 1930s he was briefly associated with the Objectivists and has published several volumes of poems; he formerly lived in Minneapolis but now lives in *San Francisco. ' Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors New Revision Series, volume 32: see under "Callman Rawley" (Carl Rakosi was his original name). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Brother Songs, 111: "Song after *Moses Ibn Ezra" (from Section IV, "Poems for Friends and Lovers"); biog., 116. (Moses Ibn Ezra is a Hebrew poet.) Philosopher from India whose works were published in Bengali. 1836-1886. His teachings constitute a modern development of *Hinduism. They were written down by his disciples in a work called the Kathamrta and were translated into English as The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna (1952). Teaching of Ramakrishna(Calcutta, 10th impression, 1985) is a selection of his works. His teaching of the gospel of the truth of all religions has challenged other more exclusive religions. The mother and *feminism formed a major part of his thought which was non dualistic. He had a number of *disciples. An important disciple who founded the Ramakrishna Mission was Swami Vivekananda (1863-1902) on whom see his entry in Encyclopedia of Religion. Swami Gambhirananda, The Apostles of Ramakrishna, Calcutta, 1972, discusses the disciples as does *Christopher Isherwood, Ramakrishna and his Disciples, London, 1965. Biography: see Jeffrey Kripal, Kali's Child (Chicago, 1995): this discusses homosexual behavior by him - e.g, placing his foot in the lap and on the genitals of a young boy disciple - and *Tantrism in relation to his teachings (see review in Journal of the History of Sexuality, vol. 7 no. 2., October 1996, 287-89). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Religion. Poem in Sanskrit from India and later in other languages. From ca. 150 B.C. The date of composition is uncertain. It has been widely translated into the languages of Asia; these "translations" are in many cases adaptations or versions based on the story. It is an *epic poem of 24,000 couplets ascribed to Valmiki (active probably ca. 150 B. C. though possibly earlier, ca. 300 B.C.). The story concerns the banishment of *Rama and his wife Sita, the perfect man and wife, and their return to Ayodhya with the help of the monkey king Sugriva and the monkey-general Hanuman. Aspects to consider from a homosexual point of view are: Hanuman's devotion to Rama, the very physical quality and athleticism of the male relationships and the ending where Sita and Rama are discovered in Hanuman's heart. The poem is performed nightly and daily in India and versions exist in all *Indian languages and in languages of southeast Asia. *Transvestisim in performance needs to be considered; sometimes female parts are taken by men. Text: the text by G. H. Bhatt and U. P. Shah, 7 volumes, Baroda Oriental Institute, 1960-75, is the latest text; the work was first edited Paris, 1843-58 in 10 volumes by G. Corresio (see Kindlers neues Literatur Lexikon for lists of editions). Translation. Asian languages. Many translations in *Indian languages are in effect recensions or versions, not translations. For east Asia (or actually east India) see W. L. Smith, Ramayana Traditions in Eastern Asia: Assam, Bengal, Orissa, Stockholm, 1988. Assamese: see W. L. Smith, op. cit. (above). Bahasa Indonesia: a version exists. Balinese: a version exists and is the basis of much art and dance. Bengali: version by Krttibas, who is also spelt Krttivasa (born 1398), apparently published in Serampore, 1802, titled The Ramayunu - see Kindlers neues Literatur Lexikon; other versions exist. Burmese: a version exists dating from after the Thai conquest in 1767. Cambodian: see, in Dictionary of Oriental Literatures South volume, the entry "Ream". It is also called Reamker. Hindi: there is aversion by Tulsidas and another titled Paumacariya, Varanesi, 1962. Javanese (also called Kawi): see Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, South volume: see "Ramayana Kakawin " (composed ca. 850; published in 1955 and 1958). The Javanese version was translated into Dutch 1920-40 and is one of the earliest versions. Kashmiri: see G. A. Grierson, editor, The Kashmiri Ramayana, Calcutta, 1930. Laotian: the lao version is known as Pha Lak Pha Lam; see S. Sahai, Ramayana in Laos, Delhi, 1976. Malav: the Malay version is called Hikayat Seri Rama. Malavalam: a version exists: see Great Soviet Encyclopedia, vol.15, "Malayalam literature". Nepalese: trans. by Acarya (1814-69) - see his entry in Dictionary of Oriental Literatures. Oriva: there are at least thirty versions (see M. Mansinha, History of Oriya Literature, 1962, p.12). Tamil: there is a version by Kampan. A European language translation of the Tamil version exists. See "Ramayana" in Zvelebil, Lexicon of Tamil Literature. Thai: a translation was made by Rama I (1809-24) called the Ramakien (there were earlier fragments); it was also translated partially by Rama VI. See Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, South volume: "Ramakien". Tibetan: a version exists (see "Literature" in Great Soviet Encyclopedia, vol. 25 under "Tibetan Autonomous Region", p. 637); see further L'histoire de Rama en tibetan, edited by J. K. Balbir, Paris, 1963. European languages. Dutch: see above under Javanese. English: N. M. Dutt (Calcutta, 1891-94; abridged 1935); Hari Prasad Shastri (1952); M. L. Sen (Calcutta, 1955); Baroda (1960); C. Ragagopalachari (New Delhi, date not known); Robert P. Goldman (1984+: the best recent trans.); French: H. Fauche, Paris, 1854-58; German: A. Holtzmann (1841; repr.). Many sources were used in compiling the above list of translations and versions; see the Kindlers neues Literatur Lexikon entry especially. See also Ramayana und Ramayanas, edited by H. Thielman, Weisbaden, 1991. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature i: see "Ramayana". Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, volume 2 (South volume). Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Criticism. De Bary, Guide to Oriental Classics, 90-92. Winternitz, History of Indian Literature, volume 1, 475-517. Kindlers neues Literatur Lexikon, vol. 19; with excel bibl. Poem from Great Britain written in English. 1739. The full title is A Ramble through London: A conversation between a Sodomitical Baronet, a Bawd and the Author, on a Bench in St James's Park, London. St James's Park, the setting of the poem, was a homosexual *meeting place from the time *Rochester onwards. See Eighteenth Century Life vol. 9 no. 3 (May 1985), 143 for details (in the article on eighteen century homosexuality by *G. S. Rousseau). Not sighted in the original; the title is taken from Eighteenth Century Life which states it refers to homosexuality. The *National Union Catalog reveals there are five copies of a similarly titled work in United States libraries. Not sighted. Compare A ramble thro' Hyde Park (Foxon, English Verse 1701-50: item R24). Ramdohr, Friedrich Wilhelm Basilius Historian from Germany who wrote in German about Persian poets. 1752-1B22. On Ramdohr see Hayn, Gotendorf, Bibliotheca Germanorum Erotica, vol. 6, 361. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: Die Männerliebe der Griechen, 114-15: regarding the Persian poet 'Sa'di and citing Ramdohr's Venus Urania, 179B, volume 4, 25; 134-35. Criticism. Derks, Der Schande der heiligen Päderastie, 379-392. Poet from France writing in French. Active before 1992. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 458-59 - poems written with *Camille Kepler (see his entry); trans. English. Pseudonym of a writer from Germany who wrote in German. 1868-1935. Pseudonym of *Magnus Hirshfeld. Under this name he wrote his first book * Sappho und *Socrates, Leipzig: *Max Spohr, 1896. The title page reads "Th. Ramien". Translator from Greek and Latin to German from Germany. 1725-1798. He translated the Latin poets *Martial (1787-93) and *Catullus (1793; repr.) and *Horace (1800) as well as the Greek * Anacreontea (1801). He was called the German Horace, was a poet himself and wrote a book of *odes (Oden, 1767) and other poetry. He never married. A friend of *Gleim and *Lessing. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Allgemeine deutsche Biographie. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Poet from the United States (from Puerto Rico) writing in Spanish. 1948-1990. Puerto Rico is an autonomous political entity in the Caribbean in association with the United States. His work constitutes one of the first homoerotic Caribbean discourses. A posthumous work Invitacion al polvo (1991) addresses the *Aids crisis. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Foster, Latin American Writers on Gay and Lesbian Themes. Gay Histories and Cultures. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 365: poem *"Yukio Mishimo". Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1962. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10949-50: two poems from ONE Magazine "Gentle Sir" 10:5, 5-9, May 1962 and "Gentle Sir, part II" 11:3, 13-20, March 1963. Biographer from the United States who wrote in English. Active 1988. Biographer of the *black gay poet Langston Hughes titled Langston Hughes, 2 volumes, 1988. A United States radio interview exists, ca. 1988 or 1989, broadcast on National Public Radio in which the interviewee asks him why he did not make more of Hughes's gayness. The biography is very disappointing from a gay point of view. Compare *Marlon Riggs. Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. 1450-1485. His work was printed in 'Quinque illustrium poetarum. He was on the Catholic church's 'Index. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature : see "Girolamo Ramusio" - states he was a friend of Giovanni 'Pico della Mirandola and his Italian verse remains unpublished. Criticism. 'Forberg, Manual of Classical Erotology, volume 2, 4-7 and noting he is called Ramusius of Rimini (and quoting a poem re 'masturbation). Poet from Canada writing in English. Active 1978. Bibliography. Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (1984), 141: The Year of the Horse: Poems and a Story by Jordan Rand, Saskatoon: Stubblejumper Press, 1978. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1605-1635. A poem The *Hermaphrodite, "made after M. Beaumont's Death" by Thomas Randolph appears at the end of Poems by *Francis Beaumont, London, 1653 (no pagination: copy sighted Fisher Library, University of Sydney) - the poem implies Beaumont was homosexual or bisexual. See also "An Ode to Mr Henry Stafford to Hasten Him into the Country": this poem shows strong homoerotic feeling (note the phrase "that torture to my bed"). A *Cavalier poet, he was also a dramatist, educated in *Cambridge. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionary of National Biography. Editor from the United States. 1892-1980. A collector of bawdy folksongs who collected Ozark Folksongs (revised edition), 4 volumes, 1980. His Unprintable Songs of the Ozarks, collected in 1949 and 1954 are from manuscripts which yield significant homosexual material. They were long suppressed. The Ozark Mountains are chiefly in south Montana and northern Arkansas but partly in Oklahoma and Kansas, between the Arkansas and Missouri Rivers. The area of the United States concerned covers both *southern and mid-west west states. These manuscripts are deposited with the State Historical Society of Missouri and there are over 207: see *Ed Cray, The Erotic Muse, 1992, p. xiv. Text. The first volume of the Unprintable Songs is Roll Me in Your Arms: "Unprintable" Ozark Folksongs and Folklore, volume 1, edited by *Gershon Legman, 1992: this lists 180 songs. Most are heterosexual. Variant versions are given and the poems are cross referenced to other sources. Most poems contain *scatological homosexual references; some, such as "The Jolly Tinker" and *"Christopher Columbo", refer to *anal sex. The dates of the first known versions are given here with the poems. See numbers 16, "The Jolly Tinker" (dated from 1929+ but could go back to 1900; dates to ca. 1650 in Great Britain but no British bawdry versions have been published), No. 35 "Old King Cole" (1953), No. 36 "A Soldier I Would Be" (1927), No. 121 (1928), No. 122 (1957 - *non gender specific, sung by soldiers in World War 2), No. 160B *"Christopher Columbo" (1929+ but dating from 1898; see also *Frank Stockton and *Mark Twain), No. 134 "Buffalo Gals" (1948+), No. 135 "The Crow Fucked the Buzzard" (1948+), No. 138 "The Girl I Left Behind Me" (1948+), No. 150 "Skinner on the Deck" (1948), No. 155 "The Dogs' Convention" (1949+), No. 165 "Captain Perkins Troopers" (1950+), No. 165B "The Foreskin Fusileers" (1953). Other poems may be relevant. Only a few works are relevant in the second volume. The second volume, Blow the Candle Out: Folk Songs and Other Lore (1992) has little relevant material. These volumes are the first significant printing of United States oral material with strong homosexual reference. See also *Bawdry and compare * Immortalia. Partner from Italy who spoke Italian. 1806-1888. A close friend of the Italian poet *Giacomo Leopardi with whom he lived for the last seven years of the poet's life from 1830-37; whether they were lovers is not known but etters of Leopardi to him read like those of a lover. It hardly seems wrong to call him the partner of Leopardi in the sense of a person who shares the life of another person. Leopardi supported him with money. He was a writer from *Naples. See his Sette anni di sodalizio con Giacomo Leopardi, Milan, 1979 (see Leggere omosessuale, item 73) regarding the scandal about him and Leopardi sleeping in the same room. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity: see *Leopardi entry. Critic from the United States writing in English. 1888-1974. A *New Critic who rejected for publication *Robert Duncan's poem "An African Elegy" in 1944 when it became known he was homosexual: see *Egbert Faas, Young Robert Duncan, 1983, pp. 151-54. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Criticism. Woods, History of Gay Literature, 300: regarding refusal of a poem by *Robert Duncan for the journal Kenyon Review since it dealt with "overt homosexuality". Poet from India writing in English. Active 1999. Born in Mumbai (formerly Bombay) he wrote an M.A. thesis on the concept of beauty in *Tagore and *Whitman and is a Reader at Pune University. Poems of his were used as the basis of the film Bomgay. His poems are quietly openly gay. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Yaraana: Gay Writing from India, 97-100; biog., 210. Trope in Greek from Greece and later in Persian and English. From 700 B.C. Homosexual rape first appears in the trope of *Ganymede which dates from 700 B.C. in *Homer. Greek: *Ganymede, *Laius, *Praxilla, *Oedipus, *Chrysippus. English: *Robert Adamson, *T. Avicolli, *Daniel Defoe, *James Dickey, *T. E. Lawrence, *Ern Malley (pseud.), *RictorC. Norton. Persian: *Reza Baraheni (active 1976). See also David Frasier, Homosexual rape: an annotated bibliography, 1981 (rare: held in the *Kinsey Library). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1094-98; by Stephen Donaldson (an assistant to *Wayne Dynes) who was repeatedly raped while in jail for a homosexual offence and died of Aids in the early 1990s. Bibliographies. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 367. Poet from Italy writing in Italian. 1483-1520. A famous Italian Renaissance artist whose work has strong homoerotic undertones; he especially portrayed beautiful and effeminate looking men. He is believed to have written some *sonnets; no references to these have been located and no poems are known to have been published. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Enciclopedia italiana. Historian and critic from Germany writing in German. Active 19S6. Author of Freundshaftskult and Freundshaftdictung in Deutschen Schriftum des 18 Jahrhunderts von ausgung des barock bis zu Klopstock, Halle/Saale, 19S6, a major study of the German cult of 'friendship from 16QQ - 18QQ. The last two chapters concern 'Gleim and 'Klopstock. It appears to have been a thesis. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 92: the above book published Breslau: Priebatsch, 1929. Poet from Tanzania writing in English. Born 1965. Born in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, he was raised in *Toronto, Canada, and lives in Great Britain. He is the author of two books of poems Black Markets, White Boyfriends and Other Acts of Elision, 1992, 44 pp. - poems about love, sex and *Aids - Song of Sabu and The Heat Yesterday, 1995 (review: James White Review vol. 13 no. 3, summer 1996, 20). He presents an Indian background from a *queer perspective. He has an internet homepage. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lotus of Another Color, 65, 78-79, 202-03; biog., 297. Yaraana: Gay Writing from India, 189-91 (note: in the contents page, p. ix, this poem is stated to be by *Rakesh Ratti; however it is stated to be by Ian Iqbal Rashid on p. 189); biog., 210. Poet from India who wrote in Hindi. Active 1580. A Pathan convert to Hinduism. He was besotted by a boy who was the son of a Merchant of *Delhi and he converted to *Hinduism from Islam because of the boy (Dr Snell, Hindi lecturer at *School of Oriental and African Studies to the author, 2 February 1987); the source of this information has not been traced. Not in Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature or Dictionary of Oriental Literatures. See R. A. Dwidedi, A Critical Survey of Hindi Literature, Delhi, 1966, pp. 77-78, with a very homoerotic song translated p. 78, and stating he was a devotee of *Krishna. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1941. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10951-52: City Lives, privately printed, 1973 and Dealing with the Dragon, San Francisco: Hoddypoll Press, 1977. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 320102: item 3201 is City Lives, privately printed, 1973 (highly rated by *Ian Young). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Male Muse, 94; biog., 12324: born in Cinncinnatti, Ohio, after education at the University of California, he settled in *San Francisco in 1964. We Bumped Off Your Friend the Poet, 26. Poet and anthologist from India writing in English; he lives in the United States. Born ca. 1963. He compiled the first collection of gay writings from India, a work which is partially a poetry anthology: * A Lotus of Another Colour. Born in northern India, he grew up in California and now lives in Atlanta. His poems portray gay life in the Indian diaspora. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lotus of Another Color, 67-68, 80, 199: fine poems; biog. note on back cover. Yaraana: Gay Writing from India, 101; biog., 210. Pseudonym of a critic from Germany writing in German. Active 19Q4. Pseudonym of Dr. A. Sper (see 'Capri). Bibliographies. Hayn, Gotendorf, Bibliotheca Germanorum Erotica, vol. 7, SS: re his book Marquis 'de Sade und der Sadismus, Berlin, 19Q4; discloses his real name. See also Hayn Gotendorf, Bibliotheca Germanorum Erotica, vol. S, SQ2 under "Flagellantismus" ('Flagellation): this lists several works. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 94: lists several articles and the book 'Franz Grillparzer und sein Liebesleben, Berlin: Barsdorf, 19Q4, and discloses his real name. Herzer, Bibliographie zur Homosexualität, item Q496 (re 'Byron); Q582: Franz Grillparzer und sein Liebesleben, Berlin: Barsdorf, 19Q4 (review Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 6 5Q7 - 12) - discussion of homosexuality and Grillparzer. Poet from Germany who wrote in German. 1882 - 1949. He used the pseudonym 'Albert Henry Benrath under which name most of his large volume of poetry was written; for biographical details see this entry. Books of poems include: Sonnette ('Sonnets), Berlin, 1912, 112 pp. and Vigilien, 1911. Many works were written on ancient Greek themes. 'Hubert Kennedy in Journal of Homosexuality, volume S8, numbers 1/2, 2QQQ, 66, states nine poems of his appeared in 'Der Kreis. 'Hans Dietrich Hellbach, author of the first major survey of homosexuality and German poetry (published in 19S1) thought him the most important modern poet. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 4Q (lists five poems), 92 - 9S: list of twenty works including the following poetry works - Buch der Trauer. Gedichte aus den Jahren 1902-1907, Frankfurt, 1921, Gedichtsammlungen (citing poems "Botschaften", "Inschriften", "Kassiopeia", "Nachklänge", "Träume von Siena") Berlin: Fleischel, 191Q, Werke, Hymnen, Elegien, Oden aus den Jahren 1909-1919 (no other details given); Die Stimme Delphis, Sappho - Platen - George, Zurich: Scientia, 19S9 seems a criticial work. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 1Q952: Das Buch der Trauer. Gedichte aus den Jahren 1902-1907, Frankfurt, 1921 ; name spelt incorrectly Rausche. Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen, items 91Q - 928 (various books, only some of which can be identified as poetry, items 91Q - 918 being listed under the name Albert H. Rausch and items 919 - 28 under Henry Benrath); books of poems by Albert H. Rausch: Nachklänge, Berlin: Fleischel, 191Q (item 91Q) and Kassiopeia. Hymnen, Elegieen, Oden aus den Jahren 1909-19, Berlin: Fleischel 1919 (item 912); book of poems by Henry Benrath: Dank an Apollon (poems of the years 19Q2 - 2Q), Berlin: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 19S7. Translator from Greek to English from Great Britain. Active before 1961. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 49: trans. of 'Meleager and ' Greek Anthology; 53: trans. of 'Marcus Argentarius; 58-59: trans. of 'epigrams from the 'Palatine Anthology. Poet and critic from Australia writing in English. 1939-2001. Author of the *satire The *Ballad of Bad, Bad Bobby Creepin: A tirade against gutter journalists (Star Observer, Melbourne 17 October, 1991) written under the pseudonym of Philip Grey. The poem concerns the *outing by a Melbourne journalist of the *Melbourne ballet dancer Kelvin Coe (1946-92), who later died of *Aids (he was HIV positive at the time of the outing). He has also written a reply: Let's honour every dancer. Both works have been published as Two Poems, Melbourne, 1992 (illustrated and designed by Alina McDonald); edition of 25 signed copies, 15 pages unnumbered. The poems are an impassioned defence of the right to privacy on the subject of "live and let live". They show the influence of *Oscar Wilde's Ballad of Reading Goal. Pelican Poems, Melbourne: Incunabula Press, 1998, consists of 10 poems with 10 block prints in an edition of 20; in this work see "Gardening Disgrace", "Love can be a bridge" and "7 August/ Vale *Barrett Reid". The poems in These Days, Those Days, Melbourne: Soup Publications, 1999, concerns youth suicide. He also edited a selection of Sonnets of William Shakespeare (Melbourne, 1994) and written the prose work Festivals in Australia (Brisbane, 1983). Critical articles have been published in various journals and papers. His very fine autobiographical work Lament for the Makers (Melbourne, 1998), prompted by a cancer scare has gay references. He was poetry critic and drama critic for the *journal Campaign in the 1970s (one of the few in those days to write under his real name) and is also an *actor and a noted reader of poetry who has been honored with a cast iron sculpture of himself in Brunswick Street, Fitzroy, Melbourne (the only living person so honored with a public stature in Melbourne). The statue, astride a slightly bent plinth, is at once a celebration of individuality and inner-directed lifestyls and a mockery of formal statuary. On 24 January 1989, he gave a reading of gay male poems from ancient Egypt to the contemporary period called "The Higher Love" at Misfits Basement, 270 Brunswick Street, Melbourne; lesbian poems were read by Stella Pulo. The poem "A Buzz at the Queen St Fair", Overland, no. 87 (May 1982), 44, has a few gay references. See also *Harry Hooton, *Hal Porter. A very extensive collection of his papers is in the Australian literature collection of the library of ADFA in Canberra, the Australian Defence Forces Academy. An extensive interview on cassette exists in the library of *Paul Knobel. Obituary: The Australian, 10 October, 2001, p. 16. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1839-1929. A scholar and poet he taught at *Princeton and George Washington University. Collected Verse, 1909. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 482: fine gay poem. Criticism. Foster, "Beauty's Purple Flame: Some Minor American Gay Poets", Gay Books Bulletin no. 7 (1982), 15: a poem "On Raphael's Angels" (known in a different form as "A Phase of the Angelic") is "pure pederasty" (quotation); also quotes from the poem "A Life in Song" (originally "Life Below") - "I loved that boy"; p.18 lists the books Haydn and other poems, London, 1870, and A Life of Song, fourth edition, 1916. Poet from Canada writing in French. Active 1981. Bibliography. Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (1984): three books, Anniversaire Insolité, Ile Bizard: Editions MFR, 1980, Le Frondeur Caligraphié, Montréal: Editions MFR, 1983 and Voyages, Ile Bizard: Editions MFR, 1981. Poet from Turkey who wrote in Turkish. Active before 1900. An *Ottoman *Divan poet possibly active 1500-1600. Not in Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature or Dictionary of Oriental Literatures. No reference in the Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. There is no entry for him in Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition, and he was not found in Gibb, History of Ottoman Poetry. Criticism. Yuzgun, Turkiye'de Escinsellik, 160: states he "frequently chose male love" as his subject and cites him as an important poet. Editor from the United States of works in English. Born 1906. Compiler of Classic American Graffiti, Paris, 1935. This is a collection of writing, including poems, collected from public toilets in the United States. It is the first record of United States homosexual *graffiti from toilets and could not be published in the United States at the time. It was reprinted by Maledicta Press, 1977; a biog. of the author on the recto of last page. Almost no homopoems are included: but see p. 31, "A man will stand with his cock" and p. 34 "The man who stands". See also *Bawdry. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1893-1968. The poems in Lads (see Anthologies below) display strong homosexual feeling embodied in his relations with the men whom he commanded. An officer in the First World War, after it ended he became a distinguished art critic and academic and wrote literary criticism. His later poetry, after the war, is not relevant. He married. In In Defence of Shelley, 1936, he discusses *Shelley in *Freudian terms as being "unconsciously homosexual" (p. 44) for evidence of which he points to his poem Adonais; see especially pp. 39-45. Autobiography: The Innocent Eye (1933), The Contrary Experience (1963). In the biography by James King, The Last Modern, London, 1990, see pp. 142-43: states he was aware of homosexual inclinations within himself and quotes from the poem "Love and Death" of about 1935. He was involved with *surrealism. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionary of National Biography. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10953: Collected Poems, London: Faber, 1953. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 322: same book. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 81-82 ("I cannot tell/ What time your life became mine;/.."O beautiful men I loved/ O whither are you gone, my company"), 98, 143 ("His sexual experience is wide and various/.. I've seen him kiss a dying man"), 159-60; biog., 241-42. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1973. Pamphlet: Lovevision, 1995 - the second collection of prose and poetry from a Richmond, Virginia, poet. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A Day for a Lay, 295-99; biog., 295 - state he has a column which appears in a dozen gay periodicals and is the former editor of Our Own Community Press Virginia's award winning queer monthly newspaper; lives in *San Francisco. Anthologist, historian, critic and poet from Great Britain writing in English. 1913-1989. As compiler of the anthology * Sexual Heretics, he is one of the most important anthologists of British gay poetry and a very important critic and historian of the *Victorian period (see his introduction to Sexual Heretics). He married and had one son, Alban. He was Deputy Keeper at the Victorian and Albert Museum from 1958 to 1973. He wrote two books on *Aubrey Beardsley as well as the exhibition catalog Aubrey Beardsley: Exhibition at the Victoria and Albert Museum 1966 (611 entries; no index) and is also the author of books on ballet and art nouveau and a catalog on *Edward Lear. He was president of the *Eighteen-nineties Society in 1989. Book of poems. Eye of a Needle, London: Fuller *d'Arch Smith, 1971, 92 pp. (edition of 250 copies; rare: copy sighted in *Library of Congress); "Winter in Manhattan", p. 21, is a *non gender specific poem about seducing another person. Educated at *Cambridge. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors, volumes 21-24. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 3228: editor of * Sexual Heretics, 1970. Pseudonym of a bibliographer in English from Great Britain. 1B76-1934. Rolf S. Reade (pseud.) is an anagram for 'Alfred Rose. The real name is disclosed in the entry for Rolf S. Reade in the ' British LIbrary General Catalogue. See Legman, Horn Book, p. 19. Poet from the Netherlands writing in Dutch. Born 1939. Gay Poetry Anthologies. David heeft ook een achterkant, 47; biog 6Q. Rebetika, also spelt rembetika Songs in Greek from Turkey and Greece. From ca. 1890. Rebetika are urban popular songs, associated with crime, the underworld and hashish; they were especially imported into Greece after 1922 when, after the war between Greece and Turkey, the entire Greek population living in Turkey was repatriated to Greece, Greece having lost the war. The songs became moribund as a tradition in 1945. They have been attested by Stathis Gauntlet ca. 1890-1945. *See Bawdry - Turkish since many songs use music used in Turkish and the possibility is raised that some may be translations from Turkish. The songs contain references to homosexuality. John Taylor in Maledicta 5 (1980), 25, translates one: "Stab me with that stiletto prick/ And all the blood that flows you can lick." They have been collected by *Elias Petropoulos (1968) and analyzed by Stathis Gauntlet in Rebetika Carmina, Athens, 2 volumes, 1983. Recordings have been made. They were considered taboo until 1968 but have been the object of a revival since then. *Manos Hadjidakis was one of the first to take them seriously. An English translation by John Taylor of 150 of Petropoulos's selection of 1,400 is Rebetika: Songs from the Greek Underworld, Athens, Nefeli Press, 1982. They have not yet been adequately assessed for homosexuality so far as is known and need to be examined in relation to Turkish material as well. They have recently enjoyed a revival and some rebetika from Thessaloniki have been recorded by Mario Chontronakos on CR ROM on the Lyra label published in Athens in 1992 (CD 0094). See also the journal Oral Tradition 1 (1986), 124-25. Criticism. Gay Books Bulletin no. 9, 14-18. Bibliographer and book collector from Great Britain of works in English. Born ca. 1835-1878. Reddie is the first known English bibliographer of erotica. A three volume manuscript of English erotica compiled by him was given to his close friend, *H. S. Ashbee, after his death and became the basis of Ashbee's own bibliography. This work was in turn given to the British Library after Ashbee's death and is catalogued at pressmarks 38.282, 38.829 and 38.830. It was probably used by *C. R. Dawes in writing his unpublished History of Erotic Literature in English. He also wrote two novels featuring homosexual episodes though they are not homosexual as works as such: The Adventures of a Schoolboy, 1866, and The Amatory Adventures of a Surgeon, 1881. Bibliographies. Ashbee, Bibliography of Prohibited Books, volume three, pages vlvii-xlix. Deakin, Catalogi librorum eroticum, 17: re manuscript for books before 1878. Criticism. Kearney, History of Erotic Literature, 109-12 (biog.) and 188 (re unpublished manuscripts). Bibliographer from Germany of works in German. Active 1936. Author of an exhaustive bibliography, Platen-Bibliographie, 1936; second enlarged edition 1972, 187 pages. The second edition examines Platen's work and reputation to 1970. A brilliant and exhaustive bibliography of *Platen covering all aspects of his poetry and influence (including poems written about him). Poet and critic from Great Britain writing in English. Active from 1982. In Selected Poems see *"Housman in Old Age" p. 29, "After *Horace: Epodes 14", p. 174 ("frustration.../ for a Samian youth"), "Nero" pp.175-79 (on the Roman emperor who had homosexual experiences). He is described by *David Gascoyne as "the most outstanding poet of his generation" on the blurb of the book. Lipstick, Sex and Poetry, 1991, is an autobiographical exploration of sexuality, both homosexual and heterosexual; "I am with and for the outsider" p. 114; "I obey only two principles: Poetry and Love." (p. 95). Black Sugar (1992) is subtitled Gay, Lesbian and Heterosexual Love Poems. He was born in Jersey, in the British Channel Islands, and has published in book form from 1982. His book Delirium: An Interpretation of *Arthur Rimbaud (1991; repr. San Francisco, 1994) is a critical study of the gay French poet with some poems translated at the end. He also translated Jean Cocteau, titled Tempest of Stars (1992); see also European Gay Review no. 8-9 (1992), 304-316. Various critical essays on gay poets have been published in London in pamphlet form from 1994 including one on *Fersen and others on *Marc Almond and John Ashberry (source: Elysium Books catalog, Spring 2000). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fifth edition. Criticism. European Gay Review no. 2, 50: advertisement of the Selected Poems, 1987, published by *Penguin. Poet from the United States writing in English; translator from Russian to English. Born 1947. He translated *Gennady Trifonov from Russian into English - see Trifonov's very fine poem "Spring 1986" in James White Review vol. 4 no. 4 (Summer 1987), 5. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poets for Life, 201; biog., 239: educated at Georgetown and City University of New York. Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, 326-28, a poem about having *Aids. ; biog., 236 (with photo): a *New York poet who has been a poetry instructor at City University of New York. Pseudonym of a critic from Portugal writing in Portuguese. Born 1B99. Author of 'Antonio Botto e o Amor (Antonio Botto and Love), 193B (repr. Porto, 197B), a major study of a gay poet. He is also a poet with a huge oeuvre whose real name is José Maria dos Reis Pereira. Poet from Brazil writing in Portuguese. 1926-1966. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poemas do amor maldito, 4; biog., 40 - he published the book O Deserto e os Numeros in 1949. Translator from English to German and Greek to German from Germany; editor of works in Greek. 1791-1865. He translated the complete work of the English poet *Shakespeare including his Sonnets (1836) into German and edited and translated the Greek Palatine Anthology into German: titled Epigramme der Griechischen Anthologie, 1856, 285 pp. Not in Oxford Companion to German Literature . Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Allgemeine deutsche Biographie. Historian from Sweden writing in Swedish. Active 1962. He compiled the first Swedish gay literary bibliography in Konsten att alska annorlunda. Den homosexuella erotikon, Stockholm, 1966 (repr. from 1962), 164 pp.; see pp. 76-77. This includes *Nils Hallbeck (left out of other Nordic bibliographies). This work includes a study of gay journals in Swedish and Danish in Chapter 7 and a survey of laws in Chapter 5, pp. 53-67. Copy: *Library of Congress. The cover shows two naked men kissing. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1978. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 3242: If I Could Grow Your Hills with Gold, *San Francisco: Atlantis Rising, 1978 - highly rated by *Ian Young. Translator from Persian to English from Hungary; he later lived in India. 1819-1891. Translator of the Beharistan of the Persian poet Jami (1887) and first translator of the complete *Sa'di Gulistan(1888), into English (both with editing supervised by *Richard Burton). His translation was used by G. M. Wickens as the basis of his translation of Sa'di's Gulistan (London, 1964). Biography: see "The Life and Labours of Mr Edward Rehatsek", Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, July 1892; see also the Wickens translation pp. 29-24 which states he was a Hungarian who lived in India. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active 1977. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Schwüle Lyrik, schwüle Prosa, 157-67; biog., note 158, photo 157. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born ca. 1973. Book: An Alchemy in the Bones, 1999 - poems concern a gay man from a small town who has established himself in the city. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gents, Bad Boys, and Barbarians, 179-83; biog., 178. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active before 1964. No entry in the *British Library General Catalogue. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 93: poem "Heimliche Liebe (Du Schöner...)". No date or source given. Poet from Germany writing in German. 1942-199Q. Halber Tag in der Fremde, 1992, 91 pp. - prose and poetry 1964-B9; he wrote poems on 'Aids in the last year of his life. Source: ['Prinz Eisenherz], editors, Lyrik. Editor of the work of 'Paul Celan. Anthologist, translator, poet, critic, biographer, bibliographer and book collector from Great Britain writing in English. 1916-2003c. He is the compiler of the gay anthology of 600 poets called * The Eternal Flame, the largest anthology ever assembled of homosexual poetry, on which he worked for some fifty years. Each poet has a brief introduction. The translations are so Tine as poems as to make him one of the greatest writers of gay poetry in English and, indeed, in any language; indeed the finest English language writer of gay poetry, if tran He is a collector of rare books of homosexual poetry in both English and other languages and the author of a biographical article and pamphlet on *Ralph Chubb (many of whose books he owned): see his articles on Chubb in The Private Library, 1970, pp. 141-56 and 193-213. Many of the rare books in his library were sold to the *Humanities Research Center to finance the publication of The Eternal Flame. Some books in his library, such as a printing of *Thomas Mann's Death in Venice, have rare tipped in drawings especially done for the works (this practice dates in Great Britain from at least the collection of *C. R. Dawes). He is the greatest collector of homosexual poetry in Great Britain and perhaps ever. He translated the Swedish poet *Nils Hallbeck into English and is the author of an unpublished biography of him - see Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, p. 577, stating he has translated all ten books of Hallbeck and two unpublished ones. He has translated the Italian gay poet *Mario Stefani (though the translation was banned in Great Britain) and is working on a biography of Stefani as well as having compiled biographies on *Martial and *Cavafy. He is married with one son and is a former bank manager. Volume one of The Eternal Flame is dedicated "To Renzo, most magical of boys" (this may be *Renzo Paris). He has had two *bookplates produced for his homosexual books. One features a youth riding a dolphin and the other a naked youth with the Greek words "Ho pais kalos" (The boy is beautiful), words frequently inscribed on Athenian Greek vases (see *love names); the boy on a dolphin bookplate is produced in his book written with Mark Severin, Engraved Bookplates: European Ex Libris 1950-70, Pinner, Great Britain, 1972, on p. 49. He is also the author of A check-list of the book illustrations of John Buckland Wright, Pinner, Middlesex: Private Libraries Association, 1968, 95 pp., which has sixteen plates with some gay interest e.g., Wright's illustrations to Endymion (1947). On the cover is a reproduction of Wright's bookplate for Anthony Reid (Buckland Wright lived 1897-1954). Manuscript material on poets is held by him e.g. manuscripts with commentaries by *E. A. Lacey, including letters describing in detail the genesis and background of the poems. Anthony Reid studied Classics and Modern Languages at the University of London where he gained an Honours Degree. He was in the British intelligence service in the Second World war and succeeded in stopping the Germans from destroying a building in Milan which contained major material of concern to intelligence. He was honored by the Italian government for his work. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 166-67: "A-Z" - a poem about the homosexual names of gay poets, lovers, etc, going through the alphabet from A to Z. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 9 has a brief biography. Poet from Australia who wrote in English. 1927-1995. He was editor of the journal Overland and prior to this the poetry editor. The journal was not notable for publication of gay poetry under his editorship with one or two exceptions (see *Adrian Rawlins). He was a *Melbourne poet who lived at Heide on the outskirts of Melbourne, a modernist house owned by John and Sunday Reed on the same land and are now a museum; they were collectors of modern art. As President of the Victorian Library Services Board he established libraries all over the state. He edited Barjai (an arts magazine) in 1946 in Brisbane with *Laurence Collinson, a close friend, and was involved with the journal Angry Penguins (see *Ern Malley). His portrait was painted by *Sidney Nolan. Making Country, Sydney, 1995, is a selection of poems, his only published book (hardly any poems are relevant but "Miss Porteus Stops the Party" pp. 10-11 mentions "prostitutes, pimps and pooftahs" [homosexuals]). He edited Words on Walls: A Survey of Contemporary *Visual Poetry, 1989. See also *D. A. Myers. Unpublished poetry is likely to exist. Obituary: The Australian 8 August, 1995, 18 by Philip Jones (revealed to have been his long term partner in The Australian 3 November, 1995, 15, in "The Heide Feud", an article about the right to live in an old wooden house on the same land as Heide and which had been the original home of the Reeds before the new house was built). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Love and Death, 39-40; biog., 53. Translator from Greek to English and poet from Great Britain writing in English. 1876-1947. His Poems from the Greek Anthology, London, 1943, is a translation of a selection from the * Palatine Anthology, with some homopoems (e.g., *Meleager, pp. 42, 46-47, and *Straton, pp. 62-63) - Tine translations well expressed, in prose. It was notorious in its time due to British *censorship. He wrote an autobiography titled Apostate (1926) and a second autobiography Private Road (1940). Most famous as a novelist, he lived in the province of Ulster in *Belfast his entire life. Young, Male Homosexual in LIterature, second edition, also lists several prose works by this author. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography (by John Bryson) revealing he "was unmarried" (p. 717). Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 3248, 3250: Poems from the Greek Anthology, London: Faber, 1943 and Suppressed Dedication and Envoy of The Garden of God, London: *d'Arch Smith, no date. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 48, 52, 57, 361-71 (re prose). Poet from South Africa writing in English. Active 1993. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Invisible Ghetto, 17-18: Tine poem about *Aids; biog., 212-13 - states he is a human rights lawyer. Bibliographer from the United States writing in English. Active 1991. The first bibliographer of *black gay writers: see Brother to Brother, pp. 263-69; biog., p. 273. He is compiling a more detailed bibliography. Anthologist and poet from Italy writing in Italian. Born 1953. He compiled an Italian erotic poetry anthology with *A. Veneziani. Born in Rome and the author of several books. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amicizia amorosa, 265: poem "Calcolo di Regia"; biog., 284. Reimann, Andreas Author of Die Weisheit des Fleischs published in 1975 by Mitteldeutscher Verlag, Halle. This book has some gay poems. The author lived in East Germany. Information from *Ian Young who owns a copy of the book. Anthologist in English from the United States. Born 1952. He compiled the anthology * Milking black bull: 11 gay Black Poets. Born in *New Orleans, he is a professor of English. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gents, Bad Boys, and Barbarians, 185-89; biog., 184. Milking Black Bull, 3-15; biog., 3 Poet from Brazil writing in Portuguese. Born 1922. The author of several books of poetry. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poemas do amor maldito, 99-100; biog., 98. Translator from English to German. Born 1884. The main translator of the English poet *Walt Whitman into German. In 1919 he published Leaves of Grass; in 1924 he published a new edition (later reprinted). In 1922, a Complete Works of Whitman appeared in 2 volumes, vol. 1 Prose, vol. 2, Leaves of Grass. Editor of works in Greek; translator from Greek to Latin and critic in Latin from Germany. 1716-1774. The first editor, with Johannes Jens, of the Greek * Palatine Anthology from the manuscript Anthologia Palatina, Lepizig, 3 volumes, 1754 (repr.); this includes a Latin translation and commentary. He published an edition of the erotic poems, Erotika, in 1752 (not listed in the * National Union Catalog): this information is from the introduction to *Harold Beckby's edition of the Palatine Anthology (vol. 1, pp. 99-100). Copies of the Erotika (not sighted) may be in German libraries; it may contain a Latin translation of the poems (Beckby is unclear on this point). He also translated *Theocritus into Latin (1765-66). No entry for him was found in Allgemeine deutsche Biographie. For biographical details see Wilamowitz-Moellendorf, History of Classical Scholarship, pp. 94-95 (revealing he married, studied Arabic and rating him with *Winckelmann and Lessing) and Sandys, History of Classical Scholarship, volume 3, p. 14. Historian and critic from Germany writing in German. Active 1981. Author of Auch Du, Caesar: homosexualitat als Schichsal, Munich, 1981, 441 pp. - a light weight survey of gay cultural figures including the poets *Shakespeare, *Marlowe, *Ludwig the Second, *T. E. Lawrence, *Verlaine, *Rimbaud, *Genet, *Whitman and *Tennessee Williams. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active before 1964. No entry in the 'British Library General Catalogue. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 94: poems "Alexander", "Drei Stationen", "Jahreszeiten", "Terzinen", "Trennung". No date or source given. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active 1924. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 94: Knabenliebe. Mit Dichtungen von Franz E..., Leipzig: 'Spohr, 1924. "Religion has now become a mere farce" Poem from Great Britain in English. 1752. Poem cited in *Walpole's letter to Horace Mann of 13 May 1752 (Letters, New Haven: Yale, edited by W. S. Lewis, 1937-83, vol. 20, p. 316). The poem reads: "Religion has now become a mere farce/Since the head of the church is in Cunningham's arse." This is the earliest homosexual bawdy poem in English located so far. It refers to a Bishop being caught committing sodomy. Walpole also states *pasquinades were composed in English (though this may be merely a figure of speech). See *Charles Churchill for the incident which provoked the poem. Religions have greatly conditioned sexual behavior from the oral poem "Go forth, plant thyself on him" in ancient Egyptian which dates from 2,175 B.C. See *Buddhism, *Catholic church, *Christianity, *Confucius, *Hinduism, *Islam, Jainism, Judaism, *Magic, *Manichaeism, *Mysticism, *Phallicism, *Puritanism, *Saints, *Shinto, *Sufism, *Tantra, Taoism, *Zen Buddhism, *Zoroaster. For oral cultures see *Overview - African languages, - Australian Aboriginal languages, - Papua New Guinea languages, - Oral languages of Southeast Asia, - North American Indian languages, - Central American Indian languages. For Chinese and Japanese religions see Arlene Swidler, editor, Homosexuality and world religions, 1993, 199-230: article "Homosexuality and Chinese and Japanese Religions" by Sandra A. Wawrytko. Most religions which stigmatize male homosexuality (e.g. Christianity, Islam) do so as they wish to encourage believers to reproduce to increase the number of adherents to the religion. In some religions homosexual sex is involved in the religion (see *Overview - Papua New Guinea). Compare *Philosophers. Consult the Encyclopedia of Religion for information on particular religions. Sergey Tokarev, History of Religion, Moscow, 1986, covers the world systematically; bibl. 396-408 (includes many works in Russian). Arlene Swidler, Homosexuality and world religions, 1993, consists of a number of articles and includes bibliographical references. Gary David Comstock and Susan E. Henking, Que(e) rying Religion: a critical anthology, 1997, takes a *queer approach. See also Clifford Bishop, Sex and Spirit, London, 1996; with bibl. Bibliographies. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 245-53. Anthologist from the Philippines relating to a work in Tagalog. Active 1994. He compiled the first gay anthology in Tagalog, Ladlad, with *J. Neil Garcia. Poet from Norway who wrote in Norwegian. Active 1982. Author of a volume of prose poems Et lykkelig ar av min ungdom (1982). Criticism. Gatland, Mellom linjene: homofile tema i norsk litteratur, 260: cites part of a poem from Et lykkelig ar av min ungdom (1982). Renaissance period and Renaissance poets Period in European culture relating to works in Latin, Italian, French, English, German and other *European languages, beginning in Italy and spreading to other countries of western Europe. From ca. 1450 to ca. 1650. From a literary point of view it is one of the most important periods in European culture since the *Renaissance saw the first printing and editing of many 'manuscripts of ancient Latin and Greek homopoets after the invention of mechanical printing in Europe. Through this means, the ancient heritage of European homosexual poetry in Greek and Latin became widely known - see entries for *scholars, for example. The editing and publishing of Greek and Latin writers was closely involved with the movement known as *Humanism, which saw a turning away from a *God centered universe to one centered on man. Overall, this was a period of new directions in the arts following the *middle ages when they had been under the tight control of the *Catholic Church. This movement in poetry led to a freeing up of emotion and an outpouring of iyric poetry: see the Italian poet *Michelangelo and the English poet *Shakespeare (one of a number of'Elizabethan homopoets; the Renaissance is usually regarded as beginning in English with the Elizabethan period). See *Catholic Church, *Censorship - Latin, *Eclogues, *Epigram, *Erasmus, *Ficino, *Overview - Greek, *Overview - Latin, *Pastoral Poets. *J. A. Symonds. For Italian cities prominent at the time see *Florence, *Rome, *Venice. Overall see Kent Gerard and Gert Hekma, The Pursuit of Sodomy: Male Homosexuality in Renaissance and Enlightenment Europe, 1989, for the legal and social background. Latin. Greek and Italian: see Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry: An Anthology, pp. 279-326 (all poems trans. into English). Italian poets: see Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, pp. 205-39 and for the general background, Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, pp. 1103-06: "Renaissance". This was a rich period for gay poets in Italian and covers 1400-1650: see *Varchi, *Berni, *Bernesque poetry, *Burchiellesque poetry, *Michelangelo (the major gay poet), *Humanism. French. Guy Poirier, L'homosexualité dans l'imaginaire de la Renaissance, Paris, 1996 discusses the period in relation to homosexuality. English. Gay love makes a dramatic appearance in English poetry in the poetry of *Surrey, usually regarded as the first poet of Modern English. *Barnfield's and Shakespeare's *sonnets are the major documents of the rich *Elizabethan period, though the work of *Edmund Spenser is important and *Christopher Marlowe, writing in this period, seems to have been gay. The sonnet was a popular genre. See *Alan Bray for the social background. *Rictor Norton has discussed the poetry of the period in great detail. The Journal of Homosexuality vol. 23 no. 1-2 is a special issue on homosexuality in British literature in the Renaissance and the *Enlightenment. Criticism: see *Jonathan Goldberg, *Bruce Smith. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Italian Renaissance". Bibliographies. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 180-81. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, Volume 1, 205-239: Italian poets and a few Latin ones. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 131-56: Italian poets and prose writers. Criticism. Queneau, Histoire des littératures, volume two, 62-88. Duberman, Hidden from History, 90-105: a survey by James Saslow. Woods, History of Gay Literature, 68-83. Poet from Japan writing in Japanese. Active before 1713. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Partings at Dawn, 117 - poem to *Zasu (from the anthology * Iwatsutsuji). Poet from Italy writing in Italian. Active 1980. Bibliographies. Leggere omosessuale, item 348: All corte de ri Mirando, Forli: Forum, 1980 - states, pp. 23-26, that he describes and criticizes the gay world in Sette cartoline da Sodoma (Seven postcards from *Sodom). Genre in Japanese from Japan. From 1150. Renga are linked verses and arose in opposition to the courtly * waka; metrically they are based on the waka (see also *tanka). There is a strong comic tradition and *Basho and his *pupils wrote some. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan : see "Renga" and "Haikai". Criticism. Schalow, The Great Mirror of Male Love, 13: re *Saikaku. Poet from Germany who wrote in German. Born 1889. His real name was Arnold Vieth von Golssenau. Born a Saxon nobleman, he became a *Communist and fled when the Nazis rose to power in 1933. See article "Homosexuelle Nazis" by Jorn Meve in Forum 11 (1991), 97-100. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Andere Lieben, 261-65; biog., 261 - states he "was homosexual". A poem appears in the novel extract p. 263. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Active 1888. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reade, Sexual Heretics, 222-23: "Jealousy" from Poems by A. G. R., 1892, and written in 1888; a very strong openly homosexual love poem. Period in Chinese in China. From 1908. This period saw the overthrow of the absolute rule of the Chinese *Emperors. In the early Republic *Whitman was translated into Chinese and *free verse commenced to be written. In 1949, *Mao Zedong (who wrote poetry and had homosexual experiences) and the *Communist Party, which he led, took control of the mainland and founded the People's Republic of China. The nationalists retreated to Taiwan in the same year and the Republic of China was established there (with claims on the mainland). Critics: see *Achilles Fang, *Kuo Muo-Jo. Poets: see *Wang Kuo-wei, *Ai Qing, *Lu Hsun, *Hu Shih. This period has seen increasingly frank criticial discussion of homosexuality in European languages, such as in English in the work of *Brett Hinsch (and earlier by *Arthur Waley), and in Chinese emanating from Hong Kong - see *Weixingshi (pseud.), *Sam Sha Sha (pseud.) - and laterly from Taiwan. *Allen Ginsberg has been translated into Chinese. The publication of an edition of Encyclopedia Brittannia in the 1980s with an article on homosexuality mentioning *Gay Liberation and population problems, together with the previous history of toleration, mean that homosexuality in mainland China seems set to be treated without stigmatization. China, with a population of over 1,200 million people, is now the largest country in the world. Restoration English poets and entries Period in English from Great Britain. 1660-1700. The period takes its name from the Restoration of the Stuart kings. King Charles the Second, who returned from exile in 1660 was called "the merry monarch" and his court was known for its sexual licence, following French practice. Very little homosexual poetry survives (if indeed much was written). *Rochester is the main poet. See also John Dryden, John Oldham, *Sir John Mennes, *George Lesly. The first surviving homosexual *broadsheet poems date from this period in 1684 and 1698. For an anthology of general verse see *Ed Cray. Poet from the Netherlands writing in Dutch. Born 1923. A gay novelist who lives in France. He has also written poems. He famously declared himself gay on television (believed to be in the early 1960s). His first novel was published in 1947 under the pseudonym Simon van het Reve. In English see his novel Parents Worry, 1990, translated by Richard Huijing, which concerns one day in the ravaged life of the poet Hugo Treger. Book of gay poems: Verzamelde Gedichten, 1993. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Het huis dat vriendschap heet, 227-30: five poems dated 1966. Fra mann til mann, 69. Drobci stekla v ustih, 86-87; biog., 180. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 304: fine poems trans. into English. "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen", 149. Poet from Germany writing in German. Born 1932. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 246: fine poem "The *Lavender Staircase" about gay sex. Bibliographies. Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen, items 943-45: Gedichte von Bülbul (with original graphic by Charlotte Wippermann), Stierstadt im Taunus: Eremiten-Presse, 1972 and Die Lavendeltroppe (with a drawing by Klaus Endrikat), Düsseldorf: Eremiten-Presse, 1979. Translator from Greek and Chinese to English. Born 1905. He translated from Chinese One Hundred Poems from the Chinese (1956) and from Greek Poems from the Greek Anthology, New York, 1956 (repr.) - slight homosexual references only e.g., p. 28 (illustrations are all heterosexual). Very widely read and literate in several languages, he was self taught and a leading poet member of the *San Francisco renaissance. He was noted for his *homophobia according to one opinion (see James White Review vol. 4 no. 2, Winter 1987, 17). On his sporadic homophobia, see Linda Hamilton, A Life of Kenneth Rexroth, 1991, pp.134-194 (he saw himself as a Christian heterosexual); see also Rexroth's The Dragon and the Unicorn, 1952. This sporadic homophobia explains the sarcastic reference to him in the first printing of *The Platonic Blow where he is stated to be supportive of the poem (his homophobically expressed views would lead to the opposite view). See also *Neeli Cherkovski, Ferlinghetti: A Biography, 1979, pp. 77-79: this states that at his house Ferlinghetti met James Broughton and *Robert Duncan and he was very supportive of poets and friendly with them. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature (with photo). Poet, songwriter and anthologist from Sri Lanka writing in English; he lives in Australia. Born ca. 1950. See James White Review, Spring 1992, p. 12: the only Australian poet included in a selection of non United States homopoems in English made by *Peter Daniels. He edited * Songs of the Gay Liberation Quire and wrote many of the songs. A Sydney gay activist who works for the *Aids Council of New South Wales where he has written a pamphlet about voluntary euthanesia Choosing to Die (1994). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Hurley, Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Pink Ink, 13740; biog., 301. Poet from the Netherlands who wrote in Dutch. 1903-1972. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Naar vriendscaap zulk een mateloos verlangen, 60-66: two unpublished poems dated 1939 from his manuscript Antiquiteiten (source cited p. 121). Mannenmaat, 20-24; p. 121 gives the source of the poems. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 295-96: poem "I Ragazzi" (Italian Boys), dated *Florence 1928. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1952-1992. A *black poet born and raised in *Washington; published in various journals. Gay Poetry Anthologies. In the Life , 127-28 - "I want to love you"; biog., 252. Road Before Us, 109 - "The Moon Singers" (about the gay poet as a *shaman); biog., 182. Brother to Brother, 142-43; biog., 273. Here to Dare, 74-86; biog., 73. Name of Love, 46-47; biog., 77 - died of cancer. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 807-08. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1965. Rhianus Of eleven surviving epigrams six are homosexual. He possibly came from Crete. He produced an edition of *Homer's * Iliad. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 922. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10955: *Musa Puerilis, London, 1918, Book 12, poems 38, 58, 93, 121, 142, 146; name misspelled Phianus. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Garland of Meleager. Palatine Anthology xii 38, 58, 93, 121, 142, 146. Men and Boys, 16. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 58. L'amour bleu, 32. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 57-58. Reid, Eternal Flame, vol. 1, 37. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 41-42. Criticism. Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 9 (1908), 267-68. Brandt, Sittengeschichte griechenlands, volume 2, 200. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 485-86. Buffière, Eros adolescent, 299-300. City and island in Greece where Greek was spoken. It is in the eastern Mediterranean and the Greek poet *Apollonius Rhodius retired to live there after his dispute with *Callimachus (ca. 215 B.C.). The Turkish poet *Fadil Bey later was banished to the island. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1859-1946. He wrote the poem "To Walt Whitman from some younger English Friends" published in 1889. A member of the Rhymer's Club in the eighteen-nineties, he first edited the Everyman Library in 1906 (the Everyman library is a famous British collection of literary classics still being published). He wrote an autobiography Everyman Remembers. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature: see entries "Rhymer's Club" and "Everyman's Library". Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 179: "Jo's Requiem" (Tine homoerotic poem about a man who had "the ploughman's strength"); biog., 242. Poet from France who wrote in French. 1881-died after 1941. In Leyland, Gay Sunshine Interviews, volume 2, p. 164, he is stated by *Edouard Roditi to have been homosexual "in a very concealed way" and to have been a *surrealist. Text: Dada, 2 volumes, 1974. Not in Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1946. God with Revolver: Poems 1979-82, Madras: Hanuman Books, 1989, 103 pp., is a selection: see p. 34 for a short fine gay poem. The whole book is excellent and highly rated by *Robert Peters. Trusty Sarcophagus Co, 90 pp., is a book of poems published in 1990 and is in the Dada tradition (review: James White Review vol. 13 no. 3, summer 1996, 20). He is also the author of the book of poems René Ricard 1979-80. He was born in *Boston. His books are rare. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10956: poem "The John in Sterling" in Gay Sunshine 21: 10 Spring 1974 (john means *toilet). Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 3276: book of poems René Ricard 1979-80, DIA Art Foundation, 1979. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Son of the Male Muse, 145-51 - fine poem on the bisexual artist Caravaggio; biog., 190 - he has published essays in Art Forum and acted in Andy Warhol's film Kitchen. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1929. The most famous contemporary United States lesbian poet. Midnight Salvage: Poems 1995-1998, 1999, includes a poem on *Hart Crane. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Lesbian Histories and Cultures. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poets for Life, 202: "In Memoriam" - a very moving poem on *Aids (though not referring specifically to a gay man). Publisher and biographer from Great Britain of works in English. 1872-1948. Publisher of volumes with gay poetry from 1898 - e.g., *Walter Leaf, *H. F. Brown. He published *A. E. Housman's A Shropshire Lad from 1898. See his book Housman: 1897-1936, London, 1941. An extensive correspondence with A. E. Housman existed and Housman's letters survive in Grant Richards Papers in the *Library of Congress. The archive of the publishing house is available on microfilm. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active from 1973. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 3279-83: Coming Out (Winter's Nghtmares), privately printed, 1973, D A (Days After Acceptance), Boulder Creek, CA: Triton Press, 1977, Faithful, Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Obog Books, 1979, Nocturnal Emissions. Songs for New Melodies, New York: privately printed, 1976 and These Past Winds 1971-1974, Boulder Creek, CA: Triton Press, 1978. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1949. *Black poet. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 110: poem The Book of Lists; biog., 182. Poet and lover from the United States. Active 1940. Apparently the author of Heart's Renewal: Poems, New York: H. Harrison, ca. 1940, 32 pages and Air -raid over Barcelona: Poem, no place [: ca. 1935], 4 pages as listed in the * National Union Catalog; both books are rare and the only copies listed are at *Harvard. Stanley Richardson inspired a love poem by *Cernuda. Poet from France writing in French. Died 1967. See Arcadie no. 159 (March 1967), 134-35: the entry implies he was apparently homosexual. Poet from Germany who wrote in German. Active 1915. The*British Library General Catalogue lists no works by him but the following book on him: B. Rost, Eugen Richtmann, ein rheinischer Dichter, 1920. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 94: book Im Banne des Herzen. Gedichte, Leipzig: Xenien, 1915. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10961: same book. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1951. Book of poems: arreboles (1991) Gay Poetry Anthologies. Word of Mouth, 294-300. Publisher from Great Britain of works in English. 1866-1931. A book designer and illustrator, he was friends with *Oscar Wilde who sought him out after seeing copies of his artistic journal The Dial (1889-1897). He designed many of Wilde's books; especially notable are A House of Pomegranates (1891) and The Sphinx (1894). John Gray's Silverpoints (1893), designed by Ricketts, is famous as being a Tine example of *eighteen nineties binding and design. *Marlowe's Hero and Leander published by John Lane and *Elkin Mathews (1894) was designed and illustrated by Ricketts. His *private press, the *Vale Press (1891-1903), was founded by him with his intimate friend and companion Charles Shannon and produced finely illustrated literature. Ricketts and Shannon lived together and formed an important art collection with strong elements of homoeroticism. Stylistically, Ricketts was influenced by and influenced *William Morris's Kelmscott Press (1891-98) and his work shows the influence of French *decadent journals and artists. He in turn influenced *Aubrey Beardsley. See Joseph Darracott, The World of Charles Ricketts, New York, 1980; on The Vale Press see pp. 26-55 of this work. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Criticism. Cooper, The Sexual Perspective, 74-78. Poet and critic from Great Britain writing in English. 1898-1982. The author of powerful poems, slightly homoerotic. As a critic see * Rimbaud: The Boy and the Poet (1924; repr.). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 113-14, 217; biog., 242. Poet from Australia writing in English. 1910-1999. See the poem on "Patrick White, His Day" in Patrick White: A Tribute, edited by Clayton Joyce, Sydney, 1991, pp. 154-55. She was a poet and former journalist. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Genre in Greek from Greece and Latin and English from ca. 544 B.C. A poem in which some thing is described and the reader is asked to guess what it is. Riddles occur widely in oral cultures and in such written languages as Greek, Old English and Hebrew. Homosexual material is very hidden. Greek.Theognidea lines 257-60: this poem is not gay but is a riddle attributed to *Theognis. Latin. See *Ausonius "Quoddam quasi aenigma de tribus incestis" in Medieval Latin Poems of Male Love and Friendship, 3: about three men in a bed and four sexual acts. English. See "Riddle 79" in The Earliest English Poems, translated by Michael Alexander, Penguin, 1966, 101: when the answer is known (a horn, with suggestions of the phallus), the lines "I am always at the aetheling's shoulder,/ his battle fellow, bound to him in love/ I follow the king'," take on homosexual suggestions. (See also *male bonding.) The ninety-five surviving old English riddles are from the Exeter Book which was copied in 940 (see Oxford Companion to English Literature: "Exeter Book"); they may be earlier. Riddles also exist in Latin: see The Earliest English Poems, 92. See *Aleister Crowley. Riddles exist in Hebrew: a book was written on Hebrew riddles by *Dan Pagis. See also *Hermetic readings. Spanish. See *Borges. Kaouru: riddles with homosexual undertones are recited at initiation ceremonies in this African language - see *Songs - Kaguru. Mayan. Mayan is spoken by the indigenous people of Yucatan in northeast Mexico and Guatemala: see * Books of Chilam Balam. Ibibio: see Erotic tone riddles (possible homosexual reference only) for this *African language. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics. Bibliographer from the United States of works in English. Born 1951. He compiled An Index to *The Advocate, Los Angeles, 1987, 280 pp.: this covers the years 1967-82 (to issue 358) and is a very valuable research tool. There is a subject index as well as a name index. He is compiling an index of The Advocate from 1982. See article "Indexing the Advocate", The Advocate no. 481, 15 September, 1987. The Homosexual and Society: An Annotated Bibliography, 1990, is mainly a list of items from The Advocate including a long section on *censorship. He is a librarian from Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois. He compiled a list of journal holdings in the gay *Gerber Hart Library, Chicago, to 1986. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1995. The author of a book of poems How to Dream, he is poetry editor of the journal RFD: A Country Journal for Gay Men Everywhere and a librarian at *Harvard. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Badboy Book, 297; biog., 391. Translator from Greek and Latin to English from Great Britain. Active from 1946. He edited the *Penguin Classics (1946-64), the popular British series of paperback translations of classics. In this series he also translated from Greek *Homer's *Iliad (1950; repr.), from Latin Virgil's Pastoral Poems - i.e., The *Eclogues - (1949; repr.) and from Greek The Four *Gospels (1952). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography. Lover from Morocco relating to works in English. Born ca. 1945. See the sequence of poems by *Harold Norse detailing a gay sexual relationship with him in The Love Poems, 1986, pp. 52-56. He was seventeen when the relationship began; the poems are dated *Tangier 1962-63. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10885: ten poems in *Gay Sunshine 18: 8-9 Jun/Jul 1973, including five previously unpublished to the boy Mohammed. (This was the first publication of the poems.) Poet who wrote in Latin. Died 1209. See F. J. E. Raby, Oxford Book of Medieval Latin Verse, 1959, p. 244 - poem "The *Hermaphrodite". Poet and filmmaker from the United States writing in English. Born ca. 1958. He made the video * Tongues Untied, 1990 (named after the poetry anthology of the same name) on black poets in the United States: see also *Essex Hemphill, *Alan E. Miller, *Steve Langley, *Blackberri. The film has been widely hailed. His first name has been variously spelt as Marlon and Marlow and his surname also spelt as Rigg. The spelling is taken from * Brother to Brother. Interviews: Brother to Brother, pp. 174-80 (with *Essex Hemphill). See The Advocate no. 546, March 13, 1990, 58-59. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gay Histories and Cultures. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Brother to Brother, 200-05; biog., 273. Poet from the Netherlands writing in Dutch. Born 195Q. Gay Poetry Anthologies. David heeft ook een achterkant, 4B-49; biog 6Q - born in Leiden. Critic from France writing in French; editor of works in Arabic. Active 1949. Author of La poésie profane sous les Ayyubides, Paris, 1949: this work discusses Arabic love poetry and is used as a reference by *Arno Schmitt; see the index of Rikabi's work re *Ibn Sana al-Mulk. He edited Ibn Sana al-Mulk's homosexual anthology * Dar al-Tiraz (published in Damascus, 1949). Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1961. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10962: A Cretan Adventure, San Francisco: Pan-Graphic, 1961. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 3295: same book; highly rated by Ian Young. Poet from the Czech Republic writing in German. 1875-1926. A poet of *modernism. He refused to consummate relationships with women and appears somewhat *narcissistic. In 1922, he published Sonnets to *Orpheus. A sexless quality has been depicted in his *angels in his Duino Elegies, 1921-22, his best known poetic work. The poems discussed below in Crew, Gay Academic, are all *dramatic monologues. See also his poems to *God. He travelled extensively in Europe and died in Switzerland. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 94: cites the poem "Der Knabe [The Boy] (Ich möchte einer werden...)" [no other details]. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10963: same poem. Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen, items 948-63: various works including SämtlicheWerke (Collected Works), twelve volumes, Frankfurt: Insel, 1975. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Les Amours masculines, 319-20. Criticism. Crew, Gay Academic, 244-52: "Homosexual Love in Four Poems by Rilke" by Bernard Frank (discusses two poems concerning *Sappho, one on *Antinous and one on *David and Jonathan, all from Neue Gedichte, 1907). *Vern L. Bullough, Homosexuality: A History, New York, 1979, 148: stated to be gay (no evidence given). Poet and letter writer from France who wrote in French and Latin. 1854-1891. Rimbaud, one of the greatest of French poets, had a very short career, writing most of his works from the age of sixteen to nineteen. He had a celebrated affair with the older poet *Verlaine from 1871 to 1873, during which Verlaine shot him in a moment of passion with a revolver, wounding him in the wrist. Verlaine arranged the publication of his first volume Une Saison en Enfer (A Season in Hell) in 1873. After 1873, Rimbaud travelled extensively as far as Indonesia and Africa and abandoned the literary world completely, finally living in Abyssinia (now called Ethiopia). His poetry is *symbolist and he is one of the forerunners of the *decadent poets. Les Illuminations (1887, again published by Verlaine), his only other published volume, consisted of *prose poems. His gay poems were *censored and only later published from 1903 (see *J. Murat); they still remain censored in many editions e.g., in that of Wallace Fowlie (with parallel English translation). Notable is the famous sonnet to the arsehole beginning "Our arses aren't like theirs [that is, women's]" (see the J. Murat edition for the text) A *ode in Latin, written in 1868 and consisting of sixty hexameters, is his first known composition. Text. There are major problems with Rimbaud's text. The most accurate and comprehensive text to date is by *Alain Borer and is close to being definitive; it is a great edition of a poet's work. Biography. There are many biographies in French. In English, see Elisabeth Hanson, My Poor Arthur, London, 1959. A notable work in French by René Etiemble, Le mythe de Rimbaud, Paris, 195254, concluded that it was impossible to separate fact from fiction in his life. Rimbaud greatly influenced Jean Genet. Criticism. See "Fallen Angel" by Colin Maclnnes in Gay News no. 95 (1976), 15-16; see also Jeremy Reed. See also "Criticism in homosexual terms" below. A detailed study of this difficult poet is Robert Greer Cohn, The Poetry of Rimbaud (1973; repr. 1999). Biography. Pierre Petitfils biography, Rimbaud, Charlottesville, VA, 1987, is a major work. *Graham Robb, Rimbaud, 2000, is very thorough and takes into account the edition of his work by Alain Borer; it is one of the finest biographies of a gay poet. Charles Nicholl, Somebody Else: Rimbaud in Africa 1880-91, London, 1997, deals with the last years of his life. Benjamin Ivry, Arthur Rimbaud, 1998 is another recent biography. Rimbaud contracted *syphilis and this led to a leg being amputated. He died in Marseilles, France, aged 37. He had a devoted servant, Jami, to whom he left some money though the servant died, apparently from a famine, before the money could be given to him. Alain Borer has written in detail about his last years. Rimbaud's oav poems. His most famous gay poem was written with Verlaine in 1871-72: "Le Sonnet du trou du cul" (sonnet to the arsehole). "Le Coeur du pitre" was written in reply to Verlain'es "Le Coeur volé". His erotic gay poems may be conveniently read in the selection by J. Murat and W. Gunn, A Lover's Cockand other gay poems: poems of Rimbaud and Verlaine (San Francisco: *Gay Sunshine, 1979); p. 4 has an important brief discussion of the textual history of Verlaine and Rimbaud's erotic gay poems. Translation. There are problems with Rimbaud's text, as already noted, including censorship, the loss of works and the failure to print the homosexual works in many editions. For the most part only complete or large selections of translations are included here. Une saison en enfer (A season in hell), Les illuminations (The Illuminations) and "Le bateau ivre" (The Drunken Boat) are frequently translated separately. Catalan: trans. not known, Obra completa, Barcelona: Ediciones 29, 1977 - see Cuaderno bibliográfico gay, p. 14 (if not translated into Catalan, then into Spanish); Czech: Josef Marek (1918), Vitezslav Nezval (1930), Frantisek Hrubin (1964 - "Drunken Boat"?); Danish: Rolf Gjedsted (1972 - "Season in Hell"); English: Murat and Gunn, below, p. 4 discusses translation into English; *Brian Hill (1952), Oliver Bernard (Penguin, 1962), Wallace Fowlie (1965; repr.), Paul Schmidt (1975; Complete Works), *C. Osborne (1978 - "Drunken Boat" only), *W. Gunn and *J. Murat (1979 - first complete translation of his gay poems), James S. Holmes (asshole poem), *Craig Raine (asshole poem). German: Franz von Rexroth (1925 - selection), Paul Zech (1927), Alfred Wolfenstein (1930), *Walter Kuchler (1946; repr.), Hans Therre and Rainer G. Schmidt (1988), Reclam edition, Leipzig 1989 (with essay by Karlheinz Barck; contains an anthology on his translation history in German), Thomas Eichhorn (1997); Greek: *0. Elytis; Hungarian: *Attila Jozsef; Italian: Oreste Ferrari (1919 - selection), Vittorio Lori (Milan, 1945); Latin: Rimbaud's Le Bateau Ivre by E. H. W. Meyerstein, London, 1948, 11 pp.; see also The Latinity of Rimbaud's Bateau Ivre, [1940] - see * British Library General Catalogue. Portuguese: *Xavier Placer (1952 - Season in Hell)] Spanish: Vicente Gaos and José Luis Cano (Madrid, 1946 - selection), see also Catalan above; Swedish: *Gunnar Ekelóf (1972). The*British Library General Catalogue and *National Union Catalog were checked. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 647-49. Duroc, Homosexuels et lesbiennes illustrés, 363-64. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1110. Dictionnaire Gay. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Tyrkus, Gay and Lesbian Biography. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10964: Complete Poems, Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1966. Pia, Les Livres de l'Enfer, vol. 2, column 1277-78: Les Stupra, Paris: Aux Ecluses de Paris, 1925 (with illustrations by Frans de Geetere); another edition Grenoble: Aux dépens d'un groupe de bibliophiles. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 3296-97: Complete Works. Selected Letters, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1966, and with Paul Verlaine, A Lover's Cock and Other Gay Poems, San Francisco: Gay Sunshine Press, 1979. Cuaderno bibliográfico gay, 14: possible Catalan translation - see above under translation. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 44. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 251-56. L'amour bleu, 166-76. Digte om mænds kærlighed til mænd. Frà mann til mann, 16-17. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 234-35. Les Amours masculines, 262-65. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 623. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 426; biog., 388. Name of Love, 45; biog., 77. "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen ", 95. Pour tout l'amour des hommes, 155-58. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 403-04. Criticism in homosexual terms. Ruitenbeck, Homosexuality and Creative Genius, 205-36. Stambolian, Homosexualities and French Literature, 173-85. Sexual practice of licking the anus for erotic pleasure. Poems exist in English from Great Britain from ca. 1994: see *Ann. R. Soul. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active from ca. 1970. A very popular poet with over a million books sold. Spectrum of Love, 1973, unpaginated, about "the power and honesty of love... more than a poem./ [The words] are a credo", is in Whitmanic *free verse and is *non gender specific mostly (and with heterosexual illustrations); but see the section at the end "I have loved a boy, a girl.../All feeling in life I find beautiful". No biographical information is given about the poet except that he is "the personification of the *troubadour within us all" (back page). A manuscript in the *Library of Congress titled Where Will I Be Tomorrow? is cataloged as gay. The name may be a pseudonym with Walter coming from Walt Whitman. See also the poetry volume My Dearest Friend, 1974. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10965: Love is an Attitude, San Francisco: Celestial Arts, 1970. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 3298: Where Will I Be Tomorrow?, Millbrae, CA: Celestial Arts, 1976; highly rated. Pseudonym of a poet from Germany who wrote in German. 188S - 19S4. The Oxford Companion to German Literature and 'British Library General Catalogue disclose this is the the pseudonym of Hans Botticher. A noted writer of satirical poems, he was a cabaret singer and later naval officer in World War I who published a large oeuvre; he married. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 94: poems "Umarm ihn nicht (Umarme den, der dir gefällt...)" and "Und auf einmal (Und auf einmal merkst du...)" [no other details]. City in Brazil where Portuguese is spoken. Gay poetry dates from 1947. Rio de Janeiro is called in Portuguese a cidadade maravilhosa (the marvellous city) and Rio for short. The largest city in Brazil, it was the capital before 1950 when Brasilia took over that role. The public library of Rio, now very run down, was formerly the national library (now located in Brasilia). The city has a spectacular setting with beautiful beaches and dramatic hills rising steeply amongst its suburbs. The major gay poet *Antonio Botto spent the last twelve years, 1947-59, there dying in poverty. Another poet who lives in the city is *Aguinaldo Silva. The city has an active gay culture. The Russian poet *Valery Pereleshin (pseud.) lived in the city. Poet from Brazil who wrote in Portuguese. 1881-1921. Trevisan, Perverts in Paradise, pp. 105-06, notes his "extreme *decadence" p. 105; he is stated to be "the tropical *Oscar Wilde", p. 106. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1951. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 3154 (with *Alexander Puterski). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Orgasms of Light, 185-86 - see "Dreaming", a fine poem describing a gay relationship; biog., 259 - states he was born in New Haven, currently lives in Boston with his lover Ray, and has been published in journals. Anyhologist in German from Germany. Active 1997. With 'Hans Stempel, he compiled the excellent anthology of twentieth century German gay poetry ' Ach Kerl ich krieg dich nicht aus meinem Kopf - Männerliebe in deutschen Gedichten unseres Jahrhunderts, the finest gay anthology in German of the twentieth century period. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1948. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Take Any Train, 47: "Diana Dors at Harpoon Louie's 19.4.84" (Diana Dors was a gay icon of the time); biog., 63: a graduate of *Cambridge who now lives in Bristol, two books: Towards Gay Zion, 1985 (name given as Adrian Flick, which may be a pseudonym) and Sick Man's City, 1988. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1976. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 3301: New Years Presents, New York: privately printed,1976. Highly rated by *Ian Young. Poet from Japan who wrote in Japanese. Active before 1713. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Partings at Dawn, 114: trans. English. (from the anthology * Iwatsutsuji). Poet from Japan who wrote in Japanese. Active before 171S. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Partings at Dawn, 1Q5 (from the anthology 'Iwatsutsuji). Poet from Japan who wrote in Japanese. Active before 1713. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Partings at Dawn, 106; trans. English (from the anthology * Iwatsutsuji). See reply by *Daisojo Gyoson. Editor of a work in Macedonian from Macedonia (formerly a republic of Jugoslavia). Active 1994. He compiled the anthology Makedonski erotiski pesni, Skopje: NIO "Studenski zbor", 2 volumes, 1994; bibl. vol. 1, p. 82. This is an anthology of erotic poetry which may contain some homoexual poems since it was published at a time of lessened censorship. Not seen. Rare: a copy is in the *Library of Congress. Poet from Australia writing in English. Born 1926. A sometime Sydney gay activist. An openly gay poem exists from 1944 given to the author in manuscript, called "Experiment: An Uncle's Plea to a Mother": "I madly admire your son's carriage./ He is far too enchanting for *marriage./ Don't let him triss up the church./ Give him to me for research." (Permission to quote the poem is gratefully acknowledged.) He is part of the Sydney Icebreakers group of gay poets (active 1992), a small group of three or four who meet to discuss writing poetry. Other unpublished manuscripts exist with gay reference. Ritsos, Yannis (also spelt Giannes) Poet from Greece writing in Greek. 1909-1990. There have been allegations that Ritsos was gay at least for part of this life but no conclusive proof has emerged so far, though he wrote many homoerotic poems. He is a major Greek poet who has been very prolific as a poet and published many translations of poetry into Greek and some 117 volumes of his own poetry. He has been translated into some 45 languages. He was an *actor and dancer in his early life who was imprisoned during the Civil War (1948-52) and banned during this period and the period of the Colonels (1967-72) because of his left wing politics. His status as a poet has been affected by his politics, the left (see *Marxism, *Socialism) hailing him as a great writer, the right virtually ignoring him. At present, in Greece, his status is high and he is taught in schools and is regarded as the national poet of Greece (compare *Cernuda in Portugal). He had tuberculosis in his younger life and married a woman doctor in 1954 after this cleared up; they had one child, a daughter, but afterwards lived apart. He lived in *Athens and she lived on the Greek island of Samos. Gav works. His first novel (1982) had a *bisexual character, which led to trouble with the Greek *Communist Party of which he was a member since, in one scene, a naked man masturbates before another. In the Communist party's journal Politische in 1983 he was called a homosexual (this became widely known in Greece) and a letter, published in the party journal, was nastily signed Gianna Ritsou (the female form of his name, and with the implication that he was homosexual). The article was contested by Ritsos's family and the bitter politics of Greece needs to be taken into account in considering the issue. Greek sources believe him to have been gay in the last part of his life. Ritsos was given a state funeral when he died. A gay reading of Ritsos's poetry needs to take account of works such as the 1942 poem "The Burial of Count Orgaz", based on El Greco's strongly homoerotic painting of the same name (see the naked male figures in the bottom left hand corner of El Greco's work). In Rae Dalven, translator, The Fourth Dimension, Boston, 1977, see the *Cavafy sequence, pp. 141-48, "Twelve Poems for Cavafis" (page xxiv states this was written in 1963 and the translation is based on the third revised edition of April 1974); see also poems referring to dreams. Erotica, translated by *Kimon Friar who was gay, Sachem, NY, 1982 (first published in Greek in 1981) consists of three *sequences of poems, of which the second suite, Naked Body, pp. 45-77, is stated to be written in 1980 (p. 96); it is *non gender specific and can be read homosexually, at least in translation. The third suite Carnal Word, written in 1981 (see p. 96), pp. 81-95, contains mostly non gender specific erotic poems. (Imagination needs to be taken into account in reading these works; it is even possible that they have been heterosexualized.) Poems 1938-1988, translated by Kimon Friar and Kostas Myrsiades, Brockport, New York, BOA Editions, 1989, 486 pp., is a fairly complete selection including the Cavafy sequence and with critical essays at the end. In this translation see also the Orestes monologue (1962-66), pp. 181-200 (in which *Orestes talks to his friend Pylades and at one point says: "Let me kiss your smile for the last time/ as long as I still have lips" - p.198). The *dramatic monologue "Moonlight Sonata" (1956), pp. 59-67, cast in the persona of a woman, also bears examination (the Greek actress Melina Mercouri, later Minister of Culture was noted for her recitation of it). Illustrations to this translation are drawings by Ritsos himself and show considerable homoeroticism: the naked male body is emphasised, as is *androgyny (see pp. 2 and 404; the same drawing, which is strongly homosexual is at the beginning and end of the sequence). The illustration on p. 376 opposite Carnal Word is also strongly homosexual. If Ritsos was homosexual for part of his life at least (as, for instance, also noted in the Encyclopedia of Homosexuality - see below), his whole poetic oeuvre takes on a new complexion. Central to any discussion of his oeuvre is the persona he has adopted in his poems at any particular time. Not a great amount of his ouevre has been translated into English (or even other languages) though most of his major poems have been translated into English. His manuscripts remain in the possession of his wife and daughter. Unpublished poems of a homosexual nature may exist. Criticism. See *Kimon Friar, Modern Greek Poetry, New York, 1973, pp. 88-93 for an excellent concise overview of his work. *Gregory Woods has written a homoerotic reading discussing mainly poems about beautiful - usually working class - men. *Aranitsis wrote the first critique in homosexual terms in Greek. See also "Criticism in homosexual terms" below. As a critic himself, Ritsos wrote a critique of *Esenin published in 1981. His poems have been set to music by Mikos Theodorakis. Romiosini (1945-47; the title means Greekness) was at one time an anthem of the left and the democratic movement and sung in public under the Colonels as a protest against the lack of democracy. Eighteen Bitter Songs of the Motherland was also popular; Tractor, 1934, was his first political poem. While famous in Greece he is not as well known outside Greece as might be expected. The political situation in Europe and the United States after the Second World War needs to be taken into acount in assessing his reputation in this period. For biographical information, see the entry in Encyclopedia of World Literature in the Twentieth Century, edited by L. S. Klein, vol. 4, 1982 by Kostas Myrsiades; it has an important bibliography. Translation. English. Selected Poems, Harmondsworth, 1974. trans. *Nikos Stangos; Rae Dalven titled The Fourth Dimension (Boston, 1977); Erotica, translated by *Kimon Friar, Sachem, NY, 1982 (first published in Greek in 1981); Poems 1938-1988, translated by Kimon Friar and Kostas Myrsiades, Brockport, New York, BOA Editions, 1989, 486 pp. (this is the most complete selection in English). Turkish. Ozdemir Ince (before 1994). Obituary. See Encyclopedia Britannica Yearbook 1990 - a brief summary stating he wrote 117 books which have been translated into two dozen languages; other sources indicate translation into up to forty-five languages (he was taken up by the Communist world where he was extensively translated). His name is also spelt Giannes Ritsos (e.g., in * National Union Catalog entries). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors, vol. 77-80: states he published "over eighty books of poetry" (p. 54). Everyman Companion to East European Literature. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 3303: Selected Poems, Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin, 1974 (repr. Athens, 1981): see "The Decline of *Narcissus", 106. Criticism in homosexual terms. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 503: stating that in his fictionalized autobiography Iconostasis of *Saints, he "has written more frankly of his own homosexuality than he had earlier" (the entry was written by *William A. Percy and John Taylor, the latter of whom is probably the source of the information). Woods, History of Gay Literature, 268-73. Critic from Germany who wrote in German; he later lived in Turkey. 1892-1971. A famous scholar of Persian, Arabic and Turkish who lived in *Istanbul and is believed to have been gay (*Arno Schmitt to the author, Berlin, 1989). He is most famous for his interest in Persian *mysticism and is the author of Das Meer der Seele, Leiden, 1955 (repr.), a book on *'Attar which is an outstanding study of *Sufism; it has an important bibliography of Attar, the finest to date, pp. 638-671. In this book see especially Chapters 24-26 on the concept of the *Beloved. His entries in the * British Library General Catalogue and the *National Union Catalog reveal he did much cataloging and writing on rare manuscript collections: see Katalog des Filmarchivs, 1949, in the * National Union Catalog on Persian. Arabic and Turkish manuscripts in microfilm in Turkey and "Autographs in Turkish Libraries" in Oriens 6 (1953), 63-90 - the huge extent of these manuscripts which he made known in this article (over 200,000 manuscripts in *Istanbul alone) warrants his inclusion in this Encyclopedia at the highest level. In Turkish see his entries on the Persian poets *'Attar, *Rumi and on the Arabic poet *Abu Nuwas (spelt Ebu Newas) in Islam ansiklopedisi (Istanbul, 1940-63). In * Encyclopedia of Islam second edition see the articles on *Attar and *Rumi. He wrote an outstanding study of *Karagoz, the Turkish puppet, published 1924; this was later expanded in 1941 (see the entry on Karaghoz in Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition, which is by Ritter). See also Ahmad ibn Muhammad *al-Ghazali. For Ritter's publications see Oriens 18-19 (1965-66), 5-32, and the afterward, titled "Nachtrag", in Oriens 27-28 (1981), 66-69, listing extra publications not previously found. For biographical information see Enzyklopädie Brockhaus, 1992: brief entry (this notes he was much interested in mysticism). Poet from Germany who wrote in German. Active before 192S. The name - meaning "knight's house" - may be a pseudonym. The 'British Library General Catalogue lists only Emil Rittershaus (18S4 - 19Q7) as a poet (active 1874). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Die Bedeutung der Freundesliebe, 24: re 'friendship. Ritualized homosexuality, also called institutionalized homosexuality Concept in English relating to such languages as Marind-Anim and Sambian from Papua New Guinea, Aranda from Australia, Bantu languages from South Africa. Songs and oral poems have been documented in *Australian Aboriginal Languages and other languages from 1927 (for *Songs in Aranda). The term ritualized homosexuality (sometimes called institutionalized homosexuality and also, for short, RH) is most often found in relation to initiation ceremonies and refers to homosexuality in relation to religious ritual (as distinct from homosexual sex taking place by choice): that is practices involving oral sex, *anal sex and mutual *masturbation involved with an initiation ceremony or other ritual ceremony. It came into prominence amongst English speakers with the work of *Gilbert Herdt in relation to Papua New Guinea; however, a slightly earlier worker in the field was *Gisela Belibtreu-Ehrenberg writing in German (1978 and 1980). On Papua New Guinea see *Overview - Papua New Guinea (re Marind-Anim) and *Sambia initiation songs; on Africa, see *Overview - African (on *Bantu refer to the entry *B. J. Laubscher) and on Australia, see *Overview - Australian Aboriginal (re *Songs - Aranda). For Melanesian cultures (including Papua New Guinea and Papua, the province of Indonesia formerly called Irian Jaya, to the west of Papua New Guinea) there is a map showing the extent of this practice: see Herdt, Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia (on the two pages prior to page 1). No detailed studies of Australian Aborigines in relation to ritualized homosexuality have been done as yet and knowledge of what happens in the initiation ceremonies is sacred and secret so what goes on may never be fully known in many cases. African research is scanty. Initiation ceremonies are dying out all over the world. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1974. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 3304: Aphrodite Changing, San Francisco: Hoddypoll Press, 1976. Lover and autobiographer from the United States relating to works in English. Born 1923. He is an artist by profession. Though mainly involved with women, he had an on-again off-again love affair with *Frank O'Hara (see the index of *Brad Gooch s City Poet: The Life and Times of Frank O Hara, 1993). This affair inspired many poems by O Hara and some artistic works by Larry Rivers (including the cover of O'Hara's 1974 Selected Poems). In his autobiography What Did I Do?: The Unauthorized Autobiography (1992) he discusses his relationship with O'Hara. Critic and biographer from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1913. Author of Walt Whitman's Anomaly, London, 1913. Argues the case that "Walt Whitman was homosexual" (p. 70). This is one of the first detailed discussions of Whitman in homosexual terms in English, discussing his poetry as a source in Chapter Four. Review: Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 13 (April 1913), 451-54. RLIN, that is, Research Libraries Information Network Bibliography system in English and other languages from the United States. It has been in existence from 1974, when it was established by *Harvard, *Yale and Columbia Universities and The *New York Public Library as RLIN. RLIN is part of the RLG (Research Libraries Group). RLG is a not-for-profit membership corporation of over 160 universities, national libraries, archives, museums, historical societies, and other institutions with remarkable collections for research and learning. The Research Libraries Information Network is one of the largest combined groups of library computer catalogs in the United States and the largest in the world. It lists the holdings of all major United States libraries (e.g., *Yale University, *Harvard). Libraries all over the world are being added e.g., the British and French National Libraries and major German libraries. In 1995 there were 70 million books, journals, manuscripts and other library materials listed and 27 million individual cataloging records. RLIN, as it is commonly known, constitutes a virtual library. It lists the National Union Catalog of Manuscripts of the United States and material is held in such languages as Chinese and Hebrew; in fact, in some 365 languages at 1995. It should be checked for rare gay journals and books. The *Online Computer Library Center, called OCLC for short, is a rival database. Both should be checked for rare material. By 2000 the weakness of these data bases was that earlier works before 1970 are not well cataloged; it is only as libraries retrospectively convert that coverage will become comprehensive. RLIN is available on the internet on payment of a subscription. References. Harner, Literary Research Guide, item 230. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1978. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 3306-07: Lover John: A Novel in Poetry, San Francisco: Panhandle Press, 1978 (highly rated by Young) and Tumbleweed, San Francisco: Windows Press, 1980. Road Before Us, The: 100 Gay Black Poets Anthology in English from the United States. New York: Galiens Press,1991, xxvi, 191 pages; alphabetical list of contributors pp. 172-86. Compiled by *Assotto Saint, this is an excellent anthology encompassing *black gay life and *Aids. The poems are of a continuously high standard and it has an excellent introduction, pp. xvii-xxiv, covering such issues as "black gay" or "gay black", Afrocentrism and interracialism. The anthology reveals life in the black gay community and shows the energy and verve of the contributors, even, in some cases, in the face of death. A special feature is that the compiler asked the contributors to admit their anti-body status. Review: James White Review vol. 9 no. 2 (Winter 1992), 18 by James Cory. Biographer writing in English. Active 2000. Author of Rimbaud (New York, 2000), the finest biography of the French gay poet *Arthur Rimbaud to date. Translator from Italian to German from Germany. Active before 1B99. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, B7-BB: trans. of the Italian poet 'Michelangelo into German. Poet from Australia writing in English. Active 1986. See the title poem of The *Transvestite Next Door, Cheltenham, Victoria: Abalone Books, 1986, pp.1-2: the transvestite speaker states I "am... a big rugby-player who turns out/ to be a transvestite" (p. 2). Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1892-1978. Bibliographies. Murray, Catalogue of Selected Books, item 61-63: Through Eyes of Youth, no date, The Youth of Beauty, 1915, Twenty-six Poems, 1917. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 3314: Poems, New York: Stokes, 1920. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 79, 82: *boy-love poems. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 159. Poet from the United States writing in English; he lives in Australia. Born 1965. Author of Infected Queer: Notes of an Activist, Melbourne: Nosukumo Press, 1993 - prose, but it contains one poem, pp. 23-24. An *Aids activist who is living with HIV/Aids. *Postmodernist poems and prose. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Hurley, Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia: see Infected Queer. Poet from Australia writing in English. Born 1941. One of the *generation of 68. See "As *Cavafy said", in In Casablanca for the Waters, Sydney, 1977, pp. 74-75 and "A nigger & some poofters" in Steps for Astaire, Sydney, 1983, pp. 47-48. These works are in a somewhat *camp style and in the style of the New York poet *Frank O'Hara who was a major influence on Sydney poetry at the time. In "Aberrant Poetics 3" in The New Australian Poetry , edited by John Tranter, 1979, p. 46, he writes: "i recommend/that/you take/the nearest poet/&/fuck/him/her/he/she/or it." Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Poet from Canada writing in English; he formerly lived in Australia and now lives in Canada. Born 1938. He was a lecturer at the University of *Sydney in the English Department in the 1970s until about 1980. See "Poem to Mike", Selected Poems, Sydney, 1978, p. 64, showing strong *male bonding and affection between the two protagonists. He was publisher of Island Press and published *Robert Adamson and * Poet's Choice, 1971 (an annual publication at the time). In Rock, 1997 (published simultaneously by Island Press, Sydney and Peninsular Press in Canada; 200 copies only printed) see "the man called upon to complain" p. 25, "reaching out for ricky" pp. 33-34, possibly "pickup" pp. 39-40, possibly "tent" pp. 44-46 (mentions subjects "not to be discussed here/ for fear of offending libraries"), "backpacker hostel" pp. 47-48, "dawn" p. 50, "freak wave" p. 52, "son monde, sa terre" pp. 63-64 (on gender in nouns in French; notes that "few of these nouns are grammatically bisexual"), "priest" p. 70 (*Damon and Pithias trope). The poems in this book use language very subtly, many love poems are non gender specific, there is mention of "my daughter" and the setting is a small town. Overall the poems in Rock are very Tine. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition: revealing he married and divorced in 1984. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1995. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Badboy Book, 299-306; biog., 391 - states he works on Wall Street by day and is a poet by night. Poet from the United States writing in English. Died 1988. Baby Lies Truthfully, 1990, 150 pp., consists of gay poems chronicling his battle with *Aids. It is illustrated apparently by the author. The British gay artists Gilbert and George have declared him their favorite modern poet. Life Isn't Good It's Excellent (Stuttgart, 1993) is one hundred poems he chose which the gay artists Gilbert and George published; it includes a tipped in photo of the author. See also The Cat's Pyjamas (1992), 48 pp. - wry poems (his fourth book). Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1974. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10966-67: two poems "Sing" and "Waiting Game" from College English 36: 337, November 1974. Poet from Trinidad writing in English; he lives in the United States. Active 1991. A *black poet. A Trinidad emigrant he lives in Brooklyn, New York. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 112 - "Horizontal Stripes Are In"; biog., 182. Critic from the United States writing in English; anthologist of works in Greek. Active 1937. Author, with *Edward J. Fluck, of A Study of the Greek Love Names, Baltimore, 1937; bibl. pp. 197-98. The book is a study of Greek kalos names on vases (basically the inscription "ho pais kalos", the boy is beautiful) and in literature. Chapter Two, pp. 16-45, "The Love Names in Literature", is a brilliant reading of the evidence of the kalos names from the Thera *graffiti on (see p. 23 - possibly a poem) and including verses on Greek vases (e.g., see p. 23) including *fragments; poets discussed include *Pindar, p.16, *Theognis, p. 32, *Alcaeus, p. 33, *Simonides, p. 34, *Phanocles, p. 35, *Aristophanes, p. 36. Chapter Three, "Prosopographia of Love-Names in Literature and Art other than Vases" pp. 46-65, lists 81 names of male persons called "beautiful" on vases and includes many poems and extracts from poems; the poetic selections constitute a quasi anthology of gay material. Chapter Four pp. 66-191, "Prosopographia of Love-Names on Attic Vases", attempts a comprehensive cataloging of all names on Attic vases (283 names) based on Wilhelm Klein, Die griechischen Vasen mit Lieblingsinschriften, second edition, Leipzig, 1898, and the work of *J. D. Beazley to 1937; this chapter includes some Greek poems and thus constitutes a gay anthology. A scholarly work of the greatest brilliance. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1948. Born and raised in *New York, he has travelled extensively and is widely published in journals. A *black poet who has lived in Saudi Arabia and North Yemen and returned to his birthplace Brooklyn, New York, in 1983. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 113: "The Vale of Kashmir" (about sex in public); biog., 182. Here to Dare, 60-72; biog., 69. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1983. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Son of the Male Muse, 152-53 - very difficult poems; biog., 190 (photo 152) - an art critic who has contributed to Contemporary Artists and published one book Ship Desert Boat Cargo, 1981. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active from 1986. *Black poet from Trinidad who lives in *New York. Secret Passages, 1989, is a selection of 17 years poems. Gay Poetry Anthologies. In the Life, 152; biog 252-53. Road Before Us, 115 - fine poem "We Still Leave a Legacy" (1988) on the effects of *Aids; biog., 182. Translator from Persian to English from Great Britain. 1794-1884. T ranslator of * Hafiz: A Century of Ghazels, 1875, Jami (Analysis and Specimens of the Joseph and Zulaikha, 1873) and of *Sa'di: Flowers culled from the Gulistan..., 1876. Flowers culled from Persian Gardens, Manchester, 1882, 204 pp.: is a translation of *Firdausi, *Sa'di, *Rumi. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Ioläus (1902), 112-13. Songwriter from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1952. Author of the *pop song "Glad to be Gay" one of the first openly gay *pop songs. Interview: Gay Information 2 (May-June 1980), 13. (He was also interviewed in The *Advocate and *Gay News no. 170 - reprinted in Keith Howes, Outspoken, 1995, 83.) "Glad to be Gay" was an important song for its time which achieved wide currency, especially in the United Kingdom. The song is reprinted in *Gay Life and Gay Writers. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Howes, Broadcasting It. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Rosen, Gay Life and Gay Writers, 54. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1976. For a brilliant gay parody of the * Song of Songs see "Song of Gabriel" in Gay Literature no. 5 (Winter 1976), 7. Poet and novelist from Italy who wrote in Italian. 1586-1652. The probable author of the novel * Alcibiade fanciullo a scuola which is a defence of *pederasty with some poems included. See the article "Alcibiades the Schoolboy" by Louis Asoka in Paidika vol. 1 no. 2 (Autumn 1987), 49-54 which discusses the attribution to Rocco (the novel was formerly ascribed to *Ferrante Pallavicini). *Giovanni Dall'Orto was responsible for the attribution: see his paper in the conference proceedings Among Men, Among Women, Amsterdam 1983, pp. 224-32. *Gershon Legman also supports this attribution: see Legman, Horn Book, p. 44) Gay Poetry Anthologies. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 151-56. Poet from the United Kingdom writing in English; translator from Greek to English. Born ca. 1925. Book of poems, Enigma Variations, London, 1974, 42 pp. He was the male model and lover of the *Bloomsbury painter Duncan Grant from 1946. See Douglas Blair Turnbaugh, Duncan Grant, Secaucus, New York, 1989, pp. 73-106 discussing their relationship; he states, p. 90, "Duncan's lovers were often heterosexual as Paul was". He translated the ancient Greek poet Sappho (1966). In Douglas Blair Turnbaugh, The Erotic Art of Duncan Grant, London, 1987, see p. 10: "Duncan's foster son and chosen heir, Paul, is a distinguished poet and translator in his own right, a father of five children. On 9 May 1979, at the age of 93, Duncan died in the arms of Paul, his great friend of more than thirty years." Paul Roche wrote the prose work With Duncan Grant in Southern Turkey, London, 1982; this work gives considerable details on Duncan Grant's gay sexuality and his long intimate relationship with Paul Roche. Other books of poems by Paul Roche exist: see his entry in the *British Library General Catalogue. Poet from Australia writng in English. Born 1969. A well known Sydney performance poet. On National Poetry Day, 1 September 1998, she read a Tine poem, "Dental Floss", at the Four in Hand Hotel, Glebe, Sydney, about a handsome man on a bus to whom she was attracted, but who turns out to be gay. Rochester, Earl of, also called John Wilmot Poet and letter writer from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1647-1680. The only English poet known to refer to homosexual *anal sex in relation to himself before the twentieth century if the attribution is correct (in the poem "Love a woman?"). Poems of relevance for homosexuality (pages refer to David M. Veith's edition of 1968 cited below): "The Platonic Lady" (attributed; trans. from *Petronius and the title may be added later), pp. 25-26; "A Ramble in St James's Park" (London), pp. 40-46; "Love a woman? You're an ass" (attributed to Rochester), p. 51 (in the poem he says he will anally penetrate his page in preference to a woman); "The Disabled Debauchee" pp. 116-17, ("the best kiss was the deciding lot/Whether the boy fucked you, or I the boy"), "To the Postboy" pp. 130-31. These poems are *bisexual in nature and Rochester wrote mostly heterosexual erotic poetry. Earlv editions of Rochester's poems. His poems were first published in 1680 as Poems on several occasions, with no publisher's name and bearing the false imprint "Printed at Antwerp" (they were probably printed in London) and reprinted in 1691 with the same title; however not all the poems in these volumes are by Rochester (only thirty-four of the sixty-one poems are now thought to be by Rochester which thus makes the work an anthology). Other editions and printings are known to exist from the seventeenth century and *David Foxon in Libertine Literature in England 1660-1745, 1965, p. 4, states "of the less than twenty copies of Rochester's Poems, 1680, that survive, more than half represent different editions". (In the *British Library General Catalogue to 1975, see volumes under his name under Poems.) The attribution of the verse play * Sodom, or the Quintessence of Debauchery (ca. 1684) to him, once no longer accepted, is now back in favour. Certainly there is no better candidate for the authorship. His actual name was John Wilmot and his epigrams show the influence of *Martial. Most of his best poems were written 1674-75. Biography. *Samuel Johnson wrote the first life; there is a life by Vivian de Sola Pinto (1953; second edition 1964). Text of the poems. This presents great difficulties as various manuscripts exist and various poems have been attributed to him over the years. There is no single body of texts on which to base an edition. Only in the twentieth century have adequate editions been published: see the editions by David M. Veith, Yale, 1968 and Keith Walker, Oxford, 1984 (both with long introductions). On the problems of the text see Walker's edition pp. xii-xvi. A Complete Poems and Plays was edited by Paddy Lyons and published in 1994; it includes the text of * Sodom or the Quintessence of Debauchery. A notable earlier twentieth century edition was that of John Hayward, Nonesuch Press, 1926. His Letters were edited by Jeremy Treglown, Oxford and Chicago, 1980; this work contains the fullest account of his life. Manuscripts (and alleged manuscripts) are in British libraries and *Harvard. Reception history: see David Farley-Hills, Rochester: The Critical Heritage, 1972, which is a thorough survey of the ups and downs of Rochester's reputation, mirroring the attitudes of the times to sexuality to 1903. John Oldham wrote an elegy. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 373-75. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1111. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Bibliographies. Ashbee, Bibliography of Prohibited Books, volume two, 326-45. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 11101: Poems on Several Occasions, edited by James Thorpe, Princeton, NJ: Princeton Universitry Press, 1950; especially poems xvii, xx, lxxiv. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 3326-27: Poems on Several Occasions, Princeton, 1950 and *Sodom; or, The Quintessence of Debauchery, North Hollywood, CA: Brandon House, 1966; 1282 (with John Fletcher): the play Valetinian; A Tragedy, London: Printed for Timothy Goodwin, 1685. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 38. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 196. L'amour bleu, 127-31. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 173; 174 (attributed). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 42-43; 114-15. Art of Gay Love, 50. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 101. Criticism. Woods, History of Gay Literature, 125-127. Rodd, James Rennell, Lord Rennell The first Baron Rennell. He was an intimate friend of *Wilde and an *Oxford *aesthete, active as a writer 1881-1916. Greek. He translated the * Palatine Anthology, titled Love, Worship, and Death: Some Renderings of the Greek Anthology, London, 1916. Italian. See the verse on Wilde quoted in Frank Harris, Contemporary Portraits, Second Series, New York, 1919, p. 216 - this verse appears to be by Rodd and was especially composed for Wilde before his downfall. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10967: Songs of the South, London: Bogue, 1881. Young, Male homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 3328-29: same book plus Love, Worship, and Death: Some Renderings of the Greek Anthology, London: Arnold, 1916. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reade, Sexual Heretics, 155-56. Hidden Heritage, 189. Poet from Belgium who wrote in French. 1856-1880. Rodenbach was active as a poet from 1878 when he published Eerste gedichten (First poems) Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. See the poem "La Jeunesse Blanc" (White Youth) by *Cavafy in *M. Kolaitis, The Greek Poems, 1989, vol. 2, 36; the poem is based on the title of a collection of poems by Rodenbach which in turn refer to a cult of youth. Poet from Belgium writing in French. 1855-1898. *Decadent poet who wrote poetry described as precious and possibly relevant. A famous portrait of him by Lucien Levy-Dhurmer exists: see (John Milner, Symbolists and Decadents, 1971, p. 108). He married and lived in Paris. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Poem in English from Great Britain. Ca. 1871. A poem on the theme of *flagellation Text. Kensington: Printed by Philip Sainsbury at the Cayme Press, 1927, 32 pages with a preface by Yvon Nicolas pp. 5-13. The poem contains quite strong homosexual feelings. The ascription to *George Colman no longer holds. See*H. S. Ashbee, Bibliography of Prohibited Books, volume 2, 471-74: states p. 471 it was published by John Camden Hotten in 1871. The author may be *Monkton Milnes or someone in his circle. Criticism in homosexual terms. Eglinton, Greek Love, 472 footnote 295a. Smith, Love in Earnest, 114 and footnote 19, p 156 and footnote 15, page 40: stating its author was not George Colman but possibly Monckton Milnes and the correct publication date is 1871. Poet from the United States writing in English; historian in French; translator from Greek to German and from Portuguese and Turkish to English. 1910-1992. A gay poet who lived in France from 1946; he started off with the *Surrealist movement and wrote the first English Surrealist manifesto in 1928, The New Reality. His first book of poems, Poems for F (privately printed, 1935) was inspired by a gay love affair. The "F" of the poems - which are love poems - was his lover. Orphic Poems, 1986, is a gay book of poems with a drawing of men having an orgy; 100 copies only were printed and it bears the dedication "In memoriam Z. M." He was of Jewish background and writes in this tradition; most of his poems in his selected poems Thrice Chosen, 1981, are poems on Jewish themes and are not gay; most of the poems date from the 1940s. There is a biographical note in this book on p. 141. He wrote a study of *Oscar Wilde, published in 1947 and one in French on homosexuality De l'homosexualité (Paris, 1962, 400 pages with bibl. pp. 393-99): this work was the most detailed work in French to the time. "The Turkish *Baths of Paris" in the London Magazine May 1969 is an intriguing article for its time (it is in vol. 9 no. 2; note: this issue is mistitled on the London Magazine title page vol. 8 no. 14). He is believed to have written over 2,500 articles during his lifetime; many articles were written for the journal Books Abroad (now called World Literature Today). He wrote articles in * Arcadie under a pseudonym. See also "The Homophobia of *Andre Breton", Christopher Street no. 113 (1987), 17-24. Interview: Advocate no. 392 (17 April 1984), 59-61 (reprinted in Leyland, Gay Sunshine Interviews, volume 2, 161-90) - important interview with much information; biog. note, p. 160. He was openly gay from this interview. He was extremely neurotic and died in mysterious circumstances of a fall down a staircase, suggesting suicide. Roditi led a difficult life which included having to flee France and surveillance by the American CIA. A copy of Poems 1928-48 (New York, 1949) offered for sale by the Sydney bookseller Nicholas Pounder in 1997 is inscribed to his analyst Dr. Martin Lee with the annotation that the poems on pp. 99-146 were written before, during and after his *psychoanalysis, and those pp. 120-32 during analysis. Bibliography. A bibliography is being prepared by Michael Neal, a bookseller who lives in Saint Yon, in Provence, France. For a long extract from his autobiography see Contemporary Authors Autobiography Series, Number 14. His manuscripts are at the University of California at Los Angeles and include his autobiography. A complete poems is urgently needed. His published poetry does not include much gay material so far. Obituary. Obituaries were published in The Times, 18 May 1992 and Daily Telegraph (London), 21 May, 1992. See Sidney Rosenfeld, "Edouard Roditi as Literary Mediator", Books Abroad vol. 46 (Summer 1972), 412-15. A recording of him reading his poetry exists in the Library of Congress. In 1947, he founded and edited the German journal Das Lot in Berlin. He translated the Greek poet *Cavafy in 1947 in a German journal (probably Das Lot); this introduced Cavafy to Germans. Portuguese. See his translations of *Pessoa (one poem under each of Pessoa's four names), Poetry vol. 87 no. 1 (October 1955), 26-29 - fine translations. Turkish. He translated into English * Yunus Emre: The Wandering Fool, San Francisco, Cadmus Editions, 1987, no pagination (about 50 pages); he has also written a 21 page commentary comparing Yunus Emre with western poetry included in the book at the end. Translation: see biog. note in Thrice Chosen - this states poems of his have been translated into Arabic, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, Tamil and Turkish. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Contemporary Poets, fifth edition: "a poetry of loss, loneliness and moral outrage". Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10968-69: Emperor of Night, Los Angeles: Black Sparrow, 1974, and Poems 1928-1948, New York: New Directions, 1949. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Orgasms of Light, 187; biog., 259. Possible lover of Federico García Lorca from Spain relating to poems in Spanish. 1912-1937. See *Ian Gibson, Federico García Lorca, p. xxi: states he had a "deep involvement" with *Lorca though "little can now be gleaned" (see also pp. 410-11). He seems to have committed *suicide by allowing himself to be shot in battle in the Spanish civil war exactly one year after Lorca's death (ibid., p. 471-72). He may have have been a lover of Lorca in his last two years. Poet and critic from the United States (from Puerto Rico) writing in Spanish. Born 1949. Puerto Rico is an autonomous political entity in the Caribbean in association with the United States. He lives in New York and is a professor of Spanish. Two books of poems: Matacán (1982) and Llama de amor vita: Jarchas (Flame of Living Love, Jarcha; 1988). Author of an article on *Aids and Spanish poetry in Sidahora vol. 13 (Winter 1992), 21-27, 55. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Foster, Latin American Writers on Gay and Lesbian Themes. Gay Histories and Cultures. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 372-73: "Jarchas" (short Spanish poems - see *kharja for the meaning of the title) and an *elegy for Enriquez Martinez, dead from *Aids. Poet from the United States (from Puerto Rico) writing in Spanish. Born 1951. Puerto Rico is an autonomous political entity in the Caribbean in association with the United States. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 375. Poet from Germany wriing in German. 184S - 191S. Possibly the Greek classicist Adolph Roemer in the 'British Library General Catalogue entry who wrote several books on ancient Greek writers including 'Homer (see also the 'National Union Catalog). Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 95: Die Handschrift des Avicenna. Episch-Dramatisches Gedicht, Berlin: Brand [no date] andThermopylae, Berlin, 1924 (a dramatic poem in two acts). Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 1Q97Q: Thermopylae, Berlin, 1924. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1974. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 3331: the entry reads: Anthony Rogers (anon.): The Poems of Harmodius in Exile, [no place:] Gawk Publications, 1974. Highly rated in Young. Apparently published anonymously. Harmodius was one of the tyrannicides who freed *Athens from the tyrants (a statue alleged to be of him is in the National Museum, *Naples.) Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Active 1894. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 489: from his poem *"Hylas". Anthropologist from Hungary writing in German and English. 1891-1953. Géza Roheim, a *Freudian anthropologist, did field work in the early part of the century amongst the Australian aborigines. For his life see John Morton, editer, Children of the Desert II, [Sydney], 1988, pp. vii-xxx (with a bibliography of his writings xxvii-xxx). Several of his works were only published after his death Aranda. Some of his books were written in German. In English see Australian Totemism, 1925, p. 70 - this notes "manifestly homoerotic tendencies" among the Dieri, an Aranda group - and, on p. 231 states, "The Intichiuma ritual is a symbolic repetition of collective and mutual onanistic actions between the elder and the younger members". In his Psychoanalysis and Anthropology, 1950, p. 122, he states: "The phallic element which merges into homosexuality is quite open in the songs... In fact the ritual starts with a group *masturbation"; see also pp. 116-17. In Children of the Desert, 1955, pp. 242-55, he states: "there is also the homosexual character of all rituals", p. 248. The Eternal Ones of the Dream, 1945 Chapter 90, pp. 178-199 discusses the Rainbow *Serpent. His work is one of the best attempts to explain the Aranda rituals and, by extension, many tribal initiation ceremonies. Warramunoa language. See Animism, Magic and the King, New York, 1930 pp. 181-82: in initiation ceremonies a snake is symbolically injected into the body of the medicine man which Roheim characterizes as "homosexual coitus" p. 182. See also *Les Hiatt. Poet from Mexico writing in Spanish. Born 1955. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 376: fine poem addressed to Juan José. Pseudonym of a poet who wrote in German and editor relating to works in German and French from Switzerland. 1897-1974. A Swiss actor whose real name was Karl Meier. He edited the gay journal * Der Kreis. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English and Latin; translator from Greek to English; he later lived in Italy. 1860-1913. One of the most fascinating figures of the *eighteen nineties, Rolfe converted to *Catholicism but, though desperately wanting to, was not allowed to become a priest. He was actively homosexual with *pedophile and *pederastic sides to his complex character. His pseudonym Baron Corvo (Italian for "raven"), may relate to a sense of the Latin word corvus referring to *fellatio; the raven is also black, a color associated with the tunics of priests. The shortened form of the first name which he used, "Fr.", besides being a shortened form of Frederick, could also mean "Father" the English title of Catholic priests - and Rolf exploited this ambiguity leading some to believe him a priest. Sometimes he dressed as a priest. After various adventures, which led him to become somewhat paranoid, he died in poverty in *Venice where he lived from 1908. He achieved fame with Stories Toto Told Me (1898) which have pedophile overtones. He was also a photographer and some of his photographs - of boys - appeared in The Studio, No 1. He is more interesting as a character than a poet and also wrote prose, including his most famous books, the novels Hadrian the Seventh (1904) and the homosexual novel The Desire and Pursuit of the Whole (1909; published 1934 but not published in a complete version until 1993), the latter influenced by *Platonism. An article by *Sir John Leslie in 1923 led to renewed interest in him. Poems. Thirty-one poems have been edited by *Cecil Woolf as Collected Poems, 1974; most are religious poems and Rolfe is unimpressive as a poet. Boy martyrs and *saints especially fascinated him. See in this volume "Tarcissus: the Boy Martyr of Rome" pp. 27-30, 32-35 (poems on boys), 50-52 (Saint William of Norwich), 57 (Saint Sebastian). "Ballade of Boys *Bathing", p. 42, his best known poem, was illustrated by Rolfe who was also an artist (see Anthologies below for a reproduction). Most poems were written 1880-90. Greek: see *Sholto Douglas re their joint translation of The Songs of*Meleager, 1937, with designs by Rolfe; these are illustrated by Rolfe and all the homosexual poems are grouped together. Latin: see the poem in Collected Poems (see below), p. 51. Letters. See The Venice Letters, edited by *Cecil Woolf, 1974 (reprinted, 1987) - these describe sexual experiences with young males in Venice. An attempt to understand his life, The Quest for Corvo: An Experiment in Biography (1934), is one of the classics of gay biography and was written by *A. J. A. Symons. Biography: see Miriam Benkovitz, Frederick Rolfe: Baron Corvo, New York, 1977, 332 pp., and *Donald Weeks, Corvo, New York, 1971. Bibliography: see A Bibliography of Frederick Rolfe, London, *Hart-Davis, 1977, by *Cecil Woolf. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1115-16. Dictionary of National Biography: Missing Persons. Howes, Broadcasting It: see under "Corvo". Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10565: under Corvo, Frederick, Baron is given Collected Poems [no further information]. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 3336 and 3343: Collected Poems; London: Woolf, 1974 and Tarcissus: The Boy Martyr of Rome, London: Victim, 1972 (this includes an illustration by Gaston Goor). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 340-45 (prose). Reade, Sexual Heretics, 226-27 ("Ballade of Boys *Bathing" from The Art Review, April 1890), 302-03 (with *J. G. Nicholson), 418-24 (prose from Stories Toto Told Me, from The Yellow Book, 1896). Orgasms of Light, 188-89 (p. 189 has illustration of painting to accompany "Ballade of Boys *Bathing"); biog., 259-60. L'amour bleu, 220-22. Hidden Heritage, 190. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 240-41. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 80: "Ballade of Boys Bathing". Translator from English to German from Germany. 1857-1920. He translated *Whitman's Leaves of Grass (1889) with *K. Knortz: this was the first German translation which included the complete Song of Myself (see Schyberg, Walt Whitman, pp. 277-78). Poet from Germany writing in German. Active before 1964. No entry found in the 'British Library General Catalogue. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 95: poem "Griechenland [Greece] (Meister und Schüler...)". No date or source given. Editor and critic from the United States writing in English. Active 1944. Editor of the standard edition of the text of *Shakespeare's Sonnets, 2 volumes, Philadelphia, 1944. It includes discussion of "The Question of Homosexuality" (volumes 2, pp. 232-39) from when homosexuality was first raised in critical discourse in 1790 and gives detailed reference to sources. It also has extensive discussion of all major questions such as the date, the identity of *Mr. W. H., and the vogue of the sonnets in other languages. "Roma quod ab inverso delectaretur amore" Poem in Italian from Italy. Ca. 1471-84. A poem cited in relation to Pope Sixtus IV (*Catholic Pope 1471-84) in Hirschfeld, Die Homosexualität, p. 670: ""Roma quod ab inverso delectaretur amore/ Nomen ab inverso nomine fecit amor". "The city has always been called ROMA/ Because AMOR is taken back to front." The English translation in Reid, The Eternal Flame, vol. 1, is stated to be "Traditional (many attributions)". The poem centers on the fact that Roma [Rome] is amor [love] spelt backwards and implies anal sex is especially practised in Rome. The poem is an *epigram. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 157: translated into English and sourced to Carl Julius Weber. Translator from Greek to Italian from Italy. Active from 1921. He translated the Greek poet *Pindar into Italian, 1921. I Poeti della Antologia Palatina, 4 volumes, Bologna, 1940-43, is a translation by him of the * Palatine Anthology. Poet from France writing in French. 1885-1972. Noted French poet and novelist who was involved with the Abbaye or Unanimist group of poets, 1906-08, including the bachelors Charles Vildrac (pseud.) (1882-1971) and Georges Duhamel (1884-1966). See the article by *A. E. Smith, "The Curious Controversy over Whitman's Sexuality", One Institute Quarterly, vol. 2 no. 1, Winter 1959, p. 16 re *Whitman's influence as depicted by *Frederik Schyberg. The pseudonym of Louis Farigoule. He never married. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Penguin Companion to World Literature. Poem in French from France. Ca. 1250. The title means "Romance of Berinus". Kuster, Over Homoseksualiteit in middeleeus West-Europa, p. 603, cites the poems of Berinus edited by R. Bossuat, Paris 1931-33 (SATF) pars. 132-49, and states the poem cited refers to the homosexual ruler of Blandie, Agriano, who expelled all women and instituted homosexuality as the norm. Poem from France written in France. Ca. 1240. A medieval poem by Jean de Meung and *Guillaume de Lorris which embodies the central tenets of *courtly love and arose from *troubadour poetry. It was very popular in France. The poem is an *allegory in which the Lover seeks to reach the Lady - who personifies love - in the form of a Rose. See John Atkins, Sex In Literature, vol. 2, 1973, p. 174, on homosexuality in the allegorical figures around the lover e.g., Danger and Shame. The poem would be read allegorically by a homosexual as well as by a heterosexual, so it is possible to read the poem as an allegory of homosexual unrequited love. Translation. English. *Chaucer commenced but did not finish a translation. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Penguin Companion to World Literature: see "Rose, Roman de la". Gay Poetry Anthologies. Les Amours masculines, 60-62. Pour tour l'amour des hommes, 41: from the modern French translation of André Lanly, 1971, pp. 12126. Roman de Renart See *Gerald Herman, "The 'Sin Against Nature' and its Echoes In Medieval French Literature", Annuale Mediaevale 17 (1976), 78-79: re a confession of sin in Le Roman de Renart, edited M. Roques, 1960 vv14483-92. The work is a series of animal fables from 1100-ca.1300. Poets from Italy who wrote in Latin in the period when the Roman Republic and empire were dominant in Italy and the surrounding countries, with *Rome as the capital. This period dates from 150 B.C. (when *Lucillius, the first relevant poet, was writing) to 324 (when the capital was moved to *Istanbul, formerly *Constantinople). Roman poets were greatly influenced in content and style by the homosexual poetry of the ancient Greeks, especially of the *Hellenistic period. At the same time, they developed very individual voices. Generally their work is more sexually explicit than surviving poetry of the Greeks. See *Catullus, *Hadrian, *Horace, Juvenal, *Lost Works, *Lucretius, *Martial, *Nemesianus (active 283), *Ovid, *Persius, *Petronius, *Propertius, *Statius, *Tibullus, *Virgil. Poets in Italy sometimes wrote in Greek at this time: for instance, *Philodemus. *Satire containing homosexual reference survives from this period in Latin and is a major genre. Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance and Homosexuality, pp. 61-97, gives the background. See also *Wilhelm Kroll. Republican period. This refers to poets writing in Latin before the foundation of the Empire in 31 B.C.; the beginning of the Republic is traditionally dated to 509 B.C. A rich heritage of homosexual poetry survives. The work of the first known poet *Lucilius (ca. 150 B.C.) is *lost. The most important poets are Catullus (85 B.C.-54 B.C.), Horace (65 B.C.-8), Tibullus (ca. 55 B.C.-19) and Virgil (70 B.C.-19). The *Priapeia date from this period as does the bawdy song *"Gallias Caesar subegit". *Sara Lilja has written the most detailed study on homosexuality in the period, and Michel Foucault on the social and legal background. See the separate entry imperial Poets for Latin poets of the Roman empire writing (poets writing from 31 B.C. to 324). A group of languages descended from Latin which has the earliest surviving material (by the Latin poet *Lucilius who died ca. 103 B. C.). The languages are all *European languages spoken around the western Mediterranean in Italy, France, Spain and Portugal. Romanian is an exception spoken in Romania in the east Balkans. They are a subgroup of the *Indo-European family. French came into existence from about the tenth century and records of most Romance languages date from this time. The peoples speaking these languages were all members of the *Catholic church (though Protestant sects emerged in France from 1650). *Iberian languages are those Romance languages spoken in the Iberian Peninsula where Spain is the largest country. Provençal, spoken in the south of France along the coast as far as Spain, and Catalan, in north-east Spain, are very close. Major poets. Latin: *Martial. French: *Rimbaud, *Verlaine. Catalan: *Ramon Llull. Italian: *Michelangelo, *Sandro Penna. Portuguese: *Antonio Botto, *Pessoa. Spanish: *Cernuda, *Garcia Lorca. Romanticism and Romantic poets Romanticism was a major movement from ca. 1780 to ca. 1830, which swept Europe from the late eighteenth century. It concentrated on individual feeling as the major way of experiencing the world and the natural environment as the locus of experience (in contrast to *classicism which emphasized a more rational and intellectual approach e.g. in the poetry of *Alexander Pope). *Satire became less valued as a genre and the more spontaneous *lyric more valued. *Goethe is usually taken as commencing the period in his "Sturm und Drang" period. *Modernism is frequently seen as growing out of romanticism. English. Great Britain - *Wordsworth and *Coleridge, *Blake, *Byron (perhaps the main poet), *Keats, *Shelley. United States - see *W. Allston, J. F. Cooper. French: *André Chénier. German: *Goethe, *Platen, *Schiller. Italian: see *Leopardi; Russian: *Pushkin, *Lermontov. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopædia Britannica. Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics : "Romanticism". Other references. Queneau, Histoire des littératures, volume two, 140-161. Rome, called, in Italian, Roma Rome, in Italy, was the capital of the *Roman republic (traditionally dated from 509 B.C.) and later remained the capital when it beacame an empire in 31 B.C. It is now the capital of Italy and *Vatican City, the headquarters of the *Catholic Church, is a state within the city. The name of the city and the people, Romans, may be related to the word stem "rom" as in the language Romany, which descends from Sanskrit (see *Bawdry - Romany) meaning "man". As Latin poetry alone shows, Rome had an active recorded gay life from Republican times and a famous Latin *Renaissance *epigram, *"Roma quod ab inverso", referred to the fact that the city's Latin and Italian name Roma was "Amor" (love) spelt backwards - with a hint that anal sex might be enjoyed in the city. The satirist *Lucilius is the first poet of relevance (active 125-103 B.C.). *Catullus (84-54 B.C.) and particularly *Martial (40-104) refer to homosexual life in the city (e.g., in *bathhouses) as does Juvenal (*transvestism, male *prostitution). Many important figures in republican Rome and the Rome of the period of the empire were homosexual, notably the emperor *Hadrian (also a poet); many other emperors were gay or bisexual. Gay *meeting places are known. Rome is central to *Horace (but homosexuality is subdued in his work in comparison with Catullus and Martial.) Rome has many old and important libraries. The Catholic Church is regarded as starting in Rome with the apostle Peter and the church's *Vatican archives are the oldest in the European world (dating from before 500). Documents from the archives are mainly in Latin and they have been hardly touched as regards homosexuality; they are badly organised. Because of the immense power of Rome as a capital the foibles - including homosexuality - of its citizens have been repeatedly satirized in poetry - especially by Juvenal, Martial and the Italian poet *Belli. *Saint Sebastian, much painted and sculpted in the erotic pose of naked male, came from Rome where his bones are buried in the Basilica of Saint Sebastian. Rome was a center of printing from the *Renaissance. The city was also an art centre from early times (much homoerotic Greek art was taken to Rome in the *Hellenistic period and much was later made for the Roman market). Many homoerotic paintings and sculptures were made in the city - see *Castor and Pollux (a cult in Rome from 484 B.C.). In the *Renaissance, for instance, the sculptor and poet Michelangelo worked there. Many buildings (e.g., the Colosseum and parts of the Forum) survive forum Roman times and are known to have had homosexual associations. Rome was many times sacked, the last major time being in 1527. Latin poets: see *Lucilius, *Catullus, Juvenal, *Martial, *Propertius, *Horace, *Tibullus; see also *Tiberius. Greek was spoken by the educated classes in the *Roman period and the poets show Greek influence in choice of form (e.g., see *Epigram, *Alcaic, *Sapphic) and subject matter (e.g., Virgil, Catullus). Italian: see *Belli, *Michelangelo. *Massimo Consoli and *Sandro Clericuzio are contemporary gay poets. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1119-26: "Ancient Rome"; see also "Roman Emperors". Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Rome, Ancient". Other. Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance and Homosexuality, 61-87: ancient Rome. Romer, Lucien Sophie Albert Marie von Historian from the Netherlands writing in Dutch. 1873-1965. See Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 8 (1906), 365-512: "Der Uranismus in den Niederland bis zum 19. Jahrhundert" - a study of homosexuality in the Netherlands which especially refers to the 1730 trials and cites a Dutch poem p. 388. He wrote an article on *Henri III. His article in Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen (1984), vol. 2, 139-256, is a major study of *androgyny. Biography: Hafkamp, Pijlen van naamloze liefde, 89-95. Poet from the United States writing in English. 1946-1989. A writer of extreme free verse of varying quality. In Buddha's Kisses see "Presence, Absence", pp. 35-36, and "One Night" p. 93 for two of the better poems. Buddha's Kisses is reviewed in Gay Sunshine no. 44-45 (1980, Second Section), 32-33, by *Rudy Kikel. He is the author also of a volume of poems Flowers (1978) reviewed in * Boston gay Review 7-8 (Spring-Summer 1980) 6-7. He has published several plays, been published in journals such as American Poetry Review and Gay Sunshine and his books are illustrated by Bill Rancitelli. Openly gay from his 1978 volume, Flowers (see the poem "Dandelions" with homosexual illustration; no pagination). He also wrote plays. He died of *Aids. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 3346-47: Flowers, Ithaca, NY: Calamus Press, 1979; * Buddha's Kisses, San Francisco: Gay Sunshine, 1980 with biog. and photo p. 95. Both highly rated. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Son of the Male Muse, 154-62; biog., 190 (photo p.154). Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 682-83: poem "The History of Kabuki (see *Theater - Japanese); p. 5 states he died of *Aids. Leyland, Queer Dharma: voices of Gay Buddhists, 408-11: *Buddhist poems (in the section "Queer Dharma Poetry"). Poet from France who wrote in French. 1524-1585. He wrote *Anacreontics and *Petrarchan sonnets, seemingly genuinely to ladies. With his friend, *Du Bellay, he wasa leader of the *Pléiade group. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Les Amours masculines, 86-87: a *satire against the gay French king *Henri III. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 400 - two very homoerotic sonnets one with *Zeus trope and one on *Henri III; Tine English trans. Pour tout l'amour des hommes, 56-57. Criticism. Sandys, History of Classical Scholarship, volume 2, 1908 176 (see entry *H. Estienne): re "pretty lines addressed to his page-boy" in imitation of *Anacreon. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Active ca. 1886. The date is only approximate. A quantity of manuscript verse, twenty pages, dated 1887, was owned by the United States book dealer *Burton Weiss prior to 1995 with a note by *Cottam that Roope was a dedicatee of a poem in *Timothy d'Arch Smith's Love in Eartest and one of the dedicatees with J. G. N. of *Rolfe's poem "Tarcissus" (information from Burton Weiss). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 148: two poems. Journal in Swedish from Sweden. From 1988. The bulletin of the Swedish gay bookshop which lists gay books in Swedish; only a few issues were consulted. Material from other languages is included. Published irregularly; no. 3/4 was in 1991. Poet from Spain who wrote in Spanish. Born 1910. A neo-classical poet born in *Granada. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1241: states he wrote poetry with homosexual themes. Anthologist from the United States of works in English; historian writing in English. Active 1988. Compiler of the American *Indian anthology * Living the Spirit, 1988. He is a non American Indian member of Gay American Indians, a historian and community organizer whose slide program "The Zuni Man-Woman: A Traditional Gay Role" has been widely presented. The author of "Bibliography of Berdache and Alternative Gender Roles Among North American Indians" in Journal of Homosexuality, vol. 14 no. 3-4 (1987), 81-171. He wrote The Zuni Man-Woman, 1991, a study of the *berdache and the article "Gay American Indians" in The Advocate, 29 October 1985, 45-47. Changing Ones: Third and Fourth Genders in Native North America, 1998, deals with individuals with complex sexual identities in North American Indian societies. Queer Spirits: A Gay men's Myth Book 1995, is a selection of writings by gay writers including *H. C. Andersen, James Broughton, Jean Cocteau and *Walt Whitman. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Living the Spirit: biog. note, 226. Bibliographer from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1876-1934. The author of Registrum librorum eroticorum, 2 volumes, London, privately printed, 1936; the work was published under the pseudonym (and anagram) *Rolf S. Reade, after the author's death. Deakin, Catalogi librorum eroticum, p. 18 states it is "The most complete general erotic bibliography yet published. It contains 5,061 entries...". The work was reprinted under his correct name as Register of Erotic Books, 2 volumes, New York: Jack Brussel, 1965. Based on the *Private Case and the *Enfer at the time and the holdings of other libraries, the Registrum librorum eroticorum was compiled from a card index and contains many inaccuracies. It gives author, title and publishing details of works and does not describe them in detail - unlike *Hayn-Gotendorf. Holdings are shown for certain works (e.g., *Private Case, the Bodleian Library of *Oxford University, *Vatican Library). There are subject entries, entries for *journals and extensive cross indexing with an index of authors. Only a small proportion of entries pertain to homosexuality but the entries are very thorough. Most entries relate to French, German and English works though some are in Latin and a few are in Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, Russian and Hebrew. The work is important for listing erotic books, for listing rare printings (e.g., of *Rochester's poems), and for giving the locations of many rare books. There are some valuable annotations on a few entries (see the entry for *George Coleman [pseud.] stating he did not write The Rodiad). Overall, however, as a work of scholarship, it is not up to the standard of *Roger Goodland and is basically a list of erotica. The Private Case holds a typescript manuscript supplement to the 1913 catalogue of the *Enfer by him. A book of Poems, 1924, 43 pp., in the Private Case at Cup.500.m.31, appears to be by him; not seen and and whether this contains any relevant poetry is not known. Criticism. Kearney, History of Erotic Literature, 12-13: life. Poet from Australia writing in English. Born 1955. Author of two books of poems The House of Vitriol, 1990, containing openly gay poems written in a subtle way, and The Catullan Rag, 1993, based on *Catullus. His latest book of poems, Donatello in Wangaratta, Sydney, 1998, contains several openly gay poems; he grew up in Wangaratta in Victoria and the poems here have been suggested by recent travels in Europe and North America. A *Melbourne poet who was an editor at the Oxford University Press, Melbourne, Australia. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Hurley, Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Dessaix, Australian Gay and Lesbian Writing, 59 - Tine poems "Aviator" (1993) and "Obscure Figure" (1990), the latter based on *Patroclus - and, on page 358, the Tine poem "Memoribilia" (1990); biog 378. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active 1979. Bibliographies. Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen, item 969: Das Lächeln des Jungen. 59 Gedichte, Salzburg, Vienna: residenz, 1979. Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. 1399-1447. Co-founder of the 'Burchiellesque style, he was a Cardinal in the 'Catholic Church and died in Rome. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amicizia amorosa, 63-67: a series of poems written in contention with 'Domenico di Giovanni; biog., 61. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 173: re 'Burchiellesque poetry. Poet from Canada writing in English. Active 1976. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 3356: Michael, Vancouver: Blewointmentpress, 1976. Anthologist from Denmark of works in English; historian in Danish and archivist. Born 1941. Author of the historical study of homosexuality in Denmark from 1628 to 1912, Månens kulør. Studier i dansk Bøssehistorie 1628-1918, Copenhagen, 1993 (rare: *Bibliothèque Nationale holds). This work is his doctorate. He was also co-editor of Pan, the long running Danish gay journal (from 1973). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 3962: co-editor of the anthology * Gay Life and Gay Writers; see biog. note in the book opposite the Contents; states he studied at Odense University in Denmark and has written for gay journals. Critic writing in German. Active1898. Author of The Plague of Lust (trans. from German), published by *Carrington (pseud.) in Paris, 2 volumes, 1898-1901. In volume 1 of the reprint, Frederick Publications (no place or date; New York, ca. 1960?), see "Paederastia" pp.108-33 - discusses homosexuality (some poems in ancient Greek and Latin are included e.g., from *Aristophanes' verse play The Clouds); see also volume two, pp. 110-15. The work overall deals with sex from a medical point of view. Not found in Hayn, Gotendorf, Bibliotheca Germanorum Erotica, volumes 1-9. The name is Jewish. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1890-1918. A poet-painter taken up by *Edward Marsh, he appeared in the anthologies of *Georgian poetry. He was killed in World War I. Of Jewish background, his family were from western Russia. In Collected Works, edited by Ian Parsons,1984, see the poems "The Dead Past" (1911) p. 9, "Lines Written in an Album" (for Joseho Leftwich; a love poem) (1912) p. 12, "You and I" p. 22 (*non gender specific). His dramatic verse, such as Moses, is very difficult. Many of his poems are *non gender specific and quite a few are to women. He wrote poems from age fifteen. His second volume was entitled Youth (1915). He was also a painter and there are homoerotic elements in his earlier paintings: see "Sacred Love" (1911-12), Plate VIII, in Collected Works, edited Ian Parsons, 1984. He seems heterosexual. Biography: by Jean Liddiard, 1975. His letters are included in the Collected Works. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 46-47: explains, somewhat tendentiously, why he is not included. Critic from the United States writing in English. Active 1967. In his The New Poets: American and British Poetry since World War II, 1967, the section on *Robert Duncan, pp. 174-84, shows little sympathy for his homosexuality (see especially pp. 182-84); *Thom Gunn - discussed pp. 251-57 - was not openly gay at the time. M. L. Rosenthal was a very influential critic of twentieth century poetry in the United States in the 1970s, based in *New York. Rosenzweig-Schwannau, Vincenz, Ritter von Translator from Persian to German from Germany. 1791-1865. See his books Auswahl aus den Diwanen, 236 pp., Vienna, 1838 (trans. of *Rumi) and Der Diwan, 1858-64 (translation of *Hafiz in 3 volumes; he also edited Hafiz). He translated *Jami in 1840. Ritter (knight) means the English "Sir". Not in Oxford Companion to German Literature. See his entry in the * British LIbrary General Catalogue for details of works published. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 81-84: trans. of *Hafiz. An esoteric movement and philosophy in French from France with *mystical overtones which emerged in Europe in the late nineteenth century from ca. 1890. Connections with homosexual poetry date from this time; Rosicrucianism was a secret society so exact knowledge is difficult to obtain. The word means "red cross" and the movement was a brotherhood linked to *Protestantism which had a slogan "No cross, no crown". The work of Max Heindel (1865-1919), The Rosicrucian Cosmo Conception, 1909, is a crucial work; see also Hargrave Jennings, The Rosicrucians, 1870 (deals, amongst other things, with the *Kabbala and *King Arthur in Part 2, Chapters 18 and 19). Joseph Peladan (1858-1918) - see his entry in Duroc, Homosexuels et lesbiens illustrés, p. 328 - was a crucial writer (his works listed in the *British Library General Catalogue include several works on *decadence). Rosicrucianism possibly dates from 1598 and the English poet *Francis Bacon may have been a member (see Encyclopedia of Religion entry). The Order of the Golden Dawn involved *W. B. Yeats and *Aleister Crowley who were at one time members. *Rudolph Steiner and *Theosophy were also influenced. *A. E. Waite, who was involved, wrote The Real History of the Rosicrucians, 1887; see also Christopher McIntosh, The Rosicrucians, 1980 (with bibl., pp. 156-58). See *Francis King, Magic, 1975, for the influence of *Rosicrucianism on western *magic. Journal editor from Great Britain of works in English. 1922-2001. A poet who was editor of London Magazine which has published a significant body of gay poetry (e.g., by John Betjeman) and been very sympathetic to gay artists and writers, in marked contrast to the policies of most British journals. He married in 1949 and has one son. He was born in Calcutta, India, and educated in Oxford. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Poet from the Netherlands writing in Dutch. Born 1934. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Naar vriendscaap zulk een mateloos verlangen, 91-92: three poems Mozart, Zon en wind and De ontmoeting from books 1962-67, L'amour vert, Amsterdam: Em. Querido's Uitgeverij, 1962, De fabels van Lokman, Den Haag: L. J. C. Boucher and Classics, Amsterdam: self published, 1967 (books cited p. 121). Mannenmaat, 11. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 308: trans. English. Editor from Great Britain of works in English. 1869-1918. Editor of the collected edition of Oscar Wilde, 1908 and his literary executor. He is accepted as having been *Oscar Wildes's first *lover, but whether he was the first has not been proven and probably never can be (see Nancy Borland, Wilde's Devoted Friend, 1990, p. 18); he was certainly an intimate of Wilde (see Borland, Wilde's Devoted Friend, pp. 27-77) and a great friend to Wilde since he helped him when he came out of jail and few were prepared to befriend him. Though at first he was friends with Lord Alfred Douglas, there was later great animosity between the two. This led to a court case in 1914 in which Douglas was accused of having charged Ross of having committed criminal acts with a man Charles Garratt. Douglas called witnesses showing Ross was homosexual but the jury were not able to agree on a conviction and a negative verdict was brought it; as Douglas was bankrupt at the time he was forced to accept Ross's offer to pay his legal expenses and the matter was dropped (See Rupert Croft-Cooke, Bosie: The Story of Lord Alfred Douglas, 1963, pp. 258-274). Biography: see Maureen Borland, Wilde's Devoted Friend, Oxford, 1990; bibl., pp. 311-12. Not in Oxford Companion to English Literature. Criticism. Cooper, The Sexual Perspective, 80-81. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. 1828-1882. A *Victorian poet who shared a house with *William Morris and also with *Swinburne (who was later forbidden to contact him and seems emotionally dependent on him). He founded the *Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood and is famous as a painter and a bohemian. His first wife committed suicide. *Androgyny was a crucial feature of his art, as in the painting "Ecce Ancilla Domini", 1849-50, where an angel holds a *lily. Androgyny appears also in his poetry (see, for example, the poem "Love-Lily") which is heterosexual overall. His poetry was famously attacked in an article by Robert Buchanan in Contemporary Review of Poetry, October, 1872 in an article "The Fleshly School of Poetry"; the attack showed the strong Puritanical atmosphere in Great Britain and the hostility to heterosexuality in poetry, let alone homosexuality. As a poet he greatly influenced poets of the *eighteen-nineties and was influenced by *Swinburne. He translated *Villon. Compare *Shelley. See also *Richard Dellamora. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Editor from Great Britain of works in English. 1829-1919. The brother of *Dante Gabriel Rossetti, he was a *Pre-Raphaelite who edited *Whitman in the Mermaid series in 1868, thus introducing him to British readers. The Mermaid series was the edition of Whitman distributed in British colonies such as Australia (see *J. le Gay Brereton) and did not include the Calamus poems; the 1886 British edition of Whitman, again edited by him, also omitted the Calamus poems. The titles of about fifty poems were also changed (see *W. H. Trimble). He corresponded with Whitman. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Poet and dramatist from France who wrote in French. 1868-1918. He is best known as a verse dramatist. He moved in gay circles in Paris in the early part of the century. See Journal of Homosexuality, vol. 38, no. 1/2, 2000, p. 55 and footnote 9 on p. 57: *Hubert Kennedy states poems were published in * Der Kreis, including "Les deux amours" (The two loves) in 1956; on p. 57 "Les deux amours" is stated to be more a paraphrase than a direct translation of "Two Loves" by Alfred Douglas. In the Advocate no. 392 (17 April 1984), p. 60 (interview with Roditi). *Edouard Roditi states he had "long hair and a lady's purse". See *Philippe Jullian, D'Annunzio, 1972, p. 345. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Duroc, Homosexuels et lesbiennes illustrés, 368: cites *Roger Peyrefitte stating Rostand was regarded as being a flamboyant homosexual in Paris in his youth. Poet from Germany who wrote in Latin. Born 932. Her poem "The Passion of Saint *Pelagius" was about a Spaniard who refused the homosexual advances of a Moor and was martyred. Roswitha was a nun who lived in a convent in Gandersheim, Germany. Biography: see Oxford Companion to German Literature, p. 732. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Andere Lieben, 49-54: German trans. of her Latin poem "The Passion of Saint *Pelagius". Criticism. *W. Leonhardt, "Homosexualität in der ältesten deutschen Dichtkunst", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 12 (1911-12), 154. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 471: "Passion of Saint Pelagius". Critic and historian from the United States writing in English; translator from Hebrew to English. Active from 1982. Author of a major article "'Deal Gently with the young man': Love of Boys In Medieval Hebrew Poetry of Spain", in Speculum 57 (1982), 20-51. The four main Hebrew poets dealt with are the four greatest Hebrew poets of Spain: Samuel Ibn Nagillah (i.e., *Samuel Hanagid), *Solomon ibn Gabirol, *Moses Ibn Ezra and Judah ha-Levi. The article also traces the influence of Arabic poetry on Hebrew and concisely discusses Arabic homopoetry in Spain pp. 26-27. His article "'My Beloved is Like a *Gazelle': Imagery of the Beloved Boy in Medieval Hebrew Poetry", Hebrew Annual Review 8 (1984), 143-65, is a detailed discussion of the gazelle trope in relation to homosexuality with an important bibliography; it deals with the poets *Dunash ibn Labrat, *Ibn Gabirol, *Moses Ibn Ezra, *Isaac Ibn Ghiyath, Judah Halevy. The beloved boy is called the sebi (or sevi) in Hebrew. *Abraham Ibn Ezra, whose poetry was by no means written in Spain, is also relevant - see p. 162. (The article is reprinted in *Wayne Dynes, editor, Studies in Homosexuality, volume 12, New York, 1992, pp. 273-93.) He has written two other relevant articles: "Fawn of My Delight", in Joyce E. Salisbury, Sex in the Middle Ages, New York, Garland, 1991, pp. 157-72 and "Care and Feeding of Gazelles: Medieval Arabic and Hebrew Poetry", in Mosche Lazar, editor, Poetics of Love in the Middle Ages, Fairfax, VA, 1989, pp. 95-118. See also "The Lyric Tradition in Hebrew Secular Poetry of Medieval Spain", Hispanic Journal, vol. 2 no. 2 (Srping 1981), 7-26: mainly on *Samuel Ibn Nagrillah, *Solomon Ibn Gabirol, *Moses Ibn Ezra and Judah ha-Levy. On Arabic poetry see his article "Satire and Debate in Two Famous Medieval Poems from al-Andalus: Love of Boys vs Girls, the Pen and other Themes", Maghreb Review 4 (1979), 105-113 (re *Ibn Hisdai and *Samuel Nagrillah and the *Debate on Love) and "Boy-love in Medieval Arabic Verse" in Paidika no. 11. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 235 and 239-260: selection of poems from Spain in the *Middle Ages translated from Hebrew into English. Critic and historian from the United States writing in English. Active from 1985. See his article in Eighteenth Century Life vol. 9 no. 3 (May 1985),132-61, "The Pursuit of Homosexuality in the Eighteenth Century: 'Utterly Confused Category' and/or Rich Depository": a major survey of *eighteenth century English writers from Great Britain in relation to homosexuality with many literary references e.g *Charles Churchill, *Mark Akenside, *Horace Walpole, *Tobias Smollett. He wrote a series of letters to The Spectator, 2 October 1971, p. 490 and 4 December 1971, p. 826, on *Thomas Gray's and *Richard Walpole's homosexuality which made discussion of this subject more open. His article "The Sorrows of *Priapus" in Sexual Underworlds of the Enlightenment, 1988, pp. 101-53, gives much background information on eighteenth century writers from Great Britain. He is also the editor of several books on sexuality in the eighteenth century. Pre- and post-modern discourses , Manchester, 1991, conatains essays on homosexuality and literature including "The sorrows of Priapus", pp. 65-108, and "Love and Antiquities: *Walpole and *Gray on the Grand Tour", pp. 172-199: this contends Gray and Walpole were both actively homosexual and includes discussion of the two years they spent in *Florence when they lived with the English envoy *Sir Horace Mann. He works at the University of California, *Los Angeles. Poet from France who wrote in French. 1877-1933. Active as a poet from 1897, he also wrote plays which the *Surrealists defended. From a rich family, he suffered depressions, took *drugs and travelled, dying in *Sicily possibly by *suicide. He hid his homosexuality. He was also a composer. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1129-30: by *Charley Shively. Poet from Australia writing in English. Born 1951. See "Someone From the Family" in Journal of the Arts vol. 17 (1994-95) a humorous *dramatic monologue with nevertheless serious undertones about Gary, "out of the closet", who has a Thai friend, and who is dying of *Aids after he decided he is "one of them". The author is a member of the University of Sydney English Department and editor of Southerly. He has written a book of poems, Wings and Fire, 1984, and a short critical work Modern Australian Poets, 1994. Poet, critic, biographer, autobiographer and historian from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1903-1997. Educated at 'Oxford, where he became a don, he came from Cornwell in the southwest of England. He published an enormous number of books - over 300. Noted as an Elizabethan scholar, he was openly gay and famously so as a figure associated with Oxford. His historical work Homosexuals in History, 1977, despite being light weight is important for giving information on little known or forgotten English figures of the twentieth century (e.g., 'J. D. Beazley, 'James Elroy Flecker, 'A. S. J. Tessimond). A copy of Homosexuals in History owned by Jacqueline Onassis, the former wife of President John F. Kennedy, with extensive annotations in her hand, was sold in the Sotheby's sale Estate of Jacqueline Onassis, 23-26 April 1996, item 182. Poems. Very few of his poems are relevant as most are about places. In A life: Collected Poems, Edinburgh, 1981, see "The Dead Friend" pp. 28-29, "To B" pp. 80-82, "T. E. Lawrence" pp. 191-92, "Requiem for Benjamin Britten" pp. 382-84. In Transatlantic: Later Poems, 1989, see "Sex In May" p. 14, "Sailor Boy on the Train" p. 32 and "Looks" p. 36. In Selected Poems, 1990 see p.17 "In Memoriam: Adam von Trott": this is about a German with whom he fell in love; 'Adam von Trott was hanged in 1944 after a plot to assassinate Hitler, in which he was involved, failed - the relationship with Rowse was physical but Trott was not able to return his affections. He wrote several autobioigraphical works: A Cornish Childhood, 1942; A Man of the Thirties, London, 1979 - see especially Chapter 2, "'Adam von Trott", pp. 42-53 regarding his love for a German later executed by Hitler ("it was love at first sight... I accepted beforehand the fact that Adam was dominantly heterosexual, as I was not...", p. 42); it is not made clear in this chapter whether the relationship became physical, though it is implied it did not. The relationship is portrayed as a passionately intense friendship influenced by von Trott's reading of such German poets as 'Hölderlin. The Poet *Auden, 1987, is a memoir of his friendship with Auden, which tells little. Friends and Contempories, 1989, descibes, amongst other things, the love affair of 'James Elroy Flecker and 'J. D. Beazley (also discussed in Homosexuals in History) and mentions homosexuality in other contemporaries. A. L. Rowse was a fellow of All Souls College, Oxford, and was defeated for the office of warden by the homosexual 'John Sparrow. Biography. Richard Ollard, A Man of Contradictions, 1999. He published an edition of Shakespeare's Sonnets in 1964 (repr. 1973); this contains paraphrases of each sonnet and a commentary. He states that "Sonnet 20" shows that Shakespeare's love for the young man was not physical in his view. In 1965 he published Shakespeares' Southampton, on 'Henry Wriothesley, possibly the young man of Shakespeare's Sonnets. Interview: The Advocate no. 447, 47 May 1986, 40, 122-23: he states here 'Harold Acton is homosexual and 'Betjeman and Evelyn Waugh were gay in their youth. See also 'Christopher Marlowe. Translation. French: Homosexuals in history was translated into French as Les homosexuels célébrés dan l'histoire, la littérature et les arts, Paris, 1980. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Contemporary Authors New Revision Series, volume 1. Howes, Broadcasting It. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 3375-78: Poems Chiefly Cornish, London: Faber, 1944, Poems of Deliverance, London: Faber, 1946, Poems Partly American, London: Faber, 1959 and The Road to Oxford, London: Cape, 1978. Poet from Canada writing in French. Born 1944. His Passions series deal frankly with homosexuality. Involved with the 'Québec feminist avant garde he was a founder and editor in chief of the counter culture journal Hobo Québec; he was also editor in chief of the journal Spirales. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Canadian Literature. Bibliographies. Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (1984), 141 : the poems "Monsieur Désir ", Les Herbes Rouqes, 80-89, (1981), "Les lits de l'amérique", Les Herbes Rouges 116-17 (1983) and "Petit supplément aux passions du samedi soir " Les Herbes Rouqes 70-80 (1980) and the book Les Passions du samedi soir, Montréal: Editions Les Herbes Rouges, 1979. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1949. *Black gay poet. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Black Men/ White Men, 53, 197; biog., 236. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Active 1590. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 154-55: elegy to *Sir Philip Sidney. Poet from France who wrote in French. Active 1898. Not in Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. See his entry in the *British Library General Catalogue which shows he is the author of nine books. He seems to emerge from French *decadent poetry. *Narcissus trope. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10973-74: books of poems Exil doré, l'ephebe, Paris: Leon Vanier, 1898 and Poésies, narcisse reve, Paris: Edgar Malfere, 1924. Philosopher from Russia who wrote in Russian. 1856-1919. He preached a positive attitude to sexuality and, influenced by *sexology, towards homosexuality (which he defended in People of the Moonlight, 1911; the book is in Russian). At times a reactionary, he opposed the "progressive" intelligentsia and also the Orthodox church; there were *mystical elements in his thought. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1130-32. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Poet from China writing in Chinese. 210-263. One of the *Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove whose imputed homosexual relationship with Xi Kang was famous. One of the finest Chinese poets, he was a drunkard and *Taoist. Homosexuality is not mentioned in his work - at least as it appears in English translation. His name is spelt Ruan Ji in *Pinyin and Juan Chi in *Wade Giles. Translation. See the Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature entry. English. See David Holzman, Poetry and Politics: The Life and Work of Juan Chi, Cambridge, UK, 1976 (complete translation of all poems) and Graham Hartill and Wu Fusheng, Songs of My Heart, London, 1988 - in this edition see p. 48 poem 38: "women and music can never content me". Japanese: Yukio Matsumoto (1977-82 poems). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature, 463-65: Juan Chi. Gay Poetry Anthologies. New Songs from a Jade Terrace, 72-73 (as Juan Chi); biog., 355. Poems of Love and Liberation, 47: "In Days of Old". Criticism. Hinsch, Passions of the Cut Sleeve, 70-71: *peach sharing trope. Rubai, also spelt roba'i and ruba'i Genre in Persian from Iran and in Turkish, Urdu, English and Dutch and other languages. From ca. 1100. A rhyming poem of four lines especially associated with *wine drinking and love and with strong homosexual connotations in Persian and Turkish. It is common in other islamic languages of central Asia such as Pashto and Tajik. Persian. Rubai are especially associated with *Omar Khayyam (active 1100) but also many other poets. Turkish: see Penguin Book of Turkish Verse, p. 39 - a Turkish version was called the tuyug. Urdu: see "Rubaiyat of Shad Azimabadi", Annual of Urdu Studies 2 (1982), pp. 101-110; see especially no. 91. English. The translator of *Omar Khayyam, *Edward Fitzgerald, popularized the genre in English. *Swinburne in Laus Veneris, modelled his stanzas on it. Dutch. Jacob de Haan composed a series of rubai in Dutch which are of great importance homosexually. See *Omar Khayyam as all translations of Omar Khayyam are relevant since they usually attempt to use the form. Compare *Anacreontic re subject matter. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures: see "Roba'i". Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics: see "Omar Khayy'am Quatrain". Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1967. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item, 3382: Lanced in Light, New York: Harcourt Brace and World, 1967. Poet from Germany who wrote in German; translator from Persian, Arabic, Sanskrit to German 1788-1866. A poet who was Professor of *Oriental Literature in Berlin. He married and had children. He translated *Abu Mohammed El Kasim from Arabic (see Bibliographies and Anthologies below). From Persian he translated *Firdausi and also wrote a Persian grammar. His Persian translations, dating from 1820, have been edited by Annemarie Schimmel as Friedrich Rückert: Ubersetzungen persischer Poesie, Wiesbadlen, 1966. His translation of Persian poets of 1822 were seen by Platen (see Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, p. 515). He also translated poems from Sanskrit: see H. von Glasenapp, editor, Indische Liebeslyrik (Indian Love poems), 1921. Poems, titled "Rückert Leider", were set to music by Gustav Mahler (who seems to have had a homosexual component in his character); other poems set to music by the composer Schubert, who was possibly homosexual, including the *non gender specific "Du Bist die Ruh" (1823). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 51 (under Alkasim), 96 - cites three references. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10975: "Die Makamen von Elkasim" in Rückerts Werke, Stuttgart: Cotta, 1895 cited as a poem (this reference also appears in Welter p. 96). Herzer, Bibliographie zur Homosexualität, item 3014: a critical article on the influence of the *Orient on him. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 76-77 (trans. of the Arabic poet *Abu Mohammed Elkasim ben Aliel Hariri into German), 134-35 (poems including one in memory of Joseph Kopp). Ioläus (1906), 212-13: trans. from *von Kupffer. Die Bedeutung der Freundesliebe, 22. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 212; 193 biog. Criticism. Vern Bullough, Homosexuality: A History, 1979, 148: stated to be gay and that *Platen dedicated poems to him. Poet who wrote in Greek. Possibly active ca. 350. About thirty poems in the * Palatine Anthology are under the name of Rufinus. Translation. English: see The Poems ofRufinos, 55 pp., trans. by Jan Dyroff, Ottawa, 1973. French: Les epigrammes damour de Rufm, trans. Paul-Rene Cousin and Thierry Sandre, 173 pp., Amiens, 1925. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 938: 3 entries. Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium: 2 entries. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Palatine Anthology Book 5, poem 19: a very strong poem supporting homosexual love. Orgasms of Light, 100: trans. *Winston Leyland. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 72-73. Poet from Syria who wrote in Turkish. 1548-1605. From the Balkans, he lived a wandering life, eventually settling in *Damascus, where he died. He married. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Mitler, Ottoman Turkish Writers. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Turkish Verse, 95: *non gender specific love poem; with *wine trope; biog., 10. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 373, called Ruhi of *Baghdad and stated to have died in 1628. Criticism. Gibb, History of Ottoman Poetry, volume 3, 186-93. Editor from the Netherlands of works in English. Active 1967. His book Homosexuality and Creative Genius, New York, 1967, has chapters on *Oscar Wilde by Clifford Allen, John Addington Symonds by Louise J. Bragman, *Walt Whitman by *Numa Praetorius, *Saint-Pavin by Numa Praetorius, *Rimbaud by Angel Garma, *André Gide by Jean Delay, *Proust by Milton L. Miller, *Shelley by John V. Hagopian. The author was born in the Netherlands and in 1967 lived in New York where he was a psychotherapist. The book is a *Freudian discussion of homosexuality in relation to literature, despite its title. See the relevant entries for exact references. Translator from Spanish to English. Active ca. 1999. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A Day for a Lay, 34-35. Rukavisnikov, Vasily Ivanovich Poet from Russia writing in Russian. 1874-1916 The gay maternal uncle of *Vladimir Nabokov. He left the then 17 year old Vladimir Nabokov his fortune but this was lost in the Russian revolution of 1917. He considered his greatest achievement to be a poem he set to music: see the Internet article by Lev Grossman, "The Gay Nabokov" on the site salon.com. Andrew Field in VN: The Life and Art of Vladimir Nabokov, 1987, p. 38 claims that "Uncle Ruka was in love with his nephew Vladimir and used to.. fondle him too much in public when he was a little boy." Poet from the United States wrting in English. Born 1932. He is famous for the last line of his poem - the last poem in *The Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse - "The Fairies are Dancing all over the World": "They are allies courting in the bloodstream/ welcome them and dance with them". This line became somewhat unfortunate since *Aids first appeared in 1983. The line was changed in the second edition of * The Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse and the reference to blood was omitted (blood is the main method of transmission of the *Aids virus). The author of three gay novels, including A Day and Night at the Baths, 1979. His novel To Kill a Cardinal, New York, 1992 (reviewed in James White Review vol. 10 no. 3, Spring 1993, 19) features a gay poet, Peter the Poet. For his speech at the Outwrite *conference see James White Review vol. 12 no. 2 (Spring/ Summer 1995), 12-13. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Orgasms of Light, 191-92 ("The Fairies are Dancing"); biog., 260. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 395-97 (same poem). Fra mann til mann, 83-85. Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, 347-49 (same poem); biog., 347. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 744-46 Rumi, Jalal Al-Din, also called Maulavi Persian poet from Iran and Turkey; he also wrote in Turkish. 1207-1273. The greatest mystical poet of Iran and one of the great *Sufi poets; his poems are strongly homoerotic. He fell in love with a man, *Shams al-Din, to whom he dedicated all his shorter poems (his Divan or Kulliyat in Persian) and in whose name he wrote them using this name as a *takhallus. Shams al-Din later disappeared, probably assassinated by Rumi's family out of jealousy over the two men's relationship. (There were also other later lovers of Rumi: see Rypka, History of Iranian Litertaure, cited below.) He is called Maulavi by Persians and founded the Sufi order of *Whirling Dervishes. His * Mathnavi is a Bible of Sufism. He is buried in Konya in Turkey. His poems have an *allegorical side, as with all the poetry of *sufism. They are passionate works, speaking openly of ecstatic love. Rumi married and had a son. Poems were used by the gay Polish composer Szymanowsky as texts for songs in his Third Symphony. Text. His Divan was first printed in 1865 and was published in Tehran, edited by B. Furuzanfar, 1917-18. For his Mathnavi see *R. A. Nicholson. For the sources of his Turkish poetry, see Mecdut Mansuroglu, "Calaladdin Rumi's türkische Verse" in Oriens 18-19 (1965-66), 23. Criticism. De Bary, Guide to Oriental Classics, pp. 48-49 is an excellent guide to works available. *Anne Marie Schimmel, The Triumphal Sun, 1978, is a fine study of the poet. *A. J. Arberry has written on him. See also the introduction to Edmund Helminski's 1981 translation The Ruins of the Heart. Yarshater, Persian Literature, 190-213. See also "Criticism in homosexual terms" below. Translation. Rumi has become something of a cult figure in translation and more translations are suspected than are listed. English. For recent translations, see overall De Bary, Guide to Oriental Classics, 48-50. *S. Robinson (1872), Trans, not known, Flowers culled from the Mesnawi (1876), James Redhouse (1881), E. H. Whinfield (1887; repr), *R. A. Nicholson (1898 - Selected Poems; repr.; from 1925-40 the Mathnawi were published in eight volumes), Flowers from Persian Poets (1901; ed. Nathan Haskell Dole and Belle M. Walker), W. Hastie (1903), F. Hadland Davis (1907; repr.), C. E. Wilson (1910), R. M. Maitra (1933), *A. J. Arberry (1949+ - various translations), Colin Garbett (Capetown, 1949), R. A. Nicholson (1950; repr.) Daniel Liebert (Santa Fe, Mew Mexico, 1961; repr.), *A. J. Arberry (1968-1969), Edmund Helminski (1981 - a very erotic translation), Coleman Barks and John Moyne (1986), Coleman Barks (1990), Andrew Harvey (1996). French: Assaf Halet Tchelebi (1950 - Rubai only); German: *Vincenz Rosenzweig-Schwannau (1838), Georg Rosen (1849; repr. - Mathnavi), *Friedrich Rückert and *J. von Hammer (1921), Walter von der Porten (1930); Polish: a poem by him is used in the third symphony (1916) of the composer Szymanowski (trans. Tadeusz Micinski); Swedish: Axel Eric Hermelin (1933); Turkish: Abidin Pasa (1908), Velet Izbudak (1937; repr. 1942-46), Asaf Halet Celebi (1944), *Abdulkadir Golpinarli (1945; repr.), Abdulkadir Mericboyu (1955). The * British Library General Catalogue and * National Union Catalog were checked. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature : see "Maulavi". Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 203-04. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures. Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion (by *Annemarie Schimmel): excellent introduction. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1132-33. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Ioläus (1902), 109-12. Men and Boys, 19-20 (trans. by *Laurence Housman and *R. A. Nicholson). Art of Gay Love, 14; trans. by R. A. Nicholson. Criticism in homosexual terms. Browne, Literary History of Persia, volume 2, 515-25: notes his Mathnavi are more read in the middle east that his Diwan. *Marc Daniel, "Arab Civilization and Male Love", Gay Sunshine 32 (Spring 1977), 8. Levy, Persian Literature, 102-115 especially p. 103 and use of *Saki. Rypka, History of Iranian Literature, 240-42 and p. 84; p. 240 refers to "this ecstatic love relationship" with Shamsu'd-Din. Poem in Norse from Iceland. Ca. 1450 Runes are the Norse alphabet (on them see the entry in Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics). See the line for the letter "M": "Men are men's joy"; this occurs on p. 33 of Bruce Dickins, Runic and Heroic Poems of the Old Tuetonic Peoples, Cambridge, 1915 (repr.); the poem is supposed to date from the fifteenth century: see p. 7. Compare the Norse work *Havamal, where the same phrase is used. Poet from Turkey writing in Turkish. Active before 1838. *Ottoman poet. Not found in Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: Die Männerliebe der Griechen, 88-90: trans. by *Thomas Schabert. Philosopher from the United States writing in English. Active 1988. Author of Homosexuality: A Philosophical Enquiry, Oxford, 1988 (with bibliography). This work is an exhaustive philosophical examination. Review: Lambda Rising Book Review, vol. 1 no. 6, 14. The book discusses theories of homosexuality (e.g., Kant, Bentham, *Freud) and such issues as hormones and homosexuality and sociobiology. The author states p. 1 "a homosexual is someone, male or female, who is erotically attracted to members of his/ her own sex. By 'erotic attraction' I mean (at the very minimum) fantasizing about sexual encounters; one might feel an attraction towards someone without its being erotic." He notes p. 2, "Strictly speaking one ought to distinguish between a person with homosexual inclinations, or whose sexual orientation is homosexual, and a person who participates in homosexual acts." Poet from Italy writing in Italian. 1579-1625. See Otto sonnetti inediti (Eight unpublished sonnets), Livorno, 1882. Information as to relevance from *Giovanni Dall'Orto. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1944. See *Poems from the Desert. Critic and historian from the United Kingdom writing in English. Active from 1968. A scholar of Urdu literature who works at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. With Khurshidul Islam he is the author of Three Mughal Poets, Cambridge, MA, 1968 (London, 1969), called "the best book in English on classical Urdu poetry" (*C. M. Naim, "The Theme of Homosexual (Pederastic) Love in Pre-Modern Urdu Poetry", in Studies in the Urdu Gazal and Prose Fiction, edited by M. U. Memon, 1979, p. 133, footnote 5). This book discusses homosexuality in Urdu poetry: see *Mir Taqi Mir. He has written an extended study of the ambiguity of the beloved's identity (see *gender switching) in Urdu: "The Pursuit of the Urdu Ghazal", Journal of Asian Studies, vol. 29 no. 1 (1969), 113-24 where he strongly emphasises the *mystical quality of the beloved (see especially pp. 119-20). His collection of articles on Urdu, The Pursuit of Urdu Literature, 1992, has, in its title, a clever pun calling to mind that "pursuit" in classical Urdu poetry was directed mostly at males. For discussion of homosexuality in this work: see pp. 40 ("one of the 'beloveds' in the Urdu ghazal is a beautiful youth"), p. 65 (possible mystical lover in the ghazals of *Ghalib), p. 69 (ambiguity of beloved in Ghalib) and pp. 123-25 re the critic *Hali who, in his critique of the ghazal "recognizes... that the human beloved of the ghazal can only be either a woman who is already betrothed or married, or a courtesan, or a boy"; bibl. of Urdu works pp. 248-53 and of Ralph Russell's own published works pp. 254-57. He has written extensively on *Ghalib. He has also edited An Anthology of Urdu Literature (2001), 312 pages. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1992. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Language of water, 40; biog., 80. Poet from Georgia who wrote in Georgian. Active 1200. Author of a famous long poem, the national *epic of Georgia, Vepkis-tqaosani (Clad in a tiger skin; The man in the tiger skin). The poem, whose main story is heterosexual in ambience, is allegorical. It shows the influence of *neo-Platonism and is strongly homoerotic throughout in the male relationships. He was strongly influenced by *Sufism and *Firdawsi. Text. It was first published in 1712 in Tbilisi with a commentary by Vakhtang VI (see entry in Great Soviet Encyclopedia ); more than fifty editions in Georgian exist. Illustration. The illustrations to Marjory Wardrop's English translation, 1938, by I. M. Toidze are very homoerotic in part. Criticism. See the study in Russian by Professor A. Baramidze, Shota Rustaveli, Moscow, 1966 which draws special attention to the theme "of friendship, of brother love and its obligations" (cited in the English translation by K. Vivian, London, 1977, p. 26). He quotes the following two aphorisms from the poem "A friend for friendship's sake of himself should be unsparing, Heart exchanging for heart with love as the bridge the way" and "A knight sworn to brotherhood and a knight as a lover are two aspects of one and the same form" (K. Vivian English translation, cited below, p. 27); as an example of the close affectional male bonding shown throughout the poem see p. 66 of the Vivian translation. Under *Communism (Georgia was under Communist control from the 1920s to 1990) it suited critics to emphasize the theme of *comradeship in the work. Translation. Czech: see Penguin Companion to World Literature entry; no translator given; English: Marjory Scott Wardrop (1912, 1966), E. Orbelyani (Moscow, 1938 - reprint of Marjory Wardrop translation revised by Orbelyani), Venera Urushadze (Tbilisi, 1968), K. Vivian (London, Folio Society, 1977 - perhaps the best English translation to date with excellent introduction), R. H. Stevenson (Albany, New York, 1977); Finnish: trans. by Linnus (from an English translation: see Everyman Companion to East European Literature entry; highly rated as a translation); French: A. Borin (Tiflis, 1885; repr.), Georges Gvasava and Anie Marcel-Paon (Paris, 1938); German: A. Leist (1891); Japanese: see Penguin Companion to World Literature entry - no translator given; see also the K. Vivian English translation, p.19; Russian: see Great Soviet Encyclopedia entry and * British Library General Catalogue entry; trans. by *K. D. Bal'mont, P. A. Petrenko, G. Tsagareli, Sh. Nutsubidze (highly rated in the Everyman Companion to East European Literature entry) and N. A. Zabolotskii. Translations exist in all 'Languages of the USSR and in Chinese (see the K. Vivian English translation, P-19). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Companion to World Literature, Classical volume, 302: by D. M. Lang. Great Soviet Encyclopedia vol. 22: states he "sang of love, of *comradeship". Everyman Companion to East European Literature. Lang, Guide to Eastern Literatures, 191. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1995. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Badboy Book, 307; biog., 391 - author of numerous books, lives in Florida. Critic who wrote in English. Active 1961. His nationality is not known. Author of "The Flower Boys of Silla" (called * hwarang in Korean), Transactions of the Korean Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, vol. 38 (October 1961), 1-66, the first detailed discussion in English of the homosexual *singing boy tradition in Korean; homosexuality is discussed on pp. 57-61. It includes a bibliography of books on the hwarang p. 1 and discussion of their songs, pp. 46-52, giving the names of five poets who composed hwarang songs of the Silla period (57 B.C.-935) and translation of poems into English. The hwarang model themselves on Maitreya *Buddha (p. 61) and relate to *Shaman traditions (p. 59). He appears to be the same Richard Rutt who is the co-author with Keith Pratt of Korea: A Historical and Cultural Dictionary (1999). Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1899-1944. He worked in Borneo as District Commissioner and was an officer in the First World War. Author of a war poem: The Song of Tiadatha, 1919, he used the pseudonym Klip-klip. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 97, 114; biog., 242. Poet from Norway who wrote in Norwegian. Active 19B3. Criticism. Gatland, Mellom linjene: homofile tema i norsk litteratur, 26Q: poem "Ein soldat" (source not given). Poet from Russia writing in Russian. Born 1962. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Out of the Blue, 334-41 - poem "Lays of the Gay Slavs" (the lays appear to be poems, though they are translated into poetry and are based on ancient lays; compare * Lay of Igor) and *byliny; biog, 334 - lives in Moscow. Poet from Sweden writing in Swedish. 1828-1895. See *Nils Hallbeck, Mann och Pojken, Stockholm, 1980, p. 42. He led a tortured life and was influenced by Christian *Platonism and *Idealism. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Rylands, George called "Dadie" Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Born ca. 1915. In Poems, London, The Hogarth Press, 1931, no pagination, (about thirty pages) see "I saw Othello's visage in his mind", "On the Cold Hillside", "No Word (Shakespeare Thou hast nor youth nor age)" - all with homoerotic reference. This book was published in an edition of 350 numbered copies. A handsome Cambridge don whose thesis was published by Leonard and Virginia Woolf's *Hogarth Press as Words and Poetry, 1928. He was in the circle of *Lytton Strachey and a member of the *Bloomsbury Group and was called Dadie by his close friends. For information on him see the Index to volume 2 of *Michael Holroyd, Lytton Strachey, 1968; p. 464 notes that he acted the part of the Duchess of Malfi in the play of this name at Cambridge in 1922. A close friend of John Lehmann. Poet from Japan who wrote in Chinese and Japanese. 1758-1831. See Burton Watson, Japanese Literature in English, 1976, vol. 2, pp. 87-88. A *Zen monk who wrote in Chinese: see the poems translated into English in Watson, ibid., pp. 112-13, on the death of his close *disciple Saichi and showing intimate homoeroticism ("You were the one who understood/things I couldn't pass on to other men" - p. 112; "We walked on hand in hand", p. 113). He also wrote in Japanese. His poetry shows the influence of *Han Shan. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan : Historian from Japan writing in Japanese. Active 1983. He has written a popular history of homosexuality: Nihon ni okeru danshoku no kenkyu, Tokyo, 1983, with bibl. pp. 36-41. See pp. 44 and 58 for *tanka and pp. 72-76 for *haiku; see also *senryu. Critic from Czech Republic writing in Czech. Born 1887. As a critic relating to Persian and Taiik poetrv. He is the main author of A History of Iranian Literature, Dordrecht, 1968, translated from the German edition, Iranische Literaturgesichte, Leipzig, 1959; the first edition was in Czech. Prague, 1956 (there was a second Czech edition, 1961, which expanded on the German version). There were various collaborators who worked with Rypka on the work and the English edition of 1968 contains additional material to the two Czech editions and the German edition (see the "Foreword" to A History of Iranian Literature, 1968, p. vi). Jan Rypka wrote the main history of Persian literature to the twentieth century. The book is the most detailed study of Persian literature in a European language; it has a very detailed bibliography pp. 753-854. A masterly scholarly work, it openly discusses homosexuality in the work of Persian poets and is to be preferred to the history of *E. G. Browne. See pp. 85-86 for general discussion of homosexuality in poetry ("it is usually a sheer impossibility to guess the sex of the *Beloved... this is one of the most intricate problems and one which has hardly ever been accorded serious attention", p. 86). See *Anawari, *Firdausi, *Hafiz, *Rumi, *Saqi-nama, *Sufism, *'Ubayd Zakani, *Wine drinking, *Zuhuri. The book also deals with Taiik and has a history of Tajik literature by Jiri Becka, pp. 483-606. Turkish. See his *Baki als Ghazeldichter, Prague, 1926, a study of the major Turkish *Ottoman poet who was possibly gay. Russian. The History of Iranian Literature was translated into Russian by I. S. Braginskii as Istoriia persidskoi i tadzhikskoi literatury, Moscow, 1970 (source: Great Soviet Encyclopedia, vol. 10, p. 398). On his life and work see Yadname-ye Jan Rypka, edited by Jiri Becka, Prague, 1967; bibliography of his writings pp. 10-18. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Active 1924. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 74: "A Memory" - fine love poem. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 508. Poet (from India?) writing in English. Active 1993. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lotus of Another Color, 77, 196-97 (fine poem "My Friend" about *Aids and sex). Poet possibly from the United States writing in English. Active before 1996. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poems of Love and Liberation, 61: " Loving Statistics." Poet from Portugal who wrote in Portuguese. 1890-1916. A close friend of *Pessoa with whom he was linked in the modernist journal Orpheu (i.e. *Orpheus) and with whom he corresponded from Paris. He committed *suicide in Paris. He may have been homosexual or bisexual. His suicide may have been inspired by that of a close male friend (information from Portuguese sources). Biography: see Alvaro Manuel Machado, Quem e Quem na Literatura Portuguese, 1979, pp. 225-26. Text of poems: see Poesias Completas, Porto, 1985. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopedia of World Literature, vol. 3, 447. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Criticism. Gomes Viana, O homosexualidade no mundo, volume 2, 188. Poet and bookseller from Turkey who wrote in Arabic. Active 954. In Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, vol. 5, p. 779, the author states he was a bookseller from Edessa whose shop was a literary saloon frequented by poets and who became distraught for love of a young Christian, 'Isa, who entered a monastery (sources given: Yakut and the writer Sanawbari [active 945]). He is the first known gay bookseller. See Adam Mez, Renaissance of Islam, 1937, pp. 360-61: this appears to be the source of the above information. Poet from Iran who wrote in Persian. Ca. 1190-ca. 1282. The Gulistan (Rose Garden), 1258, a rhymed miscellany, is his main work. It is the richest and most versatile work in Persian literature and is used as a text book. See Chapter 5, "On Love and Youth", re homosexuality. His Bustan (Garden, Orchard; 1257) is a *mathnavi; see Chapter 3 of this work regarding homosexuality. Many lyric poems celebrate the love of boys and he is a master of the *ghazal. Mystic love features in his work but, while influenced by *Sufism, he was not a *sufi and was much more worldly. He wrote erotic homosexual poetry (Professor Wheeler Thackston, Harvard University, to the author, November 1988). While his native language was Persian, he wrote a few poems in Arabic and he travelled extensively. He was from the city of *Shiraz where he is buried. *Bisexual interest. Criticism: see *Minoo S. Southgate and Browne, Literary History of Persia, volume 2, 525-37. There are many commentaries in Persian, Turkish and *Indian languages on the Bustan and Gulistan (see Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, vol. 3, p. 164). Sa'di was very popular in Ottoman Turkey. See also *Ralph Waldo Emerson. Translation. The Gulistan was first translated into Turkic ca. 1390, then Latin in 1651, followed by Dutch in 1654. The *British Library General Catalogue and * National Union Catalog were checked. Only the first and major translations are included (not selections). Censorship has occurred. Bustan only. Arabic: 1954 - see * National Union Catalog, Muhammad al-Furati (ca. 1950 - see * National Union Catalog); English: many various translators from 1868 (see*British Library General Catalogue), G. M. Wickens (Toronto, 1974) is the most reliable translation; French: *Gargin de Tassy (1859), A. C. Barbier de Meynard (1880); German: A. Olearius (1696), K. H. Graf (1850), F. Rückert (1882); Russian: K. I. Chaikin (1935); Spanish Manuel Perez (1930); Turkish: Trans, not known (1945 - see National Union Catalog), Hikmet llaydin (1950). Gulistan only: Arabic: Auhad al-Din, al-Nasafi (1770 - see *British Library General Catalogue), al-Mukhalla, Jibra'il ibn Yusuf (1847 - see * National Union Catalog). Armenian: Tireak'ian, Harowt'iwn (1920); Dutch: A. Olcarium (1654), W. Bilderdijk (1828); English: See the preface to the *G. M Wickens and Edward Rehatsek edition of 1964 below pp. 11-34 re censorship and also Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance and Homosexuality, pp. 8-19. Francis Gladwin (1806, Calcutta; 1808, UK; repr. - censored), *Edward Rehatsek with editing supervised by *Richard Burton (1888; repr. 1964 - accurate); *S. Robinson (1876); G. M. Wickens - revision of *Rehatsek's translation (London, 1964; New York, 1965); French: A. R. Dyer (1624); Omar ali Shah (1966); German: Adam Olearius (1654), F. Rosen (1921); *Karl Heinrich Graf; Greek: Trans, not known (1923 - see *National Union Catalog), Trans, not known (1936 - see *National Union Catalog), Giorges Panagopoulos (1951); Hungarian: Erodi B. (1889); Italian: G. de Vincentiis (1873), italo Pizzi (Lanciano, 1917); Latin: *Georgius Gentius (pseud.?) (1651; repr.); Pashto: ca. 1680 - see Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, vol. 3, p. 164; Polish: W. z Bibersteina Kazimirski (1876), S. Otwinowskiego (1879); Provencal: L. Piat (1888), George Dan (1959); Russian: K. Lamdrosa (1862), Trans, not known (Moscow, 1957 - see*British Library General Catalogue), Spanish: A. T. Z. (Mexico, 1942); Turkish: Sayf-i-Sarayi (active 1390, published Ankara, 1954 - see * National Union Catalog entry); see also in Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature, "Turkic Literatures of Central Asia", in vol. 1, 569, which gives the date of writing as 1391); Urdu: 1802 - see Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, vol. 3, p. 160. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion: by *G. M. Wickens. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1142-43 by *Maarten Schild. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 96-97: Lustgarten (Bostan), Leipzig: Wartig, 1850 and Rosengarten (Gulistan), Leipzig: Brockhaus, 1846. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, item 1080. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: Die Männerliebe der Griechen, 56-57, 114-15: referring to *Ramdohr's Venus Urania. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 78-80: trans. *Karl Heinrich Graf. loläus (1902), 109 and 113. loläus (1906), 189-90. loläus (1917), 103-05; additional material on the preceding. Men and Boys, 21. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 337-38; biog., 328 - notes "no text is available of his Khabithat (obscene poems)". Criticism. Hirschfeld, Die Homosexualität, 670. *Marc Daniel, "Arab Civilization and Male Love", Gay Sunshine 32 (Spring 1977), 10. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 210-03. Reade, Sexual Heretics, 179. Arberry, Sufism, 115. Surieu, Sarv e Naz: An Essay on Love and the Reception of Erotic Themes in Ancient Iran, 171, 172 - re homosexual anecdotes in Gulistan. Christianity, Social Tolerance, 18-19: noting especially poems no. 14,17,18, 20. Rahman, "Boy love in the Urdu ghazal", Paidika vol. 2 no. 1 (1989), 14: his Gulistan and Bostan have "many stories about men falling in love with beardless youths". Sa'di Celebi, also spelt Saadi Tschelibi Turkish poet. Active ca. 1538 - died ca. 1538? The name of this poet seems to be a *maklas or penname: the first word from the Persian poet *Sa'di, the second word meaning "writer". Celebi is a title given to poets and men of letters in Turkish and means "poet, writer, reader, sage, of keen common sense" (see the entry in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition: under "al-Halabi, Burhan al-Din", an Egyptian writer, Sa'di Celebi, who lived in *Istanbul, is mentioned. He died ca. 1538 and was Grand Mufti; see also the index for another reference. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: Die Männerliebe der Griechen, 90-91: Saadi Tschelebi (German transliteration) translated into German by *Thomas Schabert. Criticism. Gibb, History of Ottoman Poetry: see Celebi in index. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Active 1890. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reade, Sexual Heretics, 228: "Sonnet" from The Artist, I September, 1890 - *bathing, *Narcissus, *Daphnis tropes. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 137: same poem. Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian, 1883-1957. A poet whose gay novel Ernesto was published posthumously in 1975 (an English translation appeared in 1987 - see review in The Advocate no. 483, 60-61). He married and was a secondhand bookseller who lived all his life in Trieste, Italy. There may be unpublished manuscripts. He was of Jewish background and in 1929 underwent psychoanalytical treatment and for a time was fascinated with *Freudianism. Criticism: see the poet's own work Storia e cronistoria del canzoniere, 1948 (History and chronicle of the poems). He was active as a poet from 1911, emerging from the crepuscolario (darkness) movement. Text. In his Canzionere (Poems), 1965 - see pp. 14, 49, 94, 96, 125, 159, 160, 180, 185, 248, 256, 271, 290, 303, 420-23, 435,437, 446, 450, 459, 462, 464, 477, 511-512 (on *Ganymede and *Narcissus). These poems show considerable homoeroticism as well as some being on gay themes. The poems were arranged differently in previous editions and the 1961 edition omitted the 1947 gay poem: "Vecchio e giovane" (The old man and youth); in the 1965 edition poems are arranged chronologically. Translation. German: titled Das Zerbrochene Glas (possibly trans. by Claudio Magris), 1991, 215 pp. - some homosexual poems, some heterosexual. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Dictionary of Italian Literature. Dictionary of Literary Biography, vol. 114. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amicizia amorosa, 177-81: the title L'amicizia amorosa is taken from Saba. L'amour bleu, 277-80. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 248. Criticism. Gay Books Bulletin 5 (Spring 1981), 27: described by *Sandro Penna as homosexual. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active 1947. The 'British Library General Catalogue gives his name as Heinz Winifred. He was active as a writer until 1972. Not in Oxford Companion to German Literature . Bibliography. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 96: poem "Hymnus der 'Freundschaft": in the the anthology of new German poets Die Pflugschar, Berlin: Aufbrau-Verlag, 1947. Poet from Turkey who wrote in Turkish. Died 1712. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 373 - fine homosexual *saki poem; trans. English. Poet from Afghanistan who wrote in Persian. Active ca. 1590. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A'in i Akbari anthology, 652; biog., 652 - born in Kabul. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Died 1972. A *Boston *gay liberationist, he nevertheless committed *suicide and the poem "Ode to Suicide" was found among his papers. The poem is also printed in Fag Rag, no. 5, Summer 1973, 7 (with biog.). It is a fine poem, perhaps the last word on the subject. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Angels of the Lyre, 180-81: *"Ode to *Suicide"; biog., 243-44. Lover from French relating to French. 1906-1945. A lover of 'Cocteau, he was shot by the Germans at the end of World War II after imprisonment. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Duroc, Homosexuels et lesbiennes illustrés, 373-73. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amour bleu, 264-67: extract from his autobiography, Witches' Sabbath. Les Amours masculines, 423-24. Criticism. Rowse, Homosexuals in History, 192: stated to be a lover of 'Cocteau. Arcadie no. 144 (December 1965), 535-44: article by René Soral. Philosopher, poet and novelist from France who wrote in French. 1740-1814. The French writer from whose name *Sadism, pleasure through the infliction of pain, comes. He was *bisexual and indulged in sexual orgies with women and men involving sadistic behavior, especially *flagellation, and sometimes his being sodomized (for example, possibly by his valet Latour); he especially liked being anally penetrated by a man while having vaginal or anal sex with a woman and Maurice Lever, Marquis de Sade: A Biography, 1993 states p. 27 he "preferred sodomy to all other forms of intercourse" (see also p. 117). Extreme behavior with prostitutes led to his being locked up for thirteen years. He wrote some poetry (though this is not significant in his total oeuvre): see Lever, Marquis de Sade, 84. His manuscripts remain with his descendents. De Sade is most important as a philosopher of sexuality, though a major aspect of his life and work is extrapolating what is fact from what is fiction; his novels, which depict sadistic sexual orgies, have frequently been accepted as portraits of his life, which cannot by any means be assumed. His work assumed that pleasure and pain may be intimately involved; but it can also be seen as an attempt to transcend these two categories. Living just prior to and just after the French revolution, de Sade was a sexual iibertine and prefigures *gay liberation; his extreme individualism was part of the stirrings of *Romanticism and he later inspired *Surrealism. He strongly influenced *Michel Foucault and has influenced such poets as *Dennis Cooper. The Hundred and Twenty Days of *Sodom (written in 1785) is his most famous novel, the full text of which was only published in 1936 after being rediscovered in 1904; is was used as the basis of *Pasolini's film Salô. His works were generally banned outside France until the 1960s. English. New York, 1966 (first published in Great Britain complete in 1989). A concise introduction is Robert Darnton, "The Real Marquis", New York Review of Books, 14 January 1999, 19-20, 22-24. Lorna Berman, The Thought and Themes of the Marquis de Sade, Ontario, 1971, is a monumental study. In a 1947 work, Sade My Neighbour, Pierre Klossowski saw him as have a "negative *Oedipus Complex". *Iwan Bloch and *C. R. Dawes have written books on him. The French feminist Simone de Beauvoir, companion to *Jean-Paul Sartre, wrote a famous essay Must We Burn de Sade?, first published in 1955, defending him. The context of this essay was the aftermath of the Second World War following the rise of *Nazism in Europe (which de Sade's beliefs could be seen to prefigure) and the *existential movement. Biography. See Maurice Lever, Marquis De Sade: A Biography, 1993 (trans. from French). There have been several other biographies in French and English including a life by *Gilbert Lély (Paris, 1952-57, 2 volumes). Other authors who wrote on him include Jean Desbordes. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Duroc, Homosexuels et lesbiennes illustrés, 374-75. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1141-42 by *Wayne Dynes. Hafkamp, Pijlen van Naamloze liefde, 24-28: biography. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Hayn, Gotendorf, Bibliotheca Germanorum Erotica, vol. 7, 24-34. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, 3398-99: cites his novels Justine and The 120 Days of Sodom. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amour bleu, 144-45. L'Amour bleu, 144-45. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 238-43. Criticism. Kearney, History of Erotic Literature, 90-100. Poet from France who wrote in French. 1702-1767 The father of the Marquis de Sade, he was a *bisexual iibertine who wrote some homosexual poems in the manner of *Rochester: see Maurice Lever, Marquis de Sade, 1993, 27: poems about sodomy with men (his life is discussed in the preceding pages; see also the index). His manuscripts remain with the family. Critic from Germany writing in German. Active 19Q5 to 1925. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 96: cites articles "'August von Platen, Eine pathologische Studie" in Nord und Süd, October - November, 19Q5, and "' Heinrich von Kleist, eine pathographisch-psychologische Studie" in GNS, x, 19Q9, and, what is apparently a book: Aus dem Liebesleben 'Nikolaus Lennaus. SAS, Vienna: Deuticke, 1925; two other works on homosexuality cited. Historian and critic from Pakistan who wrote in English. 1898-1984. Author of A History of Urdu Literature, Delhi, 1964; second edition Delhi, 1984. This work openly discusses homosexuality in Urdu poetry (e.g., pp. 23-26, discussing 'Persian influence, the 'ghazal, 'mysticism) and in poets (e.g., 'Mir Taqi Mir, p. 134). He was formerly an academic in Lahore. Sadism and masochism, also called sado-masochism, sadomasochism, S and M, S/M, SM and sado-masochistic behavior Masochism is sexual pleasure from the enjoyment of receiving of pain (in contrast to sadism which is pleasure from the inflicting of pain). The name comes from Leopold von Sacher-Masoch. Material in poetry survives in Greek from Greece from ca. 200 B.C. and later in other languages. There is controversy about whether pain is necessarily involved in S/M (as it is frequently called). The borderline with torture is contentious, though most practitioners would insist that only consensual practices are involved and no pain, as such, is inflicted (in contrast to torture where one participant does not consent and the pain is real). From another point of view, for some people the notion that pain can be involved with sexuality seems strange. In Great Britain a court case involving SM, the Spanner Case, in the late 1990s, was appealed to the European court of Human Rights after males involved in SM were tried and convicted; the convictions were upheld. SM is documented in poetry from the Greek poet Satyrus (ca. 200 B.C.?). 'Flagellation is one of its main emanations. In English. *Swinburne seems the first recorded homosexually-inspired masochist poet; *T. E. Lawrence is another and *A. E. Housman's poems spring from a masochistic base. The writers of poems dealing with excess suffering, especially 'Christian poets such as the Spanish poet *Saint John of the Cross, need to be considered. See Dr Theodor Reik, Masochism in Sex and Society, 1962 (originally Masochism in Modern Man, 1941); Chapter 24, "The Parodoxes of *Christ" is especially interesting. The name sadism comes from the French writer, the *Marquis de Sade; the English poet *Dennis Cooper has admitted being influenced by him. Most of the Christian religion emphases love and at the same time focuses on the crucifixion of Jesus Christ in *Catholicism particularly - which branch of Christianity has been the major religion in western Europe in Mediterranean countries and in central and south America at least from the Renaissance - can be seen as innately sado-masochistic. The crucifixion was frequently depicted in sculpture on the altars of Catholic churches (in contrast many Protestant churches focussed on the Resurrection of Christ). In addition, punishment of guilt and submission to confession in Catholicism involve SM elements. For a relevant Catholic poet see *St John of the Cross. The banning of homosexual sex by the Christian church needs to be taken into account (which banning made for a sadomasochistic element in gay sex) and *hymns focusing on the crucifixion element in the story of Jesus also need to be considered. The writers of poems dealing with excess suffering (e.g., especially writers who identify with *Saint Sebastian) show concern with SM. Mental pain - as in western European concepts of unattainable love prominent from the late middle ages - is linked with Christian religious ideas of love (see in French *Roman de la Rose). In English, see 'Swinburne,*T. E. Lawrence and ian Gibson regarding flagellation. The *Kinsey Library has a volume of poetry in French: Pieces en vers sur la flagellation, Brussells, 1879; this may contain gay material. German. See *Wilhelm Stekel for the psychological background. Masochismus in der Literatur is a study edited by Johannes Cremerius and Wolfgang Mauser, Wurzburg, 1988 (Freiburger literaturpsychologische Gesprache, volume 7) but little is relevant in this work. Criticism: see Douglas B. Saylor, The Sadomasochistic Homotext, New York: Peter Lang, 1990. For background works see George Ryley Scott, A History of Corporal Punishment, second edition, London, 1938; Gerald and Caroline Greene, S-M: The Last Taboo, New York, 1974; Michael Grumley, Hard corps: studies in leather and sadomasochism, New York, 1977; Thomas Weinberg and G. W. Levi Kamel, S and M: Studies in Sadomasochism, New York, 1984, Mark Thompson, Leatherfolk, New York, 1992 and Joseph W. Bean, Leathersex: a guide for the curious outsider and the serious player, New York, 1994. *Larry Townsend, The Leatherman's Handbook, 1972 (repr.), in Chapter 15, "Literature", cites literary evidence (no poets are cited however). Christine Stansell, editor, Powers of Desire: The Politics of Sexuality, New York, 1994, deals with conceptual issues. Joseph Doucé, Le Sadomasochisme en question, Paris, 1989, is a serious work in French with a detailed bibliographhy (the author was mysteriously tortured and killed in a wood near Paris ca. 1990 allegedly by the French secret police - see Paidika vol 2. no 3. [Spring 1991] - and several books have been written on his murder, including Françoise d'Eaubonne, Le Scandale d'une disparation: vie et oeuvre du pasteur Doucé, Paris, 1990). In German see J. Camerius and others, Masochismus in der Literatur, 1988 (there are no specifically gay chapters) and Thomas A. Wetzstein, Sadomasochismus, 1993 (with bibl. pp. 313-21) Poets and poetry involving sadomasochism. The French writer the *Marquis de Sade is a crucial theorist who has influenced recent poets such as Dennis Cooper. Australian Aboriginal languages: see initiation ceremonies (e.g. for Aranda) which almost always involved the infliction of pain and which involved oral poems and songs. Dutch. Jacob van Hattum. *Gerard Reve dedicated an SM poem to van Hattum. English. It dates from 1726 in poetry - see 'Christopher Marlowe (published in Works, London, 1726, vol. 3, p. 454; but almost certainly a fake), James K. Baxter, *Kirby Congdon, *Dennis Cooper, *Gavin Dillard, *A. L. Gordon, *H. Layng (active 1754), Julian Mitchell, *Swinburne, * The Rodiad, *Herman Melville (flogging scenes with S/M undertones occur in his novels Moby Dick and White Jacket; his poems have not yet been anaylzed fom this viewpoint), *Ian Young, *Charles Ortleb, *David Barton. *Allen Ginsberg has recently written brilliant S/M poems. Early issues of the S/M *journal Drummer (ca. 1977) contained S/M poems. The Leather Journal flourished in 1991. *Larry Townsend has collected some powerful poems. German: see Wilhelm Stekel (sexual background to S/M), *Detlev Meyer. Greek: *Satyrus (from 200 B.C.?), *Cavafy, *Dinos Christianopoulos. Latin: *Plautus, *Martial. Italian: see *Petrarchism, *Dante, *Corrado Levi. Russian: *Eros Russe, ivnev. Arabic and Persian: see *Sufis where pain is frequently involved in love; *Sultan Mahmud and the boy Ayaz is a trope. Turkish: *slave relationships need to be considered in poetry, e.g. in *Sufism. Japanese: see *Yukio Mishima, *Takahashi Mutsuo. See the *flagellation entry for additional bibliographical sources, flagellation being a species of S/M. See also Jesus Christ, *Cowboy, *leather all tropes involving S/M. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1143-45 by *Wayne Dynes: defined as "The giving or receiving of pain for erotic gratification". Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Ullstein Enzyklopädie der Sexualität: see "Masochismus" and "Sadomasochismus" (a very long article) for general discussions touching on homosexuality. Gay Histories and Cultures. Bibliographies. Hayn, Gotendorf, Bibliotheca Germanorum Erotica, vol. 2, 274-318: "Flagellantismus, Masochismus, Sadismus" - the first thorough bibliography. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, pp. 384-89. Criticism. Karla Jay and Allen Young, Lavender Culture, 1978, 85-117: forum, including *Ian Young and listing books though not poetry. Black Men/ White Men, 77-83: interview with a black homosexual masochist. Yarshater, Persian Literature, 214-225. Poet from Bolivia who wrote in Spanish. 1921-1986. Mainly a novelist, he started his career by writing poetry. An alcoholic, he lived a marginal existence in La Paz which formed the subject matter of his writing. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Foster, Latin American Writers on Gay and Lesbian Themes. Historian from the United States who wrote in English. 1913-1986. The author of Homosexuality: A Cross Cultural Approach, 1956. He wrote the most important English language book for its time in the United States, The Homosexual in America, 1951, under the pseudonym *D. W. Cory; this includes the first bibliography in English of gay novels and drama pp. 296-315, though poetry is omitted. There is a second edition, 1960, with bibl. pp. 293-323 (again omitting poetry); Appendix B has extracts from the law statutes of 48 States. (This bibliography is believed based on an earlier pamphlet bibliography by him of about 1950.) The book was very influential in setting the stage for later books and bibliographical efforts such as those of *Ian Young. He later wrote a Ph. D. dissertation about the gay society, the Mattachine Society, repudiating his previous pro gay stance and subsequently became very bitter, withdrawing from gay circles. He lived in *New York. See the article on him by *Martin Duberman in Harvard Gay and Lesbian Review, vol. 4 no. 4 (Fall 1997), "Dr. Sagarin and Mr. Cory: The 'Father' of the Homophile Movement", 7 14. He married and had a son, Fred. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Donald Webster Cory". Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History: see under Donald Webster Cory. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 811: Twenty One Variations on a Theme, 1953 - a homosexual anthology of prose. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 699-704. Criticism. Bullough, Sexual Variance, 667: disclosing this is the real name of *Donald Webster Cory (pseud.). Sage Writings from the Lesbian and Gay Men's Writing Workshop at Senior Action in a Gay Environment Collection of prose and poetry from the United States. New York: Teachers and Writers Collaborative Publications, 1980, 115 pages. A collection written by older gays in a writing workshop, both male and female, edited by Barbara Baracks and Kent Jarratt. It is an anthology of poetry and prose. There is a group photograph of the contributors on the cover. There are two male gay poets, *Alfred Schwartz and John Prasch. Other male contributors are Gerry Faier, Milo Giovanni, Harold Isele and Keith Jarratt. Rare. Copy used: *Harvard University, Widener Library. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 171. Pseudonym of a poet from Germany who wrote in German. 1864-1933. Pseudonym of John Henry Mackay: see his entry for details of his life and works. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 97. Die Bedeutung der Freundesliebe, 29. Critic from Spain writing in Spanish. Active 1986. Author of a Ph. D. thesis: * Federico García Lorca y la cultura de la homosexualidad (Federico García Lorca and the culture of homosexuality) Stockholm, Stockholm University, 1986; bibl., pp. 353-81. García Lorca, *Dali, *Cernuda, *Gil-Albert and *Prados are discussed. It argues that García Lorca and the others used a secret code in dealing with homosexuality in their work; there is a close reading of Lorca's poems *Soneto", "Sueño", *"Verlaine", "Baco" (*Bacchus) and "Suicido" (*Suicide). Saif al-Daula, also spelt al-Dawla Poet from Syria writing in Arabic. Active 948. The ruler of Aleppo and patron of *al-Mutanabbi who addressed poems to him. The Encyclopaedia of Islam entry states he surrounded himself with poets and courtiers. Text: Dhikra Saif al-Daula, edited and translated into English by *Arthur Wormhoudt, Oskaloosa, Iowa, 1974 - see poem p.16. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition, volume 4, 73-74: see "Saif al-Dawla". Criticism. *Norman Roth, "'Deal Gently with the Young Man': Love of Boys in Medieval Hebrew Poetry of Spain", Speculum 57 (1982), 27 - homosexual poem. Poet from Japan writing in Japanese. Active before 1713. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Partings at Dawn, 106 (from the anthology * Iwatsutsuji). Poet from Japan who wrote in Japanese. 1118-1190. See Liu, Sunflower Splendor, pp. 169-180: many love poems are *non gender specific. Suspected of homosexuality, he is the first of the monk-poets and a major Japanese poet. A friend of the gay *emperor Toba, he greatly influenced *Basho. He is the first of the important travelling recluse poets whose poems were inspired by Chinese *T'ang poets. He wrote 2,000 * tanka. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan. Princeton Companion to Classical Japanese Literature. Poet, anthologist and publisher from Haiti who wrote in English; he later lived in the United States. 1957-1994. A *black poet from Haiti, he lived in New York with his white lover Jaan Urban Holmgren and was the lead singer of the band Xotika. He appears in the anthologies below under the pseudonym of Assotto Saint but his real name is Yves François Lubin. Wishing for Wings, New York, 1994 contains twenty-nine poems and three short prose pieces (review: James White Review vol. 13 no. 1, Winter 1996, 19-20). His works were collected in Spells of a voodoo doll: the poems, fiction, essays and plays of Assotto Saint, New York, 1996, 405 pages. He compiled the anthology * The Road Before Us: 100 Gay Black Poets (1991) and was the poetry editor of the black journal Other Voices. He was outspoken on his HIV status before he died of *Aids. He was the co-publisher of The Road Before Us, published by St Galiens Press. Stations (St Galiens Press, 1989), is a cycle tracing the inter-racial love of two gay men; Wishing for Wings was posthumously published. Interview: Advocate no. 544, 13 February 1990, 62-63. Obituary with selection of poems: James White Review, vol. 11 no 5, fall 1994, 12-13. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gay Histories and Cultures. Gay Poetry Anthologies. In the Life , 243-49: a theater piece; biog., 253 (stating his real name is Yves François Lubin). Tongues Untied, 81-95; biog., 2. Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, 352-53; biog., 352 (with photo). Road Before Us, xvii-xxiv (Preface), 116-17 (poem); biog., 182-83 and 192 (photo on back cover). Name of Love, 57; biog., 77. Saint-Amant, Marc-Antoine Gerard de Poet from France who wrote in French. 1594-1660. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Les Amours masculines, 123-24: from La *Rome ridicule (1633), a violent pamphlet against homosexuals; biog., 123. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 407: trans. English from the preceding pamphlet Rome the Ridiculous. Pour tout l'amour des hommes, 77. Saint-Just, Simon-Pierre Merard de Poet from France who wrote in French. 1749-1812. See also *Bathyllus. Not in Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Les Amours masculines, 190: a poem modelled after *Aretino; biog. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 413. Poet from France who wrote in French. 1595-1670. A French *libertine poet who was called the King of *Sodom. Influenced by *Martial, he called his lover *Tireis (pseud.); he made no secret of his sexuality and moved in the circle of Condé. He was a pupil of *de Viau. For critical comment see *Numa Praetorius. Text: his poems were only published, in part, in 1911 edited by Frederic Lachèvre. A complete text is needed. See *Marc Daniel (pseud.). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Duroc, Homosexuels et lesbiennes illustrés, 377. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1148-49. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amour bleu, 123. Les Amours masculines, 125-27: called "le prince de Sodome". Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 408: a poem deriving from *Martial, Book 11, poem 43; biog., 386. "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen", 75. Pour tout l'amour des hommes, 7779. Criticism. Ruitenbeck, Homosexuality and Creative Genius, 191-202: states p. 193 "he can... be characterized as a homosexual." Sainte-Beuve, Charles Augustin Critic from France who wrote in French. 1804-1869. He wrote an essay on the Greek poet *Meleager in Portraits contemporains, Paris, 1889, pp. 407-455. Source: *Hérelle manuscript 3258. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Born 1951. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Orgasms of Light, 204: "To the Boy (Randy's Song)"; biog., 260 - he holds an M. A. degree, is published in fifteen journals and eeks out a precarious existence as a hotel clerk. Poets and tropes in Latin from Italy and in other languages. Saints are persons in *Christianity who have lived exemplary lives and who are looked up to as examples of how to live. The term normally refers to exemplary persons in the *Catholic Church where becoming a saint entails a vigorous investigation by Church authorities (though Pope John Paul the Second has created more saints in his reign than were created in several centuries before). The term is not normally used by *Protestant Christians. Relevant saints date from ca. 305. Identification of homosexuals with martyrs such as *Pelagius and *Sebastian could be expected in an age when homosexuals could be burnt at the stake. Identification with Sebastian has been common (see *Law - Greek, - Latin). The question of whether many saints were repressed homosexuals (and even repressed heterosexuals in some cases) has not been examined so far. Latin. See *Aelred of Rievaulx, *Aquinas, *Amis and Amiloun, *Anselm, *Bernard of Cluny, Jerome, *Pelagius, *Sebastian (alive 284305, sometimes called the gay saint; he was martyred by having arrows shot through his body which has *phallic connotations which are made clear in artistic depiction. Spanish: see *Saint John of the Cross. English: see 'Frederick Rolfe re *Tarcissus and a poem on Saint Sebastian and poems about several boy saints. Greek: see *Saint Paul (a follower of Jesus who was *homophobic), *Yannis Ritsos, *Cosmas and Damian. Italian: see *Saint Francis of Assissi. Russsian: see*Boris and Gleb. Svriac: see *Saint Ephraim. Poet from Japan who wrote in Japanese. Active before 1713. A priest who loved the youth 'Jiju; he died of lovesickness and left some poems addressed to Jiju. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Partings at Dawn, 121-123 (from the anthology 'Iwatsutsuji). Poet from Japan who wrote in Japanese. Active before 1713. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Partings at Dawn, 105 (from the anthology * Iwatsutsuji). Poet and translator from Latin to English from Great Britain. 1828-1896. A writer of *Victorian erotic works who was a war correspondent. Kearney, History of Erotic Literature, p. 110, states he is the author of an unfinished *flagellation novel, The Mysteries of Verbena House (1882) and, p. 153, states he is believed to be the author with others of *Harlequin Prince Cherrytop. He is also stated to be possibly the author of the verse play Harlequin Prince Cherrytop in *Gershon Legman, The Limerick, 1964, p. lxi. See also *Edward Sellon. He was a journalist who visited Australia where his wife died. They had no children. See Peter D. Edwards Dickens's Young Men: George Augustus Sala, Edmund Yates and the World of Victorian Journalism, 1997. Manuscripts are at the University of Queensland (about 170 letters to Edmund Yates and other papers) and Yale University in the Biennecke Rare Book Library ((400 letters and other papers, formerly the property of Ralph Straus). Biography: Ralph Straus, Sala(London, 1942). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography. Translator from Latin to English. Born ca. 1955. A brilliant translator of the Latin poet *Catullus's poem 16 into English: see Maledicta 8 (1984-85), 76-77, with notes on the Latin. He is a classicist with both Latin and Greek who has appeared in more than fifty publications from 1980 and has won many prizes (information from the internet). Poet who wrote in Persian. Active ca. 159Q. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A'in i Akbari anthology, 653-54 - two homosexual love poems; biog., 653 - states his name is Muhammad Mirak. Poet and critic from Spain writing in Spanish; he later lived in the United States. 1891-1951. See Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1240, where he is stated to have been *bisexual. He lived in the United States from 1936. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Gay Histories and Cultures. "Salman und Morlof", also called "Solomon und Morlof" and "Salomon" Poem in German translated from Latin. 1190. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature: see "Salman und Morlof". Criticism. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 472. *W. Leonhardt, "Homosexualität in der ältesten deutschen Dichtkunst", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 12 (1911-12), 157-60: discussion of homosexuality; the manuscript states the poem is a translation of a medieval Latin original "Salomon et Marcolfus". Poet from Switzerland who wrote in Latin. Ca. 860-ca. 920. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Medieval Latin Poems of Male Love and Friendship, 20-21: a poem addressed to *Notker by Salomo and his brother *Waldo (with English trans.) - note: brother here has religious affiliations and does not refer to physical brotherhood.; biog., 146-47. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 149. Pseudonym of a poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Active 1893. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reade, Sexual Heretics, 305: "By the Aegean", from * The Artist and Journal of Home Culture, 2 January, 1893 - a *non gender specific poem and cannot be taken unequivocally to refer to a male. Saloninus is Latin; "inus" is used to make a substantive. Historian and critic from the United States who wrote in English. 1855-1921. Author of * Oscar Wilde: An Idler's Impression, 1917, 27 pp. He wrote Historia Amoris, 1906, a prose history of love and * fin de siècle novels. He married three times. He is not to be confused with *Francis Saltus. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature ; see also the entry "Erotic School". Dictionary of American Biography . Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1849-1889. He is not to be confused with *Edgar Saltus. Lot's Wife (1890) (cited below in Criticism) is not listed in the * National Union Catalog or*British Library General Catalogue. Excerpts are in T. R. Smith, Poetica Erotica: A Collection of Curious Amatory Verse, New York, 1949, pp. 587-93; "The Song of the Youth" from Lot's Wife is blatantly homoerotic. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 483. Criticism. Foster, "Beauty's Purple Flame: Some Minor American Gay Poets", Gay Books Bulletin no. 7 (1982), 15, 18: re his Lot's Wife (1890), a poetic drama about Sodom with Swinburnian chants about "vice". An *eighteen-nineties poet influenced by *Verlaine and *symbolism. See Arcadie no. 99 (March 1962), pp. 165-66. Not in Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Biography: see his entry in Sidney Braun, Dictionary of French Literature, 1958. Bibliographies. Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10977-78: Le chariot d'or, "vision" [sic], Paris: *Mercure de France, 1927 [the foregoing appears not to be a book but two poems], and "Au jardin de l'enfante, l'hermaphrodite, "l'indifferent", "fin d'empire", "luxure", Paris: Mercure de France, 1901. (Apparently all these works are poems published in this journal Mercure de France in 1901 and 1927; they appear to have been incorrectly entered in Bullough). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Les Amours masculines, 279-80; biog., 279. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 430: poems "The *Hermaphrodites" and "The *Androgyne" trans. English. Poet from Iran who wrote in Persian. Active ca. 1590. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A'in i Akbari anthology, 673; biog., 673. Samuel Ha-Nagid (also spelt Hanagid), also called Samuel ibn Nagrillah Poet from Spain who wrote in Hebrew; translator from Arabic to Hebrew; poet in Arabic. 993-1056. The first major poet of Jewish Spain. There is strong homoerotic feeling in his works and he seems very likely gay, though Pagis, Hebrew Poetry, p. 68, states that "in all Hanagid's poems about boys there is no hint of [homosexual] self identification". Born in *Cordoba, he became vizier to King Habus of *Granada. His poems are based on Arabic models. Poems have been cited in various articles by *Schirmann and *Norman Roth (see below); see also T. Cami, The Penguin Book of Hebrew Verse, Harmondsworth, UK, 1981, with English translations pp. 293, 298 and the translation into English of the poem replying to *Ibn Hasdai about the love of boys versus girls in *Norman Roth, "Satire and Debate in Two Famous Medieval Poems from al-Andalus", Magreb Review 4 (1979), 109-112. He translated poems from Arabic and also composed in that language. Text: edited by D. S. Sassoon, 1934. Diwan, edited by Dov Yarden, 1966. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature, vol. 3, 458: name given as "Samuel ha-Nagid". Encyclopedia Judaica : "Samuel Ha-Nagid". Gay Poetry Anthologies. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 244-48. Poems of Love and Liberation (1996), 55. Criticism. Jefrim Schirmann, "The Ephebe in Medieval Hebrew Poetry", Sefarad I5 (1955), 55-56 re *roe trope and his name spelt Shemuel Hannagid; 59, footnote 15 - poems 148, 149, 151, 158-62, 181, 185 and citing unpublished manuscript poems. *Norman Roth, " 'Deal Gently with the Young Man': Love of Boys in Medieval Hebrew Poetry of Spain", Speculum 57 (1982), 33-37: notes that eighteen poems are addressed to boys and translates several; his name is spelt Samuel Ibn Nagillah. Pagis, Hebrew Poetry, 65: re a poem involving three male lovers. Group in Japanese from Japan. From before 1700. Samurai were the Japanese warrior class especially powerful from before 1700; many were homosexual according to tradition. They were the Japanese equivalent of knights in Europe. *Saikaku's work is the best example of a work on them containing poems. *Shoguns - the rulers of Japan - were frequently samurai. In the twentieth century *Mishima emulated them. Nicholas Bornoff, Pink Samurai, 1992, is a recent discussion. *Gary Leupp, Male Colors: The Construction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan, 1995, has extensive discussino throughout. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1149-50. City in the United States where English is the main spoken language. Gay poetry references survive from 1867. As a city on the sea, on a beautiful bay, and with a fine climate, San Francisco has always had an easy ambience and bohemian society from its earliest days. It has formed part of the United States since 1848 (before this it was part of Mexico). *Sodomy was outlawed by act of law in 1850 but private consenting sexual acts were legalized by the Californian legislature in 1975. Berkeley, across the bay from the center of the city, is the site of the University of California, Berkeley, which is an intellectual presence in the city and has a major academic library. The city has a very strong gay movement, gay men being attracted to it especially from 1969 because of its climate and the fact that male homosexual acts were legal. The novelist and poet *Charles Warren Stoddard (active 1867) was associated with the city in the nineteenth century, while another poet relevant to the city's earlier history is *George Sterling. *Oscar Wilde lectured in the city in 1882. *Robert Duncan was the city's major gay poet from 1945, a period called the San Francisco Renaissance. The *Beat poets, especially *Allen Ginsberg, who lived in the city in the 1950s, prefigured and helped create *gay liberation in their work. The Mattachine Review (1955-63) originated from the city and published a few poems. *Lawrence Ferlinghetti's *City Lights bookshop promoted the *Beats and his publication of Ginsberg's Howl in 1956 was seminal for contemporary gay writing in the United States. Jack Spicer was a major gay poet of the city until his death in 1965 and his work points to gay liberation poetry as does that of his friend *Robin Blaser. James Broughton was active as a poet associated with the city from the 1940s. The city was a major center of the *gay liberation movement from 1969 and the journal * Gay Sunshine (1970-82), published in the city by *Winston Leyland, was one of the most important gay liberation journals in English. Gay Sunshine is the name of a major publishing house of gay poetry from 1975 and has published several *anthologies. A selection from the journal was published in 1991 titled * Gay Roots. *Manroot, published by *Paul Mariah, was a major gay poetry journal which developed into a press. The city has also been a major center of *publishers of gay poetry in the form of *chapbooks. The outpouring of gay poetry in the *nineteen-seventies was large. *Thom Gunn and *Harold Norse are major poets of this period from the city. Some gay liberation poets associated with the city are: *Steve Abbott, *Antler (pseud.), *William Barber, *Gavin Dillard, *Salvatore Farinella, *Allen Ginsberg, *Robert Gluck (who has run poetry readings), *Stan Persky, *Ron Schreiber, *Aaron Shurin. *Tede Matthews was a gay personality who wrote poetry. *Brian Monte has written the first thesis on the city's gay liberation poets. Latterly the city has been a center of *Aids suffering tragically with many deaths. See L. Ferlinghetti and N. J. Peters, Literary San Francisco, 1980, especially pp. 178ff on the period from the Beats on. The poet *Tram Combs was in 1976 working on a history and bibliography of San Francisco poetry 1941-65. There is a Gay History Group working on the city's gay past and a *San Francisco Bay Area Gay and Lesbian Historical Society Archives. The institute for the Advanced Study of Human Sexuality has a major library of erotica. *San Francisco Public Library has a special gay archive (the director is James van Buskirk). John De Cecco editor of the * Journal of Homosexuality (1974+) has established a Center for Research and Education in Sexuality at San Francisco State University. The Castro is a special gay area and Folsom Street specializes in *S/M bars. The city contains important gay *bookshops: Walt Whitman Bookshop and A Different Light in the gay area based on Castro Street. The Advocate no. 372 (21 July 1983), 32-46, features a special section on San Francisco; see especially the fine overview, "The City's Gay Writers" by *Steve Abbott, 44-45. On the background since 1945 see John D'Emilio. Beyond Definition: New Writing from Gay and Lesbian San Francisco, a mixed prose and poetry anthology of the work of several writers, edited by Marci Blackman and Trebor Healey (San Francisco: Manic D Press, 1995) (review: Perversions no. 4, Spring 1995, 176-77: stated to be *queer writing which wouldn't get past the typewriter if it were heterosexual.) Compare *Vancouver, *Sydney, *Venice all harbor cities as is the other major US coastal city, Seattle. An illustrated history of gay San Francisco titled Gay by the Bay written by Susan Stryker and Jim van Buskirk was published in 1996. In French see A. E. Dreuilhe, La Societe invertie ou les gais de San Francisco, Ottawa, 1979. References: Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1150-51. Hidden from History, 456-73: article by John D'Emilio, on *San Francisco since 1945. Gay Histories and Cultures: see "San Francisco" and "Castro". San Francisco Bay Area Gay and Lesbian Historical Society Archives Archive in English in the United States. From 1985. See Directory of the International Association of Lesbian and Gay Archives and Libraries, pp. 137-40: states it is a *San Francisco gay historical organization and 900 journal titles are held. It publishes a newsletter. Library and archive in *San Francisco. The library has a special Gay and Lesbian Center (from ca. 1990) including the papers of *Steve Abbott and James Broughton and is making efforts to enhance it. It is one of the major libraries for gay material in the United States and is housed in a new building opened in 1996. *Compare *New York Public Library. Poet from Iran or Afghanistan who wrote in Persian. Died 1131. *Mystical *Sufi poet and a major Persian poet. A master of the *qasida, his main work is the first great mystical *mathnavi, Hadiqat al-haqiqat (The Garden of Truth). He was a *court poet at the court of the later Ghaznavad kings from Ghazni. See *Paul Sprachman re homosexual bawdy poems. Translation. English: J Stephenson, The First Book of the Hadiqat, Calcutta, 1911. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures. Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 333; biog., 327 - "boy images keep recurring and seem to be more than metaphorical". Criticism. Arberry, Sufism, 115. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 17: stated to be from Afghanistan. Poet from Germany who wrote in German. Active 1922. The 'British Library General Catalogue shows he was active as a writer from 1922; no books of poems are listed. Bibliography. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 97: Abend und Traum, publishing details given as "Appelhaus Bsg." [no date given]. Anthologist and poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1964. He was the publisher and compiler of the first anthology dealing with *anal sex, * Bugger (1964). His *New York bookshop Peace Eye was a center for Beat culture. With Tuli Kupferberg he formed a *burlesque pop group The Fugs and published The Fug Songbook. As a poet he published The Toe-Queen, New Yorl: Fuck You Pres, 1964 (this work was stapled in mimeograph wrappers). He is married with a wife. He has published a book on the mass murderer, Charles Manson, The Family. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Contemporary Literary Criticism, volume 53. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 3410-11: the anthology Bugger: An Anthology of Anal Erotic Pound Cake Cornhole, Arse-Freak, & Dreck Poems, New York: Fuck You Press, 1964 and Peace Eye, Cleveland: Fronteir, 1965. Kearney, Private Case, item 155: states he published * The Platonic Blow with *Tuli Kupferberg. Translator from Greek to English from Great Britain; biographer in English. 1844-1922. The author of a three volume History of Classical Scholarship (1903-1908). It was begun in 1900 and publication of volume 1 occurred in 1903 (later repr.). It deals with classical scholarship from the sixth century B.C. to 1908 and contains important biographies of scholars who worked with Greek and Latin authors. This is the standard work in English for the period up to the early twentieth century, giving much background information of scholars and editors of Greek and Latin writers; see also *Wilamowitz-Mollendroff. He edited and translated into English the Greek poet * Pindar, 2 volumes, in the Loeb library, Cambridge, MA and London 1915 (repr.). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography 1922-30: this reveals he married in 1880 but had no children and was a lecturer at St John's College, Cambridge 1867-1907. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 33: trans. of two fragments of *Pindar. Poet from Japan who wrote in Japanese. Active ca. 117Q. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Partings at Dawn, 11S - 14 (from the anthology 'Iwatsutsuji). Poet from Iran who wrote in Persian. Active ca. 1590. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A'in i Akbari anthology, 665 - includes 'non gender specific love poems; biog., 665. Poet and philosopher from India who wrote in Sanskrit. Active sometime from 700 to 900 but traditionally dated 788-820. He wrote a commentary on the *Bhagavad Gita and the earliest commentary on the * Upanishads. One of the greatest philosophers of Hinduism, he believed in a philosophy of non-dualism (see *Krishna). He also wrote stotras, hymns of praise to various Hindu gods. He was from south India. Translation. English. See Shankara's Crest-Jewei of Discrimination (New York: Mentor, 1970). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literature, vol. 2. Encyclopedia of Religion. Poet from India who wrote in Assamese. 1449-1569. One of the most famous Assamese *Vaisnava poets. Madhavadeva was his disciple. See Satyenda Nath Sarma, Assamese Literature, 1976, pp. 53-58; English trans., pp. 57-58, of a *homoerotic *hymn. Assamese is a language spoken in the province of Assam north of Bengali. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, vol. 2, 141-42. Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian and Latin. Ca. 1456-1530. A *humanist writer from *Naples; he used the pseudonym Actius Syncerus. In Italian he wrote a pastoral romance L'Arcadiai (148096; published complete in 1504) which consists of 12 *eclogues with prose passages and which influenced *Tasso, *Spenser and *Sidney. See Chapter 10 on *Corydon and Alexis. In Latin he is the author of Piscatoriae - 5 bucolic eclogues in which the shepherds are replaced by fishermen of Merghillina, Naples; reference to the love of *Corydon and Alexis occurs in "Eclogue 4", lines 69-74. His eclogues are rigorously heterosexual, though they consist of conversations between men and exemplify strong male bonding (as with most pastoral dialogues): for example, *Lycidas and Mycon in no. 1, *Hylas, Mopsus and Celadon in no. 3. Censorship may have forced the downplaying of the homosexual aspect of the pastoral tradition which is nevertheless present, if only slightly. These eclogues were a major link between the ancient traditions and *Renaissance *pastoral traditions. Translation. English: see *P. Fletcher - trans. of the pastoral poems (1633); Ralph Nash (Detroit, 1966). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Poet and editor from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1992. See poems in European Gay Review no. 8-9 (1992), 150-61: fine poems with photographs interspersed. The editor of the * European Gay Review. Poet and philosopher from the United States writing in English; he later lived in Italy. 1863-1952. Born and raised in Spain and educated in *Boston at *Harvard, where he later lectured, he is one of the great thinkers United States civilization has produced; his last years were spent in France and Italy. The Sense of Beauty, 1896, begins his philosophical works and was followed by The Life of Reason (1905-1906) and * Platonism and the Spiritual Life (1927). As a philosopher he believed "man's moral task is to move towards reason and harmony" (Dictionary of American Biography entry on him p. 603) and he emphasised that happiness was the basis of a successful life (compare *Norman Douglas, and see *Epicurus). Several volumes of poems were written by him, beginning with Sonnets and other verses, 1894. His sonnets are *non gender specific showing the influence of *Shakespeare; as examples see sonnets 30-31 in his second series titled The Sonnets, New York, 1906. Criticism includes * Platonism in the Italian Poets. The Genteel Tradition at Bay, 1931, discusses *New England writers and his novel The Last Puritan, 1935, explores the conflict between *Puritanism and hedonism. In his autobiography Persons and Places, 1944, see Chapters 12 and 15 on his "First Friends" and "College Friends"; see also My Host the World, 1951. His Letters, 1955, were edited by Daniel Cory (his secretary). Research is needed on his sexuality. Biography: see his life by John McCormick, 1987 (reviewed in Christopher Street no. 111, 7-12 by Andrew Holleran); see pp. 49-52 re homosexuality at Harvard and sonnets inspired by his feelings for Ward Thoron and Warwick Potter. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Dictionary of American Biography. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1151-53: stating "he frankly preferred homosexuality to heterosexuality" and his first love was Ward Thoron to whom he wrote love poems. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Bibliographies. Murray, Catalogue of Selected Books, item 64: *Sonnets (no other details given). Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, item 10979: Poems of George Santayana, New York: Dover, 1970. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 3418-19: Poems, New York: Scribners, 1923 and Sonnets and Other Verses, Cambridge: Stone and Kimball, 1984. Criticism. Martin, Homosexual Tradition in American Poetry, 109-114: states his sonnets are like Housman's poems and record his *friendship with "W P" (Warwick Potter). Poet from Italy writing in Italian. Born 1912. He lives in 'Florence and is the author of several books. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amicizia amorosa, 269 - 7Q; biog., 284. Criticism. Babilonia no. 25, 14 - 15. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 625: highly rated. Poet from Brazil writing in Portuguese. Born 1936. He is mentioned in the article in the Dictionary of Brazilian Literature (New York and London, 1988) "Homosexuality and Literature" by *Irwin Stern as writing poems dealing with homosexuality. Author of a gay novel, Stella Manhattan, 1985, and a leading authority on French literature and criticism. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Brazilian Literature. Meter in Greek from Greece and later other *European languages. From ca. 600 B.C. A four lined stanza with set meter named after the Greek poet *Sappho who used it; Sappho's contemporary *Alcaeus also used the stanza. Poems written in the meter can carry suggestions of homosexuality and lasciviousness. Compare *Alcaic, *Anacreontics. The Latin poet *Catullus made an adaptation of one of Sappho's poems in his poem 51, and composed another, poem 11, in the meter; see also poems 61 and 62. *Horace used the meter 27 times and Seneca also used it. It was used in the *Middle Ages. English: see *Tennyson, *Southey, *Swinburne, *Allen Ginsberg. German: see *F. G. Klopstock and possibly *G. von Platen; see the study by *Paul Derks on enlightenment writers. Italian: L. Dati (active 1441), G. del Carretto (1455-1530), C. Tolomei (1492-1555), F. Cavallotti (1842-98). Spanish: *E. de Villegas (1589-1669). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics, 737. Poet from Greece writing in Greek. Born ca. 612 B.C. Sappho was the most famous gay female Greek poet before the twentieth century. Nine books of her poems were known to the ancient world but only fragments survive (with the possible exception of one poem which may be complete). She married and had a child, according to *Suidas and came from *Lesbos from which the modern word lesbian, meaning female homosexual, derives (this usage dates from the 1890s). Her alleged heterosexuality in Suidas is only hearsay and cannot be accepted, based on the surviving poetry fragments. The legend that she committed suicide by jumping over a cliff derives from the Latin poet *Ovid's Heroides and is a late interpolation into her legend, which again cannot be accepted. Only one poem, fragment 1, survives probably complete. Fragments like the magnificent fragment 94 reveal her as having had homosexual experience. Female lovers include Anactoria (see fragment 16) and many poems feature the goddess of love, Aphrodite. Text. See *David A. Campbell, Greek Lyric, Volume 1, Cambridge, MA, 1982. From the eighteenth century there was great interest in Sappho from a homosexual perspective. Many males wrote poems about her, a phenomenon which is difficult to assess since heterosexual males, as well as homosexual males, may be fascinated by lesbianism; however this fascination may be a coded way of writing about male homosexual longings which accounts for her inclusion here. In every case of a male poet writing about Sappho, the context must be taken into account. An excellent translation and selection of her poems in English is in Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry (see Anthologies below); for another translation see Jim Powell, Sappho: A Garland, 1993. For a brilliant scholarly discussion of Sappho see *Bowra, Greek Poetry, Chapter 5, "Sappho", 176-240. As Bowra notes: "The remains of Sappho's poetry are almost entirely concerned with her own sex" (ibid, 177). He accepts, p. 207, that the word, pais, in fragment 132, means daughter and therefore that she had a daughter Cleis, but this reading can be questioned since pais in the male poets of the * Mousa Paidike clearly can mean lover and there is no reason that this can not be so in Sappho; in any case, usages may be metaphorical rather than literal. Sappho und *Socrates (1896) was the name of the first book of the pioneer of gay studies *Magnus Hirschfeld. The reception history of Sappho is dealt with in an article in the journal Perversions, no. 3 (1994). French: see the poets *Baudelaire and *Pierre Louys. English: see * Anacreon done into English, *Swinburne, *Guy Davenport (re translation). A wide-ranging anthology of poems inspired by Sappho is Peter Jay, Sappho Through English Poetry, London, 1997. A survey of the poet in the *Victorian period is Yopie Prins, Victorian Sappho, 1999. See also *Sapphics, *Paul Brandt and *Wilamowitz-Moellendorf. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 950-51. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1153-54; see also vol. 1, 496. Howes, Broadcasting It. Dictionnaire Gay. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10980-82: The Love Songs of Sappho, trans. *Paul Roche, New York: Mentor Books, 1966. Sappho, trans. Mary Barnard, Berkeley, 1958 and Sappho and Alcaeus, edited Denys Page, Oxford, 1955. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Garland of Meleager. Ioläus (1902), 75-76. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 52-54. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 5-9. Criticism. Dover, Greek Homosexuality, 195. Genre in Persian from Iran and India; a work exists in German. From ca. 1340. A Saqi-nama (Book of the *Cupbearer) is a collection of couplets on the theme of wine drinking and the cupbearer, named after the cupbearer or *saqi who is a trope of the poems. *The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam (pseud.) is a perfect example: it is, however, an anthology and constitutes a homosexual anthology (there may be and probably are other such anthologies which are saqi-namas). Saqi-namas are usually dated from *Hafiz and at least forty-six are known (see the entry in Kindlers neues Literatur Lexikon below); the German poet *Goethe's West-East Divan is modelled on this genre and is a Saqi-nama in German. Some Saqi-namas appear to be long poems or *masnavi. Most Persian writers lived in Iran; note that the last mentioned author in Rypka's list (cited in Criticism below), Zuhuri, lived in India. *Urfi, who appeared in a homosexual anthol0gy, wrote a Saqi-nama. See also *Anthologies - Persian. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Kindlers neues Literatur Lexikon, vol. 19: "Saqi-name"; a very fine article with important bibliography - states p. 46, " Saqi-namas are known which were named by the literary historian Fahr o'z-Zamani". Criticism. Rypka, History of Iranian Literature, 261-262: records the first Saqi-nama by Jalmalu'd-din Salman Savaji (1300-1376); see also 298-99 (one composed by Mohammad ibn Sulayman Fuduli [1495-1556], one by Muhammad 'Urfi [born 1555], 345 (one composed by Mirza Muhammad 'Ali 'Surush [1813-ca.1868]), 725 (one by *Zuhuri [died 1615]). *Ehsan Yarshater, "Persian Poetry in the Timurid and Safavid Periods", in Peter Jackson, editor, Cambridge History of Iran, volume 6, The Timurid and Safavid Periods, 1976, 975. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1976. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 3420: Euthanasia, Detroit: privately printed, 1976. Poet from France writing in French. Active 1995. Author of La quenile (Arles: Actes Sud, 1995), 35 pp. cataloged as homosexual poetry by the *Library of Congress which holds a copy of the book. City in Turkey where Greek was spoken. *Straton (active 117-380) is believed to have come from the city. Poet who wrote in Persian. Active ca. 159Q. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A'in i Akbari anthology, 656; biog., 656. Poet and anthologist from Australia writing in English. 1952-1985. The four poems by him in *Edge City, the first Australian gay anthology, which he co-edited, are published in the *journal inVersions (in the red issue; issues were not given any numbering). He only wrote a few gay poems (*Gary Dunne to the author). He was for a time editor of the gay *journal Campaign and a gay activist who died of *Aids, one of the first deaths in *Sydney. Obituary: Gay Information no.16, p.19. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Hurley, Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Edge City, 17980; biog., 223. Poet from New Zealand writing in English; he was best known as a novelist and writer of short stories. 1903-1982. One of New Zealand's best known short story writers, his real name was Norris Davey. One relevant poem seems to have been written after a homosexual court case in 1929 involving mutual masturbation with the artist Leonard Hollobin: see the discussion of the court case pp. 93-96 of Michael King, Frank Sargeson: A Life, New York, 1995 (part of the poem is quoted on p. 93). This incident had a profound effect on his life as the court case was widely published in the New Zealand press. The article by Bobby Pickering in Gay News no. 232 (1982), 31 on homosexuality and New Zealand literary culture first discussed him openly. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to New Zealand Literature. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Criticism. Best Mates: Gay Writing in Aotearoa New Zealand, 8. Poet from India who wrote in Persian. Ca. 1610-1659. On this poet see Waldemar Hansen, The Peacock Throne, New York, 1972, pp. 396-412. He was a Jewish poet who converted to *Islam and is known to have been homosexual through becoming infatuated with a Hindi boy, *Abhai Chand, to whom he wrote poems (see Hansen, op. cit., pp. 400-402 and the single surviving verse of Abhai p. 402). He lived in Mughal India. He was put to death for religious improprieties especially public nakedness and was a *Sufi poet who wrote love poems to the prophet Mohammad. See B. A. Hashmi, "Sarmad: His Life and Quatrains", Islamic Culture 7 (1933), 663-672, and 8 (1934), 92-104 (with English trans.). The article on him in the gay journal Bombay Dost vol. 3 no. 3 (September-October, 1994) was reprinted in Perversions (London) no. 4, 145-56. Translation. English: his Rubaiyat was translated by Asiri (Calcutta, 1950 - published at *Tagore's spiritual centre Santiniketan). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, vol. 2, 142-43. Bibliographies. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, item 1044. Criticism. Rypka, History of Iranian Literature, 728-29. Rahman, "Boy love in the Urdu ghazal", Paidika vol. 2 no. 1 (1989), 13-14. Poet from Iran who wrote in Persian. Active ca. 1590. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A'in i Akbari anthology, 677 - love poems including one to "the beautiful boy"; biog., 677 - states his name is Sharif. Philosopher and critic from France who wrote in French. 1905-1980. The major French philosopher of the period from 1945 to 1980. His magnum opus, Being and Nothingness, 1943, was a central work of Existentialism, which was a dominant philosophical mode in Europe after World War II. His Saint Genet: comédien et martyr, 1952, was the first major study of *Genet. Sartre was tolerant of homosexuality. In 1964 he refused the *Nobel Prize. He did not marry but had a liaison with the French feminist Simone de Beauvoir. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1154-55. Dictionnaire Gay. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Editor from the United States of works in Italian; translator from Italian to English; critic in English. Born ca. 1950. He translated into English The Poetry of *Michelangelo (Yale, 1991), one of the best translations into English so far and certainly the translation which is most openly gay; it also has an excellent introduction. He is the author of the art book * Ganymede in the Renaissance, 1986, a study of artistic representations of Ganymede in the *Renaissance period. See also Gay Saber, vol. 1 no. 1 (Spring 1977), 58-66: iconography of *Saint Sebastian. In Duberman, Hidden from History , 90-105, "Homosexuality in the Renaissance" is a survey of the *Renaissance period. He is the author of Pictures and Passions: A History of Homosexuality in the Visual Arts, New York, 1999, the finest survey of homosexuality in the arts so far. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Poet, diarist, autobiographer and letter writer from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1886-1967. A poet of World War I, whose War Poems, 1919, established his reputation. He was invalided out of the war and met *Robert Graves and *Wilfred Owen at Craiglockhart Hospital near Edinburgh, Scotland, where he was treated by the pioneer bachelor psychologist W. H. R. Rivers (see Rivers' entry in Dictionary of National Biography Missing Persons) and where he seems to have come to grips with his homosexuality. Sassoon told *Edward Carpenter he was gay in a letter of 27 July 1911: "your words have shown me all that I was blind to before... ideas I had about homosexuality were absolutely prejudiced... the intense attraction I felt for my own sex was almost a subconscious thing and my antipathy to me a mystery to me" (quoted in Edward Hartley, Edward Carpenter, Sheffield City Libraries, 1979, p. 14; the manuscript is in the Carpenter Collection in Sheffield City Library). He had a love affair with *Stephen Tennant to whom he wrote the poem "In Sicily" (quoted on p. 148 of Philip Hoare, Serious Pleasures: The Life of Stephen Tennant, London, 1990); apart from the homoeroticism of the poems in *Lads above, his poetry avoids gay themes and much later poetry is nature poetry. He married in 1933, after the relationship with Tennant ended but separated from his wife; they had one son. He became a *Catholic in 1957. Text of poems: a complete poems is needed. Autobiography: see Siegfried's Journey, 1916-20, London, 1945. His diary has been edited by *Sir Rupert Hart-Davis for the period 1915-22, including Diaries 1915-1918 (1983) and Diaries 1920-1922 - see the review of the Diaries 1920-22 in Gay News 225 (1981), 25 by *Peter Parker. The diaries reveal Sasson to have been deeply troubled by homosexual feelings and to have had active homosexual experiences. Biography. See John Stuart Roberts, Siegfried Sassoon, 1886-1967, London, 1999. Jean Moorcroft Wilson is writing a two volume biography, Siegfried Sassoon; volume one was published in 1998. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography: Missing Persons. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Howes, Broadcasting It. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 3431: Collected Poems, London: Faber, 1961. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 291: Tine poem "At Daybreak" (inspired by Stephen Tennant?). Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 72, 82, 87, 100-01,131-32, 154-56, 162, 167-68, 177, 186, 189, 191-92, 197-98. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 143. Criticism. Caesar, Taking it like a man: Suffering, sexuality and the War Poets, 60-114. Satires are poems in which poets ridicule vices or follies and are a rich field for disclosing homosexual mores and homosexuality. They exist in relation to homosexuality in poetry from 150 B.C. in Latin from Italy and later in other languages. Material is especially rich in *European languages and *Islamic languages. Satires directed against homosexuals as well as satires written by homosexuals are relevant. Satires accusing people of homosexuality frequently may be erroneously based as to accuse someone of homosexuality is not any proof that they are homosexual - and in fact the satire may be a deliberate attempt to *libel a person and blacken a person's names (see, for example, in English, *Love in the Suds); sometimes the real truth cannot be known. Satires based on cultures being homosexual may also exaggerate. European languages. Greek. See "Menippean Satire" in Oxford Classical Dictionary, p. 672, where it is defined as "serio-comic style... in which humorous expression was given to philosophical views"; this is a type of satire in prose and verse associated with the poet Menippus whose works are *lost; it is best exemplified in the work of the Latin writer *Petronius. The word satire is related to the Greek word for *satyrs. The poem *"The Trojan War" is a modern satire on *Homer. Latin. The earliest writer of Latin satire was *Lucilius (180 B.C.-103 B.C.) most of whose work is lost; homosexuality figured in his work. The major writer to survive from the *Roman period, with significant homosexual satirical content, is Juvenal (60-ca. 140). Satire was also a major literary mode in the imperial period and the poet *Martial's works from this time contain strong satirical elements as far as homosexuality is concerned, as does the work of the novelist *Petronius (whose homosexual novel contains poems). See Gilbert Highet, The Classical Tradition: Greek and Roman Influences on Western Literature, London and New York, 1949, pp. 303-21, for Greek and Roman satire. A discussion of ancient Latin satire is J. Wright Duff, Roman Satire, 1937. A. E. Richlin, Sexual terms and themes in Roman satire and related genres, Ph.D. dissertation, *Yale University, 1978, includes detailed discussion of homosexualitty in *Roman literature. The Latin satirical tradition continued in Europe in the *middle ages where satire, containing homosexual references, was directed against the *Catholic church by such writers as *Bernard of Cluny, *Godfrey of Winchester, and *Hildebert of Lavardin. *Goliardic verse of this time also contained satirical elements. Later still in the eighteenth century, *C. A. Klotz wrote satire in Latin. Satiric *epigrams abounded in Italian in the 'Renaissance; see *Belli, *Pasquinate. English is a rich source of satire in the eighteenth century: see, for example, * College Wit Sharpen'd (1739). There has been resurgence of satire in the twentieth century. English poets were almost certainly, in every case, aware of the Latin tradition of homosexual satire of the Romans in such poets as Juvenal and *Persius. Satires about homosexuality or alleging homosexuality in the persons satirized (see * Sodom and Onan), as well as satires by homosexuals or those who were at one time homosexual (see *Lord Alfred Douglas), need to be considered. *Parodies of poets' works are a species of satire. Australia. Satires survive from 1830 - see *Denis Gallagher, *David Herkt, *A. D. Hope, *Barry Humphries, *Alister Kershaw, J. S. Manifold, *M. Holborn, *Paul Knobel, *Francis MacNamara (1830), *Adrian Rawlins, *P. R. Stephensen. Strict libel laws militate against satire in contemporary Australia. Canada. *Henry S. Saunders edited *parodies of *Whitman with satirical elements. Great Britain. *Lampoons of King William III (1650-1700) accused him of homosexuality. Eighteenth century: see * Advice, *Mark Akenside, *Charles Churchill, *Daniel Defoe, *Samuel Foote, *David Garrick, *The He-Strumpets, *The Parson and his Clerk, *Walter Kenrick, *Alexander Pope (re *Sporus). Nineteenth century: see *Richard Burton, *Thomas Beddoes, *Sir William Gilbert. Twentieth Century: see *Roy Campbell, *Lord Alfred Douglas, *Fortune Press, *Keith M. Harris, *Osbert Sitwell. Cameron McFarlane, The Sodomite in Fiction and Satire 1660-1750, deals mainly with fiction. United States. Very little satire is known; see *Eugene Field (1888), *Hartford Press. French. See *Ronsard, *Beranger, *Ode aux Bougres (the first work of note, published in 1789), 'Hermaphrodites. Satirical poems against the homosexual king *Henri III were written. Portuguese: see *Gregorio de Matos. In Brazil there is a long tradition of satire and other poets are very likely. Islamic languages. Arabic. Satires survive from 700. *Djarir and *al-Farazdak wrote a famous sequence of poems accusing each other of homosexuality. See also *Di'bil ibn 'Ali (pseud.), *Ibn al-Hadjdjadj, *Ben Saraf. There are strong traditions of *oral poems which are bawdy and contain satirical elements. Wright, Homoeroticism in Classical Arabic Literature, pp. 1-23 discusses satire in the *Abbasid period. Arabic. Persian. Turkish. Urdu see *Hidja (the Arabic term usually translated as satire) and *Parody (a form of satire of literary works themselves). Persian. "Satirical Persian literature is filled with invectives about the bearded youth... *Ubayd Zakani's Rishnamah (The Book of the Beard) is the longest satire on the subject" - *Minoo Southgate, "Men, Women and Boys: Love and Sex in the Works of Sa'di", Iranian Studies, vol. 17 no. 4 (Autumn 1984), 450 footnote 100 (he also cites *Sa'di). *Paul Sprachman has written a brilliant article on satirical poems in which poets frequently accuse others of homosexuality. See also the trope *coming of beard. See Yarshater, Persian Literature, pp. 226-248. Translator from Japanese to English from Japan. Born 1942. He has translated a selection of *Takahashi Mutsuo's poems published as Poems of a Penisist, Chicago, 1975 (enlarged edition: A Bunch of Keys, 1984); the dust jacket states he was born in Taiwan and educated at Doshisha University, *Kyoto, and has published extensive translations from Japanese. He has also translated *Kaneko Mitsuharu, *Miyazawa Kenji, *Hagiwara Sakutaro and *Basho. He translated with Burton Watson the fine anthology of Japanese poetry, From the Country of the Eight Islands, 1981. He lives in *New York. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Orgasms of Light, 221-24: trans. of Takahashi Mutsuo; biog., 262. A Day for a Lay, 122-150: trans. of Takahashi Mutsuo. Sexologist from Japan writing in German. Active ca. 1931. Author with 'A. Krauss of Japanisches Geschlechtsleben (Japanese sex life), Leipzig, 1931 : on homosexuality see pp. 217-4B; poems are trans. into German pp. 224 (including a 'senryu), 226, 22B-29 (including senryu), 23Q (senryu and folksong), 231 (poems, one dated 1B46), 232, 234 (with illustration), 235, 24Q (senryu), 242, 244 (illustration), 247 (senryu). This was one of the Beiwerke of 'Anthropophyteia. He is said to live in Tokyo. He founded the Japanese sex education society. See also Legman, Horn Book, p. 47B. Figures from myth and tropes in poetry in Greek from Egypt and later in English and French. From 450 in Greek. Satyrs are creatures of the woods, human in the upper part of their bodies and with features of an animal nature - either of a horse or goat - below; they are very lecherous and are sometimes confused with * sileni in Latin (Greek: silenoi). Satyrs, because of their animal nature, are associated with sexual licentiousness, and hence with homosexuality (compare *centaurs and see also *bestiality). See Francois Lissarrague, "The Sexual Life of Satyrs" in D. M. Halperin and others, Before Sexuality (Princeton, 1990), pp. 53-81 [trans. and reprinted from "De la sexualité des Satvres", in Metis 2.1 (1987)]: he defines them as "hybrids, half human half equine... moreover they are disproportionally ithyphallic" (ibid, 54); excellent bibl. pp. 67-68. Ancient writers confused satyrs and sileni; generally satyrs were young and sileni were older satyrs. Greek. Satyrs are especially associated with the cult of *Dionysus. In art, on Greek vases, where they are depicted from ca. 470 B.C., they usually had tails. Satyr plays existed on the ancient Greek stage (see Trypanis, Greek Poetry, pp. 123-29); these were satirical in tone and bawdy in content and a depiction of one survives on a wall in Pompeii with the female parts being taken by men. Satyrs in art were one way of depicting homosexuality iconographically without actually referring to it as a direct adult male manifestation. It is clear that a sense of decorum was operating in their depiction with regard to homosexuality: that is, it was permissible to depict adult satyrs indulging in homosexuality, but not adult males. For the ancient artistic depiction see * Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae under "Satyros" which directs the reader to "Silenoi" in volume 8, part 1 ; see also the plates. See also F. Brommer, Satyroi (Würzburg, 1937) and Satyrspiele: Bilder griechischen vasen (Satyr games: pictures on Greek vases), Berlin 1944; second edition, 1959. In Greek *Nonnus (active 450) in The Dionysiaca (e.g., Book 10, 240, 278-86, 425-30) refers to them frequently. Compare *bestiality. Satyr has given the name to satyriasis, hyper sexuality in men: see Franklin S. Klafs book Satyriasis (New York, 1966) with bibl. pp. 155-58; *De Sade is an example given in Chapter One pp. 34-38; Chapter 6 is on homosexuality. The word *satire is entomologically related to the word satyr. English: see *Hugh McCrae. There was a cult of satyrs in English poetry in the late nineteenth century. French. Poetry of relevance dated from the sixteenth century. Pia, Les Livres de l'Enfer, vol. 2, columns 1075-76 describes an anthology: Les Poètes Satyriques des XVIe etXVIIe siècles, Paris: Bibliothèque internationale d'Edition, 1903 (contains poems by *Berthelot, *Francois Maynard, *Claude Le Petit and others). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 956. Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium . Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. Active after 200 B.C.? Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 956: three entries. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Palatine Anthology xvi 195: re *Eros bound to a stake - see *Sado-masochism: this is the earliest recorded poem on the subject of sado-masochism; it is one of a group of poems on Eros. Poet from India who wrote in Urdu. 1707-1780. He lived in *Lucknow. With *Mir Taqi Mir he was the greatest poet of his time in Urdu. (Pederastic) Love in Pre-Modern Urdu Poetry", in Studies in the Urdu Gazal and Prose Fiction, edited by M. U. Memon, 1979, 124: states very few verses contain unambiguous pederastic references. Rahman, "Boy love in the Urdu ghazal", Paidika vol. 2 no. 1 (1989), 18: poem cited. Book collector, editor and anthologist from Canada of works in English. 1864-1951. He compiled a major collection of *Whitman material which he sold to Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, in the United States in 1932. He compiled the book Parodies of Walt Whitman, New York, 1923 (repr. 1970). He printed the translation from the French debate about Whitman's sexuality surrounding the poet's funeral in *Mercure de France, 1913-14: see A Whitman Controversy, 1921, 48 pp. As Parodies of Walt Whitman makes clear, the parodists understood Whitman's homosexuality (see pp. 18, 26 [by *Bayard Taylor], 36-41 etc). The parodies, which are delightful, date 1860-1921, and the book has a list of authors (p. 171) and contents list (page xiii); it is in effect an anthology of quasi-homosexual poems. Biography: see Lesbian and Gay Heritage of Canada, 1982 (a pamphlet published by the *Canadian Lesbian and Gay Archives) entry no. 15 (with photograph). He was the brother of the famous wheat king, Charles Saunders. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10989: Parodies on Walt Whitman, New York: American Library, 1923. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1989. See the review of his book of poems Housing, Preservation and Development, Cheap Review Press, 1988, by *George Klawitter in James White Review, vol. 5 no. 2 (Winter 1989), 4: states the book contains only a few gay poems. This is the author's third book of poems. Editor from Greece of works in Greek, translator from Greek to English and bibliographer in Greek. Active 1965-82. Editor of the poet *Cavafy's poems: the complete text has only gradually been published as Cavafy rejected his earliest poems (some of which are as homosexual as the later material). The Cavafy text is in Poemata, 2 volumes, Athens: Ikaros, 1965 and Poemata: 1882-1923, Athens: Ikaros 1977 (repr. 1982); this last work consists of earlier poems rejected by Cavafy. Anekdota He has compiled a bibliography of Cavafy's work, Hoi Kavafikes Ekdoseis (The Cavafy Editions; Athens, 1966), and he with *Edmund Keeley in translating Cavafy into English. See also *George Seferis, *M. Kolaitis (regarding a later edition complete text). co-operated of the Poet from Belgium writing in French. Born ca. 195Q. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Drobci stekla v ustih, 15S; biog., 186. Poet from Italy writing in Latin. 1452-1498. A Dominican monk from *Florence, he instituted a rigidly *Puritanical regime in the city but was eventually burnt at the stake as a heretic after defying Rome. In his Latin poem De ruina mundi (On the ruins of the world), 1475, he rails against sodomy as he also does in his Italian sermons. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Italian Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amour bleu, 82: re his bonfire of licentious books. Publisher from Japan of works in Japanese. Active 171S. Publisher of the anthology 'Iwatsutsuji: see Partings at Dawn, p. 97. Pseudonym of a poet from Armenia writing in Armenian and also in Azeri and Georgian. 1712-1795. An Armenian poet who also wrote in the other two languages; 161 poems survive. The pseudonym of Haruthian. See Hovanessian, Anthology of Armenian Poetry, pp. 106-112: *non gender specific love poems, influence of *Sufism. See also Aram Tolegian, Armenian Poetry Old and New, 1979, pp. 97-99: p. 97 has a strongly homosexual poem. He was a wandering *troubadour (*folksinger or ashik) born in Tiflis where he was killed when the Persians invaded; he became a monk at the end of his life. A film by *Sergei Parajanov, the Georgian gay film director, on him, The Colour of Pomegranates, 1969, has strong homosexual overtones. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Great Soviet Encyclopedia, vol. 23. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, vol. 3. Everyman Companion to East European Literature. Translator from Italian to English from Great Britain. 1893-1957. Author of the Penguin English translation of the Italian poet *Dante's Divine Commedia (1949). She was a well known writer of mystery novels. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography: notes her "pronouncedly masculine characteristics". Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 131-35: trans. of Dante's Inferno Canto 15. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1864-1924. A *Uranian poet; he corresponded with *J. A. Symonds. See also * Century Guild. Bibliographies. Murray, Catalogue of Selected Books, items 65-67: Bertha, 1885, Erotidia [Rugby: George E. Over], 1889, Musa Consolatrix, 1893. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10990-92: Bertha, a Story of Love, London: Kegan Paul [Trench], 1885, Musa consolatrix, London: David Nutt, 1893, and Private Music, Cambridge: W. Heffer, 1911. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 3438-41: same books as Bullough plus Erotidia. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reade, Sexual Heretics, 203-04: "Muscovy" and "Amor Redux" [use of *Amor trope] from Erotidia, 1889 (written 1884-88). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 85: same poems. Criticism. Smith, Love in Earnest, 76-82 and 250 (bibl.). Sayrafi, also spelt Sarfi, of Kashmir Poet from India who wrote in Persian. Active ca. 1590. Sayrafi (also spelt Sarfi) of Kashmir is apparently his * takhallus. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A'in i Akbari anthology, 651-52 - two homosexual love poems; biog., 651 - from Kashmir, his name is Shaykh Ya'qub. Poet from Pakistan writing in Sindhi. 15S6 - 162S. A 'Sufi poet. See 'Annemarie Schimmel, Sindhi Literature, 1975, pp. 12 - 18. Sindhi has strong mystical Sufi traditions. Poet from Afghanistan who wrote in Persian. Active ca. 1590. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A'in i Akbari anthology, 671-72; biog., 671 - from Hirat. Editor of works in Greek and Latin from France; translator from Latin to Greek. 1540-1609. A *Renaissance scholar of Greek and Latin from Catholic France who also taught himself Hebrew, Arabic, Syriac and Persian; he converted to Protestantism and travelled in France, Germany and Italy. He is one of the most famous early editors of ancient Latin poets with significant gay content. These editions include *Ausonius, *Catullus, *Martial, *Ovid, *Petronius, *Priapeia, and *Virgil; see the *British Library General Catalogue and * National Union Catalog for details. The editions usually contain notes by Scaliger in Latin. Wilamowitz-Moellendorf, History of Classical Scholarship compares him with *H. Estienne and notes he produced no edition of a Greek text. In 1607 he translated the Latin poet *Martial into Greek, Paris, 70 pp., apparently a selection. For biographical information see Sandys, History of Classical Scholarship, volume 2, p. 199, and Wilamowitz-Moellendorf, History of Classical Scholarship, pp. 49-54. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1965. Born in Morpeth, he has lived in Southhampton from aged 5 and studied English and Philosophy at the Polytechnic of North London. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Take Any Train, 48 - good *free verse; biog., 64. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1975. Violence and the experience of war are major themes. Married with five children. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Criticism. Woods, Articulate Flesh: Male Homo-eroticism and Modern Poetry, 78 and fragment 107, p. 240, cites The Loving Game, London, 1975, p. 38, re a *cowboy poem, "The Cowboy of the Western World". The cowboy in the poems has great sexual magnetism. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1924. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 71: "The Love of Boyhood". Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 514: same poem - about the fact that homosexual love existed in all places and time; refers to *Abu Nuwas. Poet from Italy writing in Italian. Born 1442-ca. 1487. Active as a poet 1467-81, he was born in *Florence. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amicizia amorosa, 71-73: poems of amorous friendship; biog., 69. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 303-07. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 136 (trans. James J. Wilhelm). Poet from France writing in French. 1610-1660. He was famous as a burlesque writer and composed a seven volume *parody on the Latin poet *Virgil: Virgile travestie (1648-53). He wrote plays and married, aged 42, Madame de Maintenon, later the mistress of Louis XIV. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Criticism. Symonds, A Problem in Greek Ethics, 57: referring to his "foul" poetry. Poet from Italy writing in Italian. Born 1951. He lives in *Rome and is the author of an openly gay volume Sonetti d'amore per King Kong (Love sonnets for King Kong), Milan, 1978. Bibliographies. Leggere omosessuale, item 349: Sonnetti d'amore per King Kong, in La parola innamorata, I poeti nuovi (19761978), Milan: Feltrinelli, 1978, 141-47; poems about a man who loves another man. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amicizia amorosa, 273-74; biog., 284. Scatalogical poems and scatology Material referring to activities associated with the anus as the passage for excretion and with sexual activity associated with such. Works date from 1000 in Arabic in Iraq and later in other languages. Material remains unpublished in manuscript; *oral material is more likely than written. References to breaking wind (farting) may refer. Volume 6 of the Beiwerke of Anthropophyteia by John Gregory Bourke (1846-1896) is a work on scatology. A bibliography Bibliotheca Scatologica published in Paris in 1850 in 150 copies is listed in Ashbee, Bibliography of Prohibited Books, volume 1, 446; this work is very rare (there are no copies in the *Private Case or the *Enfer). Arabic: see *1 bn al-Hajjaj (active 1000). English. United States: see *Vance Randolph (dates from ca. 1900), *Ed Cray. Great Britain: see *Aleister Crowley (he was famous for eating human shit); *James Joyce; *Ann R. Soul. *Limericks frequently have scatological reference. Australia: see *Bawdry - English. See also *bawdry entries in general. German: see *Paul Englisch. Greek: see *Bawdry - Greek. Italian: *Mario Mieli was famous in Italy for eating his own faeces. *Paul Englisch, Das skatologische Element in Literatur, Berlin, 1988 (repr. of an earlier edition) is the most complete study to date. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Ullstein Enzyklopädie der Sexualität: see "Skatophagie". Translator from Turkish to German. Active before 1836. Not found in the *British Library General Catalogue or * National Union Catalog . Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: Die Männerliebe der Griechen, 75-78, 88-93: German trans. of the Turkish poets Mohamed *Ferdi 75-78, Schejch *Ruscheni 90-91, Saadi *Tschelebi 88-90 and *Ssaji 92-93 with comments. Poet from Germany writing in German. Born 1953. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Milchsilber, 57-58; biog., 211. Schack, Adolf Friedrich, Graf von Translator from Spanish and Arabic to German; historian in German. 1815-1894. He wrote a famous history of the poetry and art of the Arabs in Spain and Sicily: Poesie und Kunst der Araber in Spanien und Sizilien, Berlin: Herz, 1865 (it was also translated into Spanish). One of the 'Munich school of poets. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 97. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 74: trans. of the Sicilian Arabic poet 'Ibn at Tubi; 75 - trans. of 'Al Motamid; 85 - trans. of 'Ibn Chaldun, 145-46; trans. of the Spanish poet 'José Zorilla y Moral (all translations into German). Criticism. Moll, Berühmte Homosexuelle, 63: stated to be gay. Hirschfeld, Die Homosexualität, 670. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active before 1964. No entry in the 'British Library General Catalogue. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 97: poem "Michelangelo (Febo di P. schreibt...)". No date or source given. Critic and historian from the United States writing in English; translator from Japanese to English. Born ca. 1960. Author of the first complete translation of *Saikaku, The Great Mirror of Male Love, 1990, with illustrations and *haiku poems and a long introduction covering the Japanese homosexual background; this work was a revision of the author's 1985 doctoral thesis at *Harvard. He is the author of the article "Literature and Legitimacy: Uses of Irony and Humor in Seventeenth Century Japanese Depictions of Male Love", pp. 53-60 of Wimal Dissanayake and Steven Bradbury, editors, Literary History, Narrative and Culture, Selected Conference Papers, University of Hawaii, 1989. He has published the first English translation of the first Japanese gay anthology * Iwatsatsuji. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Partings at Dawn, 11-20 (Introduction to anthology), 66-92 (trans. of *Saikaku), 97-124 (trans. of * Iwatsutsuji). Criticism. Duberman, Hidden from History, 118-28: "Male Love in Early Modern Japan" - an analysis of Saikaku. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan: he is the author, with *Noguchi Takenori, of the article "Homosexuality" . Poet from Austria who wrote in German. 1874-1942. Lyric poet who published at least sixteen volumes of poetry. He was a bitter opponent of *Stefan George. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10993: Verse, Brünn: Rudolf Rohres Verlag, 1896. Poet from Canada writing in English. Active 1996. His *long poem David & Jonathan, Westmount, Quebec: Robert Davies Publishing, 1996, 173 pp., is a verse novel set in Biblical times but with some modern anomalies. Editor from Germany of works in Italian and in German. Active 1892. He compiled an edition of 'Michelangelo's sonnets (1892). He was also was co-editor of the German poet 'Platen's letters. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 97. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 86. Ioläus (19Q2), 1SQ: states he was responsible - with others e.g., 'Carl Frey - for establishing that the 'sonnets of the Italian poet Michelangelo were written to men. Schidlof, B., Dr Author of Das Sexualleben der Australier und Ozeanier (Leipzig, 1908), a survey of sex customs including homosexuality (see pp.109-25) amongst 'Australian Aboriginal (e.g., Aranda') and 'Polynesian (e.g., Samoan) languages. Obscene oral homopoems are likely in Samoan (see pp. 200-209). See Chapter 9, pp. 180-209, on eroticism in *dance and song. It relies on the work of *Karsch-Haack. The author of Liebe und Ehe bei den Naturvolken (Love and woman among tribal peoples), 1925. Editor from Austria of works in German. Born 1894. He was the founder and curator of the Institut für Sexualforschung (Institute for Sexual Research) in *Vienna. The * Bilder-Lexikon, 4 volumes, Vienna, 1928-31, which he edited is an illustrated sexological dictionary; emphasis is on heterosexual sexuality and there are articles on literature and art. (Rare: a copy is in the *Deane Erotica, University of Sydney.) He appears to have written articles for the Bilder-lexikon. This work is referred to frequently in works of erotic literature as Bilderlexikon der Erotik. The short title on the title page reads Bilder-lexikon Kulturgeschichte and the phrase Bilderlexikon der Erotik comes from an oval stamp at the top of the first page (preceding the title page) which has these words written around it; below are listed some twenty contributors, many doctors and most from Berlin and Vienna, including the foremost sexologists of the time, among whom Leo Schidrowitz's name occurs and being listed as on the board of directors of the Institut für Sexualforschung. Other names include *Hans Licht (pseud.) and *Wilhelm Stekel. He compiled Das schamlose Volkslied (Obscene folksongs), Vienna, 1921, 222 pp. (repr. Berlin, 1925), a collection of bawdy erotic *folksongs (a copy is in the *British Library and also the *Deane Erotica). See also his Sittengeschichte der Liebkusong und Strafe (Customs of Caressing and Punishment), Wien/Leipzig, Verlag für Kulturforschung, 1928, with extraordinary illustrations (copy used: *Deane Erotica). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Bilder-Lexikon, 726 (photograph); biog., 792. Bibliographies. Deakin, Catalogi librorum eroticum, 3: states he is editor of * Bilderlexikon der Erotik (as it calls the work) though this is not stated on the title page. Criticism. Kearney, History of Erotic Literature, 14. Poet from Austria who wrote in German. Active 1791. He wrote the verse libretto for Mozart's opera The Magic Flute, 1791; Papageno and Tamino's *friendship in the opera has homoerotic overtones. Schikaneder was an actor and theater impressario who wrote about one hundred works for the theater; he acted the role of Papageno in 1791. Biography: see New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. Critic from the Netherlands writing in Dutch and in English. Born ca. 1950. In Dutch relating to Arabic and Persian he is the author of a thesis De citadel van integriteit: een studie naar homosexueel gedrag in het midden oosten, ca. 1988. This is a study of homosexual conduct in the middle east with a brilliant bibliography pp. 204-214; it was a Ph. D. thesis presented to the University of Utrecht. The Arabic poet *Abu Nuwas and the Persian poet *Rumi are discussed. Copy sighted: *Homodok library. The thesis should yield other homopoets than those listed in this encyclopedia. In English see his article "The irresistible Beauty of Boys: Middle Eastern Attitudes About *Boy-Love" in * Paidika vol.1 no. 3 (Winter 1988), 37-48: a brilliant discussion with poems by several poets. Criticism. Geraci, Dares to Speak, 83-99: article "The Irrestible Beauty of Boys". Schiller, Johann Christoph Friedrich Poet from Germany writing in German. 1759-1805. One of the most famous German *Romantic poets who was a close friend of Goethe from 1794 (their relationship exemplified the perfect *friendship): a famous cartoon exists from 1907 of them holding hands with the caption "Watch out here comes Dr Hirschfeld" (illustrated in Goodbye to Berlin?, p. 45; originally in Jugend, 1907). He married in 1790. See the book on the GoetheSchiller friendship by Gustav Portig, Schiller in seinem Verhaltnis zur Freundschaft und Liebe sowie in seinem inneren Verhältnis zu Goethe, Leipzig, 1894. His play Die Malteser (The Knights of Malta), features homosexuality. His poem "The Ode to Joy" is a work aspiring for brotherhood in all men which was set to music by Beethoven at the end of his Ninth Symphony. For homoeroticism see his ballad "Die Burgschaft". Other works of relevance are listed below. With Goethe, he was widely regarded in parts of Europe, especially eastern Europe as one of Germany's finest poets. Influence in Russian: see Edmund K. Kosta, Schiller in Russian Literature, Philadelphia, 1965 - e.g., influence on *Lermontov, Chapter 2, pp. 49-80. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 98: Don Carlos. Drama. 1, 2; 5, 4 [sic], Die Malteser (drama fragments), "Selim und Vampir", "Das Spiel des Schicksals" November 1789, "Die Freundschaft" aus den Briefen Julius' an Raphael, einem noch ungedruckten Roman/ Wallensteins Trauer um Max Piccolomini (see also G. Portig's book cited above and Wegener "Die Homoeroten in Schillers Prosaschrifter" in Blätter für Menschenrecht, October 1927); on Die Malteser, see also p. 41 re Adolf Beyer, Schillers Malteser, a dissertation, Tübingen, 1921, p. 45 Heinrich Bulthaupt, Fortsetzung des Schillerschen Malteserfragments [no other details], p. 72 M. Kotte "Schillers Malteser - ein ho. Dramenfragment. Anmerkungen zu den Fragmenten [Schillers' Malteser - a homosexual drama fragment. Remarks on the fragment], Zeitschrift für Sexualwissenschaft, Leipzig, July 1909. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 6579: re homoeroticism in Shiller's prose writings; cites the article "Die Homoeroten in Schillers prosaschriften", Blätter für Menschenrecht, October, 1927. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 123-27 (including the poem *"Freundschaft" and extract from the play Knights of Malta). Ioläus (1906), 198-204. Die Bedeutung der Freundesliebe, 21: from the hymn "Die *Freundschaft". Men and Boys, 39. Andere Lieben, 151-53. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 208-09: the poem "Friendship" and from Don Carlos Act 1 Scene 2; on p. 193 the biographical note notes his "Ode to Joy" ("all mankind shall be brothers") in Beethoven's Ninth Symphony. Mayne, The Intersexes, 296-97: states he is "somewhat more distinctly an intersexual" (than Goethe). Criticism. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 470: re ballad "The Cranes of *Ibycus". Derks, Der Schande der heiligen Päderastie, 370-78. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1972. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Badboy Book, 309-12; biog., 391 - published in numerous journals, lives in *New York. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 172; biog., 240. Critic from German writing in German and English; she lives in the United States. Active from 1960. A very prolific academic, Professor of Indo-Muslim Culture at *Harvard and is one of the greatest western experts in her field. Originally from Germany, many of her books are written in German. Persian poets. I am the Wind and you are the Fire: The Life and Works of Rumi, 1992, is the most thorough study in English of the gay poet Rumi, in which she states his male beloved is linked to God; it is expanded from the German Rumi, 1978. See her "Hafiz and his Contempories" in Peter Jackson, editor, Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 6, "The Timurid and Safavid Periods", 1986, pp. 929-947; also "Hafiz and his Critics" in Studies in Islam (January 1979), 1-33. A Two Colored Brocade: The imagery of Persian Poetry, 1992, deals with such tropes as the rose, *Narcissus, *Hyacinth, Joseph (see the review in Times Literary Supplement, 15 Jan 1993); the book is based on her German work Stern und Blum (Star and Flower) 1984. Urdu poets. She is the author of a book on *Dard and Abdul Latif, Pain and Grace, 1976, and wrote Classical Urdu Literature from the Beginning to Iqbal, Weisbaden, 1975. She has written books on *Iqbal and *Ghalib and also * Mystical Dimensions of Islam, 1975 (see especially pp. 287-343, Chapters 7 and 8 on the poetry of Turkey, Persia and the Indian subcontinent). Her article "Eros, heavenly and not so heavenly, in Sufi literature and life", in A. L. al-Sayyid Marsot, editor, Society and the Sexes in Medieval Islam, 1979, deals with Sufism mainly from a heterosexual perspective. Critic from the Netherlands writing in English. Active 1986. Author of a brilliant article on *Ibn Khafadja in Journal of Arabic Literature 17 (1986), 50-68: this discusses an outstanding homosexual love poem employing the conceit of the battlefield of love, and which only came to light in 1960 in Ghazi's edition. Arie Schippers is working on an edition of Ibn Khafadja. His brilliant doctoral thesis, Arabic tradition and Hebrew innovation: Arabic themes in Hebrew Andalusian Poetry, University of Amsterdam, 1988, discusses homosexuality: see especially Chapter 5 on *wine poetry and Chapter 6 on love poetry (re youths and *coming of beard); this work has now circulated in book form as Spanish Hebrew Poetry and the Arabic Literary Tradition: Arabic Themes in Hebrew Andalusian Poetry, Leiden: Brill, 1994. Schirmann, Jefim (also spelt Hayyim) Critic, historian and editor from Israel writing in Hebrew and English. Born 1904. One of the greatest twentieth century scholars of Hebrew literature who edited many medieval Hebrew poets from manuscript. His article in English. "The Ephebe In Medieval Hebrew Poetry", Sefarad 15 (1955), 57-68, was the first article to discuss the *medieval poets of Spain in relation to homosexuality concluding "a very considerable number of songs glorifying the beautiful lad" existed in medieval Hebrew (p. 59); the article's Hebrew version is in Letoldot hassirah vehaddramah ha'ibrit, Jerusalem, 1979, i, 97-105. This article also relates Hebrew poetry to Arabic poetry conventions. *Norman Roth, "'Deal Gently with the Young Man': Love of Boys in Medieval Hebrew Poetry of Spain", Speculum 57 (1982), 23, footnote 7, cites two reactions to the article. The article greatly influenced *Norman Roth and *Dan Pagis. The author was the foremost expert on medieval Hebrew poetry of his time: see his Hebrew Poetry in Spain and Provence, Jerusalem-Tel Aviv, 1956 (in Hebrew). He edited the poems of *Isaac Ibn Mar Schaul. He also edited a selection of poems from medieval Spain: Shirim hadashim min ha-genizah (Jerusalem, 1965) - poems from the *Cairo *Genizah (see Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, p. 235 on this work). He taught *Dan Pagis. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Judaica. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1942. Book: The Brute, Los Angeles, *Little Caesar, 1981 (rare: a copy is in the *Ian Young collection at *Cornell University). His poem "On *Cocksucking" (read from a manuscript) was read at a poetry reading at the University of Sydney, ca. 1993. Biographical details are in *Ron Padgett, An Anthology of New York Poets, New York, 1970, pp. 568-69. He is an art critic for the New York Times, Village Voice and Art News, and an associate of John Ashbery. He married and founded the journal Mother. In 1999 he wrote art criticism for the New Yorker. He is mentioned in James Schuyler's Diary. Critic from Germany writing in German; translator from English to German. 1862-1941. Author of Walt Whitman ein homosexueller?, Minden, 1906: a negative reply to *Edward Bertz's positive acknowledgment of Whitman's homosexuality (see Hirschfeld, Die Homosexualität, p. 672). Translator of Whitman into German: Grashalme (Leaves of Grass), 1907, 239 pp. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 98. Criticism. Hirschfeld, Die Homosexualität, 672. Poet from Germany who wrote in German. 1767-1845. A literary figure who promoted the concept of *Romanticism. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Criticism. Hirschfeld, Die Homosexualität, 670: stated to be homosexual. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 464: trans. of fragments of *Phanocles from Werke iv 52. Poet from Germany writing in German. 1914-1979. The author of a huge oeuvre including novels, stories and literary criticism (some written for radio); some of his work is highly experimental in the 'modernist mould. He is a humanist as well as wit and was at one time charged with writing pornography. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature, third edition (1997). Bibliographies. Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen, items 999-1QQ6: Bargfelder Ausgabe, Zurich: Haffmans, 19B6-19BB (eight volumes) - novels, stories, poems, juvenilia; 1QQ7-1Q1Q: Das essayistische Werk zur deutschen Literatur, Zurich: Haffmans (four volumes) Poet from Brazil who wrote in Portuguese. 1906-1965. Author of many books of poetry from 1928, he also directed a publishing house. Translation. English: see Dictionary of Brazilian LIterature entry. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Brazilian Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poemas do amor maldito, 17; biog., 16. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1947. Author of a gay novel The Colonist, 1980 (republished London: Gay Men's Press, 1993). In his book of poems The Love of Strangers, 1989, many poems are generalized love poems which are *non gender specific; see also p. 36: a poem about a schoolboy crush on a teacher. He is the editor of PN Review and the publisher of Carcanet Press situated in *Manchester. He has edited several British anthologies and many books on British poetry. Book: Selected Poems 1972-1997 (1997). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 154-55. Translator from French and Russian to English from the United States. Born 1934. Translator into English of the complete works of the French poet *Rimbaud (1975). He translated the Russian poet *Anatoly Steiger into English: see The Bitter Air of Exile: Russian Writers in the West 1922-1972, edited by *Simon Karlinsky and A. Appel, Berkeley, 1977, pp. 336-38 (this item is Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item, 3620); a biographical note on Paul Schmidt occurs on p. 472, stating he was Associate Professor of Slavic Languages at the University of Texas, Austin. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Name of Love , 45 (translation); biog., 78. Criticism. Stambolian, Homosexualities and French Literature, 228-42: "Visions of Violence: *Rimbaud and *Verlaine" - a gay reading of these poets. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active before 1964. Possibly Siegfried Josef Schmidt in the *British Library General Catalogue. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 98: poem "Wir (Rote Glut...)". No date or source given. Editor from Germany of works in German. Active before 1964. Editor of an anthology of erotic poetry. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 98: Innerflächen. Anthologie erotischer Lyrik, Stierstadt: *Eremiten-Presse, [no date]. Bibliographer and editor relating to works in Arabic, Persian and Turkish and poet from Germany writing in German. Born ca. 1965. A Berlin based scholar who has compiled a huge computer based listing of homosexuality and Islamic society relating to Arabic, Persian and Turkish and totalling some 30,000 items. He studied Islamology at the Freie Universität in Berlin. The work was published in 1995 as Bio-bibliography of male-male sexuality and eroticism in Muslim societies, Berlin: *Verlag rosa Winkel. This bibliography is the most detailed bibliography of homosexuality and *Islam ever attempted and the only one since *Richard Burton; however it is very difficult to use since material is entered in a coded form. He was editor with Jehoeda Sofer (1944-1990) of a 1992 Journal of Homosexuality issue on Islam which was later published as a book: Sexuality and Eroticism Among Males in Moslem Societies, 1992. (This work does not deal with India, sub-Saharan Africa or south-east Asian Islamic homosexuality however.) He has written a detailed commentary on the Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, *"Liwat" (sodomy) article written by *Charles Pellat offering a critique of the article (see the reprint in Schmitt, Sexuality and Eroticism Among Males in Moslem Societies, "Liwat", pp. 151-169); see also his comparative analysis of Islamic cultures in relation to homosexuality (pp. 1-24 in the same work). In German he wrote with Gianni de Martino SPELL , Kleine Schriften zu zwischenmannlicher Sexualität und Erotik in der muslimischen Gesellschaft, Berlin, 58 pp. with 4 pages in English summarizing the topic "Some Reflections on Male-Male Sexuality in Muslim Society", pp. 54-58. As a German poet he has written a poem on Islamic homosexuality: see Schwulenreferat im Allgemeinen Studenternausscchuß der FU (editor), Homosexualität und Wissenschaft, Berlin, 1992, pp. 231-244. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active 1953. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Keine Zeit für gute Freunde, 132: poem "An du alten Freunde". Poet from Israel writing in Hebrew. Born ca. 195B. Author of Ve-Reshito Be-Ahava: It begins with love, 199Q, 79 pages: see 'Prinz Eisenherz catalog 199Q/3, p. 5 for comment. The best known gay Israeli poet. He works in public relations and is the literary editor of an Israeli daily newspaper. Scholars - East Asia traditions In east Asia to be a scholar meant to be a person who could read and write; relevant material dates in Chinese from China from Confucius (who allegedly died 479 B.C.). Chinese. China was largely divided into the literate and the illiterate classes before the *Communist Revolution of 1949. Since the Chinese system of writing was very complex, involving learning thousands of characters, proficiency in scholarship was only attained by a small proportion of people. All literate Chinese had to learn to write poetry as part of the examination system, therefore all who had homosexual experiences or were homosexual are relevant. As an example, Pi Yuan (active 1760; see Hummel, Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period (1644-1912), 662) had a famous affair with the actor Li Kuei-kuan (source: 1987 paper by *Louis Crew, p. 39); he also had *singing and dancing boys in his house when he was the governor of Shensi Province. Many scholars could paint and frequently illustrated their poems with their own paintings. Scholars also wrote poems on the paintings of painters. Scholars frequently held high administrative positions. Shasha, History of Homosexuality in China, has extensive references throughout, e.g., pages xxiii for the *Ming period and xxiv for the *Ch'ing period. For the twentieth century see *Lu Hsun. Japanese. Korean and Japanese. Scholars enjoyed a similar position in Japan, Korea and Vietnam where Chinese was also a language understood and written by the literati and Chinese traditions were the main written cultural influence. Korean had an alphabet and Japan a separate system of writing, based on Chinese calligraphy. Greek scholars have edited gay poets and have written criticism and histories of poetry. Scholarly traditions in Greek date from the *Alexandrian period when the text of *Homer was edited by *Aristarchus (active 180 B. C.) in Egypt; later scholars came from Turkey, Europe and now all over the world. In the Oxford Classical Dictionary, see "Scholarship, Greek, in Antiquity" for an overview of Greek scholars in the ancient world. The editing of the * Palatine Anthology during the *Byzantine period involved scholars such as *Cephalas, but what his sexuality was is not known. The part played by gay scholars and scribes in the saving and elucidation of Greek homosexual poetry has not yet been investigated (if indeed it can be ascertained in most cases); there was obviously much interest or the gay texts would not have been saved. The development of printing in the *Renaissance made the diffusion of *manuscripts posssible and called for accurate texts such as were provided by *Henri Estienne and other *editors. Some scholars used *pseudonyms from this time. *Paul Brandt from Germany, *Georges Hérelle from France and *C. M. Bowra from Great Britain are outstanding gay classical scholars from the twentieth century. See entries *J. D. Beazley, *Rudolf Beyer, *Félix Buffière, *Claude Courouve, *K. J. Dover, *F. K. Forberg, *M. Foucault, *A. S. F. Gow, *H. Hössli, *George Ives, *F. Jacobs, *C. A. Klotz, *W. Kroll, *M. H. E. Meier, *William A. Percy, *Pogey-Castries (pseud. of Georges Hérelle), *Sir John Sandys, *J. A. Symonds, *D. Young, *U. Wilamowitz-Moellendorff and entries for *critic, *Editor - Greek, *translator, *historian, *Myth - Greek. The gay poet *A. E. Housman (who wrote in Latin on erotic poetry) tragically hardly touched on the subject of homosexuality and poetry: an example of a homosexual who could have made a great contribution but didn't; he did however write several short articles on poems of the Latin poet *Martial. Recent trends in scholarship are towards more candour than has usually been the case in discussing homosexuality: see *D. A. Campbell. See also *Scholars - Latin as Latin scholars usually knew Greek. Works discussing Greek scholars. John Sandys' History of Classical Scholarship, 3 volumes, 1903-08 (repr.) is a thorough coverage of classical scholarly traditions to the beginning of the nineteenth century. *Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorffs History of Classical Scholarship, published in German in 1921 and, in an English translation by Alan Harris (edited and with notes by Hugh Lloyd-Jones of London on the persons discussed, 1982), is more up to date, if shorter than Sandys, with an important bibliography, pp. 179-81. See also R. Pfeiffer, History of Classical Scholarship, 2 volumes, 1968 and 1976 and L. B. Reynolds and N. G. Wilson, Scribes and Scholars: A Guide to the Tramsmission of Greek and Latin Literature, 2nd edition, 1974. Consult also the various national biographical dictionaries for detailed information on scholars. Editors in Latin and critics, translators and historians who wrote in Latin. Latin scholars have edited gay poets and have written criticism and histories of poetry. Though earlier scholars edited manuscripts the *Renaissance, from 1440, saw a vast increase of scholarship; editions of poets were published with commentaries in Italy, France, Germany, Spain, Great Britain and other European countries. Latin classics from *manuscripts - especially under the *humanists - also enjoyed extensive diting, publishing and commentary (written in Latin for the most part until the twentieth century). This tradition of commentaries has not been examined in detail by recent scholars. All the editions of the poets who wrote homopoems (such as *Catullus) need to be examined to see what they yield from a homosexual point of view. Recently *Sara Lilja has examined the poetry of the *Roman period and *Thomas Stehling the *middle ages in his * Medieval Latin Poems of Male Love and Friendship (following the work of John Boswell). Lacking so far is an examination of the homosexual Latin poetry written from the Renaissance on. See *J. N. Adams, John Boswell, *Friedrich Forberg, *Gilbert Highet, *A. E. Housman, *Warren Johansson, *Otto Kiefer, *C. A. Klotz, *William A Percy, *J. E. Sandys, *Thomas Stehling, *Words. See also *Scholars - Greek since many Greek scholars also were Latin scholars. Criticism in Greek and Latin from 200 B.C. Scholia are notes on a manuscript which expound or criticize the author (see the entry in Oxford Classical Dictionary, pp. 960-61). The singular is scholium. In some cases they refer to lost critical works. They date from the *Alexandrian period from 200 B.C., when extensive editing of Greek poetry took place. They may create more problems than they solve - see *Alcaeus of Mytilene where a famous scholium "Wine, dear boy and truth" may not be by the poet but may be by a later scribe (such notes can, of course, be added to manuscripts many years after the manuscript was written and by another hand). Sometimes they preserve 'fragments of iost works. Latin: see *Suetonius. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active before 1964. No entry in the 'British Library General Catalogue. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 99: poem "Dämmerung" possible first line or another poem "Ein Märchen nur...". No date or source given. School of Oriental and African Studies Library (also called SOAS) Catalogue The School of Oriental and African Studies is the most famous *oriental and *African language center in Europe, situated in the University of London (it is popularly called SOAS). Relevant from at least 1963. A published catalog of the library of the school's library exists titled School of Oriental and African Studies Library Catalogue, 1963 (there have been supplements, with a Third Supplement being published in 1979). This is a major reference work of printed books and manuscripts for the languages listed (including Arabic, Persian, Turkish, Hindi, Urdu, Chinese and Japanese). Over 2,500 languages are represented. The catalogue contains a *subject listing but nothing was found under homosexuality in a check. See also Union Catalogue of Asian Publications 1965-1970, edited by David E. Hall, London, 1971: this lists Asian books in all languages outside the Soviet Union and north African books in libraries in Great Britain outside SOAS, excluding the Bodelian Library, *Oxford. Pseudonym of a poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Active 1919. The pseudonym of *Arnold W. Smith (if this is this author's real name). Bibliographies. Murray, Catalogue of Selected Books, item 6: citing A Boy's Absence, 1919. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 68: the poem "A Boy's Absence". Philosopher in German from Germany. 1788 - 186Q. A philosopher who, in an addendum to paragraph 44 of his famous philosophical work, The World as Will and Idea (1818), concluded that homosexuality was natural. He influenced 'Nietzsche. Though he had affairs with women, he seems to have had suppressed homosexual inclinations, at least in later life. See Oswald Hartmann, Das Problem der Homosexualität in Lichte der Schopenahuers Philosophie (The problem of homosexuality in the light of Schopenhauer's philosophy), Leipzig: 'Max Spohr, 1897, 27 pp: the author suggested in this work that the first champions of gay rights follow Schopenhauer's arguments to champion homosexuality. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1158 - 59. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 62: book by Oswald Hartmann cited above. Bibliographer and book collector from the Netherlands who wrote in Dutch. 1866-1957. A Dutch lawyer, he founded the Dutch branch of the the German Scientific-Humanitarian Committee (founded by *Magnus Hirschfeld) which flourished 1911-40 (until the *Nazi invasion of the Netherlands) and was called the NWHK. The NWHK was revived as the gay organization COC after the war in 1946 and is still in existence (see *Rob Tielman for its history). He was a collector of gay material in Dutch, German, French and English which became the library of the NWHK. This library disappeared in the war, believed to have been seized by the *Nazis. The contents were published as Catalogus van het Wetenschappelijk Humanitair Komitee, 's-Gravenhage, 1922, 55 pp. (with supplements in 1926, 28 pp., 1930, 22 pp., 193, 24 pp. and 1936, 28 pp.); these are described in Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, item 7. Herzer, Bibliographie zur Homosexualität, item 0725 is "Die Bibliographie der hollandischen Schriften (uber Homosexualität für das Jahr 1904)" in Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 7 (1905), 907-40: this is the first Dutch gay bibliography and consists of detailed comment on approximately ten prose works published in 1904 including Jacob de Haan's novel Pijpelijntes (1907-08). Bibliographies. Herzer, Bibliographie zur Homosexualität, item 0725 (with *Georges Eekoud). Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, item 7. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1976. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 3461-62: Gift Horse, New York: Big Deal, 1975 and Hard Swallows, New York: Gift Horse, 1976. Poet from Australia writing in English. Born 1965. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Pink Ink, 171-72; biog., 295-96 - his background is in fine arts and the poem in * Pink Ink is his first published piece. Anthology in German from Germany. Berlin: rosa Winkel Verlag (later *Verlag rosa Winkel), unpaginated but about 100 pages, 1978; the verso of the title page has the imprint *Maldoror FlugSchriften. An anthology of poetry and prose with reproduced drawings by Wilfried Eigeltinger; list of contents at the beginning followed by Introduction by *Bernd Gaiser and then the text. The cover has the information Schreibende Schwule workshop 18-21 November, 1978 and the work is the result of a gay literary workshop held on these dates. The first half is mostly poetry; this is followed by long prose pieces by *Rolf Stürmer (with a few poems) and others including Jens Hass and Jutta Hertie (with a few poems). Poets (see entries): Martin Arker, Frank Arlig, Eberhard Bechtle, Bernd Gaiser, Uwe Hartmann, Jens Hass/ Jutta Hertie (their name is given in this form), Raoul Hübner, Reinhard von der Marwitz, Volker Nicole, Klaus Sigl, Mario Wirz, Würtz/ Pfifferling (name given in this form). Rare: copy *Paul Knobel collection. A copy is in the possession of *Gert Hekma. The title means "Writing gays". Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1934. He has been openly gay in his poetry from his first book Living Space, Brooklyn, ca. 1973. Books: Moving to a New Place, 1974 (review: Advocate no. 199, 22 September, 1976, 25-26); False Clues, 1977 (reviews: Gay Sunshine no. 38-39, pp. 27 and 34; Boston Gay Review no. 4-5, Fall 1978, 3), and Tomorrrow Will Really Be Sunday, 1984. Many poems are about his personal relations with past/present lovers and friends. His 1988 book of poems, John, concerns his lover John Macdonald (whose biography is at the beginning of the book) who died of *Aids (reviewed in the James White Review in 1989). Formerly a *San Francisco poet, in 1989 he was a Professor of English at the University of Massachusetts, Boston. He edits Hanging Loose journal (reviewed in James White Review, Summer 1989, 13). Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10994-95: Living Space, Brooklyn: Hanging Loose/ Red Dot New York, 1973 and Moving to a New Place , Cambridge: Alice James Books, 1975. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 3463-65: Against the Time, Cambridge, MA: Alice James Books, 1978 (bound with Jeffrey Schwartz, Contending with the Dark), Fales Clues, Ithaca, NY: Calamus Press, 1978 and Moving to a New Place, Cambridge, MA: Alice James Books, 1974 (all highly rated by Ian Young). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Angels of the Lyre, 182-86; biog., 244. Orgasms of Light, 205; biog., 260. Amerikanike homophylophile poiese, 55; biog., 72. Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, 355-57; biog., 355. Poets for Life, 207-13 - poems about "watching John die"; biog., 239. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 646. Poet from Russia who wrote in Russian. Active before 1879. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros Russe. Criticism. Stern, Geschichte der offentlichen Sittlichkeit in Russland, volume 2, 569-70: quotes a poem about homosexuality, "The Experiences of a Pagan" and a fine critical discussion in German. Historian and critic from Germany writing in German. Active 1944. Author of Religion und Eros, Munich, 1944, perhaps the only study on the subject (see *eros); Chapter 9 discusses 'Christianity. See pp. 193-94 re homoerotic relations. Historian from Germany writing in German. Active 1911. Author of Die schundliteratur (The shame literature), second edition, 1911 - an erotic survey of literature. Not sighted. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature, vol. 1, 216. Poet from Germany writing in German. Born 1955. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Milchsilber, 69-70; biog., 212. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active 1968. Bibliographies. Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen, item 1027: Zwischen Frühling und Frost, Berlin: Verlag der Nation, 1983 (first edition 1968); with drawings by Heidrun Hegewald. Biographer and critic from the United States writing in English. Active 1991. Author of Dharma Lion: A Biography of *Allen Ginsberg, New York: St Martin's Press, 1991, 752 pp.: an exhaustive chronicle of Ginsberg's life, giving the exact circumstances of the composition of many poems and interesting insights into them. However, it does not supplant the biography of *Barry Miles for readibility and only deals with his life to 1980 (that is, to the year of publication of the Collected Poems). Reviews: James White Review vol. 10 no. 2 (Winter 1993), 23; Lambda Book Report, ca. 1992. Historian from Germany who wrote in German. Active 1904. Author of Geschichte der erotischen Literatur der Deutschen, 25 parts, 1904-05: a history of German erotic literature. A copy is held in the 'Library of Congress, in Rare Books. Poet and lover from the United States writing in English. 1923-1991. A fine gay lyric poet in the *New York circle around *Frank O'hara. His name is pronounced "sky-ler". His The Morning of the Poem, 1980, is a major gay *long poem set in New York about New York gay life (compare *Frank O'hara's long poems Biotherm and Seventh Avenue). This volume also describes a nervous breakdown. The Morning of the Poem greatly influenced the Australian poet *Denis Gallagher in his work Making Do. A Few Days, 1986, is a gay volume (review: The Advocate no. 447, 27 May 1986, 60-61 by *Dennis Cooper). He published Selected Poems in 1988 (reviewed in Gay's the Word no. 63 (April-May 1990), 9 by *Gregory Woods). In 1999 his Collected Poems were published, including the section "Last Poems" written from 1985 to 1991. Aafter suffering a nervous breakdown in 1971, he was extremely neurotic and lived with the New York painter Fairfield Porter and his wife for twelve years. The Diary of James Schuyler (Santa Rosa, California, 1997) is a carefully edited work compiled by Nathan Kernan with elaborate footnotes; the appendix of names pp. 299-318 is a major document on the history of United States male homosexuality in the circle around Schuyler, including Bill Alto (1916-58) his lover from 1944 to 1949 (see p. 299 - after he tried to kill Schuyler with a carving knife in 1949 the two split up), John Ashbery, *W. H. Auden, Don Bachardy (born 1934) the lover of *Christopher Isherwood, Bill Berkson (a handsome friend of Frank O'Hara to whom O'Hara was sexually attracted and to whom Schuyler dedicated the poem "Gray intermittently blue eyed hero" - see p. 300; Berkson's book Blue is the Hero takes its title from a line in one of Schuyler's art reviews), Joe Brainard, *Tom Carey (Schuyler's assistant "from late 1979 until mid-March 1980; he left after Schuyler fell obsessively in love with him but they remained close friends" until Schuyler's death in 1991, p. 302), *Douglas Crase, *Edwin Denby (who had a romantic relationship with Schuyler in the 1950s which ended badly - see p. 303), *Tim Dlugos, *Kenward Elmslie, Artie Growich (born 1956, sometime employee of the Chelsea Hotel, New York, "with whom Schuyler began a romantic involvement in the spring of 1989" - see page 306), Bob J - ("a salesman at Brooks Brothers and later, Abercrombie and Fitch, with whom Schuyler was in love from the spring of 1971 until the relationship ended in about 1973" - p. 307), *Chester Kallman ("from the mid-1940s until about 1950... probably Schuyler's closest friend" - p. 307), David Kermani, Joe LeSueur, James Merrill, *Howard Moss, *Frank O'Hara, Frank Polach (lover of *Douglas Crase), *Larry Rivers, *David Trinidad, Christopher Wiss and Geoffrey Young. This section lists many poems Schuyler wrote which were inspired by the preceding men. Schuyler wrote a novel A Nest of Ninnies with John Ashbery. His manuscripts are at the University of California, San Diego. Obituary: New York Times, 13 April 1991. Criticism. For articles on his poetry from a gay perspective: see *Brad Gooch, "James Schuyler", Christopher Street, July 1977, 4548; David Bergman, "Material Ecstasy: The Poetry of James Schuyler", Mouth of the Dragon (possibly October 1980; exact issue not known), 41-56 and *Edmund White on him in Little Caesar no. 12, 152-61. Interview: American Poetry Review (March/April 1985), 5-12. Denver Quarterly vol. 26 no. 4 (Spring 1992), 105-122; a special issue of the journal was devoted to him in 1989. That Various Field, 1991, is a small memorial tribute edited by William Young and William Corbett, both poets (on them see Schuyler, Diary, pp. 302-03 and 318). Translation. German: translator not known, Hymne an das Leben, 1991, 94 pp. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Contemporary Literary Criticism , volume 23. Contemporary Authors, vol. 101 and vol. 134 (obituary). Dictionary of Literary Biography, vol. 169. Gay Histories and Cultures. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 3467-68: Hymn to Life, New York: Random House, 1974 and The Morning of the Poem, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1980. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A True Likeness, 175-77. Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, 357-61; biog., 357. Word of Mouth, 32-44. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active from 1967. See *Gay Books Bulletin no. 8 (Fall 1982), 16-18: four fine gay poems, the only poems of a new poet published in the Gay Books Bulletin. See *Austin Arnold (pseud.). Poet from Germany who wrote in German. Active 1908. The *British Library General Catalogue lists two novels 1904 and 1932. Not in Oxford Companion to German Literature. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10996: Komm kühle Nacht, Munich and Leipzig: George Müller, 1908: "two poems deal with Sapphism; others are on homoerotic themes." Poet from the United States writing in English. Born ca. 1937. See *Sage Writings from the Lesbian and Gay Men's Writing Workshop, pp. 63-77 (a poem is on p. 73); biog., 63 with photograph - states he is 47 and that he lives in New York (however, he appears older from the photograph). Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1982. An *East coast gay poet: see The Advocate , 13 May, 1982, 27. Book of poems: These People, ca. 1982. Songwriter from Australia writing in English. Born ca. 1955. See * Songs of the Gay Liberation Quire: he composed the songs "The Gaywaves Song", p. 3, "Hark the Herald Fairies Shout", p. 4, "Deck the Halls with Law Reform" (1981), p. 5, "The Sydney Homosexual" (1983), p. 8. A *Sydney gay left wing activist and member of the Gay Solidarity Group, he at one time worked as a postman. Schwüle Lyrik, schwule Prose Anthology in German from Germany. The first German post war anthology compiled by *Elmar Kraushaar; Berlin: *Verlag rosa Winkel, 1977, 256 pages; afterword pp. 251-56. The first word is the common German word meaning gay and the title means "Gay poetry, gay prose". The anthology, which is mostly poetry, emerged out of the German gay movement and has a radical edge; it also represents strong anti-authoritarian tendencies in German society. Poetry is in *free verse and strongly *postmodern; poets are arranged alphabetically. Poetry contributors (see entries): Bruno Horst Bull, Hans Eppendorfer, Raoul Hübner, Carol Kappler, Reinhard von der Marwitz, Doris Night (pseud.), Simon Petersen, Eschi Rehm, Manfred Semmelbauer, Klaus Sigl, Mechthild Sperrmull (pseud.), K.-Reiner Veit, Bruno Vogel, Volker Wurtz. Compare *Milchsilber. Poem and song in German from Germany. Before 1976. A gay song sung in West Berlin beginning: "Was man so sagte und immer noch sagt, dass wir". A protest song centering around repeal of Paragraph 175 (see *Law - German). Printed in *J. S. Hohmann, Homosexualität und Subkultur, 1976, p. 119. It may date from the 1950s. Archive and library in Germany with material mainly in German. From 1976. A gay archive in Frankfurt with over 2,300 books and 120 journal titles. References. Directory of the International Association of Lesbian and Gay Archives and Libraries, 141-44. Verzeichnis der Schwulen und Schwul-lesbischen Bibliotheken, 16-17. Archive and library in Germany with material mainly in German. From ca. 1985. An extensive and well organized archive with important gay journals including photstats of * Der Eigene. Address Mehringdamm 61, Berlin. There is also a library of gay books and the museum maintains personal files, including of contemporary poets. The archive is housed above a museum which organises displays and has a permanent exhibition; high quality catalogs are frequently published to accompany displays. It has published books - e.g., * Eldorado, an exhibition catalog of gays in Berlin. In 1998 it hosted a huge exhibition of gays in Germany, titled (after a book of *Christopher Isherwood stories) Goodbye to Berlin? which set new standards in such exhibitions and is of major importance. Schwule means *gay in German. It is open Wed-Sun 2-6. References. Verzeichnis der Schwulen und Schwul-lesbischen Bibliotheken, 10-11. Translator from English to Danish from Denmark; critic in Danish. Active 1919-died 1950. Translator into Danish of the English poet titled * Whitman: Digte (Poems), 1919, 143 pp. (revision and expansion of his translations in Hjulet, 1905) and 1933, 126 pp., both apparently only selections. He wrote in Danish Walt Whitman, 1933 (this contains pp. 273-338, "Whitman i Verdenslitteraturen", the most complete and valuable study on Whitman and world literature); it was translated into English (New York, 1951), as Walt Whitman with a revised and expanded version of his essay "Walt Whitman in World Literature" pp. 248-327. This is the most detailed analysis of Whitman's influence ever attempted (see *A. E. Smith for analysis of authors); it includes extensive discussion of influence in French, German, Italian, Danish, Norwegian, Russian and in other languages. The work shows extensive learning and extremely wide reading. It is difficult to known whether he is implying that some authors he discusses are gay (e.g., Verhaeren and Larbaud: English version pp. 297 and 302); the influence of Whitman also became diffuse with the spread of *free verse. He died from an overdose of sleeping pills, whether intentionally or not is not known (see Walt Whitman Quarterly Review vol. 9 no. 2, Fall 1991, p. 95). His *British Library General Catalogue entry reveals he seems to have been a theater critic. Translator from Italian to English from Great Britain. Active 1963 to 1980. He reviewed poetry books for * The Advocate in the 1970s (e.g., Harold Norse). See * Canzoniere Italiano, *Allen Ginsberg, *Thom Gunn, *Orgasms of Light, *Harold Norse, *Stephen Spender. He was known by *Harold Norse who stated he was of English nationality to the author in 1995. He wrote a poem sequence McAlmon's Chinese Opera on *Robert McAlmon. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Orgasms of Light, 169-71 - translation of the Italian poet *Pasolini: from "The Religion of My Times" (re motorbikers) and from "The Apennine" (re sex in *Rome); biog., 258 - he says the translations are "not literal; more 'imitations' in the sense used by Robert Lowell" and that he worked in Italy as a free-lance writer from 1962 to 1969 Poet from the United States writing in English. Born before 1970. Black poet who came to the United States from Great Britain in 1970 and is also an *actor. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 118 - "Roller Coaster"; biog., 183. Lover from Great Britain relating to works in English. Ca. 1925 - ca. 1975. Lover of *Edwin Morgan, who inspired Morgan's love poetry from 1963. The two never lived together. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1922-1978. A novelist who wrote The Raj Quartet, 1976-77, four novels set in India. He is revealed to have been gay in the biography by Hilary Spurling, Paul Scott, 1991 (reviewed in James White Review, vol. 10 no. 3, Spring 1993, 18). The biography reveals he wrote some poetry when young. His first affair was with Gerald Armstrong and all his love poems were composed to men. Strongly influenced by *Oscar Wilde and *Rupert Brooke in his youth, he married "for protection and safety" but later turned to alcohol. He wrote one volume of poetry: I Gerontius, Favil Press, 1941. K. Bhaskao Rao in Paul Scott, 1980, p. 20, lists an unpublished poem "Charing Cross Station" (location not given). The Raj Quartet contains a fictional Urdu poet Gaffur (see *Overview - Urdu re homosexuality and Urdu poetry where the beloved is frequently male by convention). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors New Revision Series, vol. 33. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1972. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Angels of the Lyre, 187 - poem "Dick" from Gay Sunshine, February 1972, when the poet lived in *New England.; biog., 244. Poet from France who wrote in French. Active 1926. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10998: Les tentations, Paris: Georges Crès et Cie, 1926. Scribes and calligraphy - Arabic, Hebrew, Persian, Turkish, Urdu Arabic, Hebrew, Persian, Turkish and Urdu were written in the Arabic script from ca. 650 in Iraq and other islamic countries. (Persian, Turkish and Urdu were written in a slightly modifified form of the Arabic script.) Great attention was paid to calligraphy in islamic cultures as poets and writers were judged on it. Apart from the original poets, scribes who wrote or copied their works are relevant. All manuscripts written by gay poets and all works of poets referring to male homosexuality are also relevant. For islamic culture see Annmarie Schimmel, Calligraphy and Islamic Culture (New York, 1984). The letters of Arabic all have names and some had sexual names (e.g. the "love letter"). Hebrew. The Ben Asher family are a famous family of scribes who copied the Old Testament( e.g. the Leningrad Codex). For Persian, which was written in Arabic calligraphy, see *Mir 'Ali of Harat, *Shakyh Muhhamada and in general the entry "Calligraphy" in Encyclopaedia Iranica (with an excellent bibliography). Scribes and calligraphy - Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese Great attention was paid to calligraphy in China and Japan where all *scholars wrote Chinese. From ca. 479 B.C. Scribes who wrote or copied poems on scrolls and paintings as well as works written in the hand of the poet himself. Scribes preserved material for later wider distribution in a printed form. Calligraphy was written by poets on scrolls to illustrate paintings and there is a huge tradition of this in east Asia. All homosexual and bisexual poets are relevant and all material of relevance from the *Shih Ching (479 B.C.) onwards (Chinese calligraphy predates this work). Chinese: See *Wang Xizhi. Japanese. See *Yakko (pseud.) - an interesting example of a work possibly done apparently for a homosexual patron. Vietnamese was written in Chinese characters until the mid nineteenth century. Korean. Korean was written completely in Chinese until the invention of the Korean alphabet, Han'gul, by King Sejong in 1446 though the alphabet was not widely used until the 1950s. Chinese traditions operated in Korea and Chinese was commonly written by scholars and poets. Scribes wrote the text of ancient works in manuscripts; they exist from at least 100 B.C. in Greek from Greece and Latin from Italy. The handling down of the entire Greek and Latin homosexual poetry traditions until printing in the *Renaissance depended on those who wrote the manuscripts. Scribes of Greek and Latin works included many monks and much copying was done in monasteries in the *Middle Ages, especially of the *Bible and the *New Testament. The importance of scribes in the transmission of texts is beyond calculation as failure to copy would ensure the destruction of a homopoem. Scribes frequently wrote comments in manuscripts: see * scholia. All homosexual poets whose poetry survives in manuscript are relevant. Surviving manuscripts may be copies of earlier manuscripts. Greek: see *Anonymous poets - Greek, *Alcaeus of Mytilene, *Editors - Greek, *Janus Lascaris, *Palatine Anthology, Scholars - Greek. Latin: see *Anonymous poets - Latin. Scribes - Indian languages of India Scribes are persons who write a language. For *Indian languages of India, including Sanskrit, Hindi, Bengali and Tamil, transmission of poetry was largely oral and followed by written form until mechanical printing, which only dates from the sixteenth century in India. Material dates from at least 1000. There is an extensive *manuscript tradition with much surviving material being religious. Very little work has been done on Indian scribes. Sanskrit and Hindi are written in the Devanagari script; Bengali is written in a script related to it. All other languages of the Indian subcontinent (such as Tamil) are written in scripts derived from the ancient script of Brahmi. Poets normally wrote their own manuscript in languages such as Urdu but scribes who copied relevant works are relevant. *Mir 'Ali of Harat may have written works in Indian scripts. In south and east India books were written on palm leaves. See John Guy, Palm Leaf and Paper, Melbourne, 1982. Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. 1526-1565. A *Venetian writer who published a work of a supposed pedant to his lover in 1562: Cantici di Fidenzio. This introduced the vogue of *Fidentian poetry. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amicizia amorosa, 125; biog., 123. Anthologist from the United States of works in English; critic writing in English. Active 1983. He compiled the first *Afro-American gay anthology * Voices Against the Wilderness; he also wrote the Preface to this work. Poet possibly from Greece who wrote in Greek. Active ca. 45Q B.C. Also spelt Skythinus. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 96B. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 1Q999: *Musa Puerilis, London: Heinemann, 191B, Book 12, poems 22, 232. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Palatine Anthology xii 22, 232. Orgasms of Light, 99: trans. 'Winston Leyland. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 72. Reid, Eternal Flame, vol. 1, 9B. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 43. Criticism. Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 9 (19QB), 269-7Q. Publisher from the United States of works in English. Active 1980. A *New York based gay press which published * A True Likeness and poetry by *Dennis Cooper and *Felice Picano. Poet from Ireland writing in Irish and English. Active 1977. See poems in the volume Out in the Open (Indrebhan, Country Conamara: Clo Iar-Chonnachta, 1977). Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1883-1959. The author's only published book was Sona: An Auxiliary Neutral Language, 1935, and he was in the British Army in India and in Iraq. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 141: lines from The Furnace. Criticism. International Journal of Greek Love vol.1 no. 2 (1966), 28-37: article entitled "Paidikon: A Paiderastic *Manuscript" by Toby Hammond "London" - this identifies the manuscript as by Seawright, pp. 33-34, and dates it 1900-1910. The manuscript contains several poems including a long *autobiography, The Furnace, of 2706 lines in *heroic couplets which, from the extract is a masterpiece. (The identity of Toby Hammond - who is otherwise unknown - remains a mystery. If his name is a pseudonym, two possibilities are *Anthony Reid and *Timothy d'Arch Smith.) Figure from myth and religion from Italy and trope in French German and English. Active ca. 300. Saint Sebastian lived in *Rome and is mentioned by the Chronographer of 354. He was sentenced to death by the Emperor Diocletian (ruled 284-305) by having arrows shot at him but, due to the intervention of the widow Irene, he survived. When he presented himself to the Emperor, Diocletian ordered him to be clubbed to death. His bones are now interred in the Basilica of Saint Sebastian in Rome. There is an early church dedicated to him in *Milan and he was widely depicted in art with the piercing arrows (not clubbed to death) in the *Renaissance and with emphasis on his semi naked body; this takes on very strong erotic overtones in many paintings (arrows were traditionally linked with erotic desire in the trope of *Eros or *Cupid, and, in addition, have *phallic connotations). He was a popular subject in poetry in the late nineteenth century and is sometimes called the gay saint. Research so far has concentrated on his artistic iconography. See F. Le Targat, Saint Sébastien dans l'histoire de l'art (1977), and [no author], Saint Sébastien: Adonis et martyr (Paris, Musée national des arts et traditions, populaires, 1983). There is a bibliography on Saint Sebastian and his churches in Antonio Ferrua, The Basilica of St. Sebastian and its Catacomb, Rome, [no date; ca. 1970], pp. 35-39; this has possibly the most complete bibliography to its date of publication. English: see 'Frederick Rolfe, *Thomas Cashet, *Edgar Austin, *T. S. Eliot; Woods, Articulate Flesh: Male Homo-eroticism and Modern Poetry, pp. 28-30 discusses him in poetry. French: see *Baron de Bideran. German: see *Peter Baschung. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, item 1600; 1612. Gay Saber vol.1 no. 1 (Spring 1977), 58-66: iconography in Italian art 1450-1550 by James Saslow. Poem in Mongol from Mongolia. Ca. 1240 There is contention as to whether this work is in poetry or prose. The work concerns the doings of the Mongols, especially in the lifetime of Genghis Khan. One passage refers to male homosexuality. Though the passage is not completely clear, in this passage Genghis Khan is accused of homosexuality in relationship with a man with whom he shares a bed. Translation. Chinese. The work has been preserved in Chinese characters with a summary Chinese translation. English. *Arthur Waley (1964) - the Ainu epic, the *Kutune Shirka is also included in this edition with his translation; F. W. Cleaves (1982). German. E. Haenisch (1948). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literature, East volume, 120: see Mongolyn nuuts tovchoo. Critic from the United States writing in English. Active 1985. Author of Between Men: English Literature and Male *Homosocial Desire, New York, 1985, a study of "social bonds between persons of the same sex" (*male bonding) in English literature. She sees this as being related to sexual desire rather than love; summary of book pp. 16-19 and bibl., pp. 229-39. It mostly deals with prose works but there are chapters on *Shakespeare's Sonnets, *Tennyson and *Whitman's influence in Great Britain. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English; translator from Latin to English. Active 1722. See his translation of the Latin poet *Virgil's "Second Eclogue" in The Poetical and Dramatic Works, edited by Vivian de Sola Pinto, 1928, vol. 2, pp. 159-61. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, item 11000: "To Bassa", 1722, printed in ONE Magazine 6:2, 22, February 1958. This appears to be a reprint of an eighteenth century poem. Bassa is a feminine form in Latin and the poem may be about *lesbianism. Not sighted. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1888-1916. A graduate of *Harvard, he set out to write in New York and Paris and was killed in the First World War. His poem "I have a rendezvous with death" from his Collected Poems, 1916, was one of the most popular poems of the war. The Dictionary of American Biography entry implies he was something of an *aesthete. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Dictionary of American Biography. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 502: poem "With a Copy of Shakespeare's Sonnets" and from * Antinous. Critism. Foster, "Beauty's Purple Flame: Some Minor American Gay Poets", Gay Books Bulletin no. 7 (1982), 16-18: states he wrote the poem "With a Copy of Shakespeare's Sonnets on Leaving College". Seferis, George When Greece was occupied by the Germans in the Second World War, he wrote, in 1941, while in exile in South Africa, a book on *Cavafy: O Kavafis tou Seferi (The Cavafy of Seferis), edited by *G. P. Savidis, Athens, 1984. He won the *Nobel Prize in 1963. Translation. English: see *Rex Warner. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 6522 citing his prose work A Poet's Journal: days of 1945-51, English trans., Cambridge, MA, 1974, and item 11001 citing Poems, Boston: Atlantic, Little Brown, 1964, English trans. by George Warner. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 3479: citing Calligram: A Poem, Richmond: for Max Reinhardt at the Miniature Press, 1960, written with *Rex Warner, in *broadsheet form. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1991. A *black poet born in the Dominican Republic but raised in *New York; he works in *Aids education. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 119: "Classifieds" (brilliant poem about the ideal man); biog., 183. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1953-1986. A *gay liberation poet; he died of *Aids (see Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, p. 5). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 639: poem "Covenant, March 1980", a fine poem. Poet from Turkey who wrote in Turkish; he also wrote in Persian. 1467-1520. A Turkish *Sultan known for his severe and dynamic character who extended the empire to Egypt and Syria. He was well versed in Persian. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Anthologie de l'amour turc: trans. French. Orgasms of Light, 133; biog., 256. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 370: trans. English; *gazelle trope. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 27173: fine poems p. 272 trans. English ("I have slain lions and terrified captains; but now/ I am the *slave of a boy, glancing like a young deer"). Criticism. *Marc Daniel, "Arab Civilization and Male Love", Gay Sunshine 32 (Spring 1977), 10 - very fine poem trans. into English. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 7 (1905), 864. Poet from Turkey who wrote in Turkish. 1524-1574. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 372 - fine homosexual poem about an *angel boy; trans. English. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1955. A *San Francisco *gay liberation poet. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Orgasms of Light, 207-08; biog., 261. Amerikanike homophylophile poiese, 57-59; biog., 72: trans. into Greek. Translator from Latin to English from Great Britain. 1818-1866. Sellon translated the Latin poet *Martial into English, published in 1868 as * Index Expurgatorius "comprising all the epigrams hitherto omitted by English translators". There are two translations of Martial's poems in the work, one in prose and the other in poetry. This translation is very stilted and is not recommended (though it is the first complete translation in English). Copy sighted: *Private Case. Biography: information on Sellon's life is given in *Francis King, Sexuality, Magic and Perversion, 1974, pp. 10-29. He was the author of an infamous Victorian novel, The Ups and Downs of Life. Bibliographies. Ashbee, Bibliography of Prohibited Books, volume 1, 280-81. Kearney, Private Case, items 1123-24: 1123 cites The Index Expurgatorius, ... literally translated; comprising all the Epigrams hitherto omitted by English translators, London: Printed for Private Circulation, 1868, 139 pp., no. 93 of 150 copies, with a letter by James Campbell Reddie probably to *H. S. Ashbee concerning the history of this work, which is a translation of Martial; Kearney, Private Case, item 1124 is another copy of the same; Kearney states the translation was by Edward Sellon, *G. A. Sala and F. P. P [this is possibly F. P. Pike] Movement in criticism in Russian, French, English, German and other languages from ca. 1920. Semiotics is the science of signs and their interpretation; signs may be works of art or linguistic artifacts (e.g., poems). The movement started in Russia about 1920 with *Roman Jakobson, a key figure in the Moscow-Tartu School, and spread to the Prague Linguistic Circle and later *Paris and hence *European languages and now all parts of the world; it arose out of *Modernism. Movements in art, such as Cubism in the first part of the twentieth century, are relevant (Cubism sought to show there were several ways of viewing "reality" in a painting). However, the classical scholastic tradition in Greek and Latin (see *scholars) predates semiotics and heralds its merits. Classical scholars were aware of different ways of interpreting ancient Greek and Latin poetry in relation to its social and cultural context. In relation to *homosexual, *gay or *queer poetry its impact has been to reinforce the fact that there are various ways of looking at a poem or a poet and no single "correct" way. In fact several ways may be acceptable. The major emphasis in semiotics is on the literary work in relation to its social context. Homosexuals, being marginalized in many cases, see society differently than heterosexuals (that is, they see it from the gay perspective): for instance in reading a poem they would look for a homosexual angle (which would not occur to a heterosexual reader). Accordingly, they may, in many instances, read and understand a literary work from that perspective. Hence they identify homosexuality in a poem when it could not occur to a heeterosexual reader. Iconography in art is a crucial area of semiotic investigation. See *tropes for poetry. *Roland Bathes and *Michel Foucault were key figures in later semiotic developments in French. For Japanese material see *Miyatake. The Encyclopedia of Homosexuality article mainly deals with semiotics in relation to art. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality: "Semiotics, Gay". New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics: see "Structuralism". Terras, Handbook of Russian Literature : see "Structuralism and Semiotics". See also Harner, Literary Research Guide, items 6065, 6070. Poet from Germany who wrote in German. 1955-1989. A writer of *postmodernist free verse including a poem on *Hölderlin. Michael: Ein Poem, 20 pages, was published by *Maldoror Flugschriften, Berlin 1980. He died of *Aids. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Schwüle Lyrik, schwüle Prosa, 175-79; biog., 176, photo, 175. Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. Active ca. 644 B.C.? See *Simonides: the two have been confused. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 973. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 4546: states he was anti women (see *misogyny). Criticism. Frankel, Early Greek Poetry, 200-07, especially 201: stating that in a *fragment he addresses an unknown boy. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1961. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Language of water, 29 - *sonnets; biog., 80 - lives with his Italian boyfriend. Poet from Algeria who wrote in French. 1926-1973. His first book of poems was Poèmes (1954) and he was openly gay in later volumes as well as championing the cause of Algerian nationalism. There is doubt as to whether his death was an assassination. Text: Oeuvres poétiques (Arles, 1999). Dictionraies. Duroc, Homosexuels et lesbiennes illustrés, 387: stated to be homosexual and he was assassinated. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Critic from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1990. See "Mollies or Men of Mode: Sodomy and the Eighteen century London Stage", Journal of the History of Sexuality, vol. 1 no. 1 (July 1990), 33-65. This is a brilliant reading of the gay controversies in poetry associated with the London theater and the poetry of and about *Charles Churchill, *Garrick, Isaac *Bickerstaff and *Samuel Foote; it includes several little known anonymous homopoems directed against males in the theater. Lover from Great Britain relating to poetry in English. Active 1910. The lover of *Lytton Strachey to whom Lytton Strachey wrote a charming poem on the front of an envelope with the poem taking the form of the address (the poem is quoted in the Strachey entry). His decision to admit his relationship with Strachey greatly aided the candid discussion of Strachey's homosexuality in *Michael Holroyd's biography of Strachey; this is discussed in the introduction to the 1994 edition titled Lytton Strachey: The New Biography. Genre in Japanese from Japan. From ca. 1750. Popular poems which have satirical and other references to homosexuality; some openly celebrate homosexual love. Senryu were poems descended from and closely related to *Haiku. They were sung by male *prostitutes: see the book Senryu Yoshiwara Shi compiled by Ryuu Nishihara (1865-1900), Tokyo, 1977, for the *Edo period. They were first collected by Karai Senryu (1718-1790) whose collection consisted of 80,000 stanzas from 2,300,000 he collected. Many are quoted by *Tamio Satow in his book in German in 1931 (see his entry). They are particularly associated with the Japanese *pleasure quarters. *Gary Leupp, Male Colors: The Construction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan, 1995, p. 112, gives the Japanese text of two homosexual ones with translations; another poem is translated on p. 175. See R. H. Blyth, Senryu, 1949, especially pp. 37-39. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan: "Zappai and Senryu". Princeton Companion to Classical Japanese Literature: "Senryu" p. 361; see also p. 129 re *Ryosen Hiratsuha, Nihon ni oker (Tokyo, 1983). Poet from Japan who wrote in Japanese. Active before 1377. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Partings at Dawn, 108-112; poems about his love for a youth (from the anthology * Iwatsutsuji). Genre in Greek from Greece from 544 B.C. A number of poems composed around a theme, especially popular since the French poet *Baudelaire and the English gay poet *Walt Whitman. Greek. *Theognis (active 544-541 B.C.) is the first poet of relevance. The * Eclogues of *Theocritus form a sequence; see also *Yannis Ritsos. Latin: *Virgil's Eclogues form a sequence based on Theocritus. In English, sequences begin with *Edmund Spenser's Shepherd's Calendar (1579). In the 'Elizabethan period *sonnet sequences were written in English by *Barnfield and *Shakespeare. *Tennyson's In Memoriam was the major British sequence of relevance in the *Victorian period and Walt Whitman's Leaves of Grass, from the United States, is the most famous gay sequence of the nineteenth century (the book, which was constantly reedited in its author's lifetime actually consists of several sequences). The works of *Edward Carpenter and *Horace Traubel in sequence form were based on Whitman. The sequence has been a major genre in the twentieth century where *Jack Spicer notably worked in short sequences of poems. See *Mark Almond, *Charles Brasch (New Zealand), Joe Cady, *Hart Crane, *Daniel Diamond, *Gavin Dillard, John Gill, *Thomas Glave, *David Herkt (Australia), *Chris Jones (Australia), *David Malouf (Australia), James Merrill, *Edwin Morgan, all of whom have written major gay sequences. *Ed Dorn, *Charles Olson, *Harold Stewart and *Daniel Hoffman have also written sequences of relevance. See *Paul Monette, *Thom Gunn, Javant Biarujia and *Kenny Fries for sequences on *Aids. French: see *Baudelaire, *Rimbaud, *Louys. Italian: see *Mario Stefani. Portuguese: see *Antonio Botto. Russian: see *Vyacheslav Ivanov, *Anatoly Steiger. Spanish: see *E. B. Enriquez. Compare iong poem. Trope in Greek from Greece and Turkey. From 1000? These *saints appear together as a couple in Greek church art and *hymns and prayers in the form of poetry may be relevant. *Bacchus was also a homosexual trope in ancient Greek poetry. There was a famous monastic church in 'Constantinople erected in their honor and they are also represented in art - e.g. on icons. The church was joined on the south side to a church dedicated to the apostles Saints Peter and Paul and both churches have since disappeared. Compare *Cosmas and Damian, *Amis and Amile. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium: see "Sergios and Bakchos". Poet from Great Britain who later lived in France. 1110-1181. A monk who wrote erotic poems in youth. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Medieval Latin Poems of Male Love and Friendship, 78-81 (trans. English); biog., 154. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 167-68; biog., 167. Poet from Spain writing in Spanish. Active before 1978. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poemes Gais, 39-40; also translated into Catalan in Poemes Gais. Poet from India who writes in English; he is best known as a novelist. Born 1953. An Indian writer who has written one of the longest novels in English, A Suitable Boy, 1993, ostensibly about the search for a husband for an Indian woman by her parents (but the title has interesting connotations when it is known the author has written gay poems). It is a *prosimetrum. There are some homosexual characters in A Suitable Boy. His book of poems Mappings, Calcutta, 1981 (repr. 1991), 72 pages, contains the poem "Guest" (p. 43 of 1991 printing), which proclaims the joys of gay sex. His verse novel The Golden Gate, 1986, is about a group of friends in San Francisco and deals with such issues as vegetarianism, feminism, anti-nuclear marches, ethnicity and gay rights with gay male relationships depicted. The work is modelled on *Pushkin's Eugene Onegin. In The Golden Gate, the men Phil and Ed have a love affair in sections 4-5. An aural recording of this work for blind people exists, made in Melbourne, 1987, 2 sound cassettes, 7.5 hours. In his book of poems All You Who Sleep Tonight, 1990, many poems are *non gender specific: see "Mistaken" p. 8, "Sit" p. 9, "Soon" pp. 24-25, poems pp. 48-49 and the title poem p. 63. Another book of poems is The Humble Administrator's Garden, 1985; see the last poem about anonymous sex which is *non gender specific and states: "To make love with a stranger is the best". At the beginning of his novel An Equal Music (1999) preceding the text is a poem on close affectional themes, "For Philippe Honoré" (no pagination). Chinese. He translated Three Chinese Poets, 1992: *Wang Wei, *Li Bai and *Du Fu; this work has homoerotic interest. Interview: Sydney Morning Herald , 3 April 1993, 46. There are a number of sites on him on the internet. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors, vol. 127. Dictionary of Literary Biography, vol. 120. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Yaraana: Gay Writing from India, 115-130 (extract from The Golden Gate); biog., 210. Editor and critic from Germany of works in German. Active 1987. Author of Das Hohelied der Knabenliebe, Berlin: *Verlag Rosa Winkel, 1987, 142 pp. - 250 poems from the *Palatine Anthology, the poems of the *Mousa Paidike in the translation of *H. Beckby. Review: Forum no. 3 (1988), 120-29. Editor of the poems of *K. H. Ulrichs. He wrote a critical introduction to *Verlaine's gay poems (see the Verlaine entry under *Bibliographies). Seuse (also spelt Suso), Heinrich Philosopher from Germany who wrote in German and Latin. Ca. 129S - 1S66. A 'mystical German Dominican philosopher, active 1S27 - S4, who wrote in both German and Latin. His name in German is Seuse, in Latin, Suso. Discussion of his work in relation to 'Whitman by 'Frederik Schyberg seems to imply a homosexual basis to his views. The German Das Buchlein der ewigen Weisheit, written before 1SS4, is a dialogue between 'God and his servant man. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove Group from China writing in Chinese. Active ca. 250. The Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove were a famous group of seven male writers and artists who retired to the country to drink *wine and write poetry: see Van Gulik, Sexual Life in Ancient China, p. 90. Two prominent members, *Hsi Kang and Juan Chi, have been thought homosexual over the centuries. They were influenced by *Taoism and their behavior in retiring became famous as a model for later poets in troubled times. Their behavior exemplifies the close male *friendships which have characterized Chinese poetry from the *Shih Ching. On the group see also *R. H. van Gulik, Hsi K'ang and his Poetical Essay on the Lute, Tokyo, 1941. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica . Seventeenth century English poets Period in English from Great Britain. 1600-1699. *Rochester is the main poet of this century which saw a lessening of gay poetry after the efflorescence of the *Elizabethan period due to the rise of *Puritanism. See *Cavalier poets, John Milton, John Donne, *Richard Lovelace (translator), *Andrew Marvell, *Metaphysical poets, *Restoration. *David Foxon and Roger Thompson, Unfit for Modest Ears, London, 1979, is a very fine study of pornography and *bawdry in English literature and its social background 1650-1690. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active before 1989. Seville Arabic and Latin were formerly spoken. It is the largest city in the south of Spain. Latin was spoken under the *Romans, though few records survive. Arabic was the main spoken language until the expulsion of the Moors. For Arabic see the Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, entry Ishbiliya for the city's early history. Material of relevance dates from 1070. See *Al-Mu'tamid (active 1070), *Ibn Sahl, *Abul Hasan, *Habib, *al-lsra'ili, ibn Ammar. For Spanish see *Juan de Arguijo, *Cernuda. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica. Biographer from Great Britain who wrote in English; he later lived in Canada. 1912-2000. Editor of Two Friends: *John Gray and *Andre Raffalovich: Essays Biographical and Critical, London: St Alberts Press, 1963. In the Dorian Mode, 1983, 240 pp. is a very thorough life of John Gray. See also Sewell's later work Footnote to the Nineties: A Memoir of John Gray and André Raffalovich, London, 1968. These works do not adequately deal with the question of homosexuality in Gray's and Raffalovich's lives, though Brocard Sewell was the chief authority on them. The author was a priest in the *Catholic Carmelite order. In 1968 a public statement in favour of contraception led to his suspension as a priest and exile in Nova Scotia, Canada. See also *Cecil Woolf. Obituary: Sydney Morning Herald, 7 April 2000, 28 (reprinted from The Daily Telegraph, London). Poems specifically describing homosexual sex begin in Latin in Italy with Catullus, active 64 B.C. The Latin poet *Martial is an excellent source of information for all types of gay sex. English. 'Rochester wrote a famous poem mentioning *anal sex with a page. *Aleister Crowley, *Allen Ginsberg, *Harold Norse, *Ian Young and *gay liberation poets have been especially good at writing about the subject. French. *Verlaine and *Rimbaud collaborated on a noted poem on the arsehole and individually other wrote strong homosexual poems erotic content. Persian. Poets were quite explicit before the contemporary era; see, for instance, *'Ubayd Zakani. Turkish. See *Mehmed Ghazali. Chinese and Japanese, indirect language is almost always used in relation to sexuality. *Takahashi Mutsuo is a modern Japanese poet who writes directly in homosexual erotic terms. Sex museums exist in *Amsterdam, Shanghai and at the Kinsey Institute in the United States of America. *Sex research institutes have been in existence since the German gay doctor *Magnus Hirschfeld founded one in *Berlin later destroyed by the *Nazi regime. See entries for *Anal sex, *Analingus, *Androphile homosexuality, *Aphrodisiacs, *Arse licking, *Ass poems, *Bath houses, *Bisexuality, *Cock lashing, *Coprophilia, *Cruising, *Dancing, *Depilation, *Effeminacy, *Enema poems, *Epicurus, *Finger gestures, *Finger fucking, *Fist fucking, *Flagellation, *Gerontophilia, *Graffiti, *Group Sex, incest, infibulation, irrumation, *Kissing, *Leather, *Licking, *Love, *Masochism, *Masturbation, *Oral Sex, *Orgy, *Pederasty, *Pedophilia, *Meeting Places, *Phallicism, *Prostitution, *Rape, *Rimming, *Sadism, *Sado-masochism, *Scatological poems, *Toilets, *Transvestism, *Watersports,*Erotic Poetry and *Manuals of Sex. See also *Aids, *Syphilis. Compare *Friendship. On the most ancient recorded cultures see Gwendolyn Leick, Sex and Eroticism in Mesopotamian Literature (1994), especially Chapter 14, "Liminal Sexuality: Eunuchs, homosexuals and the common prostitute", pp. 157-169. See Arthur Davison Ficke, "A Note on the Poetry of Sex", in V. F. Calverton, editor, Sex In Civilization, New York, 1929, pp. 649-66. For background reading see D. S. Marshall, Human Sexual behavior, New York, 1971, pp. 244-49, "Introductory Reading Guide" and for a country by country survey of sexuality in general see Robert Francoeur, The International Encyclopedia of Sexuality, 3 volumes, New York, 1997. Poem in English from Australia. Before 1997. A *pedophile poem cited in the New South Wales, *Sydney, Royal Commission into the Police said to have wide currency in pedophile circles: see J. R. T. Wood, Royal Commission into the New South Wales Police Firce: Final Report: Volume IV: The Pedophile Enquiry (Sydney: Government of the State of New South Wales, August 1997), 643. The full poem is: "Sex before eight/or it's too late"; it is stated here to have been used by the *René Guyon Society (though this is stated to be the creation of one man). Libraries and archives in German, English, Spanish, Catalan and other languages in Germany, Austria, the United States, Spain and other countries, sex research institutes only date from 1919. These institutes have assembled important libraries and archives, when such material has commonly not been included in libraries. English. The *Kinsey Institute is the most famous sex research institute. It was founded by *Alfed C. Kinsey with profits from the Kinsey Reports which he wrote, the most detailed studies into human sexuality ever and which have been backed up by subsequent surveys by the Institute. The Kinsey Institute has the finest sexological library in the United States. *Cornell University has a centre for sexuality. German. *Magnus Hirschfeld founded the Institute for Sexual Science in Berlin in 1919 (though its archives dated from ca. 1900). There was a sex research institute in Vienna, the Institut für Sexualforschung (see *Leo Schidrowitz, * Bilder-lexikon) on which see the entry in Bilder-lexikon, volume 4: "Sexualforschungs-Institute". Both these insititutes were destroyed by the Nazis. Articles on sex research from this period are collected in Joachim S. Hohmann, Sexualforschung und -aufklärung in der Weimarer Republik, Frankfurt, 1985. The University of Rostock (formerly in East Berlin) has a Sex Research Institute (see *Werner Krenkel); there is one in Frankfurt and there is also one in Hamburg. Spanish and Catalan. There is an institute in Barcelona and an institute in Madrid which publishes a journal Revista de Sexologia (from ca.1980). See also *Libraries and Archives. These institutes have frequently preserved manuscripts and published material not available elsewhere. Some cities in Europe (e.g., *Amsterdam), the United States (e.g., in *New York) and Australia (e.g. *Sydney) have separate gay research institutes Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Sexual Behaviour: "Sex Research Institutes" Sexology and sexologists - African languages Sexologists relating to African Languages such as Bantu have written in German. Sexology is the scientific study of sexual mores. Material in relation to African languages exists from 1928. A survey of African sex customs is, in German, Felix Bryk, Neger-eros, 1928 (English translation Black Eros, New York 1964; see pp. 227-33 for discussion of homosexuality; note: the 1964 edition omits horrific photographs of a man with his hand and penis cut off in the 1934 edition). The *Kinsey Institute has published a bibliography of African erotica. A major study of African homosexuality was edited by *Stephen O. Murray in 1998, Boy-wives and female husbands; this surveys the subject for Sub-Suharan cultures: see pp. xi- xxii and pp. 1-18 for surveys of African homosexuality. Sexology and sexologists - European languages Sexology is the scientific study of sexual mores; it began in Europe in the late nineteenth century from 1880. Material exists in German from Germany and in English and other *European languages. *Krafft-Ebbing (active 1886) was one of the main founders (though his view of homosexuality as abnormal was bitterly opposed by gay figures involved in the German *homosexual emancipation movement who reacted strongly to medical doctors who took a negative view of homosexuality). European sexology brought homosexuality into the open from *Krafft-Ebbing onwards. *Vienna, which had the Institut für Sexualforschung (Institute for Sexual Research), presided over by *Leo Schidrowitz, and *Berlin, with *Magnus Hirschfeld's Institut für Sexualwissenschaft (Institute for Sexual Science), were centers. (Compare *manuals of sex regarding Arabic, Persian and Sanskrit works where sexological works were of very ancient lineage.) The *Nazi regime in Germany who attempted to destroy the scientific study of sex and succeeded in Germany and Austria, the main centers, burning the *Hirschfeld library attached to the Institut für Sexualwissenschaft in Berlin in 1933 and the Institut für Sexualforschung (Institute for Sex research) in Vienna after the Nazi takeover of Austria in 1938. After the Second World War, the center of sexological research moved to the United States with *Alfred Kinsey, whose Kinsey Institute has been the main *Sex Research Institute still operating. See *Bibliography for European languages as the rise of serious erotic bibliography parallels the rise of sexology. See also *Private Case, *Enfer, *Deane Erotica regarding book collections. Compare *psychology and *psychoanalysis. German. Krafft-Ebbing (active 1886), *Sigmund Freud, iwan Bloch, *Hermann Baumann (expert on bisexuality), *Ernst Borneman (sexologist from Austria), *Albert Moll, *Magnus Hirschfeld and *Wilhelm Stekel were major figures. August Forel, the Swiss author, wrote the popular Die sexuelle Frage (The sexual question), 1907. *Hermann Baumann is the author of a major study of bisexuality in relation to myth and ritual. See also Hans Giese, Der Homosexuelle Mann in der Welt, Stuttgart, 1957 (the author was at the Institute for Sex Research in Hamburg, was gay and was more open than *Hirschfeld; a biography has been written which was published ca. 1989). Kurt Freund, Die Homosexualität, Leipzig, 1963, is another post war work. The entry *homosexuality gives other references. Herbert Marcuse's Eros and Civilization (1958) was an influential work in its time; on the author (1898-1979) see his entry in Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Wilhelm Reich (1897-1857) was an Austro-Hungarian who influenced gay writers from the 1960s (see his entry in Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History). In German, Pavlo Tarasevskyj with Volodymyr Hnatjuk, Das Geschlechtsleben des ukrainischen Bauernvolkes, 1909, 461 pp., and Das Geschlechtsleben des ukrainischen Bauernvolkes in Osterreich-Ungarn, 1912, 500 pp., an expanded version of the preceding, are studies of Ukrainian erotic tales. (Legman, Horn Book, p. 479, states they consist of 719 erotic tales. These two work may contain some material of relevance though the tales all appear to be in prose; they testify to a huge erotic oral corpus in Ukrainian and point to the strong possibility of gay material in oral poetry in Ukrainian.) The Austrian *Ernest Borneman was that country's leading sexologist and one of the most noted in the German speaking world after World War II. He compiled several encyclopedias on the subject. English. See *Havelock Ellis, *Roger Goodland (one of the greatest erotic bibliographers ever), J. A. Symonds, *Alfred Kinsey. Havelock Ellis and J. A. Symonds were the two pioneers of homosexual research in English. Alfred Kinsey remains the most wideranging scientic researcher. French. There was a medical tradition in the nineteenth century. In the twentieth century, *René Guyon, *Michel Foucault were leading writers on sexology. Georges Bataille's L'Erotisme (1956) strongly influenced *Michel Foucault. Italian. Paolo Mantegezza (from *Florence; see his entry in Enciclopedia italiana) and his friend Lombroso were noted nineteenth century sexologists (see * Leggere omosessuelle entries for both). The gay author Aldo Mieli (1879-1950) published a journal Rassegna di Studi Sessuali (1922-27), before fleeing to Paris before the second world war and then fleeing to South America since he was Jewish; see his entry by *Giovanni dall'Orto in Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Spanish and Catalan. There is a *sexual research institute in *Barcelona. Spanish. Gregorio Maranon was the best known writer on sexuality in the early part of the twentieth century. He wrote La Evolucion de al Sexualidady Los Estados Intersexuales (The evolution of sexuality and the intersexual states), 1930, a work partly on homosexuality; see also the poem * Coplas del Provincial whose background he gives. Portuguese. There was an Insititute of Legal Medicine in Lisbon in the 1920s where *Monteiro and *D'Aguiar worked. Serbo-Croat. Jasna Belovic, Das Liebesieben auf dem Balkan, Dresden, Paul Aretz, 1927, is a study of sexuality in the Balkans (mostly Serbia and the countries of former Yugoslavia) in German; Chapter 3 examines love poetry. There is only one reference to homosexuality in the book which is strongly heterosexual in tone; the author was a woman. References. Ellis, Sexual Inversion, Chapter 2 discusses homosexuality and sexologists to 1915. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 17-34. Sexology and sexologists - India, China Sexology In India and China in Sanskrit, Hindi, Bengali and other languages has mainly taken the form of manuals about sexuality, and concentration on an art of love rather than a science of the subject. Material dates from about 400. Patrick Olivelle in the Introduction to The Pancatantra (1997), p. x, comments "Indian thought identified three spheres of human endeavour: dharma (the ritual, religious and ethical), artha (the economic and political) and kama (the aesthetic and sensual, especially the sexual)"so sexuality was an especially important part of the construction of knowledge in India. There is a huge volume of *Tantric works. India. See *Vatsyayana (active possibly 400), *Sexology - Islamic. Ivo Fiser, Indian Erotics of the Oldest Period, 1966, deals with the subject. India has a long tradition of gurus who preached free love. Recent sex gurus include *Osho Rajneesh and *Heart-Master Da Love-Ananda. See Encyclopaedia of Sexual Behaviour: "India and Pakistan". Chinese: see *Taoism, *Hans Van Gulik. Interconnections between India and China in sexology existed through *Buddhism, Taoism and *Tantrism. Douglas Wile, Art of the Bedchamber: The Chinese Sexual Yoga Classics Including Women's Solo Meditation Texts, 1992 has a long scholarly introduction to Chinese sexuality pp. 1-77 and is essentially a collection of translations of archaic Chinese texts relating to sexuality many of which relate to * yin and yang. A sex museum exists in Shanghai. *Magnus Hirschfeld, Men and Women: The World Journey of A Sexologist, New York, 1935, deals with the visit of this sexologist to China and Japan. Sexology and sexologists - Islamic culture Sexology in islamic languages, especially Arabic, Persian and Turkish, dates from ca. 1410; there may be prior works in manuscript. Some works have been translated into *Europoean languages and there has been extensive discussion of Islamic sexuality in these languages. Arabic. *AI-Nafzawi (active 1410) of Tunisia is possibly the first Arabic sexologist. "Ar-Razi on the Hidden Illness" (by which he means passive male homosexuality), by Franz Rosenthal in Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 52 (1978), 45-60 is a major article. See also *Liwat, *Manuals of sex and the article "Djins" (i.e. sex) in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, for sources of material on sex. Persian. See Murtaza Mutahhari, Akhlaq-i-jinsi dar Islam va Jahan-i Garb, 1969, 96 pp.; this book on sex and Islam is very rare (a copy is possibly in the *Library of Congress or *Harvard). H. Scharfenberg, Persischer Eros (Persian Eros), Hamburg, 1924, is a general suvey. Works in European languages. In French see Abdelwahat Bouhdiba, La Sexualité en Islam, Paris, 1975; trans. English translation by Alan Sheridan, London, 1998 (reviewed in Sexualities vol. 2 no. 3, August 1998, 369-71). (See especially Ch. xi, "Erotologie", pp. 171-93. In the English translation see pp. 160-74, "The hammam" (*bathhouses) - this states *Baghdad had 27,000 hammams in the tenth century and *Cordoba had 5-6,000. Malek Chebel, L'Esprit de serail: perversions et marginalites sexuelles au Maghreb, Paris, 1988, deals with Islamic sexuality in French north Africa. The same author's Encyclopédie de l'amour en Islam, Paris, 1995, is a major encyclopedic reference on Islamic sexuality: see the articles "Homosexualité" and "Hammam". See also G. H. Bousquet, L'Ethique sexuelle de l'Islam, Paris, 1966. I n English see A. Lutfi Sayyid-Marsot, editor, Society and the Sexes in Medieval Islam, Malibu, 1977: see especially, pp. 36-37, 59-61. In German see Omar Kaplan, Sexualität im Islam in der Türkischen Kultur, Frankfurt, 1989 (deals with sexuality in Islamic Turkish culture); Erdmute Heller, Hinter den Schleiern des Islam: Erotik und Sexualität in der arabischen Kultur, Munich, 1993; Rainer Nabielek, Sexualität im Islam, 1994. For Turkish see also Sema Nilgün Erdogan, Sexual Life in Ottoman Society, Istanbul, 1996. Works in Russian on Islamic cultures may contain some discussion. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Elllis, Encyclopaedia of Sexual Behaviour, 545-57: "Islam"; with bibl. Sexual Heretics: Male Homosexuality in English Literature from 1B5G to 19GG Anthology in English from Great Britain. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 197Q, 459 pages. Compiled by 'Brian Reade. Contents pp. v-vii; Introduction pp. 1-56; Contents repeated pp. 57-6Q; Text pp. 61-453; Index of names and titles pp. 455-59. There was an identical New York edition published by Coward-McCann, Inc., 1971. The Contents, pp. 57-6Q, lists the contributors chronologically by date of publication or composition: 1B5Q-59 pp. 61-69; 1B6Q-69 pp. 7Q-14Q; 1B7Q-79 pp.141-53; 1BBQ-B9 pp. 154-226; 1B9Q-99 pp. 226-453. As can be seen, by far the majority of material, dates from the 'eighteen-nineties, with the next largest section being the 'eighteen-eighties. The introduction is a splendid gay literary history of the period. The work consists of a selection of poetry and prose. Several major documents are printed (e.g., works by 'Richard Burton, 'Edward Carpenter, 'Walter Pater, 'J. A. Symonds, 'J. F. Bloxam). Poets (see entries): Percy Addleshaw, A. C. Benson, E. Bonney-Steyne, Francis William Bourdillon, John Le Gay Brereton, Horatio Brown, James Morgan Brown, Hall Caine, Edward Carpenter, E. A. W. Clarke, William Cory, Aleister Crowley, Digby Mackworth Dolben, Lord Alfred Douglas, Frederick William Faber, George Gillett, Lord Francis Hervey, Gerard Manley Hopkins, Herbert P. Horne, A. E. Housman, Leigh Hunt, George Ives, Richard C. Jackson, Lionel Johnson, Charles Kains Jackson, Bertram Lawrence (pseud. of J. F. Bloxam), Edward Cracroft Lefroy, John Gambril Nicholson, Roden Noel, Percy Osborn, Marc-André Raffalovich, A. G. Rensham, Rennell Rodd, Frederick Rolfe, S. S. Saale, Salonius (pseud.), Charles Edward Sayle, Sigma (pseud.), Simeon Solomon, Alan Stanley (pseud. of Stanley Addleshaw), Count Eric Stenbock, Howard Overing Sturgis, Algernon Charles Swinburne, John Addington Symonds, Alfred Lord Tennyson, Oscar Wilde, Theodore Wratislaw. All the poets are from Great Britain with the exception of the Australian poet J. Le Gay Brereton. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 322B: lists contributors. Sexuality in written form in Jewish culture in Hebrew from Israel and later in other languages dates from 586 B.C. Hebrew is still the language of Israel as a result of the country being under Jewish control since 1948 when the country was taken over from the British. *Sacred prostitutes who indulged in homosexuality existed in the Temple in Jerusalem before 586 B.C. (see * Hierodouleia) but Judaism has been condemnatory of homosexuality since the prophet Moses (see *Law - Hebrew). Raphael Patpai has written Sex and Family in the Bible, 1959 - see "Homosexuality" pp. 168-176; see also William Cole, Sex and Love in the Bible, 1959. Louis M. Epstein has also written on the subject. For books on Jewish sexuality see *Allen Edwardes. Jewish culture has tended to take on the sexual atitudes of the society in which its inhabitants live. Since Jews have lived in cultures all over the world attitudes have differed markedly e.g., in Spain in the *Middle Ages attitudes to homosexuality were notably tolerant. Attitudes also differ according to whether believers are Orthodox or Liberal. Liberal Judaism is more tolerant of homosexuality than fundamentalist Orthodoxy which derives its condemnation of homosexuality from the story of *Sodom and Gomorra. References. Encyclopaedia of Sexual Behaviour: "Judaism and Sex"; "Israel, Sex Life in". Poet from Turkey who wrote in Turkish. 1757-1799. One of the greatest of *Ottoman poets influenced by *Sufism. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Turkish Verse, 11518: mystical homosexual love poetry; biog., 12. Poet from Turkey who wrote in Turkish. Died ca. 1430. Outstanding poet of the formative *Divan period who wrote *mystical love poems. He wrote *long poems and *mesnevi. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Turkish Verse, 65-67; biog., 7. Criticism. Lang, Guide to Eastern Literatures, 173-74. Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. 1789-1836. A poet who was famous for improvising oral poems for recitation; he made up poems on any subject presented to him for a fee and toured Italy giving stage performances. He was well known as a homosexual e.g., with his servent Tognino, and was expelled from the Papal States apparently for homosexuality, being later kept under the surveillance of the police in *Florence. No poems seem to have survived. *Byron met him. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity; thorough study by *Giovanni dall'Orto. Critic from Bangladesh writing in Urdu. Active ca. 1950 - died before 1987. See *C. M. Naim, "The Theme of Homosexual (Pederastic) Love in Pre-Modern Urdu Poetry", in Studies in the Urdu Gazal and Prose Fiction, edited by M. U. Memon, 1979, p. 124 and footnote 10, p.135: the author here cites an essay by 'Andalib Shadani culling verses of *Mir Taqi Mir on the handsome boys of *Delhi. This essay by 'Andalib Shadani, is the seminal twentieth century essay on homosexuality in Urdu poetry. The footnote gives the source as Mir Sahib ka ek xas rang in Tahqiqat, Bereli, (no date), pp. 135-80; this work established that Mir was sexually interested in youths. It has been dated thirty years before *C. M. Naim's 1979 essay on homosexuality. Scattered references to homosexuality in the nineteenth century in prose works also exist (*Ralph Russell to the author, 1987). 'Andalib Shadani was a professor at the University of Dacca, Bangladesh. Criticism. Rahman, "Boy love in the Urdu ghazal", Paidika vol. 2 no. 1 (1989), 12. Dramatist in English from Great Britain. 1642-1692. See Dryden's "The Medal" lines 42-43: "He Boasts of vice (which he did ne'r commit)/Calls himself Whoremaster and Sodomite"; source: see the Oxford English Dictionary under *sodomite. A dispute with John Dryden led Shadwell to be satirized by Dryden in The Medal (1682); the allegation of homosexuality may or may not be correct. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionary of National Biography. Criticism. Bray, Homosexuality in Renaissance England, 143. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1995. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Badboy Book, 313-26; biog., 391 - pseudonym of John Dibelka. Poet who wrote in Urdu. Ca. 1850?; date uncertain. Criticism. Rahman, "Boy love in the Urdu ghazal", Paidika vol. 2 no. 1 (1989), 23-24: poem cited Pseudonym of 'Roosevelt Williamson. Pseudonym of a poet who wrote in Urdu. Active ca. 1850?; the date is uncertain. Criticism. Rahman, "Boy love in the Urdu ghazal", Paidika vol. 2 no. 1 (1989), 15; the penname of Lala Siva Ram, a Hindu poet of Urdu. Poet and dramatist from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1564-1616. Shakespeare is considered by many to be the greatest writer and poet in English. Though born in Stratford-upon-Avon in the English midland county of Warwickshire, he lived mainly in London where he was an *actor involved in several acting troups. From the 1580s he wrote thirty-six plays usually divided into three groups, comedies, tragedies and histories and all of which are in poetry - in *blank verse. He also wrote a series of sonnets. He married and had a daughter, Susanna (born in 1583), and twins Hamnet and Judith (born 1585). He owned property in Stratford-upon-Avon, where he eventually retired and where he is buried in the church in front of the altar. He apparently lived apart from his wife in London for most of his life (she seems to have remained in Stratford). In his will he famously left her his second best bed. Few details are known of his life and no manuscripts of his works survive. A concise introduction to Shakespeare in book form is G. B. Harrison, Introducing Shakespeare (Penguin Books, 1939; repr.); bibl. pp. 174-76. The Penguin edition of his complete works edited by Alfred Harbage, 1969, has a brief biography pp. 10-17. The most comprehensive biography is by *Sir Sidney Lee. S. Schoenbaum, Shakespeare's Lives (second edition, 1993), discusses his biographers. No direct descendents of Shakespeare survive. The Sonnets. His sonnets detail a homosexual love affair. The 154 sonnets are love poems addressed to a young man, up to number 126, and then to a woman. They were first published complete in 1609 by *Thomas Thorpe; only a few copies of this first edition survive (the Folger Library in Washington has one). The *long poem Venus and Adonis (published in 1593 and dedicated to *Henry Wriothesley) is also relevant. The Sonnets emerge out of *Petrarchan conventions. They start with a number of sonnets pleading with the man to marry (1-17), detail a love affair with him (7-126), then a love affair with a woman, the Dark Lady (126-154 - though some earlier sonnets also refer to this affair). Sonnet 20 (in which Shakespeare calls the young man "the master-mistress of my passion") is decisive on homosexuality. *Francis Palgrave significantly left out this sonnet in his 1861 edition stating: "We cannot understand how our great and gentle Shakespeare could have submitted himself to such passion." Numbers 138 and 144 were published in 1598 in William Jaggard's anthology The Passionate Pilgrim. Sonnet 144, "Two loves I have", clearly reveals a relationship with a man and a woman and must have provoked great interest since by this time Shakespeare was a popular playwright and several of his plays had been published in book form by this time. (Whether these two poems were published with the poet's permission is not known.)The young man of the sonnets is probably the man called "the only begetter of these sonnets Mr *W. H." on the dedicatory page. Leslie Hotson, Mr. W. H. (London, 1964) deals with these issues. The sonnets reveal a turbulent relationship with the young man and were probably written in the 1590s, remaining in manuscript until 1609 except for the two published in 1598; whether Shakespeare himself had a hand in publishing the 1609 edition is not known. The true identity of the young man has been the subject of endless speculation: *Henry Wriothesley, Earl of Southhampton, is one of the most mentioned candidates, in which case Mr W. H. represents a reversal of his initials which, as an inversion, could be a joke based on homosexual anal intercourse being from the reverse (Shakespeare was fond of plays on words). Shakespeare's Sonnets contrast with those of his contemporary *William Barnfield, whose openly homosexual sonnets were published in book form in 1593. Shakespeare may also have known of *Michelangelo's sonnets as his plays reveal a fascination with Italy. Many of his comedies are set there and it is possible he visited Italy at one stage of his life. For especially important homosexual sonnets see those sonnets listed in the gay anthologies listed below. For a *parody of the sonnets see *William Cole. The text of the Sonnets. The text of the Sonnets by *Hyder Edward Rollins, 1944, 2 volumes, discusses critical problems. The text does not present comparative difficulties textually since there is only one printed version and that was published in Shakespeare's lifetime; the main textual issue has been the order of the sonnets since the order of the sonnets as published in 1609 may not be the order in which they were written. Of the thirteen surviving copies, seven are in the United States. A facsimile edition of the 1609 edition of the sonnets was published in London in 1862, in Oxford in 1905, and by Scolar Press, London in 1970. The 1609 edition also included the poem "A Lover's Complaint". The sonnets were only reprinted for the second time in 1640 so were out of print for thirty years. Edmond Malone's 1780 edition of Thorpe's edition dealt for the first time with the issue of the autobiographical character of the sequence. A fine recent edition in the Arden series of Shakespeare is Katherine Duncan-Jones, editor, The Sonnets of Shakespeare, 1997 (with bibl.), 485 pp. Venus and Adonis. The *long poem Venus and Adonis, published in 1593, presents an excuse to describe a beautiful youth, *Adonis, as seen through the eyes of Venus, goddess of love. The youth who inspired this work, if it was inspired by an actual person, may be the same one who inspired the sonnets. Criticism on the Sonnets. There has been a huge volume of criticism on the Sonnets. See the Appendix to the *British Library General Catalogue entry for Shakespeare for critical works to 1975 in all languages. Discussion of the sonnets in homosexual terms has been traced to 1790 by Hyder E. Rollins in his 1944 edition. The first critical comment on the sonnets was the phrase by Frances Meres "his sugared sonnets among his private friends" in his work Palladis Tamia, Wits Treasury, 1598, which showed he was aware of the existence of the works in manuscript (on Meres see his entry in Oxford Companion to English Literature). The two sonnets published in 1598, were possibly published after Meres' comments. The edition by Stephen Booth, Shakespeare's Sonnets, 1977, has an especially good commentary. The annual publication Shakespeare Criticism, has critical articles on the sonnets; see especially volume 10 for a survey of criticism pp. 145-404; pp.147-53 of volume 10 discuss their critical history. For works of criticism on the sonnets to 1944 consult Hyder Rollins's edition. Major commentators discussing homosexuality are: *Oscar Wilde (The Portrait of Mr W. H., 1889), *Samuel Butler (1899), *Frank Harris, *Alfred Douglas (1933), *Wilson Knight (1955) and Joseph Pequigney (1985), who is especially good. J. B. Leishman, Themes and Variations in Shakespeare's Sonnets, second edition 1963, relates the sonnets to the European sonnet tradition from *Petrarch and to ancient Greek and Latin poetry. Helen Vendler, The Art of Shakespeare's Sonnets, 1997, is a recent reading by a leading United States poetry critic. In the Journal of Homosexuality, vol. 23 no.1/2 (1992), 41-68, there is an article comparing the sonnets with Barnfield's sonnets by *Gregory Bredbeck; an article by Daniel Wright in James White Review vol. 6 no.1 (Fall 1988), 10, is a gay reading. Hyder Rollins and the many editors of the sonnets also discuss the issue of who was the young man to whom the sonnets to 138 are addressed and who was the dedicatee of the first edition, *Mr W. H. Mr. W. H. may or may not be the same person as the young man in the sonnets, as already noted. The dedication is signed by the printer *Thomas Thorpe so the text may not have been checked by Shakespeare and the dedication may not be his. *Henry Wriothesley, Earl of Southhampton, has been thought by many to be the younger man on the grounds that Shakespeare's long poems Venus and Adonis (1593) and The Rape of Lucrece (1594) are dedicated to him. On the other hand, Katherine Duncan-Jones (in her 1997 edition cited above) has maintained that the young man could be the Earl of Pembroke. There has been a consistent debate as to whether the relationship with the young man was sexual, some critics regarding it as being part of Elizabethan conventions of 'friendship which they regard as being non-sexual (this is not supported by the evidence, however: see 'Friendship - English). Criticism regarding homosexuality and the Sonnets in non-Enalish languages. Latin: see *E. Lichtenberger. Dutch *Willem Kloos, *Louis Couperus, *C. van Emde Boas; French. *D. Guerin. German. L. W. Kahn, Shakespeares Sonnete in Deutschland, 1935 deals with the reception history in Germany. See also "Criticism in homosexual terms" below. Illustration of the Sonnets. Only a few illustrators have brought out the homosexual element e.g. the Spanish twentieth century gay artist Gregorio Prieto (see the edtion illustrated by him, London, 1948, pp.13, 19, 43, 48, 77) and Peter Lipman-Wulf (see Shakespeare Criticism Yearbook vol. 10, p. 387; date not known but from the twentieth century). Many illustrated editions are very guarded on this aspect. Consult the British Library General Catalogue for illustrated editions (in this work the illustrator is listed in the title description of printings of the sonnets). Some illustrators are noted in the Translations listed below. Translation of the Sonnets. The Sonnets of Shakespeare have been among the most widely translated of all gay works of poetry. They were first translated into German in 1820, then French in 1857, followed by Swedish in 1871 and Hungarian in 1880. In the twentieth century translations proliferated. Translations are richest in German (thirty-five translations), and French (at least eighteen translations). Since illustrations can occasionally depict homosexual love, when found, illustrations have been noted below. Afrikaans: G. J. Boonzaier (1950); Belorussian: Peraklau Uladzimir Dubouka (1964); Bohemian (i.e. Czech'): Antonin Klastersky (1923); Bulgarian: Prebel Vladimir Svintie (1956); Catalan: M. Morera i Galicia (1912; repr.), Carme Montoriol Puig (1928), Joan Triadu (1958), Translator not known Sonetos de amor, Barcelona: Anagrama, 1983 - see Cuaderno bibliográfico gay, 14 (probably in Catalan); Czech: Jan Vladislav (1945), E. A. Saudek (1964; repr.); Danish: A. Hansen etc (1885); Dutch: L. A. J. Burgersdijk (1879), J. Decroos (1933), *Albert Verwey (1933); Estonian: name is possibly A. Oras (1937); French: F. V. Hugo (1857; repr.), Alfred Copin (1888), L. Direy (1891), Fernand Henry (1899; repr.), C. M. Gamier (1906; repr.), Abel Doysie (1919), Emile Le Brun (1927), Ernest Lafond (1856), Edmond L'Hommede (1932), Pierre Jean Jouve (1937; repr), Giraud d'Uccle (1942), Fernand Baldensperger (1943), Emile Montegut (1945), Maurice Blanchard (1947 - 12 sonnets), D. Garabedian (1964), Igor Astrow (1967), Andre Mansat (1970), Auguste Testuz (1970), Germaine Lafeuille (c. 1976); German: *Karl Lachmann (1820) *J. G. Regis (1836; repr.), Emil Wagner? (1840), Alexander Neidhardt (1856), Friedrich Bodenstedt (1862; repr.), *A. F. Gelbcke (ca. 1866), Karl Simrock (1867), Herm. Freiherr von Friesen (1869), B. Tschischwitz (1870), O. Gildemeister (1871; repr), Fritz Krauss (1872), Dr. Guttman (1875 - 31 sonnets), *Elisar von Kupffer (active 1900 - see Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 106), Max J. Wolff (1903), A. Baltzer (1910), Ludwig Fulda (1913), Eduard Saenger (ca. 1909; repr.), *Stefan George (1909; repr.), Ludwig Fulda (1913; repr.), Friedrich Huch (1921), Sonnette an den geliebten Knaben (Sonnets to the loved boy) trans. by Hans Dietlef Sierck (1922) - with 4 illustrations by Joseph Eberz, Emil Ludwig (1923), Wilhelm Marschall (1926) - selection, Karl Hauer (1929), Beatrice B. Frame (1931), Otto Hauser (1931), *Karl Kraus (1933), R. Flatter (1934), G. Wolff (1939), Ilse Kramer (1945), 'Paul Celan (1947 - 21 sonnets only), H. Hübner (1953), Alfred Fields etc (1970 - 12 sonnets), Peter Groth (1989 - 7 sonnets), Karl Bernhard (1989), Christa Schuenke (1997); Greek: Vasou Chaniote (1970); Hebrew: *Abraham Asen (1944); Hungarian: Trans, not known (1880 - see *British Library General Catalogue and * National Union Catalog though the translator's name is not entered), Szabo Lorino (1921 ; repr.), Justus Pal (ca. 1956), Vig Bela (1976); Italian: A. Olivieri (1890), L. de Marchi (1891 - selection), Ettore Sanfelice (1898), Adolfo Mabellini (1913), Benvenuto Cellini (pseud.) (1943), *Giuseppe Ungaretti (1944; repr. - 40 sonnets; 1956), Piero Rebora (1946; repr.), Alberto Tossi (1952), L. S. Olschki (1952); Latin: Johannes Harrower (1913), Alfred Thomas Barton (1923); Lithuanian: Verte Aleksys Churgiinas (1967) - illustrated by Stasys Krasauskas; Macedonian: Trans, not known - see * British Library General Catalogue entry (1968 - 60 sonnets'): Norwegian: Ragnvald Skrede (1972); Polish: Tlomaczyl Mus? (1913), J. Kasprowicz (1922), Wieslaw Strzalkowski (1961), Jan Kott (1964), Jerzy S. Sito (1964), Marian Hemar (1968), Wieslaw Strzalkowski (1982); Portuguese: Samuel Mac-Dowell Filho (1952), P. E. da Silva Ramos (1953), Vasco Graca Moura (1977); Romanian: Henry Marcus (1922; repr.), V. Voiculescu (1964; repr.), Andrei Ion Deleanu (1987); Russian: M. Chaikovsky (1914), *Mikhail Kuzmin (incomplete, only to Sonnet 110, ca. 1930; not published and apparently lost), *Samuil Marshak (1948; repr.), Iakov Berger (1977); Serbo-Croat: D. Angelinovic (1951); Slovenian: Janez Menart (1965); Spanish: Luis Astrana Marin (1933), Patricio Gannon (1940 - 10 sonnets), Luis Astrana Marin (1944), Angelina Damians de Bulart (1944), Mariano Vedia y Mitre (1954), Manuel Mujica Lainez (1963 - 50 sonnets), Fernando Marrufo (1990), see also under Catalan above for a possible translation; Swedish: C. R. Nyblom (1871), K. A. Svensson (1964); Ukrainian: see Orysia Prokopiw, Ukrainian Translations of Shakespeare's Sonnets, Ottawa, 1976; Yiddish: Abraham Asen (New York, 1944), Berl Lapin (1953). The *National Union Catalog, *British Library General Catalogue and *Kinetica were checked. The entry for the sonnets in the National Union Catalog is very complex and the British Library General Catalogue is easier to use for quick reference; entries in the National Union Catalog give more information on translators than the British Library General Catalogue. Complete translations of Shakespeare's works listed in the British Library General Catalogue and National Union Catalog may include the sonnets though this fact may not be listed in the entries. See also S. A. Tannenbaum, Elizabethan Bibliographies,Volume 9 [including William Shakespeare's Sonnets/, Port Washington, NY, 1967 (repr. from 1940 edition), "Translations", pp. 12-17; this work also lists Musical Settings of the Sonnets, pp. 17-20. J. G. McManaway and J. A. Roberts, A Select Bibliography of Shakespeare, 1975, pp. 56-57, discusses translation of Shakespeare in some European languages - e.g., French, German, Hungarian, Italian, Russian - though they do not list any books listing translations. The 'Research Libraries Information Network and *Online Computer Library Center should be checked for recent translations and translations in obscure languages. The Plays. Shakespeare's thirty-six plays are all written in *blank verse: that is, they are in poetry. They are traditionally divided into comedies, tragedies and histories. He started writing them in the early 1580s. Male *actors took the female roles in Shakespeare's plays during his lifetime - Juliet in the play Romeo and Juliet, which is about a love affair between two teenagers, was acted by a male, for instance. Shakespeare worked and acted in a London company solely of male actors, the Lord Chamberlain's Men, from 1594 to 1608. Bawdry in his plays has strong sexual connotations and sometimes underlying homosexual tensions are demonstrated in all male scenes in Henry the Fifth. On bawdry see Eric Partridge, Shakespeare's Bawdy, 1947 (revised and enlarged edition 1968; see 11-16 "Homosexual"). A comprehensive gay reading of the plays has not been attempted. There was a strong homosexual character to the 'Elizabethan theatre overall, for example, in the work of 'Christopher Marlowe, Shakespeare's fellow dramatist. This continued in the British theater in later centuries. Twelfth Night provides the most explicit example of homosexual love in Shakespeare's plays: Antonio's love for Sebastian is unabashed and clearly expressed. No play actually has has homosexuality as a direct central theme, though Antonio in the comedy The Merchant of Venice has been thought homosexual by some - see 'loläus (1902), pp. 129-30; in a film of the play made for television, Sir Laurence Olivier, acting as the Jew, Shylock, emphasised this. The comedy As You Like It (modelled on 'Thomas Lodge's Rosalynde, 1590) involves the actors changing sex and clothes (a feature occurring in other comedies); the character Jacques needs to be considered for gay undertones. There have been many film and television productions of A Midsummer Night's Dream, in which a husband and wife fight over a young boy. Much Ado About Nothing, which involves gender ambiguity and actors changing sex and clothes, is based on an episode in 'Ariosto's Orlando Furioso with similar gender ambiguity. Joseph Pequigney has discussed homosexuality and the plays Twelfth Night and The Merchant of Venice. On Romeo and Juliet, see "Romeo and Juliet's Open Rs" by Jonathan Goldberg in Jonathan Goldberg, Queering the Renaissance, 1994, pp. 218-35. The openly homosexual filmmaker Derek Jarman made a film of The Tempest, Shakespeare's last play in 1980. Amongst the tragedies, Hamlet has been seen to have an 'Oedipus complex, focussing on his close relationship with his mother, Gertrude, and his problematic relationship with his fiancée who commits suicide (the Russian film version by Grigori Kozintsev especially brings out the Oedipal relationship). Hamlet was played on stage in the 1940s by the gay Australian actor and ballet dancer Robert Helpmann. Astra Nielsen did a female film version of Hamlet in Danish ca. 1916. More recently Celestino Coronado produced a queer Hamlet with the gay figure Quentin Crisp, with Helen Mirren as Gertrude and with twins playing Hamlet. Troilus and Cressida features the 'Achilles and Patroclus relationship with some underlying homoeroticism and there have been various gay versions on stage and on television (e.g. on BBC television in 1981). Regarding Othello, see Thorkil Vanggaard, Phallos, 1972, p. 186; in one scene in the play Iago, the villain, recounts being in bed with Cassio who would "kiss me hard,/As if he plucked up kisses by the roots". Amongst the histories, the Richard Ill of Laurence Olivier warrants perusal. Gay interpretations of characters (for instance, in the film version featuring Laurence Olivier as Hamlet) need to be considered both on stage, radio and screen (both film and television). Homosexual or bisexual actors such as John Gielguid, Marlon Brando and Richard Burton are also of relevance (the last two admitted to having had homosexual experiences). Mary Morris portrayed Cleopatra as a lesbian on British television in 1963 in a brilliant performance. See also plays referred to in Anthologies and Bibliographies at the end of this entry. 'Bruce R. Smith in Homosexuality in Shakespeares' England (1991) discusses the plays. For films of the plays see Roger Manvell, Shakespeare and the Film (1970); consult also the Shakespeare and Twelfth Night entries in Howes, Broadcasting It, for radio and television interpretations of gay relevance. See also "Criticism in homosexual terms" below and the following references: Bredbeck, Sodomy and Interpretation, pp. 31-48 and Journal of Homosexuality, vol. 23 no. 1-2, (1992),135-52, on Anthony and Cleopatra. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 114, discusses the plays. Text and publication of the plavs. Only half the plays were published in Shakespeare's lifetime in editions of quarto size (a standard British sheet of paper folded in two to make four leaves). The first complete text of all the plays was not published until 1623 (after Shakespeare's death in 1616), in an edition of 1,200. Eighty copies survive in the Folger Library, Washington, a library which specializes in Shakespeare. It was edited by two fellow actors of Shakespeare, John Heming and Henry Condell and is called the first folio since it was folio size (a large sheet of paper twice the size of a quarto). (On Heming and Condell see The Oxford Companion to English Literature entry for Heming). There are textual variations between the quartos and the first folio, some plays - the so-called bad quartos - being worse than others. Translation of the plavs. The most detailed list of translations is in the * National Union Catalog (to 1956) and the * British Library General Catalogue (to 1975) in the Shakespeare entries under Complete Works. Text of the complete works. There have been many editions; see the Penguin edition edited by Alfred Harbage, 1969, for a recent reliable edition (with a brief biography of Shakespeare pp. 10-17). The plays and sonnets of this edition are available separately, the sonnets being edited by Douglas Bush. Sexual words used by Shakespeare. 'Gordon Williams has compiled a special dictionary of sexual words used by the poet. Shakespeare's language is fairly bawdy. Bibliography: see J. G. McManaway and J. A. Roberts, A Select Bibliography of Shakespeare, 1975, for the most detailed bibliographic guide to date, giving bibliographic information on all aspects of Shakespeare including criticism. An annual bibliography is published in Shakespeare Quarterly; in 1997, this contained 4,780 items. The Folger Shakespeare Library in 'Washington, The 'British Library in London and the Shakespeare Library of the Birmingham (Great Britain) English Reference Library, have rich collections of Shakespeare, as does the Bodleian Library at 'Oxford and the University Library at 'Cambridge. Both the Folger and the Birmingham libraries have published printed catalogs: Catalogue of the Printed Books of the Folger Shakespeare Library, Boston: G. K. Hall, 1970-1981, and A Shakespeare Bibliography: The Catalogue of the Birmingham Shakespeare Library, 7 volumes, 1971. Major libraries - e.g. 'Harvard University and 'New York Public Library - may have little known translations. Poems written about Shakespeare are also of relevance though they almost never touch on homosexuality. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature : see the entries "Shakespeare" and "Sonnets of Shakespeare". Dictionary of National Biography. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 332-39. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1190-91. Dictionnaire Gay. Howes, Broadcasting It: see entries "Boy players" (regarding Shakespeare's plays), "Coriolanus" (regarding a BBC television version in which Tullus Aufidius is presented as having a crush on Coriolanus), "Rosalind" (character in As You Like It), "Twelfth Night" and "Shakespeare". Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage; by 'Bruce R. Smith. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 101 : lists sonnets 18, 20, 71, 104, 107, 144 and "So bist du meinem Sinn" (adaptation of 'Stefan George) [no other details]. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 11003: Sonnets ("Various editions"). Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition items 3492-98: Anthony and Cleopatra, The Merchant of Venice, Sonnets, Troilus and Cressida, Twelfth Night, The Two Gentlemen of Verona, " Venus and Adonis" in Complete Works of William Shakespeare, London: Oxford, 1905. Cuaderno bibliográfico gay, 14: Sonetos de amor, Barcelona: Anagrama, 1983. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 104-07: sonnets 18, 20, 71, 104, 105, 107, 144. Ioläus (1902), 138-44: Sonnets 18, 20, 54, 108 and the plays The Merchant of Venice, Henry the Fifth (extracts). Die Bedeutung der Freundesliebe, 19. Men and Boys, 25-27: extract from Venus and Adonis, "A Lover's Complaint" and three sonnets: "Lord of my love", "A woman's face with nature's own hand painted" and "Some say my love shall be, as I am now". Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 156-72: from the play Hamlet, Sonnets 12, 13, 17-20, 22, 27, 29, 41, 42, 53, 54, 62, 67, 73, 79, 80, 98, 99, 104, 106, 110, 116, 135, 144; "Lover's Complaint". L'amour bleu, 108-09: Sonnets 20, 42, 104, 144. Rosen, Gay Life and Gay Writers, 15-16: Sonnets 18 and 29. Hidden Heritage, 139: Sonnets 20, 144. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 151-57: Sonnets 20, 29, 35, 36, 53 55, 57, 60, 67, 87, 94, 104, 110, 116, 144. Les Amours masculines, 106-09. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 36-37: Sonnets 18, 20, 91 and from The Taming of the Shrew, Act 1, Scene 1; biog., 113-14. Name of Love, 1: Sonnet 29. "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen", 68-72: Sonnets 36, 43, 57, 96, 92, 97, 121. Art of Gay Love, 13: Sonnet 18. Poems of Love and Liberation, 14-16, 17, 33, 42, 55: Sonnets 22, 25, 26, 29, 43, 104, 116, 124. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 20-21 : "Sonnet 99" and from As You Like It; 99 ("Sonnet 20"); 138-40 ("Sonnet 29", "Sonnet 87" and from Troilus and Cressida), 203 ("Sonnet 18"). Pour tout l'amour des hommes, 66-60: sonnets 20, 42 and 144. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 189-193: Sonnets 20, 26, 27, 57, 61,80, 87. Criticism in homosexual terms. Mayne, The Intersexes, 349-50. Norton, Homosexual Literary Tradition, 233-58 (re the play As You Like It and Sonnets), 259-86 (re Venus and Adonis). Sedgwick, Between Men, 29-48. Bredbeck, Sodomy and Interpretation, 167-85. Woods, History of Gay Literature, 93-107. Translator from Great Britain from Italian to English. Active 1977. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Orgasms of Light, 173-75: trans. of the Italian poet *Sandro Penna into English (with *Ian Young). A shaman in tribal cultures is a priest-doctor who uses *magic to cure the sick. However, the word is extremely difficult to define and may differ from culture to culture; Mircea Eliade (see below) defines it as a technique of primitive ecstasy. Material relating to gay poetry survives in Chinese from China from 280 B.C. and later in other languages. The word shaman comes from the Tunguso-Manchurian word saman. It applies primarily to the religious systems of the north Asiatic peoples (especially among Ural-Altaic and Paleo-Asiatic peoples in north east Asia) but also to the Americas, southeast India, Australia and Africa (in the term medicine man). There is some confusion over the term and the term is used loosely to mean "medicine man"; the Eliade Encyclopedia of Religion article is the place to start. *Alberto Cardin has compiled the only direct homosexual work on them. Shamanism may have been an outlet for homosexuality in certain societies as homosexual behavior by shamans was allowed. See Gisela Bleibtreu-Ehrenberg, Homosexualität und Transvestition im Schamanismus (Homosexuality and Transvestism in Shamanism) in Anthropos 65 (1970), 189-228. Shaman frequently wore elaborate costumes and have been reported in ancient societies (e.g., as enarai among the Scythians in the ancient Greek historian Herodotus). Poets who have also taken on bardic roles (e.g., *Whitman, *Ginsberg) show shamanic elements in their work. The relationship of ecstasy to possession by a *god needs to be considered. Shamanism in relation to homosexual poetry needs research but, because of the complexity of the issues, involving many languages (e. g., Russian and *east-Asia languages such as Japanese) it is difficult to arrive at a consensus across cultures. With shamanism involving ecstasy (see next paragraph) possession by a male *god is analogous to a situation of sexual intercourse. The Greek historian Herodotus is believed to refer to shamans in Scythian society, calling them enerai. Mircea Eliade is the outstanding authority; in his recent article "Works on Shamanism" in History of Religions no.1 (1961), 152-86, he states on p.186 that a wonderful book remains to be written on the epic and lyrical poetry associated with shamanism. He wrote a book on the subject entitled Shamanism and Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy (1964). Schamanismus (1988), Berlin Staatliche Museen 35 pp., is a catalog of an exhibition; bibl., p.35. There is a journal on Shamanism called Shaman (published in Budapest from 1989; about two issues to 1995). Chinese: see *Ch'u Yuan (before 280 B.C.). Other *Sinitic languages are relevant e.g., Tibetan. Some shamanic rituals with drums involved poetry e.g., in old Chinese. English. See *Aaron Shurin. The Canadian poet *bill bissett has something of the shaman in his poetic stance. Korean: see *Richard Rutt re *hwarang. A reference work is Jung Young Lee, Korean Shamanistic Rituals, The Hague, 1985. Iban. Shamans who are transsexuals exist in Borneo; see Penelope Graham, Iban Shamanism, 1987. Turkish. Yüzgün, Türkiye'de Escinsellik, p. 160, states initially the religion of the Turks was Shamanism and homosexuality was regarded as a mark of superiority among the highest ranking clergymen who were Shamans. Shamans occur in the *Turkic languages and other languages of the *Altaic language family e.g., Mongol, Yakut and Chuckchee (all in north-east Asia). For the *epic traditions in Turkish and Turkic languages - and the oral traditions overall - which contain shamanic elements, see A. T. Hatto, Shamanism and Epic Poetry in Northern Asia (Foundation Day Lecture), School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 1970, 19 pp.; this deals with material in Ob Ugrian, Samoyed Yakut, Tungus, Ainu and Kirghiz. For Ainu see * Kutune Shirka. Chukchee. Material in Chukchee, spoken in north-east Asia is possible though has not been confirmed; this language is part of the Paleo-Asiatic group. See also *Epics. Material in *Altaic languages is likely: thus material in north-central and east Asia seems relevant. Compare *Tantrism, *Sufism. For the 'Australian Aboriginal language Warramunoa. regarding a practice of possible relevance in which the medicine man is symbolically injected by a snake see *Geza Roheim (who calls this "homosexual coitus"). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion: "Shamanism" - defined as a technique of ecstasy; see also "Gender Roles". Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 940-41: "Paleo-Siberian Peoples". Cassell's Encyclopedia of Queer Myth, Symbol, and Spirit. Bibliographies. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 233-34; 244. Criticism. Howes, Broadcasting It. Murray, Oceanic Homosexualities, 257-72; 285-362. Shams al-Din He was almost certainly the lover of the 'Sufi poet 'Rumi to whom Rumi addressed passionate love poems. He was assassinated (possibly by jealous disciples or Rumi's family). Rumi used his name as a 'takhallus for his short poems. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1948. A *black poet who is the author of many works in poetry and prose; she changed her name from Paulette Linda Williams in 1971. She wrote an introduction in poetry to Black Book by the photographer Robert Mapplethorpe (1986), a work which is a series of photographs of naked black males by the homosexual photographer who died of *Aids. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors New Revision Series, vol. 48. Dictionary of Literary Biography, vol. 38. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1892-1965. Educated at Cambridge, he was an officer in World War I, a leading *Georgian after the war and assistant editor of the London Mercury 1919-22 - see *J. C. Squire. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 180-81: "*Elegy" (a strongly homoerotic poem on the death of a soldier); biog., 243. Poet from Australia writing in English. Born 1935. See the poems "Phallic Dancers, New Guinea" and "Gilgamesh" in Inwards to the Sun , St Lucia, Queensland, Australia, 1969, pp. 46-47. A widely published poet who was Chair of the Literature Board. A close friend of *David Malouf: see his article on David Malouf in Biting the Bullet: A Literary Memoir, 1990, pp. 43-48; in this book see also his reminiscence of *Michael Dransfield, also a close friend early in Thomas Shapcott's career; letters exist in the Fryer Library, University of Queensland, "Remembering Michael Dransfield", pp. 201-08. Twice married. See also *Billy Jones. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Hurley, Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Dessaix, Australian Gay and Lesbian Writing, 23-24 (poem "Elegy for a Bachelor Uncle" - no homosexual reference is apparent from the text however), 31 (poem "Young men's Bodies"). Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1913. See "At *Auden's Grave" in New and Selected Poems, Chicago and London, 1987, pp. 101-03. In Collected Poems, 1940-1978, New York, 1978, see "Homo Poet", p. 217, a *prose poem about "The day you discover your favorite poet is a homosexual" (this poem was originally from the volume, The Bourgeois Poet). Editor of the influential *Chicago-based journal Poetry (1950-56). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, 3502: Selected Poems, New York: Random House, 1968. Critic from Pakistan writing in Urdu. Active before 1989. Criticism. Rahman, "Boy love in the Urdu ghazal", Paidika vol. 2 no. 1 (1989), 11 and footnote 8 p. 25: cites his article "Hamare Shu' ara ka Mahrub" in Mazamin-e-Sharar vol. 2 stating love of youths in the Islamic world came from the Christian custom of youths being in monasteries with monks. Poet from Australia writing in English. Born 1946. See the poem "Letters to Wally" in Australian Writing Now, Ringwood, Victoria, Penguin, 1988, pp. 17-19 and also in Outrider no. 12, 1988: see section 4 in which a fictional character in this series of dramatic monologues says "Nice, I guess, to hang around with twenty-eight gay fellows". Recorded also in *Austlit Record 97481. An academic who works at the University of Armidale and is editor of Ulitarra magazine. Poet possibly from the United States writing in English. Active before 1986. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Hallam, Book of Sodom, 157: poem "Remember Lot's Wife" which is a parody of *Kingsley Amis (from Imitations of Immortality: A Book of Literary Parodies, New York, 1986). Shasha, Sam (pseud.), also called Xiaomingxiong (pseud.), also called Ng Siu-ming Historian from China writing in Chinese. Active 1984. Author of Chung-kuo t'ung hsing ai shih lu (History of Homosexuality in China; in Chinese), Hong Kong, 1984, 373 pp., a concise one volume history with detailed critical comment on literature and much on poetry; English summary, pp. xx-xxvii. The title in *Pinyin is Zhongguo tongxingai shilu (this title is on the title page in English; on this page he spells his name Samshasha). Hinsch, Passions of the Cut Sleeve, p. 207, discloses that his real name is *Ng Siu-ming. He lives in *Hong Kong. In *Kinetica his name is given as Hsiao-ming-hsiung (using *Wade Giles spelling). An expanded edition of this work was published in 1996. Editor from Great Britain of works in English. Active 1982. Editor, with *Marion Shaw, of the only edition of *Tennyson's In Memoriam (Oxford, 1982) which collates all the manuscripts including the previously interdicted Trinity College, Oxford, manuscript. This is the text to consult. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1966. Book of poems: If language at the same time shapes and distorts our ideas and emotions, how do we communicate love?, Manchester: The Bad Press, 1996; illustrated with a semi-naked photo of the author who has worked as a *prostitute and in pornography films in the United States. He was born in *London. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Badboy Book, 327-30; biog., 391: a well known (and well-hung) porn *actor. Letter writer from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1856-1950. A British playwright and *socialist. He compiled a petition protesting at the trial of *Oscar Wilde but this was not made public. He corresponded with the poet *Alfred Douglas: see Bernard Shaw and Alfred Douglas: A Correspondence, edited by *Mary Hyde, 1982 (reviewed in * Gay Times, no. 256 [1982] by *Timothy d'Arch Smith). He won the *Nobel Prize for literature (1925). He stated that his marriage was unconsummated. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Editor from Great Britain of works in English. Active 1982. Editor, with *Susan Shatto, of the only edition of *Tennyson's In Memoriam, Oxford, 1982, to collate all the manuscripts including the previously interdicted Trinity College, Oxford, manuscript. This is the text to consult. Critic from the United States writing in English. Active 1993. Author of *John Milton: The Self and the World, University Press of Kentucky, 1993. See review James White Review vol. 12 no. 1 (Winter 1995), 21-22: the book argues that Milton had homosexual tendencies that affected his marriages. He has written an article discussing *Charles Diodati's alleged homosexuality. Scribe from Iran who wrote in Persian. Active 1556-died 1588. A calligrapher and artist who did a gay drawing illustrated in Becker, The Other Face of Love, p. 65 in which two youths embrace and hold hands amorously (the work, in the Louvre, Paris, is dated 1580s; this drawing is also reproduced in *Robert Surieu, Sarv e Naz, 1967, pp. 36-37.) He seems likely gay; if he was not gay the preceding drawing certainly shows fascination and approval of homosexuality. For a discussion of his life and career see M. B. Dickson, The Houghton Shahnameh, 1981, pp. 165-77 (this work is a manuscript of *Firdawsi). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Art; includes bibliography. Poet who wrote in Persian. Active ca. 159Q. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A'in i Akbari anthology, 661-62; biog., 661 - he pretended to be a 'Sufi. Poet who wrote in Persian. Active ca. 159Q. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A'in i Akbari anthology, 62-663 - includes a poem possibly to a 'saqi or addressed to himself; biog., 662. Pseudonym of a poet from Great Britain. See *Willian King. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English; translator from Greek to English; he later lived in Italy. 1792-1822. A *Romantic poet who led a radical and bohemian life. At *Oxford he was expelled for circulating a pamphlet, The Necessity of Atheism. He enjoyed a vigorous sex life with women and like *Blake was much influenced by the French Revolution. His Adonais (1821) was an *elegy on the death of John Keats (see *Adonis); see also cancelled passages of Adonais, in Complete Works, Oxford, 1905, p. 445, third stanza from the top, and "The Question", published in 1822, pp. 614-15. Other relevant poems include: Prince Athanase, 1817 (teacher-pupil relationship; allusions to *Symposium), Julian and Maddalo, 1818 (friendship poem based on his relationship with Byron), The Witch of Atlas, 1820 (perhaps not relevant but a coupling of an androgynous woman and an effeminate *hermaphrodite), "The Boat on the Serchio", 1821 (friendship poem alluding to *Eton). He lived in Italy from 1818. There are erotic descriptions of males in his long poems e.g., Prometheus Unbound. *Herbert Read regarded Shelley as an unconscious homosexual: see his entry. Shelley also translated *Plato's Symposium from Greek (see James Notopoulos, The *Platonism of Shelley, 1969). Text. This presents difficulties since not all works were published in Shelley's lifetime. Reid, The Eternal Flame, volume 2, p. 116, notes Mrs Shelley changed the title of two poems from titles referring to males, "Aster" and "Agathon", to titles referring to females: "Stella" and "Kissing Helena". The text in the 1839 edition was "cleaned" by Mrs Shelley and only re-edited in the 1970s: see Complete Poetical Works, edited by Neville Rogers (published from 1972). Criticism. The Psychology of the Poet Shelley by *Edward Carpenter and *George Barnefield, 1925, is one of the finest gay readings of homosexuality in the work of any poet. Works discussed by Carpenter (in his essay pp. 1-51) include Prometheus Unbound, Epipsychidion and Adonais (pp. 9-10); Prince Athanase (devotion at school to Dr Lind) and The Witch of Atlas (p.18 - about a being of double sex). Carpenter points out his close attachments to men friends and states "he ultmately combined in himself a great range of qualities both masculine and feminine". For Barnefield's brilliant analysis see his entry. The homosexual *J. A. Symonds published a biography of Shelley in 1878. See also "Criticism in homosexual terms" below. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Ioläus (1902), 78 (trans.of poem by *Plato), 86 (reference to the poem Adonais), 165-66 ("Essay on *Friendship"). Men and Boys, 10 (trans. of Plato poem). Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 416; re Shelley's childhood. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 49; biog., 116. Criticism. Ruitenbeck, Homosexuality and Creative Genius, 293-310: a reading of his poetry in homosexual terms by John Hagopian. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1983. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Voices Against the Wilderness, 3-4; a black poet from *Chicago. Poet from China who wrote in Chinese. 441-513. A member of the *Orchid Terrace group suspected of being homosexual. See his poems in Liu, Sunflower Splendor, pp. 69-73. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature, 680-82. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1963. Black poet with over fifty poems published. Books of poems: Some Are Drowning, 1994, Angel, Interrupted, 1996 (review: James White Review, no. 54, winter 1998, 21) and Wrong, 1999. He is discussed in the second edition of *Robert K. Martin's The Homosexual Tradition in American Literature, 1998. He has a homepage on the internet. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gents, Bad Boys, and Barbarians, 191-94; biog., 190. Badboy Book, 331-34; biog., 392. A Day for a Lay, 280-83; biog., 280 - grew up in the Bronx, New York and now lives in Chicago. The World in Us: Lesbian and Gay Poetry of the Next Wave, 300-305; biog., 371. Word of Mouth, 413-424. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1995. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Badboy Book, 335-46; biog., 392 - a *San Francisco poet who has been published in journals and two anthologies. Translator from Greek to English. Active before 1983. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 69: modern trans. of the Greek poet *Straton into English (the poem is Palatine Anthology xii 205); *pedophile theme: about a boy "twelve years old". Poet from Pakistan or India who wrote in Persian. Active ca. 1590. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A'in i Akbari anthology, 679-80 - a homosexual love poem "The beloved [boy] came, and blotted out my name; he made me quite beside myself" the word "[boy]" being a note by the translator *H. S. Jarrett; biog., 679 - from the Punjab. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1974. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 11004: poem "I am a whore" from Gay Lit 2: 50 Spring 1975. Translator from Greek to English from Great Britain; critic in English. Born 1922. Translator of the Complete Poems of the Greek poet *Cavafy with *Edmund Keeley (1975). This is normally taken to be the best contemporary English translation, though *Memas Kolaitis is responsible for a more recent and complete edition. Criticism: see "Constantine Cavafis" in The Marble Threshing Floor (London, 1956). He was assistant director of the British School of Archaeology in Athens, married with a daughter. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Orgasms of Light, 41-41: trans. of *Cavafy. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 243-49: trans. of Cavafy. Name of Love, 42-43; biog., 78. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1994. Author of Friend of the Groom, Stonewall New Poet Series, 1993, 94 pages (review: James White Review, vol. 11 no. 5, fall 1994, 20 by *George Klawitter - characterized as poems of frustration and fragmented love). Genre in Chinese from China. From ca. 479 B.C. A major Chinese poetry genre, which is similar to the *lyric and which dates from the * Shi jing. The word is practically synonymous with poetry. Shi poems were originally sung and later poems were composed to *song tunes. Practically all Chinese poets wrote shi before the Repubic period. Compare *Tz'u. Spelt Shi in *Pinyin and Shih in *Wade Giles. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, vol. 1. Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature. Historian in Japanese from Japan. Born 1926. Author of a massive three volume study of *Edo homosexuality: Edo danshoku ko, Tokyo, 1992-93; with bibl. pp. 220-30 and illustrations. Examined only; not assessed. Shih-ching or Shih ching, also spelt Shi Jing Anthology in Chinese from China. Ca. 479 B.C. An anthology of 305 Chinese poems traditionally believed to have been compiled by *Confucius (who died 479 B.C.) sometimes called in English, The Book of Odes; the poems date from 1000-600 B.C. This is the first anthology of classic poems in Chinese and one of the six *Confucian classics. It has claims to be the first Chinese anthology of poems which can be read as gay poems (though only some poems are relevant: see *commentators and the list of poems by Brett Hinsch in Criticism below). It was banned in the third century B.C. The name is spelt Shih-ching or Shih ching in *Wade Giles and *Shi Jing in *Pinyin. See De Bary, Guide to Oriental Classics, pp. 241-43. Text. There were four versions of which one by Master Mao survives complete: see the Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature entry for editions. Criticism. *Gender ambiguity was first noted by the *Ch'ing scholar *Zhao Yi (see Hinsch, Pasions of the Cut Sleeve, 16); *Hans Frankel later also noted it. James J. Y. Liu in Essentials of Chinese Literary Art, 1979, p. 16 writes: "Many poems in the Book of Poetry are frank love songs... many of these songs are actually written from the point of view of the woman, whether they were actually written by women or not. Sometimes it is not clear whether the speaker of a poem is a man or a woman...". The * Shih genre in which all the poems were written became a major Chinese poetic genre. See also "Criticism in homosexual terms" below for details of *Brett Hinsch's gay reading. Translation. Manchu: see item 59 p.16 in P. G. von Moellendorff, "Essay on Manchu Literature", Journal of the North China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society vol. 24 no. 1 (1890), 1-45 (trans. published in 1654). Manchu was the language of the rulers of China at this time. English: James Legge (ca.1865; second revised edition 1893; repr.), Bernard Karlgren (Stockholm, 1950), *Ezra Pound (1954), *Arthur Waley (1937); French and Latin: S. J. Couvreur (1892; repr.); Japanese: Tadashi Akatsuka (1977). Consult the Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature entry for translation details. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, vol.1, 155-56: "Shih Ching". Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature, 692-94: "Shih-ching". Criticism in homosexual terms Hinsch, Passions of the Cut Sleeve, 16-18 and footnote 5, p. 181, listing poems 31, 56, 61, 68, 84, 86, 87 and 116 in *Waley's translation regarding ambiguity of interpretation as to whether they are homosexual or heterosexual or recording strong *friendship between men. Poet who wrote in Arabic. Active before 1200? A writer of the Arabic *middle ages. He collected an anthology which included homopoems called al-Mostatraf (Selected pieces of poetry). Not found in Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition. French translator: G. Rat, Paris-Toulon, 2 volumes, 1899. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Orgasms of Light, 128-29: selection of poems without names. Criticism. *Marc Daniel, "Arab Civilization and Male Love", Gay Sunshine 32 (Spring 1977), 5. Poet and anthologist writing in Arabic. Active before 1200? *Marc Daniel, "Arab Civilization and Male Love", Gay Sunshine 32 (Spring 1977), 5 states he collected a poetry anthology with homopoems Nihayat al-Arab (The Decadence of the Arabs). Not found in Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition. Poet from Iran who wrote in Persian. Active ca. 159Q. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A'in i Akbari anthology, 646-47; biog., 646. Poet from Japan who wrote in Japanese. 801-879. The poet to whom the title poem of * Iwatsutsuji is ascribed: see Partings at Dawn, pp. 100-101, 103, 104; he is regarded as a disciple of *Kobo Daishi. This poem comes from the *Kokinshu. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Partings at Dawn, 100-101, 103, 104 (from the anthology * Iwatsutsuji). Religion in Japan relating to Japanese. From before 600 A.D. The name given to the traditional religion of Japan. It is related to animism and worship of nature and is not so much a system of belief as a way of behaving. *Buddhism and Shinto separated by imperial decree in the nineteenth century. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Religion. Cassell's Encyclopedia of Queer Myth, Symbol, and Spirit. Other. Homosexuality and world religions, 199-230: article "Homosexuality and Chinese and Japanese Religions" by Sandra A. Wawrytko. City in Iran where Persian is spoken. It is in southern Iran. *Sa'di (active 1280) came from the city and is buried there as is *Hafiz (died 1389). *E. G. Browne reported *dancing boys and homosexuality in 1893. See also *Aleister Crowley. The city is famous for the beauty of its buildings. Poet and lover from Russia who wrote in Russian. Active 1910. Criticism. *Simon Karlinsky, "Russia's Gay Literature and History", Gay Sunshine, 29-30 (Summer/ Fall 1976), 4: a peasant poet who was a lover of Klyuev. Shiva (also spelt Siva) and Saivism Figure in religion and trope in poetry from India in Sanskrit from ca. 100. and later in Hindi, Tamil, Bengali, other *Indian languages and in Cambodian. Shiva is one of the main gods of Hinduism and his cult is called Saivism and is related to the cult of *Brahman. His cult inspired *hymns of devotion and is one of the main cults of Hinduism; he also appears extensively in poetry all over India. He is a complex god whose character contains the union of opposites - e.g., male and female - and relates to *Krishna. "Siva as Ardhanari was male on one side and female on the other side of his body..." (quoted from *Richard Burton in Reade, Sexual Heretics, p. 163). For Siva as Ardhanarisvara, see the Encyclopedia Britannica entry "Ardhanarisvara" which concerns Shiva as *androgyne and as involving the androgynous union with Parvati, his consort, in one body half male, half female (the Siva-Purana are a collection of texts about him). Sometimes in art he is depicted as an hermaphrodite, with one beast covered and enlarged as a woman's and the other uncovered and flat and with an ambiguous skirt. Shiva frequently features in Indian films. As the feminized Nataraja, Shiva is a cosmic dancer. Compare the concepts of *Yang and Yin in Chinese. *Tantric influences have been strong on the cult of Saivism. *Allegorical interpretations of his legend are probable and illustrations in manuscripts occur. Siva appears in the *epic poem the * Mahabharata. He cohabits with Parvati (sometimes called Uma). A major work comparing him with *Dionysus is by *Alain Danielou: Siva and Dionysus (1982). Wendy O'flaherty, Asceticism and Eroticism in the Mythology of Siva, 1973 (republished as Siva: The Erotic Aspect) is a major study on his cult. A recent work is David Smith, The Dance of Siva: Religion, Art and Poetry in South India, Cambridge, 1997. See also *Hijras. For Tamil see Teveram, Poems to Siva: the hymns of the Tamil Saints, Princeton, 1989. Cambodian: the cult of Shiva is known to exist in earlier Cambodian civilization of 1100 A.D. before *Buddhism became the main religion. The cult of Shiva spread in southeast Asia as far as Java in Indonesia. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica: see "Siva and Saivism" (dates the cult from 100 B. C.-100 A.D.). Encyclopedia of Religion: see "Saivism"; see also the entry "Rudra". Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion: see "Saivism", "Siva". Poet and critic from the United States writing in English. Born 1937. A Professor at the University of Massachusetts whose critical works on Whitman are outstanding gay readings. A Boston *anarchist, gay activist and poet who is one of the main editiors of * Fag Rag and was involved with the *Good Gay Poets group; he was also involved with the * Boston Gay Review. Book of poems: Nuestra señor de los Dolores, Boston: Good Gay Poets. 1975. For other poems see issues of Fag Rag. Unpublished manuscripts of poems exist. He is the author of two major books on Whitman. Calamus Lovers: Walt Whitman's Working Class Camerados, San Francisco: *Gay Sunshine, 1987, discusses Whitman's sexual relations with several men over his whole life including *Peter Boyle; it has a selection of Whitman's sexual poems pp. 190-220 (review: The Advocate no. 473, 26 May 1987, 61). Drum Beats: Walt Whitman's Civil War Boy Lovers, San Francisco: Gay Sunshine, 1989, deals only with the Civil War period; it includes a large selection of letters written between 1863 and 1867 to Whitman from men he nursed in the Civil War, pp. 103-230, and a selection of his Civil War poems, pp. 233-42 (review: Walt Whitman Quarterly Review vol. 6 no. 4, Spring 1989, 200-204.) These books - which pay close attention to Whitman's journals and letters - go a long way towards redressing heterosexual readings of Whitman which largely prevailed in the United States until recently. They also present new evidence for Whitman's homosexuality; the author has defended age-differentiated gay sexuality and takes a view of Whitman as being *pederastic in his gay relationships. Review of both books: Journal of the History of Sexuality, vol. 1 no. 1 (July 1990), 168-71 by *M. Jimmie Killingsworth. Interview: Advocate no. 473, 30 and 70. In Leyland, Gay Sunshine Interviews, volume 2, pp. 259-78, he interviews *John Wieners. See also *Fellatio, *Allen Ginsberg, *Stephen Jonas (pseud.), *Aaron Schurin. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Tyrkus, Gay and Lesbian Biography. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 11005-06: "Mark Loam in a loom: star form" Gay Sunshine 16:11, February 1973 and The Orange Telephone and Nuestra Señora de los delores, Boston: *Good Gay Poets, 1975 (published with *Salvatore Farinella). Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1203. Angels of the Lyre, 188-92; biog., 244. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Orgasms of Light, 209-10; biog., 261. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 125-37: from his book Drum Beats; 257-63 - the article "Indiscriminate Promiscuity as an Act of Revolution" (a well known *gay liberation article); 645 - poems; 699-700: "Afterword" (discusses the journal and the publisher * Gay Sunshine, 1970-1990). Criticism. European Gay Review no. 4, 122-27: review of his books. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1993. His pseudonym ShivOm is a combination of *Shiva and the syllable "Om" in Sanskrit (which is said to contain all other sounds). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lotus of Another Color, 69-70: poem about *Shiva as *androgyne set in London. Poets from Japan who wrote in Japanese. From 1370. The Shoguns were the military rulers of Japan who sprang from the *Samurai class. Those who were *scholars not only read but wrote poems. See Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, p. 635 re homosexuality and the Ashikaga shogun Yoshimitsu (1358-1408) and the *Tokugawa shoguns Iemitsu (1604-51) and Tsunayoshi (1646-1709). Leupp, Male Colors: The Construction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan, pp. 52-53, lists shoguns. Compare *Emperors and see *Theatre - Japanese. Criticism. *Maggie Childs, "Japan's Homosexual Heritage", Gai Saber, volume 1 number 1 (Spring 1977), 42. Singer and songwriter from Egypt writing in Arabic. Active 1950. A singer who made love poems with homosexual undertones about King Farouk and homoerotic undertones another singer Mahommed Abdul Wahhab (Dr Nassrat Abdul Rahman, University of Jordan to the author, 22 February 1987). Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1947. He helped found *Good Gay Poets and published a 1971 *broadside with their imprint; he has lived in *San Francisco since 1974. Stylistically his poems show the influence of *Robert Duncan and *Charles Olson. His poem "Exorcism of the Straight/Man/Demon", something of a gay classic, is in Angels of the Lyre, Son of the Male Muse and Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time. His poetry has elements of *magic and he has been called a *shaman. Books: The Night Sun, San Francisco: Gay Sunshine, 1976 (review: Gay Sunshine no. 31, p. 9 by *Charley Shively); Giving up the Ghosts, 1980; The Graces, 1983; Into Distances, 1993; Unbound(about Aids, HIV and associated matters). Interview: *The Advocate no. 372 (21 July 1983), 47 and 65; see also The Advocate 12 July 1978, 18-21. He has been published in * Mouth of the Dragon and *Gay Sunshine. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 11008-09: "Exorcism of the straight/ man/ demon" Gay Sunshine 16:19, January/ February 1973 and Woman on Fire, San Francisco: Rose Deeprose Press, 1975. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 3522-24: "Exorcism of the Straight/ Man/ Demon", Boston: *Good Gay poets, no date (*broadside), Giving Up the Ghost, San Francisco: Gay Sunshine Press, 1976 and The Night Sun, San Francisco: Gay Sunshine Press, 1976 (highly rated). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Angels of the Lyre, 193-94; biog., 244. Orgasms of Light, 212-14; biog., 261. A True Likeness, 294-99; biog., 294. Son of the Male Muse, 163-67; biog., 190. Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, 364-65; biog., 364: notes five books published. Word of Mouth, 254-62. Biographer from Italy writing in Italian. Born 1934. Biographer of the Italian poet *Pasolini: Vita di Pasolini, Milan, 1978 (English translation, Pasolini, New York, 1982). This is the major biographical work to date on Pasolini. It was reviewed in Body Politic 90 (January 1983), 39-40 by William Alexander. It takes a Freudian view and sees Pasolini as having an *Oedipus complex. See also *Ninetto Davoli, *Sandro Penna. Province of Italy where Italian is spoken; Greek, Latin and Arabic have been spoken at various times in the past. Material of relevance dates from 250 B.C. in Greek. SIcily is an island to the south-west of the mainland of Italy, which has been occupied by the Greeks, the Romans and the Arabs. Palermo is the capital; 'Syracuse was an ancient Greek colony. Greek: see *Bion, *Daphnis, * Bucolics, *Konstantinos of Sicily, *Moschus, *Pastoral Poets, *Theocritus. Latin: see *Beccadelli. English: *Aleister Crowley. See also *Michele Amari. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1194-96. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English; letter writer in Latin. 1554-1586. Educated at *Cambridge, he was a close friend of *Sir Edward Dyer, *Fulke Greville (with whom he was on terms of intimacy from school days) and *Edmund Spenser who dedicated his * The Shepherd's Calendar to Sidney. See the poem to Dyer and Greville: "Join mates in mirth with me". He lived in *Venice for some months and with *Hubert Languet in Germany. The homosexual poet *Richard Barnfield was in Sidney's circle. Sidney is regarded as the perfect gentleman who is reputed to have died offering another man a drink and saying: "Thy necessity is yet greater than mine." His sonnet sequence, the first such *Elizabathan one, Astrophel and Stella (written 1582, published 1591) is a Petrarchan sequence in which the love poems to the lady, Stella, are far from convincing as heterosexual poems; they seem more like exercises in *Petrarchan conventions (as the Oxford Companion to English Literature entry notes: "Apart from snatching a kiss while she is asleep, Astrophel in the sequence achieves nothing.") The sequence began a craze for such sonnet sequences. Astrophel means "lover of a star"; Stella means "star" in Greek. Stella has been identified as Penelope Rich (see her entry in Oxford Companion to English Literature) but the exact nature of Sidney's real relationship with her - as distinct from that portrayed poetically - may never be known and could have been non sexual. Sonnet 13 employs the *Ganymede trope. In his prose work The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia, 1590 text (repr. 1970), see pp. 86-95 for the pastoral dialogue of Lalus and Dorus. Males dressed as females occur in this work and females who are Amazonians occur (compare *Edmund Spenser's Faerie Queene). See also his letters to his tutor *Hubert Languet in Latin: for some of these letters see My Dear Boy: Gay Love Letters through the Centuries, pp. 61-63. Many *elegies were inspired by his death; for instance by *Dyer, *Spenser and *Greville. Biography. Katrina Bachinger, Male pretense: a gender study of Sir Philip Sidney's life and texts, Lewiston, New York, 1994, especially discusses gender bending in Sidney's work, including his letters. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionary of National Biography. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 318-21. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 101: Arcadia [no other information]. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 3527: The Poems of Sir Philip Sidney, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1962. Ioläus (1902), 127-29: discussion of strong personal attachments to *Fulke Greville, *Edward Dyer and *Hubert Languet and extract from poem "Join mates in mirth". Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 152-56: includes elegies to Sidney. Art of Gay Love, 17. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 13: the sonnet "My true love hath my heart, and I have his...". Criticism. Ellis, Sexual Inversion , 41: cites *Coleridge as saying in Table Talk (published 1836), 14 May 1833, that "the language of the two friends Musidorus and Pyrocles in the Arcadia is such as we could not use except to women". Mayne, The Intersexes, 192. Norton, Homosexual Literary Tradition, 233-38: re *Transvestism in his *pastoral romance The Arcadia (1590). Poet from the United States writing in English. Active before 1972. The Gay Insiders, New York, 1972, by John Francis Hunter, p. 89 cites his Songs and Sonnets Atlantean, Arkham House (no date or place given). Highly rated and stated to be poetry in a review quoted from The *Advocate. (Songs and Sonnets Atlantean is listed in the fiction section of The Gay Insiders). Poet who wrote in Latin. Ca. 430-ca. 488. An early *medieval poet. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Criticism. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 795: tolerance for *sodomy is shown in his works. Poet writing in German. Active before 1964. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 101: poem "Eros (Nun schreitet). No other details given. Pseudonym of a poet from Germany who wrote in German. Active 1903. Siegfried is the hero in *Wagner's opera The Ring of the Nibelung and the hero in the long poem The *Nibelungenlied. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 11010: book Freundesminne, Leipzig: *Max Spohr, 1903, 14 pp. Criticism. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 6 (1904): brief review of Zehn Gedichte, druck von Reichardt, Groitsh i. S. Poet from Germany writing in German. Born 1945. Involved in the *Munich homosexual action group. Translation. English: Gay Sunshine no. 42/43 (1980), 16: a brillliant poem "Love Stories". Gay Poetry Anthologies. Schwüle Lyrik, schwüle Prosa, 181-89; biog., 182, photo, 181. Milchsilber, 68; biog., 213 (with photo). Schreibende Schwule. Pseudonym of a poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Active 1881. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reade, Sexual Heretics, 154-55: "A Love Song"; from Kottabos, volume 3, Dublin, 1881, and signed with a capital sigma (Greek letter); *non gender specific, it could be written by a woman; uses cigar symbolism in a phallic way. Sijo Genre in Korean from Korea. From ca. 1325. A lyric poem composed to be sung to the lute and the major Korean poetic genre. Poets: See *Chong Ch'ol, *Yi Chong-bo, *Yun sondo, *Anonymous poems - Korean. See Father Kevin O'Rourke, The Sijo Tradition, 1987. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Naar vriendscaap zulk een mateloos verlangen, 96-98: four poems from Ter wille van wat zachte wangen, Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 1972 (book cited p. 122). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 310-12. Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. 1884-1951. He was involved in trying to blend pagan and Christian elements in his work. See the poem '"Pan" in C. Trypanis, The Penguin Book of Greek Verse, Penguin, 1971, pp. 591-03, which has some homoerotic elements. Compare 'Embirikos regarding 'Dionysiac elements. For information on him, see Trypanis, Greek Poetry, pp. 672-76. Religion from India in Punjabi. From ca. 1500. A religion between 'Hinduism and 'Islam strongly influenced by 'Sufi 'mysticism and an offshoot of 'Bhakti. The guru relationship on which Sikhism is premised also exists in Hinduism. Sikh 'hymns are strongly homoerotic: see 'Guru Nanak, the founder, whose writings are in the Sikh bible the Adi Granth (discussed under 'Guru Nanak). 'Kabir's writings are part of the movement. The Sacred Writings of the Sikhs, trans. Dr Trilochan Singh and others, London, 1960, is a collection of early Sikh writings, including hymns of the early Sikh gurus and contemporary works. These hymns emerge from an Indian tradition going back to the 'Upanishads. Punjabi is also spelt Panjabi. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Poet from Germany who wrote in German. Active 1925. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 1Q1 : book of poems Der verlorene Sohn, 1925. Figures from myth from Greece relating to works in Greek. From ca. 400. Sileni (the plural of silenus) are creatures virtually identical with *satyrs and confused with them by classical authors; by the fourth century they are old satyrs with horse-ears in contrast to normal youthful satyrs. Sileni appear in *Nonnus (active 400, e.g., Book 10, 25). For the ancient artistic depiction see * Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae under "Silenoi" in volume 8, part 1 and the plates. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 956 under "Satyrs and Sileni". Poet from Italy who wrote in Latin. 26-101. Author of Punica, the longest surviving Latin poem which is about the Punic war fought by the Romans against *Carthage; Book xii line 22 refers to Hannibal, the leader of Carthage, having a boy favorite. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 182-83: extracts from Punica. Editor from Brazil writing in Portuguese. Born 1944. One of the editors of the gay journal *Lampiao. He lives in *Rio de Janeiro. See prose in * Now the Volcano, pp. 170-219. He is mentioned in the article by *Irwin Stern in Dictionary of Brazilian Literature (New York and London, 1988) "Homosexuality and Literature". Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Brazilian Literature. Bibliographer, lexicographer and critic from Australia writing in English. Born 1949. The author of the finest overall annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, subtitled A Research Guide to the University of Sydney Library (Sydney: University of Sydney Library and Australian Centre for Lesbian and Gay Research, 1998, 371 pages). It is modelled on *Wayne Dynes' 1987 bibliography but it is more oriented to homosexuality and, with the vast growth in the subject in the prior ten years, has several categories not present in the earlier work (e.g. *Outing, *Queer). There is a section on literature. The University of Sydney lilbrary is expecially rich in homosexual and sexological material. Many rare books in foreign languages were given to the library by the author of this encyclopedia and others. The library houses the *Deane Erotica, a collection of rare erotic works in *European languages. The work does not refer to gay journals in which the library's holdings are weak and there is no index which makes the work very difficult to use. 6129 items are annotated. Included are items not in the library which the author feels should be held. Each section is preceded by a helpful note summarizing the contents. The work is unfortunately poorly bound and falls to pieces with even casual use. He has written critical articles, including on poetry in the Australian *journal Gay Information: see "'Gai Saber': Homosexuality and the Poetic Imagination", Gay Information no. 14-15 (1984), 21-33, a survey of what constitutes gay poetry and why it wasn't written in English in certain periods which concludes "the paths of indirection have been usual" (p. 33). His article on gay language, "The Language of Homosexuality in Australia", in Gay Perspectives, edited by *Robert Aldrich and Garry Wotherspoon, Sydney, 1992, 3157 is the only detailed study on its subject and a model of what such a study should be in other branches of English. He edited A Dictionary of Australian Underworld Slang (Melbourne, 1993). This contains extensive reference to gay words in Australia and there is a four page list of gay words printed separately on *lilac paper (50 copies only) which have been privately circulated. This work constitutes the most scholarly lexis of gay words in English so far. He is compiling a dictionary of sexual words in English from 1800 which will include words from poems and those used in poems; when completed this will be the largest dictionary of sex words in English and over 150,000 citations exist. He has published a study of the word *gay. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Hurley, Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia. Poet from Australia writing in English. Born 1951. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Edge City, 188; biog., 223. Critic from the United States writing in English. Active 1991. See Brother to Brother, pp. 211-28 "Some thoughts on the challenges facing black intellectuals" (a major statement which includes important discussion on *Amiri Baraka); biog., pp. 273-74. A native of Brooklyn, *New York, he teaches at Howard University. See also *Marlon Riggs. Editor, biographer and critic from Portugal writing in Portuguese. Born 1923. Author of the major biography of *Fernando Pessoa: Vida e Obra de Fernando Pessoa, first edition Lisbon, 1950 (fifth edition, 1987). There is also a shorter edition, published in 1983. See Gay Books Bulletin vol. 1 no. 2 (summer 1979), 22: states the work is "marred by the selective presentation of documentary evidence and the imposition of vaguely *Freudian themes" (critique by *Wayne Dynes). He is the editor of Pessoa's complete works: Obras Completas published from 1942, which has been progressively expanded. He is the author of a history of Portuguese poetry of the twentieth century: Historia da Poesia Portugueza - Seculo XX, Lisbon, 1959. Translator from Spanish to English from the United States. Active 1988. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A Day for a Lay, 29-33 - translator of *Garcia Lorca: here the "Ode to *Walt Whitman". Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1974. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 11012: Snake's Tooth, Berkeley, CA: Aldebaran Review, 1975, 55 pp. Critic from Italy writing in Italian. Active 1986. Author of an article on homosexuality in ancient Egyptian in Sodoma no. 3 (1986), 71-75, with discussion of the strophic poems the Maxims of *Ptahhotep (including translation of no. 32 referring to homosex), the * Book of the Dead, and a recently restored fragmentary *Tale of Neferkara and Sisene, from the eighteenth dynasty, translated into poetry, about homosexuality between Neferkara and general Sisene (the source is not given). He states ancient Egyptian society was anti-homosexual and men who engaged in homosexual behavior were condemned. Poet from Greece writing in Greek. Ca. 556 B.C. - ca. 468 B.C. Lyric poet from 'Chios. He was the rival of 'Pindar and uncle of 'Bacchylides. 'Evenus addressed a gay poem to him. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 991. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 1Q1: Lyrische Verse [no other details]. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Garland of Meleager. Eros: Die Männerliebe der Griechen, 59 - 61. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 2S. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 1S2: trans. of Palatine Anthology xvi S. Criticism. Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 8 (19Q6), 651. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1897-1918. Educated at *Cambridge, he was an officer in the war. Book of poems: Moods and Tenses, 1919. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 108-09 - "Two Nights" (virtually a love poem), 162-65, 194-9 "Casualty List" ("a man to love, a brother"); biog., 243. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1991. A *black poet who lives in Dallas. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 121 - "3 A.M." (fine poem about smoking dope with another man by a lake); biog., 183. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1951. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 122 - "Bushmaster (a curse)"; biog., 183 - *black poet. Critic and historian from the United States writing in English. Active from 1966. Author of The Nature of Love, 3 volumes, Chicago, 1966-87, a philosophic study of love. Volume One, Plato to Luther, 1984 (revised second edition), deals with such topics as *Platonic *Eros, *Luther. Volume Two, Courtly to Romantic, 1984, deals with *Courtly and *Romantic love; however, the chapter on *Shakespeare omits the sonnets. Volume Three, The Modern World, 1987 deals amongst others with *Freud, *Proust, *D. H. Lawrence and *Santayana; it is the only volume to touch on homosexuality and then only briefly. The author is Professor of Philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Amongst omissions is *Casanova. Singers in Finnish from Finland. From ca. 1850. Performance of the national epic the *Kalevala (recorded 1835 and 1849) and cycles of poems with two men singing together (involving a homoaffectional element in their relationship) are relevant. The singers travelled around together performing the poem. Poet from India writing in Punjabi. Active before 1961. See poems in Nargas: Songs of a Sikh, London, 1961, trans. into English by *Puran Singh with introduction by Ernest Rhys: see pp. 1 "The Dewdrop on the Lotus Leaf", 5-9 "Nargas", 24-25 "I Remember I was on the swing of love", 55 "He speaks not" , 56 "I always think". Poems very strongly homosexual in feeling. Nargas are *serpents. Singer from Pakistan or India who sang in Punjabi. Active ca. 18SQ. One of the few homosexual 'dancing boys known by name (see 'singing and dancing boys for details); they usually also sang songs. See Garde, Jonathan to Gide, p. 565. Compare 'Çingene Ismail who sang in Turkish. Poet from India writing in English. Active 1993. Singh is a common name in Urdu meaning lion. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lotus of Another Color, 190-93. Poet from Pakistan writing in Punjabi; translator from Punjabi to English. 1881-1931. See Darshan Singh Maini, Studies in Punjabi Poetry, Delhi, 1979, Chapter 7, "Towards a Whitmanesque Vision", pp. 63-79, which is a discussion of the influence of *Whitman on the poet with some English translations (e.g., p. 70); p. 70 also lists an unpublished manuscript, "Walt Whitman and the Sikh Inspiration", Punjabi University, Patiala and on p. 74 he states "Singh's sensibility is rather feminine". Though Puran Singh's poetry is heterosexual, Whitman had a huge influence on this Sikh mystic from 1901 when Puran Singh first read him. His poetry is cast into a *Sufi type mould, *non gender specific at times. Translator of *Bhai Singh. Singing and dancing boys and males - Berber Songs in Berber spoken in Morocco date from at least 1972. Berbers also live in Algeria, Tunisia and Egypt Erotic songs of dancing boys with homosexual undertones are known to exist in Morocco (a foreign resident of *Tangier, to the author, 1992). Berber is spoken across north Africa in Morocco, Algeria and Mauritania and there are at least seven dialects and a huge oral tradition (see, in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, the entry "Berber"); it is spoken as far east as the oasis of Siwa in Egypt, famous for the homosexuality of the men (see Walter Cline, Notes on the People of Siwah and El Garah in the Libyan Desert, Menasha, WI, 1936); see also the entry on the oasis in the Encyclopedia of Homosexuality. The Berbers were the indigenous inhabitants of Algeria and comprise up to 60% of the population in 1911 and a higher proportion in Morocco. Carleton Stevens Conn, Tribes of the Rif, 1931, pp. 110-11, states in Jebala boys were sold in the markets who were used as apprentices by wandering musicians and, p. 110, they "were and still are kept by their purchasers for the purpose of sodomy". *Jef Last has written a homosexual poem on a berber dancing boy. Berber men frequently dance together singing songs accompanied by musical instruments: see Queneau, Histoire des littératures, volume one, p. 888. The Berbers had an ancient written literature written in an alphabetic system of writing called Tifinagh (which is based on symbols and not related to the Roman alphabet in any way). On Berber see Queneau, Histoire des littératures, volume one, pp. 886-90 (includes bibl.); see also the entry "Berbers" in Encyclopedia Brittanica, eleventh edition, and Encyclopedia of World Cultures(1995). It is not sure that the language is Afro-Asiatic though it is usually accepted as such; it has been written in Arabic since the 12th century. There may be some relevant written poems. It may be that the ancient Berbers are related to the Celts. Some speakers live a settled existence in villages and towns and some are traders in the Sahara. *Charles Pellat was an expert on Berber; see also the article on them in Encyclopedia of Islam, second edition. See *Historical and social background - Arabic regarding homosexuality in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Egypt in all of which countries Berbers live. Bibliographies. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, item 1026: re Siwa oasis. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 291 : poem by *Jef Last (written before 1972). Singing and dancing boys in East Asia - Chinese, Japanese, Korean and Vietnamese Singing and dancing boys with homosexual affiliations are documented in east Asia from ca. 712 in Chinese from China. Chinese. Edward H. Schafer, in The Golden Peaches of Samarkand: A Study of T'ang Exotics, 1963, p. 55 records dancing boys and girls who are mentioned by T'ang poets (some dancing boys came from the city of Tashkent, in the Uzbek Republic to China); the "Western Prancing Dance" was described by the poets Liu Yen-shih and Li Tuan (see footnote 141). For early Chinese dancing boys see Hinsch, Passions of the Cut Sleeve, p. 78 (a singing and dancing boy recorded ca. 712), pp. 85-86 (re the love of the Liang dynasty general Ji Long [the Liang period was 265-420] for the singing boy Zheng Yingtao in a poem by the *T'ang poet Li Qi), p. 153 (quoting poem). Singing boys in *Beijing are referred to in Jonathan Spence, The Memory Palace of Matteo Ricci, 1964, pp. 220-31; see especially pp. 220-21 re singing boys in Beijing in 1610 (confirmed by quotation from a contemporary of Ricci Xie Zhaozhe, p. 226). Singing boys - who were frequently transvestites - were associated with *pleasure quarters in Chinese cities and existed until the twentieth century. Male transvestite prostitutes were known as xiaochang (little singers): see Hidden from History, p. 78. See also *Songs - Chinese, *Scholars - Chinese. Korean: see *Hwarang who modelled themselves on Chinese practices. Japanese. Singing boys on the Chinese model existed - see *Songs - Japanese, *Onnagata. The singing boy traditions in these three cultures are all closely connected. Singing boys on the Chinese model in Vietnamese are almost certain to have existed (especially *transvestites), possibly also Thai. Singing and dancing boys - Turkish Singing and dancing boys are documented in Turkish from Turkey from ca. 1250. *Whirling Dervishes, who are a *Sufi sect with a strong homosexual aspect, date from ca. 1250 and were associated with the poet *Rumi from the inception of the religion. See also *Songs and Drinking Songs - Turkish. Matin And's A History of Theatre and Popular Entertainment in Turkey, Ankara, 1964, pp. 24-28, discusses dancing boys and refers to poems on them p. 27, noting "many poets sang their praises in verse"; this work also lists some known dancing boys of the nineteenth century and states the poet *Enderunlu Fazil wrote a long poem on the eighteenth-century dancing boy *Qingene Ismail. He numbers in the early 19th century dancing boys in *Istanbul at 600; *Beligh also wrote a poem. See also Matin And, in Dance Perspectives 3 (1959), 24-32 and 73-75, re dancing boy companies called kols (with bibl., p. 76) and p. 30 re poetry on them. (The material in Dance Perspectives basically repeats that in And's book.) Drew, Boys for Sale, p. 84 states "The most common sort of boy *prostitute was the dancing boy"; on p. 87 "Popular poems and love songs were written about dancing boys in the coffee houses and brothels"; see also pp. 77-78 re north Syria, possibly Aleppo. *Dancing boys in *Istanbul, called cocek, were described in poetry by *Fadil Bey (ca. 1800). See also Jonathan Drake. References. Schmitt, Sexuality and Eroticism Among Males in Moslem Societies, 84-85: re dancing boys (notes there were 600 in Istanbul in 1905). Bawdry relating to singing and dancing dates from ca. 1600 in English from Great Britain. The obscene jig is relevant; it was a dance performed with bawdry commentary, including song, with some documented homosexual undertones: see *Will Kemp (active 1600) and *Richard Tarlton. Several poems asociated with the jig contain homosexual implications; they may be related to German works. See Charles Read Baskervill, The Elizabethan Jig, 1929. In the contemporary period male transvestite singers sing in gay nightclubs. Greek poetry from Turkey, Greece and Egypt and nearby countries from *Homer (active ca. 700 BC) onwards was sung. In the epics of Homer, as the singer created the text, the role of the singer in interpreting Homer could be critical. A homosexual singer, for example, might "sing" the story of *Achilles and Patroclus differently from a heterosexual one. He might even change the text for the audience. The audience was a crucial factor: an all male audience would be more open to bawdy or homosexual interpretation than a mixed one, especially in a society - as in ancient Greece - where men and women lived largely segregated lives. Greek lyric poetry in the form of *epigram was frequently sung at all male drinking parties by male singers and dancers. * Skolia - or drinking *songs - were sung by the diners on these occasions; *Plato's Symposium dialogue is set at such a party: see *symposium (an institution which dates from at least 450 B.C.). Dancing boys have been recorded on Greek vases (see *J. D. Beazley). Besides dancing and singing, they were used for sex by the men present - see *Xenophon, The Banquet ii, 2,11, 22 and iii, 1 (in this last reference a dancing boy sings and plays the lyre and, as the words make clear, Charmides is erotically aroused by the dancer); viii, 28-31 also refers. See * Cinaedic songs for references to such songs. Cinaedic poetry - the poetry of prostitutes - in ancient Greece foreshadows *rebetika in modern Greece in its *bawdry aspect (though rebetika originated from a more public cafe culture). The myth of the divine singer *Orpheus had a homosexual component in later versions. Criticism. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 472: re *Bathyllus; 488. See also Trypanis, Greek Poetry, 320-22. In the twentieth century, in Nikos Kazantzakis's novel Zorba the Greek (1946), Zorba's dance, performed in an all male context, has homosexual overtones. Modern Greek male dancing is frequently performed in an all male environment with accompanying singing and has connections with other middle east dance traditions, e. g.,Turkish and Arabic traditions - see *Singing - Turkish, *Singing - Arabic. Though the Persians were ancient enemies of the Greeks, there are even possible connections with Persian traditions. Singing and dancing in tribal cultures - Australian, African, American Indian languages, Polynesian, Southeast Asia Homoerotic singing and dancing linked to *chants and songs occurs widely in tribal cultures. Recorded material dates from ca. 1800. From ca. 1900 material has been recorded on film; see the entry *film for possible sources. Males usually dance with males, frequently nearly naked, which emphasizes the erotic aspects. The penis is usually visible but may be covered in some cases, thus emphasizing it. Dancing occurs at initiation ceremonies. The International Encyclopedia of Dance has articles on dance in tribal cultures and is the place to start for detailed research. Illustration. There is a huge literature illustrating such dancing; see, for example, the photos pp. 34-35 of the dancing at The World Council of Indigenous People's Conference in the Australian journal Identity vol. 1 no. 4 (Winter 1981); there is a distinctive *camp element in these photographs of American Indian, Australian Aboriginal, African, Polynesian (including Hawaiian) cultures (it is known that gays were associated with this journal). African languages. Homoerotic dancing - e.g. amongst the Xhosa of South Africa - has been remarked on by visitors and photographed: see *Boris de Rachewiltz. *Rolf Italiaander, Tanz in Akrika (Dance in Africa), Berlin, 1960 has 63 pages of text and 31 photographs. James Ballantyne, Africa: a handbook of film and video resources, 1986, gives film sources. North American Indian languages. See Gay Sunshine no. 26/27, p.16: shows "The *Berdache dance after George Catlin" (an engraving of the eighteenth century). Records are mainly visual. For film sources, the film collection of the Smithsonian Museum in Washington should be consulted. The Navajo are the largest group; see *Berdache for references. 'Australian Aboriginal languages. In northern and central Australia (e.g. among the Aranda - See 'Overview - Aranda) dance cycles are related to secret ceremonies and initiation rites involving the Rainbow *Serpent. Engravings of early Aboriginal dancing in early printed books about Australia from 1788 are often homoerotic. 'Southeast Asian languages. Material is very likely in the over one hundred ethnic groups of Burma in Burmese and the other ethnic languages: see *Dancing Boys where material in Shan appears to occur. In Thailand and Cambodia tribal groups also exist, as also in India. Material in *Indonesia and Philippines languages also occurs: see 'Overview - Oral Languages Southeast Asia. Polynesian languages. Maori men dance in all male groups and sing 'chants. See *Overviews for *Australian Aboriginal, *African, *American Indian, *Polynesian, *Papua New Guinea languages and *Languages of Malaysia and Indonesia. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Africa: Precolonial sub-Saharan Africa". Singing and dancing in Persian from Iran and India are recorded from 1740. Persian has an ancient tradition of male dancers singing and dancing for males; the tradition could connect with ancient Greek traditions (see *Singing and dancing - Greek). Drinking songs (see *khamriyya) are relevant. *E. G. Browne witnessed dancing boys in *Shiraz, Iran, in 1893. No texts of the songs of Persian dancing boys are known though they are known to still perform in coffee shops in Iran. The *Whirling Dervishes order of *Sufism founded by the poet *Rumi is famous for dancing. References. Drew, Boys for Sale, 95-96. Rahman, "Boy love in the Urdu ghazal", Paidika vol. 2 no. 1 (1989), 16: names the dancing boys Sabza, Zamurrad and Hainga Amrad as being active in *Delhi ca. 1740 Singing boys - Korean, also called Flower Boys or hwarang Hwarang in Korea were singing boys who dressed as girls and accompanied wandering musicians and players. Poems sung by them in Korean date from ca. 550. Six songs are from a collection called hyangga preserved in the Samguk Yusa. See the article by *Richard Rutt, "The Flower Boys of Silla", Transactions of the Korea Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, vol. 38, 1961, 1-66 (with bibliography of books on them page 1). The songs connect with *shamanism. Some poets who composed songs are known by name. Young Ja Kim, "The Korean Namsadang", Drama Review 25 (1981), 9-16, discusses these dancing boys in relation to troops of actors called Namsadang which appear to have been homosexual communities (reprinted in *Wayne Dynes, editor, Studies in Homosexuality, volume 3, New York, 1992, pp. 81-88.) Poems and songs in plays performed are relevant. The tradition has practically died out in Korea. Criticism. In Japanese, Rutt cites Ayukai Fusanomosuke, volume 4 of Zakko subtitled Karogo, Seoul, 1932, and Mishima Shoei, Shiragi Karo no kenkyu, Tokyo, 1943 (a detailed study with a vast amount of comparative anthropological material) and in Korean, Yi Son'gun, Hwarangdo Yon'gu, Seoul, 1949. In later periods the dancing was done by dancing girls called kisaeng as distinct from the earlier dancing boys (see * Human Relations Area Files under Korea under section 535, "Dancing", for several other references to dancing boys). The custom of dancing boys in Korea has been traced to China: see Human Relations Area Files references; from there it relates to central and west Asian traditions (see *Singing and dancing boys in East Asia). References. Murray, Oceanic Homosexualities, 103-09. Singing, musicians and dancing boys Songs and oral poems in Akkadian from Iraq, in Greek from Turkey and Greece and other languages from 600 B.C. The earliest known work is ca. 600 B.C. in Akkadian (see below); this date is approximate; relevant works can be dated more definitely from 450 B.C. in Greek. The tradition of singing and dancing associated with homosexuality as bawdy songs in an all male context is the oldest continuous homosexual poetry tradition in the world. *Tribal cultures in which rituals are strongly based on males dancing together and singing are major sources of such songs which are largely unanalysed (e.g., in *African, *American Indian, *Australian Aboriginal and *Papua New Guinea languages); see *Singing and dancing in tribal cultures for references (initiation ceremonies are a locus). See also entries for *songs. There is a documented tradition of male dancing boys extending across southeast Europe (the Balkans and especially Greece) to central Asia, southern India and through China to Korea and Japan to southeast Asia (see *Songs - *Tagalog). It is especially strong in *Islamic cultures where women wear veils and sex is forbidden between men and women before marriage (these cultures extend from west Asia to the Philippines and Indonesia). In Afghanistan dancing boys usually sing love songs (these are ambiguous and can have male or female reference); sometimes they sing political satire. See also *Songs, drinking songs - Arabic, *Songs - Azeri, - Berber, - Kazakh, - Kirghiz, - Kurdish, - Pashto, - Sindhi for other references. See *Dennis Drew and Jonathan Drake (pseud.), Boys for Sale, New York, 1969 for discussion of contemporary dancing boys in the Middle East. Akkadian. See Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 800: re male 'prostitutes in Mesopotamia who sang songs (compare '"My hire goes to the promoter"). The date of 600 B.C. is taken from the * Gilgamesh entry. Egyptian. Kings danced before male gods - see W. G. Raffe, Dictionary of the Dance, New York, 1964, entry for "Egyptian Dance". Dancing boys may have existed in ancient Egyptian but no reference has been found. Greek: see 'Singing and dancing - Greek (from 450 B.C.+); Hindi. Bengali. Tamil. Urdu. 'Hijras (male transvestites) sing erotic songs; this tradition is very ancient possibly connected to the Hebrew * Kadesh tradition. Urdu. Rahman, "Boy love in the Urdu ghazal", Paidika vol. 2 no. 1 (1989), 16: re dancing boys in Peshawar and formerly in 'Delhi. Chinese. Japanese. Korean: see separate entries. Arabic: See *Liwat entry in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, p. 778, 'Songs, Drinking Songs - Arabic, *Salah al-Kuwaiti. *Cairo is a city where they have been reported; they have also been reported in the country of Oman (an oral source from Somalia, April 1994; see also *Mukhanath). See Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, item 1089 (re south Arabian transvestite singers and dancers). Persian and Turkish: a very strong dancing boy tradition exists; see separate entries. Puniabi. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 565 states the homosexual 'Sukh leader Ranjit Singh (1780-1839) was "an active homosexual with a harem of dancing boys. His special favorite was the youth *Gulab Singh, to whom he gave the principality of Jammu [now in India]". Turkish. See 'Fadil Bey (a poem about dancing boys ca. 1800). They also exist in Turkmen dialects, see 'Songs - Turkmen. Taiik: see 'Songs - Tajik. Uzbek. A photo of dancing boys in Kokand by a Russian traveller (near Bokhara or Samarkand in the Uzbek Republic), *Turkestan, ca.1890, is in David King, Ikats, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988, p. 7; the boys are dessed in female garments and some have long hair; they are about 10 to 12 in age (this is the earliest known photograph of dancing boys). *Ingeborg Baldauf has written a major study on them. Afghan: see 'Afghan Love Song. See also 'Transvestite singers. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Sexual Behaviour: see "Art and Dance, Sex in Primitive". Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Dancing Boys". Sinitic languages, also called Sino-Tibetan Language family from east Asia from China and Burma. From 479 B.C. This family is the second largest in the world by number of speakers after the *Indo-European family. The Sinitic family includes the *Chinese group of languages (which has the oldest gay poetry, reputedly from ca. 479 B.C., and the largest number of speakers in the family - over 1.2 billion), Tibetan (spoken in the province of Tibet in China, formerly the independent country of Tibet) and Burmese (which are usually linked as the Tibeto-Burmese group in the family) and Karen. Some 300 languages of the Sinitic family exist; the great majority are tribal languages. Research on the family is only in its infancy. Some languages are extinct, for instance Xiaxia, also called Tangut and sometimes spelt Hsia Hsia, spoken around 1036 when an independent orthography existed with blockbooks (books printed from wooden blocks) being printed in the language. Xiaxia language died out with the Mongol invasions in 1227 but has recently been reconstructed from the re-discovered blockbooks: see the entry on the language in the Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Some scholars include the Tai group (including Thai, Lao, Shan and other languages) and the Miao-Yao group (spoken in northern Burma, parts of Indo-China and Southwest China); but these two groups are sometimes regarded as different language families. All these languages are characterized by tones: that is, the same word may have a different meaning when used with a different pitch. See Paul Benedict, Sino-Tibetan (1972). Chinese. The written Chinese characters - which are a unique writing system - are the same for all the Chinese spoken languages (i. e., languages spoken in China) so the written language can be read by all speakers in China. There are at least seven Chinese languages in China. Mandarin (Beifanghua or P'u-t'ung-hua, also spelt Putonghua, spoken in the north and north west with dialect variations) is the language of the capital *Peking. Wu is spoken around Shanghai on the north central coast. In the south five main languages are spoken: Yue (or Cantonese, spoken around Canton), Xiang, Gan, Keijia (or Hakka) and Min (spoken by native Taiwanese though Mandarin has become the standard language in Taiwan since 1949). Note: two systems of transliteraions are used *Wade Giles and *Pinyin; the language names are mainly given in Wade Giles romanization here. These Chinese languages are discussed with a map in Paul Kratochvil, The Chinese Language Today, 1968, 16-17. Jerry Norman in Chinese, 1988, especially pp. 187-89, discusses the different languages. There are scores of Chinese dialects. Chinese written poetry dates from the *Shi Jing (479 B.C.); *song traditions are very old and date from it also. Minority languages in China. Over fifty are spoken: see Brian Hook, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of China, 1982, 97-102. There is an institute of minority languages in Beijing which publishes material in the languages. These languages are mostly not Sinitic. Tibetan. Thai and Burmese. These languages are written in scripts related to Indian scripts, Tibetan in a script from ca. 630 derived from the Sanskrit Devanagari script from north India. Southern Thai (from ca. 1300) and Burmese are written in scripts derived from south Indian scripts. There are a huge number of minority languages in Burma (where over one hundred languages are spoken: see Martin Smith, Burma, 1991, 27-39) and also in Thailand, Laos and Vietnam; some of these languages are Sinitic. See *Transvestite singers regarding Shan. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics; excellent overview. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Poem in English from Great Britain. Ca. 1370. A medieval English poem. Translation. Spanish: 1982, trans. not known - see * Cuaderno Bibliográfico Gay, p. 15. The poem is a chivalric romance by the Gawain poet. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Poem in English from Great Britain. Ca. 1380. It was written by *Thomas Chestre, though is normally known under this title. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Active 1110. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 315: gay love poem. Poet from India who wrote in Urdu. 1715-1763. He was from Aurangabad. Criticism. *C. M. Naim, "The Theme of Homosexual (Pederastic) Love in Pre-Modern Urdu Poetry", in Studies in the Urdu Gazal and Prose Fiction, edited by M. U. Memon, 1979, 128: states a *masnavi, Bostan-e xayal, of 1747, describes his love for a Hindu boy, who was fourteen when they first met; his name is given as Siraj. Sadiq, History of Urdu Literature, 84-86: includes trans. into English of lines of poetry; name given as above. Poet from Korea who wrote in Korean. Died 702. See Lee, Poems from Korea, p. 36: "Ode to Knight Taemara" - strong homoeroticism. He also wrote a song about a * hwarang (see *Richard Rutt, "The Flower Boys of Silla", Transactions of the Korea Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, vol. 38, 1961, 49). He appears to have been gay and was a hwarang (see Lee, Poems from Korea, p. 19). See also Murray, Oceanic Homosexualities, 106. Translator from Great Britain from Latin to English. Born 1914. An English language poet who has translated the Latin poets *Catullus and *Virgil: Catullus, London, 1966, and The Poetry of Catullus (English and Latin), New York, 1967, and Virgil's Aeneid (1986). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Poet and autobiographer from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1892-1969. As Philip Ziegler's biography Osbert Sitwell (1998) shows, he was homosexual - however, this biography is very guarded on the subject of homosexuality; David Horner was his long-standing companion though an article in the Times on Sunday, 28 February 1988, 33: states "Osbert and his long standing friend David Horner were lovers". Largely a writer of *satirical verse, he was an enemy of the *Georgians and supporter of *modernism who wrote *free verse and was active as a poet from 1916. Nothing of relevance has been found in his poetry. He lived in Italy at the Castle of Montegufoni near Florence for much of his life. His autobiography (1945-1950) of which Left Hand, Right Hand! is the first work, is a five volume work which completely fails to mention David Horner, his lover for forty years. He relied on a new assistant and secretary, Frank Margo, in his last years causing Horner distress (Frank Margo was provided a flat in Montegufoni in perpetuity). John Pearson, Facades (1978) is a biography of Osbert, Sacheverell and Edith Sitwell. Two fine homosexual love poems to David Horner, otherwise unpublished, are quoted in Philip Ziegler, Osbert Sitwell, pp. 167-68; the manuscripts are stated to be in the David Horner papers. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography (1961-1970): by John Lehmann. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Contemporary Authors Permanent Series and Contemporary Authors, volumes 25-28. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Criticism. Rowse, Homosexuals in History, 318. Period in Chinese from China. 220-589. This period, which followed the *Han period preceded the *T'ang period. At this time 'Buddhism reached China. See Yutaixinyong, Shanghai, 1936, edited by Xu Ling - this work contains some homopoems. See Hinsch, Passions of the Cut Sleeve, pp. 55-76. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica. Poem from Great Britain in English. Published in 1588. The first translation of *Theocritus into English dedicated to E. D. (possibly *Sir Edward Dyer); reprinted in 1922 with a preface by Stephen Gaselee. See Norton, Homosexual Literary Tradition, p. 395. Sixteenth century English poets and entries Period in English in Great Britain. This period, from 1500 to 1599, when English was only spoken in Great Britain, saw the first known gay poets and a significant body of gay poetry. See *A. Barclay, *Surrey, *Elizabethan Poets (the major poets covering the period 1558-1603). A work by *William Webbe is the beginning of gay poetry criticism. Alan Stewart's Close Readers: Humanism and Sodomy in Early Modern England, 1997, deals with the social background and discusses some prose works. *Alan Bray has also written on the background and the poetry. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active before 1964. No entry in the 'British Library General Catalogue. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 1Q1: poem '"Eros (Genisße...)". No date or source given. Movement in poetry in Norse from Iceland. From ca. 875 to ca. 1100. There is a huge volume of reference to male homosexuality in the works of these poets mostly in the form of nith (an *insult of a sexual nature, frequently a homosexual nature; see *Effeminancy). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics, 858. Poet from Norway who wrote in Norwegian. Active 1979. Author of a volume of poems Skymingssong (1979). Criticism. Gatland, Mellom linjene: homofile tema i norsk litteratur, 259: a poem from Skymingssong, p. 7B. Translator from Greek to English from the United States. Active 1971. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 3539: Two Hundred Poems from the Greek Anthology, Seattle, 1971: translation of a readable selection from the Greek * Palatine Anthology into English (the translation does not specifically highlight the gay element). Skolia and drinking songs - Greek Songs in Greek from Greece. Skolia are drinking songs and the word meant in the singular "crooked" in ancient Greek: this may refer to the irregular and informal arrangement in which the poems were composed. They date from 450 B.C. They arise from a custom in ancient *Athens of guests at a *symposium singing a song which the other guests, in turn, had to equal or better by composing or reciting another song. They generally had a bawdy character. The atmosphere at these gatherings was strongly homoaffectional, all males in an all male setting, and could be homosexual as at *Plato's * Symposium and, at times, in *Xenophon's Symposium and The Deipnosophists (Learned Banquet) described in *Athenaeus. As the surviving examples indicate, some of the songs had a bawdy tone and they are the earliest known examples of homosexual poetry of a *bawdry character in any language. See *J. M. Edmonds, Lyra Graeca, 1927, vol. 3, pp. 568-69: numbers 14-16 (two extremely important poems, the same two cited in Symonds below). *Epigrams are a closely related form. The epigrams in the * Mousa Paidike were probably composed and sung in the same symposium context as were the poems in Book II of *Theognis so these two gay anthologies emerge from this tradition. Scenes on ancient Greek vases, as documented by *J. D. Beazley, vividly document the symposium setting of the singing of skolia in Athens of the fifth century B.C. In modern Greek this tradition of bawdy drinking songs continues in a somewhat different form in * rebetika which, however, emerged from an underworld tradition and are usually crude and have an element of violence. *Alcaeus is known to have written drinking songs which were sung at symposia and many of the poems in the * Palatine Anthology were probably sung at symposia, accompanied by the flute if *elegaics and by the lyre if *lyric. See *Bowra, Greek Lyric Poetry, pp. 372-397, "Attic Drinking Songs", for an extended discussion of skolia. Bowra notes, p. 375, that Athenaeus preserves twenty-five songs and "there can be little doubt that they form the whole or part of a song-book" and if so, this is a lost anthology; a gay song is quoted on p. 380 and Bowra notes that "The great day of the [Attic] skolia was in the latter part of the sixth century and the first part of the fifth" (p. 397). See also *cinaedic songs. Text. The most recent text with English translation is *David Campbell, Greek Lyric , volume 5, 1993, pp. 270-303. An earlier text is in J. M. Edmonds, editor, Lyra Graeca, vol. 3, Cambridge, MA and London, 1927, pp. 548-581. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 22: citing two poems, one in *Athenaeus xv and the other Dio Chrysostom i, 36. Criticism. Symonds, A Problem in Greek Ethics, 26: 2 skolia quoted. Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 8 (1906), 659. Brandt, Sittengeschichte griechenlands, volume 2, 191. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 477. "Skon ar gestalten, skapad av Ptah" Poem in Egyptian from Egypt; translated into Swedish from German. From before 642; this date is very uncertain and the work may be much earlier. The first line of the poem in its Swedish translation is "Skon ar gestalten, skapad av Ptah". The poem is possibly from the 18th dynasty, ca. 1550 B.C.; however this date is uncertain (though an earlier date seems unlikely). It possibly belongs to the period of the early New Kingdom, 1300 B.C. then being the latest it could have been written. The poem was translated from ancient Egyptian into German and then from German into Swedish by *Nils Hallbeck and is published in Swedish in Nils Hallbeck's Manner) och Poyken, Stockholm, 1980, p. 6; no source is given. An English translation by Nils Hallbeck exists (in a letter from him to the author) - "Beautiful is the shape, created by Ptah./ The boy whom love makes beautiful/ comes from the countries of north Africa./ Beautiful is his face, beautiful his diadem./ The gods rejoice at his beauty,/ get as they see him, new strength./ The gods love his shape./ Love with the boy runs through the world./ All hearts melt before his sight." Nils Hallbeck stated to the author that he took the poem from "a German book on psychology", the title of which he cannot remember, "about fifty years ago" (letter to the author November, 1994). The poem refers to beautiful north African youths and states that they rule the world through their beauty; it is intensely homosexual in feeling at least in translation. It was dated by Hallbeck 2000 B.C. but the dating above is based on a letter from Richard Parkinson of the British Museum and Professor John Baines, Professor of Egyptology, Oxford. Professor Baines states it has all the hallmarks of being a *eulogy and may be in a collection of ancient Egyptian texts by Adolf Erman and this is the most likely source (Erman was a leading Egyptologist who published several works). If so, it is the first recorded African *eulogy. See Adolf Erman, The Ancient Egyptians, New York, 1966, "Poems to the King", pp. 255-82, for similar poems. It has not been possible to trace the original Egyptian text of this poem. Mention of the god Ptah in the poem may link it to the city of Memphis as Ptah was the local god of Memphis. Poet from Denmark writing in Danish. Active 1979. With *Lars Overby, the author of Sk&ve skygger - sommerstykker, 129 pp. - a book of poems, essays and autobiographical notes. Source: a ca. 1980 bibliography entitled Danish Fiction by Bengt Olson of the Danish gay archive and library sighted in 1989; on p. 8 it is stated to be "Youthful poetry, a few with explicit gay feelings". Poet from Australia writing in English. Born 1945. See the poem on *Patrick White, "After a Portrait of Brett Whiteley", in Patrick White: A Tribute, edited by Clayton Joyce, Sydney, 1991, pp. 120-21. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Poet from Australia writing in English. Born 1931. See "Homage to a Homosexual" in Thomas Shapcott, editor, Australian Poetry Now (Melbourne, 1970), pp. 21-23; somewhat *homophobic. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Trope with sexual undertones in poetry in Latin from Italy from 190 B.C. and later in other languages. Slavery refers to a person being owned by another person. A slave can be bought or sold for money. Latin. The institution of slavery in *Roman times allowed for male slaves to be anally penetrated by males (the slaves had no choice in fulfilling this role); of course, slaves could also have sex with their masters including anally penetrating them. *Plautus (190 B. C.) refers to it as does *Martial (e.g., see Book 10, poem 45); see also *Publius Statius. For the social background see Beert C. Verstraete, "Slavery and the Social Dynamics of Male Homosexual Relations in Ancient Rome", Journal of Homosexuality 5 (1980) 227-36. Turkish: see *Selim I. Arabic: *Yusuf ben Harun al-Ramadi, *'Abdallah, *al-Hariri. Persian: *Farrukhi, *Sultan Mahmud of Ghazna. Compare *Courtly love. English: *Larry Townsend. The term is used metaphorically in the *SM culture. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality. Ullstein Enzyklopädie der Sexualität: see "Sexualität und Sklaverei", 763-768. Group of languages spoken in east Europe which is a sub-branch of the *Indo-European language family; Russian is the largest language by number of speakers. Poetry of relevance dates from 1200 in Russian. These languages are spoken in eastern Europe and Central Asia in the case of Russian (due to Russian control of this area until 1990: many Russians live in the former central Asian republics such as the Uzbek and Tajik Republics). The languages are also spoken in south-eastern Europe in the Balkans. Russian has the largest number of speakers followed by Ukrainian (which is spoken in the Ukraine) then Polish spoken in Poland. Czech spoken in Czechoslovakia was formerly called Bohemian (Slovak is close to Czech and is spoken adjacent to it in the Slovak Republic). Belorussian (also spelt Byelorussian) is spoken in Belorus (also spelt Belarus). The south Slavic group - Slovenian, Serbo-Croat, Macedonian, Bulgarian and Old Church Slavonic - are different from the northern group which are divided into west Slavic and east Slavic. Serbo-Croat is considered by some to be two languages though the variations are only dialectal (as with Czech and Slovak); Serbian, spoken in Serbia and Montenegro but also in other parts of the former Yugoslavia, is written in Cyrillic characters and Croatian, spoke in Croatia, in Roman. West Slavic languages are Polish, Czech, Slovak, Lusatian (also called Wend or Sorbian), which is a linguistic island in Germany, Kaszub (spoken by a small group on the Baltic coast) and the now extinct Polabian. East Slavic languages are Russian, Ukrainian and Belorussian. Russian has the richest documented gay poetry tradition. Little research has been done in Ukrainian. These languages all have rich *oral traditions. Old Church Slavonic (sometime called Old Bulgarian) is the language of the Orthodox Church. See also *European languages. See Billiographic Guide to Slavic, Baltic and Eurasian Studies, New York: G. K. Hall, 1995+, three volumes. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Poet possibly from the United States writing in English. Born 1935. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 353-54: "In the Seraglio" - re *lesbianism in the harem. Poet from the Netherlands writing in Dutch. Born 1946. Lives in 'Amsterdam. Two collections: Blijmoedig anders (19B1) and Bitterzoet (19B4). Gay Poetry Anthologies. David heeft ook een achterkant, 5Q; biog 61. Poet from Australia who wrote in English. 1901-1971. A *Sydney poet who was a modernist. See the reference to "cream puffs", i.e. homosexuals, on the title page of Darlinghust Nights, Sydney, 1933; reprinted 1971. The poem *"Pan at Lane Cove" is an invitation to sexual licence with homosexual undertones ("Blow, blow thy flute, though stone boy blow!"); see also * Poetry in Australia (1923). The *elegy "Five Bells" (1939) was based on a close *friendship with Joe Lynch. Biography: *Geoffrey Dutton, Kenneth Slessor, Sydney, 1991. He was a journalist and his married life was not happy. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1887-1918. See Emmanuel Cooper, The Sexual Perspective, 1986, pp. 126-27: a Californian "poet painter" who was a friend of *Marsden Hartley; he was "involved as much emotionally with men as with women" (p. 126) and states his letters speak of his love for Carl Sprinchorn (p. 127). Poet from Canada writing in English. Born 1942. In his book Dead Shadows, 1982, there are some relevant poems. Born in Ontario. Anthologist and possibly poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1882-1946. The compiler of the first United States anthology * Men and Boys. He - or someone associated with him - may have written many of the poems in Men and Boys on pp. 68-73 under pseudonyms, since the poets in this section are not otherwise known. He was a graduate of Columbia University with a Ph. D. in chemistry. He used the pseudonym *Edmund Edwinson. He is now known to be the author of a book of poems Lads o' the Sun, New York, 1928. On this work see Dawes, A Study of Erotic Literature in England, pp. 344-45. According to Dawes, it was printed in New York, 1928. No place or date are given on the title page which has the imprint The Ladslore Series. One hundred numbered copies are stated to have been printed (see also Men and Boys, pp. xix-xx; this states there are only two known copies, no. 15 in the *British Library at pressmark PC. 13. e. 6 and No. 26 in the *Kinsey Institute). Dawes states: "It contains thirty-five original short verses, to or about boys, and thirty-five photographic studies of male adolescents in the nude... both these [Men and Boys and Lads O' the Sun] are compiled by the same person and are identical." Dawes had a copy made of Lads O' the Sun with bare pages to be Tilled in with photographs and only did this when he got photographs; this copy is the British Library copy. The *British Library copy in the *Private Case, examined in 1995, is Dawes copy and is 80 pp. (its states "Dawes Bequest" on the cover). It has about fifteen photographs of naked boys tipped in. The poems are conventional *boy love poems and openly gay, e.g., the first poem "Desiderata". This work may have been inspired by a similar work published in Great Britain in 1923 by *Oliver Hill. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10609: under *Edwin Edwinson lists Men and Boys, privately printed, 1924. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, xviii-xxii: life; 65-67 (poems under the name of Edwin Edwinson); see also the photgraph of the inscription of a copy of the book from him as "the anthologist" to *Havelock Ellis in the collection of *D. H. Mader. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 496: Tine poem "Eros in Dolore". Criticism. Dawes, Study of Erotic Literature in England, 344-45. Smith, Love in Earnest, 245 bibl. (under Edwin Edwinson). Oral poems in English from the United States from 1969. Oral slogans arose in the *gay liberation period, from 1969, and were usually sung at demonstrations: see *"Closet door, closet door", *"Two, four, six, eight" and *"We're here/ we're queer". These have not generally been recorded. Material in other languages undoubtedly exists (e.g., German). See also *Oral Poems. Poet from Poland who wrote in Polish. 1809-1849. He seems very much a repressed homosexual. A contemporary and rival of the famous poet *Mickiewicz. (See also *Oedipus complex.) Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Penguin Companion to World Literature. Criticism. Milosz, History of Polish Poetry, 232-43 and photo 266-67; p. 237 he states "throughout his life Slowacki was emotionally dependent on his mother" who "was his true love affair. His involvements with other women were largely literary inventions". Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1817-1888. Author of the *hymn "I've found a Friend; O such a Friend!/ He loved me ere I knew him;" (composed in 1863). Printed in The Book of Common Praise, Melbourne, 1935 (a Canadian hymn book adapted for Australian usage), p. 755. The author was a Scottish Presbyterian: see p. 962 for biographical information. This poem was sung in Sydney at a gay birthday party in 1993 and, though innocent enough in one way, when sung in a gay context takes on a totally different meaning and *parody overtones. The *friend is, of course, Jesus Christ. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born ca. 1958. See the review of his chapbook Scream of the Midnight Owl, 20 pages, in * Boston Gay Review, Fall 1979, 5, by *Ron Shreiber. A gay Kentucky poet. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item: Scream of the Midnight Owl, Pikeville, KY: The Wind Press, 1975. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. 1722-1791. A poet known for A Song to David (1763), based on King *David of Israel. He was educated at *Cambridge. Three times confined for madness, he died in a debtors prison. He was a friend of *David Garrick. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 182-84 "*Hymn 13: St Philip and St James". Possible lover from Greece pertaining to Greek. Active 570 B.C. See Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 471-72. Lover of *Anacreon. Critic from the United States writing in English. Active 1959. Author of the article "The Curious Controversy over Whitman's Sexuality", One Institute Quarterly, vol. 2 no. 1, Winter 1959, 6-25: this discusses the acknowledgement and denial of Whitman's homosexuality, dealing with all the authors from *J. A. Symonds onwards. It is a brilliant study of this complex issue, which is still the finest survey of Whitman's sexuality and influence to 1959. It reviews concisely and accurately the literature to 1959; see page 16 for the authors analyzed in *Frederik Schyberg's major study of Whitman's influence. The name is probably a *pseudonym. See also *Walt Whitman. Bibliographer and poet from the United States writing in English. 1948-1987. Author of * Frank O'Hara: A Comprehensive Bibliography, New York and London, 1979; second corrected printing 1980, 323 pages. An extremely comprehensive bibliography of a major gay poet. The author died of *Aids and his papers are listed on Worldcat (on *OCLC) as having been donated to a library. A book of poetry, Colonizing the Red Planet was published in 1987. Editor from the United States of works in English. Active 1976. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 3544: Ocotillo Echoes. A Collection of Modern Poetry, Naco, Arizona: Border Publishing, 1976; cited as being an anthology (it apparently contains one or more gay poems). Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Active 1919. He used the pseudonym *A Schoolmaster. Whether the name Arnold W. Smith is an actual name is not known. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 11014-15: A Boy's Absence, London, 1919 "published as by A. Schoolmaster" and The Isle of Mistorak and other poems, London: Allen and Unwin, 1926. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 3545-46: A Boy's Absence. By a Schoolmaster, London: Allen and Unwin, 1926 and The Isle of Mistorak and Other Poems. By A. W. S., London: Allen and Unwin, 1926; both highly rated by *Ian Young. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 146-47: extracts from the title poems of the preceding books. Smith, Bessie A famous *black blues singer whose "Foolish Man Blues", recorded 1927, refers to homosexuality: "There's two things got me puzzled, there's two things I don't understand;/ That's a mannish-acting woman, and a skipping, twistin' woman-acting man". See also *Bawdry - English. She had female lovers (including possibly *Ma Rainey) and was twice married. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of American Biography, Supplement Two. Howes, Broadcasting It. Tyrkus, Gay and Lesbian Biography. Lesbian Histories and Cultures. Criticism. Katz, Gay/Lesbian Almanac, 447 ("Foolish Man Blues") and Gay American History, 76-82 and especially 82. Critic from the United States writing in English. Active 1991. Author of Homosexual Desire in Shakespeare's England, 1991: a reading of *Elizabethan literature which is unfortunately very abstruse; summary of contents pp. 2-23. *Shakespeare is discussed in Chapters Two, Four, Five and Seven, *Barnfield and *Spenser are discussed in detail in Chapter Three, pp. 99-115 and *Marlow in Chapter Six, pp. 204-223; this work is illustrated with woodcuts from the period. Reviews: James White Review vol. 9 no. 3, 18-19; Journal of Homosexuality vol. 23 no. 4 (1992), 113-23. He is a Professor of English at Georgetown University. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1945. Extremely fine poems in the style of *Ginsberg, *Olson and *Duncan. He has been published in * Gay Sunshine, *Fag Rag, *Mouth of the Dragon, NAMBLA Bulletin. Son of the Male Muse (see below) states a new volume, Boys by the Santa Monica Pier is forthcoming. Queer Poet Lives, Manroot, 1978, has illustrations by Peter Gonzales and has photographs of naked men by the poet. A major poet of *gay liberation. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 3549-50: Lands End, San Francisco: Manroot, 1980 (*broadsheet) and book Queer Poet Lives, San Francisco: *Manroot, 1980. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Angels of the Lyre, 195-96; biog., 244 (states he is living in *Boston and is a member of the Good Gay Poets). Orgasms of Light, 215-18; biog., 261. We Bumped Off Your Friend the Poet, 20-21. Son of the Male Muse, 168-70 (photo 168); biog., 190. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 646. Poems of Love and Liberation, 18, 41, 64, 66. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1982. See The Advocate, 13 May, 1982, 25: stated to be a *West coast gay poet. Anthologist from the United States of works in English. 1875-1936. A *Chicago newspaperman. He compiled the anthology *Oscar Wilde Discovers America with *Lloyd Lewis. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1605-1667. A clergyman, he spent his early life at sea and later married. With *Sir John Mennes he wrote several notable books of *bawdy poems (see the Dictionary of National Biography entry for details); they were reprinted together in 1817 and 1874. The pair were associated with Wit and Drollery, 1655-56 (repr. 1661), possibly edited by *Milton's nephew John Phillips (1631-1706), and with two suppressed books: Choyce Drollery, 1656 (repr. by Reverend J. Ebsworth, 1876) and Sportive Wit, 1656. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1963. A *black poet who lives in *Seattle. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 123 - "Dreaded Visitation" (about his Grandmother not answering the door); biog.,183. Poet and autobiographer from the United States writing in English; he later lived in Great Britain. 1865-1946. A United States writer who settled in Great Britain and became a British citizen in 1913. He was the brother-in-law of the famous United States art critic Bernard Berenson, came from a *Quaker family and attended *Harvard. He is most famous for his book Trivia, 1918, a series of prose aphorisms or possibly *prose poems. Some poems were published in a private periodical The Golden Urn, Fiesole, Italy, 1897-98 (three issues only were published): see, in Number 3, the poem "Mental Vice". (A copy of this journal was examined at the library of Villa I Tatti, Fiesole, near Florence, formerly owned by Berenson and now an art library operated by *Harvard; only one relevant poem was found.) He is not well known as a poet. In his autobiography, titled Unforgotten Years, London 1938, see especially Chapter 3 on *Whitman, who was a family friend (the chapter describes the poet's visits to the family home). Biography: see *Robert Gathorne-Hardy (a disciple), Story of a *Friendship, 1950. Logan Pearsall Smith, Saved from the Salvage, has a memoir of the author by *Cyril Connolly (published Edinburgh, *Tragara Press, 1982). *Verna Coleman, The Last Exquisite, 1990, p. 41 states "in later life" he "made no secret of his homosexuality". Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Dictionary of American Biography. Poet, critic and historian from Australia writing in English. 1932-1990. His series of articles in Campaign no. 19 (April 1977) to no. 31 (April 1978), "Our Australian Gay Heritage", was the first attempt at surveying Australian gay history and culture: see *Christopher Brennan, *J. Le Gay Brereton, *Adam Lindsay Gordon, *David Scott Mitchell. He is said to have written poems: see the interview with him in Campaign no. 31 (April 1978), 7-9. When he was editor of Gayzette he had a file of poems for publication (information from *David Ritchie). Obituary: Campaign, December ca. 1990. He was an early *Sydney gay liberationist of Jewish background who had travelled widely; a famous photo in the gay press showed him being evicted from a gay lib demonstration in Sydney. His papers are in the Crookwell Historical Society, Crookwell, New South Wales. Critic from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1989. Author of The Body Hispanic: Gender and Sexuality in Spanish American Literature, 1989 - mostly heterosexual writers are dealt with but see the index and pp.129-36 re *García Lorca. He has written several other books on sexuality in Spanish speaking culture: The Body Hispanic, Oxford, 1989 (see discussion of *Góngora and *García Lorca), Laws of Desire, Oxford, 1992, and Vision Machines (London, 1996). He edited Entiendes: *Queer readings, Hispanic Writings (Durham, 1995). Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1950. *A black activist and editor of the journal Dragonfly (1975-80; four issues) which published poetry on *pedophile themes. A bibliography of his works has been compiled by *Donald H. Mader. His Dragonfly Press (1975-83) emerged from the journal of the same name. He was born in *Harlem and lives in New York. He is also an artist illustrating his work with fine drawings, strongly influenced by *Ralph Chubb. No records of his books could be located on *Research Libraries Information Network or *Online Computer Library Center in the United States in 1995. Sidney Smith, Handful of Angels: With an Introduction and Bibliography by D. H. Mader (Amsterdam: Entimos Press, 1992) seems to be a selection. This contains a bibliography mostly of boks of drawings. Not seen. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 3556: Manchild, privately printed, 1978 (highly rated by Young). Editor from the United States who wrote in English. Active 1921. Editor of Poetica Erotica, 1921 and 1927 (the 1921 edition is believed to be an unexpurgated edition); the New York, 1949, edition was expurgated. Not in Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature; this name may be a pseudonym. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 11018: Poetica Erotica, New York: Crown Publishers, 1949, 770 pp. Criticism. Foster, "Beauty's Purple Flame: Some Minor American Gay Poets", Gay Books Bulletin no. 7 (1982), 18: re *Francis Saltus. Anthologist, historian, critic, bibliographer, bookseller and book-collector from Great Britain writing in English. Born ca. 1942. One of the most important researchers on homosexual poetry from Great Britain, he is also a bookseller dealing in rare second-hand material. His first article seems to have been on *Ralph Chubb in * Arcadie in 1963. He reviewed extensively for * Gay News and has also written reviews for *Gay Times. His Love in Earnest: Some Notes on the Lives and Writings of English 'Uranian' Poets 1889-1930, London, 1970, contains the most detailed discussion in English of the so-called *Uranian poets with a "A Hand List of *Uranian Verse" pp. 240-55 (this relies on *F. E. Murray, *A Catalogue of Select Books). The bibliography of printed sources pp. 256-68 is basic and manuscript sources are listed at the end of each chapter. This is one of the finest critical discussions of a group of gay poets to date. He wrote the introduction to the reprint of the *Christopher Millard bibliography of *Oscar Wilde, compiled a Bibliography of The Fortune Press, 1969 (a list of 182 titles in print) and compiled * Montague Summers: A Bibliography 1964 (revised edition 1983). The Books of the Beast, 1987, is a selection of essays on *Aleister Crowley, Montague Summers, *R. A. Caton and the *Fortune Press and *Ralph Chubb (on whom he wrote seminal articles). The essay on Crowley in this work is an attempt to compile a bibliography of Crowley's work, an extremely difficult task. The sale catalog of a collection of his English Poetry of the Nineteenth and Twentieth Century: The Timothy d'arch Smith Collection, London, Michael deHartignan [sic], 1972, 23 pages (which is the annotated catalogue of 93 books from his collection which were used to write Love in Earnest) is itself a valuable document, with notes which supplement Love in Earnest (this collection of books appears to have been purchased by *Donald Weeks and ultimately *Burton Weiss); some books in it are in *F. E. Murray's *Catalogue of Selected Books. (The book catalogues of Michael deHartington, 1972-1974, were reissued in 1998 in the United States by Aspodel Editions, North Pomfret, VT, in an edition of 300 copies including the preceding catalog.) See also * Artist and Journal of Home Culture. Compare *Stephen Wayne Foster who has done similar work on the United States gay poets of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys: he wrote the Introduction ix-xiv. Poet, historian and critic from Australia writing in English. Born 1933. See "Deathbed Sketch", Selected Poems, Sydney, 1985, p. 44, stanza 7: regarding a poet's death and another male admiring him in "swimming tights"; i.e., suggesting that the poet referred to in the poem inspired homosexual feelings in other males (see *bathing poems). The poet referred to here could be James McAuley known for his good looks and a friend of Vivian Smith. As a critic, he refers to *William Baylebridge in The Oxford History of Australian Literature, edited by Leonie Kramer, 1981, as "very much influenced by the style of lad's love lyrics so frequent in England from the nineties to the First World War" in his poetry written between 1910 and 1920 (p. 317) and states that his poetry overall is pervaded by "an evasive eroticism" (p. 316). Regarding "lad's love lyrics", see the entry *Uranian poets. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1996. Author of The Weigh-In, San Francisco: GLP Publishers, 1996, 176 pp. (review: James White Review vol. 13 no. 4, Fall 1996, 21, by Walter Holland - "erotic poems...[which] explore the many locales of male sexual migrations"). Includes a long poem in several cantos "To the Last Dancer". Publisher and bookseller from Great Britain of works in English; translator from Latin to English. 1861-1907. A late Victorian publisher of erotica, formerly a solicitor, active as a publisher 1885-98. He was at one time a second hand bookseller and issued catalogs; some advertised bindings in human skin. The *eighteen nineties journal The Savoy was published by him. He translated and published translations of the Latin poems the *Priapeia in 1889 and *Catullus in 1894 with *Sir Richard Burton. The Catullus was the first unexpurgated version in English. Several editions of The Thousand and One Nights were published with Burton between 1885 and 1888. He also published the homosexual novel Teleny in 1893, but is perhaps best known for publication of *Oscar Wilde's Ballad of Reading Goal (1898). He published *Aleister Crowley's White Stains in 1898 and his Snowdrops from a Curate's Garden, 1904. Smithers went bankrupt. Bioaraphv: see Antiquarian Book Monthly Review vol.10, July 1983, 248-51 and August 1983, 294-99. An extended life is Jack Smithers, The Early Life and Vicissitudes of Jack Smithers, London, 1939 (the author was his son). Smithers has an honorable place in publishing gay poetry in uncensored versions. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Literary Biography, vol. 112. Criticism. Kearney, History of Erotic Literature, 12026. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1721-1771. He is best known as a novelist but also wrote some poetry. Listed in John Atkins, Sex in Literature, vol. 2, 1973, p. 336 is the poem Advice, stated to be "an anti-sodomite verse satire". A check of the *British Library General Catalogue under Advice revealed that Tobias Smollett as the author of the poem, Advice, London, 1746; this was Smollett's first literary work. See the discussion of Advice in Howard S. Buck, Smollett as Poet, New Haven, CT, 1927, pp. 33-41: this states the poem's central passage is about "sexual perversion". Text: see The Works of the English Poets, edited by Alan Chambers, vol. 15, London, 1810, pp. 579-82. Homosexuality appears in his novel Roderick Random. See also *Mark Akenside. Criticism: see Robert Adams Day, "Sex, scatology, Smollett" in Paul-Gabriel Bouce, Sexuality in eighteenth-century Britain, 1982, pp. 225-43: discussion of Advice and homosexuality in his novels. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 201-06: extract from the novel Roderick Random. Critic from South Africa who wrote in English. 1870-1950. See his Walt Whitman: A Study of the Evolution of His Personality, Detroit, 1973, edited with introduction by *Alan Mcleod. The first extended study of Whitman from South Africa; see pp. 88-92 on sex (states Whitman treated sex as innately good), pp. 92-96 on *comradeship (states in the Calamus poems he placed comradeship above marriage). The book does not discuss homosexuality directly. The author was a Prime Minister of South Africa and a Field Marshal of the British army. City in Turkey where Greek was spoken. From ca. 700. The city was a large trading port on the Mediterranean coast associated with *Bion and *Homer (active ca. 700 B.C.; though he is said to have come from many other cities). Since 1922, with the expulsion of the Greeks, Turkish has been the main language and the city is now called *Izmir. Trope in poetry in *African languages from Nigeria (e.g., Fula, Yoruba and Ijaw), in *American Indian languages in the United States (e.g. Kwakiutl) and in *Australian Aboriginal languages from Australia (e.g., Aranda, Yirrkala) and in Papua New Guinea in Marind-Anim. Recorded in written form from 1932 in Kwakiutl. Snake and serpent motifs occur all over the world in relation to homosexuality and are linked with *phallicism. The fact that the phallus is snakelike is relevant. Research in relation to homosexuality so far is minimal. African languages. Serpent myths occur in west Africa (especially Nigeria - for possible languages see *Songs - Fulani. *Chants and songs - Yoruba. ijaw initiation songs). See *African languages for relevant languages. American Indian languages: for Kwakiutl see Gottfried Locher, The Serpent in Kwakiutl Religion, 1932 - *bisexual motifs occur. There is an ethnology by Franz Boas on the Kwakiutl. The serpent also occurred in Aztec myths in Mexico. Australian Aboriginal languages. The Rainbow serpent is a major myth especially across northern and central Australia and even east coast Australia where it is related to Australian Aboriginal initiation ceremonies; there are *bisexual and *hermaphroditic motifs (see *Geza Roheim regarding Aranda). The myth of the rainbow serpent was traced across virtually the whole country by Radcliffe-Brown in two articles in 1926 in Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 19-25 (for all Australia) and in 1930 in Oceania no. 1 (193031), 342-47 (southeast Australia). Swallowing and regurgitation in this myth relate to initiation rites and many rites have homosexual connotations with the initiates being males and the serpent being male; however, sometimes the serpent is female. See Kenneth Maddock, The Rainbow Serpent, 1978, which is an outstanding survey. Ronald Berndt, Kunapipi, 1951, about a major religious cult in the north of the Northern Territory, is also relevant (see *Songs - Yirrkala). The article by Chris Knight "Menstrual Synchrony and the Australian Rainbow Snake" in Thomas Buckley and Alma Gottlieb, Blood Magic: The Anthropology of Menstruation (Berkeley, 1988), pp. 222-55, discusses sexual aspects of male ceremonies in which men symbolically menstruate and give birth. It is a major discussion of the subject. Papua New Guinea languages. See initiation - Marin anim. Compare crocodile motifs in the oral literatures of *Papua New Guinea languages. Overall see Balaji Mundkur, The Cult of the Serpent, 1983; with major bibl. pp. 312-341. In ancient Greece the uroboros was a snake which eats itself and was represented in art as biting its tail. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of World Art: see in volume 12 under "Sex and Erotica" p. 896, the section "Snakes" by *Hermann Baumann, Das doppelte Geschlecht. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion: see"Snakes" (with bibl.); "Rainbow Serpent" (with bibl.); see also "Nagas and Yaksas" and "Dragons". Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1982. See The Advocate 13 May 1982, 25; stated to be a *West Coast gay poet. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Active 1924. A poet who wrote on *pedophile themes. References. Men and Boys, 74 ("The Love-Boy"), 77. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 163: same poem plus "A *Sonnet to Hugh". Book of poems: Blood and Bones, Applezaba Press 1988 - listed in new books in * James White Review vol. 5 no. 2 (Winter 1988), 17. Poet from Korea writing in Korean. Born 1915. See Lee, Poems from Korea, pp. 172-74; biog. note p. 172. See especially "To a friend" p. 174: "I spend the moonlit night of *Verlaine/ Twining ropes with a servant boy." Social constructionism, social constructionist approach and sociology Movement in history, sociology and anthropology in English, French and *European languages from ca. 1970. Social constructionism is the idea that homosexuals are made not born, that homosexuality is socially conditioned not genetic. It is linked with *Marxism and *Socialism and does not take into account biological factors in sexuality - a serious weakness in this ideology. It is linked with the rise of the social sciences in universities. A strength is that it does stress varieties and types of homosexualities and the way social forces can mould homosexual behavior. Thomas Weinberg, Gay Men, Gay Selves, New York, 1983, is an early study of the subject. Edward Stein, Forms of Desire: Sexual Orientation and the Social Constructionist Debate, London, 1992, is a series of essays on social constructionism. French. *Michel Foucault was the leading proponent. English. Great Britain: Kenneth Plummer and Jeffrey Weeks have been the leading protagonists. United States: see *David Halperin, Jonathan Katz. See also *essentialism (the view that homosexuality has always existed), John Boswell, *Gary Simes, *Wayne Dynes. A major work is David F. Greenberg, The Construction of Homosexuality, Chicago, 1988; with important bibliography pp. 501-603. The book, which is primarily about male homosexuality, has been criticized as being opaque and difficult to follow; however, the bibliography contains many important items about homosexuality (reviews: The Advocate no. 543, 62 by *Dennis Altman; Journal of the History of Sexuality vol. 1 no. 2, 313-16.) The author is a Professor of Sociology at New York University with *Marxist interests who gives an opposing view on Christianity to John Boswell. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1208-10: see "Social Construction"; see also volume 2, 789-94, "Medical Theories of Homosexuality". Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Essentialist-Constructionist Debate". Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, items 1455-2069. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 263-84. Movement in English from Great Britain, the United States and other English speaking countries, in French, German and other *European languages, and in Japanese. From 1855 in relation to gay poetry. A major political movement of the late nineteenth century. Public ownership of property and fair wages for workers were its main tenets, together with equality under law; socialist ideas have had a strong effect on recent anti-discrimination laws enacted in various parts of the work. There are strong homosexual undercurrents dating from *Walt Whitman (published from 1855). Contrast *Anarchism, *Conservatism and compare *Democracy, *Marxism. English: see *William Morris (the first poet of relevance), *Edward Carpenter, James M. Cory, Jack Lindsay. See Alan Bold editor, The Penguin Book of Socialist Verse, 1970; Dutch: Jef Last; Japanese: *Arishima Takeo; Spanish: *Ernesto Che Guevara. References. Encyclopedia Britannica. Poet from the United States writing in English. 1914-1968. Lover of *Kirby Congdon with whom he lived for twelve years. He was in advertising, lived in New York and wrote a book of poems Backfire, 1963. Another book of poems Haywire was stated to be forthcoming in 1973. He also made a film Happy Death in conjunction with *Gregory Corso. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Male Muse, 95 - "The Night is Wild"; biog., 124. Philosopher from Greece who spoke Greek; trope in Latin, French, English, German and Spanish. 469 B.C.-399 B.C. Socrates was an Athenian philosopher, whose disciple *Plato recorded his Dialogues in written form. He was condemned to death for corrupting youth and drank poison (hemlock) as a result, the first known gay *suicide. The context of the Dialogues makes clear that he was homosexual; in addition, all the participants are male and they frequently refer to their lovers. Socrates' speech defining love in Plato's * Symposium, which is itself a discussion of the nature of love, including homosexual love, is the main speech to which the preceding four speeches lead. He puts his thoughts in the mouth of a woman, Diotima, and says that love consists of the good, the true and the beautiful. Socrates is also a character in *Xenophon's Symposium and as a trope symbolized homosexual love in later poetry. See also *Critias, 'friendship, *Socratic love. English: *Christopher Marlowe, *Spenser: see the "glosse" to The Shepherd's Calendar. French: Courouve, Vocabulaire de l'homosexualité masculine, 187-89: notes the word socratique used as a synonym for homosexual was first cited in a poem of *Rousseau (ibid.,187). German: see J. G. Hamann, *Hölderlin. Latin. J. G. Gesner (1691-1761) wrote a famous book on Socrates in the eighteenth century, Socrates sanctus paederasta (Socrates holy pederast), *Göttingen, 1769 (on Gesner, 1691-1761, who founded the German philological seminar, see Wilamowitz-Moellendorf, History of Classical Scholarship, 93-94, Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 571 and Lexikon des gesamten Buchwesens, second edtion); a French translation is Dissertation de Jean-Mathias Gesner, Paris: *Lisieux, 1877. This work in Latin raised the issue of homosexuality to a serious level in German university circles (compare *C. A. Klotz). The text of this rare book is available in the *mircoform collection Sex Research from the *Kinsey Institute. The term eros socraticus in Latin means Socratic love. Spanish: The celibate twentieth century Spanish educator Giner de los Rios was called "the Spanish Socrates" (Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1240). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 997-98. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1227-28 and 985: re Socrates and his protege *Alcibiades, who is traditionally taken as his lover. Dictionnaire Gay. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: Die Männerliebe der Griechen, 71-73. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 192-93. loläus (1902), 31, 47-48, 53-61. Forberg, Manual of Classical Erotology, volume 1, 156-59. Criticism. Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 8 (1906), 634-35. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 9 (1908), 199-211: "Socrates und die Homosexualität" by *Otto Kiefer. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 453-56. Histoire de l'amour grec, 106-23, 216-21: re Socrates and Alcibiades. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 30-33. Dover, Greek Homosexuality, 12-13. Criticism. Derks, Der Schande der heiligen Paderastie, 57-78. Concept and trope in poetry in Greek from Greece and later in English, Latin and Italian. From 400 B.C. The love exemplified by *Socrates in *Plato's Dialogues, hence homosexual love. However the term can be ambiguous and refer to the various forms of love discussed in The *Symposium. Usage of the term is ideal in situations when homosexuality has to be simultaneously revealed as well as concealed. It can be synonymous with *Platonic Love. English: see *Eugene Field who wrote a *satiric poem on the subject. Italian: see *Bendetto Varchi. Latin: see *Eros Socraticus, *Benedetto Varchi. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1958. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gents, Bad Boys, and Barbarians, 197-201; biog., 196. Cities in Israel and trope in poetry in Greek and Hebrew from Israel and later in English, French, German and Italian. From 200 B.C. In Hebrew. Sodom and Gomorrah is one of the most important tropes for homosexuality in the *Old Testament and dates from the Greek Septuagint version of the Hebrew Old Testament (200 B.C.). The story of Sodom and Gomorrah relates to two cities destroyed because of homosexuality in Genesis Chapters 18-19. In the story, Lot and the men of the two cities were reputed to have had sex with two *angels. This trope became the dominant Judaic and Christian reference to homosexuality until recently. The story was not homosexualized until the Hellenistic period according to Bailey (see refence in Criticism below). The destruction of the cities, which dates from 2000 B.C., has been attributed to an earthquake following twentieth-century research. English. The trope appears first in middle English in *Genesis A (ca. 1000), then in *Cleanness (ca. 1350). It is very common from the *Renaissance: see *Thomas Middleton, *Gregory W. Bredbeck, *Rochester, *Sodom, or the Quintessence of Debauchery, *Sodom and Onan. See also Robert Kelly's poem "Apples of Sodom" in Not This Island Music, 1987 (slight interest); source: *Poem Finder. The English word *sodomy, the most common word in English from the sixteenth to the twentieth century to refer to *anal sex, came from Sodom. The *Book of Sodom (1993) edited by Paul Hallam is an anthology on the theme of sodom. For a scholarly study see Arthur Ide, The City of Sodom and Homosexuality, 1985. French: see *Antoine Ferrand, *Albert Glatigny. German: see * Genesis A (possible reference only). Italian: see *Gianfranco Renda. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Encyclopedia Judaica. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1228-30. Howes, Broadcasting It. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity; see also the entry "Lot". Gay Poetry Anthologies. Hallam, Book of Sodom , 5-12. Bailey, Homosexuality and the Western Christian Tradition, 1-28. Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance and Homosexuality: see index. Poem in English from Great Britain. 1776. A *satire against the dramatist and *actor *Samuel Foote published in *London in 1776. It consists of 29 pages in *heroic couplets. There is a witty two page preface referring to homosexuality signed Humphrey Nettle (this may contain a hidden pun since nettle pricks people). "Dedicated to Foote" is written on the *Harvard Library copy; "by William Jackson" is written on the University of Chicago copy. The exact author is unknown but the level of language is sophisticated and suggests a very literary person. The poem refers in detail to Foote's trial for sodomy, naming many persons associated with the trial and referring to previous trials and satires of the eighteenth century (see p. 28 on *Isaac Bickerstaff and * Love in the Suds). A plausible author is *Walter Kenrick. Sodom, or the Quintessence of Debauchery Work of drama in poetry in English from Great Britain. Before 1684. A notorious *Restoration verse play about sex. The king bans heterosexual sex and turns to *sodomy but finally returns to heterosexual sex. No copy of the 1684 printing referred to in the literature survives and the earliest surviving printing being 1904 (see below). Seven manuscripts exist. On the authorship see A. S. G. Edwards, "Libertine Literature in Restoration England" in The Book Collector, 25 (1976), 354-68, and "The Authorship of Sodom" in Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America 71 (1977), 208-212 (which lists the seven manuscripts); see also J. W. Johnson, "Did Lord Rochester write Sodom?", Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America, vol. 81 (June 1987), 119-53. On early prosecutions of Sodom and Rochester's Poems on Several Occasions, see D. S. Thomas, The Library, fifth series, XXIV, 1969. Text consulted: Sodom, Olympia Press, Paris 1957, 123 pp. (this is possibly reprinted from the 1904 German printing). The play is in *heroic couplets and has little plot; however, it must be emphasized that the text consulted is possibly corrupt. It is a light-hearted sendup of the ritual and pomposity of Royal Courts. The play is mostly heterosexual in ambience and sodomy in the play refers to heterosexual anal sex as well as homosexual anal sex. It is very explicit sexually and one of the chief raisons d'etre of the play is to use every known four letter sexual word in English. The authorship is uncertain: the most that can be assumed at present is that Rochester may have had a part in writing it. The date is most likely 1660 to 1684. Text. No satisfactory published text exists. The first surviving text is by L. S. A. M. von Römer (Paris, H. Welter, 1904) from the Hamburg manuscript with *decadent illustrations by Julius Klinger (reprinted in 1905 in volume 9 of * Kryptadia). The Paris, Olympia Press, 1957 edition, possibly edited by Robert Nurenberg, and "based on a comparison of the existing manuscripts", p. viii (see also Kearney, History of Erotic Literature, p. 23), has been reprinted in several pirated versions in the United States. The play is also included in Paddy Lyons' edition of Rochester's Complete Poems and Plays, 1994. Kearney, Private Case, item 1900, cited below in Bibliographies, is a typescript from various manuscript sources; the typescript is held in the British Library at P. C. 15d18. An edition of 250 copies, The Farce of Sodom, 1980, in the handwriting, lithographically produced, of *Donald Friend was printed in Australia with some illustrations; this is an outstanding illustrated book. Translations. French. Ashbee, Bibliography of Prohibited Books, volume two, pp. 341-42, lists three manuscript translations dating 1744-67 "now destroyed". German: by Theophil Marquardt in the edition by L. S. A. M . von Römer (Paris, H. Welter, 1904; repr. 1909) - see Kearney, History of Erotic Literature, p. 24. Bibliographies. Ashbee, Bibliography of Prohibited Books, volume two, 326-41: extensive quotation from the play and ascribing it to *Rochester. Hayn, Gotendorf, Bibliotheca Germanorum Erotica, vol. 6, 503-05. Kearney, Private Case, items 1899-1900: item 1889 is the edition Leipzig: Privatdruck, 1909, by L. S. A. M. von Romer (donated by E. J. Dingwell on whom see *Infibulation), no. 210 of 350 copies [this may be identical to the Paris, 1904 printing above]; item 1900 is a typewritten manuscript version prepared by Kearney from various manuscript sources at the British Library, the Victoria and Albert Museum and at Hamburg (London, 1969). Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amour bleu, 127-31. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 174. Hallam, Book of Sodom, 229-36. Criticism. Kearney, History of Erotic Literature, 22-24: states the previous ascription to *Rochester is now considered spurious and the date must be prior to 1684, if this is accepted as the date of first printing. Poem from Great Britain in English. London: printed for Jacob Robinson, 1748, 86 pages. A poem about the destruction of *Sodom and Gomorrah: see Eighteenth Century Life, vol. 9 (May 1985), p. 155 footnote 89. Foxon, English Verse 1701-50, item S543 (lists copies in libraries). The poem is attributed to J. Basset. Journal in Italian from Italy. 1984-1993. A serious journal of gay literature and culture published annually by the Fondazione Sandro Penna, 'Turin; some poems were included. It had criticial articles on writers mainy. Five issues were published 1984-1993 and it appears to have ceased publication. See 'Guido Cavalcanti, 'Alfredo Cohen, 'Giovanni Dall'Orto, 'Wayne Dynes, 'Simon Karlinsky, 'Elisar von Kupffer, 'Mikhail Kuzmin, 'Law - Italian, 'Giacomo Leopardi, 'Libertinism, 'Elio Pecora, 'Sandro Penna, 'Alessandro Simone. An index to all issues published exists on the 'Internet. "Sodomite, or the Venison Doctor with his brace of Aldermen Stags, The" Poem from Great Britain written in English. Ca. 1684. A light-hearted *broadsheet poem about a doctor who performs anal sex on two aldermen and they both become pregnant and give birth. Copy sighted: *William Andrews Clark Library, Los Angeles; this bears a handwritten date of 1684 and a handwritten note that it refers to "Oates, Pilkington etc". It is the earliest broadsheet poem referring to homosexuality so far located. See Donald Wing, A short-title catalogue of books printed in England, Scotland, Ireland, Wales and British American... 1641-1700, New York, 1945-51, item 4417B. Word in Latin and English in Great Britain and the United States and other British colonies and former colonies. From ca. 1568. The word sodomy in English came from the Latin sodomia. Sodomia has passed to other 'European languages as well. Gay poetry references date from 1568. Latin. Sodomia as a word dates from the *middle ages and comes from the *Sodom and Gomorrah story. The word is not in Thesaurus linguae latinae but is believed to have been used firstly ca. 1200. (The Latin dictionary Mittellateinisches Worterbuch has not reached the letter S.) It is not in Ducange's Latin dictionary; though sodomiticus is. See in Latin Sinistrari, De sodomia tractatus, Paris, Lisieux, 1877 (this work is, however, mainly about heterosexual sodomy). Nor is the word in Oxford Latin Dictionary. A serious study of medieval documents is Mark D. Jordan, The Invention of Sodomy in Christian Theology, Chicago, 1997 (review: Lesbian and Gay Studies Newsletter, Spring/ Summer, 1998, 49-50). English. The Oxford English Dictionary dates the word in English from 1297. It was the most common word for homosexuality from 1600 to 1900; see also "sodomite" in the Oxford English Dictionary ("one who practises or commits sodomy"). It basically refers to homosexual 'anal sex but can also refer to heterosexual anal sex and have other connotations such as witchcraft (see 'magic). The Devil, the enemy of 'God, was believed to practice it. Great Britain. See *Gregory W. Bredbeck; various poems from 1568 refer - e.g., *Ofthe Horrible and Woful Destruction of Sodom and Gomorra, * Sodom and Onan; see also the play Sodom ascribed to 'Rochester. 'Paul Hallam, The *Book of Sodom, London, 1993, is an anthology of sodom texts many in English. Australia. Reference to the word in a homosexual sense occurs in a 1847 poem by 'Christianos (pseud.). French. In the Encyclopédie, 1751, of Denis Diderot, the first modern encyclopedia in a European language, see the article "Sodomie" which is the first modern discussion of the subject of homosexuality in French in a publication reaching a general audience. This article stimulated future discussion and may have inspired entries in other encyclopedias. The article exists in the 1765 edition. Sodom was the standard French word referrring to homosexuality until the nineteenth century. See 'Théophile de Viau, 'Maurice Lever. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1231-32. Gay Histories and Cultures; see also "Sodomy Trials". Gay Poetry Anthologies. Book of Sodom; the whole book is relevant. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 195-213. Poet from Japan writing in Japanese. Active 1671. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Partings at Dawn, 100 - re his 'haiku sequence Hana de Soro (My Name is Blossom), from Rakkshu, 1671, based on a kabuki 'actor; reference included in the anthology ' Iwatsutsuji. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1981. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in LIterature, second edition, item 3562a: Gaythoughts, *privately printed, 1981; highly rated by *Ian Young. Editor and poet from Australia writing in English. Born 1947. He arrived in Australia from Europe in 1949. He has published a few poems in journals, though he is mainly known as the author of the gay erotic novel Private Do Not Open (Penguin, 1987). He edited the Collected Poems of *Harry Hooton and has been associated with an *anarchist stance. He is the author of the pamphlet What is this shit about gay community? (no date; ca. 1982); also articles in the journal Digger, ca.1972. Rock 'n Roll Sally, Blackwattle Press, 1990, is a selection of cabaret pieces, including a poem "I'll be a woman or a man" (see also the Dessaix anthology in Anthologies below). He is working on a biography of *Harry Hooton. He has a long term partner who works in the legal field. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Hurley, Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Dessaix, Australian Gay and Lesbian Writing, 15; biog. note at end. Poet from Spain writing in Catalan. Active before 1978. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poemes Gais, 41 - 44; also trans. into Spanish in Poemes Gais. Songs in English from Great Britain. From 1898. Such songs exhibit close male bonding and sometimes homosexual bawdy references. See Soldier's Songs, edited by Charles Williams, London, 1898. See also *Bawdry. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1974. A *New York poet. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 3565: Delano in America and other early poems, New York: The Pearl Press, 1974. Review: Gay Liberator no. 44 (April/ May 1975) by Don Mager: the author is said to be working on a series of gay *"Sonnets for Our Risorgimento". Soleinne, de *H. S. Ashbee included him in a list of homosexual book-collectors (see Bibliographies below). The * British Library General Catalogue to 1975 reveals an entry referring to a work Table des pièces de théâtre... on works relating to the theatre in his (that is de Soleine's) library written by Charles Brunet, Paris, 1914, and a work on his (de Soleine's) library of dramatic books by Paul L. Jacob (pseudonym of Pierre Lacroix), Bibliothèque dramatique de Monsieur de Soleinne, 1843. Whether the library contained poetry of relevance is not known, nor what happened to the library. Bibliographies. Ashbee, Bibliography of Prohibited Books, vol. 2,411: included in a list of homosexuals as a book collector. This information is repeated in Hirschfeld, Die Homosexualität des Mannes und des Weibes, 670 (where his name is spelt Soleime, apparently a mistake). Poet from Russia writing in Russian. 1863-1937. A *symbolist poet active from 1896 as a poet (he wrote of homosexuality in his novels). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Terras, Handbook of Russian Literature. Out of the Blue, 127-39: selections from his novel The Petty Demon. Criticism. *Simon Karlinsky, "Russia's Gay Literature and History", Gay Sunshine, 29-30 (Summer/ Fall 1976), 3. James White Review vol. 4 no. 2 (Winter 1987), 14: review of his 1907 novel The Petty Demon by *Steve Abbott. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1840-1905. He is the author of A Vision of Love, first published in book form in 1871, the earliest *prose poem in English; it was reprinted in Simon Reynolds, The Vision of Simeon Solomon, 1985 (in this work see also "John Payne's The Sleepers" and "One that Watches from his Intaglios", 1871, pp. 99-100, which relates to Solomon). He was much more famous as a gay artist than a poet and was close to the *Pre Raphaelite artist Edward Burne-Jones (whose paintings frequently depict erotic male nudes). He was Jewish. He was arrested and charged with a homosexual offence at a public *toilet in 1873 (he was convicted and fined 100 British pounds). His health declined after this and he became an alcoholic and died in poverty. *Androgyny is a theme in his art and may relate to the Jewish *Kabbala. Artistic works of his were owned by *Oscar Wilde (e.g., the drawing Love Among the Schoolboys, ca. 1865, illustrated in Reade, Sexual Heretics, opposite p. 164). He was a friend of *Swinburne who wrote a poem about him; on their relationship see "Swinburne and Simeon Solomon" in Notes and Queries vol. 20 (March 1973), 91-95, by John LeBourgeois. He did some illustrations for The Hobby Horse in 1888, then edited by *Herbert Horne. Bioaraphv: see Lionel Lambourne and others, Solomon: A Family of Painters, London, 1985, 88 pp.; see pp. 24-35 for discussion of his life and works including his trial pp. 28-31. See also *Neil Bartlett. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography; included in Supplement 2. Gay Histories and Cultures. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reade, Sexual Heretics, 133-41: "A Vision of Love" (1891). Criticism. Cooper, The Sexual Perspective, 65-70 and 66: re the *prose poem "A Vision of Love Revealed in Sleep" (reviewed by *J. A. Symonds in Academy, 1 April 1871). Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek; he also wrote in Italian. 1798-1857. The most famous Greek poet of the Romantic age, he composed the Greek National Anthem and was the founder of the Ionian school. He was seen having sex with a youth in Corfu when drunk; records of this incident have been found in *London archives but not published; photocopies of the records, including the minutes of the trial, are believed to be in the possession of the Academy of Athens but have never been entered in the catalog and never been made public (information from *Dr. Vrasidas Karales, University of Sydney). He never married, was devoted to his mother and was a drunkard. Italian. He wrote some early poetry in Italian and wrote in Italian 1847-51. He lived on Corfu 1828-57. Criticism. Trypanis, Greek Poetry, pp. 632-40. Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. Active before 594 B.C. An Athenian statesman and reformer to whom a few *fragments are ascribed. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 999. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1234-35. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 102: Verschiedene Gedichte (Selected verses; no other details). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Theognidea lines 153-54, 227-32, 315-18, 585-90, 719-28 (gay poem; *bisexual interest), 1253-54 (gay poem). Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 284. Men and Boys, 6: trans. *J. A. Symonds. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 55. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 87. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 37. Criticism. Symonds, A Problem in Greek Ethics, 24. Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 8 (1906), 627-28. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 452-53. Dover, Greek Homosexuality, 195: noting fragment 25. Buffière, Eros adolescent, 242-46. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 496: citing fragments 13 and 15, and referring to *Plutarch's life of Solon. Poet from Russia writing in Russian. Born 1918. A *Nobel Prize winner for literature (1970) who has written several novels and was exiled from the Soviet Union and spent 8 years in prison camps. He returned to Russia after living in Vermont in the United States in 1994 and lives in *Moscow. He is also a poet. See the formerly unpublished poem from 1938 on p. 77 of D. M. Thomas, Alexander Solzhenitsyn: A Life, London, 1998, addressed to Nikolai Vitkovich and titled "The Way", which D. M. Thomas states has "an almost erotic tenderness": "A book, a desk you opposite me - / And nobody else in the world exists!/ And no regrets for this curious/ Wineless, girl-less, bachelor youth of ours." The two men were close friends as young men; a third friend in their circle, Kirill Simonyan was homosexual (p. 69) though he married. See also the intimate photo p. 99 of the two; they gaze lovingly into each others eyes and Solzhenitsyn has his hand lent on Vitkovish's shoulder. Solzhenitsyn was a *Communist at this time though later a Tierce opponent of Communism and a proponent of Russian *Orthodoxy. *Esenin was his favorite poet. Solzhenitsyn twice married and has three sons. An *archive from his years in Russian prisons may possibly contain relevant material. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Terras, Handbook of Russian Literature Somerset, Henry Richard Charles, Lord Poet from Great Britain writing in English. 1849-1932. Poems on *pedophile themes. Bibliographies. Murray, Catalogue of Selected Books, item 68: Songs of Adieu, London: [Chatto and Windus], 1889. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 11020: same book. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 3569: same book. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 62; biog., 117 - re his relationship with Eustace Smith (born 1861) from 1868 and being driven into exile by family pressure in 1878 by their intimacy and hence his nostalgic poems Songs of Adieu, 1889. Criticism. Smith, Love in Earnest, 250 bibl. (same work); see also index. Poet from Australia who wrote in English. Born ca. 1920-died 1947. A Sydney bohemian and eccentric who also wrote poetry. He was in the army in the Second World War and wrote a poem touching on homosexuality: see the poem "Encamped" in the journal Number Three, p. 19; the word "Nancy" in the third last line seems to mean homosexual. He was involved in the First Book of Fowle Ayres and wrote Andersonian epigrams and was known for his villanelles (a poem of nineteen lines with two rhymes with some lines repeated). The poet and philosopher *Harry Hooton became a close acquaintance. Oliver Somerville was an ex-Andersonian who once stated to Professor Anderson, Professor of Philosophy at The University of Sydney, "you put me in the gutter". He drank heavily and died in a car accident, possibly under the influence of alcohol and is believed to have had some homosexual tendencies and possibly to have made homosexual advances (though he could be mischievous). He was an early disciple of A. S. Neill, an educational theorist who founded a school in which pupils were encouraged to develop their personalities and talents. He had a younger brother, Jimmy Somerville, a piano player in the main store of David Jones, Sydney. Harry Hooton published an obituary in Number Three (1948), pp. 11-16. Anthology in English from the United States. Trumansberg Press, NY: The Crossing Press, 1983, 192 pp.; biog. notes pp. 186-91. Photographs of the poets appear on the first page on which their poems are printed. A very fine *gay liberation anthology which is a sequel to The *Male Muse and was compiled by *Ian Young who also compiled The Male Muse. Contributors (see entries): Steve Abbott, Jack Anderson, Antler, Jeffrey Beam, bill bissett, Walta Borawski, John Bracker, Donald Britton, Dennis Cooper, James M Cory, Walt Curtis, Daniel Diamond, Gavin Dillard, Tim Dlugos, Haviland Ferris (pseud.), Richard George-Murray, Brad Gooch, James Holmes, Shelley Jones, Dennis Kelly, Maurice Kenny, Michael Lally, David MacLean, Wayne McNeill, Thomas Meyer, Duncan Mitchell, Charles Ortleb, Jamie Perry, Felice Picano, Rene Ricard, John Robinson, Richard Ronan, Aaron Shurin, David Emerson Smith, Scott Tucker, Keith Vacha, Jack Veasey, Stanley Ward, James L. White. All the poets were from the United States except for three Canadian contributors: bill bissett, David MacLean, Wayne McNeill. Anthologist in Danish from Denmark. Born 1924. Co-editor of Danish poetry anthology * Digte om mends kerlighed til mend. He studied in the United Kingdom, Germany, Vietnam, China and South America and was active in the Danish Vietnamese Committee. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 3962: co-editor of the English anthology * Gay Life and Gay Writers (see biographical note in the book opposite the Contents page). Songwriter from the United States who wrote in English. Born 1939. He wrote the libretti for many Broadway musicals and his songs have gay subtexts. Libretti include West Side Story, the opera of Leonard Bernstein, Sweeney Todd and A Little Night Music. Biography: see Meryle Secrest, Stephen Sondheim: A Life, New York, 1998: this discusses his homosexuality - see the reviews in The Guardian Weekly, 20 September, 1998 and Gay Times, January 1999, 71 - in the form of active bisexuality. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Howes, Broadcasting It. Gay Histories and Cultures. Song in Akarama from Peru. 1969. See Tobias Schneebaum, Leave the River on Your Right, 1988 (reprinted from 1969 edition), p. 44: a love song with English translation with possible homosexual interpretation sung by Manolo, the author's companion with whom he travelled in Peru when living with the Akarama tribe . Poem in Náhuatl from Mexico. Ca. 1500. A strongly homoerotic Náhuatl poem, at least in translation. Náhuatl was the language of the Aztecs and is still spoken. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Brother Songs, 107: trans. into English by *Rafael Jesus Gonzalez. Poem in Japanese from Japan. Before 1996. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poems of Love and Liberation, 37. Song in Haitian from Haiti. 1976. See Murray, Male Homosexuality in Central and South America, pp. 92-1QQ: "A Note on Haitian Tolerance of Homosexuality" - this records 'Hubert Fichte in 1976 reporting Haitian peasants singing a hymn to masisi (sissies) while making lewd gestures. Songs and chants in possession cults in Haitian where homosexuality is involved need also to be considered (compare 'Afro-Brazilian cults). Poem from the United States in English. 1778. Printed in A Sailor's Songbag 1770-79, edited by George Carey, Amherst, 1976, pp. 24-25: see p. 25 - "In less than a week he pox't parson and clerk." Poem in French from France. Ca. 1175. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amour bleu, 76: re a man who would not consider marriage because "my heart belongs entirely to my lord". Poem from France in French. Ca 1100. The earliest French *epic poem. It was based on an incident in the Battle of Rongevalles in 778 involving the medieval King Charlemagne. See Greenberg, Construction of Homosexuality, pp. 531-32 (re *Vern Bullough, The Subordinate Sex, Baltimore: Penguin, 1973, p. 165), noting that women appear as marginal figures in the Song of Roland and that "the mutual love of warriors who die together fighting against odds, and the affection between the vassal and the lord" are features of the poem. See also *male bonding. *Matteo Boiardo wrote an epic in Italian based on Roland. Translation. English: Robert Harrison (Mentor Books, 1970). Poem in Hebrew from Israel; its earliest recorded version is in the Greek Septuagint translation of the *Old Testament, the earliest surviving version of the Old Testament, of ca. 200. The Song of Songs is a series of erotic heterosexual poems formerly ascribed to Solomon (traditionally believed to have died in 930 B.C.) which are now thought to be from the *Hellenistic period. They emerge from a corpus of material in Semitic languages which included *love poems in Egyptian. Interpretations of the Sona. As a means of justifying this erotic work in the canon of the *Old Testament (Tanach, in Hebrew), the Song of Songs has been interpreted *allegorically by Jewish scholars as being about the love of *God and the Jews or, by Christians, as being about God and the *Christian Church (it was first interpreted in this way by Origen). With both parties being traditionally male the sublimated homosexual undercurrent is obvious; certainly, sexual eroticism is linked to the relationship with God if the allegorical interpretation is accepted. The Song of Songs inspired much religious poetry e.g., in Spanish, *Saint John of the Cross. Imagery from it - e.g., the *fawn trope - was used by *medieval Hebrew poets and the poem was widely known then. Phrases were used in poetry and homosexualized: see *David Gil. A brilliant survey of interpretation is "The Interpretation of the Song of Songs" by H. M. Rowley, in The Servant of the Lord, second edition, 1965, pp. 187-245. The latest interpretation is that it is a liturgy of the *Adonis-Tammuz cult (though this view has not gained wide acceptance). There is no generally accepted interpretation: the most sensible is that it is a collection of lovers' songs, an anthology. Whether some songs are homosexual has not been discussed so far. Secret *Kabbalistic interpretations are possible. *William Alan Robinson has written a brilliant gay *parody in English. The poet *Tukaram (1608-49) from India who wrote in Marathi, writes poems to God in which he places himself in the position of a bride. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church: see "Solomon, the Song of "; this dates the work from 200 B.C. but with some poems possibly earlier. Encyclopedia Judaica: excellent discussion viewing it as "a collection of love songs". Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, vol. 3, 175. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 5: the only gay anthology in which the Song of Songs appears; the extract is actually a selection of verses. Songs in Azande from Sudan, Democratic Republic of Congo and the Central African Republic may date from ca. 1900 or before. See E. E. Evans-Pritchard, "Sexual Inversion Among the Azande", American Anthropologist, 72 (1970), 1428-33: boy wives reported for warriors in military companies in this African tribe (the custom had died out by 1962 but was formerly widespread because - as informants claimed - of the lack of women). Anal penetration was denied and intercourse was by friction between the legs. Songs and chants of the warriors are relevant; oral poems written to the boy wives or by them may have existed. The Azande live in southwestern Sudan, northern Zaire and southeastern Central African Republic. For possible works see Azande Texts (1962+) compiled by E. E. Evans-Pritchard. Songs and chants - Trobriand Islands language Songs in the Trobriand Islands language, which is spoken in Papua New Guinea may date from 1929. See Bronislav Malinowski, The Sexual Life of Savages, 1929: see especially photographs opposite pp. 300 and 304 of males preparing for dancing. This work is the finest study of the sexuality of a tribal culture ever. In all male dancing songs of the Trobriand Islands of Papua New Guinea, chants and oral poems may be relevant. Homosexuality is accepted in the Trobriand Islands (Malinowski, pp. 395-97) though it is regarded as a poor substitute for heterosexuality; love magic poems (ibid., pp. 304-14) may be relevant as these occur widely for heterosexuality (there may be homosexual cases - though this has not been investigated so far). On Malinowski, who was a Pole who settled in Great Britain and was one of the founders of cultural anthropology, see his entry in the Dictionary of National Biography. His diary reveals he struggled with homosexual feelings while in the Trobriand Islands perhaps explaining the absence of overt references to homosexuality in The Sexual Life of Savages (see his A Diary in the Strict Sense of the Term, Stanford, 1967, pp. 147, 157, 235). He seems to have largely suppressed discussion of homosexuality in The Sexual Life of Savages, though the fact that it is even mentioned was itself daring at the time. Songs and drinking songs - Arabic Songs and drinking songs in Arabic from Egypt and other Arabic speaking countries date from the time of *Abu Nuwas, ca. 800. Material comes especially from Egypt, Syria and Saudi Arabia. Oral songs sung by *singing boys and in oral circulation seem not yet recorded though the tradition is very old (see also *Mukannath and compare *Hijras). In addition, the earliest Arabic poems were songs. *Khamriyya are writtten wine songs which date from Abu Nuwas. See also *Ibrahim ben Utman, *Shouki. For Saudi Arabia see Simon Jargy, "Sung Poetry in the Oral Tradition of the Gulf Region of Saudi Arabia", Oral Tradition, vol. 4 no. 1-2 (1989), 174-88. Egyptian traditions may date back to ancient Egypt (see Drew, Boys for Sale, p. 54). Beeston, Arabic Literature to the End of the Umayyad Period, pp. 433-49, "Music and Verse", discusses Arabic sung poetry to 750. Compare *Songs - Greeks since Arabic songs may relate to ancient Greek traditions. Criticism. Drew, Boys for Sale, 55 - states that "dancing boys... [are] considered more respectable than dancing girls in Egypt"; see also pp. 77 and 79: "He [that is, a dancing boy] is best prepared according to the pimp, by memorizing songs and poems" (these references are to ca. 1960). Songs and drinking songs - Turkish Songs and drinking songs with homosexual subject matter in Turkish from Turkey and Syria date from before 1960. See Drew, Boys for Sale, p. 84 - "The most common sort of boy *prostitute was the dancing boy"; p. 87 - "Popular poems and love songs were written about dancing boys in the coffee houses and brothels"; see also pp. 77-78 regarding north Syria, possibly Aleppo (which was under Turkish control until the twentieth century), and dancing boys. Greek *rebetika which mention homosexuality came from Turkey. See also *wine, *singing and dancing - Turkish, Jonathan Drake. Songs and oral poems in Batak from Indonesia may date from ca. 1990. Homosexuality has been reported amongst these tribal people, who live in Indonesia, in Sumatra, the large island to the west of Java. They live in the highlands and plains near Lake Toba. Oral songs and poems are very likely. Batak is a *Malayo-Polynesian language. On the tribe see "Batak" in Paul Hockings, editor, Encyclopedia of World Cultures, New York, 1993, vol. 5, pp. 38-41 (with bibl.). A detailed bibliography on the Batak peoples by T. P. Siagian is in Indonesia no. 2 (1966), 161-85. Songs and oral poems - Marquesan language Songs and oral poems in the Marquesan language from France from before 1966. The Marquesas Islands comprise two volcanic islands in the south Pacific north-east of Tahiti and are part of the Overseas Territory of French Polynesia. Songs and oral poems referring to homosexuality seem likely. The language is Polynesian (see *Overview - Polynesian). See R. C. Suggs, Sexual Life of the Marquesans (New York, 1966), p. 173 (homosexuality was common and famous chiefs were bisexual), p. 10 (dance, poetry and song celebrated sexuality). *Gauguin is buried in the Marquesas. Songs and oral poems - Sinhalese Songs and oral poems in Sinhalese from Sri Lanka date from 1993. Songs sung by *dancing boys before an all male audience with strong homosexual aspects and *bawdry homosexual oral poems of a similar nature recited in all male company have been reported in 1993 by visitors to Sri Lanka (formerly Ceylon). The language is also spelt Singhalese. Songs in Aranda, an *Australian Aboriginal language from Australia, date from 1927. The Aranda are an *Aboriginal tribe in central Australia, around Alice Springs. Songs associated with *initiation ceremonies and rituals which involve strongly erotic male dancing are the major works. There is a huge literature on the Aranda who are one of the most studied Aboriginal cultures. They are cited by *Gilbert Herdt as examples of *ritualized homosexuality. *Geza Roheim, in the first part of the century, interpreted their rituals as showing homosexuality. *T. G. H. Strehlow has done the most work on documentation and recorded their songs including some homoerotic ones (also in English translation). See also Sir Baldwin Spencer and F. J. Gillen, The Arunta, 1927 (repr. 1936), p. 470 (a relationship formed beteen an older man and a male about to be initiated), pp. 486-87 (re hair and initiation ceremonies). In some instances, photographs in The Arunta taken by Baldwin Spencer are strongly homoerotic. The Aranda are included in the * Human Relations Area Files, which has an excellent discussion of their culture and a large bibliography; however, references found all refered to lesbianism. Illustration: see The Photographs of Baldwin Spencer, 1975; Baldwin Spencer was a famous bachelor anthropologist whose photographs date from ca. 1910. See also the illustration of two men indulging in ceremonial coitus around a spear in International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, vol. 13 (1932) opposite p. 1 (see p. 113 regarding a song). The bullroarer used in their ceremonies is also used in Papua New Guinea initiation rituals (*Gilbert Herdt has drawn attention to links between Papua new Guinea cultures and Australian Aboriginal cultures). Songs in Azeri from Azerbaijan date from ca. 1985. 'Arno Schmitt stated to the author, in 1988, that he has heard of songs with homosexual aspects but has not found any examples yet. Azerbaijani is another name for the language. The language is a 'Turkic language. Songs in Baluchi from Pakistan, Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan and Iran. From ca. 1990. Songs sung by *dancing boys are very likely. Baluchi is an *Iranian language. The people are nomadic and the language spreads over the above countries. There are over a million speakers. The Iranian Baluchi people are famous for rug making. Songs in Cebuano, spoken in the Philippines, date from ca. 1975. See Appendix A, "Popular Songs on Bayots" in M. S. J. Ponienilla, An Ethnographic Study of the Overt Bayot in Damaguete City, Damaguete City, 1975, pp. 127-33: songs, with English translations, sung by bayots (homosexuals: but implying effeminate or 'transvestite homosexuals). This is in effect an anthology of six bayot songs. Pages 80-99 of the above lists special words of bayots. Compare 'Songs - Tagalog. Cebuano is spoken on the island of Negros south of Luzon and north of Mindanao (the capital is Cebu and Damaguete is the second city). See Murray, Oceanic Homosexualities, 185-92; 193-248. Songs in Chinese from China date from the *Shih Ching, 479 B.C. Much traditional Chinese poetry (e.g., that of *Du Fu) was composed to a tune: therefore all such poems by known homosexuals or about homosexuals are relevant. The anthology * Yu-T'ai Hsin-yung, which contained homosexual love poems, had poems meant to be sung. Male *transvestite *prostitutes who were sometimes *actors frequently sang songs in tea houses until the *Communist period in 1949. There is a very old tradtion of *singing boys. Criticism. Drew, Boys for Sale, 98-107; see especially pp. 101 and 106. Hinsch, Passions of the Cut Sleeve, 2: re the Jesuit Matteo Ricci noting singing boys in *Beijing. Songs in Dyirbal from Australia date from ca. 1905. Dyirbal is an *Aboriginal language spoken in the Tully River area, north Queensland, Australia. W. E. Roth, in "Notes on Government, Morals and Crime" (North Queensland Ethnography, Bulletin no. 8) p. 7 states that "filthy songs and stories [are] indulged in by men". No record of these songs exists - see M Clunies-Ross, Songs of Aboriginal Australia, 1987, p. 47 - so whether homosexual references exist cannot be now traced; however they cannot be ruled out. Dyirbal has been studied by Professor R. M. Dixon, Professor of Linguistics, Australian National University, Canberra: see his The Dyirbal Language, 1972. He stated he had not come across homosexual poems (telephone conversation with the author, 1987). Love songs existed as a song genre. Oral poems and songs in East Bay language in Papua New Guinea date from before 1965. See William Davenport, "Sex Patterns and their Regulation in a Society of the South-west Pacific", in Sex and Behavior, edited by F. A . Beach, 1965, pp. 164-207: see especially pp. 199-201 - this reports extensive homosexual behavior by "nearly every male" in a variety of situations. Oral poems may be widespread on this subject as song making is universal in Papua New Guinea cultures. See also William Davenport, "Sex in Cross-Cultural Perspective", in Human Sexuality in Four Perspectives, edited by F. A. Beach and M. Diamond, 1977, pp. 155-63. These reports were a major stimulus to research on *ritualized homosexuality in *Papua New Guinea. References. Herdt, Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia, 16-18. Songs in English date from ca. 1600 and come from Great Britain, the United States and Australia. Great Britain. *Will Kemp, the 'Elizabethan clown, is the first known poet of relevance (see also *Richard Tarlton). *Ballads were sung. They were frequently published in *broadsheet form and usually stated the tune at the top: see *"The Women-Hater's Lamentation" (1707). *Bawdry works were sometimes sung. *Hymns sung in Christian churches also need to be considered: see, for example, *J. H. Newman and *C. W. Leadbeater. Some (e.g., of *Thomas Moore) have been set to music. Music hall traditions also need investigation. Gilbert and Sullivan wrote *camp operas in the nineteenth century: see *W. S. Gilbert. *Ivor Novello (pseud.) and *Noel Coward wrote gay songs for stage plays in the twentieth century. *Gershon Legman, The Horn Book, p. 375, states that songs of men's clubs "form one of the main nuclei of the developing erotic literatures of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries in Great Britain". No homosexual ones are known at present. *"Let's all be fairies" is an example of song from the earlier part of the twentieth century; see *Eric Bogle for a later song. *Barry Took and others wrote a gay song broadcast on BBC radio in 1968. Songs on radio and television have been exhaustively recorded by *Keith Howes. *Pop songs from the 1970s provide a fertile field of frank gay material which is enormous: see *Tom Robinson, *Mick Jagger. Some contemporary poets also compose songs: see *Mark Almond. See the entry in the Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, "Punk Rock", pp. 1087-88 for *pop music. Songs sung at gay demonstrations are relevant. Some were especially composed for such occasions: see * Songs of the Gay Liberation Choir. Songs have also been set to music by classical composers: see *Classical Music Songs. References. Legman, Horn Book, pp. 336-426: "Bawdy Song". Howes, Broadcasting It: see under "Banned Songs" and "Songs"; under "Interior Decoration" he lists "the very first *queer song on British television" of 1938; see also "The Lumberjack Song", "Nobody loves a fairy when she's forty", "Ode to Billy Joe". United States. Relevant material survives from 1888 in a poem by *Eugene Field. A strong oral tradition of bawdy songs exists in the United States both in white people's and *black people's poetry. This tradition has been little studied, though *Vance Randolph has collected material which contains homosexual bawdry in one part of the country. The songs of men's clubs and male societies have also not been investigated. United States *ballads frequently have British counterparts. The ballad *"Christopher Colombo" dates from ca. 1893. In the twentieth century, the *blues singers *Bessie Smith and *Ma Rainey are relevant. Blues are songs originiating with American negroes which consist of three line stanzas and are usually sad in tone; many songs have gay undertones. *Cole Porter and *Lorenz Hart wrote stage songs with homosexual subtexts for musicals. There are a number of Gay and Lesbian Choirs who sing songs e.g., the New York Gay Men's Chorus. Songs have been composed for these groups and song books of the groups are relevant. A number of poets compose and sing gay songs - e.g., *Peter Allen, *Kenward Elmslie, *Blackberri (pseud.). See also *minstrel shows, *classical music, *bawdry, *pop songs, *popular music. References. Legman, Horn Book, pp. 336-426: "Bawdy Song". Australia. Songs in English date from the arrival of the British in 1788. These ballads are the earliest form of English poetry. There was a revival with the *gay liberation movement from the 1970s. See *Peter Allen, *"Botany Bay" (ca. 1790), *Ballads, *Classical Music, *Mother Inferior, *Mother Armageddon to Be a Habit With You, *Oral Songs, * Songs of the Gay Liberation Quire. There is a Sydney Gay and Lesbian Choir and gay songs continue to be written. References. Howes, Broadcasting It. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionnaire Gay: under "Chansons" there is a discussion of English popular songs. Songs in Etruscan from Italy. From ca. 350 B.C. A *dancing boy tradition in Eruscan, a language spoken in Italy before the Romans, may have existed. D. H. Lawrence, Mornings in Mexico and Etruscan Places, Harmondsworth: *Penguin Books, 160, p. 136, refers to male dancers on walls playing a flute who may have accompanied people singing songs. The frescos on tombs, which show young males playing the flute, relate to Greek customs of poems being sung to flute accompaniment and hence almost certainly to similar songs in Etruscan. No poetry of the Etruscans survives amongst the 13,000 texts though their art is highly homoerotic: see Larissa Bonfante, in J. T. Hooker, Reading the Past: Ancient Writing from Cuneiform to the Alphabet, 1990, pp. 330 (this is in the section of this work on the language, pp. 321-78, "Etruscan", the most recent detailed discussion of the Etruscan language in English). Etruscan was written in an alphabetic script and has now been deciphered. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality: see the article "Etruscans" by *Paul Knobel for the background. Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Etruscans" by Michael Lambert. Songs - French, in French chansons Songs in French from France date from 1098. The first known homosongs in French about a certain Jean, Bishop of Orleans (active 1098), suggesting he was a *prostitute are *lost. *Marc Daniel (pseud.) records two seventeenth century songs, one ca. 1621. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 411, has a street song about the burning at the stake of Chausson, ca. 1660. *Aristide Bruant collected street songs 1889-ca. 1896 with slight homoerotic content and *Reynaldo Hayn composed classical songs to poems by *Proust in the early twentieth century. See the article "Le gai chansonnier français" in * Kryptadia (1886), no. 3,1-146 and and also no. 5 (1898) 274-400, "Folklore in France", for possible sources of folk material. *Edith Piaf sang songs much admired by gay people in the 1940s. A major discussion on modern songs, in the field of popular music, is in the article "Chansons" in Dictionnaire Gay. See also *popular songs. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionnaire Gay. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 411 (see entry for *Anonymous poets - French). Pour tout l'amour des hommes, 334-37: discussion of homosexuality in French song from 1900 with quotations. Songs in Fulani which is spoken in Nigeria date from before 1964. See Boris de *Rachewiltz, Black Eros, 1964, p. 280: he states "The Nigerian Fulani suffer from *narcissism which frequently leads to homosexual relations. Their dance was studied by Joan Westcott. It includes songs of self-exaltation, during which the singer admires himself in a small mirror. The dance also includes a severe initiation test for entering adult society..." Angela Fisher, Africa Adorned, 1984, pp. 150-57, shows men dressed as women for the Yaake ceremony; singing and chanting are relevant. See also Carol beckwith and Angela Fisher, Africa Ceremonies, 2 volumes, 1999, volume 1, pp. 174-95 "Wodaabe Charm Dances" and p. 2 (photograph opposite the title page). The Fulani group are from central Niger. Songs in German from Germany and Austria date from 1200. Most material is from Germany. Oral material. See 'Minnesingers (active 1200) for old German material. *F. S. Krauss and Alfred Webinger, Das Minneiied (Leipzig, 1929; published as Anthropophyteia: Beiwerke voume 9), which contains erotic songs, may have material. For contemporary protest songs see '"An den linken Mann", '"Schwulenlied." Two songs on West German radio in a day of songs, dating ca.1985, are discussed in Gudrun von Kowalski, Homosexualitat in der DDR, Marburg, 1987, p. 48; the refrain of one song by Gerhard Schone, "Der gelbe Wellensittich", about discrimination, is quoted; the other song (by Bischoff) dealt with coming out. Classical music. All the songs and the song sequences (e. g., "Die Winterreise" [The winter journey]) by the possibly homosexual composer Franz Schubert are relevant if he was gay, especially in relation to such recordings as those by the gay British composer, Benjamin Britten, accompanying on the piano his lover and life partner, the tenor, Peter Pears. The possibly homosexual Beethoven wrote a few songs. A poem by 'Heinrich Heine which was set to music by Felix Mendelssohn can be read as a gay poem. 'Richard Wagner wrote the librettos to his operas (for which he also composed the music) and they are in poetry. Richard Strauss set poems by John Henry Mackay to music as well as poems by 'Friedrich Rückert (e.g., the Rückert Lieder). A poem by 'Klopstock in the fourth movement of the Second (Resurrection) Symphony by Gustav Mahler is relevant; for Mahler see also 'Clemens von Bretano. The openly gay composer 'Hans Werner Henze (born 1926) has written music for songs. Songs in Greek from Greece and Turkey date from 450 B.C. All Greek poetry from *Homer until the *Hellenistic period was sung; in the Hellenistic period the written form became pre-eminent. Surviving songs from ancient Greek were usually sung in all male settings (such as that of *Plato's * Symposium) and were usually associated with *wine (see also *Symposium - Institution, *Cupbearer). They were called * skolia. *Dancing boys were frequently present and bawdy songs (see *cinaedic songs) were frequently sung. The first Greek homoanthology (dating from about 460 B.C. but possibly much earlier) appears to be a song book: see * Theognidea and * skolia. See also *Anacroentea, *Athenaeus and *Mousa Paidike. The flute and the lyre were the instruments used for singing. Christian *hymns sung in churches frequently express homoerotic sentiments. In modern Greece, homosexual references occur in the songs of *rebetika, which emerged from homosexual underworld traditions in Greece and Turkey. There may have been a continuous oral tradition of songs referring to homosexuality in Greece going back to the ancient Greeks. See also *Bawdry. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amour bleu, 11: song about *Ganymede. Criticism. Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 8 (1906), 659-60. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 488. Songs in Iatmul, a 'Papua New Guinea language, from Papua New Guinea from ca. 1956 relating to 'initiation ceremonies are relevant. See Anthony J. P. Meyer, Oceanic Art (Cologne, 1995), volume 1, pp. 221, 231-233; illustration 245 on p. 231 shows a "False vagina worn by 'transvestite men during naven ceremonies" which was collected by Oscar Meyer and Bruce Lawes ca. 1956-1957". The Iatmul live in the middle Sepik River area. Songs in Italian date from ca. 1450. A discussion of gay Italian songs is in Babilonia no. 39, 48-52: "Il gay canzonato" by *Stefano Casi and *Giovanni Dall'Orto. See also *Canzoniere Italiano (ca. 1450), *carnival songs. *Arrigo Boito, the librettist of Giuseppe Verdi's operas, was gay. Songs in Japanese from Japan date from ca. 780. Early Japanese poetry - following Chinese influence - was sung: see the anthology, the * Manyoshu. From about 1600, poems were sung by kagema (male *prostitutes - see *pleasure quarters). Some of these poems from Osaka, called Danshoshi (Songs of Male Prostitutes) are translated into English in the collection of essays on Japanese sexuality Imaging Reading Eros, edited by Sumie Jones, Bloomington: East Asian Studies Center, 1996, pp. 77-78 (these poems were recorded by the Korean Sin Yu-Han in his work Hayyulok after his 1719 visit to Japan). Homosexual poems are known from 1894 in the *Edo period: see *Anonymous Poems - Japanese. Some are recorded in the form of * senryu. Actors in Japan were frequently singers of bawdy songs and entertained males at teahouses in this role. Songs in Kaguru from Tanzania. From before 1971. The Kaguru live north of the Mukonookwa River. The Masai live to their immediate north. Songs and *riddles in relation to *initiation ceremonies are relevant: "Each day they [the males being initiated] are taught many songs and riddles... Most of these songs and riddles relate to the teaching of proper sexual behavior and knowledge. They usually take the form of a short song or verse with a hidden meaning" (Thomas Beidelman, The Kaguru: A Matrilineal People of East Africa, New York, 1971, p. 104; see "Initiation", pp. 101-07). At the end of the ceremony the youth may now "engage in a full sex life, court girls and consider marriage" (op. cit., 107); this seems to imply that homosexual behavior is approved before initiation. Songs in Kazakh from Kazakhstan date from 1885. In Reade, Sexual Heretics, p. 182, *Richard Burton refers to singing boys in *Turkestan, in 1885 singing in Kazakh. (Turkestan covers the Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan and Kirghizstan; east Turkestan was formerly the province of Sinjiang in China.) *Arno Schmitt stated to the author, 1989, that he knows there is material in the form of songs in Kazakh but hadn't any references. On Kazakh see Great Soviet Encyclopedia, vol.11, "Literature under Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic", pp. 528-30. Kazakh has a very rich oral tradition with many *epic narrative poems: see T. G. Winner, The oral art and literature of the Kazakhs of Russian Central Asia, Durham, NC, 1958. Songs in the Kimberly languages (which are *Australian Aboriginal languages) from Australia date from 1888. See Edward T. Hardman, "Notes and Customs of the Natives of the Kimberley District, Western Australia", Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, 3rd series volume 1 (1888), 70-75; see initiation rites, pp. 73-75, where the author states "there is no doubt the natives have connexion". *Songs in relation to initiation ceremonies are relevant. The Kimberley area in northern Western Australia is rich in traditional Aboriginal cultures. See also Zeitschrift für Ethnologie 25 (1893), 286-89, article by H. B. Purcell. Songs in Kirghiz from Kirghizstan date from before 1885. See Reade, Sexual Heretics, p. 182: *Richard Burton refers to singing boys in Central Asia in *Turkestan, in 1885. Kirgiz (or Kirghiz) is a *Turkic language. *Dancing boys seem likely. Songs in Kukatja, an *Australian Aboriginal language, from Australia date from ca. 1925. See photographs of men dancing in an initiation ceremony (before 1925) in Herbert Basedow, The Australian Aboriginal (1925), Plate xxix: these are strongly homoerotic and even *camp (the tribe is spelt Kukata here.) This tribe live in the northern desert part of Western Australia adjacent to the Pintubi. Songs and chants in connection with these rituals are relevant. Compare similar photographs of the Aranda by Baldwin Spencer (see *Songs - Aranda) Songs in Kurdish from Iraq, Turkey and Syria (where the Kurdish people live) may date from before ca. 1990. *Dancing boy songs are believed to exist. Kurdish belongs to the western group of Iranian languages and there are believed to be some 19 dialects or languages. On the Kurds see David McDowell, A Modern History of the Kurds, 1995. Compare *Songs - Turkish, - Arabic. For information on Kurdish see the Great Soviet Encyclopedia and the Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. See in the Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, the article "Lur" re a branch of the Kurdish tribes in the mountains of south-west Iran. Songs in Laotian from Laos may date from before 1990. References exist in songs but they are scathing. Source: a man in Laos in 1995 met on a personal visit of the author to Laos. On Lao literature see Queneau, Histoire des littératures, volume one, pp. 1343-52. There are many *tribal languages in Laos so songs in these languages are also possible. Songs in Latin from Italy, Germany and Great Britain date from before ca. 50 B.C. Latin has a rich tradition of songs involving homosexuality. These range from songs sung at *symposiums (e.g., in the work of *Petronius) to the repressed homoeroticism of Christian *hymns to bawdy *student songs. *Forberg gives the text of several songs dating from the time of Julius Caesar (100 B. C.-44 B. C.). See *bawdry, * Cambridge Songs, *Carmina Burana, *cinaedic songs (ca. 50+), *drinking songs. Songs in Latvian from Latvia date from before 1969. A huge number of songs referring to sexuality has been collected: see Sex Songs of the Ancient Letts, New York, 1969, translated into English by Bud Berzing, with introduction by Arsene Eglis. Page 72 states "Except for one quatrain among some fifteen hundred songs, there is no evidence of homosexuality in the sex songs of the ancient Letts". The quatrain is no. 34996 (ibid., p. 73): "O my darling, dearest,/ What did'ya climb an oak to find./ Were you short of honey sweet/ In the crotch of my linden tree?" "Oak" in line two is a symbol for a young male; "linden tree" in line four corresponds to the pudendal region in women. This book has no bibliography and the Latvian source of no. 34996 is not cited. Despite the opinion of the anthologist it seems unclear as to whether song no. 34996 is unequivocally homosexual (this does not discount the fact that other relevant songs may exist). The songs may date back several centuries and the ancient Letts were the ancestors of the modern Latvians. Compare material in *Finnish. Songs in Malagasy from Madagascar date from before 1885. See Reade, Sexual Heretics, p. 187: *Richard Burton noted in 1885 "dancing and singing boys dressed as girls". Songs in Mayan from Mexico and Guatemala date probably from before 15QQ but were only written down in ' The Books of Chilam Balam ca. 17BQ. Songs sung at ceremonies involving the supreme dual God Pitao Cozaana-Pitao Cohaana, which is both a he and a she, are relevant; see their religious books the 'Popul Vuh and 'The Books of Chilam Balam some of which have been edited and translated. For the Chilam Balam see Ralph L. Roys, The Book of Chilam Balam, 1933 (repr. 1967), pp. 9B-1Q7, "The Creation of the World". Pete Sigal, "The Politicization of Pederasty among the Colonial Yucatecan Maya", Journal of the History of Sexuality, vol. B no. 1, 1997, 1-24, discusses the fourteen known Books of Chilam Balam in relation to homosexuality noting, p. 12, "the Chilam Balams contain sexual 'insults which are often connected with sodomy". Compare 'Songs - Náhuatl (an adjoining language spoken in Mexico) Songs in Mohave, an *American Indian language from the United States date from 1937. See George Devereux, "Institutionalized Homosexuality of the Mohave Indians", Human Biology 9 (1937), 498-527, which discusses *transvestite *initiation songs p. 501; songs are given pp. 504-05. These songs relate to the initiation of the male alyha into a homosexual *berdache role; alyha is a name for a man who dresses as a woman and acts as such, marrying another man. Mohave is spoken on the lower Colorado River straddling the borders of Arizona and California. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Sexual Behaviour, vol. 1, 158: reference to Devereux's article as cited above. Songs in Murngin, an *Australian Aboriginal language from Australia, date from ca. 1947. See Ronald M. Berndt, Kunapipi (1951), p. 74: "Gumuk.. an unmarried middle-aged... man... had homo-sexual tendencies but did engage in normal sexual relations. Most of his attention was focused on sacred ritual; he was the representative of the Rose River Kunapipi, to the local headship of which he aspired." Gumuk, as a clan leader would have been involved in the *performance of songs related to the Kunapipi cult. This cult is a major cult of the Northern Terrritory involving *bisexuality in the mythology (see *Songs-Yirrkala); it relates to the rainbow *serpent cult. Songs in connection with *initiation and other ceremonies are relevant as well as general songs sung in everyday life. This material is based on research in 1946-47; hence the date. W. Lloyd Warner, A Black Civilization, 1937 (repr. 1969), is a major Aboriginal ethnography on the Murngin. The Murngin, who live in Arnhem Land in the Northern Territory, are included in the * Human Relations Area Files which includes a bibliography on them. Songs in Náhuatl from Mexico date from ca. 1550. Náhuatl was the language of the Aztecs. Some poems survive in the Cantares Mexicanos, a 16th century manuscript of lyrics, first printed in 1906: see Gordon Brotherston, Latin American Poetry, 1975, p. 12, who mentions "the homosexual rites that informed them [i.e., the poems in the manuscript] as song". Songs and poems referring to *flowers may be relevant. "The Chalca Cihuacuicatl of Aquiauhtzin: Erotic Poetry of the Nahuas", New Scholar, vol. 5 no. 2 (1978), 235-262, gives the background to erotic poetry, but no mention of homosexuality is made. Translation. English: see John Bierhorst, Cantares Mexicanos, 1985. Compare *Songs - Mayan (Mayan is an adjoining language). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Spanish Literature: see "Nahuatl Literature". Songs in Nuer, an 'African language from Sudan may date from ca. 1956. See E. E. Evans-Pritchard, Nuer Religion, 1956, especially see Chapter 9, "Spear Symbolism", pp. 231-47 re 'phallicism; see the illustration in this work opposite pp. 22B and 234 re homoeroticism in clothes (the Nuer do not wear many clothes). Songs in connection with 'initiation rituals are relevant; in such ceremonies youths are invested with a spear (see p. 239). The Nuer are a cattle breeding group in the Sudan, south of Egypt. Songs in Oenpelli, an *Australian Aboriginal language, date from before 1951. In *Ronald Berndt, Sexual Behavior in Western Arnhem Land, 1951, p. 67, the author states of Goulburn Island-Oenpelli-Liverpool society that they are "cultures of somewhat similar structure [which] have *institutionalized sexual perversion, that is, *sodomy and homosexual practices". Songs associated with these rituals need to be examined. The three cultures mentioned are contiguous and are in Arnhem Land in the Northern Territory. Berndt also refers to illustrations on rock shelters of such practices. Songs of the Gay Liberation Quire Anthology in English from Australia. Edited by *Paul van Reyk, [Sydney: Gay Liberation Quire, 1986], 23 pages, with comments on the songs and the dates when they were first sung. The anthology consists of songs sung by the Sydney Gay Liberation Quire 1981-86 and was prepared for the choir by *Paul van Reyk. It consists of twenty-three pages without a title page but with the running title Songs of the Gay Liberation Quire at the top of each page. The choir also made a record: Hormones and Jeans: The Gay Liberation Quire Goes Down on Vinyl. It is difficult to know who exactly wrote some songs, several authors collaborating to write each one. Some of the songs were adapted from pop songs but original material was composed by *Ken Davis, *Philip Stevenson, John Schwarzkoff and Paul Van Reyk. The Quire sang at demonstrations and gay gatherings and disbanded in 1987; it was all male until 1984, then male and female. These songs are in the tradition of protest songs and *ballads dating from 1788 with links to union song traditions. In 1992 the Choir was revived. The anthology is believed to be based on an earlier collection by Jenny Pausacker made in South Australia (information from Paul van Reyk). Songs in Pashto from Afghanistan and Iran date from before 1969. See Drew, Boys for Sale (1969), p. 93: "These boys [dancing boys], called batshas, have long been the favorite amusement of Central Asian men... From early childhood, batshas are taught to entertain their masters with obscene songs and dances." Pashto is the language of Afghanistan, closely related to Persian and sometimes called Afghan or Afghan Dari, especially in its spoken form (in contrast to Farsi or Persian, the language spoken in Afghanistan by the educated). Ernest Fox, Travels in Afghanistan, 1943, p. 52, describes a dancing boy who ecstatically arouses his all male audience. On homoerotic dancing see a film in the film institute in Gottingen, Germany, in Pashto, at call number E429/1962 (no sound) and one at E717/1964. Dancing Boy songs were confirmed in 1992 (a Sydney carpet dealer to the author). See also *Afghani love song, *Oral poem - Pashto. Songs in Russian from Russia date from 1840. See Stern, Geschichte der offentlichen Sittlichkeit in Russland, volume 2, pp. 567-69: two songs relating to male homosexuality quoted with German translation, one a cadet song, another from the *St Petersburg Law School. Russian Literature Triquarterly vol. 14 (winter 1976), 37, records obscene poems from this period in connection with *Lermontov. *Gershon Legman wrote an article "Russian Bawdy Songs" in Maledicta (1989). See *Libraries and archives - Russian since material may survive from the prison camp system. Songs in Sambal from the Philippines date from 19QQ. See Murray, Oceanic Homosexualities, pp. 1B7-B9: songs in relation to cross-dressing priests were reported in 19QQ (p. 1BB). Sambal is an 'Austronesian language spoken in Luzon in the Philippines Songs in Serbo-Croat from Bosnia and Herzegovina date from before 1903. See *Bernhard Stern, Medizin, Aberglaube und Geschlechtsleben in der Turkei, 1903, 2 volumes, Chapter 42, "Päderastie und Sodomie" (concise discussion) pp. 217-18 and 220 (regarding songs). These songs are about homosexual *sodomy and one is from Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia. They are in Serbo-Croat, come from *Moslem culture and are translated into German. For translation into English see the *Bernhard Stern entry. Only one of the two songs is explicitly homosexual: "O little boy in cloak of cloth,/ Let me enter in your anus!" Another song from Sarajevo (referring to *pederasty) is referred to. Songs from Sindhi from India and Pakistan probably date from ca. 1845. See Reade, Sexual Heretics, p. 158: *Richard Burton's visit to boy brothels. Homosexual songs are very likely in Sindhi: see *Dancing Boys, *Hijras. Sindhi is an *Indic language (sometimes spelt Sindi) spoken in the southeast province of Pakistan; Karachi is the capital of this province and also the capital of Pakistan. Adjoining Pakistan provinces are Punjab and Baluchistan. Sind province adjoins the Indian states of Gujarat and Rajasthan where the language is also spoken. Sindi is close to Gujarati and has strong oral traditions mostly being written down only from 1920 (see Encyclopædia Britannica: "Sindhi language"). Songs in Tagalog from the Philippines date from 1969. See Drew, Boys for Sale, 1969, p. 121: Bini boys at all-male parties are supposed to dress suggestively and to sing songs as well as tell dirty stories. Tagalog is spoken on the main Philippine island Luzon where the capital city, Manilla, is situated. Compare the songs of bayots: see *Songs - Cebuano. Similar bawdy songs may occur in the other main Philippine language Ilocano. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 980-82: see "Philippines". Songs in Tajik from Tajikstan date from before 1885. See Reade, Sexual Heretics, p. 182: states *Richard Burton refers to singing boys in *Turkestan, 1885. Turkestan covers the Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan and Kirghizstan; east Turkestan was formerly the province of Sinjiang in China. Tajik is a simplified form of Persian. Dancing boys who sing songs have been confirmed by oral sources ca. 1990. These people trade in Central Asia and move around across borders of countries. Songs in Tatar from the Russia possibly date from before 1990. *Dancing boys songs are very likely. See Reade, Sexual Heretics, p. 182: "They are addicted to Sodomie or Buggerie" (possible reference only). Tatar is a *Turkic language spoken in the Tatar Autonomous Region in Russia in north central Asia. Songs in Tiwi, an *Australian Aboriginal language from Australia, date from before 1990. *Initiation ceremonies with strongly homoerotic *dancing exist; they relate to yam fertility rites (compare *Overview - Papua New Guinea.) There are strong reports of much male homosexuality on Melville Island and Bathurst Island in the Northern Territory where the Tiwi live; oral poems may also be relevant. A film of the Aboriginal and Islander dance Troup on Australian SBS television, 13 January 1989, featured homoerotic dancing by Tiwi males. On the Tiwi people see Charles Hart, The Tiwi, 1960 (though no references to homosexuality were found). "Homosexuality among the Tiwi", in Murray, Oceanic Homosexualities, 1992, pp. 25-31 is by Arnold Remington Pilling, an expert on the people: see his The Tiwi, 1960 and 1988. The * Human Relations Area Files analyse the Tiwi and a bibliography is listed. Songs in Turkmen from the Turkmenistan date from 1885. See Reade, Sexual Heretics, p. 182: *Richard Burton here refers to singing boys in *Turkestan, 1885. Nora Chadwick, Oral Epics of Central Asia, 1969, p. 214: states "young warriors are in the habit of amusing themselves throughout the night with poetry and music"; note that the whole of this book deals with Turkic epics. Turkistan covers the Turkmen, Uzbek, Tajik, Kirghiz and Kazakh Republics; east Turkestan was formerly the province of Sinjiang in China (see Encyclopedia Britannica entry "Turkistan" for an explanation). Dancing boys have been confirmed by a Sydney carpet dealer to exist in 1990: "The Turcomans are really big on dancing boys." Turkmen is a *Turkic language spoken in the former Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic; see Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition: "Turkomans". There are a number of dialects. Songs in Ukrainian from Ukraine date from before 1970. See Great Soviet Encyclopedia, vol. 31, 476: "songs and dumy (*epic-lyric folk songs) of the Ukrainian people glorified *comradeship and pobratimstvo (sworn brotherhood)." For pobratimstvo see *pobratim. Songs in Uzbek from Uzbekistan and Afghanistan date from 1885. See Reade, Sexual Heretics, p. 182: *Richard Burton refers to singing boys in *Turkestan (see Encyclopedia Britannica entry *Turkistan" for definition; the area covers the Uzbek Republic). Turkestan covers the Turkmen, Uzbek, Tajik, Kirghiz Republics and Kazakh Republics; east Turkestan was formerly the province of Sinjiang in China (see Encyclopedia Britannica entry "Turkistan" for explanation). See *Ingeborg Baldauf, Die Knabenliebe in Mittelasien, 1985, pp. 63-64: dancing boy songs confirmed; see also p. 115 re Uzbeki, Persian, Turkish dancing boys. Uzbek is an *Altaic language closely related to Turkish and is in the *Turkic group. Compare *Songs - Pashto, - Persian, - Turkish etc. Dancing boy songs have been confirmed by a Sydney carpet seller to exist in Afghanistan in 1990 amongst the Uzbekis. For Afghanistan see further *Ingrid Baldauf. Songs in Walpiri, an *Australian Aboriginal language from Australia date from ca. 1962 in written form. The Walpiri are a major Australian Aboriginal tribe in central Australia living in the desert, north west of Alice Springs; their male-male *initiation songs and dances are strongly homoerotic as with the Aranda (see *Songs - Aranda). Stephen A. Wild in "Men as Women: Female Dance Symbolism in Walbiri Men's Rituals", Dance Research Journal, vol. 10 no. 1 (Fall/Winter 1977-78), 14-22, refers to men dancing as women in the katjiri ("woman") ceremony which relates to Walpiri myth and religion (the katjiri story relates to two women who are sisters and is a myth which appears all over northern Australia in the story of the Wauwalak sisters; it has lesbian undertones as well as relating to *serpent myths, especially the Rainbow *Serpent). See M. J. Meggitt, A study of Walpiri Aborigines of Central Australia, 1962, p. 183: "Charlie, a ritual guardian during the recent seclusion of Yarry's son... was strongly suspected" of having "practised sodomy with the boy"; see also the same author's Gadjari Among the Walpiri, 1967 (reprinted from Oceania, 1966) on the behavior of older men and novices and which mentions homosexuality - e.g., see p. 305 discussing homosexuality of boys in seclusion during circumcision ceremonies when boys can become the object of desire of older men in an environment lacking women; the word gadjari refers to an elaborate complex of ritual, dance and art involving the Rainbow *Snake (see the article "Gadgeri" in Encyclopedia of Religion). The film A Walpiri Fire Ceremony, 1967 (held at the Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, Canberra) shows Walpiri ceremonies. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion: see "Gadjeri" and "Walpiri Religion". Songs in the Yirrkala languages from Australia date from before 1952. The Yirrkala languages refers to a cluster of *Australian Aboriginal languages in North East Arnhem Land in the Northern Territory of Australia. See Ronald Berndt, Djanggawul, 1952, 10-11: Djanggawul, a major figure in their religion, was *bisexual and had abnormally long genitalia; see also pp. 12-13. On Djanggawul see also the entry by Ronald Berndt in Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. *Songs associated with Djanggawul rituals are relevant. This myth predates that of the Wauwalak sisters, a major myth of the area, and relates to the Rainbow *Serpent myths of the area. See also Ronald Berndt, Kunapipi, 1951 - this myth concerns the mother Kunapipi and connects with the Wauwalak story and the Djanggawul myth; see pp. 32-33, 64-65, 96 (with illustrations); p. 33 states the climax of rituals is swallowing (possible reference to *fellatio). Genre first written in Italian from Italy and then in *European languages from ca. 1360. A sonnet is a fourteen lined rhymed poem. Since the form has been immensely popular, there is a huge homosexual tradition. Italian. In the sonnets of *Petrarch (active 1360), who first popularized the form, love is personified as a boy (see *Amor). *Petrarchism, the movement which Petrarch founded based on the sonnet, swept Europe. It emerged largely out of the traditions of *courtly love. See Ernest Hatch Wilkins, The Invention of the Sonnet, 1959. (There was also a movement of Anti-Petrarchism especially in Italy: see *Berni.) A large number of explicitly homosexual sonnets exist in Italian: see *Varchi, *Bronzino, *Grazzini, *Alcibiade Fanciullo a scuola, *Aretino, *Niccolo Franco, *Bronzino, *de Pazzi, *Baffo, *Belli. The sonnets of *Michelangelo are especially relevant. *Giampero Bona has written recent gay sonnets. English. The English sonnet dates from *Surrey who introduced the form into English from *Petrarch in 1557. *Shakespeare's Sonnets have attracted most interest from a homosexual point of view though *Richard Barnfield's impressive sequence preceded them into print. See Handbook of Elizabethan and Stuart Literature, "Sonnet Sequences", for discussion of the many sequences in the *Elizabethan period. *Thomas Gray wrote an impressive sonnet on his close friend *Richard West's death. Shakespeare's sonnets influenced *eighteen nineties writers of sonnets such as *Alfred Douglas, *Santayana, *Berridge and *G. L. Dickinson, *Oscar Wilde. In the twentieth century, the gay liberation poet James S. Holmes wrote a brilliant gay sequence of twenty-three sonnets; see also *Kenneth Pitchford for this period. Brilliant recent gay sonnets in the United States have been written by *M. S. Montgomery. See also *R. B. Cook (translator of *Platen) and translations of *Michelangelo. Non gender specific sonnets may be read homosexually: see *Michael Drayton. French. See *Ronsard, * Du Bellay, *Pierre de L'Estoile, *Le Petit, *Rimbaud and *Verlaine (re the very famous "Sonnet to the Arsehole", called in French, "Le sonnet du trou du cul"). *Lord Alfred Douglas was first published in a bilingual edition in French and English. German. *August von Platen wrote many homosexual sonnets addressed to lovers (or at least hoped for lovers). *Ulrichs also wrote a sonnet, as did *Albert Rausch and *Alfred Grunewald. Shakespeare's sonnets have been hugely popular in German with many translators from *Karl Lachmann, 1820, onwards. *Stefan George translated *Albert Verwey as well as Shakespeare's sonnets. *Karl Kraus also translated Shakespeare's sonnets. Portuguese. See *Antonio Botto, *Fernando Pessoa, *Mario de Andrade, Jorge de Lima, *Marinho Sosegenes Costa. Spanish: See *Anonymous poems - Spanish, *Arquijo, *Gil-Albert, *Federico García Lorca, 'Salvador Novo. Russian: see *Valery Pereleshin. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics. Group in English from Great Britain Active ca. 1630. A group of poets who were *disciples of *Ben Jonson and met at the Mermaid Tavern and other taverns in *London; they included *Donne, *Francis Bacon, *Beaumont and John Fletcher, *Herrick, *Thomas Randolph. See also *Cavalier poets, *Drummond of Hawthorden. Compare *Comradeship, *Mateship. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature: see Ben Jonson p. 517 (right hand column). Translator from Latin to Serbo-Croat. Born 1904. He translated the Latin poets *Catullus and *Tibullus (published 1950) and the novelist *Petronius (1952) into Serbo-Croat. A poet and literary figure: see his entry in *British Library General Catalogue. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Poet from Greece writing in Greek. Ca. 496 B.C. - 4Q6 B.C. His plays are in verse and his tragedy ' Oedipus Rex deals with the story of Oedipus and is the basis of the 'Oedipus complex. He was from 'Athens. Criticism: see 'Paul Brandt. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 1QQ1 - QS. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 26 - 27. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 1Q2: Verschiedene Epigramme (Selected epigrams), Die Kolchierinnen and Liebhaber des Achilleus (fragments). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: Die Männerliebe der Griechen, 1Q5. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 189 - 91 : citing 'Athenaeus xiii 6QSe - 6Q5 and stating that Sophocles loved youths. Criticism. Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 8 (19Q6), 6S2. Histoire de l'amour grec, 22Q - 21. Courouve, Ces petits grecs, S9. Poet and possible lover from Japan who wrote in Japanese. Active 1687. *Basho's companion and possibly lover on The Narrow Road to the Deep North (written in 1687-89); he wrote some poems in this work. See the Basho entry for sources of editions. Not in Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan: Poet from Italy who wrote in Provençal. Active 1250. The most famous Italian *troubadour who wrote in Provençal. He wrote a famous planh or *elegy for the nobleman Blacatz. Text: Frederick Goldin, Lyrics of the Troubadours and Trouvères, 1983, pp. 312-15. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Penguin Companion to World Literature. Dictionary of Italian Literature. Critic from Denmark writing in English. Active 1983. Author of The Unmanly Man: concepts of sexual defamation in early Northern society (the title is given exactly as written on the title page), Odense: Odense University Press, 1983; bibliography on homosexuality and old Norse, pp. 92-94. This work examines the implications of calling a man *effeminate in old Norse (which has suggestions of homosexuality in many cases); in other cases homosexuality is suggested in the idea of nith, a concept linked with being a passive homosexual (see her book on the subject Norr0nt nid, Odense University, 1980). See * Thrymskvitha, *Helgakvitha Hundingsbana I, *"Thorvalds thattr", *Fostbraethra. Bibliography in German from Germany. 1984. A catalogue of gay books published in 1984 by the gay bookshop Sodom in *Munich consisting of 181 pages with a section titled "Lyrik" (i.e., Poetry), pp. 91-99, and an index at the end. Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. Active 200 B.C. See the Sotades entry (number 2) in Pauly, Wissowa, Paulys Real-Encyclopadie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft: this reveals only ten lines of his work survive. He had many imitators and lived at the time of Ptolemy Philadelphus. The Latin poet *Martial calls him a *cinaedus (i.e. passive homosexual, male *prostitute) in Book 2, poem 86 but, as his works are *lost, we only have Martial's word for this (and Martial was biased as far as homosexuality in others went). In English the name is used by *Sir Richard Burton in the terminal essay of his translation of The Arabian Nights where he refers to a "sotadic zone" on the earth where homosexuality is prevalent. French: see Courouve, Vocabuiaire de i'homosexuaiité masculine, 207. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 1004: see Sotades (2). Bibliographies. Courouve, Ces petits grecs, 39: re Martial ii, 86. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active ca. 1994. A very fine *queer poet, the author of outstanding poems and said to be the "compiler" of Take It Like a Man!: The ITMA Book of "Gay" Verse (London, [no date; ca. 1994]); this work is stated to have been edited by Phil T. Rimmer. Ann R. Soul is almost certainly a pseudonym. "Ann R." is a pun on Anna. Rimmer recalls *rimming, the sexual practice of licking the anus. This work is an outstanding no holds barred homosexual poetry covering such topics as *scatology, *watersports, *Aids, *rimming and *homophobia. The title is a satire on gay books of verse. A very witty and accomplished work. Masterly. Poet from New Zealand writing in English. Active 1974. See his poem "Homosexual Lover seeks and finds shelter" in Special New Zealand Anthology, edited by A. D. Winnans, 1974, p. 64 (source: 'Poem Finder). Southern United States poets and entries The United States region of "the south" basically consists of the eastern states below *Washington, D.C., the capital city of the United States. English is the main spoken language but the region was formerly French and Spanish speaking after usurpation from the native Indians before becoming predominantly English speaking. Relevant poetry in English dates from 1813. *American Indian languages were formerly spoken, while French was spoken in Louisiana, colonized by the French from 1699 and later under Spanish control. It reverted to French control before being purchased by the United States in 1803. *New Orleans, the largest city of Louisiana, has a French quarter and a prominent gay culture. The South has had a coherent identity since before the United States Civil War when the main industry was cotton growing and there was a large black slave population imported from Africa; the southern states opposed the northern ones in the Civil War. Homosexual acts are still illegal in some southern states, notably Texas and Georgia. Poets of relevance include: *Washington Allston (active 1813), *Walter Malone, *William Alexander Percy (active 1920), *Tennessee Williams, James Dickey, *Louie Crew (also a critic and historian), *Tennessee Williams, *Erskine Lane. *Stephen Collins Foster wrote nostalgic songs. Black poets from the south include *Stephen Jonas, *O. A. Ajanaku, *Melvin Dixon. *Alfred Corn was born in the south but lives in New York. Important *bawdry has been found by *Randoloh Vance. See also *Allen Tate, *Martin Duberman. See the entry "Gays" in Encyclopedia of Southern Culture, edited by W. R. Ferris, 1989, by *Stephen Wayne Foster and John Howard, editer, Carryin' on in the lesbian and gay South, New York, 1997. A history is John Howard, Men Like That: A Southern Queer History, Chicago, 1999. Poet and editor writing in English from Great Britain. 1774-1843. An English poet with a prodigious literary output, he was a *Romantic who turned Conservative in later life. He formed a close bonding relationship with *Coleridge and they invented Pantisocracy, a scheme to set up a commune in New England. The two poets married sisters. He was *Poet Laureate from 1813. In A Vision of Judgment line 921 he attacked *Byron; Byron replied with The Vision of Judgment, 1822, and Southey is frequently mocked in his Don Juan. He edited the possibly homosexual *William Cowper's Works (1837). See "The Dead Friend", in Southey's Poetical Works, London, 1837, vol. 2, pp. 202-03, an interesting poem which, though it employs the language of love, does not seem homosexual. He used *alcaic meter. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Critic from the United States writing in English. Active 1984. Author of "Men, Women and Boys: Love and Sex in the Works of Sa'di", Iranian Studies, vol. 17 no. 4 (Autumn 1984), 413-52, a brilliant and frank study of the homosexual side of the Persian poet *Sa'di. He notes heterosexual love does not figure prominently in the Gulistan and love in the Bustan is primarily *mystical. Novelist and poet from Nigeria writing in English. Born 1934. In his review of * James Baldwin: The Legacy, edited by Quincy Troupe, 1990, cited in The Advocate no. 548, 10 April 1990, he is quoted as saying that homosexual love is "not merely marginal but gratuitous". This remark is typical of some African cultures where homosexuality is regarded negatively - especially after British colonial control when British laws were imported (see *Law - English). He won the *Nobel Prize of literature in 1986. His novel The Interpreters has some homosexual interest: see *Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen, item 1040. He has also written dramatic works for the theater. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Contemporary Literary Criticism, vol. 44. Criticism. Woods, History of Gay Literature, 305: re the poem "Idante". Poet from Japan writing in Japanese. Active before 171S. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Partings at Dawn, 1Q8 (from the anthology 'Iwatsutsuji). Poet from Japan writing in Japanese. Active before 171S. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Partings at Dawn, 1Q5 (from the anthology 'Iwatsutsuji). Poet from Japan writing in Japanese. Active before 171S. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Partings at Dawn, 1Q6 (from the anthology 'Iwatsutsuji). Poet from Japan writing in Japanese. Active before 171S. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Partings at Dawn, 114 - 15 (from the anthology 'Iwatsutsuji). Poet from Japan writing in Japanese. Active before 171S. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Partings at Dawn, 115 - 16 (from the anthology 'Iwatsutsuji). Poet from the Netherlands who wrote in Dutch, 1882-1948. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Naar vriendscaap zulk een mateloos verlangen, 38-39: three poems (including "Hadrianus" on the Roman Emperor *Hadrian) from De Verheerlijking, Amersfoot: self published, 1917 (book cited, 121-22). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 286. Poet from Italy who wrote in Latin. 1448-1516. A Carmelite friar and *humanist, he later became the head of the Order and in 1885 was beatified. Using the pseudonym of Mantovano (in English *Mantuan), he produced a vast output of Latin verse of over 50,000 lines including ten *eclogues modelled on *Virgil, the Bucolica (1498) which were imitated in English by *Alexander Barclay (clumsily published 1515; repr. 1570); they were translated into English by Barnabe Googe (1563) and George Turberville (1567) and influenced *Spenser. Through him Virgil's eclogues became influential in the *Renaissance. Text: Opera, 1576. Translation. English: see *S. W. Foster: excerpt from Book 2 from De Calamitatibus Temporum, 1489 (About the Calamities of the Times), Gay Sunshine 35 (Winter 1978), 11 - "The holy field, the venerable altars, the churches of God and his saints, are at the service of buffoons, *faggots and kept boys.'" Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature : see under "Mantovano". Dictionary of Italian Literature. Enciclopedia italiana. Poet from Greece writing in Greek. Active 1979. Author of a poem "My Poetic" which caused the Greek gay journal Amphito be prosecuted. The Greek word for penis and a photo of a nude male were the cause: see the article in Gay News no.195, "The poem that shocked Greece". "My Poetic" is translated into English (trans. not stated; possibly by George Daniel) in the Australian gay poetry journal * Ganymede: A Journal of Gay Poetics, ca. 1980 blue issue, p. [16]; see also the poem by George Daniel, "Support for Nikos Spanias", in the orange issue of Ganymede, p. [26]. The poem is not overtly gay. Author of two books, Amerike/Nikos Spanias, Athens, 1988, 89 pp., and To mauro gala tes audes, Athens, 1987, 94 pp. He translated into English an anthology of post-war Greek poetry: Resistance, exile, love, New York, 1977, 170 pp. Illustrator and poet from Great Britain writing in English. Ca. 1888-1956. He was an artist who created a mural in the *Hirschfeld Institute in Berlin depicting every known sexual act; an article in Gay News hints that he was gay (issue unknown) but the catalog of a sale of his works at Christie's South Kensington in the 1990s shows considerable heterosexual interest. He died in poverty in London. An unpublished grimoire containing *spells in poetry exists titled The Book of the Living Word of Zos; a poem from this work translated into English is in Kenneth Grant, The Magic Revival, 1972, p. 189. His entry in the *British Library General Catalogue shows he illustrated several volumes of poems of poets from 1909 and wrote several books. He emerged out of the *decadent tradition and later was a *surrealist. He did illustrations for the journal of *Aleister Crowley, The Equinox. The chapter on him in Kenneth Grant, The Magical Revival, 1972, pp. 178-198, reveals his involvement in magic and strong heterosexuality. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology: stated to be a "supreme artist of the occult, with a terrifying talent for evoking *phallic spirits and demons" and that he was highly charged sexually. Bibliographer and critic from Great Britain writing in English; poet who wrote in English and Latin. 1906-1992. Co-author with John Carter of A. E. Housman: A Bibliography (1982), a meticulous work. A famous British bibliophile, John Sparrow was Warden of All Souls College, *Oxford, a college in which the Warden is appointed for life and fellows have no teaching duties; he was elected warden to stop *A. L. Rowse getting the position. He specialized as a book collector in works of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries (his collection was sold by Christie's in 1992 after his death). He was homosexual: see the life by John Lowe, The Warden: A Portrait of John Sparrow, 1999 (reviewed in The New Criterion, vol. 17. no 7, March 1999); this life was written with access to John Sparrow's papers. At forty-five he fell in love with an undergraduate, Colin, and this seems to have been his only enduring relationship. He became an alcoholic in old age and had to be banned from the College dining room; the care of a few devoted friends including his biographer eliminated his drink problem in his last years. John Lowe published an obituary in American Scholar vol. 61 (Autumn 1992), 567-74; this states p. 574 "John was a homosexual." He wrote Latin poems from 1929 when he won the Chancellor's Prize at Oxford for Latin verse with Vallum Hadriani (Oxford, 1929). He published a series of Latin *epitaphs titled Lapidaria from 1943 (8 volumes were eventually published). English poems included Grave Epigrams and other verses, 1981; see p. 39 "To an *Angel in the House". His Supplementary Essays, 1963, include essays on *Tennyson's In Memoriam, *Oscar Wilde, *A. E. Housman, John Benjeman and one, "A Difficult Topic", on homosexuality. These essays are candid in their discussion of homosexuality. Invisible Words: A Study of Inscriptions in and as Books and Works of Art, 1969, is an erudite work only a true lover of books could have written. The Warden's Meeting: A Tribute to John Sparrow, Oxford University Society of Bibliophiles, 1977, includes a list of his published writing. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors, volume 103. City in Greece where Greek is spoken. The city from which *Alcman (active 654 B.C.) is said to have come. The city was at its greatest power from 600 B.C. to 300 B.C. See R. Meister: Die Spartanischen Alterklassen vom Standpunkt der Entwicklungspsychologie Betrachet, Vienna, 1963, 24 page pamphlet. Paul Cartledge, "The Politics of Spartan Pederasty", Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society, vol. 207 (1981), 17-36, discusses the background. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1243-45. Gay Histories and Cultures. Work dealing with law in English from the Netherlands. From ca. 1968. A yearly guide to gay *meeting places arranged alphabetically by country (and, within country, alphabetically by city). It contains important information on laws relating to homosexual behavior in each country listed and thus to the legal background to the writing of poetry. This work now contains much valuable historical material about gay meeting places and latterly bookshops. Information about European countries is the most detailed in the work which is progressively being widened to include every known country of the over 200 countries in the world. It has been published annually in Amsterdam in the Netherlands from ca. 1968. Speaking Out: A Homosexual Anthology Anthology in English from the United States. London: CHE Company of Nine, ca. 1975; pagination not known. CHE was the Campaign for Homosexual Equality and the work consists wholly of poems. Contributors as listed in Young, Male Homosexual in Literature: Henry Alexander; A. F. B.; R. B.; Ben; Andrew Brettell; Christina; Ian F. Clayton; John Dawson; Niki Delainey; Tom Flanagan; Ken; Roger Kirby; P. N.; P. R.; Pedro; Tim Perrott; D. W. S.; E. E. S.; Scarbo; David Speargold; E. C. W. A review was published in Gay News no. 24, p. 14, by *Roger Baker who states it is "a very slim volume of inoffensive poems" and very amateurish and that *Laurence Collinson withdrew his work from the projected volume when he found out it was such a covert work. Not sighted. Very rare: a copy is in the *Cornell University Collection in the collection purchased from *Ian Young (this is the only known copy in a public collection). No copy was found in any United States research library in 1995. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 3579: London: CHE Company of Nine, no date [ca. 1975]. Listed also in Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, first edition. Publisher from Great Britain of works in English. Active ca. 1975. *London based publisher of some homoerotica in the 1970s: e.g, the British edition of * Greek Love (1976). See *H. E. J. re translation of *al-Nafzawi (1975). Oral poems in which the person reciting a poem ostensibly puts another person under his or her control by means of the poem; an occult or magical power is implied. Material survives from 2,175 B.C in ancient Egyptian from Egypt and in English from Great Britain. Egyptian. See *"Go forth plant thyself (ca. 2,175 B.C.), * Pyramid Texts, *Hymns, *Book of the Dead, *Magic. English. See *Austin Spare, *Staszek. *Aleister Crowley probably composed them. Compare *Chants. Maori. See 'Overview - Maori; no works have come to light but they cannot be ruled out. Bibliographer from Canada of works in English. Active 1979. He compiled * Homosexuality in Canada, first edition (1979) and may have been associated with the *Canadian Gay Archives. Nothing further is known about him. Poet, publisher, biographer, letter writer, diarist and editor from Great Britain writing in English. 1909-1995. Stephen Spender was the publisher of his first two books as well as one by *W. H. Auden. He was gay in the 1930s and was on terms of intimate friendship with Auden and *Christopher Isherwood (see the biographies of Auden by *Charles Osborne and *Humphrey Carpenter). At this time he led a gay bohemian life (stated in his obituary in the Daily Telegraph) and as his poems of the time make clear. He later married and had children. His early poems are especially interesting from a gay point of view. Nine Experiments, 1928 (repr. in facsimile 1964) was his first book; in this work see especially "Epistle" pp. 9-14. Nine Experiments was published in an edition of about 30 copies; it is very experimental and *surrealistic (e.g., see p. 15) with some poems of great brilliance; for evidence of homoeroticism see p. 9. His next two books were Twenty Poems, Basil Blackwell, 1930, and Poems, London: Faber 1933 - in this latter volume see poems IV, V, IX, XIII (very homoerotic), XVIII ("How strangely this sun reminds me of my love!" - the reference to "his voice" in line 4 makes this clearly a homosexual love poem) and the following poem, poem XIX ("Your body is stars whose million glitter here" - *non gender specific love poem). The texts of his early poems have been altered in subsequent printings and some poems were not republished e.g., the text of Poems (1933) has 33 poems and there are 40 poems in the 1934 and 1935 printings (however, the poems on p. 9 and p. 15 of the 1933 edition are retained). "The Uncreating Chaos" in the first edition of Michael Roberts, The Faber Book of Modern Verse, 1936, pp. 305-08, differs from later reprintings, which suppressed the phrase (p. 306) "I shall never be alone/ I shall always have a boy, a railway fare, or a revolution." On the early poetry see A. T. Tolley, The Early Published Poetry of Stephen Spender, Carleton University, Canada, 1967. See a poem with the line "O young men, o comrades" (information from *Harold Norse). See also *Cyril Connolly. Translation. Italian: his poems were translated as Poesie, Parma, 1969, 213 pp. by Alfredo Rizzardi. A Spanish translation of his poems was made by Jorge Ferrer-Vidal (Madrid, 1981). Spander translated the Greek poet *Cavafy with *Nikos Stangos (1966) into English. Spanish: he translated *Garcia Lorca (1939; selection of poems). Bibliography. H. B. Kulkarni, Stephen Spender Works and Criticism: An Annotated Bibliography, New York and London, 1976, is a very detailed listing of the works of the poet, very valuable for listing his early gay poems. Text. His Collected Poems: 1928-1985, 204 pages, omits gay poems: see the review in The Advocate no. 447, 27 May 1986, 62-63. His autobiography was entitled World Within World, 1951 (see especially descriptions of youth circles in Hamburg in 1928; source of reference: Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 371). Letters: see Letters to Christopher: Letters to Christopher Isherwood: Stephen Spender's Letters to Christopher Isherwood 1929-39, 1980; reviewed in Gay News no. 207 (1981), 21. Diaries. Those from 1939 to 1983 only have been published in a selection titled Journals 1939-83 (New York, 1986). Note: the full text for these years is not included and nothing is stated about whether journals were kept in the important period 1928-1939. Part 1 is 1939-1970; Part 2 is 1974-1983. A commentary by Stephen Spender follows each year. Biography. Hugh David's Stephen Spender: A portrait with background (London, 1992), 308 pp., was regarded as highly inaccurate and unreliable in the review by *Peter Parker (Times Literary Supplement, no. 4672, 16 October 1992, 27); Spender did not cooperate with the biographer. David Leeming, Stephen Spender: A Life in Modernism (2000) is another effort at a biography of this complex figure (review on the internet on salon.dom by Jaime Manrique). See also Kingsley Weatherhead, Stephen Spender and the Thirties, 1975. The novel While England Sleeps, 1993, by David Leavitt is based on his early life; legal action was taken by Stephen Spender to prohibit its sale in Great Britain. He wrote a gay novel in 1929 titled The Temple (New York, 1989). The novel has not received good reviews - see James White Review vol. 5 no. 2 (Winter 1989), 3. Spender edited W. H. Auden: A Tribute, 1974, and wrote the Dictionary of National Biography entry on Auden. Interview: see The Advocate no. 218 (29 June, 1977), 24-25 by *W. I. Scobie. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition: revealing an enormous published oeuvre. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 3591 and 3593: Collected Poems, 1928-1953, London: Faber, 1955 and Poems, London: Faber, 1933. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 371-74: noting the change in the text of the poem "The Uncreating Chaos" in the Collected Poems from early editions of The Faber Book of Modern Verse; four other poems also printed. Fra mann til mann, 48. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 321-22: two poems, "How strangely this sun reminds me of my love" and "To T. A. R. H." - both explicit homosexual love poems. " Matrosen sindder Liebe Schwingen", 145: German trans. of "To. T. A. R. H." Drobci stekla v ustih, 69-70. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 389-90: poems "Abrupt and Charming Mover" and "To T. A. R. H." Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Ca. 1552-1599. Spenser was an *Elizabethan poet possibly homosexual in youth. He married in 1579 and had two children and married again in 1594 and then had three children. The Shepherd's Calendar, 1579, is the main work of his on which gay comment has focused so far. A graduate of *Cambridge University, Spenser lived in Ireland from 1580 (see *Irish entries). Shepherd's Calendar. This work, published by Hugh Singleton, London, 1579, consists of Twelve Pastoral *Eclogues, one for each month. The shepherd Hobbinol's unrequited love for Colin, in the January and June eclogues, is the major homosexual aspect of the sequence (Colin is in love with Rosalind). The "Glosse" to January by *E. K. (pseud.) points out that Hobbinol is Spenser's college friend and probable tutor at *Cambridge, *Gabriel Harvey, who never married. Colin Clout is generally taken to be Spenser; Tityrus is variously *Vergil or *Chaucer. The Shepherd's Calendar, which is in the *pastoral tradition of *Theocritus and *Virgil, is the first major *sequence dealing directly with homosexuality in English though *Barnabe Googe and *Alexander Barclay wrote earlier pastoral sequences both of which have homosexual references, Barclay's being in part a translation of *Enea Silvio Piccolomini and Googe's being based on the Italian works of *Giovan Battista Spagnoli (called, in English, Mantuan). It was dedicated to the poet and statesman *Sir Philip Sidney. The glosse to line 59 of "January" by E. K. discusses *pederasty in the poem but, in disclaiming any suggestion of anal sex in the poem, Spenser is clearly protecting himself fom the law of the time. Consider also Cuddie in "February" in this respect. The use of pseudonymous names for the characters in this work also needs to be considered as does gender ambiguity; from this point of view, in "January" Rosalind, a name also used by *Shakespeare in his play, As You Like It (where the role was taken by a male actor in Shakespeare's time), could be a male. See Jonathan Goldberg "Colin to Hobbinol: Spenser's Unfamiliar Letters", South Atlantic Quarterly vol. 88 no. 1 (Winter 1989) 107-25; reprinted in his Sodometries (1993). For the poem *"Colin Clout's Come Home Again", see *Abraham Fraunce. See Norton, Homosexual Literary Tradition, pp. 149-71, for an extensive discussion of the work in homosexual terms. There is an extensive discussion of all aspects of the work in the entry "The Shepherdes Calendar" in A. C. Hamilton, editor, The Spenser Encyclopedia, 1990; see also Handbook of Elizabethan and Stuart Literature: "Shepherd's Calendar". The Faerie Queene. Spenser is most famous for a long *allegory in six books, The Faerie Queene (1589-96), in which see especially Books 3 (Chastity), 4 (*Friendship) and 6 (Courtesy). The first three books were published in 1590 and the second three in 1596. As an allegory the poem is not to be read literally; see the entry for the poem in Handbook of Elizabethan and Stuart Literature on this point. It has a strong depiction of women as in Florimell in Books 3 and 4 which any reading in homosexual terms must account. Spenser also wrote heterosexual love sonnets, the Amoretti, and the two Epithalamion poems (marriage poems) to consider. Book 4 Canto 10, stanza 27, mentions the following homosexual tropes: *Hercules and Hylas, *David and Jonathan, *Theseus and Pirithous, *Orestes and Pylades, Titus and Gesippus, *Damon and Pythias. See also *Friendship - English, *faerie. Faerie's first citation in the Oxford English Dictionary is Spenser (and may have homosexual connotations: see *fairy); in the title, "queene" could refer to "*queen" (i.e. homosexual - the word was used in this way about the homosexual James I in 1603: see *Rictor Norton, My Dear Boy: Gay Love Letters Through the Centuries, 1998, p. 64, who quotes a saying when James came to the throne: "Elizabeth was King; now James is Queen"). If either of these words has homosexual possibilities then the title of the poem has a homosexual title; but as with many aspects of the poem it is impossible to make a clear judgment one way or another - perhaps one of the reasons for the poems greatness. The Faerie Queene shows the influence of the Italian poet *Ariosto whom Spenser may have read in the translation of Sir John Harington published in 1591. Gender ambiguity occurs in the work of Ariosto in the figure of Bradamante. Britomart, in Book 3 of the Faerie Queene, who disguises herself as a man, is modelled on Bradamante. No homosexual reading of the work has so far been attempted though *Camille Paglia has comments on homosexuality and many other sexual aspects of the work in her article "Sex" in the Spenser Encyclopedia, 1990. This article is the starting point for any reading in sexual terms; she states all types of sex are present in the poem and discusses homosexuality on p. 640. The ending of Book 3 originally was androgynous (see the cancelled stanzas focusing on a statue of an *hermaphrodite - possibly the marble statue of the "Sleeping Hermaphrodite" now in the Louvre); the masque of *Cupid in Canto 12 is relevant. The poem refers to actual persons in a disguised way. The "Faerie Queene" of the title is Queen Elizabeth, who as the monarch the symbol of England, represented fecundity but was a virgin and did not marry (this concept is analogous to homosexuality which from a heterosexual view is chaste but from a homosexual is the opposite); these kind of ambiguities go through the whole poem. There are elaborate plays on names which involve gender: e.g. "Belphoebe", a woman in the poem, means "beautiful Phoebus", that is a man (Phoebus was another name for *Apollo). Spenser wrote an *elegy, "Astrophel", on Sir Philip Sidney containing the words "all men's hearts with secret ravishment/ He stole away" (stanza 4). In Book 6, Canto 1, Stanza 2 Spenser says of Calidore that he "did steale mens hearts away"; Calidore may thus be Sidney. For detailed reference to various aspects of Spenser see A. C. Hamilton, The Spenser Encyclopedia, London, 1990. In this work many entries are relevant: see, for instance, the entries for *Angels, *Bacchus, *Cupid, *Hermaphrodite, *Mercury *Narcissus, *Pan, *Platonism, *Satyrs; see also illustrations in the plates at the end (e.g., for Mercury). *Gershon Legman stated to the author that it was impossible not to believe the author of The Faerie Queene was a homosexual (personal meeting, 1989). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionary of National Biography. Handbook of Elizabethan and Stuart Literature. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 3595: Shepherd's Calendar, London: Singleton, 1579. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 33: from Faerie Queene, Book 4 x 26; biog., 113 - cites as relevant Faerie Queene Books 1 x 56, 2 viii 5, 3 xii 7, 7 vii 46, 2 vii 52. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 158-63; from Shepherd's Calendar and Faerie Queene 1 vi 17 (Cyparissus), 3 vi 49 (Cupid), 3 xii 7 (Jupiter and Fancy and Hylas), 4 ix 1-3 and 4 x 26-28. Poet from Germany writing in German. Born 1944. The poet who receives the largest amount of space in the anthology Schwüle Lyrik, schwüle Prosa. Author of *post modernist free verse. His real name ("heteroname") appears to be Volker Bruns. *Transvestite tendencies (see photo in Schwüle Lyrik, schwüle Prosa, p. 191). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Schwüle Lyrik, schwüle Prosa, 191-221; biog., 192, photo 191. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1925-1965. A poet whose work, like *Ginsberg's, prefigured and inspired the poets of *gay liberation (he died four years before the beginning of the movement). He became something of a cult figure in *San Francisco where he lived. He had a Ph. D. in linguistics from the University of California, Berkeley, and his first book was on linguistics. While he lived most of his life in San Francisco he later lived in *Vancouver. He habitually published in *chapbooks 1957-64. His Collected Poems, edited by *Robin Blaser, was published by Black Sparrow Press, 1975; reviewed in Mouth of the Dragon 9 (July 1976), 62-74 by Jack Anderson. One Night Stand and Other Poems, San Francisco: Grey Fox, 1980, contains, as the title suggests, gay poems as well as many poems not published in the collected poems. After Lorca, 1957, contains versions of poems of *Garcia Lorca rather than translations. He was highly influential and exercised a charismatic influence over his San Francisco circle, including *Robin Blaser (his literary executor), *Harold Dull, *Robert Duncan and *Richard Tagett. *Open form was a concept espoused by him; he also believed in composing *sequences of short poems and his poetry has mythic overtones. He was alcoholic and has links with the *beat poets (who are also linked with Robert Duncan and Robin Blaser). Gay Sunshine no. 25 and no. 33 contain poems. Overall he is a complex and brilliant poet whose poems are capable of being interpreted in terms of *allegory, and he has still not been given an adequate gay reading. In the "Billy the Kid" sequence, 1959, Billy, the *cowboy protagonist, has gay overtones and the work concludes with the words "there is honey in the loins Billy". The Vancouver lectures are statements on poetics. Letters. See issue 6 of the journal A Journal of Acts, 1987 (titled A Book of Correspondences for Jack Spicer); this consists of copies of letters to and from Jack Spicer. Manuscripts exist. Criticism: see the special issue of * Manroot no. 10 (Fall 1975/Winter 1975) and A Journal of Acts no. 6 (1987). The journal Caterpillar 12 (1970) is also devoted to him. A critical study is Lewis Ellingham and Kevin Kilian, Poet Be Like God: Jack Spicer and the San Francisco Renaissance, 1998. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition; see his entry in the Appendix, a brilliant overview of the poet's career by Michael Davidson. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1245; also states he influenced the poet Harold Dull. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 11021-22: special Spicer issue of Manroot no. 10, Fall 1974/Winter 1975 and Fifteen False Propositions about God, San Francisco: *Manroot Books, 1974, 15 pp. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 3597-3602: Fifteen False Propositions plus Admonitions, New York: The Poetry Project, no date, Billy the Kid, Stinson Beach, CA: Enkidu Surrogate, 1959, The Collected Books of Jack Spicer, Los Angeles: Black Sparrow, 1975, One Night Stand and Other Poems, San Francisco: Grey Fox Press, 1980 and An Ode and Arcadia, Berkeley, CA: Ark Press, 1974 (the last published with *Robert Duncan). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Angels of the Lyre, 197-203; biog., 244. Orgasms of Light, 219; biog., 261. Digte om mends kerlighed til mend. Fra mann til mann, 72. Drobci stekla v ustih, 90; biog., 180. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 334-35. Word of Mouth, 67-78. Journal in English from Great Britain. Published 1892-1893. See Smith, Love in Earnest, pp. 50-54. The first journal from Great Britain edited by a gay person (as he then was), *Alfred Douglas, and with significant gay content. It was an *Oxford magazine "without News" as it stated on the title page and published poetry. *Oscar Wilde, *Max Beerbohm and *Lionel Johnson wrote for it. See From the Spirit Lamp: A Miscellany of Uranian Poems [seven poems from the journal], edited by *Noel Lloyd, Hermitage Books, Harleston, Norfolk, 1992 (50 copies printed). Publisher from Germany of works in German. 1850-1905. The first modern German gay publisher. He was active as a gay publisher in *Leipzig 1895-1905 when he published a series of pamphlets advocating the gay cause as well as some books under the imprint Max Spohr. (For a list of pamphlets see the list at the end of the pamphlet from his press Das Problem der Homosexualität or at the end of his other pamphlets). He published the * Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen from 1899. He published the German translation of *Edward Carpenter's Homogenic Love titled Die homogene Liebe, 1895, apparently his first gay publication. In 1896, Sappho und Sokrates, the first book published by *Magnus Hirschfeld (written under the pseudonym of *Th. Ramien), appeared with his imprint. In 1898 he published *K. H. Ulrichs, Das Ratsel der männlichen Liebe, and in 1900 a collection of poems by *Franz Evers and *Elisar's von Kupffer's gay anthology * Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe in der Weltliteratur followed by a collection of von Kupffer's poems, Auferstehung: iridische Gedichte, 1903. He published many volumes of gay poetry: see *Eduard Bertz, *Karl Geissler, *Dr. Grün-Leschkirsch, *Hadrian (pseud.), *Peter Hamecher, *Siegfried (pseud.). See also *Ludwig Frey, *Max Kaufmann, * Mousa Paidike, *Georg Rekate, *Arthur Schopenhauer. Obituary: Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 8, 887-898 (with photograph p. 887). Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros : various titles listed in entries. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10710, 10785. Herzer, Bibliographie zur Homosexualität : lists only non-literary works; see the years 1895-1905. Trope in Latin from and English from Great Britain from 1735. Sporus was a lover of the *Roman emperor *Nero whom Nero (ruled 54-68) married after having him castrated. He appears in poetry in English in the work of'Alexander Pope in 1735 under which name Pope 'satirizes Lord John Hervey in his Epistle to Dr Arbuthnot (lines 305ff). *Byron called *Henry Milman a Sporus, well aware of Pope's usage. Latin. See Forberg, Manual of Classical Erotology, volume 1, pp. 150-53 where footnote 33 gives the sources. Critic of Persian and Arabic poetry from the United States writing in English. Active from 1982. See his article "Private Parts and Persian insult Poetry" in Maledicta 6 (1982), 238-48, which is a major study of the "obscene" use of words in Persian poetry and in which the author states "poetic praise was converted into insult poetry by means of a mechanical reversal of poetic diction" (p. 238) which "builds on Arabic models" (p. 240). In many cases the poems accuse another poet of homosexuality. Homosexual poems from the following poets are included: Anvari (p. 242 - a poem aimed at a patron), *Sana'i, Abd Allah Ma'rufi Balkhi, Ibn al-Rumi, Mahsati Dabiri, Manjik, the poetess Mahsati Dabiri, *'Ubayd-i Zakani (including a satire on the Persian national epic, the Shahnamah of *Firdawsi). He is the author of Suppressed Persian: An Anthology of Forbidden Literature (1995). See also in Wright, Homoeroticism in Classical Arabic Literature, pp. 192-209, his article: "Le beau garçon san merci: The Homoerotic Tale in Arabic and Persian"; this work discusses some poems. Biography: see Wright, Homoeroticism in Classical Arabic Literature, page x. Anthologist from Germany writing in German. Active 1988. Compiler of *Die *Stumme Sünde: Homosexualität im Mittelalter mit einem Textanhang, 1988, 307 pages, a detailed study and anthology of homosexuality in *medieval German and Latin literature. In the appendix it contains forty eight texts (many non literary) in Latin and Middle High German (including several poets). Editor from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1884-1958. Editor of The London Mercury journal which he established in 1919 and edited for many years. The journal had a logo of a naked youth, Mercury (see *Hermes). Contrast the title of the contemporary journal The London Aphrodite, published by Fanfrolico Press by Jack Lindsay and others, implying vigorous heterosexuality (possibly in opposition to The London Mercury whose title seems to indicate a homosexual reference). This journal promoted the *Georgians and *Rupert Brooke amongst others. *Edward Shanks was asistant editor. John Squire edited the Collected Poems of James Elroy Flecker and was a poet. His personal life became unhappy in later life and he became an alcoholic. He is portrayed in *Roy Campbell's The Georgiad, 1929, as of homosexual temperament: see p. 22. Some of *Patrick White's poems were published in the journal. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionary of National Biography. Poet from Turkey who wrote in Turkey. Active before 1838. Not found in Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition. *Ottoman poet. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: Die Männerliebe der Griechen, 92-93: trans. by *Thomas Schabert. Historian from China who wrote in Chinese. 145B.C.-ca. 86 B.C. The most famous early Chinese historian who wrote the Shih-chi (Classic of History; in *Pinyin, Shi Ji). He lived during the *Han period and, incurring the displeasure of the Wu Emperor, accepted castration rather than commit suicide, so that he could complete his history which came to 130 chapters. His history refers to male homosexuality in discussing the favorites of the *emperors (several of whom were homosexual or bisexual), including a dozen lovers (source: unpublished *Louis Crompton paper at Amsterdam Conference, 1987). It is an encyclopedic work dealing with the whole known world and includes 69 chapters on biographies. His name is spelt Sima Qian in *Pinyin. He is also known to have written one poem. Text. A ten volume edition of the Shi ji was published in Beijing by Zhong hua shu ju in 1959. Translation. English. Burton Watson (1961 - covering the Han period of the history - and 1969; revised edition 1993), William H. Nienhauser (1994; partial translation). French. Edouard Chavannes (1895-1905 in five volumes - only the first 47 chapters; repr.). A sixth volume of translations by Edouard Chavannes was published in 1969 and lists translations in western languages. Korean. Sagi Yolchon (1981; selections). There have been shortened translations into Vietnamese. Translations into Japanese are likely. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures: East volume. Penguin Companion to World Literature. Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature. Poet from Turkey who wrote in Turkish. Active before 1838. *Ottoman poet. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: Die Männerliebe der Griechen, 80-81: trans. into German; from Brussa, i.e., Bursa, in Turkey. St Petersburg, formerly Leningrad City in Russia where Russian is spoken. From 1703. A major cultural city in Russia with important libraries and a publishing center of Russian books. It has a very long gay history since its founding by Peter the Great in 1703, thought to have been bisexual by some. Russia's most famous poet *Pushkin lived in the city in the early nineteenth century and his apartment is still open to the public. St Petersburg was the capital of Russia until 1917. The name of the city was changed to Petrograd in 1914, since Russia was at war with Germany and Petersburg is a combination of Peter and the German word "burg" meaning city (it is sometimes spelt *St. Petersber). It was changed from Petrograd to Leningrad in 1924. The name was changed back in the early 1990s after a plebiscite by citizens on what name it should be. It was the center of a major poetry and prose movement in the early twentieth century (this period is now called the Silver Age, in contrast to the age of Pushkin, the Golden Age) when *Kuzmin and *Esenin lived in the city at various times. *Anna Akhmatova (pseud.) wrote poems about the city in the twentieth century which mention homosexuals (she was the city's most famous female poet). *Gennady Trifonov is a major contemporary gay poet. See also *Eduard Mayer. On the cultural background see Solomon Volkov, St Petersburg: A Cultural History, New York, 1995. Stadion-Thannhausen, Emerich, Graf von Poet from Austria who wrote in German, 18S8 - 19QQ. Austrian writer. A possible lover was 'Emil Maria Vacano. See 'Magnus Hirschfeld, Geschlechtskunde, 19SQ, vol. 4, p. 626: an intimate photo of the poet with Vacano. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 1Q2: cites the poem "Dioskuren" ("Es war ein gleiches Atmen") - see 'Dioskouri; also the book Poetische Flugblätter (with 'Kitir), Vienna: Klob, 1899. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 11Q24 - 25: Drei seltsame Errinnerungen, Bochina: W. Pisz, 1868 and Poetische Flugblätter, same edition as Welter (publisher given as Kiterand Klob). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 156 - 58: prose and the poem "Dioskuren" said to be written to the memory of Vacano; biog. note, 156. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 217: poem '"Dioscuri". Criticism. Hirschfeld, Die Homosexualität, 671. Poet from Germany who wrote in German. Active 1904. See his entry in the *British Library General Catalogue; poems were published in 1939 and 47. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 11026: poem "Freundinnen" in Magazin für Literatur 2, February 1904. Criticism. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 6 (1904), 629-30: review of the previously mentioned work. Editor from Germany who wrote in Greek. Active 1994. Editor of an edition of the * Palatine Anthology titled Anthologia Graeca, Leipzig: Teubner, 1894-1906, an important edition in its time, but not complete as it only consisted of the first nine books and did not include Book 12, the * Mousa Paidike. This was the edition used by *Paul Brandt for the first nine books. Biographer, critic and editor from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1935. Author of a biography of *Wilfred Owen, Wilfred Owen (1974). See especially Chapter 4 "Dunsden and After", pp. 63-93: in this chapter John Stallworthy states Owen lived as assistant to Reverend Herbert Wigan, a forty nine year old bachelor Anglican vicar and Owen wrote erotic poems of the male body (p. 70 - 72) though Stallworthy maintains, p. 70, Owen, "sublimated his natural sexuality". Owen's poems are critically discussed throughout the biography which includes photographs of many manuscripts. Jon Stallworthy is the editor of the most complete edition of Owen's poems: The complete poems and fragments, 2 volumes, 1983. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Critic from the United States writing in English. Active 1979-died ca. 1991. Author, with *Elaine Marks, of Homosexualities and French Literature, Ithaca,1979; reviewed by Richard Klein in MLN [i.e., Modern Language Notes], vol. 95 no. 4 (May 1980), 1070-80. The book was the first serious attempt to study homosexuality - both male and female - in French literature in English. It includes essays on *Rimbaud and *Verlaine, *Gide and *Sartre. Of Armenian descent, his first book was on *Proust. He died of *Aids. Obituary: Christopher Street no. 173, vol. 14 no. 17, 3-5. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1967-died 1981. A *black gay poet published by *Good Gay Poets. His Black and Queer, Boston, 1977 was the first openly gay book of poems by a black gay poet. He was shot and killed in *Philadelphia, of which he was a native, in 1981: see * Brother to Brother, xxi-xxii. The poems in Brother to Brother are from Black and Queer. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 11027: "For m. s." and "If you had seen Sabrina" in Pursuit and Symposium 2:20, 39 June 1967. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Black Men/ White Men, 96-97; biog., 237. Brother to Brother, 2, 74, 84 ("In the darkness, fuck me now" - fine poem on passive *anal sex), 166 (*prose poem); biog., 274. A Day for a Lay, 200-202; biog., 200. Poet from Switzerland who wrote in German. Active 1903. The author of a book of poems, Antinouslieder (1903), based on the 'Antinous trope. Not in Oxford Companion to German Literature. Bibliographies. Hayn, Gotendorf, Bibliotheca Germanorum Erotica, vol. 9, 294: Antinouslieder. Mit Anhang: Die Insel der Seligen, Zurich: C. Schmidt, 1903. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 102: book of poems Antinouslieder (Antinous songs), Zurich [: Casar Schmidt], 1903 with supplement Die Insel der Seligen; also cites the poems "Alltagsgeschichte", "Einziges", "Irrkraut". Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 11028: Antinouslieder; states Antinouslieder has several homoerotic poems especially "Die insel der Seligen". Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 236-39: trans. into English of Antinous poem and poem titled "Guglielmo". Criticism. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 6 (1904), 630-35: review of Antinouslieder. Translator from Greek to English from Greece. Active 1966. He translated the Greek poet *Cavafy (with *Stephen Spender) into English. See Fourteen Poems by C. P. Cavafy - Chosen and Illustrated with Twelve Etchings by David Hockney, London: Editions Electo, 1966; the etchings are openly gay works. This work was published in five limited editions: see Peter Webb, Portrait of David Hockney, London, 1988, pp. 360-61 (no further details are given here as to the nature of the limited editions). He also translated a Selected Poems of *Yannis Ritsos (Harmondsworth, UK: *Penguin Books, 1974). Pseudonym of a poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Active 1894. Pseudonym of *Stanley Addleshaw. Poet from Canada writing in English. Born 1934. A *Vancouver poet in the 1970s who has published several books of poems. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, first edition, item 2417: You (Poems 1957-1967), Vancouver: Talonbooks, 1974. Homosexuality in Canada, first edition (1979), 14: The Stick: Poems, 1969-73, Vancouver: New Star Books, 1974 and You; cites the poems "You", "Touching", "Hell" and Commencement". Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 361213: the same books. Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (1984), 142: the same books. You (Poems 1957-67), Vancouver: New Star, 1974, his main book in these entries, has paintings by Paul Alexander. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Angels of the Lyre, 204; biog., 244 - states he is from *Vancouver, he has published six books of poetry, has an MA in English, and has worked at various menial jobs. Translator from Greek and Latin to English from Great Britain. 1625-1678. He translated the Greek poet *Anacreon into English (1651; a nearly complete translation): see Anacreon, London, A. Bullen, 1906 (with introduction by A. H. Bullen discussing the English and French translation tradition of Anacreon and the question of the authenticity of the text, pp. ix-xxiii, with a life of Stanley pp. xi-xii); see poems 4, 26, 39 42 for homosexual references. He also translated the Latin poet *Ausonius into English. Stanley was a graduate of Cambridge and Oxford who was a legal practitioner of the Middle Temple in London. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature: stating he translated the Greek poets *Theocritus, *Bion and *Moschus into English in his Poems (1651). Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Active 1924 Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 80: about going naked in the wild. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Active 1910. In Poems, London, 1910, see *"Apollo" pp. 63-64. Staszek, also called Stan Henry NAME Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1996. Book of poems: Three-hand Jax and other *Spells, San Francisco, 1995, 169 pp. Review: James White Review, vol. 13 no. 2 (Spring 1996), 22: "a hot, sexy little book". It seems that his real name is Stan Henry; however, this is unclear from the information provided and Stan Henry may be his first names. State University of New York at Buffalo Library and manuscript collection in English in the United States. From ca. 1940. The Poetry Room in the University Library has a major collection of English language poetry of the twentieth century. It is one of the most inclusive in the world (with material from all over the world). Much material is in manuscript and there are many rare gay books (e.g., by *Ian Young) and journals (e.g., the * Boston Gay Review). It has a huge archive of Jonathan Williams (160 boxes) and rare works of many important gay poets (e.g. *Tom Meyer, partner of Jonathan Williams). The collection was started ca. 1940. A curator, Robert J. Bertolf, has edited poems of *Robert Duncan. Source of information: personal visit of the author, 1995. Poet from Italy writing in Latin. Ca. 45-ca. 96. His Sylvae are occasional poems written to his friends celebrating their marriages, villas, baths etc. Descriptions of beautiful men occur in his Thebiad which also contains references to homosexuality amongst the gods. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 1011-12. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 11030: The Sylvae; The Tresses of Flavius Earnius [no other information]. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 93-96: trans. from Sylvae, Book 2, re a man mourning for his *slave boy Ursus. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 196-97: from Silvae Book ii 1 and 6 and Thebiad vi 561. Courouve, Ces petits grecs, 39. Poet writing in Greek, possibly from Greece. Active before 130. See also *Flaccus who is possibly the same poet. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 11023 - referring to *Musa Puerilis, London, 1918, Book 12, poems 25-27 (but misspelling the poet's name as Stabillius Flaccus). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Palatine Anthology xii 25-27. Poems of Love and Liberation, 29; name misspelled. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1976. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 11031: five poems in *Mouth of the Dragon 8: 1 -5 March 1976. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1833-1908. Educated at *Yale, he was a journalist and stockbroker, writing the poem *"Pan in Wall Street". Several volumes of poems were published. He was a frequent visitor and admirer of Whitman (see the Whitman entry in Dictionary of American Biography, at p.149). He edited the works of *Poe with *G. E. Woodberry. He married and his biography by his granddaughter contains some important autobiographical letters of *Swinburne (source: Dictionary of National Biography article on Swinburne by *Edmund Gosse p. 464). He first legitimated Whitman in the literary establishment of the day. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of American Biography. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature (with photo): stated to be one of the first important critics to recognize *Whitman's merit. Criticism. Martin, Homosexual Tradition in American Poetry, 108-09: re dedication of poems to *Charles Warren Stoddard and a poem *"Hylas". Foster, "Beauty's Purple Flame: Some Minor American Gay Poets", Gay Books Bulletin no. 7 (1982), 15, 18: poem "Alectryon" re the love of the God Ares for the beautiful boy Alectryon (published in Poetical Works, 1885). Biographer from the United States who wrote in English. 1906-1994. Author of the candid biography of the French poet Jean Cocteau: Cocteau: A Biography (1970). This work, however, leaves much unsaid e.g., it does not mention the 1947 erotic drawings of Cocteau for *Genet's novel Querelle de Brest, a major work of Cocteau. Overall however, it constitutes a fine gay biography. Obituary: The Australian 7 November, 1994, 23 (reprinted from The Times, London); twice married, the second time to the novelist Shirley Hazzard. He was a friend of Graham Greene whom he met on holiday at *Capri. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors New Revision Series volume 2. Poet from Canada writing in English. Active before 1991. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 681: poem "Song My Mother Also Sang" (about a beautiful man). Poet from Australia writing in English. Born 1939. In Word From Lilliput, Melbourne, 1973, pp. 1-2, see "For Paul at Twenty-One": "Revolving verbs by mood - 'to love', 'to dare' - /I riffle the calendar and think of you." The author is a *Catholic priest and was the head of the Jesuits in Australia. He holds a Personal Chair in English at the University of Melbourne where he has taught since 1966. The author of three volumes of poems. Not in Oxford Companion to Australian Literature, first edition. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature, second edition. Poet and critic from Italy writing in Italian. Born 1938. A very Tine gay poet who lives in *Venice where he has worked in the Instituti Superiori after graduating from the University with a thesis on the letters of *Aretino. Since the death of *Penna and *Pasolini he is one of the finest living Italian gay poets. He was openly gay in his poetry from his 1967 volume La speranza avara, though he is little known outside Italy and his books are not held by the Library of Congress. Poesie a un ragazzo (Poems to a Boy), Venice, 1974, has a preface defending gay love by Diego Valeri and a drawing of the author by Giorgio di Chirico. This is a brilliant *sequence of short poems. Poesie erotiche, Padova, 1988, is also a gay volume; biog. note pp. 5-6. Poesie 1960-1988 (1989) collects his poetry. Per Piu antiche memorie, Venice, 1990 (reprinted) has a biographical note on p. 53 and a list of his published works; this volume contains some gay poems. He has also written stories titled Metamorfosi di un cane e altri racconti, Venice, 1988. Between 1960 and 1980 he produced eleven volumes. Books of poems usually feature a drawing of the poet as a frontispiece. *Anthony Reid is working on a biography. Poesie 1960-1988 was published in 1989. Translation. English. He has been translated by *Anthony Reid. The work is titled No Other Gods (London: Kouros Press, 1982, 35 pp., 215 copies printed), and has linocuts by J. Martin Pitts (reviewed in Gay Books Bulletin no. 9, Spring 1983, 13, by *S. W. Foster with translation of the poems included but no name given for the translator). This work was banned in Great Britain (see Reid, Eternal Flame, vol. 1, 11). Bibliographies. Leggere omosessuale, items 330-31: Il male di vivere, Milan: Pan, 1968 and Poesie ad un ragazzo, Milan: Pan, 1974. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 241, 260-65: a generous selection of his poems; biog., 224-45. Criticism. Gay Books Bulletin 6 (Fall 1981), 18-20 and 33: article by *Stephen Wayne Foster; there is a list of his published books to 1980 on p. 33. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1930. His book of poems Hyacinthus: A Love-Myth (1930) consists of twenty-seven brief episodes entitled "Ganymede", *"Priapus", *"Narcissus", *"Jupiter" and "Ganymede", *"Apollo's Lament" etc. Nothing is known of his life. Not in Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 515: extracts from the prose poem "Hyacinthus"; biog. note., 464. Criticism. Foster, "Beauty's Purple Flame: Some Minor American Gay Poets", Gay Books Bulletin no. 7 (1982), 17,18: re the lengthy *prose poem *"Hyacinthus" from Hyacinthus: A Love-Myth, Los Angeles: Silver Faun, 1930 (510 copies with illustrations by Joan Winsor Orbison); with a long quotation. Anthologist from the United States of works in Latin; translator from Latin to English; critic in English. 1946-ca. 1990. Compiler of the only anthology of Latin gay male poems published so far and a very Tine anthology: * Medieval Latin Poems of Male Love and Friendship. Some of the poems were published from *manuscript. Criticism: see his article "To Love A Medieval Boy", Journal of Homosexuality vol. 8 no. 3/4 (Spring /Summer 1983), 151-69. He died about 1990, possibly of *Aids (information from Journal of Homosexuality, 1991). Poet from Russia who wrote in Russian; he later lived in Switzerland. 1907-1944. A poet who emigrated from Russia after the 1917 revolution and died in Switzerland. Alienation is a basic theme in his poetry. The sequence in Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, item 3620 is a series of poems about friendship and love between two men and is a very fine work. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Terras, Handbook of Russian Literature. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 3620: "Ten Poems" in The Bitter Air of Exile: Russian Writers in the West 1922-1972, ed. *Simon Karlinsky and Alfred Appel, Jr., Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977 (trans. *Paul Schmidt - see his entry for details). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Out of the Blue, 170-72. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active before 1964. No entry in the 'British Library General Catalogue. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 1QS: poem "Der Traum" and poem (or first line) of "Der Traum", "Wie kannst du nur?". No date or source given. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Born 1902. He is best known as a novelist. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 3625 lists his novel Sweet Thursday, 1954. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 3624: The Collected Poems of Amnesia Glasscock by J .W. [sic] with a Response by *Robert Peters, San Francisco: *Manroot, 1976; stated by Ian Young to be poetry. Translator from Greek to German. Active ca. 1935. Translator of the complete poems of the Greek poet *Cavafy into German: Gedichte - Das Gesammelte Werk, Amsterdam 1985. The translation dates from the 1930s: see Forum 7 (1989), 26, footnote 2. Critic from Switzerland writing in English. Active 1982. Editor of the special issue of Salmagundi New Series no. 58-59 (Fall-Winter 1982-83) titled "Homosexuality" with Robert Boyers (George Steiner lives in Switzerland and Boyer in the US). There is a Spanish translation of the work titled Homosexualidad: Literatura y Cultura, 331 pages, 1990. It includes discussion of *Whitman, *Proust, *Genet and others; see also the article by *Martin Green, "Homosexuality in Literature", pp. 393-405. He is a prominent literary critic. Philosopher and critic from Austria writing in German. 1861-1925. The founder in 1912 of the Anthroposophical Society, a spiritual movement based on the idea of a higher spiritual world accessible only by the highest faculties of mental knowledge - that is "knowledge produced by the higher self in man" - and which split from the Theosophical Society. He was involved with *Theosophy from 1902 but felt it necessary to found a separate organization after a diasgreement with Annie Besant over whether *Krishnamurti was the reincarnated Jesus Christ, which Annie Besant believed he was. Anthroposophy did not discriminate against homosexuals and this attracted some as members. Steiner's work emerged out of a study of *Goethe whose collected works he worked on. He was asexual though he married (compare *George Bernard Shaw). He wrote the celebrated Die Philosophie der Freiheit (The Philosophy of Freedom), 1894, a crucial work in his oeuvre. At one stage he was a close acquaintance of *Nietzsche and wrote a book on him, Fighter for Freedom. His beliefs are non judgmental on homosexuality. He built a center for his work, the Goetheanum, at Dornach near Basel in Switzerland in 1913. Autobiography: see Story of My Life, 1924. He founded schools for children based on his philosophy all over Germany in 1919; these schools were banned by the *Nazis in 1938. The schools continue to flourish all over the world; their philosophy is based on a higher more spiritual self. Steiner was also involved in organic farming and thus relates to the *green movement. His critical work Occult Significance of the *Bhagavad Gita, New York, 1968, has considerable homoerotic significance. Compare *Carl Jung. Steiner was a member of the *magic society OTO (see entry Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology: "OTO") of which *Aleister Crowley was also a member; see also *Tantra. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology. Other references. Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology: see "Anthroposophical Society". Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Sexologist from Germany who wrote in German. Active 1925. Author of Sadismus und Masochismus, Berlin and Vienna, 1925; see Chapter 5 on homosexual 'S/M. His Onanie und Homosexualiat (Masturbation and homosexuality), 1917 (enlarged in 1921 and 192S), is a major work; there is no discussion of literature and art however. Compare 'Magnus Hirschfeld. See also his article "'Nietzsche und 'Wagner" in Zeitschrift fur Sexualwissenschaft vol. 4 (1917 - 18) 22 - 28, on sexual elements in their friendship. Bibliographies. Hayn, Gotendorf, Bibliotheca Germanorum Erotica, vol. 9, 558 - 59: list of published works. Anyhologist in German from Germany. Active 1997. With 'Martin Ripkens, he compiled the excellent anthology of twentieth century German gay poetry ' Ach Kerl ich krieg dich nicht aus meinem Kopf - Männerliebe in deutschen Gedichten unseres Jahrhunderts, the finest gay anthology in German of the twentieth century period. Stenbock, Stanislaus Eric, Count Poet from Estonia writing in English; he lived in Great Britain for most of his life. Poems may exist in Estonian. 1860-1895. One of the most fascinating figures of the *eighteen nineties, Stanislaus Eric Stenbock was a gay Count from Estonia. Educated from 1879 at Oxford, he moved in the circle of *Oscar Wilde, and became addicted to opium (see *drugs) and alcohol. He died of cirrhosis of the liver. After living in Estonia in the 1880s, he returned to London in 1887. He published four volumes of poetry ca. 1881-1894. Love, Sleep and Dreams, ca. 1881, his first book, is a book of unrequited love poems addressed to a young man, Charles Bertram Fowler (it was repr. by *Noel Lloyd, Norfolk: Hermitage Books, 1992, 28 pp.). His second book Myrtle, Rue and Roses (London, 1883), has also been reprinted by Noel Lloyd in 1992 in an edition of 60 numbered copies. Biography: see John Adlard, Stenbock, Yeats and the Nineties, London, *Cecil and Amelia Woolf, 1969; with bibl. by *Timothy d'Arch Smith. The possibility of manuscripts or published poems in Estonian cannot be ruled out and needs investigation. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 11032-34: Love, Sleep and Dreams, London: Simpkin Marshall, 1881, Myrtle, Rue and Cypress, London: privately printed, 1883, The Shadow of Death [: A Collection of Poems, Songs and Sonnets], London: Leadenhall Press, 1883. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition items 3628-30: the same books; lists Myrtle, Rue and Cypress: A Book of Poems, Songs and Sonnets, London: printed for the author by Hatchards, 1883. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reade, Sexual Heretics, 307, 319-24 (story *Narcissus). Smith, Love in Earnest, 34-39; bibl., 25051. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 79: two poems including "Paidika" (on *Ganymede). Art of Gay Love, 19: prose. Pseudonym of a critic from German writing in German. Pseudonym of *Paul Brandt. Active 1908. He took the initial P from his first name Paul; "stephanus" is the Greek word for garland (meaning, in a poetry context, anthology) and possibly refers to the anthology containing Greek homopoems, the * Garland of Meleager. Brandt acknowledged he used the pseudonym in the footnote of Brandt, Sittengeschichte griechenlands, volume 2, p. 192. Stephanus was also a pseudonym used by *Henri Estienne, one of the most famous earlier editors of Greek works. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Active before 1945. The poet below may possibly refer to 'James Kenneth Stephen. Biblographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 103, the poem "Haß (Mein Feind besuchte mich..)." ; the poem is stated to be a poem from his Collected Poems, trans. 'Erich Lifka, 1945 (no other information given). Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Active 1891. See his volume of poems Lapsus Calami, Cambridge, UK, 1891, 92 pp. Stated on the title page to be "By J. K. S." The author's real name is given in the * British Library General Catalogue. This work was reprinted in various editions until 1928. A little known *Uranian poet with poems on *pedophile themes. Copy sighted: John Willis library. James Stephen is possibly the same poet. Publisher from Great Britain of works in English. Active 1683. The publisher of * Anacreon done into English (Oxford, 1683) and *T. Creech's Idylliums of *Theocritus (Oxford, 1684). The title pages of both these works state: "printed by L. Lichfield for Anthony Stephens" (see *British Library General Catalogue and * National Union Catalog entries). A seventeenth century publisher of poetry with significant gay content. Poet from Canada writing in English. Active 1995. Book: Diary of a Trademark, Quebec, Canada, 1994; reviewed in James White Review, vol. 12 no. 2 (Spring Summer 1995), 21. *Montreal born poet. Poet and biographer from Australia who wrote in English. 1901-1965. He was a literary figure and bohemian who lived for some time in 'London. The Sink of Solitude (1928), Policeman of the Lord (1928) and The Well of Sleevelessness: A Tale for the Least of these Little Ones (1929), all London: Sophistocles Press, consist of verse and prose accompanying 'satirical drawings. The titles refer to the banning of the lesbian novel The Well of Loneliness and the Chinese term for homosexuals: "cut sleeves". All are rare. Copies sighted: Mitchell Library, 'Sydney. Stephensen was a friend of 'Jack Lindsay and these works are in a libertarian vein similar to Lindsay's work. He wrote The Legend of *Aleister Crowley, 1930, about Crowley's revilement in the press (reprinted in 1970 and later in an expanded edition with Israel Regardie, Crowley's secretary). This is actually the first biography of Crowley. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1991. A *black gay militant *Philadelphia poet. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Brother to Brother, 51 - Tine poem "Maybelle's Boy"; biog., 274 - the author of three books (whether poetry is not stated), one being America Morning/Mourning, 1990, 38 pp. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1869-1926. A bohemian poet who lived in *San Francisco. Possible *bisexual interest but this has not been proven. See Kevin Starr, Americans of the California Dream: 1850-1915, New York, 1973. A member of the Bohemian Club. His Sonnets to Craig, 1928, are to a woman whom he later married; the fact that she had a masculine name may have led some to believe they were written to a man. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 11035: Strange Waters, privately printed, no date; repr. in America Esoterica, [no place]: Mary Masius, 1927. Criticism. Gay Books Bulletin no. 2, p. 12: states the novelist Jack London fell in love with him but apparently it was not reciprocated (in a review of Andrew Sinclair, Jack: A Biography of Jack London, 1979); Sterling committed *suicide in *San Francisco some years later. Critic from the United States writing in English. Active 1988. He was the editor of Dictionary of Brazilian Literature (New York and London, 1988), and wrote the critical article "Homosexuality and Literature" on Portuguese writers of Brazil, the first such article in a general reference work: relevant poets mentioned in the article are *Silviano Santiago, *Aguinaldo Silva and *Dominigos Pellegrini. Sexologist, bibliographer and critic from Germany who wrote in German. Active from 19QS. Author of Bibliotheca Curiosa et Erotica, Vienna, 1921, using the name Bernard Stern-Stanza; for details of publication see Kearney, History of Erotic Literature, p. 188. Bibliotheca Curiosa et Erotica is a bookseller's catalogue, very important for its detailed descriptions of books: see 'Anthropophyteia, *Kryptadia. As a sexological writer he sometimes used the name Bernard Stern. He published sexological works on Russian, Turkish and German culture. Russian. Geschichte der öffentlichen Sittlichkeit in Russland, Berlin, 1907-08, 2 volumes is a study of Russian customs written in German. See volume 2, chapter 9, pp. 556 - 57Q, on bestiality and homosexuality, with discussion of poems pp. 567 - 7Q. See also the discussion of erotic literature in general in volume 2 chapter 1Q, pp. 579 - 616, especially pp. 582 - 84 on 'Karatygin. A list of erotic words is given pp. 588 - 97. It was published under the name Bernhard Stern. Turkish. The author of Medizin, Aberglaube und Geschlechtsleben in der Türkei, 2 volumes, 1903: see Chapter 42, Päderastie und Sodomie (concise discussion), pp. 21Q - 221, especially pp. 217 - 18 and p. 22Q re 'Bosnian songs. (Turkey in this work refers to the Ottoman empire.) The work is translated into English as The Scented Garden, New York, 1938; see Chapter 18 "Pederasty and Sodomy" pp. 265 - 78 especially pp. 274 - 75 re Bosnian 'songs. German. See Bernard Stern, Illustrierte Geschichte der erotischen Literatur aller Zeiten und Volker, Wien and Leipzig, 1908, a history of erotic literature; there is very little on homosexuality but the work is very thorough on poems cited. Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. Ca. 632 B.C.-ca. 556 B.C. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 1Q12-13. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 1Q3: Knabenlieder/ Jünglings- und Lieblingslieder [no other details]. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 1B4-B5. Criticism. Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen B (19Q6), 652. Brandt, Sittengeschichte griechenlands, volume 2, 191. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 477: citing 'Athenaeus xiii, 6Q1a: states he wrote a poem called in antiquity, a "song about boys", but it does not survive. Poet from the United States writing in English. 1879-1955. A United States modernist poet strongly influenced by *Platonism: see the dedication to Henry Church of his famous long poem Notes Toward a Supreme Fiction, 1942: "And for what, except for you, do I feel love?". Henry Church may be the *ephebe of the opening line. His first book Harmonium, 1923, shows the sensibility of a *dandy. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Stevenson, Edward Irenaeus Prime- Critic and historian from the United States who wrote in English; he later lived in Switzerland. 1868-1942. He is the author of what is still the finest general survey of male homosexuality and literature until 1900, called The Intersexes. He used the pseudonym Xavier Mayne to publish this work, ca. 1911. About 125 copies only were printed. The preface is dated Rome, 1908, but the work was published later, about 1911, as it refers to cuttings from newspapers in 1910 and 1911 (the date of 1911 is accepted by Havelock Ellis - who was in a position to know - in Ellis, Sexual Inversion, third edition, 1915, p. 71). The second entry in the * National Union Catalog states that the place of publication was Rome. (The * National Union Catalog and * British Library General Catalogue entries dating the book's publication 1908, based on the introduction, are incorrect.) The work is the most thorough survey of gay culture to its time. Chapters 4, 8, and 9 discuss poetry. It is still a landmark work and very readable and is likely to remain a classic. It relies on material in the * Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen (e.g., see p. 269) and was in turn relied on by *Magnus Hirschfeld in his 1914 book Die Homosexualität des Mannes und Weibes. The concept of homosexuals as "intersexes" owes much to Hirschfeld's ideas. The Intersexes was reprinted in New York in 1975 by Arno. Review: Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 12 (1911-12), 78-91 by *Edward Bertz. German poetry. The Intersexes includes a long section at the end on the German writer *August von Platen by Stevenson (Chapter 13, pp. 563-620); this section is virtually another book which seems to have been bound with The Intersexes for convenience; it is the first extended work of criticism on Platen in gay terms in English and a major work of criticism on him still. At the time it was the most extended critical discussion of a gay poet in English. Pages 295-325 of The Intersexes contains a fine literary overview mentioning many poets. For English poets see Mayne, The Intersexes, pp. 347-69 which is a discussion of poetry and prose from Great Britain. For French poets see Mayne, The Intersexes, p. 327-47, a discussion of gay nineteenth century French poets and novelists. Other literatures are discussed in lesser detail. Biography: see *Noel I. Garde (pseud), "The Mysterious Father of American Homophile Literature", One vol. 1 no. 3 (Fall 1958), 9498 (a detailed study of his life). His father was a clergyman and his family were poor. There seems to have been some connection with the very rich H. Harkness Flagler, the son of the Florida railroad and real estate tycoon Henry Flagler, to whom Stevenson dedicated the novel Left to Themselves (the title of this work is itself interesting from a gay perspective). On H. Harkness Flagler see David Leon Chandler, Henry Flagler (1986), pp. 146, 270 and the index; he had an artistic temperament, was financially responsible for the New York Philharmonic, married and had three daughters and died in 1952. Stevenson wrote several novels and lived in Europe from 1908, writing journal articles for the newspaper The Independent. He is the author of the gay novella Imre, Naples: English Book Press, 1908, and appears in Who's Who up to 1921-22. His address is given as care of a New York bank. He died in Lausanne, Switzerland. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Hafkamp, Pijlen van naamloze liefde, 127-32: biog. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1250. Dictionnaire Gay. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 2596 (Imre: A Memorandum, Naples: English Book Press, 1908); 3638 -40 (novels); note: Young does not list The Intersexes. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Hidden Heritage, 275-93. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 594-610. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Active 1926. Apparently he is the Henry V. Stevenson of the * National Union Catalog which lists three books by him, The phantom lover, Chicago, [1926], 4 pp., The phantom lover, Chicago, [1926], 32 pp. and * Purple Stains, New York: Minton, Balch and Co., 1928, 24 pp. Rare: the *Library of Congress holds these works. Not in Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Criticism. Foster, "Beauty's Purple Flame: Some Minor American Gay Poets", Gay Books Bulletin no. 7 (1982), 17: two volumes of verse (the volumes are not cited). Poet from Australia writing in English. Born ca. 1950. He wrote some of the * Songs of the Gay Liberation Quire. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Edge City, 196; biog., 223. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1935. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 59-60: states he lives in *London, his first collection was published in 1957 and he has recently returned to poetry after a long silence. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English; translator from Latin to English. 1850-1894. Robert Louis Stevenson is best known as a *Scottish writer of children's stories most famous for Treasure Island. His novella The Strange Case of Dr Jekyl and Mr Hyde (1885) is about a man with a dual personality. He collaborated with *W. E. Henley on four plays 1880-84; *Wayne Koestenbaum has adumbrated the homosexual overtones in their relationship and other strong evidence for homosexuality in Stevenson and his work in his early life. He appears to have been homosexual for part of his life and travelled extensively in the southern Pacific Ocean from 1888. Text of poems: see Collected Poems, edited by J. A. Smith, 1950. In Poems, Boston: The Bibliophile Society, 1916, see "To Sydney" pp. 86-88, "To Marcus" pp. 96-97, "Fear Not, Dear Friend, But Freely Live your Days" p. 128 - these poems are strongly homoamative; in Poems, Boston: The Bibliophile Society, 1921 see "Take Not My Hand as Mine Alone" pp. 41-42, "Link Your Arm in Mine, My Lad" pp. 63-64, "Here Lies Erotion" p. 127 ("Erotion" was the title of a poem by *Swinburne) and "To *Priapus p. 129 (translation from *Martial vi 16). He also wrote essays. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active from 1983. *Indian poet from Wintu tribe from California. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Voices Against the Wilderness, 20-23; from Seattle. Living the Spirit, 157-62 - "Coyote and Tehoma"; biog., 227 - about the pursuit of the male Tehoma by the male Coyote (derives from material in Wintu). Poet, autobiographer and critic from the United States writing in English. 1909-1994. He is best known as the author of gay short stories using the the pseudonym Phil Andros. His autobiography, Chapters from an Autobiography, San Francisco, 1980 (repr.) reveals he wrote poetry: see pp. 28 (a poem first published in the journal Contemporary Verse, ca. 1929) and 110 (reveals he wrote "poetry in the manner of Housman" for * Der Kreis, under the pseudonym John McAndrews). His autobiography discusses gay life in the United States from the early twentieth century. As a critic, see *J. H. Newman. Interview: Leyland, Gay Sunshine Interviews, volume 2, 219-42. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Poet from Australia who wrote in English. 1913-1985. He is said to be *hompohobic by Geoffrey Dutton in the 1950s when he was editor (1940-61) of the Red Page of The Bulletin, the most important poetry outlet of the 1950s, published in Sydney where he lived: "A fear of homosexuality is behind the hostile reviews Douglas Stewart wrote of Patrick White's novels..." (Geoffrey Dutton, The Innovators, Sydney, 1986, pp. 79-80). But Douglas Stewart did publish a gay poem in The Bulletin by *Don Maynard. See also *David Marr, Partick White, Sydney, 1991, p. 326 re hostility to *Patrick White after a falling out between the two writers. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Poet from Australia who wrote in English. 1916-1995. He was born in *Sydney and studied for an arts degree at the University of Sydney where he was enthusiastic about modernist poets such as *Mallarmé and *Valery in French and, in United States, English *Hart Crane and Wallace Stevens. In later life he turned against *free verse and became devoted to rhymed verse. After graduation he moved to *Melbourne where he lived until departing for Japan in 1963 for a visit. He left Australia permanently to live in Kyoto, Japan in 1966. He worked in Norman Robb's Bookshop from 1950 to 1966. He became a *Buddhist in Melbourne and visited Japan to investigate the Shin sect, becoming a practicing Shin Buddhist from about 1963. He was gay when in Australia (*David Ritchie to the author); he had a sexual relationship with John Willis at this time (John Willis to the author) and was frequently seen on Melbourne beats (*Adrian Rawlins to the author). He destroyed his papers when he went to live in Japan in 1966, according to David Ritchie. Harold Stewart also told David Ritchie "I was passive for Dobell" (this relates to the homosexual Sydney painter William Dobell.) He was one of the two poets, with James McAuley, involved in the *Ern Malley (pseud.) hoax in 1944. The poem "Sweet William" by Ern Malley can be read as having a homosexual reference. Homosexual undercurrents in the Ern Malley affair, a major cultural event in Australia, have not been examined. In *Orpheus and other poems, 1956, see, in the title *sequence, "The Death of Orpheus" pp. 52-53 (in stanza 6, Orpheus, true to the myth, turns to homosexuality). The sequence, which is dated December 1946-December 1948 at the end, may be read on a mythical level as being about the abandonment of heterosexual love by Orpheus. His masterly sequence of *long poems By the Old Walls of Kyoto, New York and Tokyo, 1981, is metaphysical and asexual in content (he became a Shinshu *Buddhist in Japan); the sequence has eleborate commentaries on each section at the end. By the Old Walls of Kyoto has few references of value: see Poem 3 lines 234-246 (both birds are not identified by gender but are probably male and female given the icongraphy in Chinese art). The author describes it as "a single spiritual autobiography in verse" (page xvi). It is about the abandonment of sensual and sexual desire and contrasts with the work of his compatriot *Allen Ginsberg who, like Stewart, was influenced by Buddhism but did not abandon gay sexual desire. The author describes himself as "A middle-aged and moulting sensualist/ Whose cock-sure plumes have faded, I persist/ In passionate pursuits, which I disown/ After I fall a prey to senile disgust" (Poem 3, lines 254-46). On By the Old Walls of Kyoto see Dorothy Green, "Ern Malley's other half", Quadrant vol. 21 no. 8 (August 1977), 33-39, and "Poet's Progress", Hemisphere vol.17 no. 12 (December 1973), 12-21. *Dorothy Green, the author of the articles, also a poet and a friend of Harold Stewart from the University of Sydney in the 1940s, was in contact with the poet; see her papers in the Australian National Library, Canberra which contain letters from him. The Exiled Immortal, Canberra: Brindabella Press, 1980, is his last book of poems. He published two books of translations of *haiku, containing essays on the history of the form: A Nest of Fireflies (1960) and A Chime of Windbells (1969); these works contain poems by gay poets (e.g., *Basho). Autumn Landscape Roll, a long poem stated to be a Buddhist Divine Comedy was unpublished at his death (a typescript is in his papers at the Australian National Library, Canberra). His sexuality in later life is not known but he was regarded as being gay by expatriates when the author of this Encyclopedia visited Kyoto in 1987; however, he may have been asexual at this time. Stewart regarded the "thou" of *Edward Fitzgerald's Rubaiyat of *Omar Khayyam as male and the poem as homosexual (*David Ritchie to the author, 1986). Stewart's homosexuality is discussed by *Sasha Soldatow in his review of The Ern Malley Hoax, St. Lucia, Queensland, 1993) by Michael Heyward, in The UTS Review, vol. 2 no. 1 1996, 191-198, in the "Postscript" pp. 197-9. It was also discussed by *Paul Knobel in a letter about poetic hoaxes in Poetry Review, vol. 87 no. 3 (Autumn 1997), 95. Michael Ackland, Damaged Men, Sydney, 2001, discusses his homosexuality. Obituary: The Australian 11 August, 1995. A short biography by Peter G. Kelly is posted on the internet. His papers are in the Australian National Library, Canberra. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Editor from the United States of works in English. Active 1949. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 11036: The Distaff Muse, London: Hollis and Carter, 1949 - edited with *Clifford Bax: apparently a work consisting of poems by two poets. Poet from the United States who wrote in English; he lived for many years in France; translator from Sanskrit to French. 1874-1904. A graduate of *Harvard, he studied French in the *Sorbonne, visited Greece and afterwards returned to teach at Harvard. He was fascinated by the ancient Greeks and studied Sanskrit. Most of his life was spent abroad in France. He died of a brain tumour. His poetry emerges from the United States *eighteen nineties. His Poems were published in 1905, edited by his close friends. See Amberys R. Whittle, Trumbell Stickney, 1973: this book hints that he may have been *bisexual; however, this has not been proven and the full facts of his life are hard to obtain (whether he had sex with anyone is not known); see especially Chapter 2, *"Fin de siecle and the Harvard Poets", pp. 37-54. He wrote conventional *decadent verse showing the influence of this movement: e.g., "At Sainte-Marguerite" ("Nothing at all and darkness in the heart.") Some mention of women appears in his poems though relationships are unhappy. All his close friends were men, including *George Santayana and *Shane Leslie (pseud.) (ibid., p. 28) who called him "a pure pagan"; Sylvain Levi he referred to as "mon papa [my father]" (op. cit., p. 33). He was close friends with the Harvard poets *William Vaughan Moody and *Henry Cabot Lodge (who wrote twenty-six sonnets inspired by his death). He was a precursor of *Robert Frost. He translated the * Bhagavad Gita from Sanskrit into French. Text: Poems, ed. A. R. Whittle, New York, 1972 - see p.145-46 "I love thee longer and I love thee most" (non gender specific love poem). Some unpublished manuscripts are in the George Cabot Lodge Papers in the Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Philosopher from Germany who wrote in German. 1806-1856. An exponent of uncompromising individualism, regarded as a forerunner of *Nietzsche. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 104: prose. Editor from Greece of works in Greek. Born ca. 420. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 1016: author of an anthology of extracts of poets and prose writers which preserves ancient works. Criticism. Courouve, Ces petits grecs, 39-40. Critic from the United States writing in English. Active from 1974. The author is a journalist teaching at the University of Wisconsin in 1991. He is a gay critic who has sought to elaborate an *aesthetic of gayness (compare *Fichte). English. See Crewe, Gay Academic, pp. 135-51: "Homotextuality: A proposal" - an argument for a gay criticism. See also his "Towards a Gay Criticism" in College English, November 1974. Japanese: see Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, pp. 45062: "The Gay Mishima" (from *Gay Sunshine 31, Winter 1977, 7-10 (discusses homosexuality in the novels and life of *Mishima). French: in Stambolian, Homosexualities and French Literature, pp. 161-85, see "Homosexuality and the French Enlightenment". Russian: see *"Kuzmin's Wings" in Margins no. 22. Biographical information. See the biographical note in his *Mishima interview in Gay Sunshine at the end (p.10). Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1834-1902. An *eighteen-nineties humorist, novelist and story writer. See *Mark Twain regarding his writing of an alleged homosexual ballad. He married but there were no children. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of American Biography. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Poet and autobiographer from the United States who wrote in English. 1843-1909. Stoddard's stories South Sea Idylls (1873) were "suppressed in America" and, according to Symonds, they "created such an uproar that Stoddard decided to be an *actor" (*J. A. Symonds, A Problem in Greek Ethics, p. 151) . His Poems (1867) were edited by Brett Harte and illustrated by his friend William Keith (repr. 1917). In Poems of *Charles Warren Stoddard, 1917, see "My Friend", pp. 14041. His autobiography A Troubled Heart, 1885, tells the story of his conversion to Catholicism. He corresponded with *Whitman on 2 April 1870: see Horace Traubel, Walt Whitman in Camden, New York, 1914, vol. 3, pp. 444-45 and see Whitman's reply of 23 April, Letter 362, in Correspondence 1868-1875, New York, 1961, edited by E. H. Miller, pp. 97-98. From Stoddard's letter it seems that he was gay at the time. See *L. Ferlinghetti and N. J. Peters, Literary San Francisco, 1980, pp. 46 (photo) and 52 (on his life in *San Francisco). He lived in San Francisco from childhood. See also *E. C. Stedman. Biography. See Roger Austen, Genteel Pagan, 1991; this book also deals with gay life in *San Francisco in the nineteenth century. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Criticism. Katz, Gay American History, 501-08: re South Sea Idylls. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1825-1903. He worked in New York and from 1845 started to gain a following for his verse. He published Poems, 1852. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 3659-60: The Book of the East, and Other Poems, Boston: Osgood, 1871 and Poems, Boston: Ticknor and Fields, 1852. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 584-94 (prose). Criticism. Martin, Homosexual Tradition in American Poetry, 106-08: states he was close friends with *Bayard Taylor and possibly they were lovers. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born ca. 1985. Stow, Randolph He is mainly known as a novelist. Homosexual incidents occur in his novels e.g., Tourmaline (1963), The Merry-Go Round in the Sea (1965), cited in Young, Male Homosexual in Literature. His poetry is very complex - see, for example, "Strange Fruit" in Selected Poems, Sydney, 1969, p. 37. Some poems lend themselves to gender ambiguity and have gay aspects: see "Socratic Dialogue" (Selected Poems, p. 14) and *"Endymion" (1960) (Selected Poems, p. 41). See also "Enkidu" (dated 1970), inspired by * Gilgamesh, from the section Masks (1960-86), in Randolph Stow, edited by A. J. Hassall, 1990, pp. 232-33. Not all poems appear to have been published. He wrote the text for Eight Songs for a Mad King, composed by the gay British composer Peter Maxwell Davies: see *Classical Music Songs. German and Latin translations were done in Songs of the Vagabond Scholars (illustrated by *Donald Friend), Sydney, Beagle Press, 1982: see the poem "Chume, chume, geselle min" p. 47 (from German), a *non gender specific love poem, and, p. 55, "Dulcissime" (stated to be "the climax of a young girl's surrender" p. 59 but non gender specific in translation) - this appears to be from the Latin work *Carmina Burana. An interview appeared in the Good Weekend section of the Saturday Sydney Morning Herald about June 1999. He lives in the United Kingdom and purchased two adjoining houses with a close male friend; there is no suggestion that this is a homosexual relationship. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Biographer from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1860-1927. He was a cousin of *Lytton Strachey and edited the journal The Spectator 1898-1925 which he also owned (Lytton Strachey was a frequent contributor. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature, 926; see also "The Spectator". Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Ioläus (1906), 191-93: re *Francis Beaumont and John Fletcher and their "mysterious double personality" and strongly implying they were homosexual (from the introduction to the Mermaid series of reprints of their work, 1890). Poet and prosewriter from Great Britain writing in English. 1880-1932. One of the leading members of the *Bloomsbury group, he is best known as a prose writer. His homosexuality was extensively discussed by *Michael Holroyd in his ground breaking 1967-68 biography. He wrote a poem on an envelop to his lover *Roger Senhouse: "Deliver this to SENHOUSE (Roger)/ I prithee, postman debonair!/ He is the handsome upstairs lodger/ At number 14 BRUNSWICK SQUARE " (quoted in Holroyd, Lytton Strachey, 1968, vol. 2, p. 543). Another erotic poem mentioning *flagellation is quoted in Holroyd, ibid., p. 545. Poems are mentioned as being discovered by Leonard Woolf amongst his papers in Michael Holroyd, Lytton Strachey: The New Biography (New York, 1994), p. xxx; this work also cites several poems by Strachey throughout (e.g. on pp. 108-09). Ribald parodies of Chinese poem translations by *Arthur Waley exist, probably in manuscript. He is most famous for his debunking of the *Victorian era in Eminent Victorians (1918); amongst the four people dealt with were the homosexual General Gordon. Lovers included the painter Duncan Grant and the economist Maynard Keynes. A graduate of *Cambridge, he was a member of the *Apostles group of which he became an influential leader. He was strongly influenced by the philosopher *G. E. Moore. A homoerotic bookplate was done for him by the female artist Dora Carrington, who lived with him and fell in love with him: see the reproduction of the bookplate in Noel Carrington, Carrington, 1980, p. 29 - this shows a *satyr behind a naked youth who is bending a bow. (Carrington committed suicide immediately after Strachey's early death of cancer; she shot herself but lingered on for a few days in agony after the attempt misfired.) Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionary of National Biography. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1254. Howes, Broadcasting It. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poems of Love and Liberation, 56: "How Odd the Fate of Pretty Boys!". Criticism. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 354: quotes a gay poem. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1898-1960. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 69: *Uranian poem. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 510. Poet from Germany who wrote in German. Active before 1964. No entry in the 'British Library General Catalogue. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 1Q4: poem "Alle Freude die ich habe". No date or source given. Poet and anthologist from Turkey who wrote in Greek. He is usually said to have worked in the reign of the 'Emperor Hadrian (11738). About a hundred poems of his survive, almost all in the * Mousa Paidike (which is Book Twelve of the * Palatine Anthology) although five poems are in Book Eleven of the Palatine Anthology (Book 11: 11, 19, 21, 22, 117, 225). His poems are similar in style and theme to the other poets of the * Mousa Paidike: joyous *love poems, *pederastic in tone, which celebrate *wine drinking and an 'epicurean lifestyle. He is believed to have compiled the first surviving Greek gay anthology, the * Mousa Paidike, which is ascribed to him on the title page of the surviving manuscript (which forms part of the manuscript of the Palatine Anthology). He is said to have come from *Sardis on the Mediterranean coast of Turkey and is also called Strato. Very little is known about him; for further information consult the references listed at the end of this entry. He was first published in Stratonis aliorumque veterum poetarum.., edited by *C. A. Klotz, 1764. For reliable texts see * Mousa Paidike. A text with commentary and translation into Spanish was published by Manuel González Rincón in 1996 (Seville: Universidad de Sevilla) Translation. The list below includes only major translations of the Mousa Paidike; see the entry * Mousa Paidike for further translations of this work not listed here, since Straton's poems are almost all in this work. See also * Palatine Anthology, where translations of the Palatine Anthology after the Jacobs edition contain translations of Straton. Since translations of the Palatine Anthology include the Mousa Paidike consult the Palatine Anthology entry to get an idea of all translations of Straton. Dutch: Charles Vergeer (1976); English: *Sydney Lomer - using the pseudonym *Sydney Oswald (1914), *Shane Leslie (ca. 1932), John Gill, *Anthony Reid (1992; complete Mousa Paidike - see Anthologies below for translation in his anthology * The Eternal Flame, which are perhaps the finest English translations to date), James J. Wilhelm (1995 - complete translation of Mousa Paidike in his anthology * Gay and Lesbian Poetry: An Anthology, one of the best in English; see Anthologies below); French: *Livre d'amour des anciens (1911), *Roger Peyrefitte (1973); German: see *Paul Brandt (1908) and see the list of works frequently consulted in the article Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung" (1908), 231-48, *Werner Krenkel (1990). Greek. Modern: *Giorgos loannou (1979; with homoerotic illustration); Latin: *F. D. Dehéque (1863); Spanish: Cuaderno bibliográfico gay, 13: La musa de los muchachos, Madrid: Hiperión, 1980 (translation by *Louis Antonio Villena); Manuel González Rincón (1996). The National Union Catalog, *British Library General Catalogue and *Library of Congress Computer Catalog were consulted. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 1018: "Straton" (3) describing his poems as "coarse and mawkish". Pauly, Wissowa, Paulys Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft: a very detailed entry, citing many sources and signed Geffcken. Dictionnaire Gay. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 104: called Stratoniseos; the work is cited as Musa puerorum (Muse of boys), a title not used elsewhere; no other details given. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 11039: *Musa Puerilis, London, 1918, Book 12, poems 1-11, 13, 15-16, 21, 175-229, 231, 234-35, 258. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 3677: Strato's Boyish Muse, trans. by *Shane Leslie, London: *Fortune Press, no date. Cuaderno bibliográfico gay, 13: see above under Spanish translation. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Palatine Anthology xii 1-11, 13, 15-17, 21, 175-229, 231, 234-255, 258; Book xi also contains six poems said to be by him. Men and Boys, 18. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 24, 48, 56-58. Angels of the Lyre, 148-49. Orgasms of Light, 64: trans. by *Jim Eggeling; 99: trans. *Winston Leyland; see also 156-58, *Thomas Meyer. L'amour bleu, 39-40. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 66-72: various trans. including *Sydney Oswald (pseud.). Paton, Greek Anthology iv 280-81: concise biography. Les Amours masculines, 42. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 28-87: (intermittently): poems in * Mousa Paidike. "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen", 44-47. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 29-84: complete trans. of Mousa Paidike by James Wilhelm. Poems of Love and Liberation, 23, 24-25, 42. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 93-94 (trans. Mark Beech); poems from Mousa Paidike xii 4 and xii 8, v. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 41-45. Criticism. Symonds, A Problem in Greek Ethics, 58. Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 9 (1908), 229-48. Brandt, Sittengeschichte griechenlands, volume 2, 192-93 Brandt, Sittengeschichte Griechenlands, volume 3, 236-37. Buffiére, Eros adolescent, 303-06. Courouve, Ces petits grecs, 40. Poet and editor from Australia writing in English. Born ca. 1943. Editor of The Oxford Book of Australian Love Poems, 1993; *Robert Adamson's poem "Action would kill it", on p. 198, is the only openly gay male poem though several gay poets have poems e.g., *Laurence Collinson. The book is disappointing from a gay male point of view as the poems by the gay male poets included do not disclose their gayness. Her poem "In the Bistro: University House, Canberra", in Voices vol. 2 no. 4 (Summer 1992-93), is about an academic - "the Casanova of our times" - seducing a younger man: "He had, you know, the body/ of a young Greek god." Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Publisher in English from Great Britain. 1757-1795. The press was a *private press operated by *Horace Walpole, 1757-95, and its first published work was *Thomas Gray's Odes, 1757. As Walpole was homosexual and Gray almost certainly, it has claims to being the first English language gay press, though it published little poetry. See A. T. Hazen, A Bibliography of the Strawberry Hill Press, 1973 (revised edition of the 1942 printing). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Plomer, Dictionary of the Printers, 237-38. T ranslator from Aranda to English from Australia. 1908-1978. The most famous scholar who studied the Aranda Aboriginal tribe of central Australia. He was brought up with Aranda children, speaking the language from a child. His father was a German missionary to the Aranda and he also spoke German from childhood. His Songs of Central Australia (Sydney, 1971), includes translation of many genres of Aranda songs into English (with Aranda text); see "initiation Songs" pp. 393-412; see also songs sung by men about the beauty of other men, "Male beauty charm verses" pp. 466-69; in addition Strehlow notes, p. 474, "To the aboriginals sex was a natural fact" and, p. 541, "To the aboriginal mind, sex stood for life and for joy, never for Tilth." He states, p. xxxix, that "Verses that are... perhaps obscene in our eyes have been left in their settings." (This work is reviewed in Anthropological Forum vol.3 no. 2, November 1972, 205-07.) For a bibliography of his writings see the list of works at the end of the obituary by R. M. Berndt in Oceania vol. 49 no. 3 (March 1979), 230-33. A huge collection of Aboriginal material gathered by him is in the Strehlow Research Foundation, Adelaide, which publishes a newsletter; much material is also deposited at the Strehlow Research Foundation in Alice Springs. There may be material of relevance unpublished in the archives and library of the Strehlow Research Foundation, especially amongst the large number of films, over 200. Strehlow's archives constitute the richest gathering of material on an *Australian Aboriginal tribe so far. A complete list of his writings is in the Strehlow Research Centre, Occasional Paper Number One (October 1997), 137-47. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1942. Primarily a musician, he has written a saga, Marshland. (The sex of this writer is not established from the poems or information but it seems the poet is a male). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Sugar and Snails, 10, 18, 33; biog. inside back cover. Trope and alleged lover from Great Britain relating to poems in English. Active 1870. See Mayne, The Intersexes, 236: "when prime-minister, [he] was the subject of countless *pasquinades" alleging homosexuality with King George III (1738-1820; ruled as king 1760-1820). Mayne also cites caricature drawings. See Thomas Wright, Caricature History of the Georges, London, 1904, pp. 275-316; though several poems are cited nothing of relevance was found in this book. George III suffered a breakdown in 1788 and later became violently insane. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1881-1939. He wrote a poem on Oscar Wilde: Osrac, the Self Sufficient, 1905 (repr.). He lived in West Africa, married, and also had an African boy Ibrahim who lived with him. He wrote poems on 'pedophile themes. Bibliographies. Murray, Catalogue of Selected Books, items 70-71: Candles in Sunshine [London: Stockwell], 1919, Osrac the Self Sufficient, [and Other Poems. With a Memoir of the Late Oscar Wilde, London: Hermes],1905, Out of Hours [: Poems, Lyrics and Sonnets, London: Stockwell], 1909, The Seductive Coast [: Poems Lyrical and Descriptive drom Western Africa, London: John Ousley], 1909, Through Veiled Eyes: [Being the Story of a Dead Lad's Love, London: John Ousley], 1908. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 11040: An Urning's Love, London: Hermes, 1907. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 3681-92: the same books plus Faery Gold (a Poem) and Prose Allegories, Manchester: John Heywood, 1904, Minor Melodies, London: Kegan Paul, Trench Treubner, 1904, Minor Melodies: Lyrics and Songs, Edinburgh: T. and A. Constable, for the author, 1921, An Urning's Love, Being a Poetic Study of Morbidity, Osrac, the Self-Sufficient and Other Poems, London: Hermes, 1907 and Who Buys My Dreams? Poems and Lyrics, London: Cecil Palmer, 1923. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 52: two poems with brief biog.; the poems are strongly homosexual. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 107-08. Criticism. Smith, Love in Earnest, 202-19 (photograph opposite p. 169 with Ibrahim); bibl., 253-55 - this lists eleven books of poems including An Urning's [i. e. homosexual's] Love, 1905. Songs in Latin from Germany are known from ca. 1220; homosexual songs are known in English from Australia. Student songs from universities frequently contain homosexual references. Very little work has been done on collecting and studying them. Latin: see *Carmina Burana (1220-ca.1230), *Heidelberg, iost works, *Karl Heinrich Ulrichs (likely gay material). English: see *Bawdry - English. Anthology in German from Germany. Goppingen: Kümmerle Verlag, 307 pages, 1988; bibl. pp. 295-307. An historical survey of homosexuality in the German 'Middle Ages compiled by 'Brigitte Spreitzer. This volume is a detailed study of homosexuality in medieval German literature by an expert in Medieval German literature, including its stigmatization and its relationship to heresies. The title means "the silent sin". Poets discussed include 'Der Stricker (pseud.), 'Heinrich von Veldeke, 'Oswald von Wolkenstein, 'Ulrich von Lichtenstein. It contains 48 texts from the middle ages in both Latin and Middle High German including, at the end, several German poets pp. 208291 (see entries): Der Stricker (pseud.), Oswald von Wolkenstein, Ulrich von Lichtenstein, Heinrich von Veldeke, Dietrich von der Glezze, Moriz von Craun, Der Swanger Munch. The work is the definitive work on the German middle ages. Reviews: Forum 10 (1990), 83-92; Journal of History of Sexuality vol. 1 no. 2, 150-52. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active 1979. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Milchsilber, 59, 106; biog., 216 (in the form of a poem) with photo. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Active 1891-died 1920. Bibliographies. Murray, Catalogue of Selected Books, item 75: A Book of Song, 1894. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 86: poem *"Agathon". Smith, Love in Earnest, 8: he wrote a novel Tim (1891) "entirely concerned with the mutual love of two *Eton schoolboys" and was a *dandy, but later lost his money before his death. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active 1978. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Schreibende Schwule. Su Shih, called Su Tung-P'o (pseud.) Poet from China who wrote in Chinese. 1037-1101. One of the most famous *Sung poets; all his life he moved about unceasingly. Some poems of close *male bonding were written - e. g., on p. 52 in Burton Watson's translation listed below - especially to his brother. (One poem is about lying in bed with his brother.) Of the two *prose poems called "Red Cliff" (regarded as his greatest poems by many), the first is a *non gender specific love poem (Burton Watson translation, pp. 87-90). Influenced by *Taoism and *Buddhism he played an important role in the development of the *t'zu form. 2,400 poems survive. He was also a painter and married twice. His name Su Tung-P'o (pseud.) is written in *Wade Giles. Biography: see his entry in Sung Biographies, edited by Herbert Franke, Wiesbaden, 1976. Criticism: Lin Yutang, The Gay Genius, 1947. Translation. English: Burton Watson (1965). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature, 729-80. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, vol. 1, 166: see "Su T'ung-P'o" (meaning Eastern Slope). Subject searching for homosexual poetry Subject searches in libraries can yield incredible riches for determined researchers; latterly these can be computer generated from library catalogues. Subject entries in library catalogs date from ca. 1900. English. Subject searching has been highly developed in the United States library system, especially from ca. 1900 with the adoption of the Dewey System of classification. Around this time, subject cataloging entries were added to *Library of Congress books; this means that besides searching for a book in a library catalog under a title or the author there is a third point of reference. The *Library of Congress subject headings are the main ones for English. There are printed subject catalogs for the Library of Congress's own collection to about 1977. From 1978, the catalogs are on microfiche and computer; the Library's printed cards are in the process of being converted to machine readable form. Subjects to search for locating homopoetry include the following: '"homosexuality" (from ca. 1950), *"sex in literature" (from ca. 1960; this is an especially helpful subject search), "homosexuality in literature", "homosexuality and literature", *"gay" (from ca. 1980), "gay men--literary collections" (especially helpful for locating anthologies), "gay men's writings", "gays' writings", "erotic poetry" and "erotica". A problem in subject searching is changing perceptions of the subject (mirrored in the use of different words: e.g., "homosexual" and "gay" and latterly "queer"). "Sex" has been a major subject entry heading (with homosexuality frequently undifferentiated from sex in the early part of the century, though from the 1950s homosexuality has been used as a subject heading on its own). "Gay men--Poetry" will yield material cataloged as gay poetry. The Library of Congress publishes approved subject headings in book, Library of Congress Subject Headings (the 22nd edition was published in 2 volumes, 1999), edited and published by the Library of Congress. This work should be consulted for the latest subject categorizations. For older catalogs try older *words used in English e.g., sexual inversion, *pederasty, *sodomy. Older English library catalogs however - e.g., those of *Oxford and 'Cambridge universities - frequently did not have subject cataloging. For other languages apart from English, use common words for homosexuality and sex as a starting point. Some bibliographic works contain subject sections e. g., the bibliography by *Vern Bullough and others. Robert Trow compiled a Thesaurus of Gay Terminology for the Canadian Gay Archives (before 1988) of 30 pages. There are printed catalogs for special collections emanating especially from the United States and Great Britain containing subject entries: for English see the *Kinsey Institute's printed catalog which is especially good for subject cataloging (the Institute has its own subject indexing system). The Australian gay bibliography of John Willis (unpublished) has a subject listing. Library computer catalogs are increasingly making subject entries more widely available. In checking such catalogs a subject search can sometimes be effectively conducted by searching for the required subject or words in a title search. For the *Library of Congress cataloging system material can be found under the call number "HQ76" where homosexual material is likely to be held; for the British library cataloging system homosexual material usually appears at "301". For Chinese and Japanese: see 'Libraries - Chinese, - Japanese; for Arabic see *School of Oriental and African Studies Catalogue. German. Hayn, Gotendorf, Bibliotheca Germanorum Erotica, has subject entries. French, "inversion" was a subject term before homosexuality. Italian. See *Giovanni Dall'Orto. As libraries all over the world become computerized, subject cataloging will have more in common since libraries are taking their records from central cataloging records (usually emanating in the United States or Europe, and in east Asia, in Japan and China); this will make access easier. Libraries are being integrated into huge computer systems with access over the internet - see, for instance, the 'Research Libraries Information Network and *Online Computer Library Catalog - which are becoming available worldwide. The catalogs of major research libraries can be searched on the Internet as well: the *Library of Congress, the 'British Library, 'Harvard University, 'New York Public Library and the 'Bibliothèque Nationale in France. Bookshops are generating computer lists based by subject: e.g., the 'Berlin bookshop 'Prinz Eisenherz published a listing of its poetry titles (for the years 1988-1993) title Lyrik in 1993. The 'Human Relations Area File has subject indexing for homosexuality which has been fruitful for gay poetry. Computer texts can be searched for any word and hence subject searches can be conducted on them: see * English Poetry Full Text, *Poem Finder. Collections of the early literatures of languages (such as Latin and Greek) are being put onto CD ROM and can be computer searched for any subject. This will become more common as more and more material is put into computer format. See also all *bibliography and entries of *libraries. This refers to manipulation of the penis by the mouth: see *Fellatio (the main entry), *Oral sex. Compare *Licking. Material survives from ca. 64 B.C. Critic from Turkey who wrote in Turkish. Active before 1854. He wrote a famous commentary on *Hafiz in Turkish; it was translated into German by *Hermann Brockhaus 1854-60 and into French in 1927 with a French translation published titled Les Poèmes érotiques [de] ... Hafiz - see the Sudi entry in the *British Library General Catalogue. The commentary appears to touch on eroticism. Twelve Odes of Hafiz, 1877, is a translation of Hafiz into English with translation of Sudi's commentary into English. No entry was found for him in Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition, or Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Historian from Italy who wrote in Latin. Born 69-died after 121. His life of Julius Caesar in Lives of the Caesars, Chapters 49 and 52, refers to Caesar's homosexuality in Chapter 49 (it cites the poem *"Gallias Caesar subegit" and lines from *Licinius Calvus on the subject). Text. See the Loeb edition edited by J. C. Rolfe, 1914. This cites in Chapter 49 another poem with homosexual suggestions which is a *scholia: "Et quare triumphat Caesar qui non subegit Gallias?/ Nicomedes non triumphat qui subegit Caesarem." "And how does Caesar triumph who subdues the Gauls?/ Nicomedes does not triumph who subdues Caesar." Compare the Emperor *Tiberius (who possibly wrote a gay poem). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary (entry 2). Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Religion and philosophy in Persian, Turkish, Arabic and Urdu and other islamic and *European languages from Iran, Iraq, Turkey and Pakistan. It dates from the Persian poet *Al-hallaj (active ca. 900). Sufism is a major movement of *mysticism in the Islamic religion. Sufism spread from Persian to Arabic, Turkish and *Turkic languages and Urdu. The movement later spread to Africa (see Hausa and Swahili below) and to south-east Asia (in Javanese and Malay). Sufi poetry spoke of love for The Beloved (*non gender specific or masculine and who may be *God) and Sufi poetry is permeated with both covert and overt homosexuality. Many Sufi poets were homosexual (e.g. almost certainly *Rumi, one of the finest Sufi poets). The Sufis are regarded as an heretical sect by some Islamic groups. The language of Sufism almost always allows of homosexual interpretation in the poetry (which is very extensive). Frequently love of youths gets mixed up with love of God. *Allegorical overtones occur extensively in Sufi poetry and Sufi doctrines pervade much love poetry in Islamic languages. The Persian Sufi biographer *Husain Gazurgahi wrote a series of biographies on Sufi homosexual poets and writers in 1502. Idries Shah has written an excellent introduction, the best in English: The Sufis (1964; reprinted frequently) discussing such poets as *Attar, *Rumi and *Omar Khayyam (this work has been translated into Russian, French and Spanish). The Russian orientalist *Evgenii Bertel's was the greatest Soviet scholar of Sufism in the Soviet Empire, which embraced central Asia where Sufism was widely influential. *A. J. Arberry, Sufism, 1950, is a good introduction but very guarded on homosexuality. *Annemarie Schimmel has written a brilliant contemporary work on the poetry of the Sufi languages from Turkey to central Asia though failing to deal with homosexuality in detail. J. T. P. de Bruijn, Persian Sufi Poetry (1997) is an excellent introduction to the poetry. Compare *Krishna, *Saivism (from both of which Sufism may have sprung and to which it is certainly closely related). *Christianity strongly influenced Sufism and, preceding Christianity, *Plato, many of whose dialogues were translated into Arabic in the *middle ages. Arabic. See *al-Ghazali, *1 bn Farid, *Sulami. *Cairo and *Baghdad were centers. Ibn al-'Arabi wrote a treatise on Sufism (see his entry in Cassells' Encyclopaedia of World Literature). Azeri. Sufi poetry exists from the 13th century. Hindi. See Urdu below, as the languages were close in earlier periods. Persian. Sufism dates from Al-hallaj (active 900). The eleventh century was a major period. *Rumi is a major Persian Sufi poet who was homosexual. See also *Ayaz, *Kirmani, *Sana'i, *'Attar. In A. J. Arberry, Sufism, 1950, see Chapter 10, pp. 106-118. *Reuben Levy has written on the subject in his Introduction to Persian Literature. Julian Baldick, "Persian Sufi Poetry Up to the Fifteenth Century" in C. E. Morrison, History of Persian Literature, 198, pp. 111-32, discusses Persian Sufism; bibl. p. 132. Hausa. A huge volume of Sufi poetry exists in this language spoken in Africa in Nigeria - see Mervyn Hiskett, A History of Hausa Islamic Verse, 1975, Chapter 7 "Mystical Verse", pp. 73-91. Puniabi. See *Kafi. Russian. See *E. Bertel's re scholarship; Idries Shah's book has been translated into Russian. Sindhi. 'Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai, ca. 1689-1752, the greatest poet of the Classical period and a Sufi, may be relevant. Swahili. Sufistic poetry exists; the language is written in the Arabic script and records exist since at least the seventeenth century. It is spoken south of the horn of Africa. See Jan Knappert, Swahili Islamic Poetry, 1971. Tatar. Sufi religious poetry forms a large quantity of Tatar litarature of the 17th and 18th centuries: see Great Soviet Encyclopedia vol. 25, in "Literature": under "Tatar Autonomous Republic", p. 407. Turkish. Sufism had a strong influence in Turkish love poetry of the *Divan poets e.g., *Seyh Galib. *Yunus Emre first expressed Sufi philosophy in Turkish. Rumi, founder of the *Whirling Dervishes is buried in Turkey at Konya. See also *Sultan Veled, *Fuzuli. Urdu. *C. M. Naim, "The Theme of Homosexual (Pederastic) Love in PreModern Urdu Poetry", in Studies in the Urdu Gazal and Prose Fiction, edited by M. U. Memon, 1979, p. 123: notes the masculine identity of the Beloved in Sufi mystical poetry; on p. 130 he states certain Sufi elements pervade all Urdu *ghazal poetry. The poet *Dard was a Sufi. See R. M. Eaton, Sufis ofBijapur 1300-1700, 1978. English. See *Edward Fitzgerald, *Aleister Crowley. Jan Rypka discusses the subject in his History of Persian Literature. Translations of the above poets, especially *Rumi, are relevant and have been influential on mystical poetry in other languages. German. *Hafiz and *Rumi have greatly influenced poets from when they were first read and translated in the early eighteenth century (e.g., by the poets *Goethe and *Platen who both wrote Sufistic poetry in German). Kashmiri. See Braj B. Kachru, Kashmiri Literature, 1981, pp. 11 and 35-37. Javanese and Malay. There are strong mystical traditions based on Sufism - see * pantun. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, vol. 3. Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition: see "Tasawwuf". Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1261-64. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion: see "Islamic Poetry" by Linda Hess and *Annemarie Schimmel (fine discussion touching on homoeroticism). Cassell's Encyclopedia of Queer Myth, Symbol, and Spirit. Criticism. Arberry, Sufism: the whole book is relevant. Rypka, History of Iranian Literature, 226-42: a very thorough coverage. Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance and Homosexuality, 27. Sugar and Snails: An Oscars Mixture Anthology in English from Great Britain. London: *Oscars Press, 1987, 35 pp. An anthology compiled by poets of the Oscars, a London lesbian and gay writing forum of which *Peter Daniel is the main person involved. It is a combined male and female poetry anthology. Male poets: *Paul Chidgey, *Peter Daniels, *Dinyar Godrej, *D. I. Harrison, *D. C. Strutt- Munday (the sex is not absolutely established but seems male), *Ivor C. Treby. Poet from Japan who wrote in Japanese. 845-903. See his poem "At the Posthouse" translated into English by *Graeme Wilson (Graeme Wilson to the author in a letter, 1995): about the death of a close friend (gay suggestions). A major scholar and statesman, he was deeply imbued with Chinese culture. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan : Suicide by homosexual poets starts with the Latin writer *Petronius from Italy (active ca. 50); Petronius was however mainly a novelist. Extreme social pressures have led some gay poets (e.g., *Hart Crane) and critics (e.g., *F. O. Matthiessen) to take their own lives, especially where male homosexuality was illegal or persecution occurred. English: see *T. L. Beddoes, *W. Cowper, *R. Cumming, *M. Feingold, *Brian Howard, Jean Kent, *G. Pyper, *V. Sacardi - who wrote an "*Ode to Suicide", *George Sterling. French: see *René Crevel. German: *Heinrich von Kleist, *Klaus Mann. Greek: see *Napoleon Lapathiotis; see the *Plato entry re Socrates. Japanese: see *Yukio Mishima, *Arishima Takeo. Norwegian. *Tor Jonsson. Portuguese: see *Mario de Sa-Carneiro. Spanish: see *Rafael Rapun, *Angel Sahuquillo re *Federico García Lorca. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1264-66. The name of a lexicon and not an author. It was written in Greek and dates from ca. 980. It was possibly compiled in Turkey in *Istanbul. The Suidas is an important dictionary which provides biographical information as well as "illustrations from more than four hundred *epigrams" many from the Palatine Anthology (see *A. S. F. Gow and *D. L. Page, The Greek Anthology: Hellenistic Epigrams, Cambridge, UK, 1965 vol. 1, xliii); some of the information, especially the poems cited, is unique. It is sometimes called The Suda. This work is roughly contemporary with the compilation of the * Palatine Anthology. It was the first known encyclopedia in the world arranged alphabetically. See *Sappho, *Hesiod. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 1019-20: see "Suda"; states it was "compiled about the end of the tenth century" and the name means "Fortress" or "Stronghold". Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium: "Souda". Criticism. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 463: re *Hesiod. Poet from Afghanistan who wrote in Arabic. Died 1003. An *Abbasid poet. See *C. M. Naim, "The Theme of Homosexual (Pederastic) Love in Pre-Modern Urdu Poetry", in Studies in the Urdu Gazal and Prose Fiction, edited by M. U. Memon, 1979, p. 139, footnote 28: states he is linked with *Mus'ab and the two were "avowed pederasts, who sing only of boys." Naim gives his source as Adam Mez, The Renaissance of Islam, Patna, 1937, p. 358. He seems the same *Sufi saint mentioned in Rypka, History of Iranian Literature, p. 235, who notes translation "into the ancient dialect of Herat". Poet from Turkey who wrote in Turkish. Ca. 1494-1556. One of the most powerful of the Turkish *Sultans who expanded the empire and made Turkey a naval power. Text. See, in English, Suleyman the Magnificent Poet, edited and trans. by T. S. Halman, 1987; poems here were written to his wife and are heterosexual (includes fine illustrations from Persian manuscripts showing the homoerotic male bonding of poetry groups). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopædia Britannica. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 282-87: said to be very close to Ibrahim whom he made Grand Vizier and married to his sister and also to have been close to a Croatian youth Rustem who, by means of sexual favors, worked his way up in influence (p. 287). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Ioläus (1902), 114-15: from Stanley Lane-Poole, Turkey - states Suleyman loved the Grand Vizier "more than a brother". Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1989. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poets for Life, 220 - poem "To Joseph" (*Antinous trope); biog., 240 - born and educated in Italy. Critic from Great Britain writing in English; translator from Latin to English. Died 1993. Author of Martial: the unexpected classic, Cambridge, UK, 1991. This is the first full length study in English of the major Latin homosexual poet *Martial. See especially Chapter 5, "Martial's sexual attitudes" pp. 185-210; notes his *misogyny, acceptance of *bisexuality in men and his fictitious wife. He has written a major critical study of *Petronius and a translation into English of his Satyricon (1965; revised edition 1986). Anthologist from the United States of works in English. Active 1979. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2098: editor of the anthology *Gay Bards with Jim Kernocham (see his entry for details) and *Bill Wertz. Poets and patrons writing in Turkish from Turkey. From 1300. The Sultans were the rulers of the *Ottoman empire who ruled from the Topkai Serai, the Imperial Palace in *Istanbul; as absolute rulers, they set the tone of the court. Murat IV (who had sixteen children) fostered literature - see his entry in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition - but killed the poet *Nef i; he led a dissipated life and his homosexuality seems related to this. Apart from those in Yuzgun's book cited below, see also *Selim I, *Suleyman the Magnificent, *Selim II. *Sultan Veled (active 1300) is the first known homosexual Sultan so far. Almost all Turkish Sultans were bisexual and of thirty four sultans, twenty-one wrote poetry. Sultans had absolute power and hence were not inhibited sexually: in short, they could do as they wished sexually. Turkish Sultans also set the pattern of behavior in areas around Turkey: see *Mahmud Mirza, Sultan of Ghazna, who was one of the Ghaznavids, a Turkish dynasty that ruled in Khorasan (in northeastern Iran), Afghanistan and northern India from 977-1186. His love for the slave *Ayaz is a trope of gay poetry. Turkish Sultans influenced Persian customs and were in turn influenced by them: see *Court poets. Compare *Emperors. See also Jonathan Drake. References. Yuzgun, Turkiye'de Escinsellik, 160: cites as homosexual *Memed II (active 1453), Murat IV (1612-40, ruled 1623-40 - see his entry in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, which notes his being a literary patron). Editor from the United States of works in English. Active 1995. Editor of The Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage, New York, 1995, a major biographical and critical work with appended critical bibliographies in each entry; Notes on Contributors pp. 772-777 and Index pp. 778-786. The work covers gay poetry from *Gilgamesh to *Allen Ginsberg and has Overview entries for languages (e.g. *African languages). It is the most comprehensive gay literary dictionary published so far. Poet and editor from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1880-1948. A significant gay poet in Great Britain in the period after the trial of *Oscar Wilde in 1895. After publishing * Antinous and other poems, London, 1907, his only volume of poems, dedicated to Jacques d'Adelswärd Fersen, he became a deacon of the Anglican church in 1908. From 1913, like *Frederick Rolfe, he called himself a priest ("Father") but it is unlikely he was. Like Rolfe, he was known in gay circles as a somewhat notorious homosexual, particularly as Antinous and other poems was a fairly daring work for its time. Antinous and other poems was reprinted London, 1995 with introduction by *Timothy d'Arch Smith. He also edited the poems of *Richard Barnfield in which he wrote an important critical introduction linking Barnfield to other gay poets e.g., *Martial (see also *Luigi Tansillo) and wrote many books on witchcraft (see *magic). Autobiography: The Gallanty Show (1980) - this is disappointing. His bibliography is complicated but a complete bibliography, including 260 journal items, has been compiled by *Timothy D'Arch Smith (published in 1964, revised edition 1983). See also Frederick S. Frank, Montague Summers: A Bibliographical Portrait, New York, 1988. Biography: see Joseph Jerome, Montague Summers: A memoir, 1966. Bibliographies. Murray, Catalogue of Selected Books, item 76: *Antinous and other Poems, no date. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 11042: same book, London: Sisley's, 1907. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 3700: same book. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 104-05. Poems of Love and Liberation, 37. Criticism. Smith, Love in Earnest, 251 bibl. Smith, Books of the Beast, 49-57: brief facts of his life, including a charge of *pederasty, 52; see also 61-74. Period in Chinese in China. 907-1297. One of the high points of Chinese art and culture when beauty in painting, porcelain and poetry reached an exceptionally high standard. *Aestheticism was a feature of poets and painters whose work was connected since poets were frequently painters and vice versa. See *Su Shih, *Friendship - Chinese, *Lyric poetry, * Shi, *T'zu. Surviving *libraries date from this period. There is a huge volume of poetry in surviving collections of Sung poetry with many thousands of poets awaiting investigation. Spelt Sung in *Wade Giles and Song in *Pinyin. Criticism. Shasha, History of Homosexuality in China, 115-20. Hinsch, Passions of the Cut Sleeve, 77-97. Poet from Thailand who wrote in Thai. 1786-1855. See the poem in the article "Siamese Literature" in J. T. Shipley, Encyclopedia of Literature, 1946, p. 845: a *non gender specific love poem, certainly in English. He was known as the drinking poet (compare Chinese poets, e. g., *Li Bai). Pseudonym of a poet writing in English from Canada. Active 1981. A *black poet born in *Montreal, the form of his name is influenced by ideas from *Surrealism. Since his name is given as Sur Rodney (Sur), it is assumed (Sur) is his surname. Highly rated by *Ian Young. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 3702: Prose and Poetry: Five Short Poems. and an Excerpt from an Unpublished Earlier Work Entitled "WIH", New York: *privately printed, 1981; highly rated by Ian Young. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 124; biog.,183. Critic possibly from France writing in French. Active 1967. Author of Sarv e Naz: An Essay on Love and the Reception of Erotic Themes in Ancient Iran (trans. into English from French by James Hogarth), Geneva: Nagel Publishers, 1967: see his essay "The Place of Boys", pp. 170-76. This essay discusses homosexuality in Persian literature with particular reference to poetry and is one of the rare direct discussions of the subject in a European language. See also *Shaykh Muhammad. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1965. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gents, Bad Boys, and Barbarians, 209-13; biog., 208. Surrealism and surrealist movement Movement in poetry in French, Spanish, Portuguese, English, Greek and other *European languages in France, Spain, Portugal, Great Britain and Greece from 1918. A major movement of the early part of the twentieth century from 1918, when *Guillaume Apollinaire (pseud.) coined the term, surrealism was concerned with the irrational; it was a movement which swept across all the arts and was especially influential in painting. Surrealist poets usually juxtaposed violently irrational images in their works (see *collage). *Sigmund Freud was a strong influence on the movement. It was a major movement in the arts in France and Spain initially and spread all over Europe and to such countries as the United States, Japan, Brazil, Argentina and Australia. As a style it was active until ca.1940. A Surrealist Manifesto was written by André Breton in 1924. Surrealism emerged out of *Dada. See Ruth Brandon, Surreal Lives: The Surrealists 1917-1945, 1999. English. See John Ashbery, *Hart Crane, *David Gascoyne, *Edward James, James Gleeson, *Charles Henri Ford, *Ern Malley (pseud.), *Herbert Read, *Edouard Roditi (who wrote the first Surrealist manifesto in English in 1928), *Dylan Thomas. French. See *Louis Aragon, Jean Cocteau, *René Crevel, *Roger Lecoute, *Georges Ribemont-Dessaignes, *Robert Desnos. Greek: *Embirikos. Spanish: *Luis Cernuda, 'Salvador Dali, *Garcia Lorca, *Villaurrutia. Portuguese: *Mario Cesariny. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amour bleu, 399: states the Soviets in Russia regarded surrealism as an "activité pédérastique" (homosexual activity). Les Amours masculines, 386-87. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Ca. 1517-1547. With *Wyatt, with whom he is usually grouped, he introduced the Italian sonnet of *Petrarch to English (Surrey initiated the English or Shakespearean sonnet of three quatrains and a couplet). The first letter of the first word of each five stanzas of the poem "When raging love with extreme pain" spells WIATT, a variant spelling of the surname of his fellow poet and sonnet writer Sir Thomas Wyatt, and the poem thus reads as a love poem to him; note also the line in which he states he serves "a worthier wight than she [i. e. Helen of Troy]" in which the word wight is a pun on Wyatt. He also wrote an *elegy on Wyatt's death. Surrey led a wild life and was executed for treason. A childhood male friend of the Duke of Richmond, he went into a year's decline when Richmond died. He married Frances Vere in 1532 when he was fifteen. A rumour about a woman, Geraldine, in his life has not been substantiated and his only sonnet to her may have been written when he was nine. *Alexander Pope possibly sends up this relationship in Windsor Forest, lines 291-97. Forty of his poems were first printed in Tottel's Miscellany, 1557, an extremely popular anthology which went through many editions during the next twenty years. He introduced *blank verse to English in his translation of Books 2 and 4 of the Latin poet *Virgil's Aeneid. The latest survey of his life and work is W. A. Sessions, Henry Howard, the Poet Earl of Surrey: A Life, 1999. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionary of National Biography. Handbook of Elizabethan and Stuart Literature. Poet and anthologist from Great Britain writing in English. Active before 1961. Co-editor of *Eros: An Anthology of Friendship; on p. 7 he is described as a "young scholar" whom the author used to run into in *London. He collected the material which was put into its final form and, when he was unable to complete the project, it was completed by *Patrick Anderson. *Timothy d'Arch Smith knew him and stated that he was a drunken Bloomsbury character with "a trunk of stuff" (source: meeting with the author in 1995). Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 3705: re * Eros: An Anthology of Friendship. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Born ca. 1971. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Take Any Train, 49 - Tine poems about the difficulties of relationships; biog., 64 - he is "a nineteen year old psycho-geriatric nurse living in a hovel in Bournemouth with my hamster and swiss-cheese plant." Critic from Japan writing in Japanese. Born 1929. Author of Bito jenereshon, Tokyo, 1975, 1922 pp. - apparently the first extended work of criticism on *Allen Ginsberg in Japanese. Pseudonym of a poet from Iran who wrote in Persian. Died ca. 1173. A satirist whose divan has attracted attention in present day Iran. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 334; biog., 327 - notes his penname comes "from his favourite catamite [who] was a suzan (i. e., Boy-apprentice to a needle-maker)". Criticism. Surieu, Sarv e Naz:: An Essay on Love and the Reception of Erotic Themes in Ancient Iran, 171: a licentious homopoem trans. English; 175 - notes his "passion for asses" and states "we know he preferred boys". Rypka, History of Iranian Literature, 214-15. Poet from Norway who wrote in Norwegian. 1910-1963. Known as a gay poet in Norway, he published his first book Andletet (The Face, 1932) Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity, p. 233 Gay Poetry Anthologies. Fra mann til mann, 49-51. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 394-96: tender gay poems. Publisher from Great Britain of relevant works in English from ca. 1892 to ca. 1902. A *London based publisher of much gay poetry and gay related material: see Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10748-49 (*George Ives), 10783 and 10815 (*Arthur Linton). Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 1984-85 (poetry by *George Ives), 2167 (*Arthur Linton and *E. Knox); the same entries as in Bullough. They also published the first English gay anthology, * Ioläus, in 1902. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Literary Biography, vol. 106. Poet from Germany who wrote in German. Active ca. 1200? Gay Poetry Anthologies. Die Stumme Sünde, 275-91; 101-03 (criticism). Poet from Australia writing in English. Born ca. 1960. See New Friendly Street Poets: Four, Adelaide: Wakefield Press, 1998, pp. 59-90: mostly *prose poems, taking a confrontationist and *queer approach to subject matter. Well crafted. Poet from the United States writing in English. 1919-1989. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 3710: To Mix with Time: New and Selected Poems, New York, 1963. The reason for the inclusion has not been ascertained; it is assumed, in keeping with the criteria of entry in Young's bibliography, that it contains a poem referring to male homosexuality. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1667-1745. He is most famous as a satirist for his novel Gulliver's Travels. He was an Anglican clergyman. See Eighteenth Century Life, vol. 9 no. 3 (1985), 134: *G S. Rousseau claims he had a homoerotic correspondence and friendship with *Alexander Pope. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Poet and letter writer from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1837-1909. A friend of the *Pre-Raphaelites, *Meredith and *D. G. Rossetti (on whom he was emotionally dependent for a time), Swinburne was famous for being a scandalous poet and was interested and active in *flagellation from his education at *Eton onwards. The erotic book-collector *Monkton Milnes later introduced him to *de Sade. *Edmund Gosse's life in the Dictionary of National Biography, in which it is made clear that strong male relationships feature continuously in his life, implies he was homosexual. George E. J. Powell [1842-82] and *Benjamin Jowett, who taught him at *Oxford, were other males with whom he bonded closely. *Androgyny figures highly in his poetry - as in Rossetti's poetry - (see "Faustine" and also "Fragoletta") and also the concept of the *femme fatale (women as attractive but destructive). "Fragoletta" is based on the trope of *Eros. See poems *"Sapphics" (see stanza 13: "Saw the Lesbians *kissing..."), *"Christopher Marlowe", *"Beaumont and Fletcher", "A Ballad of Francois *Villon", "Before a Crucifix" (especially the stanza: "O, sacred head, O desolate" which is full of homoerotic feeling for *Jesus Christ). Greek poems. *Elegaics were written at Oxford (source Dictionary of National Biography entry on the poet, p. 457). The poem "Laus Veneris" from Poems and Ballads was inspired by his reading *Edward Fitzgerald's Rubiayat of Omar Khayyam in 1862, a poem which impressed him greatly (see *George Meredith) and whose stanza form he used in other poems: see Edmund Gosse, The Life of Algernon Charles Swinburne, 1917, pp. 94-95 (which also records the strong effect of *Whitman's Leaves of Grass on him in 1862; he purchased from the United States a copy of the 1860 edition, then unavailable in Great Britain). He wrote articles praising Whitman in 1868 and 1872 but recanted and wrote one in 1887, "Whitmania", savagely attacking him (see Complete Works, Prose Works, vol. 5, 1926, pp. 307-318; first published in Fortnightly Review, August 1887, 170-73 and replied to by John Addington Symonds in Fortnightly Review, September 1887, 459-60 which reply is reprinted in Symonds's Studies in Prose and Poetry, 1894, and in Symonds' Letters, 1969, vol. 3, pp. 257-59). A famous review by John Morley of Poems and Ballads (1866; published by the erotica publisher *J. C. Hotten after withdrawal by another publisher) attacked Swinburne as "the libidinous *laureate of a pack of satyrs". With Swinburne, whose poetry owes much to *Baudelaire, the *decadent and *aesthete traditions in English poetry begin and a cult of lesbianism arise in earnest (though an earlier poem on lesbianism by a male was written by *Coleridge). A poem by Swinburne on his close friend the homosexual *Simeon Solomon appeared in Dark Blue Magazine, July 1871. Laugh and Lie Dow (1859) plays with the theme of homosexuality. There has been much speculation on Swinburne's sex life. What can be said is that Swinburne was a physical *masochist with homosexual undertones: see the letter to Monkton Milnes of 11 July 1865 in Letters (see below) which makes clear Burton (who was homosexual) whipped him. He was physically engaging as a person and a brilliant conversationalist: "a kind of *fairy, a privileged person" (Dictionary of National Biography entry, p. 457) who wrote a long essay on Baudelaire's Fleurs du Mal "in a Turkish *bath in Paris" (Dictionary of National Biography, 459); he also suffered from epilepsy. On Swinburne and flagellation, see also *Mario Praz, The Romantic Agony, 1970, Appendix: "Swinburne and 'Le vice anglais'". Swinburne's homosexual flagellation poems have been published by *Ian Young. His relationship with *Theodore Watts Duncan was based on strong homoaffectionalism but there is no evidence of homosexual sexual contact: this was, of course, strictly illegal in Great Britain at the time and Swinburne's friend Simeon Solomon was prosecuted for it. The homophobic context of *Victorian Britain needs to be considered in relation to Swinburne, his poetry and criticism; this homophobia undoubtedly had a negative effect on the poet. Text. There is a major editorial problem with the poems and no adequate text exists. The collected edition of Edmund Gosse (192527) is suspect. Unpublished manuscripts are in existence; especially important are those in the Ashley Collection, British Library. Swinburne wrote a novel Lesbian Brandon (1952; the text is not reliable however). For his letters, see the edition by C. Y. Lang, 1959-62, 6 volumes. See the Appendix to volume 6, p. 243, where *Edmund Gosse states that Swinburne was not at all interested in women. His letters contain unpublished poems (some on lesbianism); some homopoems may be in the text. Bibliography: by T. J. Wise, 2 volumes, 1919-20. The latest life is Rikky Rooksby, A. C. Swinburne: A Poet's Life, 1997. Criticism. A brilliant introduction is ian Fletcher, Swinburne, 1973; comprehensive bibl. 54-66: this is the place to begin in studying Swinburne. He states, p. 10, "Swinburne's sexual life has been much discussed, the conclusion veering between sado-masochism and homosexuality." Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionary of National Biography: by *Edmund Gosse (containing much revealing information deriving from a forty year friendship). Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 104: cites the poem "Erotion (Ich liebe es...)" [no other details]. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 11043-44: Poems and Ballads, London: Chatto, 1893, Poems and Prose, New York: Dutton and London: Dent, 1940. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 3714: Poems and Ballads, London: Moxon and Co., 1866. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 151-52: "Erotion" trans. into German by *Eduard von Mayer. Ioläus (1935), 287. Die Bedeutung der Freundesliebe, 23. Reade, Sexual Heretics, 13-18: noting on p.13 "the poems of Swinburne which deal most consistently with homosexual subjects are 'Anactoria', 'Fragoletta' and *'Hermaphroditus' from Poems and Ballads (1866)" and stating "Hermaphroditus" was "the first openly published English poem on the subject since the seventh century" (pp.13-14); 71-72: text of "Hermaphroditus" (inspired by the classical sculpture of an *androgyne in the Louvre). Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 211-16: "Faustine". Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 54-55: "Erotion" and other poems; biog., 116-17 - "At all ages he was sexually abnormal... His sexual fixation on the seven year old Herbert Mason, about whom he wrote more that 30 poems, was another strange matter." City in Australia where English is the main spoken language. Founded in 1788; relevant material dates from ca. 1810 (see*"Botany Bay"). The oldest city in Australia, Sydney is the capital of the state of New South Wales and one frequently seen as libertarian (in contrast to *Melbourne which is seen as having more of a social conscience). The city was founded as a prison by the British in 1788. Situated on a magnificent harbor, its early gay history dates from the convict prisoners who were sent to New South Wales from 1788 to 1851 (little is known of the Aboriginal tribes of the area of the city - the Eora in the south, the Kuring-gai in the north and the Dharug in the west - who were tragically almost all killed in the nineteenth century). Bohemian groups who included homosexuals (e.g. *J. le Gay Brereton) date from the 1890s. *Henry Lawson, who was possibly gay, lived most of his life in the city and, in the early part of the twentieth century, *Christopher Brennan wrote a striking gay parody of a work by *Lord Alfred Douglas. From 1970 and the *Gay Liberation movement, Sydney has had a strong gay movement. Two Australian gay poetry and prose anthologies *Edge City and *Pink Ink have emanated from and been published in the city, as has the world's first *Aids anthology, *Love and Death. In 1993, the University of Sydney established a Lesbian and Gay Research Centre which was opened by the then Australian head of state, the Governor-General, Bill Hayden. The city has an excellent gay *bookshop called The Bookshop, in Darlinghurst. There is a gay and lesbian cultural festival every year in February culminating with a parade, the Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras, drawing visiters from overseas. Some two hundred introduced languages are spoken in the city and the Aboriginal language is still spoken in some degree: see Jakelin Troy, The Sydney Language (Canberra, 1993). Poets and poetry. See *Robert Adamson, *Christopher Brennan, *J. Le Gay Brereton, *Victor Daley, *Donovan Clarke, *Garth Clarke, *Laurence Collinson, *Denis Gallagher, *Harry Hooton, *Chris Jones, *Rae Desmond Jones, *Henry Lawson, * Love and Death, *David Scott Mitchell, *Paul Knobel, *Roderic Quinn, *Paul van Reyk, John Schwarzkoff, * Songs of the Gay Liberation Quire, *Patrick White, *Will Young. See also *Groups, Journals, *Libraries and Archives - English, *Manuscripts - English, *Publishers. Ax exhibition on the city's gay history was held in Parliament house from February 25 to March 9, 2001 titled Mad Bad and Dangerous to Know: Lesbian and Gay Sydney 1901-2001: One Hundred Years of a Subculture: Thirty Years of Activism written by the curator Michael Flynn. A Tine four page pamphlet was produced; the exhibition included a video and computer based exhibition audio on the Internet at www.freespeech.org/madbad by Barry McKay. See *Historical and Social Background - English for books on the city's gay history. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras". Poet from Canada writing in French. Born 1947. Book of poems: Homoportrait, Ottawa, 1998, 52 pages (illustrated by Pierre Pelletier). Source: *New York Public Library Catalog, cataloged under Homosexuality - Poetry. He is the author of Bougérie en Nouvelle-France (1983), a history of homosexuality in the early centuries of French Canada. Symbolism and symbolist movement Movement in French in France and later in German, English, Spanish and other *European languages from ca. 1876; however a similar movement occurred in India in Sanskrit and Tamil from ca. 100. The European movement was at its height from 1876-1895. Asian languages. Tamil. Ancient Tamil love poetry is highly symbolic: masculinity and femininity being cosmic principles and the whole volume of work being symbolic. See * Eight Tamil Anthologies (ca. 100 B.C.). Sanskrit. Sanskrit love poetry interconnects with Tamil; see *Anthologies - Sanskrit, *Krishna, *Siva. European languages. French. Originating in France ca. 1880, symbolism was a movement which influenced German, Russian and English poetry and which represented a reaction to realism and had links to *Platonism. In symbolism, the imagery of a poem aspired to or was presented as being something other, as symbolizing or standing for something else. As a coded way of approaching reality, symbolism represented a way of hiding homosesxual feelings in not presenting them directly. *Rimbaud, *Verlaine, *Huysmans are important writers; see also *Robert de Montesquiou. Kenneth Cornell's The Symbolist Movement, 1951 (repr. 1970) is an excellent introduction; it has a list of symbolist journals (from 1881), pp. 201-06 and bibl. pp. 207-09. There were several journals called La Décadence from 1876. La Jeune Belgique (1881-97) was the major Belgian journal. La Plume, Mercure de France and La Revue blanche were important in the 1890s. *C. M. Bowra, The Heritage of Symbolism, 1943, is a study of the movement in Europe with chapters on major writers. Dutch: see *P. C. Boutens. English: see *Arthur Symons. *T. S. Eliot was influenced. *Whitman contributed to it. German. *Stefan George is the main poet; see also *Rilke. Russian: see *Blok, ivanov. The movement was very influential in Russia. Spanish: see *Villaurrutia. The movement was hugely influential in Spanish, especially in modernismo (see *modernism). See also Charles Chadwick, Symbolism, 1971. A huge exhibition of Symbolist painting was organized in 1995 by the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts. J. B. Hannay, Sex Symbolism in Religion, 2 volumes, London, 1922 has little on homosexuality. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Gay Histories and Cultures: "French Symbolism". Other. Adler, The Great Ideas, volume 2, 517-32: see 'Sign adn Symbol'. Biographer from Great Britain writing in English. Active from 1947. Author of The Great Beast: The Life of *Aleister Crowley, 1952; revised edition 1973, 459 pages. A further revised edition of this work is The King of the Shadow Realm: Aleister Crowley, His Life and Magic, 1989, 588 pages. The book was further reprinted in 1992 in an extended edition of over 600 pages. This continuing work is a candid biography by Crowley's literary executor, discussing the homosexual aspects of its subject's life in detail without flinching; e.g., see Chapter 17 of the 1973 edition, "The Abbey of Thelema", about Crowley's life in Sicily. In the introduction to the 1992 edition, he concludes that Crowley is a fraud and a shallow individual. While he is regarded as being hostile to Crowley in some quarters, nevertheless the work is a very detailed biography of a major figure in gay poetry - which, despite forty five years work, still leaves much unsaid. Discussion of the literary works is very cursory. The Preface of the 1989 edition, pp. vii-x, is a brilliant summing up of the author's views of Crowley, concluding that "he became the black brother of *God, a role which was to choke him" (page ix). English poet, critic, historian and letter writer from Great Britain; translator from Italian, Greek and Latin to English; he lived for most of his life in Switzerland. 1840-1893. John Addington Symonds is a major gay literary researcher, whose autobiography and extensive letters survive. He married but had gay lovers. More than anyone else in western Europe in the late nineteenth century Symonds advocated the cause of homosexuality by disclosing that there was a homosexual history and traditions (especially in ancient Greece but also in his own country, Great Britain and in Europe). He was a major gay figure of the English *eighteen-nineties even though he lived in exile in Switzerland to escape Britain's harsh anti-gay laws. His works, which circulated surreptitiously were read by *Oscar Wilde and others in the last decades of the nineteenth century. He also cautiously advocated the cause of gay law reform. His work also inspired the German gay researcher and gay rights advocate *Magnus Hirschfeld who began to publish in 1896 (see Hirschfeld, Homosexualität, 1914, in the Namenregister, under Symonds, p. 1041). An Internet site compiled by *Rictor Norton "The John Addington Symonds Pages" exists on him and contains extracts from his works which are hard to find. Symonds wrote poetry, which is not notable, his main importance being as an historian and critic. The publishing history of some of his works is complex due to *censorship. He has had an excellent bibliographer in *Percy L. Babington. Symonds discovered he was gay after marrying. He had four daughters, lived in Switzerland, in Davos Platz, for health reasons, and frequently visited Italy (an Italian lover was the Venetian gondolier Angelo Fusato; on whom see references in the index to Symonds's Letters). He wrote The *Renaissance in Italy (7 volumes, 1875-86; repr.), based on archival research (which led him to material on homosexuality in the archives of'Florence and *Venice) and translated the Italian poet 'Michelangelo's sonnets (1878; repr.) discovering Michelangelo's sonnets were written to men. Poetrv. His poetry is dull and tortuous though like all poets he valued it highly. In Many Moods (1878), see "The Lotus Garland of *Antinous" and "The Meeting of *David and Jonathan". Vagabunduli Libellus (1884) is also of relevance. Criticism. In the Key of *Blue (1893) is an attempt at gay literary criticism; this book was designed by *Charles Ricketts and published by John Lane and *Elkin Mathews. See the title essay pp. 1-16 on the significance of the color *blue; the poem about Augusto makes clear that by blue he means homosexuality. The essay "The Dantesque and *Platonic Ideals of Love", pp. 55-86, and *"Edward Cracroft Lefroy", pp. 87-110, are major gay essays. Symonds was a pupil of *Benjamin Jowett, the translator of Plato into English, and wrote to him about homosexuality in Plato (see the Jowett entry). Symonds also wrote one of the earliest biographies of *Whitman: Walt Whitman, A Study (1893), an essay on Michelangelo (1893) and books on the English poets *Ben Jonson and *Shelley as well as translating the autobiography of *Benvenuto Cellini. Svmonds as a gav historian. Works concerning ancient Greece. While his Studies of the Greek Poets (2 volumes, 1873-75) discusses in volume 2, Chapter 22 the * Palatine Anthology (with many translations from Greek by him, his father and others), he does not refer directly to homosexuality. The concluding chapter, The Genius of Greek Art (reprinted in Symonds, Male Love, New York , Pagan Press, 1983, pp. 119-45), which was a veiled attack on Christianity, caused Symonds problems and is said to have lost him the Chair of Poetry at Oxford. In a famous footnote at the end (Studies of the Greek Poets, volume 2, p. 144), he railed against "Hebraistic culture" and urged that Greek culture - "Hellenism" - be followed, with Whitman as his ideal ("Walt Whitman is more truly Greek than any other man of modern times"). 'Hellenism here is close to meaning homosexuality (compare 'Matthew Arnold whose use of the word may be more akin to its meaning "rationality"). This was a veiled attack on 'Christianity and the Anglican Church, then dominant in Oxford University. Symonds' A Problem in Greek Ethics, first published 1883, is his major scholarly work on homosexuality. It was written according to Symonds in 1873 - i.e., at the time of writing the Studies of the Greek Poets (see Babington, Bibliography of the Writings of John Addington Symonds, pp. 49-50; see also 'Phyllis Grosskurth's life of Symonds, pp. 125 and 272). The title disguises the fact that it is an analysis of male homosexuality in ancient Greece, in particularly ' paiderastia. There is detailed discussion of the ancient Greek poetry, the first overview in English to put the poetry into its homosexual social context, and the work is still the most concise introduction in English to ancient Greek homosexuality. Symonds claimed that he had not read 'M. H. E. Meier's 1847 encyclopedia article on homosexuality in ancient Greece when he wrote the first edition (Babington, Bibliography of the Writings of John Addington Symonds, pp. 49-50), though there is reference to Meier in the revised 1901 edition (Symonds, A Problem in Greek Ethics, p. 30, footnote 3). How far he relied on Meier, especially for the revised text, has not yet been proven. His writings on Greek homosexuality have been translated into German bv Wim Hottentot as Die Homosexualität in Griechenland, 1993. The first edition of 1883 was supposedly printed in ten copies of which one, no. 9, is described by Percy L. Babington who also mentions a second copy which was then, in 1925, in the possession of Horatio Brown and originallly given to 'Richard Burton (Babington, Bibliography, pp. 49-50); see also Symonds, Letters, vol. 3, p. 488). The *British Library General Catalogue discloses the British Library has a copy of this 1883 edition with "Manuscript notes" at pressmark Cup 402.C.2 which is no. 10; this is the only known copy of this printing (there is no listing in the National Union Catalog). This copy was examined by Rictor Norton who has stated (on the John Addington Symonds site on the Internet) that the text is basically the same except for the opening paragraph. Symonds revised the book before he died in 1893 and it is from this revised text printed in the 1897 edition that most subsequent printings appear to derive. There was a 1901 printing by 'Leonard Smithers (Babington, Bibliography, 210). Works concerning the aav male history and culture of Great Britian. As a pioneer sexologist Symonds wrote Sexual Inversion with 'Havelock Ellis (1897; repr.); a work which, incredible as it may seem, was first printed in the German translation in 1896 with the English version following: see (Babington, Bibliography, pp. 122-27). The book, the pioneer study of British gay history and culture, published in 1897two years after the Wilde trial, was promptly banned in Great Britain; even as late as the 1990s, no edition was in print in Great Britain. The book also includes much on European gay culture. Publication occurred only in the United States from 1901 under the name of Havelock Ellis as part of his volumes Studies in the Psychology of Sex and copies had to be imported into Great Britain and other English speaking countries from the United States. In British countries and the British Empire and Commonwealth, therefore, circulation was very limited and this had the effect of denying British and British descended gay people our culture (nevertheless some copies got into libraries: such as the State Library of New South Wales, 'Sydney). Even so, the United States edition of Sexual Inversion omitted a discussion of homosexuality in Russia which was only published in the French translation of Ellis (for details see the Havelock Ellis entry). Symonds wrote the historical part and Ellis recorded the sexual cases (Babington Bibliography, p. 124). Symonds's major gay work, A Problem in Greek Ethics (see below), was included in an appendix to the first, 1897, edition (Babington, Bibliography of the Writings of John Addington Symonds, pp. 123-24) but it was suppressed by his friend and executor 'Horatio Forbes Brown from all subsequent editions and Symonds's name omitted from these editions (which in any case bore the author's name as Havelock Ellis). Despite being banned, Sexual Inversion must have partly inspired 'Edward Carpenter's reading for ' loläus (Carpenter and Symonds corresponded and met - see the index of Symonds' Letters and 'Tsuzuki's life of Carpenter pp. 123-28). Paradoxically, the German translation of Sexual Inversion meant that the book could be read in Germany. Svmonds as an advocate of oav law reform. Symonds wrote A Problem in Modern Ethics (1891; repr.) which was a plea for change in British law regarding consenting homosexual relations (the work discusses Whitman). Svmonds as a translator from Latin. He translated songs from the *Carmina Burana titled Wine, Women and Song (1884), though these are not overtly gay. Symonds's work overall reveals a growing movement to uncover gay culture in the late nineteenth century (Swinburne called him Soddington Symonds). A symposium devoted to him was held at the University of Bristol, Great Britain, in 1998 ; details are available on the Internet. See also 'Century Guild, 'Wayne Koestenbaum. Biography. See the entry in Dictionary of National Biography, the life by *Horatio Forbes Brown (based on Symonds' autobiography) and the biography by 'Phyllis Grosskurth. Symonds's autobiography The Memoirs (1984), edited by 'Phyllis Grosskurth is not, however, complete; the manuscript is in the London Library. John Pemble, John Addington Symonds: culture and the demon desire (New York, 2000) is a study. Letters. His letters have been edited in 3 volumes by Herbert M. Schueller and *Robert L. Peters, 1967-69, which edition is extensively annotated. The letters are extremely valuable for the light they throw on Symonds's correspondents (e. g., 'Edmund Gosse). They are some of the most important gay letters published so far since they reveal Symonds' correspondence with many gay researchers (e.g., 'Richard Burton, 'Edward Carpenter, 'Edmund Gosse and 'K. H. Ulrichs). He corresponded with Whitman for several years and a famous letter asked Whitman if he was gay (Letters, vol. 3, pp. 481-84). Whitman's reply of August 19, 1890 - that he had fathered six illegitimate children - has no substance in truth and was an attempt to put Symonds off: homosexual relations were a criminal offence in the United States and a letter was defacto evidence, Whitman had already had a stroke and his health was poor; besides, the poems, especially the ' Calamus poems, speak for themselves. In any case, no children have been found. See the 'Swinburne entry for reference in the Letters to his defence of Whitman. Bibliography. The bibliography compiled by *Percy L. Babington (1925; repr.) is annotated and detailed, revealing an enormous output. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 633-36. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1271-72. Howes, Broadcasting It. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Murray, Catalogue of Selected Books, items 77-79: Anima Figura, 1882, Many Moods, 1878 and New and Old, 1880. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 51 (cites Sexual Inversion written with 'Havelock Ellis). Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 11045-48: Anima Figura, London: Smith Elder, 1882, Many Moods, London: Smith Elder, 1878 (repr. J. Murray, 1917), New and Old, London: Smith Elder, 1880 (repr. J. Murray, 1917), Vagabunduli Libellus, London: Kegan Paul, 1884. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 3716-22 and 3725-36: same four books as in Bullough, plus Callicrates. Bianca. Imelda. Passio Amoris Secunda. A Rhapsody. Liber Temporis Perditi, Bristol: privately printed, no date, The Chorister, London: 'Timothy d'Arch Smith, 1963 ('poemcard), Crocuses and Soldanellas, privately printed, no date, Fragilia Labilia, Bristol: privately printed, 1884, Garriel, London: Michael de Hartington, 1974, Genius Amoris Amari Visio, Bristol: privately printed, no date, The Lotus Garland of Antinous, Bristol: privately printed, no date, Love and Death: A Symphony, Bristol: privately printed, no date, The Love Tail of Odatis and Prince Zariadres, Bristol: privately printed, Lyra Viginti Chordarum, Clifton: privately printed, no date, Old and New. Second Series, Bristol: privately printed, no date, Rhaetica, Bristol: privately printed, 1878, The Sea Calles (Vagabunduli Libellus), Bristol: privately printed, no date, Tales of Ancient Greece, No. 1, Bristol: privately printed, Tales of Ancient Greece, No. 2, Bristol: privately printed, no date. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Ioläus (1902), 15-16, 31, 46-48, 68-69 (critic), 78 (trans. of 'Pindar), 131-33 (trans. of 'Michelangelo). Men and Boys, 42-43. Sexual Heretics, 70-71, 104-30, 143-45, 156, 244-285 (text of A Problem in Modern Ethics, 1891). Digte om mends kerlighed til mend. Hidden Heritage, 28-61, 82, 136-37, 145-60, 199-217, 255-71. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 55-56, 138-40, 217-22. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 56-57: excellent selection of gay poems; biog., 117. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 32-43. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 277-88; 298308 (prose - from A Problem in Modern Ethics). Criticism. Ruitenbeck, Homosexuality and Creative Genius, 87-118. Smith, Love in Earnest, 12-18 and index; bibl. 251-53. Woods, History of Gay Literature, 177-78. Biographer and editor from Great Britain writing in English. 1900-1941. An authority on the *eighteen-nineties he published in 1928, An Anthology of "Nineties" Verse, which was the first anthology covering the whole period. He was a bibliophile, dandy and *epicure and founded the First Edition Club. His The Quest for *Corvo: An Experiment in Autobiograhy, London, 1934, is an attempt to establish the truth about *Frederick Rolfe and, as biography, is a work of genius. It is dedicated to *Shane Leslie. Rolfe's homosexuality is not explicitly stated as such, though it is made more or less clear: he refers to "perverse sexual indulgence" (Penguin edition, 1950,27) and says that "The starting point of his complex character is that he was sexually abnomal" (ibid., 257). Biography: see the life by his brother Julian Symons, A. J. A. Symons: His Life and Speculations, 1950 (repr.). Compare *Neil Bartlett. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionary of National Biography: Missing Persons. Historian and critic from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1865-1945. A leading member of the English *decadent and *aesthetic movement and the author of the pioneer article "The Decadent Movement in English", Harper's New Monthly Magazine (1893); this is most accessible in Karl Berkson, Aesthetes and Decadents of the Eighteen Nineties, 1981, pp. 134-150; the article contains references to *Verlaine and many other poets in west *European languages but homosexuality is not discussed. His book The Symbolist Movement in Literature (1899) was a development of the article. After the 1895 trial of *Oscar Wilde, it was apparently necessary to divert attention away from homosexuality, an integral ingredient of the decadent movement, so the title was changed accordingly. His poetry was in the decadent mode and he edited the journal The Savoy, 1896 (the Savoy was a risqué hotel in London where homosexuals went with their lovers or male prostitutes; it was prominently mentioned in the Wilde trial). The journal contains little poetry and is not greatly of interest for gay poetry. See R. V. Holdsworth, Arthur Symons: Poetry and Prose, 1974. There is no especial gay interest in his poetry. He is not to be confused with *A. J. A. Symons. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Male institution in Greek from Greece and in Latin in Italy relating to philosophy. From ca. 380 B.C. A symposium in ancient Greece (plural symposia) was a men's eating and drinking party. In ancient *Athens, the participants reclined on couches on these occasions, and *songs or * skolia were usually sung by the participants as well as by male *dancing boys. They were frequently of a homosexual nature. Poets composed homosexual poems which were sung in symposia: see *Theognis, * Anacreontea, *Mousa Paidike. They date from *Plato's dialogue * The Symposium (380 B.C.). The custom continued under the Latinspeaking *Roman poets, and is especially present in the poems of *Horace. See Oswald Murray, Sympotica (Oxford, 1990), for an excellent discussion of the context of ancient Greek symposia. This work is the most detailed study of the subject ever and has an important overall bibliography of eighteen pages at the end; ; in particular in it, J. N. Bremmer, "Adolescents, Symposion, and Pederasty", 135-48(important bibl. 145-47), links symposia to initiation rituals, primitive men's associations and *Männerbunde (male bonding societes) and touches on the homosexual song tradition (pp. 137-38). Oswald Murray, "Symposium and Männerbunde", in P. Oliva and A. Frolikova, editors, Concilium Eirene, xvi/1, 1982, is a seminal article on recent work (cited in Murray, op. cit., p. 147). Ancient Greek symposium traditions have their modern counterpart in the setting for *rebetika which is usually sung in an all-male tavern. They connect with similar traditions in which male *singing and dancing boys (frequently transvestites) sing homosexual songs in an all-male drinking setting in west and east Asian languages (e.g. in Arabic, Turkish and Persian) as far as Japan and south-east Asia. This custom forms the background to the last supper in the *Christian *Gospels. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Pauly, Wissowa, Paulys Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, (1931 volume): see "Symposion". Oxford Classical Dictionary, 1028: see "Symposium Literature". Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1272-74. Ullstein Enzyklopädie der Sexualität. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Hidden Heritage, 5-27. Work of philosophy in Greek from Greece. Ca. 380 B.C. The Symposium is a dialogue of *Plato discussing the nature of love, entirely in terms of homosexual love: as *Irving Singer says, *"Plato never so much as intimates that true love can be experienced by women or really directed towards them" (Irving Singer, The Nature of Love, second edition, 1984, vol. 1, p. 76). The work is the major direct philosophical discussion of gay love in a *European language so far. Five persons speak about the nature of love (or *Eros), including the dramatist *Aristophanes, at a supper party held at the house of the poet *Agathon in Athens. The climactic speech is given by *Socrates who states that love consists of the good, the true and the beautiful. Irving Singer comments on Plato's metaphysical dualism in the work: "At times... Plato seems to say that true being is spirituality... At other times... Plato seems to say that true being is a composite of spirit and matter... I myself doubt whether any study of the text can resolve this ambivalence in Plato" (Singer, Nature of Love, vol. 1, p. 76); this dualism was to be a central issue of later *Platonism. *Neoplatonism was a further development of his ideas. A *debate on love in Arabic was probably influenced by Plato (though the influence of *Aristotle and *Neoplatonism was also important on this debate). See also *Symposium - Institution. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Iolaus (1902), 48-55. Syphilis is a sexual disease which, before antibiotics, could lead to death and which is known from 1530. Only in the twentieth century has it become controllable with the discovery of anti-biotics. Material of relevance is in English from Great Britain and later in other languages. *Tarnowsky was an early expert in the subject. Compare *Aids. Bengali. *Nazrul Islam. English. *William Davenant, *Oscar Wilde. French. *Arthur Rimbaud. German. *Nietzsche. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Sexual Behaviour, vol. 2, 1023-1026. City in *Sicily, Italy, associated with the poet *Theocritus (active 300 B.C.) who wrote in Greek. Italian is now the spoken language. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1599. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 3739: Micro-cynicon Sixe Snarling Satyres, Privately printed, 1599. Criticism. Norton, Homosexual Literary Tradition, 274: the poem refers to a 'transvestite male 'prostitute, Pyander, walking the streets of 'London. T'ang period and T'ang poets (also spelt Tang) Period in Chinese from China. The T'ang period, 618-907, is traditionally regarded as one of the greatest periods of Chinese culture when Chinese poetry reached great heights of beauty. The T'ang capital was Hsian (in Wade Giles; Xian in Pinyin). The two foremost poets of the period *Tu Fu and *Li Bai, regarded as amongst the greatest Chinese poets, possibly had a homosexual relationship. *Friendship was a major theme and close friendships with homosexual undertones occurred amongst the great poets. Spelt T'ang in *Wade Giles and Tang in *Pinyin. Poets: see *Meng Hao-jan, *Wang Wei, *Po Chu-i, *Han-shan (pseud.). See *Translation - Chinese (translation of Chinese poetry into Japanese commenced seriously in this period), *Coded Language, *Tz'u, *Emperors, *Zen Buddhism, *Libertinism, *Manuscripts (the first manuscripts referring directly to male homosxuality in poetry survive from this period). Regarding translation see *Witter Bynner. Japanese. Korean. Vietnamese. The T'ang poets - who were long regarded as amongst the greatest in Chinese - strongly influenced Japanese poets as well as Korean and Vietnamese poets, especially Tu Fu and Li Bai. They were translated into Vietnamese and - in the twentieth century especially - into Japanese. Chinese was read in Korea, Japan and Vietnam in this period since all scholars wrote Chinese characters (which had a position in east Asia akin to Latin's position in European culture until the twentieth century). Criticism. Shasha, History of Homosexuality in China, xxii. Hinsch, Passions of the Cut Sleeve, 77-97. Poet from China who wrote in Chinese. 1470-1524. Poet and painter who was a notorious rake and iibertine. See his poem trans. into English in Chinese Sex Secrets by Charles Human and Wang Wu, Hong Kong, 1984, p. 115: "The Wickedness of Monks and Nuns" - about monks exposing their penis continually and "their hands grab everything that's offered/... they surrender to lust at every opportunity". Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature, 759-60. T'ao Ch'ien, also called T'ao Yuan-ming Poet from China who wrote in Chinese. 365-427. T raditionally one of the two or three greatest pre *T'ang poets, he was a very complicated person who kept to himself and set the pattern for poets being hermits - and also for having close male friendships with strong homosexual undertones (e. g., see "Motionless Clouds" in Burton Watson, Columbia Book of Chinese Poetry, 1984, pp. 125-26). His poetry is very philosophical and influenced by *Confucianism. His name is spelt T'ao Ch'ien in *Wade Giles and T'ao Yuan-ming in *Wade Giles. Translation. English: William Acker (1952), James T. Hightower (1970), A. R. Davis (1984; with critical commentary). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature, 766-69. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures. Poet from China who wrote in Chinese. Active before 1953. Not located in Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 11052: "Poèmes Chinois," in 'Der Kreis 21:9, 27-29, September 1953 (noted as a French tranlation from Chinese). Genre in Pilbara languages, which are *Australian Aboriginal languages, from Australia. Active 1974. See C. G. Brandenstein, Taruru: Aboriginal Song Poetry from the Pilbara, 1974. Tabi songs are orally composed and sung around the campfire at night; they cover all subjects, refer to gossip and all men were taught to compose them in their initiation ceremonies (they contrast to the formal and communal corroboree songs of Aboriginal rites). Many songs are frankly sexual but, in Taruru, the writer of the introduction A. P. Thomas, notes "Translating the frank sexual songs produced insuperable difficulties" and only one "Rooting" - which is heterosexual - is included (unpaginated; page xiii of the introduction). Songs referring to homosexuality are a distinct possibility. The Pilbara region is in north west Western Australia; songs in Taruru were drawn from eleven languages. "Rooting", p. 37 ("by Tjarndai" ?) is in Karierre (also spelt Kariyarra) which is spoken around Port Hedland. Poet from Georgia who wrote in Georgian. 1892-1959. See John Lehmann, Prometheus and the Bolsheviks, London, 1937, p. 187: "He was thought of in the old days as the supremely '*decadent' poet". The cousin of *Titsian Tabidze and it is possible that John Lehmann confuses the two. A poet heavily influenced by *Symbolism and especially *Verlaine. He married, but after the death of his wife in 1937 he plunged into alcoholism and depression. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, West volume, 179. Everyman Companion to East European Literature. Poet from Georgia who wrote in Georgian. 1895-1937. See John Lehmann, Prometheus and the Bolsheviks, London, 1937, pp. 176-77, 179 ("In his earliest verse he called himself a *dandy, a young *Oscar Wilde"), 182-3 and 187. This book seems to imply a homosexual relationship with the Georgian poet *Iashvili. He was a member of the symbolist movement called *Blue Horns. See D. M. Lang, A History of Modern Georgia, 1962, p. 255. There were portraits of him looking like Oscar Wilde and there was a smear campaign against him calling him *effeminate and Stalin may have been involved (Professor D. M. Lang, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 1987 to the author); that these were trumped up charges, common at the time, cannot be discounted. *Symbolist influence. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, West volume, 179. Everyman Companion to East European Literature. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Born 1936. He was a co-editor of the journal * Manroot with many poems in issue 9. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 11049: Lucy, San Francisco: *Manroot Books, 1976, 12 pp.; repr. from Manroot no. 8. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Male Muse, 96-97; biog., 124. Angels of the Lyre, 205-10; biog., 245. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 529. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1245: influenced by Jack Spicer. Tagore, Rabindranath, called, in Bengali, Thakur Poet from India who wrote in Bengali; translator from Bengali to English and Hindi to Bengali. 1861-1941. He is called Thakur in Bengali. The first Asian to win the *Nobel Prize (in 1913) and the person largely responsible for the renaissance of Bengali, he was an outstanding writer. He was prolific, wrote in many forms and founded a university, Santiniketan ("abode of peace"), at Calcutta. Tagore came from a rich and artistic family. He is most famous as a poet and was much influenced by the *asthethic movement as well as, later, by *modernism. His entry in the Dictionary of Indian Biography is perhaps the best overview of his life. His most famous work is Gitanjali: Song Offering (published in 1910 in Bengali; trans. into English by Tagore and published in 1913). This consists of "free verse recreations of his Bengali poems modelled on medieval Indian devotional literature" (as stated in his entry in Oxford Companion to English Literature). One Hundred Poems of *Kabir (1915), in Bengali, is a Bengali translation of the Hindi poet by Tagore. Both these works are very homoerotic. In these books God appears as the lover and beloved of man. Both works emerge out of the Indian *mystical tradition and in Bengal from *Baul songs. In essence Tagore was an outstanding philosopher of the brotherhood of man. Some poems are capable of being read homosexually e.g., in Selected Poems, trans. William Radice, Penguin, 1985, see *"Brahma Vishnu *Siva", pp. 45-47, "Love's Question" pp. 61-62. Many poems are *written in the persona of a woman. *Raymond de Becker cites a homopoem from Tagore's collection Cycle of Spring. Tagore was something of an *aesthete and effeminacy in his character has often been remarked on. His marriage to a ten year old girl was an arranged one and after her death he did not remarry. He moved in female company afterwards and was a *feminist, deeply moved by the position of Indian women (he supported personal freedom and development and undoubtedly would have supported *gay liberation today). *Androgyny was a major element in his poetry. Biography. Various biographies exist, e.g., by E. J. Thompson (1921; expanded 1926 and 1948 - not reliable, however). A fine biography is by Krishna Kripalini, 1962 (the author was a disciple of Tagore). A four volume Bengali biography is by Prabhat Kumar Mukerji (1982-88). Krishna Dutta and Andrew Robinson published a biography, Rabindranath Tagore, New York, 1995, which is the best biography in a *European language. All biographies to date suffer to some degree from idolatry. A documentary film on his life titled Rabindranath Tagore was made in 1961 by the Bengali film maker Satyajit Ray, who has stated that graduates of Santiniketan were commonly thought of as "*effeminate" (Andrew Robinson, Satyajit Ray, 1989, 46; on the film see pp. 277-79). Tagore was influenced by Bengali folk literature (see *Vaisnavism) as much as by the great Indian written tradition. Criticism: see the Ph. D. thesis Walt Whitman and Rabindranath Tagore as Humanists, by Ranjan Samuel, University of Madras, 1984. Translation. Translation dates from the author's own translation in 1913 of Gitanjali into English, a poor work which reads in a stilted way. Gitanjali is the work translated below unless otherwise noted. Tagore had a huge reputation in the early part of the century and other translations of Gitanjali undoubtedly exist from those cited; translations into *Indian languages apart from Marathi almost certainly exist. The most complete set of his translations is possibly at Santiniketan, the University he founded in Bengal; the author noticed many translations on a visit in 1985. Bahasa Indonesia: Amal Hamzah (Djakarta, ca.1951) - see *Nationai Union Catalog; English: by the author himself, 1913 (frequently reprinted) with introduction by *W. B. Yeats; many other works were translated - for a selection see the selection I Won't Let You Go, 1991, trans. Ketaki Kushari Dyson; French: *Andre Gide (1914; translated from the English); German: Marie Louise Gothein (1914; frequently reprinted); Hebrew: Translator unknown (Warsaw, 1922) - see *National Union Catalog; Italian: Arundel del Re (Lanciano, 1914); Korean: a translation exists ca. 1920; Latvian: Karlis Egle (Riga, 1930); Lithuanian: Lyrika (Poems), 478 pp., Vilnius, 1972 (trans. not known); Marathi: Di Di Rege (ca. 1942); Portuguese: Guilherme de de Almeida (Rio de Janeiro, 1943); Russian: Complete works, 12 volumes, 1961-65 - see*British Library General Catalogue. Spanish: Abel Alarcon (Madrid, 1917; repr.), Pedro Requena Legreta (Mexico, 1918). The*British Library General Catalogue (see under Ravindranatha Thakura) and * National Union Catalog (see under Tagore) were checked. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, vol. 2: see under Thakur. Encyclopedia of World Literature in the 20th Century. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Criticism. De Bary, Guide to Oriental Classics, 152-54. Arcadie no. 87 (March 1961), 172-76: article on the French translation Le Cycle du printemps, 1926 re homosexuality. Tai Wang-shu, also spelt Dai Wang-shu Poet from China writing in Chinese. 1905-1950. His poems were modelled on those of *Verlaine; it is not known if he was aware of Verlaine's erotic poems. A selection of his poems with a brief biography appeared in *Beijing in 1993. He studied in France, travelled in Spain and had two children; he published poems from 1929 and died in *Hong Kong. His name is spelt Tai Wang-shu in *Wade Giles and Dai Wang-shu in *Pinyin. Poet from France who wrote in French. 1854-1919. Not in Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Les Amours masculines, 269-70. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 425: trans. English; biog., 388 - states he "spent his fortune on riotous living, sharing the company and tastes of *Verlaine and *Samain in the Paris of the 'nineties'". Pour tout l'amour des hommes, 162-63. Poem from Great Britain and Ireland in Irish. Ca. 1100. An Ulster - i.e., northern Ireland - cycle composed in prose with verse passages and thus a *prosimetrum. The date is only approximate; it dates from the seventh or eighth century, or earlier, but the surviving versions are from the twelfth and fourteenth centuries. The title is usually translated as "Cattle Raid of Cooley". See Chapter 11, the combat of Ferdia and Cuchulain pp.195 ff of Thomas Kinsella's translation, The Tain, Dublin, 1969: Ferdia is speared in the anus with a spear, the gae bolga, which is a mysterious spear only used in emergencies, by his sworn brother Cuchulain. Cuchulain was a bachelor for much of his life (according to the most ancient traditions he remained unmarried and it is only in some stories that the wooing of his wife Emer appears). The work is contemporaneous with * Beowulf and like this work shows strong *male bonding; compare in this respect *Homer. Text: see the edition by Cecile O'Rahilly, 1967. Translations. English: by Stanley Hayes O'Grady (abridged translation) in Eleanor Hull's The Cuchulain Saga (1898), Winifrid Faraday (1904; incomplete), Joseph Dunn (1914; complete), Cecile O'Rahilly (1964; complete with Irish text), Thomas Kinsella (1969; complete); French: d'Arbois de Jubainville (1907; partial trans.); German: Ernst Windisch (1905; with Irish text) Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica: see "Cattle Raid of Cooley". Poet from Japanese who wrote in Japanese. Active before 1713. He was in love with a youth of fourteen or fifteen called Jiju; they exchanged poems. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Partings at Dawn, 121-123 where he is called Captain Taisho (from the anthology * Iwatsutsuji). Poet from Japan writing in Japanese. Born 1937. An outstanding and prolific Japanese gay poet who has been included in many general anthologies (e.g., in the English anthology edited and translated by *Hiroaki Sato and Burton Watson, From the Country of the Eight Islands, New York, 1981). He has written wild sexual poetry (some poems with *S/M subject matter) which shows the influence of *Allen Ginsberg (and may in turn have influenced Ginsberg). His *long poem Homeuta (Ode), (1971), about the male genitalia, was rewritten (and also retranslated in a 1984 translation - see below). "Self Portraits" is also a fine sequence. He has lived in *Tokyo since 1962. Autobiographical work: Juni no enkei (Twelve Perspectives, 1970). Interviews: Christopher Street no. 100, 24-29. He has written two volumes of essays. See the interview in Leyland, Gay Sunshine Interviews, volume 2, pp. 243-55, by *Keizo Aizawo; reprinted from Gay Sunshine no. 31 (1977), 1-4 (with biog. note and photo p.1). He has pointed out that *Basho admitted to being fascinated with homosexuality. Note that on the title pages of his English language books his name is given as Mutsuo Takahashi; the form of his name as given above, Takahsashi Mutsuo, is the standard form in Japanese (as in the Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan). Translation. English. Poems of a Penisist, trans. *Hiroaki Sato, Chicago, 1975; published in an expanded edition as A Bunch of Keys, trans. by Hiroaki Sato, 1984 (reviews: James White Review vol. 2 no. 2, Winter 1985, 13 by *Greg Baysans and James White Review vol. 8 no. 3, 15 by *George Klawitter). Sleeping, Sinning, Falling, City Lights, 1992, is a new book in English translation which, however, contains no overt gay material. Partings at Dawn, pp. 220-56, is a selection of poems translated by Hiroaki Sato including the long *Ode (with a critical note by *Robert Peters p. 224); Partings at Dawn also includes the interview from Gay Sunshine and various prose works. See also James Kirkup re translation into English. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 11050-51: Poems of a Penisist, Chicago: [Chicago] Review Press, 1975 and three poems in Gay Sunshine no. 26/27:19, Winter 1975/76. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 3742: same book. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Orgasms of Light, 221-24; biog., 262. Digte om m&nds k&rlighed til m&nd. Drobci stekla v ustih, 113-15; biog., 183 Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 678-79 (interviewed by the poet Keizo Aizawo, a close friend). Partings at Dawn, 190-295. A Day for a Lay, 122-50. Take Any Train: An Anthology of Gay Men's Poetry Anthology in English from Great Britain. London: *Oscars Press, 1990, 64 pages; biog. notes, pp. 61-64. Compiled by *Peter Daniels, it is a fine survey of gay male poetry being written in Great Britain in 1990, though uneven in parts. The Scots poet *Edwin Morgan (born in 1920) first appears in a gay anthology here. Review: James White Review vol. 8 no. 2 (Winter 1991), 14, by *George Klawitter. Poets (see entries): Steve Anthony, Stephen Boswell, Peter Bradley, Alan Brayne, Alfred Celestine, Steve Cranfield, Peter Daniels, Kieron Devlin, Timothy Gallagher, Harvey Gillman, Dinyar Godrej, D. I. Harrison, Lee Harwood, Kenneth King, Edward Lucie-Smith, Edwin Morgan, Marcellus J. Muthien, Graham Piper, Adrian Risdon, Richard Scandrett, Daniel Sutton, Ivor C. Treby, Thomas Williams, Christopher Whyte, Gregory Woods, Ziggy. A literary name in Persian from Iran, Urdu from Pakistan and Turkish from Turkey and hence a quasi pseudonym, since by its use a poet's real name is hidden. From ca. 1100. In Persian and Urdu, takhallus basically means literary name, nom de plume. It is usually disclosed in the last couplet or Jbayf of a *ghazal. For instance the takhallus Omar Khayyam means "Omar the tentmaker". Many poets adopt the geographical place of origin as a family name. In Turkish, it is called mahlas (or makhias). For example: *Celebi which means "writer, poet, reader, sage". See also * Lakab. They were commonly used by * divan poets from ca. 1400. See Barry Andrews, Introduction to Ottoman Poetry, 1976, p. 137. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, vol. 3 (West volume): see "Takhallus". Poem in Egyptian from Egypt. Ca. 1300. A work cited by *Alessando Simone, who has translated the homosexual parts into Italian poetry, about homosexuality between Neferkare and General Sisene; the source is not given and the work, which was only recently discovered, is in fragmentary form. The work seems to be in poetry but this is not clear in Simone's article. City in Morocco where Arabic is the main spoken language. Material dates from ca. 1935. Tangier is on the coast opposite Gibraltar, the British colony in Spain. The city has a reputation for being a place where sex with male Moroccans can be had cheaply (unemployment is high in Morocco and islamic customs mean men cannot marry without a dowry). Many gays have gone there for holidays. See Iain Finlayson, Tangier: City of the Dream, 1991, and Michelle Green, The Dream at the End of the World, 1991. As the city is very ancient, Arabic poems are likely but none is known so far. English: see *Claude McKay, *Charles Henry Ford (ca. 1935 visited), *Harold Norse and *Mohammed Rifi, *Brion Gysin, John Giorno (visited), 'Tennessee Williams. French: see Jean Genet. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 21-22. Poet from Japan writing in Japanese. Born 1931. He has written sixty books of poetry, and is Japan's best known poet who has been nominated for the *Nobel Prize. He wrote what appears to be a prose poem about homosexuals in which homosexuality is granted equal status with heterosexuality and bisexuality: see "Four Kinds of Love" in Harold Wright, translator, The Selected Poems of Shuntaro Tanikawa, San Francisco, 1983, p. 144. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan. Contemporary Authors, vol. 121. See also his entry in World Authors 1980-1985. Genre in Japanese from Japan and later in English. From ca. 1100. A short poem also called *waka especially from its first appearance in the seventh century. It has five lines of 5-7-5-7-7 syllables. *Haiku grew out of tanka. See *Saigyo (1118-1190), *Renga, *Ryosen Hiratsuka, *Origuchi Shinobu, *Ishii Tatsuhiko (contemporary gay poet). James Kirkup compiled A Book of Tanka (1996); this is an anthology of Japanese tanka in English translation. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan : Book collector from Austria of works in Greek. Ca. 1520-ca. 1580. The * National Union Catalog Theognis entry p. 348 reveals Georg Tanner was an Austrian humanist who owned an edition of *Theognis of 1543 "heavily annotated throughout by Tanner and others"; the book appears to be in *Harvard University Library. It is a rare example of a heavily annotated early copy of a gay poetry masterpiece. (Note, however, that at this time the text of Theognis consisted only of Book 1, which only contained a few homosexual poems; Book 2, which is entirely homosexual was not published until 1815.) The Allgemeine deutsche Biographie entry reveals he was a legal scholar and professor of Greek at Vienna who had travelled extensively in Germany, Switzerland and Italy 1540-56; he used the pseudonyms Emerstorfensis (or Eberstorfensis), Pannonicus (based on *Pan?) and Austriacus; he had a student companion friend ca. 1550, Bonifacius Basilius, and later married and had three sons. See also *Humanism. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Allgemeine deutsche Biographie. Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. 1520-68. See The Poems of Barnfield, 1936, edited by *Montague Summers, page xix: linked with *Niccolo Franco "who wrote *Priapics" and with other homosexual poets, with the implication that he wrote homopoems. He wrote *sonnets and his Le lagrime di San Pietro (The tears of St Peter; 1585) is an unsuccessful attempt to write a *Christian *epic. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Religion and philisophy from India in Sanskrit, Hindi and other languages from ca. 500; it has spread to Nepal, China, Mongolia and Japan. Tantra means web, warp, chain or treatise in Sanskrit and is a concept occurring all over India in *Indic languages and *Indian languages though the cult is usually regarded as a cult of *Hinduism, Jainism and *Buddhism. The word "tantra" is basically related to the concept of weaving: see Lama Govinda, Foundations of Tibetan Mysticism, 1959, 93. Tantrism refers to secret sexual practices centering on sexual union. There is a form of Tantrism known as left-handed Tantrism, in India, in which sexual intercourse and other forms of sexual conduct are included among the practices leading to salvation and which can involve homosexuality (an oral source to the author, 1995). On left-handed Tantrism see "Left-handed Tantra" in Edward Conze, Buddhism: its essence and development, 1951, pp. 191-197 (he states, p. 191, that the Guhyasamaja-tantra is one of the earliest and one of the most sacred scriptures of left-handed Tantra; there have been various published editions of this work including one in Tibetan and the edition edited by B. Bhattacharyya, Baroda, 1931, has an English summary). However, Agehananda Bharati, in The Tantric Tradition, 1965, 179 states "The central rule behind the left-handed rites, both Hindu and Buddhist, is the retention of semen during the sexual act." Chapter 10 , "The Left Handed Doctrine" on Kamalakar Mishra, Kashmir Saivism: The Central Philosophy of Tantrism, 1993, discusses left handed Tantrism. The whole practice is extremely secret especially in Bengal, Nepal and Tibet and homosexual aspects (see below) have never been made public. *Tantric Yoga emphasises the Shakti or energy associated with the female principle which is usually characterized as Kundalini (see Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology entry). Tantrism forms a school of Buddhism especially in Tibet, China and Japan. There are Chinese, Tibetan, Japanese and south east Asian schools besides the Indian schools; in China it is linked to *Taoist sexual practices. Most texts are unpublished. Tibet has been a major center of tantrism and many tantric texts have been translated into Tibetan. On *Hindu tantrism see Sanjukta Gupta, Hindu Tantrism (Leiden, 1979) (bibl. pp. 187-94) and Nirad C. Chaudhuri, Hinduism, 1979, pp. 248-54: excellent explanation. See also Charlotte Vaudeville, * Kabir, 1974, vol. 1, pp. 120 ff. For a concise discussion of Tantra, see Philip Rawson, Oriental Erotic Art, 1981, 69-73 (states, p. 70, it was especially prominent in Bengal, Nepal and in the northwest of India in Rajasthan and Kashmir and in the Deccan - the high triangular tableland comprising most of peninsular India of which the main languages are Tamil and Telugu). A major exhibition catalogue is Tantra, London, Hayward Gallery, with introduction by Philip Rawson, 1971; second revised and enlarged edition 1972 (with important bibliography pp. 148-49). Ajit Mookerkerjee, The Tantric Way, London,1977 is also an excellent introduction with bibliography. Also good are Agehananda Bharati, The Tantric Tradition, 1965 (his bibliography, pp. 303-36, written by a member of a Hindu order is the largest in a *European language and includes many works in Sanskrit) and Nik Douglas and Penny Slinger, Sexual Secrets, Dorchester, VT, 1979 (repr.) pp. 138-47 (this work also has a detailed bibliography). *Francis King, Tantra: The Way of Action, 1986, is written mainly from a western viewpoint (bibliography pp. 153-55). An earlier work is Sir John Woodroffe, S'akti and S'akta, Madras, ca. 1940. An exhibition of Tantra objects and paintings depicting the practice was held in London in 1971 at the Hayward Gallery and a catalog was issued titled Tantra with an Introduction by Philip Rawson pp. 5-10 (important bibliography pp. 147-48). See also *Yin and Yang with which there are comparisons. Sanskrit. Tantric Sanskrit is a special secret language used in the rituals. Bengali. Tantrism is very strong in the Indian state of Bengal; see *Chandidas. English. Tantrism was used in the sex practices of the British order O. T. O. (Ordo Templi Orientis or Order of the Templars of the East - see the entry O. T. O. in Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology - of which, for a time, *Rudolph Steiner was a member). The sexual practices of this order alluded to the homosexual practices for which the *Christian order of Knights Templar were put to death. The magician and poet *Aleister Crowley - who had independently discovered the Tantric practices in India - was a major figure in the British order. Chinese. See l-liang Chou, T'ang tai mi tsung (Tantrism in China), Shanghai, 1996, including bibliographic references (the first part, pp. 1-122, is a translation of the author's Ph. D. thesis "Tantrism in China" in Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, vol. 8, no. 3 and 4, May 1945). Japanese. *Kukai is credited with bringing Tantrism to Japan (see Encyclopedia of Religion, in the article "Buddhism, schools of article, p. 473). Mongolian. See John Langlois, China under Mongol Rule, Princeton, 1981, pp. 318-19 (see also below under Tibetan). Nepalese: see Giuseppe Tucci, Rati-lila: An Interpretation of the Tantric Imagery of the Temples of Nepal (Geneva, 1969; trans. from Italian). Tamil: see entry in Zvelebil, Lexicon of Tamil Literature. Tibetan: see pp. 318-19 of John Langlois, China Under Mongol Rule, 1981 - "Tantric rites [conducted in China by Tibetan lamas] frequently had a strongly sexual character because sexual union between properly consecrated individuals was considered a way to enlightenment (bodhi)." These rites still continue in Tibet and in exile in India following the Chinese takeover of Tibet. Jeffrey Hopkins, The Tantric Distinction: An Introduction to Tibetan Buddhism (London, 1984), is a recent excellent survey by a translator for the Dalai Lama; no index. See also *Buddhism. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures vol. 2: see "Tantras" (dated from Bengal and as existing from 500). Hastings, Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics: see "Tantra and Tantrism". Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology: see "Tantra and *Tantric Yoga". Encyclopedia oif Religion; see "Tantra" and under "Buddhism, schools of" see "Esoteric Buddhism" (this last is a brilliant survey, including reference to secret languages); see als "Hindu Tantric Literature". Taoism (also spelt Daoism) and Taoist religion Religion from China in Chinese. From 200 B.C. Taoism means "way, method, reason" and dates from the Tao te ching (fourth or third century B. C.). It is a non dualistic religion with a huge corpus of writings. The fundamental principle is identity and merging with nature; there is no question of homosexuality or heterosexuality (simply natural behavior). Taoism is a sex positive religion. It is spelt Taoism in *Wade Giles and Daoism in *Pinyin. There was a sexual side to Taoism: see Jolan Chang, The Tao of Love and Sex, 1977 (repr.) with bibl. pp. 131-34: though heterosexually orientated, this work has homosexual applicability. Taoism was influenced by *Hindu sexuality and does not condemn homosexuality; see Nirad C. Chaudhuri, Hinduism, 1979, pp. 252-53. Compare *Yang and Yin, *Tantrism. Chinese poets of relevance: *Ruan Ji, *Su Shih, *Li Bai. Translation of the Tao te ching. English: *Arthur Waley (1934), D. C. Lau (1963), Wing-tsit Chan (1963). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, vol. 1, 90-92: see "Lao Tzu". Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature, 138-74. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion: see "Taoism". Cassell's Encyclopedia of Queer Myth, Symbol, and Spirit, 12. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1948. A Professor of Literature at Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Boston. The author of several books of poetry including From the Book of Changes, 1997. Tardieu. Eugène He translated the English poet *Alfred Douglas's Poems into French prose. The*British Library General Catalogue shows there are at least two possible writers of this name. One, a Doctor of Medicine, wrote on forensic medicine, was anti-gay and is unlikely to be this person. City from Italy where Greek was formerly spoken ca. 200 B.C. City in Apulia, southern Italy, associated with *Leonidas. See *M. Kolaitis re a poem by *Cavafy on this city known in ancient times for its love of pleasure. Songwriter from Great Britain who wrote in English. Ca. 1560-1588. An *actor who was famous for his jests and *dancing (which incorporated *bawdry poems). He is credited with Tarlton's Jests (1613, in three parts). The work was reprinted in New York, 1972, edited by J. P. Feather, with *William Kemp's Kemps Nine Daies Wonder and the *ballad "The crowe sits upon the wall", ca. 1592, credited to Tarlton. He is also credited with Tarlton's Newes out of Purgatorie (1590). The ballad "The crow sits upon the wall" - to be sung "To the tune of please one, please all" - contains all sorts of undertones and homosexuality cannot be ruled out in its general theme of doing what pleases any person. Tarlton trained the clown Richard Armin. Tarlton's Jests is a jest book. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature: noting he "led a dissipated life and died in poverty". Tarnowsky, Benjamin, also spelt Tarnovskii Historian and bibliographer from Russia who wrote in Russian. 1837-1906. Tarnowsky was a Russian doctor who worked mainly in the field of *syphilis and organized the first Russian syphilitic society, of which he was president until 1903; he died in Paris. He is the author of Pederasty in Europe, New York, 1933 (with bibl. pp. 201-233); this is mainly a medical study and the English translation is from the original Russian, which is the first study of homosexuality in Russian. The Russian version appeared in the journal Vestnik Klinicheskoy i Sudebnoi Nevropatologii, published in *St Petersburg, vol. 22 (1884); this journal is rare; a copy is in the *Library of Congress. The article has the first bibliography in Russian pp. 105-08 (most items are in French and some in German; about one tenth of the items are in Russian). The English bibliography in Pederasty in Europe is based on the first German bibliography of homosexuality in the * Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen no. 1 (1899) with some items added; this English bibliography was the first homosexual bibliography in English and has several literary items. He is also the author of The Sexual Instinct and Its Morbid Manifestations, Paris, *Carrington, 1898, which is a translation of the Russian text on homosexuality above (the 1933 New York edition cited above may be a reprinting); the work was translated into French as L'lnstint sexuel et ses manifestations morbides, Paris, Carrington, 1904, with a bibliography. Copies of both editions are in the New York Public Library. Biography: S. P. Archangel'skii, V. M. Tarnovskii, Leningrad, 1966. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Great Soviet Encyclopedia: overview of his life; his name is spelt here Tarnovskii. Poet from Iran who wrote in Persian. Active ca. 159Q. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A'in i Akbari anthology, 666 - 67 - includes a homosexual poem to "the lovely boy"; biog., 666. Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. 1544-1595. Author of the *epic Jerusalem Liberated, 1575, about freeing Jerusalem by the Christians from the Islamic holders of the city. He suffered periods of madness and was incarcerated in *Ferrara. In the section of Jerusalem Liberated called the combat of Tancredi and Clorinda Clorinda is disguised as a man. He wrote *Anacreontics and *pastoral poetry. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 305-08. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amicizia amorosa, 133: two poems, one "The Voice of Giulio Cesare Brancaccio"; biog., 131. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 148-50 (two letters showing homosexual feelings). Poet from Australia writing in English; he lives in Great Britain. Born 1952. A British gay activist involved with *Outing who has doggedly pursued gay rights. He formerly stood for parliament as a Labour Party candidate and suffered a vicious anti-gay campaign, not winning the seat. See * How Can You Write A Poem for a splendid poem relevant to *Aids; this is the only poem he has written (information from Peter Tatchell). He is also the author of Peter Tatchell, Europe in the Pink, London, 1992 a book about European law and gay rights and Safer Sexy (1994). Interview: Sydney Morning Herald, 4 March 1999, Spectrum 3s. He formed the gay group Outrage in 1990 to campaign for gay rights. Information is available from a site on the internet including a lon biography. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Critic from the United States writing in English. 1899-1979. A leading *New Critic and influential journal editor and academic who was also a poet. He was part of the *southern renaissance, especially influential in the 1950s. He was an early admirer of *Hart Crane: see Hart Crane's Letters, edited by Brom Weber, 1952, for many letters from Crane. Essays on Hart Crane are in Allen Tate's The Man of Letters in the Modern World, New York, 1955, pp. 283-98 (first published 1932-37) and pp. 295-98 (published in 1952 - discusses Crane's homosexuality and states his last love affair was with a woman). *Robert Lowell studied under him, lived in the grounds of his house, and Tate was something of a father figure to him. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Contemporary Authors, New Revision Series, vol. 5. Criticism. Martin, The Homosexual Tradition 136-37: possible *homophobia in relation to Whitman and *Hart Crane regarding his review ofThe Bridge - "your vision of American life comes from Whitman... I am unsympathetic to this tradition." Collector from Australlia of *bawdy folk songs in English, some with homosexual reference. Active 1982. In his collection The Bastard from the Bush, 1982, see "Provost Bastards" p.13, "The Health Food of a Nation" p. 15, "Puckapunyal: The Flight-Sergeant's Ball" p. 16, "Horseferry Road" p. 17, "The Balls of Sar'-Major " p. 18, "Bob Menzie's Army" p. 55 (all the preceding relate to the army or airforce), "The Shearer's Lament" pp. 19-20, "Holman's Bar" p. 21, "The Rotten Rotten Few" p. 62 (the last three are *ballads). Material dates from 1967 in recorded versions; see the notes following p. 63. Most homosexual reference in these poems is negative. Poet from Brazil who wrote in Portuguese. 1918-1942. His poems were published posthumously in 1949 titled Poemas. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poemas do amor maldito, 37; biog., 36. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1825-1978. He travelled widely and was the first American Minister to the newly formed German Empire. See "To a Persian Boy" in Poems of the Orient, 1854. Other relevant poems are *"Hylas", "Home Pastorals" and Whitmanesque poems about youths at waterholes. He has an extensive oeuvre. He was close friends with *R. H. Stoddard and *E. C. Stedman. He wrote a gay parody of *Whitman: see *Henry S. Saunders. Text: Poetical Works, 1880. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Dictionary of American Biography. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 3753-54: Poems of the Orient, Boston: Ticknor and Fields, 1855 and The Poetical Works, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1992. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 59-60: including "To a Persian Boy". Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 481. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 568-84 (including letters to Whitman). Criticism. Martin, Homosexual Tradition in American Poetry, 97-109: "appears to have been at the center of a homosexual literary circle which flourished for a period of about twenty years" (p. 106). Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1645-1729. He was a clergyman of *Puritanical background who came to *Boston in 1668 and was educated at *Harvard. He requested that his poems (which are *metaphysical in nature) not be published. They were deposited at *Yale and only published in 1937. He is now recognized as a major seventeenth century poet. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Criticism. Foster, "Beauty's Purple Flame: Some Minor American Gay Poets", Gay Books Bulletin no. 7 (1982), 15: stating his "love for *Christ takes on homoerotic tones in its intensity" and his "description of Christ's physical beauty, a Christian parallel to the Islamic *mystic poetry...has long been recognized as covert homosexual love-poetry." Poet from the United States writing in English. Born ca. 1960. A *San Francisco poet whose work is in Beyond Definition: New Writing from San Francisco (1995). He started writing from 1993 under the name Horehound Stillpoint. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gents, Bad Boys, and Barbarians, 215-19; biog., 214. Critic and historian from the United States writing in English; translator from Greek to English. Active from 1980. He is a translator of *Dinos Christianopoulos into English and is working on a book about him: for details see the Dinos Christianopoulos entry. He translated *Rebetika (Athens, 1980); see his article "The Rebetic Songs" in Maledicta 5 (1981), 25 ff. The author of "Homage to *C. P. Cavafy" in Gay Books Bulletin no. 10 (Winter 1984), 8-9 and "The Poetry of Dino 'Christianopoulos" in Gay Books Bulletin no. 12 (Spring 1985), 11-13. In the Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, pp. 501-04 he wrote "Modern Greece" with *William A. Percy. See also *Elias Petropoulos, *Yannis Ritsos, *Mary Koukoules (he translated the *bawdy poems she collected in Greek into English). Anthologist and critic in English from Great Britain. Born 1957. He compiled the anthology * Lads: Love Poetrty of the Trenches and wrote the Introduction, pp. 15-58. The Introduction constitutes one of the most subtle readings of homosexual poetry in English as does the choice of poems. The dust jacket of Lads states he is a graduate of Hull University and Birbeck College, London, and he works in the Department of Printed Books at the Imperial War Museum, London. See also *Paul Fussell. Translator from French to English. Active 1978. Translator of the French anthology * Beau Petit Ami into English. About half the poems were translated by him; see L'amour bleu, pp. 300-303, for poems and works not translated by him. Some translations were done with *Steward Lindh. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1952. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 125 - "The Performance" (*prose poem); biog., 183. - *black poet. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1991. A black poet who lives in *Los Angeles. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 126-27 - "Circle Jerks"; biog., 183-84. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1962. Author of the book of poems, The Apprentice of Fever, 1999, including a suite addressed to a lover dying of *Aids (review: Lambda Book Review, April 1999, 12-13). Gay Poetry Anthologies. The World in Us: Lesbian and Gay Poetry of the Next Wave, 319-26; biog., 372. Word of Mouth, 400-403. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1991. A *black poet who is the son of a minister of religion. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 128 - "In the Backyard for Walter"; biog., 184. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. 1906-1987. Lover of the poet *Siegfried Sassoon: see the fine life of him by *Philip Hoare, Serious Pleasures, London, 1990, pp. 130-83 (reviewed Lambda Book Report vol. 2 no. 9 [1991], 20-21); the relationship is called an "affair" on p. 130 and only ended when Sassoon married. Stephen Tennant came from a rich family, was an *aesthete who was *effeminate and had a nervous breakdown after the relationship with Sassoon broke up. He lived in the family home, Wilsford, until his death and became famous as an eccentric who spent most of his time in bed (alone). Philip Hoare's biography of him is especially fine. He also wrote poems which were privately published: Two Poems for Christmas, Nash Publications, 1960; My Brother Aquarius, Bournemouth: Nash Publications, 1961, 62 pp. and My Brother Aquarius, privately published, 1961 and Some Poems for the friends of Stephen Tennant, Nash Publications, 1962. See the bibliography in Philip Hoare's life, p. 411. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1809-1892. Tennyson's In Memoriam (1850), a 'sequence of poems forming an 'elegy for 'Arthur Hallam, a poet who died, aged twenty-two in 1833, was initially published anonymously. Hallam was an intimate friend of Tennyson and its composition followed Hallam's death in 1833; the work was largely composed in 1833-34 (a trial version was published: see the Christopher Ricks edition below). The poem was the most famous work of its time which the reviewer in The Times thought was written by a woman. It provoked a flood of letters to the newspaper when it became known the writer was a man. (The controversy may have forced 'Edward Fitzgerald to be very circumspect in his 'Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam.) The work was seized on by Queen Victoria when her husband died; she identified with the authorial "I" of the poem. The language is highly overwrought: poem thirteen refers to "The 'comrade of my choice", "The human-hearted man I loved", in poem fifty-nine he says "I loved thee... nor can/ The soul of 'Shakespeare love thee more [a thinly veiled reference to Shakespeare's Sonnets]", in poem 128 "I seem to love thee more and more" and in 129 "Dear heavenly friend thou canst not die,/ Mine, mine, for ever mine." The phrase "tis better to have loved and lost/ Than never to have loved at all" comes from poem 27 and refers to Hallam. Though Hallam is referred to as "friend", lover seems more appropriate (see 'friendship). The poem must have had a major effect on the production of 'Whitman's Leaves of Grass (1855) encouraging him in openness. The French poet 'Verlaine's elegy for 'Lucien Letinois was based on In Memoriam. The 'dramatic monologue '"Tithonus" (written in 1833) is a poem "expressing obliquely again the poets deep grief at continuing in life without Hallam'" (Lionel Trilling and Harold Bloom, Victorian Prose and Poetry, New York, 1983, p. 418). See also the dramatic monologue '"Tiresias" (1885). His Idylls of the King (1859) is based on 'King Arthur: see the sections "The Holy Grail" and "The Passing of Arthur" both of which show strong homoerotic 'male bonding. "Morte d'Arthur" in English Idylls and other poems (1842), featuring Arthur and Bedivere, was the germ of the later Arthurian work and the portrayal being highly homoerotic in the relationship of the two men. Cecil Y. Lang in Tennyson's Arthurian Psycho-drama (Tennyson Society, Lincoln, 1983), p. 1, claims Hallam was also the model for King Arthur in Idylls of the King (see also pp. 11-21). After the success of In Memoriam, Tennyson, now over forty, married and was made 'Poet Laureate. A sensitive soul who had a number of nervous breakdowns, Tennyson was very circumspect in his poetry after In Memoriam and turned to the dramatic monologue and fictional modes of poetry - strategies for concealing his feelings apparent even in Poems, 1842, his first volume. Tennyson wrote in the 'alcaic and 'sapphic metres and, as a graduate of 'Cambridge, where he was a member of the group the 'Apostles (who had many gay members), was well aware of the Latin and Greek homosexual poetry traditions (see, for instance, poem 23 of In Memoriam referring to the 'Pan trope); the influence of the dialogic tradition in 'Theocritus, 'Bion and Moschus is apparent as many sections of his poetry are in dialogue form. The use of the word idyll links his poem to the 'pastoral tradition. Text. For In Memoriam, the edition by S. Shatto and M. Shaw, 1982, collates all manuscripts (including the Trinity manuscript previously interdicted). On In Memoriam see also The Poems of Tennyson, edited by Christopher Ricks, second edition, 1987, vol. 2, pp. 304-459, pp. 304-10 on Hallam, pp. 310-11 on the manuscripts, and pp. 313-15 on the strong influence of 'Shakespeare's Sonnets. Christopher Ricks's edition of the poems in three volumes is complete. The text of Tennyson's poems in his lifetime was continuously altered; poems were omitted from the corpus at various times and texts changed (as 'Walt Whitman did with his poems and later 'W H. Auden). Biography. The biography by Tennyson's son - whom he called, significantly, Hallam - is not reliable; see *R. K. Martin for the latest effort (unfortunately guarded on sexuality). From 1982 his Letters are being published, edited by Cecil Y. Lang and Edgar Shannon. Volume One covers 1821-1850 to the publication of In Memoriam. Tennyson's grandson Hallam Tennyson (born 1921) wrote book reviews for 'Gay News; see also his The Haunted Mind, London, 1984. A recording of Tennyson reading is believed to be in existence. Criticism. See Alan Sinfield, Alfred Tennyson, Oxford, 1986, especially pp. 127-42. See also "Criticism in homosexual terms" below. Translation of In Memoriam. Translation was first put into German in 1854, then Latin in 1861. General translations of Tennyson's poems may also include In Memoriam or selections. Esperanto: A. E. Styler (1914); French: Leon Morel (ca. 1898); German: Trans, not known (1854), R. Waldmuller-Duboc [pseud, of E. Duboc] (1870), A. von Bohlen (1874), J. Feis (1899); Latin: Oswald A. Smith (1861). The *British Library General Catalogue and *National Union Catalog were checked. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 589-92. Sedgwick, Between Men, 118-133: discussion of The Princess. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1286-87. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 11053: In Memoriam, New York: Maynard, Merrill and Co., 1898. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 3765: In Memoriam, 1850. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Ioläus (1902), 169-73: In Memoriam poems 13, 18, 59, 77, 78; also referring (p.169) in Tennyson's words to "the number of shameful letters of abuse" Tennyson received about it. Iolaus (1935), 275-85. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 228-37: In Memoriam, poems 6, 7, 12, 13, 18, 22, 27, 49, 69, 78, 90, 125, 128. Reade, Sexual Heretics, 62-67: In Memoriam, poems 4, 5, 13, 18, 23, 37, 43, 61, 129, 130. Rosen, Gay Life and Gay Writers, 20. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 198-201: In Memoriam, poems 7, 9, 13, 27, 80. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 50: In Memoriam poems 129, 130; biog., 116. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 205-208: In Memoriam, sections 7, 27, 50, 81, 129 and 130). Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 268-74: In Memoriam sections 1, 5, 9, 13, 22, 23, 25, 27, 41, 126, 129 and 130. Criticism in homosexual terms. Ellis, Sexual Inversion, 339. Hirschfeld, Die Homosexualität, 671: cites Carpenter, The Intersexes, 46, 354-65. Woods, History of Gay Literature, 118-20. Poet from Italy writing in Italian. Active 1980. Bibliographies. Leggere omosessuale, item 347: a book written with *Massimo Quinto (see his entry). Teos Poet and dramatist from Italy who wrote in Latin. Ca. 190 B.C.-ca. 159 B.C. Famous comic verse dramatist whose six surviving plays are modelled on those of the Greek comedian Menander (342 B.C.-289 B. C.), whose plays survive only in fragments. He strongly influenced the European comic stage e.g., *Shakespeare. See his play The *Eunuch for references. Compare *Plautus. (On Menander see W. G. Arnott, Menander, two volumes, Cambridge, US; Loeb, 1979 and 1996.) Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary. Bibliographies. Courouve, Ces petits grecs, 41. Criticism. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1002 - only three homosexual references detected in his plays. Poet from Tunisia who wrote in Latin. Ca. 160-ca. 220. A poet from *Carthage who became converted to *Christianity, horrified at pagan excesses. The first Latin churchman. The poem in The Book of Sodom is very obscure. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Oxford Classical Dictionary: see ""Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus". Gay Poetry Anthologies. Hallam, Book of Sodom, 191-97: poem called "A Strain of Sodom" attributed to Tertullian and trans. into English. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Ca. 1880-1962. He had a number of occupations and achieved recognition in the 1930s. The *British Library General Catalogue shows he published the following volumes of poems: The Walls of Glass, London, 1934, 39 pp.; Voices in a Giant City, London, 1947, 66 pp., and Selection, London, 1958, 31 pp. In Voices in a Giant City, London, 1947 see p. 16 "The Psychiatrist's Song" ("Love; be easy, and be warm"), pp. 25-26 "The Neurotics", p. 33 "Not Love Perhaps"; there are poems about bars in the book, e.g. pp. 5-6, "Song in a Saloon Bar". Rowse, Homosexuals in History, p. 318, states he was a poet who was "tight lipped" like *William Plomer, implying he was homosexual. Biographical information: see A. C. Ward, editor, Longmans Companion to Twentieth Century Literature, second edition, 1975, 522; date of birth not given. Poet and critic from Italy who wrote in Italian. 1923-1993. He had a spectacular conversion to the Catholic church in 1970 after his mother's death and much of his later poetry is very religious. Regarded by many as one of the greatest Italian poets of the twentieth century, he came from Lombardy in northern Italy and was born in 'Milan. Homosexuality appears as a theme from his 1965 volume of poems I Trionfi (The Triumphs), which is both a homosexual and heterosexual sequence. Crocifissione, 1966, is a lone poem of theological doubts and sexual obsessions. L'amore (Love), 1968, is about the suffering of homosexuals. Nel tuo sangue (With your blood), 1973, is 'mystical in tone and features love poems to 'Jesus Christ. L'amore and Per Sempre (1970) were both written to a French man, Alain. He refused to allow any poems of his to appear in the anthology L'amicizia amorosa resulting in a blank page in the book. His 1975 preface to 'Michelangelo's Rime was the first piece of Italian criticism to sympathetically deal with the poet's homosexuality. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Italian Literature. Dictionary of Literary Biography, vol. 128: brilliant overview with important bibliography. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 105: Stadtrand [Outskirts of the town; no other details]. Leggere omosessuale, items 332-34: L'amore, Milan: Feltrineli, 1968, Nel tuo sangue, Milan: Rizzoli, 1973, Per sempre, Milan: Feltrinelli, 1970. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amicizia amorosa: biog., 209 - called "the Lomdardian 'Pasolini"; note: no poems are printed in L'amicizia amorosa as the author was not agreeable to their inclusion. Publisher in Germany of works in Greek, Latin and German from ca. 1900. A famous German series of classical authors, publishing authors in Latin, Greek, German, Italian and English. The Tuebner editions presented a standard text in the poet's language with notes in German. See *Anacreon, * Anthologia Latina, *Buonarotti, Michelangelo, *Catullus, *E. Diehl, *Goethe, *Martial, *Ovid, *Pindar, *K. Preisendanz, *H. Stadtmueller, *Theocritus, *Walt Whitman, *Douglas Young. Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. Active before 700 B.C.? A handsome youth; compare Tammuz (from whom the name seems to derive) and *Adonis, *Endymion. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amour bleu, 46 - according to legends the teacher of *Homer and a beautiful youth who had homosexual love affairs; the myth associating him with Homer may be of later origin. Poem in English from Great Britain from before 1963. The first line of a bawdy poem - stated to be "an old cradle song" - of which a stanza is quoted in London Magazine, April 1963, p. 84, in an article by Olivia Manning, "The Elevators in Fairy Town": "The elevators in fairy town/Always go up and never go down/Even the Chief of Police is queer./Whoops, my dear! Whoops, my dear!" Olivia Manning's 1969 novel The Play Room (London edition; called in the United States edition,New York, 1969, The Camperlea Girls) has major lesbian content - see Barbara Grier, The Lesbian in Literature, 1981, p. 102. Poem in Arabic. Before 1962. *Allen Edwardes, The Cradle of Erotica, 1962, p. 197, quotes the following poem which "the Arabs say" - "The penis smooth and round,/ Was made with anus for to Tit;/ It would just look like a hatchet/ Were it made for sake of slit." This may have been first noted by *Richard Burton (see also the *Allen Edwardes entry). "The wise rejoice with Ganymede" Poem apparently in Latin. Ca. 1150. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 110-11; stated to be translated by John Boswell and to be from the twelfth century Leiden manuscript. The World in Us: Lesbian and Gay Poetry of the Next Wave Anthology in English from the United States. New York: St Martin's Press, 392 pp. Compiled by *Michael Lassell and Elena Georgiou, it consists of gay male and lesbian poems. Despite the title, the poets chosen have established reputations and have appeared in previous anthologies. It represents a good cross section of poets active in the 1990s in the United States. There is an Introduction pp. xv-xxi. About the Poets, pp 359-74. Bibliography, pp. 375-80. Index of Titles, pp. 381-86 and Index of First Lines pp. 387-92. The poets are arranged alphabetically. Gay male poets (see entries): Mark Bibbins, Regie Cabico, Rafael Campo, Cyrus Cassells, Justin Chin, Jeffrey Conway, Dennis Cooper, Alfred Corn, Mark Doty, Robert Glück, Michael Klein, Wayne Koestenbaum, Michael Lassell, Timothy Liu, Jamie Manrique, J. D. McClatchy, Robert E. Penn, D. A. Powell, Reginald Shepherd, Richard Tayson, David Trinidad, Mark Wunderlich. Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. Ca. 414 B.C.-ca. 369 B.C. From *Athens, he was a friend and pupil of *Plato. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 1051. See entries for "Theaitetos" in Pauly, Wissowa, Paulys Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 132: poem in Palatine Anthology xvi 33, re Callinicus, the bed boy of the emperor. Songs and oral poems in theater and opera referring to homosexuality date from ca. 1000 in Sanskrit from India. Sanskrit. Male *transvestites with possible homosexual connotations are referred to in Sanskrit plays in verse: see *George T. Artola for references. See also *Hijras, *Kalidasa. Homosexuals probably appear in the theater in other *Indian languages. Chinese and Japanese. Chinese traditional theater provided the model for Japanese theater and both are intimately connected with homosexuality; male *actors traditionally acted female roles and sometimes were *prostitutes and sang bawdy *songs in tea houses to earn money. Chinese. Theater traditions date from at least the *Sung period. *Beijing Opera was sung and there is a long tradition of homosexuality amongst actors. See Brian Hook, editor, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of China, 1982, p. 369, pp. 373-76 and Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature, pp. 13-30: "Drama" (with bibl.). See also Colin Mackerras, The Rise of the Peking Opera 1770-1870, Oxford, 1972 (see index under "homosexuality" and "prostitution, male") and the same author's The Chinese Theatre in Modern Times, 1975, under "homosexuality" in the index and especially 72-73; see also the same author's Chinese Theatre, 1983, p. 104 (re homosexuality and youths trained as actors and actors singing songs). Japanese. Kabuki and Noh are the main forms of Japanese theater: see entries for them in the Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan. Kabuki has a long association with homosexuality and many actors were and are gay: see also *pleasure quarters (where the plays were performed). Some Noh plays included poems: see *Chikamatsu Monzaemon. The founding of Noh by Zeami (1363-1443) is believed to have sprung from the homosexual attraction of the *shogun Ashikaga Yoshimitsu for him: see the Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan entry "Homosexuality" (Zeami later married). *Richard Ronan wrote a poem "History of Kabuki". There is a Tine history of homosexuality in the Japanese theater by Masaki Domoto, published in Tokyo in 1976; it was entitled Danshoku engeki shi (see Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, item 1152). References. Schalow, The Great Mirror of Male Love, 10-11, re a poem by *Narihira; 34-42. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 450-52. English. See *Shakespeare, *Ben Jonson, *Beaumont and *Fletcher, *Actors. References. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 25-29: re boy players who acted female parts for which *Shakespeare especially wrote some parts in plays (see Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 113-14). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality: "Theater and Drama". City in Greece where Greek was and is spoken. From 600 B.C. *Laius was traditionally the founder of the city (see also *Chrysippus); the poet *Pindar was said to have come from Thebes. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1303-04. Gay Histories and Cultures. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Iolaus (1902), 21-22. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active 1973. Bibliographies. Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen, items 1055-56: Sperritz, Cologne: Palmenpresse, 1973 (drawings by Berndt Höppner) and Blaue Flecken, Reinbek bei, Hbg.: Rowohlt, 1976 (first printing 1974) - with drawings by Berndt Höppner. Poet from Italy who wrote in Greek; he later lived in Egypt. Ca. 300 B.C.-ca. 260 B.C. Theocritus, who is thought to have lived in *Alexandria and come from *Sicily, is the author of thirty idylls - *pastoral poems (which are poems set in the countryside where shepherds converse). They were first published in 1480 (Idylls 1-18) and 1495 (Idylls 1-28) by *Aldus Manutius, with Latin translations from 1500 and combined Greek and Latin editions from 1530. (The large number of editions in the * National Union Catalog reveal he was very popular, especially in Latin.) His thirty idylls are set in the Sicilian countryside and homosexual love is treated as equal to heterosexual in them. Some of the poems are examples of *forgery (poems by other poets ascribed to Theocritus) as could be expected of a poet with a long *manuscript tradition. Homosexual idylls are interspersed among the body of heterosexual ones. For homosexual reference, see 5, 7 (important), 12, 13, 23. "Idyll 11", though heterosexual, was the basis for Virgil's homosexual "Second Eclogue Two". Most of the idylls consist of dialogues between shepherds; these dialogues have strong homoerotic undertones. "Idylls 5 and 7" are especially important; "Idyll 12" is a gay love poem; "Idyll 13" refers to the *Hylas story; and "Idyll 23" is about homosexual unrequited love. Gay *tropes or tropes with gay reference occur throughout: such as *Daphnis ("Idyll 1"), *flowers ("Idyll 5"), *Ganymede ("Idyll 20"), *Eros ("Idyll 23"). Theocritus's influence on European *pastoral poets has been enormous in two ways: through his Latin disciple *Virgil - whose "Second Eclogue" is an imitation of Theocritus - and through direct translation, initially into Latin then into the European vernacular languages - see *Pastoral poems. The Latin translations have had specially wide currency. The National Union Catalog entry shows that he was frequently published along with *Bion and *Moschus, two other Pastoral (or * Bucolic) poets. Text. See J. M. Edmonds, Greek Bucolic Poets, Cambridge, MA, Loeb, 1912 (repr.). He states, p. xxiv, that he relies on the text of Ahrens and Ziegler and owes much to *Wilamowitz- Moellendorff (see editions below). See also the bibliographical note, pp. xxvii-viii, re earlier editions and critics. Editions. Earlier editors include Callierges Zacchias (1516; repr.), T. Warton (1770) and *Richard F. P. Brunck (1810), J. A. Jacobs (1824), Augustua Meinecke (1825; the German Tuebner edition), *H. L. Ahrens (1855; repr. - Teubner edition with Latin notes; an important edition), A. T. A. Fritsche (Leipzig, 1870; repr. - Teubner edition, with Latin notes; important edition), Ziegler (1879; important edition with Latin notes). Many editions listed in the National Union Catalog are, however, anonymous. See the Ahrens entry for collation of earlier editions. Besides Edmonds' edition, there have been important modern editions by *Wilamowitz-Möllendorff, R. J. Cholmeley (1900; second edition 1919 [repr.] - with commentary), *C. Legrand, *A. S. F. Gow and *Harold Beckby. See also the translations listed below, especially the Latin translators, for earlier editors, since most Latin translators compiled editions. Criticism. Consult commentaries in editions (usually, in earlier editions, in Latin); for twentieth century commentators see *A. S. F. Gow, *David Halperin, *Pastoral poems. On "Idyll 13" see Donald J. Mastronarde, "Theocritus' 'Idyll 13': Love and the Hero", Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association 99 (1968), 273-90. For recent work see T. Gwinup and F. Dickinson, Greek and Roman Authors, 1986, 246-48. See also "Criticism in homosexual terms" below. An adequate gay reading of Theocritus has still not been attempted. Translation. Theocritus was translated first into Latin in 1500 and then into European vernacular languages - English in 1588, Dutch in 1659, French in 1686, Italian in 1717. Many translations appear in the National Union Catalog and the * British Library General Catalogue only once; emphasis here is on those reprinted. French translations were especially popular in the period 1880-1900 (see *eighteen-nineties). Theocritus was, as the many translations in English, French, Italian and Latin reveal, immensely popular and continues to be so. Catalan: A. Masiera Colomer (1921). Dutch: L. Boorman (1659), *L. Couperus (1973 - "Second Idyll," 12 pp. only). English: Theocritus is the earliest ancient Greek homopoet translated into English: in 1588. He has been continuously popular since then. One of the best and most accurate translations is *Daryl Hine's. Translations include: * Sixe Idyllia (1588 - the title comes from the unique copy in the Bodleian Library, Oxford; repr.) *T. Creech (Oxford,1684; repr.), F. Fawkes (1767; repr.), Rev. Richard Polwhele ( 1786; frequently repr.), *M. J. Chapman (1836; frequently repr.). *A. Lang - in prose (1880; repr.), *C. S. Calverley (1869; repr.) - see * Love in Idleness (1883), J. H. Hallard (1894; repr.), Various translators (1905 - Boston Bibliophile society), A. S. Way (1913), C. Trevelyan (1925), Jack Lindsay (1929), *S. Matthewman (1929 - "Idyll 13"), H. H. Chamberlain (1936), *A. S. F. Gow (1950; repr. 1952), W. Douglas P. Hill: The Idylls of Theocritus (*Eton, 1959), *Barriss Mills (1963; repr.), *Anthony Holden (1974), Anna Rist (ca. 1978), Thelma Sargent (1982), *Daryl Hine (1982), Robert Wells: The Idylls of Theocritus (New York and Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin Books, 1988). See R. T. Kerlin, Theocritus in English Literature, Lynchburh, Virginia, 1910. French. Many translations exist. H B. de R. Longepierre (1686; repr.), M. P. de Chabanon (1777), J. B. Gail (1792; repr.), J.-L. Geoffroy (1799), F. Didot (1833), L. Regnier (1847; repr.), *Leconte de Lisle (1861; repr.), G. Beau (1884), J. A. Guillet (1884), J. Girard (1888), M. L. Renier (1894), R. Pessoneaux (1895), C. Barbier (1899), D. Seners (1913), G. Soulades (1923), P. E. Legrand (1925; repr.), P. Desjardins (1927), E. Chambry (1931; repr.). German: S. H. Lieberkuehn (1757), J. G. S. Schwabe (1770), F. L. Karl von Finchenstein (1789), J. H. Voss (no date; repr. 1808; repr.), *E. Mörike and F. Notter (1855), A. Eberz (1858), J. A. Hartung (1858), *D. Ebner (1973), *H. Beckby (1975), D. Ebner (1973), H. G. Schnur (1975). Greek. Modern: loannes Polemes (1911; 1925), N. Doukas (1939). Hungarian: Guzmics Iszidor (1824). Italian. Many translators: A. M. Salvini (Venice, 1717; repr.), D. Regolotti (Torino, 1728; repr.), Abate Regnier Desmarais (Arezzo, 1754), Cesare Gaetani della Torre (1776), L. A. Pagnini [in religion G. M. Pagnini] (1780; repr.), G. B. Vicini (Venice, 1781), L. Lanzi (1817), G. M. Calvino (Trapani,1830), G. Borghi (1865), Trans. not known, Idili (Faenze,1868), N. Camerda (Palermo, 1868), G. Bertini (Naples, 1876-78), G. Zanella (1886), A. Cipollini (1887), Trans, not known (1916), V. Pisani (1946). Latin. Many translators including: *J. Camerarius (1500; repr.), N. de Valle (1500), H. Eobanus Hessus (1531; repr. - in prose), *H. Stephanus (pseud. of *H. Estienne) (1579; repr.), J. Crespin? (1584; repr.), *J. Scaliger and I. Casaubon (1596; repr.), J. Lectius? (1606), R. Winterton? (1635), D. Whitford (1655 - in verse), Richard West (1699; repr.), *J. J. Reiske (1765-66), E. Hessus (1779; repr.), L. A. Pagnini (1795; repr. - see National Union Catalog), B. Zamabna (1792), *J. B. Gail (1792; repr.), J. G. Kiessling? (1819; repr.), T. Briggs (1821). Polish: Artur Sandauer (1953), A. Swiderkowna (ca. 1953). Russian: Egor Sferin (1808), M. E. Graddar?-Passek (1958; this name is unclear from sources). Spanish: J. A. Conde (1796), I. Montes de Oca y Obregon (1877; repr). Swedish: A. J. Sjoestrom (1830-33), E. Lagerhof (1929). Turkish: Ceviran Suat Sinanoglu (1949). This entry was compiled after consulting the *British Library General Catalogue, National Union Catalog and Library of Congress Computer Catalog; for translations after 1967 consult the *Library of Congress Computer Catalog and other computer catalogues for a more complete listing. Theocritus is included in all anthologies containing ancient Greek poets and these anthologies provide some of the most accessible translations in the languages. See also catalogs of old European libraries for rare printings. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 1054. Consult also Pauly, Wissowa, Paulys Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 70-71. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1304-05. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Murray, Catalogue of Selected Books, item 80: re trans. by *J. H. Hallard. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 105: poems "Kamst du geliebter Jüngling?" and "Weh diesem krankhaft unglückselgen Triebe..." [no other details]. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, item 506: re *H. Fuchs. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 11054: The Idylls of Theocritus in English Verse, Windsor: Shakespeare Head Press, 1959, trans. by W. Douglas P. Hill. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 3772-73: Idylls, Lafayette, IND: Purdue University Press, 1963, (with *Bion and *Moschus) and The Greek Bucolic Poets, London: Heinemann, Loeb Classical Library, [no date]. Courouve, Ces petits grecs, 41: re "Idylls 5, 12, 13, 19, 29, 30 and "Epigram 17" (on a statue of *Anacreon). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: Die Männerliebe der Griechen, 126-29: *"Idyll 7"; 136-41: "Idylls 12, 23 and 29" (trans. into German by *Hössli?). Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 34-35. Ioläus (1902), 81-85: "Idylls 12 and 29". Men and Boys, 11. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 21-23, 71-73: "Idylls 13 and 23". L'amour bleu, 32-34. Hidden Heritage, 83-85: "Idylls 12 and 29" (also citing "Idylls 7, 13 and 30"). Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 75-78: "Idylls 23 and 26", trans. *T. Creech, 1684. Les Amours masculines, 40. Andere Lieben, 23-28. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 128-30: "Idylls 13 and 29" complete and with an extract from "Idyll 30". "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen", 20-25. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 23-28: "Idylls 6, 12, 29 and 30". Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 3-5: "Idyll 23" trans. *Thomas Creech. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 39-40. Criticism in homosexual terms. Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 8 (1906), 660-72. Brandt, Sittengeschichte griechenlands, volume 2, 188-90. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 474-76: mentioning a long epic poem about *Hercules and *Hylas. Buffiere, Eros adolescent, 279-91. Poet from Greece writing in Greek. Active from 1976. See Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 503: a contemporary poet. He was the founder of the Greek *journal Amphi for which he wrote many essays and was a friend of *Foucault and Lacan. The *New York Public Library holds his Ho Kaiadas-chroniko mias poliorkias, Athens, 1976. See also *Nikos Spanias. Theognidea, also called Pseudo-Theognis Anthology in Greek from Greece. The poems date from 700 B.C. to 460 B.C. The term Theognidea refers to the corpus of poems in various manuscripts ascribed by convention to *Theognis; poems by several other named poets are also included: *Evenus, *Mimnermus, *Tyrtaeus, *Solon. However, not all the poets are known. See the Theognis entry for a full discussion of the complex textual problems. Greek poet from Greece. Apparently active ca. 544 B.C. Theognis was an aristocrat who lived in *Megara in east central Greece but who lost his land and was exiled from his city. He was, it seems, active as a poet writing 544-541 B.C. He addressed many love poems in the so-called Book 2 of his oeuvre to the young man *Kurnus; love poems are also addressed to other males. Some 1389 lines ascribed to him survive in *elegaic meter, not all by him, in two books. The two books are called by convention Book One and Book Two, corresponding with a division in the Mutinensis manuscript, the major surviving manuscript (first published in 1815). Text. His * editio princeps was in 1495/96 by *Aldus Manutius, *Venice, possibly edited by *Janus Lascaris in the opinion of *Douglas Young (perhaps the greatest twentieth century expert on the poet). The tenth century Mutinensis manuscript, the major surviving manuscript, is in the *Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris (Supplement Grec 388, folios 46-75). This - the only manuscript containing the text of Book 2 (lines 1231-1389) - also contains Latin interlinear translations (see *J. M. Edmonds). There has been great debate among Greek scholars as to whether all - or even the majority - of the poems in the Mutinensis manuscript or other surviving manuscripts and fragments (see below under Finding Manuscripts) are by Theognis. The corpus of poems associated with the poet, sometimes called the * Theognidea, is usually now accepted as extending over a period 700-460 B.C. (see the Trypanis, Greek Poetry, reference below in Criticism) but could be later: as Frankel notes (Frankel, Early Greek Poetry 401), "a tidy division into genuine Theognis and forgery is not possible". If this is the case, the work of Theognis as it survives is clearly an anthology and the first known gay anthology. (See Martin L. West, Studies in Greek Elegy and Iambus, 1974, 40-71, for recent discussion.) The Mutinensis manuscript contains in Book 1, lines 1-1230, homosexual poems by *Evenus, *Tyrtaeus, *Mimnermus, and *Solon and is a gay anthology in any case (called Theognidea here). Both Books 1 and 2 are *pederastic in tone (see * paiderastia). Book 2 is openly homosexual; hence the significance of its first publication in 1815 which verified Theognis as a much stronger homosexual poet than before. Book 1 consists of much good advice to Kurnus and the poems are homosexual only by implication; it was used as a text in schools. The trope of *Eros in a homosexual sense occurs in Book 2, lines 1231-34 and later in Book 2. Frankel defines the Theognis collection - perhaps the best way of describing the Muteninsis manuscript - as "a loosely connected sequence of poems or sayings in elegaic metre" (op. cit., 401). Whether totally composed by Theognis or not, it was almost certainly a *song book for use in a *symposium, possibly compiled ca. 460 B. C. in Athens, as *C. M. Bowra suggests, but from material dating much earlier and handed down by oral tradition - and including poems by Theognis. The question of whether Theognis wrote the majority of the poems in the surviving Theognis corpus or even identifying which ones he wrote can probably never be answered. The Theognis corpus also attests to a gay indentity in ancient Greece. Textual Criticism. The heated debate as to whether the poems of Theognis as we have them in the Mutinensis manuscript consist of a small corpus of genuine Theognis poems with other poems added to it (the separatist view) or whether the whole is meant as a complete work by a single poet (the unitarian view) has divided scholars. The unitarian view is the view taken in 1964 by Douglas Young, the greatest twentieth century scholar of Theognis. Irrespective of this, it seems irrefutable that a poet called Theognis did exist and that some poems in imitation of him very probably have been added to his basic corpus; he, in turn, appears to have imitated earlier poets. In 1902 E. Harrison published a vigorous defence of the unity of the corpus. For the separatist case, the now accepted view, see C. M. Bowra, Early Greek Elegists, 1938, 139-70 and *J. M. Edmonds below. The Theognis text presents similar problems to *Anacreon and the * Anacreontea and sets the pattern for Greek gay *anthologies until the * Mousa Paidike: they were all song books of a similar nature for use in symposia in which the works of various poets were collected (and which were sometimes added to by other poets after compilation). The Theognis text also presents the same problems as arise with the Persian poet *Omar Khayyam's Rubaiyat. Editions. Douglas Young, editor, Theognis, second edition, Leipzig, 1971 page xxxi lists recent editors: *Richard Brunck, E. Harrison, T. Hudson-Williams, *J. M. Edmonds, *J. Carrière, S. G. Korres, *A. Grazya, *F. R. Adrados, B. van Groningen, *D. A. Campbell (with English translation), *M. Vetta. Young's edition is the most reliable since it is based on some 55 manuscripts or fragments (many located in the twentieth century); excellent bibl. xxi-xxix; with an introduction in Latin and an index of words. *J. M. Edmonds edited the Loeb edition in Elegy and Iambus, 1931. The text of Theognis Book I is not complete and it seems much has been *lost. For earlier editions consult the Theognis entries in the * National Union Catalog and * British Library General Catalogue, entries in the catalogues of European libraries and old Universities where Greek and Latin were taught (e.g., *Paris, *Bologna, *Salamanca, *Oxford, *Cambridge) and also the bibliographies in the editions referred to above. Not all editions may have come to the notice of editors. As Book Two, with the overt homosexual poems, was only published in *Leipzig in 1815 by *Immanuel Bekker only editions published after this date are relevant for it. Finding manuscripts of the poet. Douglas Young has written a brilliantly entertaining book, published in 1949, on searching for the manuscripts of Theognis, of which he located 43 (mostly fragments) in Europe. In an article collating the manuscripts in 1953 this total extended to 45 (see his entry); and by 1961, 55 manuscripts were known to him. As Young's search showed, there is much work to be done on the location of manuscripts and editing of Theognis despite four hundred years of editing since the *Renaissance. For early mechanically printed editions consult Brunet, Manuel du libraire, which has brief discussion of the editions 1495-1578 (that is before the discovery of Book 2). For an early annotated edition of 1543 owned and annotated by a *Humanist see *Georg Tanner. See also *Dionysus. Criticism. This has been enormous and wide-ranging. For a list of articles and books, including reviews of editions and replies, see Douglas Young's edition, xxi-xxvi; see also the British Library General Catalogue entry. *Thomas J. Figueira and *G. Nagy, editors, have published Poetry and the Polis, London and Baltimore, 1985, on Theognis; this is perhaps the most brilliant book so far on the relationship of a gay poet to his culture (certainly the most brilliant book in relation to an ancient Greek poet); it has an excellent bibliography pp. 309-21. However a gay reading has still not been attempted. John Addington Symonds, Studies in the Greek Poets, New York, 1901, vol. 1, 257-73 is a rather coy discussion. See also "Criticism in homosexual terms" below. Commentaries. See Douglas Young's edition above, xxi. Commentaries exist in most editions (in the earlier editions written in Latin). Translation. Theognis was first translated into Latin ca. 1200 in the Mutinensis manuscript which has interlinear Latin glosses; he appeared in print in Latin in 1543. Latin versions were very popular from 1543 on until 1800. Note that Book Two - the openly *pederastic section, only surviving in the Mutinensis manuscript - was only published in 1815 by Immanuel Bekker so translations after 1815 are especially important; Book One is homosexual only by implication. The National Union Catalog,*British Library General Catalogue and *Library of Congress Computer Catalog were checked. Many entry cards give only scanty details, and in many cases - with regard to Latin/Greek entries and Latin entries - the title pages do not make it clear as to whether a Latin translation is included or whether the Latin part of the book is a commentary on the poems or a translation (this is largely due to many cards being compiled manually in the nineteenth century). It is probable there are more Latin translations. Entry in the National Union Catalog is alphabetical by title, complicating consultation. The British Library General Catalogue entry is clearer for translation purposes since, after editions in Greek, editions in other languages are listed, alphabetically by language. Some translations, first published anonymously, have subsequently been published under the real name. Note also the use of *pseudonyms by the Latin translators and the fact that several translators are not known to the National Union Catalog editors. Both the National Union Catalog and British Library General Catalogue entries show many rare printings and anonymous translators. Danish: Meisling (1831). English: J. H. Frere (1842; repr), Rev. J. Banks (1866 in his Works, London, 1866 - in prose, with the metrical translation of *Frere), *Dorothes Wender (Penguin, 1973; very good translation and excellent introduction). French: M. Levesque (1782), M. L. Coupé (1796), H. J. G. Patin (1892), J. Carrière (1948; revised edition 1962,1975). German: *W. E. Weber (1826; repr. 1834), *G. Thudicum (1828), (1834), *W. Binder (1859; repr.). Italian: Trans, not known (1765), A. M. Bandini (1766), *A. Garzya (1955), *M. Vetta (1980; Book 2 only). Latin: in the earliest manuscript, the Mutinensis (1100 or 1300), Anononymous trans.? (1543), *J. Schegkius (pseud. of *J. Degen) (1550; repr.), *E. Vinet (ca. 1550; repr.), Tholingerus Talmessingensus [pseud.?] (1558), Michael Neander (1559; repr), *P. Melanchthon (1561), H. Osio (1563; part trans. by him), Anonymous trans.? (1568), *J. Degen (real name of J. Schegkius [pseud.]) (1579), C. Barthius - possible trans. (1612), Anonymous (Oxford, Blackwell, 1706), Trans. not known (Basil, ca. 1761), Trans, not known (Florence, 1765), A. M. Bandini (Florence, 1766), H. Grotius (1784), i. Bekker (1827). Spanish: *F. R. Adrados (1959), Maria M. Carosi and Elena L. Nailis (1968). Many of the above translators also published simultaneously an edition of the Greek text. As Book 1 is an anthology - containing the poems of four other poets - and Book 2 is widely considered an anthology by many critics, all the translations above must be considered as anthologies. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 1056-57: stating he wrote 544-ca. 541B.C., written by *C M Bowra, and a brilliant concise introduction to the complex problems of this poet and the poems associated with him; Bowra suggests the Theognis text is "a collection of * skolia intended for use of singers who had to cap one song with another on a similar subject" which was "composed in *Athens in the fifth century" and is "a song-book'". Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 105: Versch. Gedichte [Selected Poems; no other details]. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, item 11055: Elegy and Iambus [no publishing details]. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 3774: The Works of Hesiod, Callimachus and Theognis..., London: Bohn's Classical LIbrary, 1856. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 21. Ioläus (1902), 74-75: trans. by *Lowes Dickinson. Men and Boys, 7. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 35-36: trans. F. L. Lucas. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 55. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 123-24; 114 (biog. note). "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen", 17-18. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 13-21; states of the poems in Part 2: "Although they purport to be by Theognis many were composed by other poets" (p. 13). Criticism in homosexual terms. Symonds, A Problem in Greek Ethics, 22-24. Buffière, Eros adolescent, 267-77. Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 8 (1906), 628-30. Brandt, Sittengeschichte griechenlands, volume 2, 184. Brandt, Sittengeschichte griechenlands, volume 3, 234-35. Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 468-69. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 11. Dover, Greek Homosexuality, 9-10. Buffière, Eros adolescent, 267-77. Frankel, Early Greek Poetry, 132: the only poet, apart from *Homer, to survive in any detail to 500BC; 401-25 - important discussion. Trypanis, Greek Poetry, 90-91 : an excellent introduction. Courouve, Ces petits grecs, 42. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1305: stating 158 poems deal with boy-love; see also volume 1, 497. Theosophy, Theosophic philosophy and Theosophists Philosophical and religious movement in English and other *European languages and *Indian languages in India. From 1875. Theosophy is a religious philosophy with mystical concerns, emphasising the occult and esoteric doctrine. Belief in the brotherhood of man and comparison of religions were central and there was a strong subconscious homoerotic element. Inscribed on the meeting hall at the headquarters in Madras are the words "There is no religion higher than truth." The word theosophy combines the Greek words for "god" and "knowledge". The founding of the Theosophical Society in *New York in 1875 by Helene Blavatsky is regarded as the beginnings of the movement. Her works Isis Unveiled (1877), and The Secret Doctrine (1888), are two key works; see also the works of Annie Besant who became the leader from 1907 to 1933 and wrote extensively; she was famous for her remark that "Theosophy has no code of morals being itself the embodiment of the highest morality". Annie Besant remained a loyal supporter of *Charles Leadbeater when he was persecuted for homosexuality in India. The movement has links with *Neoplatonism, idealism, *Buddhism and *Hinduism as well as *Christianity. Theosophy comes from the Greek words for "god" and "knowledge". *Androgyny also figured in the religion. The strongly handsome *Krishnamurti (born 1895) became a focus for homosexuals in the movement (which did not stigmatize homosexuality so its meeting places became a place where homosexuals could be accepted). His beauty also made him attractive to women. Rudolph Steiner split from the Society in 1912 after a disagreement with Annie Besant over whether Krishnamurti was the reincarnated Jesus Christ, which Annie Besant believed he was. The headquarters are at Adyar in the southern part of Madras, on the east coast of southern India. See Joy Dixon, "Sexology and the Occult: Sexuality and Subjectivity in Theosophy's New Age" in Journal of the History of Sexuality, 1997, vol. 7 no. 3, 409-23. See *C. W. Leadbeater, *J. I. Wedgwood who were prominent members. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Lover from Greece relating to works in Greek. Lover of *Pindar (active 498-438 B.C.). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Ioläus (1902), 77-78. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 125. Figures from myth from Greece in Greek and later English. From 300 B.C. Theseus and Pirithous are, like *Orestes and Pylades, examples of homosexual lovers, perfect friends. Greek: see the Xenophon reference in Sergent below. English: see *Edmund Spenser. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary. Criticism. Buffière, Eros adolescent, 374-75. Sergent, Homosexuality in Greek Myth, 250: re *Xenophon viii, 31. Thessaloniki, sometimes called Thessalonica City in Greece where Greek is spoken. Material of relevance dates from ca. 40. It is the largest city in Greece after Athens and is situated in the north east, adjacent to the peninsula on which the *Mount Athos monastic community is situated. The city was associated with *Philip of Thessalonica and Saint *Paul wrote an epistle to convert it to Christianity. The modern gay poet *Dinos Christianopoulos lives in the city and has written books on its history. It is usually called in English Thessalonica. The bawdy poem *"King Cyrus" (1971) was recorded by students of Thessaloniki University. "They're changing sex at Buckingham Palace" Poem in English from Great Britain. Before 1997 and possibly as early as 1970. "They're changing sex at Buckingham Palace/Philip Mountbatten is now called Alice." The poem is a parody of the work of A. A. Milne and has been attributed to David Carritt (see Susannah Clapp, With Chatwin, 1997, pp. 111-112). Philip Mountbatten, the Duke of Edinburgh, is the husband of Queen Elizabeth II of Great Britain and other realms. Poet from France who wrote in French. 1201-1253. *Troubadour poet. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Criticism. *Herelle manuscript 3188, folios 357-58 (homosexual reference not stated); he is compared to *Rhianos and *Meleager and lines are quoted beginning "J'aloie, l'autre ier, errant sans compaignon" (regarding hearing the voice of a beautiful youth of fifteen). Poet from Canada writing in French. Active 1976. Bibliographies. Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (1984): book Messieurs, Mes Amours, Montreal, 1976; notes he used the pseudonym Vaughan and the book was possibly published under this name. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active 1992. Book of poems: Der Kaiser und der Photograph, 1992, 125 pp. - two poems in German. One, "Tiberius *Capri ", on Tiberius and his friend, and the second, "Sejan and Photograph (1856-1931)" on the gay photographer von Gloeden. Editor possibly from Germany of works in Greek. Born 1913. Compiler of *Christ in Early Christian Greek Poetry: An Anthology, Leiden: Brill, 1972, 51 pp. Historian from Great Britain writing in English. 1795-1875. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Ioläus (1902), 44-45: re homosexual friendships in Greece. Hidden Heritage, 62: discussion of *friendship in Greek culture and *Homer from his History of Greece. "This is not the thing: or molly exalted" Poem in English from Great Britain. 1763. A *broadside *ballad about a sodomite who has been pilloried (illustrated with an engraving of the man in the pillory). To be sung to the tune "Ye Commons and Peers". It is dated 1763 and is reproduced in Peter Wagner, Eros Revived, 1988, p. 38. Poet from the United States who wrote in English; he is believed to have lived in France in later life. Active 1931. An American writer who seemingly lived in *Paris. He published Green Death, Ritchey Printing Company, *Los Angeles, 1945, 21 pages; rare - a copy was sighted in the *New York State University, Buffalo, Poetry Collection. This collection also holds The Promised Land, Paris: Nine Rue Vavin, ca.1960, an illustrated poem, about 40 pp., edition of 100 (ex collection *William Carlos Williams). Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 3778-79: Green Chaos, Fontenay-aux-Roses: New Review Editions, 1931 (highly rated by *Ian Young). [Rare; a copy of this work is in the State University of New York Poetry Collection; it shows the influence of *Cocteau - see p. 31 of the book.] Criticism. Smith, Love in Earnest, 253 (bibl.): describes Green Chaos - states it includes a drawing by Emlen Pope Etting; 33 pages, published in an edition of 100 copies and bound in *green suede. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1914-1953. A *Welsh poet whose first book appeared in 1934 and had *surrealist elements and the language of James Joyce. He was an alcoholic and literally drank himself to death at a bar in New York. Photographs of him early in life are particularly striking. He married Caitlin Macnamara in 1937 and has been the subject of a cult, especially in Wales. *Oswell Blakeston made the claim that he and Thomas were lovers in *London: see Gay News no. 256 (December 83/ January 83), p. 12. See also Dylan Thomas, Collected Letters, edited by Paul Ferris, 1985, p. 215 (letter to Blakeston) where this is repeated and it is also stated Blakeston's friend Max Chapman also had a sexual encounter with Thomas. With John Davenport he wrote The Death of the King's Canary, 1976 (repr. Penguin 1985), a *satire on the literary world of the 1930s (including *Auden and *Spender). His poems have *Freudian undertones. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Poet from Great Britain writing in English who lives in the United States; he apparently was born in Jamaica. Born ca. 1975. He is of Jamaican nationality. His name is spelt without capitals. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gents, Bad Boys, and Barbarians, 221-25 ; biog., 220. Poet possibly from the United States? writing in English. Active 1978. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 3782: Walking the Waters, Momentum Press, 1978. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1878-1917. Educated at Oxford which he entered in 1897, he was a friend of the *Georgian poets and regarded as one of them. All his poetry was written between 1914-17 and he is usually regarded as a *pastoral poet. He died in the First World War. Lovers in his poems are frequently non gender specific (e.g., in "It Rains"). He was strongly influenced by *A. E. Housman, *Thomas Hardy and *Robert Frost. Thomas was a depressive who had unhappily married, even threatening suicide and threatening to kill his wife with a revolver; but he could not bring himself to separate from her. Robert Frost met him in 1913 and encouraged him to write poetry. The relationship of Thomas and Frost is discussed in Lawrance Thompson, Robert Frost: The Early Years (1966), pp. 461-68. There can be little doubt it contained a sublimated homosexual element which Thompson hints at: 'When first their almost identically light-blue eyes met, each may have felt that he saw himself mirrored" (p. 464). Helen Thomas, his wife said of Frost: "He believed in David and loved him, understanding, as no man had ever understood, his strange complex temperament" (quoted in Thompson, ibid., p. 468). Thomas was utterly repelled by *Whitman whom he believed to be "an added fiend to Hell" (Thompson, ibid., p. 462); but granted his strange temperament and Puritanical upbringing (Thompson, ibid., p. 461), this may have been because he recognized in Whitman a side of his nature he wished to suppress. Collected Poems, 1978. For an overview of his career see Perkins, History of Modern Poetry, volume 2, pp. 217-20. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 63-64,199 (may not be the complete text); biog., 244. Poet from the Netherlands writing in Dutch. Born 1961. Gay Poetry Anthologies. David heeft ook een achterkant, 51 ; biog 61. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Active 1917. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 151-52 - "From Ten Years Later" ("I found in Hell/ That love of man for men - a love more true/ Than women tell/ Since love began") re the strong *male bonding between soldiers; biog., 244 - educated at *Oxford, an officer in the First World War, two books of poems. Thompson, Dunstan Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 11057-58: Lament for the Sleepwalker, New York: Dodd Mead, 1947; Poems, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1943. Young, Male Homosexual in LIterature, second edition, items 3787-88: same books; Lament for the Sleepwalker highly rated. Translator from Persian to English from Great Britain. Active 1906. Translator of The Complete Rubaiyat of *Omar Khayyam, London, 1906 (repr. Melbourne, 1990) from Persian to English; it contains 815 quatrains, many now regarded as highly problematical. This translation claimed to translate all quatrains attributed to Omar Khayyam. See quatrains 717, 727-29 for homosexuality. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1859-1907. Author of poems portraying sordid aspects of city life and showing the influence of *Baudelaire. Suspected of homosexual tendencies, but possibly asexual. He became an alcoholic. There was a Francis Thompson society in Great Britain from ca. 1960 which later bacame the *Eighteen Nineties Society. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1991. The real name of *Abba Elethea (pseud.), a *black poet. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us: biog., 175. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1986. Gay Poetry Anthologies. In the Life , 125-26 - poem about *prostitution; biog., 253-54 - a *black *New York poet. Poet and diary writer from Great Britain who wrote in English; he later lived in India. 1909-1949. A poet who lived mainly in India finally becoming a librarian and writer in residence at Rajghat School in Benares; he left a diary expressing *pedophile feelings and wrote some poems on this subject. For information on him Geraci, Dares to Speak, pp. 148-63; poem "The Child" p. 163. For an introduction to his life and further reading of works by him see Lewis Thompson, Mirror to the light: Reflections on consciousness and experience, edited by Richard Lannoy (London, 1984). Poet from New Zealand writing in English. Active 1974. Born in Auckland he was head prefect at Avondale College in 1991 and subsequently slept with another Avondale head boy. Gay Poetry Anthologies. When Two Men Embrace, 37-39; biog., 49. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1700-1848. A *pastoral poet famous for The Seasons, 1726-30. See "A Pastoral between Thirsis and Corydon", "Upon the Death of Damon", in Poetical Works, London, 1862, pp. 149-51; an *elegiac poem with homoerotic overtones. Unmarried, he also travelled in France and Italy. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Born before 1935. Gay Poetry Anthologies. loläus (1935), 274: poem "On the Death of a Particular Friend" beginning "As those we love decay". It has not been possible to find this poem and it may be by 'James Thomson who lived 1700-48. It could also be by James Thomson (1834-82) author of The City of Dreadful Night, 1880, a long sequence which influenced the mood of ' fin de siècle poetic pessimism; he was a close friend of Charles Bradlaugh, an advocate of free thought, and later became an alcoholic. The name James Thomson is a common name and could even refer to someone else. Poet from Canada writing in English. Active 1977. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Larkspur and Lad's Love. Poet and diarist from the United States who wrote in English; translator from Greek to English. 1817-1862. A *New England *Transcendentalist who was widely read. He was influenced by the British *Romantic poets (such as *Wordsworth and *Coleridge) and by Indian philosophy, such as the * Upanishads. He lived in the home of Emerson from 1841 and formed a close friendship with him; they are both exemplars of the New England tradition of non conformity from which in turn *Walt Whitman and *Herman Melville also emerge. Famous for his philosophy of independence and self reliance, he lived for two years alone on Walden pond 1845-47 in a hut he built himself on land owned by Emerson. His journals, including Walden (1854), describing his year on Walden pond, are masterpieces of United States prose, especially in their descriptions of nature. He met Whitman, whose poetry he admired, in New York in 1856. His poems express homosexual sentiments but clearly his sexuality is deeply repressed in keeping with his New England puritanical upbringing. He was also deeply narcissistic. Walter Harding, "Thoreau's Sexuality", Journal of Homosexuality vol. 20 no. 3 (1991), 2345, states Thoreau showed no interest in women, his affectional relationships were with men and there is no evidence of his being active homosexually. The poems cited in Anthologies below are relevant. Compare *Beats. Thoreau translated *Anacreon from Greek (including gay love poems to *Bathylus) published in the journal The Dial. Biography: see *George Whitmore. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of American Biography. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 105. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 3790: Letters to Various Persons, Boston: Ticknor and Fields, 1865. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Iolaus (1902), 175-76: re *friendship (from On the Concord River). Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 308: the same. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 201-03: poem "Lately, alas, I knew a gentle boy" ("I might have loved him had I loved him less"). Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 526-27. Criticism. Katz, Gay American History, 481-94: important discussion of Thoreau and homosex and the poems "Friendship" and "Sympathy". Gay Saber vol. 1 no. 2 (Summer 1977), 104-11: article by *George Whitmore. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1978. An *Afro-American poet. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 3791: Tripe, Tucson, Arizona: privately printed, 1978. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Voices Against the Wilderness, 24. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Born 1953. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Black Men/ White Men, 108: poem "A memory: Sana'a" written in the capital of Yemen from an unpublished manuscripts about his travels in Arabia; biog., 237: a *black poet. Anthologist from the Netherlands of works in Dutch. Active 1985. He compiled the fine anthology * David heeft ook een achterkant: Nieuve Nederlandse homo-erotische poezie. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1970. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 11059: poem "June 29, 1970, Christopher Street first anniversary" in Gay Sunshine 1: 17 August/ September 1970. Publisher and editor from Great Britain of works in English. 1569-ca. 1635. The publisher of the first edition of *Shakespeare's Sonnets (1609). He was responsible for establishing the order of the sonnets. Thorpe was a close friend of *William Blunt to whom he addressed his first volume - *Marlowe's translation of the first book of Lucan - "To His Kind and True Friend: Edward Blunt...in all rites of perfect *friendship"; as late as 1625 they jointly owned the copyright to Marlowe's Hero and Leander. Their relationship seems to have homosexual elements in it, though its exact nature must remain unknown. Thorpe published forty works 1600-25 and was most active 1606-09. He has been widely regarded as the editor of the text of the sonnets which most critics regard as following Shakespeare's order of composition; they may have been published against Shakespeare's wish though this is by no means sure - it hardly seems likely since Shakespeare was alive at the time. The famous dedication to *Mr. W. H. - possibly the young man of the Sonnets - was signed T T. He died in poverty some time after 1635. For information on him see the article "Thomas Thorpe" in Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America 54 (1960), 16-37, by Leona Rostenberg. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Plomer, Dictionary of the Printers. "Thorvalds thattr ens vidthforla" Poem in Norse from Iceland. Ca. 1300. A prose story with some verses of poetry. See S0rensen, The Unmanly Man, p. 54: re a verse implying homosexuality. Collection from the United States in English. London: Gay Men's Press, 1989. A selection of the work of three *New York poets *Mark Ameen, *Carl Morse, *Charles Ortleb. Poem in Norse from Iceland. Before 1200. One of the poetic *edda, a narrrative about Thor's adventures with giants. See S0rensen, The Unmanly Man, p. 23, re Thor dressing in women's clothing. Translator from Greek to German possibly from Germany. Active 1828. Translator of the Greek * Palatine Anthology (with *W. E. Weber) titled Griechische anthologie, 1828, and also of *Theognis (Die lehrspruche..., Budingen, ca. 1828) into German. Poet who wrote in Greek. Active before 130. No entry in the Oxford Classical Dictionary. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Palatine Anthology xii 32. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 32. Criticism. Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 9 (1908), 274. Character and trope in Greek from Greece and later in English. From 280 B.C. Greek. A character in *Theocritus' first idyll; there is no direct homosexual reference but see the Theocritus entry regarding overall homoeroticism in Theocritus (active 280 B. C.). *Nonnus Book 9, line 353 refers. Also spelt Thyrsus. English: see *Matthew Arnold and *J. W. Mackail, Select Epigrams from the Greek Anthology (1890), p. 37 (compared to *Daphnis). Poet from Italy who wrote in Latin. 42 B.C.-37. A Roman emperor who is said to have written an elegy on the death of Julius Caesar (if the work can be correctly ascribed to him). Both Tiberius and Julius Caesar had homosexual experiences, if the historian *Suetonius is to be believed; see accounts of their lives in Suetonius who claims Tiberius held homosexual orgies on *Capri. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 1071-72. Work in Tibetan from China. Ca. 1120? The Tibetan Book of the Dead - the Great Liberation through hearing in the Bardo - is also called the Bardo Thotrol. A work of philosophy ostensibly for dying people, it is a mixture of prose and poetry: that is, a * prosimetrum. In this work Rudra enters the anus of Heruka to subjugate him. This work was closely read by *Allen Ginsberg in 1960 (see Michael Schumacher, Dharma Lion: A Biography of Allen Ginsberg, 1992, p. 332). It was supposedly composed by Padmasambhava (active 750), a native of India who introduced *Buddhism and *Tantrism to Tibet and founded the first monastery Samya (see his entry in Encyclopedia Britannica). The date of the present text is uncertain. Bardo means "gap". Tibetan text. Edited by E. Kalsang (Varanasi, 1969). Translations. English. The translation by Francesca Fremantle and Chogyam T rungpa (1975) is the only uncensored English translation and has a commentary; bibl. 110-11; index 113-19. Poet from Italy who wrote in Latin Ca. 55 B.C.-19 B.C. A lyric poet most notable from a gay point of view for homosexual love poems to his lover 'Marathus. "Elegies 8, 9 and 14" are relevant. 'Kenneth Quinn in Catullus: An Interpretation, 1972, 248, says of the Marathus poems that "along with the Juventius poems of Catullus, they form the main corpus of poems on homosexual themes in Latin". (This remark completely disregards 'Martial.) The three elegies referred to describe a love affair with the man Marathus, similar to that of 'Catullus with 'Juventius. Most of the poems of Tibullus are, however, written to the woman Delia. "Elegy I 4" is written to 'Priapus. The ' editio princeps was 1472. For early editions consult Brunet, Manuel du libraire. Criticism: P. Murgatroyd, "Tibullus and the Puer Deiicatus", Acta Ciassica 20 (1977), 105-19 - a study of boy-love in Tibullus. See also "Criticism in homosexual terms" below. Translation. Tibullus was first translated into Greek in 1598, then French in 1653, English in 1720 and Italian in 1740. Catalan: Carles Magrinya and Joan Minguez (1925). Danish: F. H. Guldberg (1803), K. Conradsen (1871). Dutch: Alois Gerlo (1949) English: John Dart (1720), James Grainger (1759; repr, many times - in verse), S. Henley (1792), Richard Whiffin (1829), Laurence Reynolds (1841), Walter Kelly (1854; repr. - 'Bohn edition, with J. Grainger's verse trans.), J. Cranstoun (1872), J. Cowden-Cole (1890), Theodore C. Williams (1905; repr. - verse), J. P. Postgate (1912; repr.; - 'Loeb edition, in prose), A. S. Way (1936 - verse), Hubert Creekmore (1950), Philip Dunlop (1972 - Penguin edition), *Guy Lee (1975). French: M. D. M. A. D. V. (i. e., *Marolles) (1653), "L'autor des Soirees helvétiennes et des tableaux" (1771) - see ' British Library General Catalogue, Mirabeau (ca. 1795), Max Ponchant (1923; repr. - Budé, Universités de France). German: Hayn, Gotendorf, Bibliotheca Germanorum Erotica, vol. 7, 651-54 lists translations; see also Hayn, Gotendorf, Bibliotheca Germanorum Erotica, vol. 9, 294; S. H. Catel (1780), J. F. Degen (1781), Trans. not known (1801), 'J. H. Voss (1810; repr.), W Binder (1862; repr.), Alfred Bernstadt (1881 - Reclam edition), 'A. R. Meyer (1923). Greek: A. F. Morello (1598). Hungarian: Latkotczy M. (1883?), Csengeri J.? (1886). Italian: G. Riviera (1740), Trans, not known (Milan, 1828 - see * National Union Catalog), G. Vitali (1943), O. Tescari (1951). Polish: J. Moraczewskiego (1839). Portuguese: J. M. Teixeira de Carvalho (1851). Russian: *A. Fet (1886), F. Petrovsky (1963). Serbo-Croat: *N. Sop(1950; selection). Spanish: D. M. Perez de Camino (Madrid, 1874), Joaquin D. Casasus (Mexico, 1905), Carlos Magrina (Barcelona, 1922). The National Union Catalog and British Library General Catalogue were checked; only major or apparently complete translations are included. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 1072. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 116-17. Bibliographies. Hayn, Gotendorf, Bibliotheca Germanorum Erotica, vol. 7, 651-54; vol. 9, 294. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 106: Eleginen auf Marathus (Elegies to Marathus). Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 11060: Elegies [no other information]. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item after item 3793: see 'Catullus. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: Die Männerliebe der Griechen, 95-99: "Elegies I 4 and 9". Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 47-50: "Elegies I 4 and 9". Men and Boys, 14. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 87-91 : "Elegies I 4 and I 9". Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 87-88: "Odes I, 4". Les Amours masculines, 46. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume one, 177-78: Book One, "Elegy Four". "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen", 35-39. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 100-105: "Odes i 4, i 8" (partial trans.) and "Odes i 9". Gaio verso: poesia latina per l'altro amore. Criticism in homosexual terms. Mayne, The Intersexes, 285-87. Kiefer, Sexual Life in Ancient Rome, 20210; states p. 202 "Tibullus was bisexual in character". Lilja, Homosexuality in Republican and Augustan Rome, 75-77; index p. 157. Courouve, Ces petits grecs, 42. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1307. Poet from Germany who wrote in German. 1773-1853. A *Romantic poet who was close friends with W. H. Wackenroder. He was later a friend of Schlegel. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Criticism. Eldorado, 93 - closeted and married he heterosexual version of Shakespeare's Sonnets. Historian from the Netherlands writing in Dutch. Born 1941. He wrote Homoseksualiteit in Nederland, Amsterdam, 1982, 335 pages, an outstanding survey of Dutch gay history from the *middle ages with the main emphasis on the period 1911 onwards, with a very comprehensive bibliography pp. 303-325. There is some literary discussion e.g., pp. 71, 73, 98-100, 126. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Active 1924. Author of The Evolution of the Gilgamesh Epic, Philadelphia, 1982; with important bibl. pp. 309-333. The book studies the evolution of the * Gilgamesh epic in Sumerian, Hittite, Hurrian (only a few fragments are known in Hurrian however) and in Akkadian over a period of 1,500 years from 1,600 B. C. to 100 B. C. See footnote no. 32 p. 172 and no. 22 p. 184 (where he concludes, referring to the Akkadian version: "that Gilgamesh's relationship with Enkidu had homosexual aspects is possible"). See also the discussion of the work in the same author's Empirical Models for Biblical Criticism, Philadelphia, 1985, pp. 21-47. Biographer from Australia writing in English. Born ca. 195Q. Biographer of 'C. W. Leadbeater: The Elder Brother, London, 19B2. He worked at the Anti-Discrimination Board in New South Wales and in 'Aids work. Though Leadbeater is only of minor importance as a poet, the biography is an outstandingly candid study of its subject's homosexuality. The book was the result of a Ph. D. Review: Gay News 243 (19B2), 55, by 'T D'Arch Smith. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1976. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2188: see D. B. *Kreitzberg. Poet and autobiographer from Great Britain writing in English. 1905-1999. A *classical music composer, at his death he was regarded as one of the finest living British composers. See "Verses for a Symphony" written by the composer, in Moving into Aquarius, London, Paladin Books, 1974, pp. 160-62: see especially Section III "As I lay down beside my mate,/ Body to body/ We did not heed the sorrow". His homosexuality was practised discreetly. Autobiography: Those Twentieth Century Blues, 1993: see pp. 52-54 (about "my homosexual side"), p. 61 (homosexual relationship with Wilf); see also the index. Homosexual motifs have been detected in some of his operas. He was a pacifist and was influenced by many philosophies. Obituary: The Guardian, London (repr. Sydney Morning Herald 14 January 1998, 13 by Meirion Bowen); states he "accepted his homosexual leanings without qualms" but few relationships survived his ruthless creative obsession, one being with the painter Karl Hawker. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Howes, Broadcasting It. Gay Histories and Cultures. Pseudonym of a lover from France relating to poems in French. Active 1650. Lover of *Saint-Pavin to whom several poems were written. He later entered a monastery. Criticism. Ruitenbeck, Homosexuality and Creative Genius, 109. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1149. Myth and trope in Greek from Greece from ca. 45Q B.C. and later in French and English. In ancient Greek myth a blind seer who changed sex from man to woman and back to man again; thus a type of man woman. In Greek he appears in Sophocles's * Oedipus Rex (ca. 450 B. C.). See Nicole Loraux, The Experiences of Tiresias: The Feminine and the Greek Man, 1995. English: see *Bruce Beaver; *T. S. Eliot - Tiresias appears in his poem The Waste Land (1922) section 3, lines 214-4B (lines 2Q7-14 immediately preceding have strong homosexual implications); 'Leland Hichman. 'Tennyson wrote a poem on him. French. *Guillaume Apollinaire wrote a surrealist play Les Mamelles de Tiresias. Compare *Androgyne, 'Hermaphrodite. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopædia Britannica. Howes, Broadcasting It. "Tis strange, that in a Country, where" Poem from Great Britain in English. Ca. 1710. A somewhat humorous poem about men who "fall in Love with one another" and choose "the backward way." Gay Poetry Anthologies. Hallam, Book of Sodom, 113-14: quotes this poem from Ned Ward, A Compleat and Humorous Account of all the Clubs, London, second edition, 1710. Poet and dramatist from Italy who wrote in Latin. Active ca. 150 B.C. A comic dramatist. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary: see "Titinius" (1). Bibliographies. Courouve, Ces petits grecs, 43: fragment 111. Concept in English from Great Britain and in other languages. From ca. 1590. Titles are honorary appellations placed before a person's name; some may be hereditary (that is, passed on from generation to generation). Those of relevance date from ca. 1590 in English in Great Britain. Titles were usually given by rulers such as *kings and helped ensure loyalty to the ruler. Countries which are republics - such as the United States - do not have titles. English. Sir, Lord, Earl are the major British titles of the aristocracy. For Sir see *Sir Noel Coward, *Sir Stephen Spender, *Sir Elton John (pseud.). Lord: see *Lord Byron, *Lord Alfred Douglas, *Sir Fulke Greville (later Lord Brooke), *Lord Tennyson. Earl: see 'Rochester, *Surrey, *Walpole. Baron: see *Baron Corvo (pseud.). French. Titles were abolished after the French Revolution of 1789. For Count (French Comte), see *Jacques d'Adelswärd Fersen (though Fersen's titles was actually Swedish); see also *Lautremont (pseud.). German. Freiherr (similar to English "Sir" and meaning "freeman") - see *Karl von Levetzow, *Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall, Joseph von Eichendorff. For Graf (equivalent to English "Earl"): see *August, Graf von Platen-Hallermünde, *Graf von Harrach, * Adolf Friedrich, Graf von Schack, *Karl von Levetzow, *Emmerich, Graf von Stadion-Thannhausen. Swedish. Freiherr: see *Fersen. Oral poems in English from the United States. Toasts are oral poems from *black oral tradition associated with "the Life" (i. e. black bohemia) and the black criminal underworld (including prisons) and prostitution. Material has only recently been published from 1964. In published poems homosexual references abound - almost always negatively - and some works have many references. In Bruce Jackson, "Get Your Ass in the Water and Swim Like Me": Narrative Poetry from Black Oral Tradition, Cambridge, MA, 1974, see, as examples "Toledo Slim" (1965) ("this Tommy was a queen", pp. 130-32), "Corner of 47th and South Park" (1965) (set in *Chicago), pp. 138-39, "Dance of the Freaks" (also called the "Cocksucker's Ball"; dated 1964), pp. 145-49 and "The Voodoo Queen (1964), pp. 155-57; bibl. pp. 235-37. See also Dennis Wepman, The Life: The Lore and Folk Poetry of the Black Hustler, 1976, and "Wepman's Toasts: The Black Urban Folk Poetry", Journal of American Folklore 87 (1974), 208-224. The personality of the collector is crucial in the collection of this material as are the sources relied on. More material which is less negative of homosexuals may come to light when collected from open homosexuals by a gay person. No such collection of the material by an openly gay person has appeared. Sexual practice in English from the United States recorded from 1965. This refers to putting the toe in the anus as a form of stimulation. See *Ed Sanders, *Tuli Kupferberg. It is first depicted in art in a homosexual sense on a Greek vase in the Boston Museum of Fine Art given by *E. P. Warren. Toilets can be *meeting places for homosexual sex and places where it is performed. Poems on this subject are known only in English from the United States and Great Britain and survive from 1935. See *J. R. Ackerley (re James Kirkup), *Harry Fainlight, Jackie Kannon, *Edwin Morgan, *Russell Morris, *René Ricard and *Allen Walker Read (a collector of homosexual graffiti on toilet walls whose book was published in 1935). For a fine poem collected in Australia see *"Love me tender, love me sweet". See also entries concerning *Bawdry, *Graffiti, *Tom Driberg, *Simeon Solomon. Editor from the United States writing in English. Born 1972. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2464 - see Jean Malley (co-editor of a collection of poems containing poetry by *Ian Young). Period in Japanese in Japan. 1600-1868 Homosexuality was openly practised in Japan at this time (it did not become illegal until after the United States "opening" of Japan in 1868) and much literary material dates from this period. The major study on the writers of the period in a European language is in English by *Gary Leupp. The anthology * Iwatsutsuji (Cliff Azaleas) was produced in this period. There are many studies of homosexuality in the period in Japanese: see the bibliography in Gary Leupp's study of the period. Several Tokugawa *Shoguns (military rulers of Japan) were gay. City in Japan where Japanese is spoken. Material dates from 1600. Tokyo was formerly called Edo and only recently Tokyo (East capital). It was the capital of Japan from the Edo period (1600-1868). This period, sometimes also called the *Tokugawa period, was named after the capital. A prominent city from 1600, Tokyo had a large *samurai population in its earlier history and has a long gay history. Its famous *pleasure quarter was called the Yoshiwara (see J. E. de Becker, The Nightless City or the History of the Yoshiwara Yukwaku [first published 1899], fifth revised edition, Tuttle, 1971; see especially pp. 367-72, "Yaro" [i.e., homosexuality]). Kyya Ozaki (born 1890), wrote Edo nambungaky koi, 1928, 500 pp., a discussion of Edo "soft " - i.e. erotic - pornography (copy sighted: *Library of Congress) and he has written other books on Edo. The city is a publishing centre and houses the National Diet Library (see *Libraries - Japanese); the University of Tokyo library is a major research library. A massive three volume study of Edo homosexuality has been written by *Hajime Shibayama. A conference was held at Indiana University, Bloomington, on Edo sexuality 1750-1850 in 1995; the proceedings have been published as Imaging Reading Eros edited by Sumie Jones (Bloomington: East Asian Studies Center, 1996). Poets: see *Takahashi Mutsuo *Mishimo Yukio. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan : see "Tokyo; Edo". Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1935. See in Melvin B. Tolson, A Gallery of Harlem Portraits, 1979, the poem "Guy Cage", p. 222, about initiatory sex with a janitor; this work was completed in 1935 but first published in 1979. Not in The Harlem Renaissance: A Historical Dictionary, edited by Bruce Kellner, New York, 1984. Pseudonym of a poet from Finland who wrote in Finnish; he later lived in the United States. 1920-1991. Best known as a gay erotic artist whose work vividly depicts homosexual sexuality (see the Tom of Finland Retrospective, New York, 1988). He is believed to have written poems (information from a source who lived in Finland) though this has not been confirmed. His work as an artist features *SM. He lived in the United States from 1978. His real name is Tuoko Laaksonen. An inteview appears in Collezione I (about 1985) published by *Babilonia , 20-22. See David Reed, "The Art of Tom of Finland", Christopher Street, April 1980, 16-21. He has set up a foundation in *Los Angeles where he lived and worked. Biography. See F. Valentine Hooven III, Tom of Finland: his life and times (New York, 1993). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionnaire Gay. Gay Histories and Cultures. Translator from English to Japanese from Japan. 1890-1984. Translator into Japanese of *Whitman's Leaves of Grass, 1919, and a selection of poems of *Edward Carpenter in 1920; he also published a translation of Carpenter's Towards Democracy in 1916. He was a poet and leading member of the Popular Poetry group. Biography: see Shijin: Autobiography of the Poet Kaneko Mitsuharu, trans. by A. R. Davis, 1976, p. 317. Pseudonym of a poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Active 1918. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 209-10 - poem "Dicky Boy an' Me" (strong homosexual undercurrent in the relationship of two men depicted); biog., 244. The poem is from the book If I Goes West! (1918); he possibly served in France. Translator from French to English from the United States. Active 1999. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A Day for a Lay, 45-53 - translator with *Bruce Geduldig of Jean Genet ("The One Condemned to Death"). A collection of the works of five poets. London: *Gay Men's Press, 1987, 95 pp. The five black poets are from Great Britain and the United States and the book expresses the emerging black gay consciousness. There is no editor stated; it was probably compiled by *Martin Humphries. Contributors (see entries): Great Britain - see Dirg Aaab-Richards; United States - see Craig G. Harris, Essex Hemphill, Isaac Jackson, Assotto Saint (pseud.). Introduction by Martin Humphries. Reviewed: James White Review, vol. 5 no. 2, p. 14, by *Louie Crew. A film of the same name featured Essex Hemphill. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Howes, Broadcasting It. Songwriter from Great Britain writing in English. 1928-2002. Composer of songs, with Johnnie Mortimer and *Brian Cooke, for Round the Horn, a BBC radio program. All the songs on this program had a decidedly *camp tone. They composed the Party Song which ends "Let's mince together hand in hand/ We'll make Great Britain fairlyland" sung by Kenneth Williams, in June 1968 (see *fairy); this song seems to have been composed immediately after the student riots in Paris, in May 1968, associated with the birth of *gay liberation. It is a *ballad sung to the tune The People's Flag. (Information from a copy supplied to the author by *Keith Howes.) Obituaries have appeared. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Howes, Broadcasting It. Songwriter and singer from Iceland writing in Norse. Born 1945. He was the first Icelander to come out of the closet in 1975; this ruined his career and he fled into exile in *Copenhagen where he lived until 1991. In 1978 he returned to Iceland to found the country's gay and lesbian organization, Samtokin '78. His songs have frequently dealt with homosexual themes and he has made many recordings. He has also been a theatre director. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. City in Canada where English is the main spoken language (French is a second language in Canada). Gay material of relevance dates from *Whitman's visit to the city ca. 1880. Toronto is the largest English speaking city of Canada. See *Ian Young, *E. A. Lacey, *Libraries and archives, *Canadian Lesbian and Gay Archives. Scarborough - where *Ian Young established his *Catalyst Press, the first Canadian gay publisher - is a suburb. The city is an important publishing center with a major university, the University of Toronto, which has the largest library in Canada. See the pamphlet Lesbian and Gay Heritage of Toronto, *Canadian Gay Archives, Publication No. 5, 12 pages [no date; ca. 1985]: this cites, in connection with the city, *Whitman and *Wilde (both visitors), *Robert Ross (born in the city), *Edward Carpenter (a visitor) and *Henry S. Saunders. The poet *bill bissett lived in the city in 1997. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica. Editor from the United States of works in English and critic writing in English. Active 1994. Editor of the poetry of *Stephen Jonas and author of a Tine critical and biographical piece on him. Poet from the Netherlands writing in Dutch. Active 1992. Book Zoete zoenen (Amsterdam: Sticting Rode Emma, 1991); cited in Geraci, Dares to Speak, 27. Poet from the United States writing in English. 1877-1949. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 3811: A World of Windows, New York: Doran, 1919. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 70: poem "Light Love" ("A passing joy like the touch of a *boy"); his name given as H. Townes. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 492: poem "Light Love" about "A passing joy like the touch of a boy'" Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Active 1924. See *Charles Hanson Towne which seems to be his proper name. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 70: poem "Light Love" ("A passing joy like the touch of a *boy"). Editor from the United States of works in English. Active 1981. His collection of *SM prose and poetry, The Power gods, 2=2 and other stories of Leather SM, Los Angeles, 1981, contains several poems (with illustrations): "Wet Dreans" by Tom (pseud.) p. 19, "Ego in Tight Pants" by Adam N. De Loof and "I am His *Slave" by the same author pp. 56-57. These are strong pieces evoking the content of SM. Two other relevant poems in this work are from publications edited by him: "*Ode to Bondage" by Rance p. 11 and "Glory Hole" by John Meister (German for "master", an SM term; probably a pseudonym) (Australia), p. 33, both dating from the 1980s and both illustrated by Sean. He re-used material and changed the names of his publications (one was called Slave Master). The author has written a manual on SM: see the SM entry. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1948. Book of poems: Short Changes for Loretta, 1982. He lives with *Robert Peters and has produced the latter's solo show, Ludwig (on *King Ludwig the Second of Bavaria). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors, vol. 112. Publisher from Great Britain of works in English. From 1954. A *private press in Edinburgh, Scotland, which publishes one third of material on *eighteen-nineties writers such as *Frederick Rolfe, *Theodore Wratislaw, *Lionel Johnson, John Gray and *Aubrey Beardsley. See Alan Anderson, The Tragara Press 1954-79: A Bibliography, Edinburgh, 1979, 23 pages: this lists about eighty pamphlets, mostly of no more than twenty pages. It has published letters, reviews and short lives of authors. The owner, Alan Anderson, is married. The press is named after a part of the Italian island of *Capri. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1637-1674. A *metaphysical poet, who attended *Oxford and was ordained a clergyman. See *Sir Orlando Bridgeman who appears to have been his lover. Influenced by *Neoplatonism. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 36: poems "The Salutation" and "The Body"; only slight relevance. Poet from Germany who wrote in German. 1887-1914. In 1944 *Der Kreis published several poems by him: see Journal of Homosexuality, volume 38, numbers 1/2, 2000, 69 (comment by *Hubert Kennedy); on p. 68 *Rolf (pseud.), the editor, is quoted as saying "I know of few modern lyrics that sing of the love of youths and would equal these lyrics. Certainly it is a dangerous beauty that is sung about here." He became a *drug addict and died in the First World War of an overdose of cocaine. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 106: poem "Gesange an den Knaben Elis" (Song to the boy Elis) in Gesamtausgabe, Leipzig: Wolff, 1915. Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen, items 1069: Gesang der Abgeschiedenen, Weisbaden: Insel, 1955 (first edition 1933); see also item 1070: a cassette entitled Der Wahrheit nachsinnen, Olten and Vienna: Büchergilde Gutenberg, 1985. Transcendentalism and Transcendentalists Movement and philosophy from the United States relating to works in English. From ca. 1940. *Emerson, *Thoreau and *Bronson Alcott were key members of the movement. A movement of philosophical idealism, the Transcendentalists defended intuition and show the influence of *Romanticism in United States culture; they believed that divinity was inherent in or directly accessible to human nature. Their philosophy allowed for individualism and hence the possibility of sexual freedom, Bronson Alcott, for instance, was much ahead of his time in this respect. *Emerson was probably the best poet, though both he and *Thoreau, also a poet, were more significant prose writers. *Whitman's poetry emerged from the climate created by transcendentalism. They are also called the Concord School as they lived in Concord. Compare *Platonism, idealism, *Sufism. The Transcendentalists were influenced by *Oriental philosophy e.g., the Puranas, the * Upanishads and especially the * Bhagavad Gita: see *Indian philosophy - influence. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Translation of a poet who wrote homosexual poems allows for a wider diffusion of knowledge of the poet. Probably the first translation of importance is the Hittite version of * Gilgamesh from Turkey (ca. 1200), possibly from the Sumerian version, though whether the work is a translation or "version" of the material is debatable. The most important source of information on translation of poets to 1956 is the * National Union Catalog (though manuscripts are not listed) and, secondly, the * British Library General Catalogue (though non-European languages are not listed in this work). From 1967 the *Library of Congress Computer Catalog and the *British Library, *Bibliothèque Nationale and other computer catalogs as well as *Research Libraries Information Network (RLIN) and *Online Computer Library Center (OCLC) and all national based computer catalogs should be checked. 80% of all translations are in four European languages. For poets or entries pertaining to a particular language, consult the various national language catalogs: e. g., British Library General Catalogue for English poets and poets and writers translated from English into other languages. See *Libraries and Archives entries for the language concerned for the names of these catalogs. A journal published by the United Nations which can be consulted is Index Translationum (Latin for "Index of Translations"). On translating poetry see Daniel Weissbort, Translating Poetry, Iowa City, 1989. The *New Testament or parts of it is the most translated work with portions in over 2,100 languages as of 1997. The Sanskrit * Mahabharata is also widely translated. Openness to homosexuality by the translator is important for translators, especially when the text refers to physical homosexuality, while *censorship laws can be responsible for homosexuality not being translated - e. g., in Greek and Latin poets such as the *Mousa Paidike, *Martial. Amongst European languages the four most frequently translated languages in order are English, Spanish, French and German. A large translation industry exists in Russian and Chinese but virtually no gay material has been translated in these languages with the advent of *Communism in Russia from 1917 and in China in 1949, except for *Whitman and *Shakespeare. With the overthrow of Communism in Russia in 1990 the situation is improving. Sanskrit is the most widely translated *Indian language from India. Works in the islamic languages Arabic, Persian, Turkish and Urdu have been widely translated into other languages of this group and there are many translations in *Turkic and *Iranian languages both in languages of each group and between these two groups. Where cultural forces are strong, translation between very disparate languages can easily occur - such as with Gilgamesh. For translation in relation to separate languages see individual *Translation entries. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, third edition; includes bibliography Translation from Arabic of gay poetry into other languages such as English, French, German and Spanish dates from 1850 in printed form (but is undoubtedly earlier in manuscript). By means of translation Arabic poets who dealt with homosexuality - such as *al-Tifashi, *Ibn Hazm, *Ibn Sa'id, *Ibn Kuzman, *Ibn Sahl and especially *Abu Nuwas - have become increasingly well known, especially in Spanish, English and French. This has revealed to *European readers a huge volume of previously unknown gay poetry. The * Arabian Nights is also relevant as it contains homopoems. English: see *Richard Burton, *A. J. Arberry (some censorship involved), * In Praise of Boys - a gay anthology of Arabic poems translated from Spanish, *A. R. Nykl, James Monroe, *Arthur Wormhoudt (an outstanding translator); see also *Winston Leyland and *Erskine Lane (who translated Arabic poems from Spanish); French: see *Marc Daniel (pseud.), *René Khawam - both of major importance, *Vincent Monteil; German: see *Hammer-Purgstall - his history of Arabic literature (1850-56) is the first work of relevance and included poems; Spanish: see *Garcia Gomez, an outstanding translator whose translations are relevant from 1930. Translation into Arabic of gay poets has been less prolific and records of major gay poets (e.g. *Shakespeare's Sonnets and *Whitman) have not been found; *Homer has been translated. Consult the general *Translation entry for methods of finding translations. Translation from Chinese of homosexually relevant poetry dates from 712. Much translation from Chinese has occurred in Japan. Translation into East Asian languages. See influence - Chinese and the essay on Translation in Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature, pp. 297-305. Translation dates initially from translation into Japanese in the *T'ang period from about 712: see the Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature article "Chinese Literature in Japanese Translation", p. 302. However most educated Japanese, Koreans and Vietnamese read the Chinese characters from the Tang period on, so translation was unnecessary. Translation into European languages. Chinese was translated into European languages from the nineteenth century when James Legge translated the Chinese classics into English. *Arthur Waley was a major translator into English (which now has a huge corpus of translated works - more than any other *European language). *Brett Hinsch has translated significant poems in his history of homosexuality in China. The homosexual *Witter Bynner was a major United States homosexual translator into English. French and German also have significant volumes of translated works. From 1900 there has been increasing translation into Chinese including such writers as *Shakespeare, *Whitman and *Ginsberg. Little overt gay material has been translated, however. Consult the general Translation entry for methods of finding translations. Translation of gay poetry into English dates from 1561 initially in Great Britain. More homosexual works have been translated from other languages into English than into any other language. However, due to *censorship, openly sexual poems have largely not been published before ca. 1970. The anthologies * Ioläus, *Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, *The Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse and *The Eternal Flame are especially comprehensive in coverage of translated poets. As examples of major translations into English see the entries for the following languages. Akkadian: * Gilgamesh. Arabic: * Delight of Hearts, *ln Praise of Boys. Bengali: *Tagore. French: *L'amour bleu, *Rimbaud, *Verlaine. German: *R. B. Cooke (translator of *Platen). Greek: *Cavafy, *Homer, * Mousa Paidike, * Palatine Anthology, *Straton, *Theocritus. Italian: 'Michelangelo. Japanese: *Takahashi Mutsuo. Latin: *Martial, *Medieval Latin Poems of Male Friendship, *Virgil. Persian: *Edward Fitzgerald, *Hafiz, * Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, *Rumi. Portuguese: *Now the Volcano. Sanskrit: *Upanishads. Spanish: *Now the Volcano. Turkish: *The Penguin Book of Turkish Verse. For translation from English into other languages, which has been enormous, see, as examples, *Shakespeare, *Omar Khayyam, *Walt Whitman, *Oscar Wilde, *Allen Ginsberg. Translation has occurred into many languages. Consult the general Translation entry for methods of finding translations. Translation - European languages Translation of gay poetry into *European languages exists from at least ca. 1300. (It is possible that the ancient epic work * Gilgamesh was translated into Hittite, though the Hittite recension seems more a version than a translation.) Extensive translation has occurred since the *Renaissance when ancient Greek homopoets were first translated into Latin. Translation into modern European languages began seriously with the publication of the ancient Greek and Latin poets in the *Renaissance and the consequent translation of the Greek poets into Latin. Greek and Latin: see Martin Seymour Smith, The Classics in Translation, New York, 1930 (repr. 1968) - this refers only to translation into English. See Highet, The Classical Tradition: Greek and Roman Influences on Western Literature, London and New York, 1949, pp. 104-26, on Renaissance translation into English (see entry *Gilbert Highet). Latin and Greek were by far the main translated languages from the Renaissance to the late nineteenth century. Entries in the catalogs of European libraries and old Universities (e.g., *Univeristy of Paris, *Bologna, *Salamanca, *Oxford, *Cambridge) are especially important for Greek and Latin. The bibliographies in the editions of the poets cited in this encyclopedia frequently list translations. Consult the general *T ranslation entry for methods of finding translations and for comments on the most translated languages. Major languages involving translation are English, Spanish, French, German and Russian. Translation has ocurred to a lesser extent in Dutch, Swedish and Polish. For translation of individual poets see under the poet. Translation - Indian languages of India Translation of works of gay poetry relevance dates from 1200. This entry pertains mainly to translation from one *Indian language into another (since many works in India have been translated into other languages of the country). *Indic and *Dravidian languages are the two major families of India. The Islamic languages *Persian (an *Iranian language), *Turkish (a *Turkic language) and the *Afro-Asiatic language *Arabic were all used in India and are also relevant. Printing dates from ca. 1800 though oral versions go back many centuries before. The major works translated are the * Upanishads, * Bhagavad Gita and *Mahabharata though authors such as *Kabir and *Tagore are relevant. There has been a huge amount of translation of authors and works in Indian languages into foreign languages. Consult the general *Translation entry for methods of finding translations. The * National Union Catalog should be checked. The catalogs of the British Library's Department of Oriental Manuscripts and Printed Books need to be consulted for each author and for each language concerned. See Guide to the Department of Oriental Manuscripts and Printed Books, London, 1977, by H. J. Goodacre and A. P. Pritchard. The catalog of the library of the *School of Oriental and African Studies, London, is wideranging and exists in a printed form. Similarly relevant catalogs in French, German, Italian, Russian, etc, need to be consulted: consult Besterman, A World Bibliography of Bibliographies, and Toomey, A World Bibliography of Bibliographies 1964-1974, for sources; many are listed under *manuscripts in the preceding since catalogs of manuscripts and books in oriental languages were frequently one and the same and especially since mechanical printing only occurred as late as the nineteenth century in many Indian languages; many translations of important works undoubtedly lie in manuscript and many are oral and have not been recorded. This entry is especially relevant for *mysticism. English, Russian and Chinese are perhaps the languages of major translation; German and French are also important but much material has been translated into islamic languages. Many works of *Buddhism, which originated in India, have been translated into *Asian languages. T ranslation of Persian works of gay poetry into other languages dates from the translation of *Sa'di into Turkish ca. 1391. Translations exist into other islamic languages such as Arabic and Turkish; many of these translations may still be in *manuscript. There was a vogue of Persian translation into *European languages from ca. 1780 (see *Orientalism) and *Sufi poets have been widely translated - e.g., *Rumi, *Hafiz, *Sa'di, *'Attar and *Firdawsi are the most translated poets after *Omar Khayyam (whose translation into many languages followed his translation into French and English). English: see *Edward Fitzgerald, the most famous translator of Omar Khayyam. *A. J. *Arberry is a noted twentieth century translator. German: translation of *Hafiz influenced *Platen and *Goethe. *Hammer-Purgstall was the first major translator. See also influence - Persian, - Arabic. Latin: see *Georgius Gentius translated Sa'di in 1651. Polish: see *Waclaw Lieder. The transliteration of Arabic (which is written in its own script) into European languages is extremely complex and repesents many problems. Transliteration in English, Spanish, French and German for the same writer can differ as different systems are used in these languages. Spellings in this encyclopedia have been taken from those in books as found. The Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition, and Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, have been checked to try to ascertain the name used there and the spelling in these works, when found, has been used as the standard of reference. (When a name has not been found, a note stating this is appended.) Where entries have been found in Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition or second edition, the original spelling of a writer, as originally found and if it differs, has been entered in the name field. In Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition and second edition, "al-" before a name means "the" and is discounted in searching alphabetically in these encyclopedias but not in this encyclopedia (just as in English "the" is discounted in searching library catalogues or books). A recent system of transliteration of Arabic has "al" becoming "ar" or "as" or "at" before words beginning with these letters. "Ibn" means son of; in Spanish this word is "ben". "B." (used in Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition and second edition) means "ibn" or "ben" (the same abbreviation is used in both English and Spanish). The sign ' is a sound in Arabic: the ghlottal stop. "'Abd" (sometimes written "Abd") means "slave". "Abu" means "son of". Transvestism and cross dressing Concept to do with sex. Transvestism here refers to males dressing as females (it can, of course, refer to females dressing as males). It does not necessarily imply homosexuality and only references to males which definitely do refer to homosexuality or homosexual poets are included. Material of relevance in poetry dates from 700 B.C. in Greek from Turkey and Greece. See also the separate entry *Transvestite Singers and see *Hijras, *Overview - Southeast Asia languages. Some transvestites are transsexuals and have had operations changing sex. English. It appears first in the 'Elizabethan period - see *T. Middleton, *Thomas Lodge, *William Shakespeare, *Philip Sidney, *T. M. (pseud.). See also *Roger Baker, ian MacNeill, *Derek Walcott. Greek. See *Achilles and Patroclus (ca. 700 B.C.), *Aristophanes, *Priapeia. More material is suspected in comic plays apart from Aristophanes. latmul. See *Songs - latmul regarding initiation ceremonies. The latmul live in Papua New Guinea. Japanese: see *Onnagata. Javanese: see * Mahabharata. Buginese. The */ La Galigo epic cycle is recited by male transvestite priests. Latin: see Juvenal - re his "Second Satire". Mohave: see *Songs - Mohave. The language is an American Indian language. Sanskrit: see *George T. Artola. Male to female transvestites appear in a large number of ancient classic plays written in verse, as do female to male; see also *Hijras. Thai: see Rama the Sixth re Shakespeare's drama As You Like It. Transvestites are called kathoeys and singers exist who sing in nightclubs. Welsh: see *Huw Arwystli. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Sexual Behaviour. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion: see "Gender roles". Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1312-14. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage : see "Cross-Dressing". Ullstein Enzyklopädie der Sexualität. Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Transvestism" and "Drag Balls". Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, items 12240-12794. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, pp. 612-16. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 319-20. Transvestite singers and songs Transvestite singers have been especially recorded in India and east and southeast Asia. Material dates from at least 1800 in Tahitian from French Polynesia, an overseas dependency of France and later in other languages. Bahasa Indonesia. Known recently as waria (transvestites; the word is a combination of wanita, woman and pria, man). They are very common and have been reported in Surabaya in 1981 presenting an evening of singing, dancing and clowning: see Gays In Indonesia, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia: Sybylla Press, 1981, pp. 23-24 (article entitled "Impressions of a Night Parade" by Dede Oetomo reprinted from Liberty no. 1454, 18 July 1981 (first published in Salatiga). They were formerly called banci. The Indonesian attitude is that they are a combination of male and female; this belief may come from India (see *Krishna, *Hermaphrodite, * Mahabharata). Javanese. This language is spoken on the island of Java and such singers using Javanese have been orally reported. See James L. Peacock, "Javanese Clown and Transvestite Songs: Some relations between 'Primitive Classification' and 'Communicative Events'" in June Helm, editor, Essays on the Verbal and Visual Arts, Seattle, 1967, 64-76. English. Male transvestite singers have sung in gay clubs from at least 1970 e.g., in *Sydney associated with Capriccio's bar (e.g., Rose Jackson) and Les Girls nightclub in King's Cross and probably for some decades at least before this. Chinese and Japanese: there is a long tradition associated with the iheater and tea houses in the 'pleasure quarters. Hindi: see *Hijras; other indian languages are relevant. Shan: see The Australian (newspaper), 28 December 1993, 6 - about a male transvestite singer apparently mouthing the words to recorded songs. This language is spoken in north east Burma and is *Sinitic or Tai (it is close to Thai). Cambodian. Transvestite singers exist, called kathoey (the word originally came from Cambodian, also called Khmer, probably in the fifteenth century): Peter Jackson to the author, 4 August 1994 (see 'Overview - Thai). Thai. Transvestite singers called kathoey sing in the gay bar culture of the capital, Bangkok, and other cities; see Peter A. Jackson, Male Homosexuality in Thailand, New York, 1989. His ideas are expanded in "Kathoey><Gay><Man: "The historical Emergence of Gay Male Indentity in Thailand" in Lenore Manderson editor, Sites of Desire: Economics of Pleasure: Sexualities in Asia and the Pacific, London, 1997, Chapter Sever. Burmese. Kathoey are known to be in existence (personal visit by the author to Pagan, Burma, 1985). Vietnamese: such singers are strongly likely (as in neighboring Thailand and Cambodia), especially in south Vietnam before the end of the Vietnam war; they are possibly recorded in the book on Vietnamese nightlife, Saigon After Dark, 1970 (very rare and impossible to locate a copy in Australia or the United States). Tagalog. Cebuano: see *Songs - Tagalog, - Cebuano. These languages are spoken in the Philippines. Tahitian. Tonoan. Samoan. Male transvestites exist called mahu in French Polynesia, fakaleitis in Tonga and fa'a fafines in Samoa: see "Polynesian's Third Sex", Pacific Islands Monthly, 49 (1978), 10-13 (reprinted in Wayne Dynes, editor, Studies in Homosexuality, vol. 2, New York, 1992, pp. 132-35). They dance and sing. On Tahitian transvestites, that is, mahu, see Robert Levy, Tahitians, 1973, p. 130 (in the chapter "Homosexuality"); records of the mahu date from ca. 1800. See also *Transvestites. Compare also *Edith Piaf in French, Judy Garland in English - female singers who attracted gay audiences; their songs were also used by male transvestite singers. These transvestite singers are suspected in many other parts of the world (for example, Brazil and Africa). Poet from Australia writing in English. Born 1943. One of the poets known as the *generation of 68. Several references to *lesbianism occurring in his poetry show fascination with homosexuality; see Selected Poems, Sydney, 1982: "At the Piccolo", p. 114, "The *Wine Bar Women", p. 143, "At the Criterion", pp. 174-75. Regarding male homosexuality see "Sonnet 65" from the sequence "Crying in Early Infancy", Selected Poems, p. 116 (about homosexuals in the university environment), "Roland Barthes at the Poets Ball" (ibid., p. 152), "Enzensberger at Exiles" (ibid., p. 153). "Boarding School" in Under Berlin: New Poems 1988, 1988, p. 67, is *non gender specific and hints at sexual play. "Miss *Proust" was published in London Review of Books, 1 July 1999, 32. His poems stylistically especially show the influence of *Frank O'Hara. See also *Rae Desmond Jones, *Nigel Roberts, his contemporaries. Poet from Italy who wrote in Italian. 1698-1782. He is best known as an opera librettist who called himself Metastasio. He lived mainly in *Naples and seems to have had a lover, Nicolo Martinez. He also left many letters. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 802-03 (by *William A. Percy). Poet, anthologist, editor, biographer and publisher of journals from the United States who wrote in English. 1858-1919. A close friend and *disciple of *Whitman, Horace Traubel was his literary executor and one of the editors of Whitman's Complete Works, 10 volumes, 1902 (with*R. M. Bucke). He edited Camden's Compliment to Walt Whitman, Philadelphia, 1889, a series of addresses by writers - such as *Mark Twain and *J. G. Whittier - to Whitman on his seventieth birthday. He also wrote a diary of the daily conversations he had with Whitman which was published as With Walt Whitman in Camden, 3 volumes, 1906-14 (a fourth volume was published in 1953 edited by *Bradley Sculley and the edition was eventually continued; Volume 7, July 7, 1890 - February 10, 1891, published in 1992, was reviewed in Walt Whitman Quarterly Review vol. 10 no. 1, Summer 1992, 40-41). This work has now been completed in 9 volumes. There is also a one volume selection edited by Gary Schmidgall, Walt Whitman's Conversations with Horace Traubel, 1888-1892 (2001); see the interview with the editor in Gay and Lesbian Review (September-October, 2001) 30-31. He was a *Marxist and *mystic who wrote Whitmanic free verse, vacillating between poetry and prose (a type of * prosimetrum). Chants Communal, New York, 1904 (repr. 1914), is a prosimetrum but is mainly prose with strong homoerotic undertones (e.g., see pp. 12-17 of the 1914 edition, "The boy comes along", with *pederast interest). This work may also be considered to be *prose poems interspersed with some poems e.g., the epigraph, pp. 91-93, 188-89 (page 189 has the Tine homoerotic poem "And it all amounts to this"). His poetic masterpiece is Optimos, 1910. Poems are mostly *non gender specific; see especially the sections "We Were Just Brothers" pp. 245-80 and "The sacred body of love" pp. 175-79. This is a Whitmanic free verse *epic poem modelled on Whitman's work. Conservator (1890-1919), a journal founded by him, became, after Whitman's death in 1892, a vehicle for the promotion of Whitman's ideas and reputation and printed poems about Whitman and many articles (an index of important Whitman articles in it was made by *William Sloane Kennedy); he was also associated with the journal The Artsman (1904-07). He edited the anthology on Whitman: *In Re Walt Whitman, 1893, and he was also one of the three authors of the biography of Whitman in the first Complete Works. Compare *Edward Carpenter in Great Britain. Traubel married in 1891 and had a daughter. A biography has been written by his friend David Karsner: Horace Traubel, 1919. In Gary Schmidgall Walt Whitman: A Gay Life ,1997, the chapter "Walt and Horace" discusses his relationship with Whitman based on study of the records of Traubel's visits. See also W. E. Walling, Whitman and Traubel, 1916. Manuscripts: the *Library of Congres has his manuscripts (given by *Charles E. Feinberg). Translation. German: Chants Communal was translated by O. E. Lessing as Weckrufe, 188 pp., 1907; Japanese: The Poems of Traubel [title in Japanese: Torauberu Shishu] trans. by Fukuda Masao (1893-1952), Shinchosha, 1920. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Dictionary of American Biography . Travel has been an important means of poets broadening their experience and frequently experiencing gay life in another culture and is documented in written form in Japanese from the time of *Basho (travelled 1687). Travel across Asia from India to the Mediterranean sea has occurred since 2000 B.C. There has been extensive travel between India and other *Buddhist lands such as China and Indonesia. Chinese poets frequently travelled all over China and the Japanese poet *Basho made a celebrated journey around Japan between 1687 and 1689. In both China and Japane poets tended to travel mainly around their own countries. Poets in the ancient Mediterranean world also travelled between different cultures especially by ship (e. g. between Greece and Rome and Egypt and Greece). Frequently English poets have travelled in countries where homosexuality was legal or at least not as stigmatized as in their own country: they have thus realized the relativity of sexual customs. The English language poets *Thomas Gray and *Horace Walpole took the "grand tour" (of Europe) together, 1739-41, and had a celebrated quarrel. *Byron spent his life in exile travelling in Europe and the Victorian writer of limericks, *Edward Lear, spent most of his life travelling. In the *Elizabethan period, a great age of travel, *Shakespeare may have visited Italy ca. 1590. In the twentieth century planes have made frequent travel easier since 1945: see *E. A. Lacey, *Harold Norse, both poets who have travelled extensively, as has the author of this work *Paul Knobel. Lucy Jane Bledsoe, Gay Travels: A Literary Companion, 1998, is a series of extracts from writers which aims to capture the essence of gay travel. Bibliographies. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 227-28. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 389412. Works of philosophy, sometimes by sexologists in Arabic from Syria and Egypt from 820. There was a huge discussion on the nature of love, including homosexual love, in Arabic from *al-Djahiz (active 820). See *Ibn Dawud, *Ibn Hazm, *al-Tifashi, *Debate on love, *Manuals of Sex. Compare *Debate on Love - Greek. The Arabic treatises are related in all probability to ancient Greek material (material came into Arabic and vice versa through Syriac: see *Overview - Syriac). For transmission of ideas, including *Plato, see *Philosophers - Greek. *Ibn Sina (i.e., Avicenna), one of the most famous philosophers, called in European languages Averroes, wrote a treatise on love. Arabic material may also be related to material in Persian and through Persian to works in Sanskrit. See *Marc Daniel, "Arab Civilization and Male Love", Gay Sunshine 32 (Spring 1977), 5. Trebor, also called Trebor Healey Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1962. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Badboy Book, 137-40; biog., 386: author of three *chapbooks and called here Trebor Healey. Leyland, Queer Dharma: voices of Gay Buddhists, 404-07: *Buddhist poems (in the section "Queer Dharma Poetry"); called Trebor. A Day for a Lay, 276-79; biog., 276. Poet and editor from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1933. The finest contemporary gay poet from Great Britain by volume and quality; over 150 poems were published in journals by the 1980s and his published poems are very consistent in quality: all good, with many poems excellent. Foure books of poems have been published: Warm Bodies, 1988, Foreign Parts, 1989, Woman with Camellias, 1995 and Translations from the Human, 1998 (review on the internet: Gay and Lesbian Humanist, Winter 1998-1999). These are all published by De Blackland Press. Warm Bodies was reviewed in James White Review vol. 5 no. 2 (Winter 1989), 4 by *George Klawitter; Woman with Camellias was reviewed in James White Review vol. 13 no. 1 (Winter 1996), 21. His books celebrate gay sexuality and sensuality entirely unselfconsciously. Woman with Camellias is named after the title sequence (which is not a gay sequence) and contains more Tine gay poems. The last poem of Warm Bodies, 1988, *bathhouse trick is an *acrostic (the first letters spell: "but where lies content?"). "All in a Deviant's Day" from his book of poems Translations from the Human (1998) is a witty poem about the normalness of being gay. Born in Devon, he read biochemistry at *Oxford and has taught in technical colleges in Great Britain. He has travelled widely, including several times to Australia, and seven poems were published in the Australian *journal Campaign, no. 135 (March 1987), 8081. He has published ten *postcard poems: for example, His sake, 1984 (a copy is in the collection of *Paul Knobel). Interviews: Catch 22 vol.7 no. 3, March 1989, pp. 11 and 15; also in A Queer Tribe, no. 2 or 3. Tape recordings of him reading exist: e.g., of his reading 2 July, 1992, on radio on Gay Waves, Sydney, and also in the Harold Park Hotel, 7 July, 1992. About four tapes exist to 1992 (information from Ivor Treby). He attended gay writers' workshops in London with *Laurence Collinson. He has stated that in 1995 he had 302 items published. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Edge City, 198-200; biog., 223. Not Love Alone, 116-18; biog., 144. Sugar and Snails, 5-6 (Tine ballad), 26; biog. inside back cover. Take Any Train, 50-51; biog., 64. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 61. Poet from Canada writing in English. Active 1974. Bibliographies. Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (1984), 142: Joydreams, 8 leaves, photostat of typescript in *Canadian Lesbian and Gay Archives. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Active before 1924. Bibliographies. Murray, Catalogue of Selected Books, item 81: Songs near the Cross, no date. Poet from Italy writing in English. Born 1949. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amicizia amorosa, 277 - 78, biog., 284: born in 'Milan he has lived in India and Italy and published one book. Historian from Brazil writing in Portuguese. Born 1944. Author of Perverts in Paradise, London, 1986 (trans. from Portuguese) which discusses homosexuality in Brazil (reviewed European Gay Review no. 2, 131-32). This is a very Tine overview of homosexuality in Brazil with historical background and discussion of Brazilian literature pp. 101-16; see *Mario de Andrade, *Alvares de Azevedo, *Olavo Bilac, *Tulio Carella, *Carlos Drummond de Andrade, *Lampiao, Jorge de Lima, *Gregorio de Matos, *Glauco Mattoso, *Nestor Perlonger, *Roberto Piva, * Poemas do amor maldito, *Joao do Rio. He is a writer who was one of the editors of Lampiao and lives in Sao Paolo from at least 1979; he studied in the Sao Paolo seminary for some time and in 1972 he had a long trip through Latin America and later lived in Berkeley, California, for a year and in Mexico for a year. Perverts in Paradise is one of the finest gay cultural studies of a country so far (compare *Brett Hinsch). Biographical information: see *Now the Volcano, p. 254 (he also has a story on pp. 255-62). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gay Histories and Cultures. Figure in myth and religion especially in *Indian languages of north America; a trope in poetry in Winebago from the United States from 1900. A figure distinguished by skill at trickery who appears widely across world tribal cultures and has an inordinate sexuality; usually male but sometimes assuming female form. Regarding the American Indian language Winnebago see Gay Sunshine no. 26/27, 17, where references to *transvestism among the fables of this north American Indian tribe occur (songs and chants in connection with this myth may be relevant). The trickster occurs amongst other north American Indian tribes: see Paul Radin, The Trickster, 1956, mainly a study of the Winnebago. Trickster myths also occur in Africa (see Encyclopedia of Religion article and *African languages). Compare *Mimi spirits amongst *Australian Aboriginal languages. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion: see "Trickster". Poet from Russia writing in Russian. Born 1945. An outstanding gay poet from *St Petersburg who has written very fine openly gay poems and continues in the tradition of predecessers such as *Essenin. He was imprisoned with hard labor from 1976 to 1980 for writing homosexual poems, though the poems were not published at the time. The imprisonment came followed the discovery of manuscript poems only. Presssure from western gays succeeded in alleviating his situation and eventually in his being freed. Noted gay poems include one to a Georgian ballet dancer, written in Tibilisi, the capital of Georgia (see Anthologies below). After 1986 he was able to publish in journals but only if the material was not gay; this situation may have changed after 1991. Text: see *Mary Giles, Journals - Russian for possble recent poems (he is one of the editors of the main St. Petersburg gay journal * Gay, Slavyiene). Criticism: see *David Dar, *Simon Karlinsky; there is a critique of his work in Gay News no. 154, 15-16, by David Dar. Translation. English - Simon Karlinsky (see Criticism below), *Mary Giles (1983) J. M. Regan. Greek: a translation was published in Greece of a poem about sex with a *black man, ca. 1988. Italian: Babilonia no. 38, 14: article and translation of a poem: "Letter of a Prisoner", February 1978. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Terras, Handbook of Russian Literature. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Orgasms of Light, 225-26 trans. *Simon Karlinsky; biog., 262. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 39495. Drobci stekla v ustih, 135-36; biog., 185. Out of the Blue, 226-34 (including "Three Poems from Tbilisi by Vandlelight" inspired by Ghivi Kanteladze, a Georgian ballet dancer - see note p. 228 - the same poems in Orgasms of Light) ; 346-52 - trans. of the novella Two Ballets by George Balanchine. Criticism. Gay Sunshine 32 (Spring 1977), 28; 38/39 (Winter 1979) 29; 40 (Summer/Fall 1979) two trans. of poems by *Simon Karlinsky. Christopher Street, Jan 1979, 65-67: articles by Karlinsky and *David Dar. Outrage [Australia], February 1986. New York Review, April 10, 1986, 44. Advocate 19 August 1986, 43-47 (with poem): article by Simon Karlinsky. James White Review, vol. 4 no. 4 (Summer 1987): prints the poem "Spring". Editor and book collector from New Zealand of works in English. Active 1905. Author of *Walt Whitman and Leaves of Grass, an Introduction, London, 1905, 100 pp. This book was compiled from lectures given in Dunedin, New Zealand, in 1904; see "Children of Adam" pp. 29-35 for a discussion of sex (however, homosexuality is not mentioned): states Whitman was concerned with a healthy attitude to sex. There is an appendix pp. 89-91 giving the correct name for those poems of Whitman which were retitled by *W. M. Rossetti in his censored British edition. He lived in St Leonards, Otago, in the south island and had a collection of Whitman material. A catalog of this collection was published according to *William Sloane Kennedy (see his The Fight of a Book for the World, 1926, xvi). A copy is in the Mitchell Library, *Sydney; it is an early bibliography of writings on Whitman titled Catalogue of a collection of Walt Whitman Literature, Dunediin, no date, 36 pp. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1953. A *west coast gay poet. His first book of poems was Pavane, 1981. A second book of poems is Monday, Monday, Cold Calm Press, ca. 1987, 44 pages (review: James White Review vol. 4 no. 2 (Winter 1987), 18 - highly praised; the work is also highly praised by *Dennis Cooper in The Advocate no. 447, 27 May 1986, 61). Other books of poems include Hand over Heart: Poems 1981-1988, Amethyst Press, 1991, Answer Song, High Risk/Serpent's Tail, 1994, and Plasticville, Turtlepoint Press, 2000. He emerged out of the *Los Angeles gay literary scene but has lived in *New York since 1988. He teaches poetry at Rutgers University. Information is available on him on the internet. Criticism and brief biography: see Schuyler, Diary, pp. 316-17. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Poets for Life, 221; biog. 240. Name of Love, 68; biog., 78: "widely regarded as among the finest gay poets of his generation". Badboy Book, 347-56; biog., 347. Eros in Boystown, 16-17; biog., 62. A Day for a Lay, 248-53; biog., 248. Plush. The World in Us: Lesbian and Gay Poetry of the Next Wave, 327-334; biog., 372. Word of Mouth, 334-42. Criticism. The Advocate 13 May, 1982, 27. Poem in Greek from Greece. 1955. See Maledicta 6 (1982), 94-100: an English translation of this major Greek bawdy poem (see *bawdry), collected from oral tradition in 1955 and taped, 1978, by *Mary Koukoules and subsequently translated into English by her. The poem is a satire on *Homer's * Iliad: "It was the arse and not the cunt was the cause/ For everybody was arse-fucking everybody within the Trojan wall'"(p. 94). When Achilles looks at Patroclus's arse, which "seemed to him like the full moon"... "immediately Achilles's terrible prick rose up" (p. 96). Mary Koukoules states, p. 100, that the poem is "Now often recited by students, *actors and artists, especially in the homosexual milieu in *Athens." Compare the oral poem *"King Cyrus". Troop (pseud.) Pseudonym of a poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1941. He is one half of a black male-white male couple. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Black Men/White Men, 201 - poem "Brazil"; biog., 238. When used in this encyclopedia a trope is a figure from myth, a motif, or a concept or conceit with homosexual content which is consistently used with a homosexual reference in poetry over a long period of time. For instance, *Ganymede in Greek from Turkey and Greek, which is the earliest trope, dates from ca. 700 B. C. It is used later in Greek and in other languages. Ganymede is the boy or youth abducted (or raped in some versions) by the chief god Zeus. Some 125 tropes are listed here. See *Achilles and Patroclus, *Adonis, *Agathon, *Alexander the Great, *Alexis, *Amor, *Androgynes and Androgyny, *Angels, *Antinous, *Apollo, *Ariwara no Narihira, King *Arthur, *Bacchus, *Bathing, *Bathyllus, *Beloved, *Bikies, *Blue, *Castor and Pollux, *Colors, *Comradeship, *Corydon, *Cosmas and Damian, *Cowboys, *Cupbearer (Saki), *Cupid, *Cut sleeves, *Cyparissus, *Damon and Pithias, *Dandyism, *Daphnis, *David and Jonathan, *Devil, *Dictionaries and words - Chinese, *Dionysus, *Dioscuri, *Dorian, *Down on the face, *Drinking saliva, *Drugs, *Effeminacy, *Endymion, *Ephebe, *Eros, *Faerie, *Fairy, *Farrukhi, *Faun, *Femme fatale, *Flowers, *Fops, *Ganymede, *Garden, *Gazelle, *Gender ambiguity, *Green, *Gray hair, *Hadrian, *Hashish, *Henri III, *Hercules, *Hermaphrodites, *Hermaphroditus, *Hermes, *Hermes Trismegistus, *Lord John *Hervey, *Houris, *Hsu Tzu-yun, *Hyacinthus, *Hylas, *Iolaus, Jesus Christ, Emperor Jianwen, John the Beloved Disciple, Joseph (Yusuf), Julius Caesar, *Lavender (Lilac, Mauve and Violet), *Leather poets, *Lily, Alvaro de *Luna, *Lycidas, Sultan *Mahmud of Ghazna and the boy Ayaz, *Mimi spirits, *Misogyny, *Narcissus, *Nisus and Euryalus, *Oedipus Complex, *Oral poems - Sepik languages, *Orestes and Pylades, *Orpheus, *Pan, *Peach sharing, *Phallicism, *Platonic love, *Platonism, *Po Chu-i, *Pobratim, *Priapus, *Purple, *Rape, *Sado-masochism, *Saints, *Sappho, *Satyrs, *Saint Sebastian, *Sergius and Bacchus, *Shiva, *Slavery, *Snake and serpent motifs, *Socrates, *Socratic love, *Sodom and Gomorrah, *Sporus, John *Stuart also called Lord Bute, *Thyrsis, *Tiresias, *Trickster, *Tuan-hsiu-pien, *War, *White, *Wine, *Wrestling matches, *Yin and Yang, *Zeus, *Zhou Xiaoshi. See *Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae regarding depiction in Greek art and the following critics who have elucidated tropes: *Stephen Wayne Foster, *Anne marie Schimmel, *Charles Wendell, *Ehsan Yarshater. Tropes which were originally homosexual may not always be so and the context needs to be taken into account; on the other hand, if the earlier homosexual meaning isn't known, later homosexual reference in a trope can be missed. Other suggested tropes - Buddy, Choirboy, Fag Hag (a woman who likes gay men), Incest (father son, fraternal), Trick (United States term for sexual partner). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Princeton Handbook of Poetic Terms. Addressee from Germany relating to poems in English. Born ca. 1900-died 1944. A German man with whom *A. L. Rowse fell in love and about whom he wrote poems. In his memoir A Man of the Thirties (1979), Chapter 2, "Adam von Trott", Rowse states that he was unable to return his (Rowse's feelings) and leaves it ambiguous as to whether the relationship became physical; letters were written and those to Rowse from Adam von Trott were kept by Rowse. Adam von T rott was a diplomat in Germany who was involved in a plot to assassinate Hitler, the German dictator 1933-1945; the plot failed when a bomb in a briefcase failed to go off at the right time and the plotters were discovered and executed. On him see the index to Marie "Missie" Vassiltchikov, The Berlin Diaries 1940-1945, London: Folio Society, 1991, and p. 279. The author, a Russian emigré whose family owned estates in Lithuania, left Russia after the 1917 revolution and worked in Germany as a secretary, keeping a secret diary, written in code. Dr. Adam von Trott zu Solz was her boss in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Berlin; there is a photograph of him in the court while being tried for the plot agaiinst Hitler between pp. 232 and 233. Adam von Trott and the other conspirators were hanged by piano wire, causing a slow and painful death, and Hitler ordered a film made of their deaths. Vassiltchikov, The Berlin Diaries, states on p. 31 that he married in 1940 and that he had two daughters (see p. 279). A. L. Rowse visited him subsequent to their relationship. Troubadours, askiks, minstrels, folksingers, bards - European Troubadours were *singers who composed and performed music including the words which were in the form of poems; frequently they were wandering minstrels. The poetry of the troubadour poets was a major movement in Provençal (also called Occitan), spoken in the south of France, from 1180 to 1250; later it spread to French and other *Romance languages such as Italian, Spanish, Catalan, Galician and Portuguese. About 450 troubadours are known in Provençal; in French they were called trouveres. I here is a huge literature on them. They were the first European language poets to make love a central theme of lyric poetry. They are important for homosexual poetry in three ways. Firstly, the construction of love in their poetry and songs in which, by convention, a knight woos a lady from a distance (a convention which came to be known as *courtly love), could allow for the hiding of homosexuality (then a crime). Secondly, accusations of homosexuality were contained in some of their poems. Thirdly, some troubadours (e.g., *Arnaut Daniel) were homosexual. In their poems the lady may be referred to indiscriminately with masculine and feminine terms of address. Many of their ideas and conventions about love relate to the *Debate on Love in Arabic and to Arabic poetry of the time and there was a connection through Spain, where Arabic and Spanish were spoken simultaneously until the expulsion of the Moors in 1492. *A. R. Nykl has studied the relationship with Arabic poetry most thoroughly. The troubadours greatly influenced *Petrarch and *Petrarchism as well as *Dante. *René Nelli has written a study of their love poetry. Provencal: see *Arnaut Daniel, *Raimon de Derfort, *Turc Malec, *Sordello. R. T. Hill and T. G. Bergin, Anthology of Provençal Troubadours, 2 volumes, 1973 (with fine bibl.) is a selection of their poetry. The troubadour Marcabru (active 1130-1148) shows considerable *misogyny is his poetry and is a candidate for being homosexual; see Poésies complètes (Toulouse, 1909). French: see *Guillaume the Ninth of Aquitaine, *Conon de Bethune, *Adam de la Halle, *Thibaut de Champagne. For texts in French and Provençal with English translation see Frederick Goldin, Lyrics of the Troubadours and Trouveres, 1983 (with bibl.). The * Roman de la Rose, a famous *medieval long poem, relates to the troubadour tradition. Catalan. *Ausias March shows the influence. The work of *Ramon Hull relates closely to their poetry. Italian: see *Guinizelli, *Antonio di Guido (a Florentine folksinger). Portuguese: see *Pero de Ambroa, *Pero de Armea, *Pero Garcia Burgalez, *Paes de Ribela. Galician. Troubadour poetry was also written in this Romance language spoken in the north west iberian peninsula. Galician is close to Portuguese: see * Cantigas. German: The German *minnesingers have close links. The relationship of homosexuality as expressed in the Arabic love poetry of Spain to troubadour poetry in Spanish and *courtly love in French and other languages (and the homosexual element in turn in these) remains unexplored and needs elaboration. See *Henri Peres. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics : "Troubadour and Trouvere". New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. Criticism. Nykl, Hispano-Arabic Poetry, 370-411: article with detailed notes. Troubadours, askiks, minstrels, folksingers, bards - non European Singers in Armenian from Armenia from 1590 and later in other languages. Wandering singers (called troubadours in western European languages) were common in Armenian and Georgian where they are known as ashiks or bards (see Great Soviet Encyclopedia vol. 2 under "Ashug"); they date from ca. 1590. Finnish. Turkish and Persian also have such singers. Such an occupation is perfect for a homosexual who does not marry and a tradition of homosexuality is suspected. *Homer may be the earliest such singer (he reputedly came from an island off Turkey). In Bengali see *Baul songs and compare *hijras. Armenian: see the entry Great Soviet Encyclopedia, "Ashug" (also spelt ashik) - this notes ashiks occur in the Soviet Union in Azerbaijani and in Turkish speaking areas. See *Nahapet Khutchak (active 1590), *Sayat-Nova (pseud.). There is a long tradition based on Persian models. Georgian: see *Parajanov. Pashto: see *Afghani love song. Turkish: see *Koroglu (almost certainly physically homosexual). See llhan Basgoz, "Love in ashik poetry" in Review of national Literatures, vol. 4 no. 1, spring 1973, 106-14, in his article "Love themes in Turkish Folk Poetry". Yildiray Erdener, The Song Contests of Turkish Minstrels (London, 1995) discusses songs sung by minstrels, ashiks, in competition. Overall: compare *Troubadours - European, *minnesanger, *singing boys. True Likeness, A: Lesbian & Gay Writing Today Anthology in English from the United States. New York: Sea Horse Press, 1980, 356 pp. One of the finest anthologies of the early *gay liberation period, it was compiled by *Felice Picano; unusually, it includes criticism of the poets. The selected poets were each given several pages making it possible to sample their work in greater detail than usual. It is more a selection of important poets than an anthology proper. Each poet has a short introduction. Male poets: *Walta Borawski, Jon Bracker, Joe Cady, *Daniel Diamond, *Kerrick Harvey, John Iozia, *Rudy Kikel, *Bink Noll, *Charles ("Chuck") Ortleb, James Schuyler, *Aaron Shurin, *Ian Young. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 3051: New York: Sea Horse Press, 1980. Poet from Columbia who wrote in Spanish. 1905-1939 Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 358-60: brilliant poem about a street-boy *prostitute. Historian, critic and poet from Greece writing in English; he later lived in the United States. 1909-ca. 1991. He has written the most comprehensive history of Greek poetry ever written, Greek Poetry from Homer to Seferis, Chicago, 1981; the book is very well written and a comprehensive survey, but unfortunately it does not deal with contemporary poets. It should be consulted for authoritative and readable information on Greek poets and poetry. His attitude to sexuality is chaste and puritanical - e. g., "To its credit, *Embirikos's poetry is purged of low hedonism and sick sensuality", p. 700. Biographical note: see the inside back flap of the dustjacket of this work. This reveals he was Professor of Byzantine Greek at *Oxford, before moving to Chicago; there is no mention of him marrying. His statement, p. 393, that *Nonnus was "the last ancient Greek poet who dealt with homosexual love" before *Cavafy is true in the sense that later *Byzantine poets such as *Agathias Scholasticus disparaged it (but see in addition the * Anacreontea entry). He edited The Penguin Book of Greek Verse, 1971 (see *A. Sikelianos); the "Introduction" is a fine overview of Greek poetry. He has written four books of poetry in English including The Glass *Adonis, London, 1972, dedicated "To Victor". He is rumored to have had an affair with a man in Athens. He is believed to have married and had a child. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Poems in Chinese from China. From before 1962. See Harry E. Wedeck, Dictionary of Erotic Literature, 1962, p. 508: described as "Erotic poems... that describe in scatological and libidinous terms a series of historical scandals". Not traced; they may refer in part to homosexuality. Translator from Greek to Slovenian possibly from Greece. Active 1989. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Drobci stekla v ustih, 5 - 7 (trans. from Greek to Slovene of 'Constantine Cavafy with 'Jure Potokar), 44 (trans. from Greek of 'Napoleon Lapathiotis), 1Q5 (trans. from Greek of 'Dinos Christianopoulos with 'Brane Mozetic) Biographer and critic from Greece who wrote in Greek. Active 1958. He published K. P. Kavafes (C. P. Cavafy) Athens, 1963, a biography of *Cavafy, Ho kavafis kai he epoche tou (Cavafy and his times), Athens, 1968, and O Politikos Kavafis (The Political Cavafy), Athens, 1971. Poet from Japan writing in Japanese. Born 1930. He wrote *waka with homosexual overtones (a Japanese lecturer, University of Sydney to the author, 10 October 1986). He was a leading avant garde poet of the 1950s and 1960s; several collections of poetry exist. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan; lists two collections of waka 1956 and 1958. Biographer from Japan writing in English. Active 1980. Author of Edward Carpenter 1844-1912: Prophet of Human Fellowship, Cambridge, UK, 1980; bibl. pp. 221-27. A biography which does not adequately deal with Carpenter's homosexuality: e.g., Chapter 11 is entitled "Sublimation of Homosexuality". The author has studied Carpenter's papers at Sheffield City Library Autobiographer from Russia writing in Russian. 1892-1941. A Russian poet who was a bohemian and is regarded as one of the greatest Russian women poets of the early part of the twentieth century (compare *Akhmatova, a close friend). She had a lesbian relationship with Sophia Parnok: see Viktoria Schweitzer, Tsvetaeva, 1992, pp. 97-104. In A Captive Spirit: Selected Prose, edited and trans. by J. Marin King, 1980, see pp. 161-78: "An Otherworldly Evening" - a work in prose about meeting *Kuzmin. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Terras, Handbook of Russian Literature. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Poet from China who wrote in Chinese. 712-770. Widely regarded as the greatest Chinese poet, with *Li Po he is accepted as one of the two greatest *T'ang poets. Criticism: see A. R. Davis, Tu Fu, 1971, 147-49 re friendships which he says were "one sided" and "the expression of a deep but unsatisfied desire" (p. 149). The leading Chinese writer *Kuo Mo-jo has commented on the relationship of Du Fu and Li Po in homosexual terms. His name is spelt *Tu Fu in Wade Giles and *Du Fu in Pinyin. Translation. English: William Hung (1952), David Hawkes (1967), Arthur Cooper (1973); Japanese: Kojiro Yoshikawa (1977-83); German: Erwin von Zach (1952). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures. Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature, 813-818; with bibliography of editions, translations, criticism. Criticism. Van Gulik, Sexual LIfe in Ancient China, 91-92: cited as being one of four *T'ang poets - including *Meng Hao-jan, *Wang Wei and *Li Po - whose close friendships have close homosexual undertones. Tuan-hsiu-pien, also spelt Duanxiu pian History in Chinese from China. Ca. 1650. See Van Gulik, Sexual LIfe in Ancient China, p. 63 on the work; Van Gulik states it was written by an anonymous author and records about fifty notorious cases of homosexuality from Chinese history, with notes and comments. Many of the cases were and became *tropes in poetry (e.g. *Cut sleeves). Van Gulik gives the published source as Hsiang-yen-ts'ung-shu, 9th collection, vol. 2, 1909-11, Shanghai. The title means: "Records of the Cut Sleeve"; tuan has the major meaning of color and, in the *Buddhist work the Diamond Sutra, color means "the world of the senses". See also *Words - Chinese. Spelt Tuan-hsiu-pien in *Wade Giles and Duanxiu pian in *Pinyin. An Italian translation exists: Ameng di Wu, La Manica Tagliata (Palermo, Italy: Sellerio, 1990, 142 pp.) translated by Giovanni Vitello. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1955. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Son of the Male Muse, 171-74 (with photo) - including the Tine poem *"Cruising"; biog. 190: a *Philadelphia poet who is a *Quaker and has published one book of poetry, Psalm and other poems. Fra mann til mann, 102-04. Poet from India who wrote in Marathi. 1608-1649. A poet saint who wrote thousands of religious *hymns to *God; he sometimes presents himself as a bride (compare * Song of Songs). English translation: see J. Nelson Fraser and K. B. Marathe, The Poems of Tukarama, Delhi, 1909 (repr.); as examples of homoerotic poems, see pp. 88-89, numbers 246 and 248. See also S. G. Tulpule, Classical Marathi Literature, 1979, pp. 386-92. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, vol. 2, 165. Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1858-1929. He is best known as a painter of seascapes featuring naked or near naked youths: see Henry Scott Tuke: Under Canvas, by David Wainwright and Catherine Dinn, 1989, and Emmanuel Cooper, Henry Scott Tuke, 1987. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity; states he published a poem anonymously in *The Artist. Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 76: Tine *bathing poem "The Sun-Worshipper"; biog., 119 - mentions the youth Johnnie Blacket "who would do anything" and appears to have been a lover; states he also mixed with various *Uranian poets. Tulsidas, also spelt Tulsi Das Poet from India writing in Hindi. Ca. 1523-1623. His Ramacaritmanas (1574-ca. 1577) is the chief work of medieval Hindi; it urges devotion to Rama and accepts much of the mythology of *Hinduism involving *Krishna. He also wrote Krsnagitavali (Songs to Krishna) and lived in Benares. Translation. English: trans. of his Kavitavali (a series of devotional poems and extracts on the life of Rama) by F. R. Allchin, 1964. Russian: A. P. Barannikov (1948; trans. of Ramacaritmanas). French: C. Vaudeville (1955; Ramacaritmanas). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, vol. 2, 166. City in Tunisia where Latin was formerly spoken and Arabic is now the spoken language. Tunis is the capital of Tunisia. It was formerly called *Carthage; gay poetry from 60 is discussed in the Carthage entry. Poet from Great Britain writing in English; translator from Latin to English. Ca. 1544-ca. 1597. He attended New College, *Oxford and married. His poem "To his especial friend Edwarde Dancie", a description of Russian customs, refers to the extent of homosexuality in Russia when he visited in 1568-69: see the poem in Epitaphes and Sonnettes (1576) reprinted with introduction by Richard J. Panofsky, New York, 1977, p. 424: "This monster more desires/ a boy within his bed/ Than any wench". Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Handbook of Elizabethan and Stuart Literature. Criticism. Norton, Homosexual Literary Tradition, 144: citing homoeroticism in his translation from the Latin, The Eclogues of the Poet *Mantuan Turned into English Verse (1567). Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1991. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Unending Dialogue, 36, 38, 45-46, 60 (about his son), 73 (Tine poem on the gay artist Keith Haring who died of *Aids); poems about *Aids. Turin, called in Italian, Torino City in Italy where Italian is spoken. Material of relevance dates from 1970. The second largest north Italian city, after *Milan, Turin (Torino, in Italian) has had an active openly gay presence from the *gay liberation period. *Giovanni Dall'Orto came from the city and the gay archive *Fondazione Sandro Penna is housed there. It is also a publishing center. The city has been a *socialist stronghold due to its industry. See Babilonia no. 36, 22-24. Turkestan languages, also spelt Turkistan Turkestan covers the former Turkmen, Uzbek, Tajik, and Kirghiz Republics (formerly Soviet Socialist Republics and part of the USSR) and the southern part of the Kazakh Republic; east Turkestan was formerly the province of Sinjiang in China. From 1885. The languages are thus spoken across a huge area of north central Asia as far as China. The languages of this area are *Turkic, part of the *Altaic family, and very close to Turkish; languages of relevance include Turkish, Uzbek, Tajik, Azeri and Uighur. "Stan" means land or country. These languages are rich in oral traditions and *dancing boy songs are likely in all; material of relevance dates from ca. 1885. The written languages are influenced by Turkish and Persian. See Geoffrey Wheeler, The Modern History of Central Asia, 1964. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica: see "Turkistan". The Turkic languages are a branch of the *Altaic family. Written records date from ca. 1320. They are spoken from Turkey to Mongolia across north central Asia and especially in *Turkestan in central Asia. All the languages are very close and could be considered dialects (except Chuvash and Yakut, spoken in north east Asia in Russia). Relevant languages: Turkish - the dominant literary language, Azeri (also called Azerbaijani), Uzbek - the second most widely spoken language with over nine million speakers, Turkmen, Kazakh, Kirghiz, Tatar, Chagatay - a literary language of eastern Turkey (see *Babar). All languages in this group are likely to have *dancing boy traditions. The languages (when written) were written in Arabic script until the 1920s and the peoples are *Islamic. Turkish has been written in Latin script from 1928; Cyrillic, the script of Russian has been used for those languages spoken in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) from 1939. See also *Turkestan languages. On the literatures see The Turkic Literatures by *Alessio Bombaci in Philologiae Turcicae Fundamenta, edited by Bazin and others, Weisbaden, 1965. A huge discussion of these languages exists in Russian: see the bibliography in Great Soviet Encyclopedia articles cited. See also Annemarie von Gabain, Turkologie (Leiden, 1963). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica. Katzner, Languages of the World, 3. Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition: under "Turks" the various languages are discussed. Great Soviet Encyclopedia, vol. 26, 480-83: see "Turkic languages", "Turkic studies". Poet from Canada writing in English. Active 1974. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2604a. Homosexuality in Canada, first edition (1979), 15. Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (1984), 142. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 3857. All entries cite The River and the Window, Winnipeg: Four Humours Press, 1974. Poet and critic from New Zealand; he lives in Australia. Born ca. 1950. Poems have been published in the Australian journal * Cargo. Involved in the newspaper The Green Park Observer (1983), which featured a literary section for which he wrote criticism; he is also a filmmaker who made the first New Zealand gay film Squeeze, with script by *David Herkt. Anthology in English from Great Britain. 1985. A gay and lesbian anthology published by the Northern Writers group, *Manchester, bearing the imprint Commonword, 61 Bloom Street, 1985, 102 pp.; biog. notes 101-02. Poems were selected and edited by Mike Binyon, Ray Ede and Di Williams. It consists of poetry and prose and contains a few poems with one gay male poem of relevance by *Tommy Barclay. Rare. Copies sighted: *New York Public Library, *British Library. Tvardovsky, Alexander Poet and editor of Novyi Mir (1950-54 and 1958-1970), the organ of the writers union. In a poem occurs the phrase about sexual intercourse "front or back/ it's all the same"; source not traced - possibly the popular epic Vasily Tyorkin (1942-45) or Tyorkin in the Other World, 1963. A loyal *Communist at first, in later life he opposed the bureaucracy. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Terras, Handbook of Russian Literature : notes he was "prone to strong emotional attachments." Poet from the United States writing in English. 1835-1910. An *eighteen-nineties novelist and story writer, one of the most famous United States prose writers, especially for The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885), which the critic *Leslie Fiedler has seen as having a repressed homosexual element. With *Frank Stockton, he is alleged to have written the homosexual *ballad *"Christopher Columbo": see Walter Klinefelter, Preface to an Unprintable Opus, Portland, Maine, 1942. Preface to an Unprintable Opus is very rare (only 75 copies were printed) and it traces the bawdy version of the poem to 1892 when it is alleged writers like Mark Twain, Frank Stockton and others had a hand in putting it together as a parody of a straight version of the poem (which has not survived). (1892 was the anniversary of Columbus's discovery of America.) Source of the preceding information: Vance Randolph, "Roll Me in Your Arms", vol. 1, 1992, p. 504. Mark Twain wrote prose works with scatological references, such as The Mammoth Cod, published by Maledicta Publications, 1976 (this includes "The Stomach Club", pp. 23-25, a lecture on masturbation); see also the preface to this work by *Gershon Legman, pp. 1-17. The poem "The Mammoth Cod", pp. 18-22, is very difficult to elucidate but probably refers to playing with the penis. Mark Twain wrote an extended *parody of * The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam (unpublished; the manuscript is in his papers at The University of California, Berkeley) - see Legman's introduction to The Mammoth Cod , pp. 3-5 and p. 11; however, this work seems mostly about sexual impotence and old age. On Twain's poetry, see E. S. Turner, On the Poetry of Mark Twain, 1966. Compare *Eugene Field. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Twentieth century English poets and entries More poets have written homosexual and gay poems in English from 1900 to 1999 than before. Poetry has been written in Great Britain, the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, India and other countries. *Modernism, which stood in English literature in Great Britain in opposition to the *Georgians, was the main literary movement in the first half of the century. *Free verse (in opposition to rhymed metrical verse which the Georgians used) was the main type of verse; however, much rhymed verse continued to be written. After decriminalization of male homosexual acts for males over twenty-one in Great Britain in 1967 and the emergence of *gay liberation, especially in the United States, there was an enormous outpouring of openly gay poetry. The *nineteen-seventies was a major period for the writing of gay poetry in English as was the *nineteen-eighties when, unfortunately, the disease *Aids began to take a terrible toll on poets. Some poets who have written a significant volume of gay verse in the twentieth century by country are, for Great Britain: *W. H. Auden, *John Betjeman, *Ralph Chubb, *Noel Coward, *Thom Gunn, *James Kirkup, *Wilfred Owen, *Siegfried Sassoon, *Stephen Spender and ivor Treby. For the United States see: *John Ashbery, *Hart Crane, *Dennis Cooper, *Gavin Dillard, *Robert Duncan, *Allen Ginsberg, James Merrill, *Paul Monette, *Harold Norse, *Frank O'Hara, James Schuyler, John Wieners. For Australia see *David Malouf, *Denis Gallagher, *David Herkt. Canada: see *E. A. Lacey, ian Young. New Zealand: see *Charles Brasch. South Africa: see *Stephen Gray. India: *Vikram Seth. Portugal: see *Fernando Pessoa, *Antonio Botto (translation by Pessoa). *Translation into English of gay poetry from other languages has been huge in this century and *bawdry has been especially rich and has been taken seriously as poetry. Many poets commenced their careers in the *nineteen-nineties promising to make the next few decades very rich in gay poetry. This decade also saw the publication of * The Eternal Flame, the finest anthology of gay poetry so far conceived, compiled by *Anthony Reid. The twentieth century has been especially rich in *anthologies, *autobiography, *bibliography, *biography, *bookplates, *booksellers, *collectors, *critics, *design, *historians, *journals, *lovers, and *publishers. English, the most widely spoken language in the world, has produced far more gay poetry in the twentieth century than any other language in this century. Anthology in Portuguese from Brazil. Titled on the cover: 24 Poemas Gays. Salvador: Editora Grupo Gay de Bahia, 24 leaves. Published in 1982. Copy: *Library of Congress. The copy could not be located in July 1995 but was later found (report from the Library). Not seen. The work was published by the gay group in Brazil in Salvador de Bahia with which *Luiz Mott is associated. Collection in English from Great Britain. 1992. A collection of the work of *Dinyar Godrej, *Pat O'brien and *Tim Naeve edited and introduced by *Martin Humphries; published in London by Gay Men's Press, 1992, 79 pages. The title refers to the fact that all three poets are under thirty. Poem in English from Australia and from the United States. From ca. 1980. Two, four, six, eight/Gay is just as good as straight. A *gay liberation *slogan believed to have been chanted at demonstrations and almost certainly chanted in the United States and possibly Great Britain. Library and archive in Basque and Spanish in Spain. In existence in 1988. A significant gay library and archive in the Basque city Bilbao with material in Basque as well as Spanish. Most of the library's material is in Spanish. It is housed in the gay center. Both Spanish and Basque are spoken. There has been an active movement of Basque separatists in the Basque speaking area for some years. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1907-1974. His collected poems are titled Will of *Eros, Los Angeles: Black Sparrow, 1972, 152 pp. He was the author of Screening the Sexes: Homosexuality and the Movies, New York, 1972, the first work in English to discuss homosexuality in film. He wrote a famous underground novel, The Young and the Evil with Charles Henri Ford, first published in Paris in 1933; it was banned from publication in the United States until the 1960s. He is also the author of the biography of a gay Russian-American artist Pavel Tchelitchew: The Divine Comedy of Pavel Tchelitchew, New York, 1967. A close friend of *Charles Henri Ford. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors, New Revision Series, vol. 5. Gay Histories and Cultures. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 3860-61: The Grabite Butterfly, Berkeley, CA: B. Porter, 1945 and The Will of Eros: Selected Poems 1930-1970, Los Angeles: Black Sparrow 1973 (note: this work was first published in 1972 and was 152 pp.). City in Lebanon where Greek was spoken. *Meleager (active ca. 100 B.C.) lived in Tyre in his youth: see Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, 480. *Antipater came from Tyre or *Sidon. Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. Active 600 B.C. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 1102. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Theognidea lines 933-38, 1003-06, 1017-22 (gay poem). Criticism. Brandt, "Der paidon eros in der griechischen Dichtung", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 8 (1906), 527. Dover, Greek Homosexuality, 195, footnote 20: referring to fragment 10, lines 27-30. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1305. Genre in Chinese from China. From ca. 600. A major form of Chinese poetry from the *T'ang period onwards. It means *lyric or song-words. The first poems were written for entertainers in the *pleasure quarters. It came to the fore in the Sung period 960-1279 in the work of *Su Shih. Compare * shih. A master of the genre was *Na-lan Hsing-te. The word Tz'u is in *Wade Giles romanization. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature, 846-49. 'Ubayd Zakani, also spelt Obeyd Zakani, 'Ubayd-i Zakani and Ubaid-i Zakani Poet from Iran who wrote in Persian. Ca. 1280-ca. 1370. An outstanding homosexual poet according to Persian scholars. For sources of homosexual poems in his works see *Minoo S. Southgate in Iranian Studies vol. 17 no. 4 (Autumn 1984), 442-443, footnote 20,. See also Rats against cats, trans. by M. Farzad, 1945, a famous satirical poem. *Arthur Christensen wrote an article on his facetiae. See also *Paul Sprachman. Translation. Russian: two translations listed 1965 (one in Moscow; the other published in Dushanbe) - see his entry in Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition. Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Criticism. Gibb, History of Ottoman Poetry, vol. 2, 250-56. Rypka, History of Iranian Literature, 272-73. Levy, Persian Literature, 150-55. Gay Sunshine, no. 24, p.27: poem on *anal sex; name spelt Ubaid-i Zakani. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage: see pp. 485-86 re a gay parody of The Book of Kings (from the *Old Testament). See also Robert Surieu, Sarv e Naz: An Essay on Love and the Reception of Erotic Themes in Ancient Iran, 170 (his "Epistle of the Hundred Precepts" about Turkish *slave boys and the coming of beards), 174 (refers to his Rish-Nama (Book of the Beard), a satire about the coming of the *beard). Poet and dramatist from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1504-1556. He was a headmaster of *Eton who in 1541 was convicted of having sex with a pupil. Ralph Roister Doister is regarded as the earliest English comedy. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 295-96. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 3863: the play Ralph Roister-Doister, The Temple Dramatists, 1901. Criticism. Ellis, Sexual Inversion, 41-42. Hirschfeld, Die Homosexualität, 571. Norton, Homosexual Literary Tradition, 327-333: re homosexuality in his verse play Ralph Roister Doister (1552, printed 1566). Poet from Tonga who wrote in Tongan, a *Polynesian language. Active before 1994. See New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics, p. 965, states the petty Tongan chief Fisherman Ulamoleke composed and chanted a 101 line poem for his bereaved friend Falepapalangi who thanked him by immediately repeating the entire poem: an example of homoerotic Polynesian *eulogies. Poet from Germany who wrote in German. Active before 1992. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 253: witty poem about becoming rich and buying a live-in boy. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active 1979. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Milchsilber, 111-12; biog., 217 (with photo). Possibly a pseudonym and his real name is Klaus-Peter Hagen Ullrich based on the layout of the information on this page. Poet from Germany who wrote in German and Latin; critic and letter writer in German. He later lived in Italy. 1825-1895. From Hanover in northern Germany, Ulrichs was one of the first German homosexual emancipatist writers and published several brief works from 1864 to 1879. These were edited by *Magnus Hirschfeld in 1898 under the title Forschungen über das Ratsel der mannmannlichen liebe (repr. New York, 1975; Berlin: *Verlag rosa Winkel, 1995, 4 volumes and biography by *Hubert Kennedy). There has been a translation of Forschungen über das Ratsel der mannmannlichen liebe titled The Riddle of "Man-Manly" Love, 2 volumes (New York, 1995-96), by Michael A. Lombardi-Nash. There is some critical discussion of poets: e. g. in volume of the Lombardi-Nash translation 1 see p. 116 (*Martial), pp. 248-50 (*Hafiz) and in volume 2 pp. 291-92 (*Byron), 295-97 (*Pindar, *Vergil's "Second Eclogue", *Martial and *Tibullus) while on pp. 298-99 two poems under the name Numa Numantius are quoted. He published a book of poems, Auf Bienchens Flügeln (On the wings of a bee) in German (Leipzig, 144 pp). In 1880 he published Apicula Latina on Latin *student songs with German translation (Leipzig, 42 pp.); this work may be in Latin. His German languages poem *"Antinous" appears in the appendix to Ara Spei, 1865. He migrated to Italy in 1880 where he lived in Aquila. A lover was called *Eberhard. Poems in Latin. He published poems on the death of the gay king of Bavaria Ludwig II: Cupressi, Carmina in memoriam regis Bavariae Ludovici II, Berlin, 1887, 18 pp., and a journal Alaudae (meaning both "larks" and also meaning "legions"), 1889-95. There were thirty three issues of Alaudae each of eight pages and it was written entirely in Latin; there were some poems by him (such as "Ad meas Alaudas" in the first few issues). Text of his German poems. See *Wolfram Setz, editor, Matrosengeschichten und Gedichte, Berlin: Verlag rosa Winkel, 1998, 159 pp. Biography. *Hubert Kennedy has written a biography which contains an extensive bibliography as well as extensive critical comment. He corrresponded with *J. A. Symonds: see the index of Symonds' Letters, edited by *R. S. Peters. Four letters are published in Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 1 (1899) 36-71. Compare *Kertbeny who published his first work advocating gay emancipation in 1869. English. The *Labardie Collection has a manuscript translation of some of his prose works. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1339-40. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 106. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Ioläus (1902), 157-59: includes two poems, one a *sonnet, from Memnon (trans. into English by *Edward Carpenter). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 219; biog. note, 194. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 256-62 (trans. of prose). Criticism. European Gay Review vol. 1, 70-74. Pseudonym of poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1991. A *black poet, his pseudonym comes from *Homer and means wanderer. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 129 - "How White Folks Learn About Us" (about reading Huckleberry Finn as a child and its reinforcement of negative stereotypes; not a gay poem); biog., 184. Period in Arabic literature in Iraq and other Arabic speaking countries from 661 to 750. The first period of Arabic culture after the adoption of *Islam following the death of the prophet Mohammad in 632. Islamic culture spread from Iraq and Syria to Egypt, Morocco and Spain in this period. It is a major period for homosexual poetry in Arabic. See in English A. F. L. Beeston, Arabic literature to the end of the Umayyad period, 1983, *"Al-Farazdaq and Jarir", pp. 401-09, and "An age of eroticism", pp. 413-19 (this book is a major survey of the Arabic literature and Arabic culture of the period; bibl. pp. 530-39). See also the poets *Djarir, *Walid II, *Bashshar ibn Burd. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica . Poet from Germany writing in German. Active before 1989. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 245. Anthology in English from the United States. Boston and London: Faber, 1991, 151 pp. It was compiled by *Rachel Hadas and contains over 45 poems from members of the New York City Gay Men's Health Crisis poetry workshop for persons working with *Aids. Chapter 1, "The Lights Must Never Go Out ", pp. 3-15, describes the project; Chapter 2 "Aids and the Art of Living", pp. 19-83, gives the text of the 45 poems (all written 1989-1991); Chapter 3, pp. 87-150, consists of 16 poems written by Rachel Hadas in connection with the workshop, with commentary on their background. The poems, all inspired by living with Aids, are of a very high standard. Poets (see entries): Charles Barber, Glenn Besco, Dan Conner, Tony J. Giordano, Kevin Imbusch, Glenn Philip Kramer, Raul Martinez-Avila, James Turcotte. Poet from Egypt writing in Italian; he lived in Italy and Brazil. 1888-1970. A famous twentieth century Italian poet. He was born in Egypt, visited Italy only after 1916 and lived in Brazil 1936-42. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Duroc, Homosexuels et lesbiennes illustrés, 419: stated by *Roger Peyrefitte to be homosexual though married. Universities are institutions of serious study of knowledge and are frequently situated in cities in which they are major components of the economy (e.g. *Oxford, *Bologna, *Heidelberg). They have been in existence in Europe from ca. 1070 when the University of Paris was founded; the Arabic speaking al-Azhar university in Egypt in Cairo was founded in 970 (the university has basically had an islamic religious focus throughout its history). In earlier centuries men only attended universities and the entrance age was much lower than today when it is around the age of 18 with males going to universities in their early teenage years and being awarded degrees in their later teengage years. Since university libraries are major sources of manuscripts and rare books containing homosexual poetry and commentaries on it, universities have been major conservers of gay culture and poetry in particular. In Europe they are institutions which, until recently, only admitted men, and were places where homosexuality frequently occurred and still does. They are now becoming major centres of gay research. In the Netherlands for Dutch see *Homodok, 'Amsterdam. Leiden (see *Wim van Wiggen) and Utrecht have gay studies courses. English. Great Britain - see 'Cambridge, *Oxford. United States - see *Chicago, *Cornell, *Harvard (which contains the largest university library in the United States), *New York, *San Francisco and *Yale. *One Institute in *Los Angeles was the first gay university in the world. Australia: see *Sydney, 'Melbourne. French: see 'University of Paris. German. 'Berlin, 'Heidelberg, *Gottingen, *Leipzig are major university towns in Germany; Frankfurt and Hamburg have universities where homosexual studies are persued. The University of Siegen has a gay literary 'archive and from here has emanated a * Lexikon on writers. Greek: all western universities were major centres of Greek studies until recently. Italian: see 'Bologna (from ca. 1080). Latin: all western universities are relevant as the language of instruction in European Universities was Latin in many places until the nineteenth century; see *University of Paris. Urdu. Rahman, "Boy love in the Urdu ghazai", Paidika vol. 2 no. 1 (1989), 17: in a discussion of the * ghazal the author states the the Muslim University of Aligarh (near *Delhi, in Uttar Pradesh, India) "it is fashionable to speak of good-looking boys as men speak of women". Buddhist universities formerly existed in India; Nalanda in West Bengal was one of the most famous and was destroyed by the Islamic invasion in the twelfth century. The language of instruction was Sanskrit. University of Paris, also called The Sorbonne University in France where French is the main spoken language; Latin was formerly the language of instruction. From ca. 1170. The University of Paris originally established at the Sorbonne, on the left bank of the Seine River, is the center of intellectual life in *Paris, famous for public colloquia; the Sorbonne campus grew out of the cathedral school of Notre Dame Cathedral. Many noted French writers have attended the university. Theses regarding homosexuality have been written in Latin in the University: see *Anacreontea, *Aristotle, *Ephebe, *Pederasty, *Shakespeare (on his Sonnets). Many Latin theses pertaining to homosexuality and poetry are listed in *Herelle manuscript 3258 and several were written in the nineteenth century in Latin. A rigorous intellectual tradition was established with the basis of this being controversy over Aristotle. In the 13th and 14th centuries the Sorbonne was famous for the teaching of theology and *Thomas Aquinas taught there. Latterly, 'Michel Foucault taught in the University. The University of Paris now consists of several campuses scattered around Paris. The college called the Sorbonne (founded ca. 1257) houses the faculty of letters; it is now one of thirteen campuses. The University of Paris was largely responsible for establishing, from the 'Renaissance onwards, a vigorous intellectual tradition in France. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopædia Britannica : see "Paris I à XIII, Universités de". Biographer from the United States writing in English. Born 1922. Author of Voyager: A Life of *Hart Crane, New York, 1969; London: Anthony Blond, 1970, 831 pp.; bibl. pp. 815-17. The book frankly discussed Hart Crane's homosexuality: on p. 26 the author states "Sometime between his twelfth and sixteenth years he had his first homosexual experience"; see also pp. 163-65. This work was the first candid biography written in the United States of a major United States gay poet. Compare *Michael Holroyd for the first similar biography in Great Britain - though Michael Holroyd's work was more detailed in disussion of homosexuality. On the critical reception of The Bridge see pp. 618-24; antagonism to Crane on the basis of Crane's homosexuality needs to be considered (see *Yvor Winters). Crane's first biographer *Philip Horton frankly mentioned his homosexuality in 1937. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1885-1977. The compiler of several anthologies as well as several volumes of poems. The authorof many books of poetry from 1911 and author of Collected Parodies, 1936 (see *parody). Louis Untermeyer's A Treasury of Ribaldry, London, 1957 has some poems of relevance e.g., poems from the *Palatine Anthology and by *Anacreon, pp. 1-16. He was four times married. It is assumed the poet in Men and Boys, below, is the same as the Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature entry. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors New Revision Series, vol. 31. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 77: "The Immortal Boy" (about the man in *Shakespeare's sonnets: "You keep your Bard, the immortal Boy for me!"); this work has elements of *parody and cannot be conclusively ascribed to Louis Untermeyer. Pseudonym of a poet from Germany who wrote in German. Active 1921. The 'British Library General Catalogue discloses this is the pseudonym of Walther E. Heinrich. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 1Q7: book Kain und Abel, Berlin: Reiss, 1921. Upanishads, also spelt Upanisads Poems in Sanskrit from India. They date from at least 200 B.C. but may go back to 650 B.C. Note that there are variant spellings of the name. "Upanishad" means a session, and refers to a *disciple sitting at the feet of a master who imparts esoteric doctrines. The method of transmission may thus have a homoerotic content. At least 108 Upanishads exist but only ten to thirteen are of major importance; generally they are written in prose but some are in verse. They derive from the Vedic *hymns called the * Rgveda and are *mystical works dealing with the One and the Many and the unity of the universe and the self. An *allegorical interpretation from a homosexual point of view is possible. The Upanishads do not exclude homosexuality in their view of the universe sine they take a universalist stance (compare *Taoism). They influenced *Transcendentalism and *Whitman (see *Edward Carpenter, who discusses the influence of The Upanishads on Leaves of Grass in Days with Walt Whitman, 1906, pp. 94102). They almost certainly influenced *Sufism. The Isa Upanisad (very philosophical, not all in verse), one of the most important, is very homoerotic in parts. In their cosmology the Upanishads form the basis of *Hinduism, strongly influenced the *Bhagavad Gita and also influenced *Buddhism. There are many commentaries on the works (see the *British Library General Catalogue entry for reference to these). See the special entry for the *Brhad Aranyaka Upanishad. Translation. Only major translations of collections are included; there are also translations of individual works. English: Dr. E. Roer (Calcutta, 1853; selection), Max Müller (1879), Shree Purohit Swami and *W. B. Yeats, The Ten Principal Upanisads, 1937, R. E. Hume, The Thirteen Principal Upanisads, 1943, S. Radhakrishnan, The Principal Upanisads, 1953; French: Jean Varenne (1960); German: Franz Mischel (1882), O. Boehtlingk (1891), Dr. P. Deussen (1897); Italian: E. G. Carpani (1935); Latin: Antequil dr Perron (date not known; trans. from Persian), Trans, not known (Argentorati, 1801). Persian: see Encyclopedia of Religion article p.148: states 50 Upanishads were translated ca. 1656 by order of Sultan Dara Shakoh. There are almost certainly translations into *Indian languages and other *European languages; further translations into English made in India but not listed in the British Library General Catalogue almost certainly exist. The British Library General Catalogue was checked. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures , vol. 2, 168: dated 650 B.C.-200 B.C. Criticism. Basham, The Wonder That Was India, 250-56. De Bary, Guide to Oriental Classics, 79-81 (dated 900-500 B. C.). Uralic languages, also called Uralian languages Language group comprising Hungarian, Finnish and Estonian spoken in Hungary, Finland and Estonia; there are some thirty other languages. Published material of relevance dates from 1789: see *Virgil (re Hungarian translation of his Eclogues). Some 14. 5 million poeple speak Uralic languages in the 1990s. They were formerly grouped with *Altaic as Ural-Altaic but are now considered a separate language family. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Parlett, Languages of the World, 129-30. Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Movement in English poetry from Great Britain. Ca. 1880-ca. 1930. The Uranian poets were a loose group of English poets publishing ca. 1888-ca. 1930, discussed by *Timothy d'Arch Smith in his book Love in Earnest, 1970 (which is itself indebted to the 1924 catalog of *F. E. Murray, *Catalogue of Selected Books from the Private Library of a Student of Boyhood, Youth and Comradeship). *Frederick Rolfe was one of the earliest poets in the group, writing most of his poems 1880-1890, and is not discussed as a precursor perhaps because his collected poems were not published until 1975. Uranian meant homosexual at this time and, though there was a strong *pedophile and *pederast element, *androphile homosexuality features strongly. They cannot be said to be a movement except in the most general sense. Many published in private editions and consequently their work did not circulate widely. Leading members include *E. E. Bradford, *Edward Carpenter, *Nicholas Chubb, *William Johnson, *J. A. Symonds. See also *A. E. Waite, James Kenneth Stephen, *Clive Mason, *Oliver Hill, all poets not dealt with by Timothy d'Arch Smith. These poets, together with poets of the *eighteen nineties, constitute an attempt to write open gay poetry, an attempt which was doomed by the 1895 trial of *Oscar Wilde. The trial strengthened *censorship both self censorship and state censorship. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Howes, Broadcasting It. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Criticism. Hidden Heritage, 188-93. Smith, Love in Earnest, 240-55: bibliography of works. Poet from Iran who wrote in Persian. 1555-1590. He composed a 'Saqi-nama, was a 'Sufi and heavily influence the Turkish poet 'Nefi. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A'in i Akbari anthology, 639-41; biog., 639. Criticism. Rypka, History of Iranian Literature, 299. Poet from Turkey who wrote in Turkish. Died ca. 15S8. Not found in Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition, and assumed to be the Turkish 'Sufi poet Usuli of Vardar Yenijesi in Gibb, History of Ottoman Poetry, vol. S, pp. 45 - 46, a writer of 'mystical poetry. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: Die Männerliebe der Griechen, 12S: see "Ussuli". Genre in Japanese from Japan. From 850. Uta means "poem, song". Uta are popular poems some of which have satirical and other references to homosexuality (Dr. Harper, Australian National University, Canberra to the author, 1987). Much is left to the imagination in some uta and *indirect language is used. The term uta is often synonomous with *waka. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan. Princeton Companion to Classical Japanese Literature. Lover from Austria relating to works in German. 1840-1892. Lover of *Stadion and noted Austrian writer. See Hirschfeld, Die Homosexualität, p. 671 and see *Magnus Hirschfeld, Geschlechtskunde, 1930, vol. 4, p. 626: photo with Stadion. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 189-90. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born ca.1953. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Son of the Male Muse, 175-76 (with photo): includes the Tine poem "Men"; biog., 190-91: states he lived in *San Francisco in 1983 and is also an artist. Vaisnavism and Vaishnava poets Movement in Bengali and other *Indian languages (Assamese, Oriya, Tamil and Hindi) in India and in Cambodian in Cambodia. From ca. 1400. A devotional movement centering on *Krishna. Poets (e.g., *Chaitanya, *Candidas, Kirttivasa, Maladhar Basu, Vijoy Gupta in Bengali) frequently wrote in the persona of Radha, Krishna's consort. The movement dates ca. 1400-ca. 1500 and emerged from the *Bhakti movement. There is strong sublimated homosexuality in *hymns to Krishna of the movement. See Edward C. Dimock and Denise Levertov, In Praise of Krishna, London, 1968, introduction pp. 9-22 , and especially, pp. 14 and 22. Most of the poetry should be included (Dr. Snell, Hindi lecturer *School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, to the author 2 February, 1987). Oriva: spoken in Orissa state of India to the south of Bengal. There was a strong movement in the eighteenth century. Tamil. See entry "Vaisnava exegetic literature" in Zvelebil, Lexicon of Tamil Literature. Cambodian. Vaisnava poets are known. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Hastings, Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature, vol. 1, 303-04. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Poet from Greece who wrote in Greek. 1824-1879. He wrote a *long poem Astrapogiannos about a young man, Lambetis, who kisses the decapitated head of his dead leader, Astrapogiannos; it is based on *klephtic ballads of the same story. He was accused of perversion and morbidity over the story. He is the most impressive poet of the Ionian school after *Solomos. He married. On Valaoritis see Trypanis, Greek Poetry, pp. 643-45. Publisher in Great Britain of works in English. 1889-1903. A *private press etablished by *Charles Ricketts dating from 1889 which produced lavish illustrated and bound books (the press was most active 1896-1903). Charles Ricketts was responsible for design and illustration. See G. S. Tomkinson, A Select Bibliography of Modern Presses, London, 1928, pp. 163-74 for a list of books published: these included *Marlowe's Hero and Leander (1894), John Gray Spiritual Poems (1896), *Shakespeare's Sonnets (1899), *Tennyson's In Memoriam (1900) and *The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam (1901). Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1942. Not in Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 3884: Of Mute, Insensate Things, New York: Harrison, 1942. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 507: poem *"Narcissus". Criticism. Foster, "Beauty's Purple Flame: Some Minor American Gay Poets", Gay Books Bulletin no. 7 (1982), 17. Poet from France who wrote in French. 1871-1945. Widely regarded as a major French poet, his poetry is philosophical in nature. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 107: cites "Eros Energonmenos". Gay Poetry Anthologies. Les Amours masculines, 521: states permission was refused to print the poems "Narcisse parle" and "Fragments du Narcisse" (see 'Narcissus). Criticism. Arcadie no. 88 (April 1961), 215-220: article entitled "Leçons de Sagesse: Paul Valery" by Jacques Fréville. Translator from Great Britain from German to English. Active 1943. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 260: translator with *Ernest Morowitz of the German poet *Stefan George into English. Poet from India who wrote in Urdu. 1667-1741. The greatest name in Deccan Urdu poetry; his real name was Shamsuddin Valiullah. In 1700 he emigrated to *Delhi. He was greatly influenced by Persian poetry. For information on him see Sadiq, History fo Urdu Literature, pp. 63-82. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, South volume. Criticism. Rahman, "Boy love in the Urdu ghazal", Paidika vol. 2 no. 1 (1989), 14: quotes a gay poem. Vallée, Jacques, Seigneur des Barreaux Poet from France who wrote in French. 1599-1693. He allegedly had an affair with *de Viau which led to the latter's imprisonment; love letters in Latin were written. See *Marc Daniel (pseud.). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 385-86. Criticism. Ruitenbeck, Homosexuality and Creative Genius, 192. Poet from Peru who wrote in Spanish; he later lived in France. 1892-1938. A Peruvian poet who lived in poverty in France 1923-38 where he lived and was a member of the *Communist Party, writing his most famous work, Poemas humanos (1939). Compare *Neruda. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Penguin Companion to World Literature: notes "a forlorn desire for brotherly love... informs nearly all his poems". Critic and novelist from Columbia writing in Spanish; he lives in Mexico. Born 1942. He has written criticism on poetry and four explicit novels dealing with homosexuality. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Foster, Latin American Writers on Gay and Lesbian Themes. Poet from Australia writing in English. Born 1916. A Queensland poet who lives in Brisbane. Some *non gender specific love poetry in the manner of *Housman and *Hardy appear in his two books of poems, Songs of the East Coast (1947) and Dark Wind Blowing (1961); in Dark Wind Blowing, see the love poems pp. 9-11 and 22. He was a lecturer in English and before this Philosophy at The University of Queensland. Songs of the East Coast was republished in a slightly expanded edition in 1997 with a three page introducion by the author. Biographical: see his entry in Contemporary Poets, edited by Rosalie Gascoigne, first edition, London, 1970. A taped interview of four tapes exists made in 1986 with Barbara Blackman; source: the Australian Bibliographic Network (now the National Bibliographic Database on *Kinetica). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Dessaix, Australian Gay and Lesbian Writing, 374 - the poem "Arachne" (dated 1961), which is non gender specific. Translator from Greek to English (from Greece?). Active 1919. He translated a few poems of *Cavafy into English in 1919, including a homopoem - see *E. M. Forster. These were the first translations of Cavafy into English. Poet from the Netherlands writing in Dutch. 1900-1981. Active 1955-69. Gay poems appear in his Verzameld werk: verzen (Collected Poems), Amsterdam, 1993. *S/M themes feature in his work. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Naar vriendscaap zulk een mateloos verlangen, 56-59: poems from Un an die plus, un an de moins, Amsterdam: De Beuk, 1955, De liefste gast, Amsterdam: De Beuk, 1961 and Vreemd aan het vandaag, Leiden: A. W. Sijthoff, 1969 (books cited on p. 118). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 293-94: fine gay poem "The Youngster". Poet from France who wrote in French. Active 1924. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume. 2, item 11062: Poèmes, "faire l'amour", Paris: Editions Sélection à Anverse, 1924. Van Heerden, Ernst A critic, travel writer and autobiographer, best known as a poet. He has published ten volumes of poetry from 1942. See New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics, p. 1184 for some information on him. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Invisible Ghetto, 198-99 - trans. into English by the poet; biog., 213. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1664-1726. See the Epilogue, in verse, to his play The Relapse, 1696, (spoken by Lord Foppington) in Complete Works (1927), vol. 1, p. 101 - suggestions of homosexual *dandyism. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. City in Canada where English is the main spoken language. Poetry of relevance dates from ca. 1943 (see *Tom MacInnes). Vancouver is the largest city on the west coast of Canada and is the capital of the province of British Columbia. It is situated on a very Tine harbor and is known for its laid back lifestyle (compare *San Francisco, *Sydney). A significant amount of Canadian gay poetry has been published by publishers in the city: see *bill bissett, *Douglas LePan, *John Hulcoop. See also *David Maclean, *Stan Persky, Jack Spicer. Possibly a poet from Great Britain writing in English, Dutch or Flemish. Active 1536. Hirschfeld, Die Homosexualität des Mannes und des Weibes, p. 671, cites A. Woltmann, Hans Holbein und seine Zeit, Leipzig, 1974, vol. 1, p. 406 on his homosexuality. He lived in *London in 1536. He may have written in English, Dutch or Flemish (though from his name Dutch or Flemish is more likely). Not in Oxford Companion to English Literature. Historian and critic from Denmark who wrote in Danish. 1910-1998. Author of Phallos, 1969, in Danish, published in English 1972 as Phallos: a symbol and its history in the male world. This work is a most eccentric work, nevertheless containing material on gay poetry. Chapters 1 and 3 on ancient Greece compares ancient Greek *anal sex as described in Bethe (see *Dorian) with *Papua New Guinea *initiation rites. Chapter 5, "The meaning of the word argr" (a term of abuse by which a man is called a passive homosexual in Old Norse), pp. 76-81, discusses the song of Helgi Hundingsbani in the *Edda, Loki's Flyting (see *Volsunga Saga ) and other sagas in Norse and this chapter is especially important for homosexual poetry. Chapter 6 is on Scandinavian *phallic worship. Chapter 14 is on Danish and Norwegian law. There is a note, p. 186, on the Norse *Havamal. Considerable material concerns the *Middle Ages in Scandinavia. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Poet from Italy writing in Italian and Latin; critic in Italian. 1503-1565. An Italian *humanist from *Florence he was openly homosexual in his Italian and Latin poetry (his homosexuality was alluded to in the poetry of *Antonio Grazzini and *Alfonso de Pazzi). He wrote gay *sonnets of *Socratic love and was the last of a group of Florentine homosexuals descending from *Marsilio Ficino; the names of several of his lovers are known. He delivered *Michelangelo's funeral oration, referring in the oration to Michelangelo's bonds with *Tommaso Cavalieri. He wrote the first history of Florence. He had *pedophile and *pederastic tendencies. As a critic he wrote the first commentary on two love sonnets of *Michelangelo to *Tommaso de Cavalieri in Sopra la pittura e la scultura, 1546; Michelangelo expressed gratitude. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Dictionary of Italian Literature. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity; gives the names of several lovers. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amicizia amorosa, 115; biog., 113. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 229: trans. English from "Capitolo of the Pansy". Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 313-15. Criticism. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1359-60. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 131: a writer of *Bernesque poetry on homosexual themes. Editor and critic from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1839. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Ioläus (1906), 193: re *Beaumont and *Fletcher - "the story of their common life, which scandalizes some biographers... is agreeable to me as offering a picture of perfect union" (cited from his edition of the works of Beaumont and Fletcher, London: E. Moxon, 1839). Poet from Turkey who wrote in Turkish. 1770-1824. *Ottoman poet. Not in Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature or Dictionary of Oriental Literatures. He used *Istanbul colloquialisms. Strongly influenced by *Nedim. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Turkish Verse, 119 - Tine *non gender specific love poem; biog., 12. Criticism. Yuzgun, Turkiye'de Escinsellik, 160: states he frequently chose male love as his subject. Library and archive in the Holy See (sometimes called Vatican City), situated in *Rome, Italy, where Latin was formerly the language of discourse and Italian is the present spoken language. The library dates from 1295 but was developed by Pope Nicholas V from 1447. The Vatican library in *Rome is the library of the headquarters of the *Catholic Church. It had 700,000 volumes in 1976. Vatican City is the legal State called sometimes The Holy See or more simply, The Vatican. On the Vatican Library see the entry in New Catholic Encyclopedia(Washington, 1967). Some sources state that the library has one of the largest collections of European language erotica in the world. In Kearney, Private Case, pp. 17-18, *Gershon Legman denies an erotic collection of books exists and the existence of such a collection was denied to this author by a senior librarian in 1988. However, its existence was confirmed to this author by a United States book dealer in April 1994; his sources were a senior source in the British Library and an American Jesuit. (A letter from the British Library of 18 May 1994 was not able to confirm or deny the existence of this collection.) In the light of this contradictory evidence the existence of a collection of erotica in the Vatican Library must remain an open question. Erotic books probably entered the library in relation to the * Index - since one copy would have to be held for reference purposes - and some books on the Index appear in the computer catalog available on the internet. The Vatican archives are very ancient and contain innumerable manuscripts but are believed to be badly organized. They were opened in the nineteenth century. There may be unpublished poems in this archival material. Material in Latin and Italian is very likely since research into the Inquisition archives in Portugal by the gay scholar *Luiz Mott produced material of relevance. Homosexuality is a difficult subject in the Catholic church and open access to the archives for homosexual research may be equally difficult. Compare the *British Library's *Private Case. There were homosexual popes, e.g., Julius III (ruled as Pope 1550-23) and many were collectors of homoerotic sculptures (e.g. the Apollo Belvedere in the Vatican), so the possibility of a hidden erotic art collection in the Vatican also cannot be ruled out. On the papacy and homosexuality see Arthur Ide, Unzipped: The Popes Bare All, Texas: American Athiest Press, 1987; see especially "Homosexuality and the Vatican" pp. 135-68. References. Steele, Major Libraries of the World: see under "Vatican City". Vatsyayana Mallanaga, also called Vatsyana Sexologist from India who wrote in Sanskrit. Active between 100 and 400. Author of the Kama Sutra (Textbook of erotics), written between between 100 and 400; it consists of verses of Sanskrit poetry several centuries old. Kama is love, Sutra means art. (Sutra is also a genre meaning treatise: see "Sastra" in Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion.) The work has a religious basis (see *Religions - India) and commentaries on it exist in *Indic languages (see Sushil Kumar De, Ancient Indian Erotics and Erotic Literature, 1959, p. 105). Translations also exist in Indian languages (see Hindi, Bengali below; there may be others e.g., Urdu is very likely). On homosexuality in the work see Anthologies below; the "eunuchs" in Chapter Nine of *Alain Daniélou's translation, The Complete Kama Sutra, 1994, pp. 183-96 are a major reference for homosexuality. Criticism. See Haran Chandra Chakladar, Studies in Vatsyayana's Kama-sutra, Calcutta, 1929. A Sanskrit commentary is the Jayamangala of Yasodhara Indrapada (active 1250: see Winternitz, History of Indian Literature reference above and trans. below). Translation. Bengali: see Hindi below; Dutch: K. M. Panikkar (1963); English: 'Richard Burton and F. F. Arbuthnot (1883; repr. - "frequently innacurate" according to the Dictionary of Oriental Literatures entry; others (e.g., *George T. Artola) note that the use of the word "eunuch" is not accurate and "transvestite" may be more accurate) - see the 1963 printing with introduction by *Dom Moraes (Ch. 11, pp. 72-76 of this edition, is the Aparishtaka, i.e. "eunuchs", chapter); Kedar Nath (Jaypore, 1905 with the commentary mentioned above - see Winternitz, History of Indian Literature, vol. 3, p. 620); K. Rangasvami Iyengar (Lahore, 1921; Mysore, 1923), H. S. Gambers (Bombay, 19.., 8th edition - see National Union Catalog entry [no date given] ), T. K. Dutt (Lucknow, 19.. - see National Union Catalog entry [no date given] ), B. Nath (Delhi, 1943; repr.), B. N. Basu (Calcutta, 1946, 7th edition), M. R. Anand (India, before 1992), Santosh Kumar Mukerji (Calcutta, 1946), *Alain Daniélou (Rochester, VT, 1993, 600 pp. - claims to be the first unabridged modern translation and includes the twelfth century Sanskrit commentary of Yashodhara and the Hindi commentary by Devadatta Shastri); French: Trans, not known (Paris: 'Lisieux, 1885 - trans. from Burton trans.), E. Lamairesse (Paris, 1891; repr.), Alain Daniélou (1992); German: Schmidt (1897; repr. - includes trans. of the commentary of Yasodhara; parts deemed obscene are in Latin1): Hindi: versions in Hindi and Bengali exist see Sydney Morning Herald 28 Jan 1993, p. 13, "Labour of love bares Kama Sutra" (on Daniélou's translation); Hungarian: Ervin Baktay (1920); Italian: Antonio Velini (Rome, 1945); Trans, not known - possibly Icilio Vecchiotti (Rome, 1964). Nepalese: see 'Tantrism. Spanish: José Bruno (1932), Trans, not known (Buenos Aires, date not known - see National Union Catalog). Tibetan: dGe-'dun Chos-'phel (ca. 1940; see David Snellgrove, A Cultural History of Tibet, second edition, 1995, p. 245). The*British Library General Catalogue and * National Union Catalog were checked. Translations into other *Indian languages of India almost certainly exist; it is possible translations exist in India in oral circulation. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures: active 100-300. Dictionnaire Gay: see "Kama Sutra". Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Kama Sutra". Winternitz, History of Indian Literature, vol. 3, 619-25. Bibliographies. Ashbee, Bibliography of Prohibited Books, volume 1, 282-99: discussion of the F. F. Arbuthnot and Richard Burton translation in which he confirms their real names (only initials were given on the title page); vol. 3, 458-73 (detailed discussion of the contents). Pia, Les Livres de l'Enfer, vol. 1, columns 689-96: cites ten editions of translations of the work into French most of which are reprints of the Lisieux edition of 1885; details of translators and dates of publication are not given in most cases; some editions have illustrations. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lotus of Another Color, 22-23: states the Kama Sutra has an entire chapter, "Aparishtaka" on gay sex (this chapter is about homosexual *eunuchs who practice *oral congress; note: recent research suggests the Sanskrit word used for eunuchs is something closer to homosexual); his name spelt Vatsyana. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1621-1695. Vaughan was a famous religious poet grouped with the *Metaphysical poets who was strongly influenced by *Platonism. He also wrote in Latin. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Ioläus (1935), 272-73: "Friends Departed". Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 194-95: poem "The Retreat "(mystical poem about Jesus Christ). Poet from Canada writing in English. Born 1965. The author of one book of poems, a selection of dazzling scarves (1996). He lives partly in *Toronto and partly in his native New Brunswick. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 79-80; biog., 240. Plush. Poet from Azerbaijan who wrote in Azeri. Active ca. 1850. A poet who used the pseudonym Mirza Shafi: see *Friedrich Bodenstedt who allegedly translated his poems into German; homoeroticism has been detected in the German work. Translation. Russian: trans. from German by *N. I. Eifert. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Born 1955. A journalist who has worked on * Christopher Street and lives in *Philadelphia where in 1983 he was associate editor of Gay News. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 11064: Handful of Hair, New York: Grim Reaper, 1974 (a chapbook). Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 3912: same book. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Son of the Male Muse, 177-78 (photo p. 177); biog., 191. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 697. Novelist and critic from the United States who wrote in English. 1880-1964. A novelist who was a protegee of the lesbian author Gertrude Stein. His words "A thing of beauty is a boy forever" parodies the poet *Keats (who said "A thing of beauty is a joy forever", in Endymion, Book 1, line 1); it is the Duke of Middlebottom's motto in his novel The Blind Bow-Boy (i.e., *Cupid), New York, 1923. His novel Nigger Heaven, 1926, was one of the first and still one of the best novels of *Harlem. He abandoned writing and became a photographer. Excavations, 1925, contains critical essays, including some gay writers. See Bruce Kellner, A Bibliography of the work of Carl van Vechten, 1980. An exhibition of his photographs was held in the National Museum of American Art in Washington in 1995. His manuscripts are at *Yale. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Vedas, also called Rigveda and Rgveda and Rig veda Poems in Sanskrit from India. Their date is uncertain but they are very ancient and some may date from 1200 B.C. and be as early as 2,000 B.C.; the Rgveda Samhita collection is believed to date from 2,000 B.C. to 1,100 B.C., the dating of them being very uncertain (the date has been taken from their entry in Encyclopedia of Religion). As a collection of works they were added to until 800. The Vedas are a collection of ancient *Hindu religious *hymns in four groups: the Rgveda (the oldest of the group), Yajurveda, Samaveda and Atharveda. The Rgveda (sometimes called Rgveda-Samhita) is the most important for this encyclopedia and consists of 1098 ancient *Hindu *hymns which embody in their cosmology of the universe a joining of male and female (see *Brahman). Hymns by male priests to male gods can be seen as embodying sublimated homosexuality. The Vedas are basic documents of Hinduism which are still chanted by the priests, after being handed down orally for over two thousand years with strict emphasis on the accuracy of the text (when the first printed text was made in the nineteenth century versions collected from various parts of India were found to correspond). Veda means, literally, knowledge, but many of the hymns remain obscure. The *Upanishads are descended from them. Text: see the *British Library General Catalogue and * National Union Catalog entries. Max Muller first edited the text of the Rgveda for European readers in 6 volumes, 1849-74. This was the * editio princeps. Criticism. A huge volume of commentaries exists - see the British Library General Catalogue entry. Puranas are commentaries related to the *Vedic hymns; on them see Encyclopedia of Religion. A famous commentary is the Bhagavata Purana composed in Sanskrit ca. 950. (On this work see Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, vol. 2 and Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion under Puranas.) The title means ancient stories of the Lord and it is the most ancient text of the Puranas. It was composed in the south of India in Tamil country. Written from 400 B.C. to 1400 A.D., it is an ancient series of stories on *Krishna which has resulted in an enormous body of vernacular literature especially in relation to the *Bhakti movement. Books 10 and 11 of the Bhagavata Purana are relevant; see especially Book 10 translated into Hindi by Caturbhujamisra, under the title Prem Sagara; or The Ocean of Love (Hertford: Austin, 1851; several reprints). See also *Samuel Putnam. Translation of the Vedas. English: H. H. Wilson (Delhi, 1850-88 - Rgveda), Max Muller (1891, 1897 - Rgveda), R. T. H. Griffiths (1896-97 - Rgveda), Wendy O'flaherty (1981); see also Dictionary of Oriental Literatures entry for Veda; French: M. Langlois (1848-SI - Rig-Veda); German: H. Grassmann (1876, 1877 - Rgveda), K. F. Geldner (1951 - Rgveda). See the British Library General Catalogue and * National Union Calalog entries. Translations into *Indian languages exist (for these translations see the individual language catalogs of the British Library Oriental Reading Room). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Penguin Companion to World Literature, Oriental volume, p. 301: see "Rgveda". Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, South volume: "Veda" (and also see "Rgveda"). Encyclopedia of Religion: "Vedas" - the date has been taken from here; see also "Puranas". De Bary, Guide to Oriental Classics, 75-78. Kindlers neues Literatur Lexikon vol. 19; excellent bibl. Criticism. Winternitz, History of Indian Literature, Volume 1, 57-119. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1836-1923. Author of Miscellaneous Moods in Verse, 1914, and Doubts and other things, Boston, 1922 (see "Marsyas" p. 109, "To a Youth" p.120 and "Whitman" p. 248) and an autobiography, Digressions of V (1910). He illustrated * The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam by *Edward Fitzgerald in 1884 and painted murals in the *Library of Congress (189697). On homosexuality see Emmanuel Cooper, The Sexual Perspective, 1986, 82 (he misspells his name as Vedda). He married and had three children. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Dictionary of American Biography . Poet from Germany who wrote in German. Active 1921. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 107: poems "Busse", "Der Ahnen Adelsbrief"; no date or source given. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Die Bedeutung der Freundesliebe, 27: poem "Mein liebes Kind, wenn ich dich schon genant". Pseudonym of a poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1954. A *black poet from *New York who is also a graphic artist and photographer and has published an essay Men of Color, New York: Vega Press,1989, with some poems. A Warm December contains poems. The introduction to * Milking Black Bull: 11 gay Black Poets, 1995, is signed Vega; however, the work was conceived by *Assotto Saint. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 130-31: poem "Voice Pals" (about a telephone *friendship); biog., 184. Brother to Brother, 106: Tine poem about brothers loving brothers; biog., 274. Poet from Turkey who wrote in Turkish. Ca. 1717-1809. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 375: *saki trope; biog., 361. Critic from Germany who wrote in German. Active 1908. See Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, p. 515: cites his 1908 thesis Des Grafen von Platen Nachbildungen aus dem Diwan des Hafis which "celebrated the homoerotic aspects of the Persian poet *Hafiz" in relation to *Platen. Poet from Germany writing in German. Born 1955. See Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, p. 472: reference to his Eneit in which Aeneas is accused by the mother of Lavinia of being a notorious sodomite in order to dissuade Lavinia from marrying him. He was a noted Middle High German poet. The Eineit is his principal work and is based on 'Virgil's Aeneid ; it was composed ca. 1170. See also 'Brigitte Spreitzer. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature: entered under "Heinrich". Gay Poetry Anthologies. Andere Lieben, 64-67: trans. of Aeneas of Benoît de Sainte-More from French to German. Die Stumme Sünde, 243-48; 90-94 criticism. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 187. Criticism. 'W. Leonhardt, "Homosexualität in der ältesten deutschen Dichtkunst", Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 12 (1911-12), 160-61. Poet from Turkey who wrote in Turkish. 1226-1312. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 363 - love poem to a man; biog., 358 - influenced by *Sufism. Historian, critic and editor from Spain who wrote in Spanish. Active 1932. Author of Sodoma y lesbos modernas, Barcelona, 1932, 269 pages, which contains a brief historical survey of homosexuality. The Spanish material mostly concerns the poem *Coplas del Provincial which he edits with critical notes at the end. The book is very rare; a copy is in the collection of *Paul Knobel. The *Library of Congress copy could not be found in 1989. Singer from Brazil of works in Portuguese. Born ca. 1945. He is one of the most popular singers in Brazil. Some songs have homoerotic references, e.g. "Menino de Rio" (Young man of Rio). For discussion of his songs see Ivo Lucchesi, Caetano, Rio de Janeiro, 1993; with bibliography. Poet and diarist from the Netherlands writing in Dutch. Born 1941. Author of Homoseksualiteit in de Nederlandse literatut (Homosexuality in Dutch literature), 1982; this work, despite it's title, is a gay diary. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Naar vriendscaap zulk een mateloos verlangen, 99-100: two poems "De jongen met de cello" and "een blauwe jongen" from books Van een bloedrode manchet en een kooikershondje, Brussels/ Den Haag: Manteau, 1969 and Fietsen voor De Volkskrant Den Haag: Bert Bakker, 1971 (books cited p. 122). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 312. Anthologist and poet in Italian from Italy. Born 1952. Co-editor of the gay poetry anthology ' L'amicizia amorosa with 'Renzo Paris. He was also co-editor of an erotic poetry anthology with 'Riccardo Reim, L'altra faccia della poesia italiana, Milan, Savelli, 1982, cited in Eighteenth Century Life, vol. 9 no. S (May 1985), 258. Bibliographies. Leggere omosessuale, item S5Q: "Annoto ricette", in Tabula, Maggio, 1981, 11Q - 12. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amicizia amorosa, 281 - 82; biog., 284. Drobci stekla v ustih, 161 - 62; biog. 187. Venice (in Italian, Venezia), and Venetian culture Venice is a major city in northern Italy in which Italian is spoken. It was a trading and cultural center from the 'Renaissance on, from ca. 1450. The city is situated on canals linked to the Adriatic Sea (named after the 'Roman emperor 'Hadrian). It was also a center of printing from the Renaissance (see 'Aldus Manutius). The 'classial texts of poets who dealt with homosexuality such as the Latin poets 'Virgil, 'Catullus and 'Martial were early published in the city as were commentaries on them (such as that by 'Calderini on Martial). The city was a center of 'libertinism as seen in the poetry of 'Baffo and 'Aretino and earlier in 'Pietro Bembo. In the early nineteenth century, 'Byron visited and the Englishman 'Horatio Forbes Brown lived there in the late nineteenth century, as did 'Baron Corvo (pseud.) early in the twentieth century. 'Domenico Naldini and - outstandingly - 'Mario Stefani are twentieth century gay poets. The city has much homoerotic art - for instance, the paintings of fifteenth century Venice in the Accademia by Vittorio Carpaccio. Many sodomy cases have been discovered in the archives contributing to the documentation of the city's gay history. See Elisabeth Pavan, "Police des moeurs, societé et politique à Venise à la fin du moyen age", Arcadie no. 264 (July-December 1980), 241-88; Guido Ruggiero, "Sexual Criminality in the Early Renaissance: Venice 1338-1358", Journal of Social History, vol. 8 no. 4 (1975), 1837 and his book The Boundaries of Eros: Sex Crime and Sexuality in Renaissance Venice, 1985; Patricia H. Labalme, "Sodomy and Venetian Justice in the Renaissance", Legal History Review 52 (1984) 217-252. Gabriele Martini, Il "Vitio Nefando" nella Venezia dei Seicento, Rome, 1988, is a study of homosexuality and Venice in the seventeenth century with detailed reference to legal cases. See André Koeniguer, "Venise, Sodome de l'Adriatique", Arcadie no. 288, December 1977, 629-35 and the article on the city in Babilonia no. 43, 38-40. G. Tassini in Curiosité Veneziane (Venetian Curiosities), 1863 (repr.) discusses sodomy: see pp. 23, 41, 131, 307, 389, 456, 655, 700. See also 'Law - Italian. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1364-647. Song in Spanish from Argentina. Ca. 1992. The first line of a song sung by a drag queen in a club called Teleny in *Buenos Aires (Teleny is the name of a gay novel attributed to Oscar Wilde). Eight lines of the text are given in Neil Miller, Out in the World, 1992, pp. 185-86 where it is translated into English - "You will see that everything is a lie,/You will see that love is nothing." It has the refrain "Yira! Yira!" - "wander, wander" which refers to cruising which occurs off the Avenida Santa Fe near the club. Poet from France writing in French. Active before 1976. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 11065: Le fol aveu, Paris [no other information given]. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1992. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Language of water, 50 - Tine love poem "Love Feast"; no biog. note. Publisher in Germany of works in German. From ca. 1977. The major 'gay liberation publisher in Berlin. They have published work of a consistently high intellectual standard. The name "rosa Winkel" means "pink star" and refers to the insignia homosexuals were forced to wear by the 'Nazis: a pink star. Verlag means "publisher". Amongst important works published have been the anthologies 'Schwüle Lyrik, schwüle Prosa (1977) and 'Milchsilber (1979), the poets 'Peter Baschung and 'Oliver Balde, the translator 'Wolfram Setz and the major literary authors 'Manfred Herzer, 'Marita Keilson-Lauritz and 'Paul Derks as well as a reprint of the gay anthology *Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe in der Weltliteratur. Poet and critic from France who wrote in French. 1844-1896. A French *Symbolist poet involved with the *Decadent movement, Verlaine's lyric poems published from 1866 make him one of the finest lyric poets in French and his homosexual poems make him one of the greatest French gay poets. His first poem dealing with homosexuality was published under the pseudonym of *Pablo de Herlangez and titled Les Deux Amis, published in Brussels in 1868. Another early relevant poem was Les Deux Amours (The two loves) (1876). Verlaine married and had a son. He had a celebrated affair with the youthful poet *Arthur Rimbaud, whom he shot and wounded using a revolver during a quarrel in 1873 and for which he went to prison for two years; prior to this the pair lived together briefly in *London (a fine poem "No 8 College Street" was later written by *Brian Hill about the house in which they lived). Another probable lover of Verlaine was *Lucien Létinois whose death in 1883 inspired an *elegy based on Tennyson's In Memoriam. The relationship between Verlaine and Rimbaud, which became public through the trial, was the most celebrated European gay male poetic relationship of the nineteenth century until the trial of *Oscar Wilde. Verlaine's gay erotic poems were only published in the second, 1894 edition, of Parallèlement (1889) which contained his first three openly gay male poems: "Ces Passions", "Sur un statue" (about a statue of *Ganymede) and "Laeti et Errabundi"; Oeuvres Posthumes added two more in 1903. Hombres, privately printed in 1903 or 1904 (dates differ with bibliographers and do not appear on some printings), consisted of fifteen poems which are fine erotic gay poems (a copy of the ca. 1904 printing of Hombres is in the *Enfer: see below in Bibliographies). Hombres concluded with the "Sonnet du trou du cul" (Sonnet to the arsehole; beginning with the words "Our arses aren't like theirs", "theirs" being women's) written in conjunction with Rimbaud in 1871-72; the octave was written by Verlaine and the sextet by Rimbaud. Even to this day these poems are omitted from editions of his works and editions of the homosexual poems omit lines (e.g. the 1972 edition with English translations by Alistair Elliot omits some lines which appear in other editions - see Translation below). After prison Verlaine returned to *Catholicism but later succumbed to alcoholism spending most of the last years in poverty. He had many admirers and *Arthur Symons arranged a lecture tour of England in 1893. Verlaine wrote a book entitled Rimbaud (1872). Biography. In French, where many biographies exist, the latest work is by Henri Troyat, Verlaine (1993) (with a bibliography pp. 46567). In English, see Lawrence and Elisabeth Hanson, Verlaine: Fool of God, New York, 1957 (bibl. pp. 377-82) and Joanna Richardson, Verlaine (1971). The text of the homosexual poems. The publication history of Verlaine's gay poems is complex. As already noted, his first gay poems were lesbian works published in 1868 in Brussels under the title Les Amies (The Friends). Lesbian poems also appeared in Femmes, 1890. Some gay male poems followed in the 1894 edition of Parallèlement, as noted above. However, it was not until after Verlaine's death, with the publication of Hombres ca. 1904, containing fifteen gay male poems, that the bulk of his openly gay male poems was published. The poems in this volume remain to this date amongst the finest masterpieces of gay poetry. The * National Union Catalog also lists a forged copy of the first edition. All the gay poems are included in volumes called Œuvres Libres. which have been published in France in many editions, and have been almost continuously in print. The editor Y.-G. Le Dantec refused to include Hombres in his critical edition, the Pléiade edition Oeuvres poétiques complètes, Paris, 1938. The so-called Œuvres complètes, edited by H. de Bouillane de Lacoste and Jacques Borel (2 volumes 1959-60) was printed in two versions only one of which, comprising a quarter of the copies printed, contained the complete Œoeuvres libres (thus three quarters of the printing omitted the gay and lesbian poems). The edition of J.-P. Corsetti and J.-P. Giusto includes the gay poems. See also under Bibliographies below for further details. The French text of Verlaine's gay poems is included in the English translation by Alan Stone (see Translations below) and in Alistair Elliot's English translation. The best discussion of the genesis of the gay poems is in Paul Verlaine, Femmes Hombres, translated by Alistair Elliot, London, 1979, in the translator's introduction, pp. 11-13. The gay male poems were written in the years 1888 to 1891 with the exception of "Dizain ingénu" and " and two manuscripts of the poems in Verlaine's handwriting exist in the Bibliothèque Littéraire Jasques Doucet, Paris. Another discussion of the textual history of the homosexual poems is in the translation of *J. Murat; see also the discussion pp. vii-xiv of Alan Stone Royal Taste: Erotic Writings of Paul Verlaine, New York, 1980, which includes a text of the erotic poems based on the variant versions. The finely illustrated edition of his gay and lesbian poems Men/Women (Femmes/ Hombres), with English translation by William Packard and John D. Mitchell (1977; repr.), has all the gay male poems with French texts. Verlaine's influence. This came about through two ways. Firstly, Verlaine was an outstanding lyric poet and secondly, by means of his gay poems, which had and have a scandalous air about them. As the 1873 trial made his relationship with Rimbaud known he was known as a gay poet after this, irrespective of writing of poems. The publication of the 1894 gay male poems in Parallèlement had a revolutionary effect on other gay poets such as *Lord Alfred Douglas and *Oscar Wilde and their circle in London, the influence of Verlaine spreading as far as Russia (creating the climate for the poems of *Mikhail Kuzimn whose first homosexual volume Nets was published in 1908 since French was widely read in Russia) and Australia. Amongst French poets, he influenced *Laurent Tailhade and *Albert Samain in France, *Max Elskamp in Belgium and the *Parnassian, *Decadent and *Aesthetic movements as a whole (all of which movements extended fare beyond France). *Marcel Proust's lover *Reynaldo Hahn wrote a song cycle based on his poetry. In German, he influenced *Stefan George and *Elisar von Kupffer translated him. In English, for his influence on Whitman see Johannes Schlaf while *Chrisopher Brennan in Australia was influenced by him. In Spanish *Antonio Machado shows his influence. In Georgian, *Galaktion Tabidze show his influence while in Chinese *Tai wang-shu and in Korean *So Chong-ju show his influece. Bengali *Satyendranath Dutta translated him into Bengali. In English James S. Holmes and *Craig Raine have both written poems inspired by his "Asshole" poem. The books listed at the end of the Verlaine entry in the * British Library General Catalogue discuss his influence in such countries as France, German, Italy (especially strong), Belgium (also strong), Austria and Hungary. Illustrated editions of the oav male poems. Roger Descombes illustrated Œuvres libres ("Sous le nom du licencié, Pablo de Herlangnez, à Segovia = 1868" but published ca. 1975 in France), an edition with illustrations showing fine engravings showing mutual masturbation and anal sex between the two poets Rimbaud and Verlaine. Michael Ayrton did very fine gay erotic illustrations, along the same lines, for the 1977 edition Men/ Women Femmes/Hombres discussed above (this edition has been reprinted). For descriptions of illustrated editions, especially editions published in France, consult *Pascal Pia (pseud.) and *Kearney cited below in Bibliographies. The edition of Oeuvres Libres, Metz: Au Verger des Amours, 1949 with a commentary by Jissey, also includes a bibliography and is a reliable edition; it has photographs by the gay photographer Wilhelm von Gloeden, who lived and worked in Taormina, Sicily, in the gay section Hombres. Photos by Von Gloeden are also included in the Alan Stone English translation (see Translations below) Criticism. For critical works discussing him in gay terms see *François Porche, *Paul Schmidt, *Wolfgang Popp, *Hans Meyer and *Curt Reiss. In German Paul Englisch, Geschichte der erotischen Literatur, 1927, pp. 534-37, has a discussion of his erotic works. See also the works cited at the end of the Verlaine entry in the * British Library General Catalogue to 1975 and Criticism in homosexual terms below. Film: Total Eclipse (1995). Bibliography to 1920. See A. van Bever and M. Monda, Bibliographie et iconograpgie de Paul Verlaine, 1926. Translation. Translation of Verlaine's poems exists from 1895. Since the gay poems have not always been included in texts of his poems, it appears that most translations until very recently have not included them. Only large selections or complete poems are included below. His reputation for writing erotic poems has gone before him and therefore many translations have been subject to censorship. English. J. Murat and *W. Gunn, A Lover's Cock and other gay poems: poems of Rimbaud and Verlaine, 1979, p. 4, discusses textual problems and the translation history. Ashmore Wingate (London: Canterbury Poets, no date [ca.1900?] repr.), Gertrude Hall (1895), *Francois Pirou (1925 - erotic poems), C. F. MacIntyre (1948), *Alistair Elliot (1969 and 1972 - the 1972 printing contains erotic poems with gay illustration by Michael Ayrton: see illustration in Gay News no. 168, 1979, 15), Joanna Richardson (1974), William Packard and John D. Mitchell (selection of poems titled Men/Women Femmes/Hombres, New York, 1977; repr.), *W. Gunn and *J. Murat (1979 - erotic gay poems only; see p. 4 re translations in English), Alan Stone (titled Royal Tastes, Exotic Writings, 1980 with photographs by Wilhelm Von Gloeden), Philip Shirley (New York, 1980 titled Men and Women ), Martin Sorrell (1999; selection). Catalan: Trans, not known, Barcelona, 1980 - see Cuaderno bibliográfico gay, 14 (see below for exact details); Czech: Frant. Sekanina and others (1905); German: see under Justus Rosenberg in the * National Union Catalog Verlaine entry; Wolf von Kalckreuth (1906; repr.); several trans. edited by Stefan Zweig (1902; repr.); an edition of translations of the gay poems titled Männer, 1920, is in the *Enfer (see Bibliographies below) - this work seems to be the work cited in Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen in bibliographies below, that is trans. by Curt Moreck (pseud. of Konrad Haemmerling) and Hans Schiebelhuth; complete works translated by various persons titled Gesammelte Werke (Leipzig, 1922); Alfred Wolfenstein (1925; selection); Italian: Renato Mucci (Rome, ca. 1945), Alberto Consiglio (Rome, 1964 - erotic poems), Sergio Zoppi (Rome, 1981 - erotic poems; with essay on Italian translations pp. 19-20); Romanian: Dumitru Anghel and St. O. Iosif (1930); Spanish: Mauricio Bacarisse y Casula (ca. 1921), Luis Guarner (Madrid, 1930; repr.). The *British Library General Catalogue and *National Union Catalog were checked. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Encyclopedia Britannica. Duroc, Homosexuels et lesbiennes illustrés, 426-28. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1367-69. Dictionnaire Gay. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Tyrkus, Gay and Lesbian Biography; see entry under "Rimbaud, Arthur". Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 107: Armer Lelian. Gedichte der Schwermut, der Leifenschaft und der Liebe, Berlin: Cassirer, 1885 and Männer, Zurich, 1920 and poem *"Mille et Tre" (meine Liebsten...)" [no other details]. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 11066-71: Hashish and Incense, Verlaine Society, 1929, "Hombres" in Body Politic, Spring 1973, trans. by Andre Stein, Oeuvres libres, Paris: Au verger des amours, 1949, Parallèlement, Paris: Editions de Cluny, 1939, Selected Poems, London: Penguin, 1974, trans. Joanna Richardson "Largest selection in Baudelaire, Rimbaud, Verlaine, edited by Joseph M. Bernstein, New York: Citadel, 1947". Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 3917-3920: Femmes Hombres, Women Men, London: Anvil Press Poetry, 1979, Hashish and Incense. A Complete and Unexpurgated Translation of the Homosexual Poetry of Paul Verlaine, New York: Paul Verlaine Society, 1929, The Sky Above the Roof, London: Hart-Davis, 1957, and Women and Men: Erotica, New York: Stonehill, 1980; see also Arthur Rimbaud. Pia, Les Livres de l'Enfer, vol. 1, columns 25-30: three editions of Les Amies, lesbian sonnets, including the first edtion Segovie: Pablo de Herlangez, 1868, 16 pp. (states that the publishing details are fictitious and this work was published in Brussels by Poulet-Malassis); columns 464-66: two editions of Femmes, lesbian poems, including the first edition, no place or publisher, 72 pp. (a note states it was published in Brussels in 1890 by Kistemaeckers); columns 602-03: three editions of Hombres - the first 1904 edition (no place, publisher or date printed but here dated 1904 by Pascal Pia), 48 pp., an edition of 1926 titled Hombres et fac-simile de la lettre de Paliseul bearing the imprint Ségovie: A l'Enseigne de la Grenade (but stated to have been published by René Bonnel, no place given), containing "obscene" illustrations, and a German translation with French text, Männer, 1920, translator unknown, published in Zurich; columns 966-70: seven editions of Œuvres libres, most limited editions and all contain the works Amies, Femmes and Hombres. Editions are Paris: Pour les bibliophiles, no date (but dated by Pia, 1925), Segovia: *Pablo de Herlagnez, 1868 (a false imprint; dated by Pia to 1930), Brussels: no publisher, 1948, Metz: Au Verger des Amours, 1949 with a commentary by Jissey (stated by Pia to be the pseudonym of Jean Texcier), no place: Aux dépens des Amis du Callibistris, no date [before 1978], with 16 lithographs (including 5 for Hombres.) [a note by Pia states that the book was published under an arrangement directed by Pascal Pia] and Paris: Au Cercle du Livre Précieux, 1960 (with introduction by René Etiemble 15-32). Kearney, Private Case, items 1827-28: Oeuvres libres, Paris, 1925 and 1930. Cuaderno bibliográfico gay, 14: Obra poética completa, Barcelona: Ediciones 29, 1980. Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen , item 1080: Männer (trans. of Hombres by Curt Moreck [pseud. of Konrad Haemmerling] and Hans Schiebelhuth, introduction by *Wolfram Setz), Berlin: rosa Winkel, 1986 (reprinted from 1920 edition). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 159, 207-08. Die Beudeutung der Freundesliebe, 23-24. Men and Boys, 44 (in French). Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 251-62. L'amour bleu, 166-76. Digte om mænds kærlighed til mænd. Frà mann til mann, 17. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 223-27, 235. Les Amours masculines, 244-48. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 624-26. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 419-23, *Ganymede trope p. 423; biog., 388. " Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen ", 91-93. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 219: from Lucien Létinois. Pour tout l'amour des hommes, 142-47. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 404-07. Criticism in homosexual terms. Stambolian, Homosexualities and French Literature, 140-54. City in Italy where Latin was spoken; Italian is now the spoken language. The city was associated with *Catullus (active ca. 64 B.C). Poet, letter writer and critic from the Netherlands who wrote in Dutch; translator from English to Dutch. 1865-1937. A Dutch disciple of *Stefan George and author of Van de liefde die Vriendschap heet (Of the love called friendship) in Veerzamelde Gedichten, vol. 1, Amsterdam: W. Verseuys, 1911: this is a sequence of *sonnets translated partly into German by Stefan George. He published the journal De Beweging (1906-11) and was an important critic. He married in 1890. At least three books have been written on the George/ Verwey relationship - by C. M. Hoorweg, 1951, by W. J. de Pauw, 1953, and by Rudolf Pannwitz, 1965 (see especially Albert Verwey en Stefan George, which consists of their correspondence and poems, Amsterdam, 1965, 335 pp.; see entry in the *British Library General Catalogue - the author is not stated). See also *George Kreis. He translated *Shakespeare's Sonnets from English into Dutch (1933). Verwey had a close friendship with *WIllem Kloos which had a homophile tendency in the case of Kloos, who had a nervous breakdown when Verwey married (see T. Weevers, Vision and Form in the poetry of Albert Verwey, 1986, 18). Verwey had seven children. His poetry overall is *mystical. Translation. English. See Theodoor Weevers, Vision and Form in the poetry of Albert Verwey, London, 1986, pp. 82-263 for an English translation opposite the Dutch text of selected poems; this work has a Tine overview of the poet's life pp. 13-86 and bibliography pp. 265-66. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Naar vriendscaap zulk een mateloos verlangen, 20-21: poems from Van de liefde die Vriendschap heet: Verzamelde Gedichten I, Amsterdam: W. Versluys, 1911 (source of the poems cited p. 122). Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1978. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 3922: The Male Whore's Song, Highland Park, Michigan: Fallen Angel Press, 1978. Poet from the Netherlands who wrote in Dutch. 1898-1971. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Naar vriendscaap zulk een mateloos verlangen, 54-55: poem "Port Said" from Verzamelde Gedichten, vol. 1, Amsterdam/ Den Haag: Athenaeum-Polak & Van Gennep, 1971 (book cited, 122). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 292: trans. into English of preceding poem - Port Said, at the mouth of the Nile in Egypt, is depicted in the poem as a city of all sexual possibilities. Editor from Italy of works in Greek; critic in Italian. Active 1980. He compiled an edition of the Greek text of *Theognis with translation into Italian of Book II: Teognide: libro secondo, Rome, 1980; excellent bibl. pp. lix-lxix. As a critic, see *Alcaeus of Mytilene. He is the editor of Poesia e simposio nella Grecia antica, Rome and Bari, 1983, on poetry and the *symposium institution (with essays on Alcaeus). Poet from France who wrote in French. 1920-1959. The *British Library General Catalogue shows he is a prolific author who has written pseudonym Vernon Sullivan. many books of poetry. He has used the a lover's name everywhere in sperm. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 450 - poem about writing Poet from France who wrote in French; letter writer in Latin. 1596-1626. A French *libertine poet whose erotic poems appeared in Le Parnasse satyrique, 1622. He was convicted of impiety following the publication of this book and also of *sodomy (allegedly with *Des Barreaux). The sentence for sodomy was annulled after two years in prison in terrible conditions. His poems were immensely popular after his death. Letters in Latin by him to Barreaux are stated by *Marc Daniel (pseud.) to be unmistakably love letters. Another sometime lover was *Jean-Louis Guez de Balzac. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1369-70. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 11072: Larissa, Paris: Bussy-Rabuten, [no date] "Imitation of *Petronius". Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amour bleu, 121-22: poem to Tircis (probably *des Barreaux) cited at his trial. Les Amours masculines, 119-21. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 406; biog., 385-86 - mentions his lover Guez de Balzac and liason with Jacques Vallée des Barreaux and quotes a lampoon and a poem. Pour tout l'amour des hommes, 75-76. Criticism. *Hérelle manuscript 3188, folio 384: mentioning a trial for sodomy, 1 July 1623 - 1 September 1626 published from material in the French National Archives in a book entitled La libertinage devant le Parlement de Paris, edited by Lachèvre, Paris: Honoré Champion, 1909. Victorian English poets and entries Period in English poetry from Great Britain. From 1837 to 1901. The period was named after the monarch, Queen Victoria, who reigned 1837-1901 and whose reign was staid and prudish. Major poets were *Arnold, *Browning, *Hopkins, *Tennyson. This was a period of *censorship and persecution of homosexuals which nevertheless saw the rise of *pornography and the emergence of erotic *bibliography (see *H. S. Ashbee) while *Fitzgerald's *Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, with it's hedonistic and *epicurean philosophy, achieved great popularity. * Harlequin Prince Cherrytop is a verse play. *Male friendship comes to the fore as a dominant mode of expression of homosexuality as in Tennyson's In Memoriam (1850). Steven Marcus, The Other Victorians, New York, 1966, discusses pornography of the mid-nineteenth century when publishing of erotica occurred in *London. The 1887 *Whippingham Papers contained homosexual S/M poems attributed to *Swinburne, some of which also appeared in the journal * The Pearl (1879) which also contained homosexual limericks. Major studies of the period are by *Brian Reade and *Richard Dellamora. The *decadent movement, *eighteen-nineties, and the work of *Oscar Wilde, coming at the end of the period, represent a reaction to Victorian values as does the *Bloomsbury group, also questioning Victorian values. *Frederick Rolfe's poetry was written 1880-1890 at the end of the period. See also *Uranian poets, *Ian Gibson. Poet and autobiographer from the United States who lives in Italy. Born 1925. A prolific writer, most famous as a novelist and cultural spokesman, he appears to have written some poems (see Dictionaries below). He lives both in the United States where he has a home in *Los Angeles and in Italy, his main place of residence, on the Amalfi coast south of *Naples near *Capri. His autobiography, Palimpest: A memoir, New York, 1995, includes reference to the man with whom he has shared his life, Howard Austin. He was most famous for his gay novel The City and the Pillar (1948), one of the rare novels of its time to deal with homosexuality. His essays have been highly rated, though they do not deal with poetry. For a selection of his works see Fred Kaplan, The Essential Gore Vidal, 1999, and Donald Weise, Gore Vidal: sexually speaking, collected sex writings, 1999. Interview: see Leyland, Gay Sunshine Interviews, volume 2, pp. 269-308; on p. 270 "he was the first person to write of his own *bisexuality" and pp. 284-85 regarding living 23 years with Howard Austin in a non-sexual relationship. See also *Clive James. Biography: Fred Kaplan, Gore Vidal, 1999. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature: lists him as a poet. Contemporary Authors New Revision Series, vol. 13: no poems listed. Howes, Broadcasting It. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 690-99 (prose). Poet from India who wrote in Maithili. Active 1425. A *Vaisnava poet known as a poet of *bhakti (or devotion); from Bihar in eastern India near Bengal. He was learned in Sanskrit and his name, which means Master of Knowledge, was also used by other poets and the works ascribed to him may be by a number of poets (compare *Omar Khayyam). Translation. English: Deben Bhattacharya, Love Songs of Vidyapati, 1963 - iove poems written in the persona of a woman (e.g., see p. 44 showing *Sufi influence). The language Maithili is sometimes called Bihari and is spoken west of the state of Bengal (whose capital is Calcutta and which is situated at the top of the Bay of Bengal). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, vol. 2, 176. City in Austria where German is the main spoken language. It is the capital of Austria and the Austrian National Library is located there. The Austrian humanist *Georg Tanner (active 1550) is the first person of relevance. For poets see *Grillparzer, *Stadion-Thannhausen and Josef Kitir. A huge volume of sexological literature was published from 18901930 and forms the background against which poetry was written - see, for example, * Bilderlexikon der Erotik, *F. S. Krauss. Vienna had a rich recorded gay culture from 1890 to 1938 when the Nazis took over in the anschluss (though the situation was tense from 1934). *Sigmund Freud lived in the city until 1939 (when he went into exile in London after the *Nazis seized power). The city had a *sex institute destroyed by the Nazis; its guiding spirit was *Leo Schidrowitz and the four volume * Bilder-lexikon, encyclopedia of sexuality, was based on it. Now there is a gay group called HOSI which publishes a journal, Lambda Nachrichten, and has a gay community center, Rosa Lila Villa. See Neda Bei and others, Das lila Wien um 1900 (Gay Vienna in 1900), Vienna, 1986. Bibliographies. Hayn, Gotendorf, Bibliotheca Germanorum Erotica, vol. 8, 416-531: list iof erotica published in and associated with the city. Poet from the United States who wrote in English; poems may have been written in German. 1884-1962. Mainly a novelist, he also edited journals in New York. He was imprisoned in the second World War for not declaring himself a German agent. In My Flesh and Blood: A Lyric Autobiography (New York, 1931; London, 1932), see the "Ballad of the Golden Boy", pp. 153-55, and many other poems, e. g., *"Swinburne" p. 187 and *"Hadrian", pp. 190-92. This appears to be his collected poems to 1931; some poems contain critical comments by the author (e.g., pp. 193-94 on "Hadrian") and this is one of the rare volumes in which a poet comments on his own poems. "Gersuind" - and his comments on it (pp. 30-36) - make clear he is sexually interested in men and women. For other poems of relevance see: "Mr. *W. H." p.126, "The Ghost of *Oscar Wilde" pp. 139-46, *"Antinous at Forty" p. 223. He started writing at the end of the *eighteen-nineties and was perhaps the most important poet in the United States writing in the *decadent manner. He wrote a poem on *Lord Alfred Douglas. He also used the pseudonym Stuart Benton: see Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, item 260. Translation or poems written in German: see his Gedichte (Poems), New York, 1904. His son *Peter Viereck was also a poet. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Bibliographies Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 11073: Ninevah und andere Gedichte, Stuttgart: Cottasche, 1906 "especially the poem 'Hadrian'"; English trans. Ninevah and other poems, New York: Moffatt, Yard and Co., 1908. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 3942, 3945: The Candle and the Flame, New York: Moffat, Yard and Co., 1912 and The Three Sphinxes and Other Poems, Girard, Kansas: Haldeman-Julius Little Blue Books, no date. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 500: poem "Mr. W. H.". Criticism. Foster, "Beauty's Purple Flame: Some Minor American Gay Poets", Gay Books Bulletin no. 7 (1982), 16-17: poem, "Mr. W. H.", about Shakespeare's boyfriend. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1009: "wrote 'decadent' poems". Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1916. See the poem "Which of us Two" in the book of letters of the same title, Penguin, 1990, pp. 66-67, by Colin Spencer (the letters are between Colin Spencer and his Australian lover, the theater producer, John Tasker, who was a lover ot *Patrick White). The poem is a *non-gender specific love poem and was loved by both writers and formed a centerpiece of their love affair. He is the son of *George Sylvester Viereck. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Penguin Companion to World Literature. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Villamediana, Juan de Tassis y Peralta Poet from Spain who wrote in Spanish. 1582-1622. See Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1239: hints that he may have been gay. He led a debauched life at court, married and was a friend and follower of *Gongora. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity; states *Quevedo called him gay in a satirical poem . Poet from Italy writing in Italian. Active 1994. Book: Turchia, Amata Turchia (Turkey, Beloved Turkey), Rome, 1994, 77 pp. - some gay poems; about homosexuality in Turkey. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1944. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 560: two Tine gay poems. Poet from Mexico who wrote in Spanish. 1903-1950. A major Mexican author often called a *surrealist who was also a *symbolist. He wrote *epigrams. Criticism: see "Xavier Villaurrutia" by Merlin Foster in Carlos A. Solé, editor, Latin American Writers, New York, 1989, vol. 3, pp. 975-80; with bibl. pp. 979-80. Text: Obras, 1966; see also Antología, Mexico City, 1980, with selection and introduction by *Octavio Paz. Translation. English. Nostalgia for Death, 1992 (trans. by Esther Allen), with a long critical study by *Octavio Paz; this book is a complete translation of his 1938 book (expanded in 1946) which was his major volume of poems. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Spanish Literature; spelling taken from here. Foster, Latin American Writers on Gay and Lesbian Themes. Flores, Spanish American Authors. Encyclopedia of Latin American Literature; in the Biography it notes his homosexuality and he is called "one of Mexico's greatest men of letters". Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Orgasms of Light, 227-28 trans. *Erskine Lane; biog., 262 - spelt Villarutia. Now the Volcano, 65-69; biog., 66. Drobci stekla v ustih, 60-61. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 504-06 Poet from Spain who wrote in Spanish. 1589-1669. See his Eroticas o amatorias (2 volumes, Najera, 1618). He also wrote in the *Sapphic stanza. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Spanish Literature : reveals he wrote splendid *Anacreontics which inspired the writers Juan Melendez Valdes and José *Iglesias de la Casa. Poet and critic from Spain writing in Spanish; translator from English, Greek and Italian to Spanish. Born 1951. The most important living Spanish gay poet. As a critic see El razonamiento inagotable de *Juan Gil-Albert, Madrid, 1984. Ante el espejo, Barcelona, 1982, is another book of his of gay relevance. Poesia 1970-82 (1983) features 200 poems which Reid (see Anthologies below) praises highly. The Dictionary of Literary Biography article is an excellent introduction. He has a huge oeuvre of works. As a critic see also El libro de las perversiones, 1992. Translation. German. Gerd Büntzly (1990) - see Bibliographies below. Translations by him into Spanish. English: he translated Wilde's letters to *Alfred Douglas (Barcelona, 1987); Greek: Mousa Paidike - see above; Italian: trans. 'Michelangelo's sonnets (1986), *Pietro Aretino (Madrid, 1991). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Literary Biography, vol. 134; with bibl.; notes p. 335 "he has openly pursued the motif of homosexual love". Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Bibliographies. Cuaderno bibliográfico gay, 14: La muerte únicamente, Madrid: Visor, 1984, and Poesía 1970-82, Madrid: Visor, 1983. Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen, item 1084: Leidenschaftliche Liebe (trans. of Villena's Amor Passión, 1983) by Gerd Büntzly, Berlin: Gmünder, 1990. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 371 - poem on *Bazzi; 331 - note on the poet stating he is "a major talent". Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1242: referring to La musa de los muchachos (The muse of the boys), Madrid, 1980, a translation of the * Mousa Paidike. Poet from France who wrote in French. 1431-1463? Villon lived a wild life and wrote poems exhibiting unabashed references to sexuality. A book on his poetry by *Pierre Guiraud published in 1968 discusses esoteric word meanings in the poetry (which is extremely complex) arguing that the six ballades conceal an elaborate homosexual argot and contain secret codes (the book has proved controversial). Compare *Rimbaud, Jean Genet. Text. Thierry Martin, editor, Villon: Ballades en argot homosexual, Paris, 1998, 136 pp.; bibl., pp. 131-34. Translation: English. Galway Kinnell (1965), Peter Dale (1973; repr). German. Richard Dehmel and Fritz Habeck (1958). Hungarian. *George Faludy (1937). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amour bleu, 78: re his long poem Le Testament where he accuses the Bishop of Orleans of sodomy. Les Amours masculines, 69-70: poems "Ballade One" and "Ballade Five". Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 397-98: trans. of "Ballads of Black Love No. 1 and No. 5" into English; biog., 384-85. Pour tout l'amour des hommes, 45. Criticism. Kuster, Over Homoseksualiteit in middeleeus West-Europa, 592: re Pierre Guiraud, Le Jargon de Villon, 1968, 290: "It has been proposed that Villon aimed his Ballade on the women of Paris at effeminate men." Editor possibly from France of works in Greek; translator from Greek to Latin. 1509-1587. An editor and translator into Latin of the Greek poet *Theognis (ca. 1561; repr.). His edition went through several printings. Virgil (sometimes spelt Vergil) Poet from Italy who wrote in Latin. 7Q B.C.-19 B.C. Writer of the Latin 'epic The Aeneid. The Aeneid. In Virgil's *epic poem The Aeneid ("editio princeps ca. 1469) the *Nisus and Euryalus episode (Book 9, lines 367-449) refers to a homosexual relationship and is the crucial homosexual reference in this, his most famous of works. 'Byron was attracted to it and made a translation. The depiction of Dido's unhappy love for Aeneas in Book 4 has been accepted as one of the most powerful episodes in the work. Written in the persona of a woman, it could allow a homosexual to express his feelings for another man in a situation where the man had rejected him (compare 'Earl of Surrey, 'Yannis Ritsos and see 'dramatic monologue). Descriptions of the beautiful boy Ascanius, the son of Aeneas, are relevant - e.g., in Book 6 (this aspect was first discussed by 'J. Jarry in 1B6B). Descriptions of other beautiful boys such as Misenus (also in Book 6) are also relevant. Descriptions of athletes in the games in Book 5 (e.g., naked men wrestling) need to be considered. There is a French poem based on The Aeneid, title the 'Eneas of ca. 115Q in which homosexuality is imputed to Aeneas. The 'Priapeia have sometimes been ascribed to him and were first printed in editions of Virgil but this was undoubtedly to enhance their stature (and possibly as well to ensure their survival). The Eclogues. The Eclogues, his most influential works for gay poetry, were first published in Venice in 1470 and are based on those of 'Theocritus. Indeed Virgil's early works grow out of the strongly homosexual Greek 'Hellenistic poetry. The Eclogues have been immensely popular since 147Q and their popularity was the prime cause for the revival of the pastoral tradition in vernacular languages (see 'pastoral poets): in English, for example, the extent of homosexuality in this movement was enormous (see 'Spenser, 'Marlowe). "Eclogue Two" was possibly the most widely known homopoem in learned circles and seems the first composed (see Otto Skutsch, "The Original Form of the Second Eclogue", Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, 74 [197Q], 95). The Eclogues are strongly homoerotic in their dialogic structure; two men converse in most poems. In this eclogue Corydon "burns in love" for the shepherd Alexis. On the "Second Eclogue" see John J. H. Savage, "The Art of the Second Eclogue of Vergil" in Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association 91 (196Q), 353-75. The permeation of the Eclogues through European culture has been enormous especially through translation. In Spanish, for instance, see Marcial José Bayo, Virgilio y la Pastoral española del Renacimiento (1480-1550), 197Q. "Eclogue 3" also mentions homosexuality and overall the eclogues are homoerotic in basis. See also 'flowers. Editions and criticism. For early mechanically printed editions of Virgil consult Brunet, Manuel du libraire : this is one of the the most concise listing of important editions to 1B5Q. Editions printed to 15QQ are listed in M. Davies and J. Goldfinch, Vergil: A Census of Printed Editions 1469-1500, London: Bibliographical Society, 1992. See also the 'British Library General Catalogue entry Virgilius Maro, the 'National Union Catalog entry Vergilius Maro and the Oxford Classical Dictionary entry. There was a strong manuscript tradition of Virgil's work before it was printed; some manuscripts were illustrated. 'Commentaries have been enormous in quantity especially in Latin, where they are associated with critical editions. Those commentaries on the "Second Eclogue" are crucial for discussion of homosexuality (the National Union Catalog and British Library General Catalogue entries under Bucolica list editions). 'Parodies are listed in the British Library General Catalogue entry p. 495; e. g., 'Juvenal's "Sixth Satire" is a parody of Virgil's "Second Eclogue". For recent criticism see Virgil in T. Gwinup and F. Dickinson, Greek and Roman Authors, second edition, 19B6, pp. 27Q-77; see the British Library General Catalogue entry pp. 5Q7-1Q for criticism to 1975. Up until the late nineteenth century all educated European persons read Latin and most studies Virgil in schools. See also "Criticism in homosexual terms" below. An authoritative encylopedia on all things to do with Virgil is Francesco della Corte (editor), Enciclopedia Virgiliana (Rome, 19B4): see, for example, the entries " Bucholiche" (that is, Eclogues) and "Coridone" (that is, Corydon). Articles in this encyclopedia have excellent bibliographies. Biography. Virgil was taken to be homosexual by the poet *Martial apparently by oral tradition. Donatus (active 375; see his entry in Oxford Classical Dictionary) referred to him being gay in his commentary on The Aeneid. Kiefer (see Criticism below) seems wrong in stating Virgil was "at least bisexual"; there is no evidence whatsoever for Virgil's being bisexual and all surviving evidence - including his poetry - points to his being homosexual; but there can be no final proof. Translation of the Eclogues. The "Second Eclogue" is the main eclogue of importance but the homoerotic dialogic nature of most of the eclogues needs to be considered. The eclogues have been widely translated and were hugely popular, especially in French and Italian (as they were in English - see the separate English translation entry). Only major translators are included or those which seem of importance. Illustration will normally be homoerotic. Virgil's Eclogues were first translated into Italian in 14B4, French in 1555, followed by Spanish in 1577 then Greek in 1594. The translations were part of the vogue of *pastoral conventions sweeping Europe at the time. Aoenais: G. Delprat (1696) - this language is close to Catalan; Catalan: C. Riba Bracons (1911); Danish: Peder Jensen Roskilde (1639?); Dutch: H. Bruno (1658), see entry British Library General Catalogue (1682), J.de Wolf (1780?; in verse), P. W. de Koning (1932); English. The National Union Catalog entry Vergilius vol. 634, pp. 3B-5Q was consulted and the 'British Library General Catalogue entry Virgilius Maro has also been checked (see also the separate translation of the "Second eclogue", p. 494). Only popular translators are cited. For a complete list see the National Union Catalog and British Library General Catalogue. Censorship in school editions was common. Illustrations of the "Second Eclogue" will normally be homoerotic. Comparison of all translations of the second eclogue would be of interest. English: *A. Fleming (1575), *William Webbe (1586 - "Second Eclogue"), *A. Fraunce (1588), W. Lisle (1628), Several hands including Dryden (16B4; repr.), 'Dryden - "Alexis" ("Second Eclogue") (1697; reprinted in 19Q4 by James Guthrie at the Pear Tree Press, South Harting, for the Harting Guild - see British Library General Catalogue), Sir Charles Sedley (1719), J. Martyn (1749 - prose; repr. and very popular), Trans. not known (London, ca.177Q - seems mischievous), Archdeacon F. Wrangham (1B15; repr.), T. H. Noyes (1B6B), Samuel Palmer (1BB3; illustrated by translator), E. J. L. Scott (1BB4), Sir G. O. Morgan (1B97), J. W. Mackail (1B9B; repr.), Robert Whitelaw (1B99), 'J. W. Baylis (active 19Q2 - see his entry), John Sergeaunt (19Q3), 'C. S. Calverley (19QB; repr. with homoerotic illustrations by Vertes, New York, Heritage Press, 196Q), H. Rushton Faircough (1916; repr. - Loeb edition), Arthur S. Way (1932), Trans. not known (London, 1935), 'E. V. Rieu (1949 - Penguin edition; repr. - very widely read), Raymond and Pamela Lister (195B - "Second Eclogue" only, edition of 1Q copies: see British Library General Catalogue entry), Geoffrey Johnson (196Q), 'C. Day Lewis (1963 - probably the most accessible and one of the the best English trans.), *Guy Lee (1980; excellent trans.). French: C. Marot (No. 1 only) and M. R. le Blac (others) (1555), many various translators, Andrée Richter (1970); Galician: A. Gomez Lego (1930); German: F. Cahlenus (1648), various translators, Dietrich Ebener (1982 - titled Hirtengedichte)', Greek: Danielis Alsvorti [Daniel Elsivir?] (Rome, 1594), L. A. Pagnini (1780), W. Muldener (1868), P. loannou (1874); Hungarian: Koszegi Rajnis Jozef (1789); Italian: Bernardo Pulci (1481), various translators, L. A. Pagnini (1780), various translators; Polish: L. Nagurozewskiego (1778), J. Lipinskiego (1803, 1805), J. Gorczyczewskiego (1822), M. Motty (1852), Zofia Abramowiczowna (1953); Portuguese: L. da Costa (1624), A. T. M. (Porto, 1825), other translators; Romanian: T. Naum (1922); Russian: A. F. Merzliakov - see the National Union Catalog entry for exact name (1807); Spanish: G. Hernandez de Velasco (1577), J. J. Lopez de Sedaño? (1768), F. M. Hidalgo (Seville, 1829; repr.), E. de Ochoa (1879), Tirso Saenz (Mexico, 1931), Trans. not known - see Cuaderno bibliográfico gay, 14 - details given below; Swedish: G. J. Adlerbeth (1814), G. Palmfeldt (1930); Turkish: Rusen Esref? - see National Union Catalog (1929). The * British Library General Catalogue and * National Union Catalog were checked. Consult the*British Library General Catalogue Virgilius Maro entry under Bucolica (i. e. Eclogues) for translations of the Eclogues, which entry displays the translations most clearly; the National Union Catalog entry Vergilius is similarly laid out. (Note: in some cases the Eclogues were printed and translated with the Aeneid and the Georgics so these sections in the British Library General Catalogue and National Union Catalog also need to be consulted for a complete survey of all translations.) The homosexual "Second Eclogue" must have been widely known in vernacular languages from 1494. Not all editions may be in the British Library General Catalogue and National Union Catalog ; consult also old library catalogs e. g., the *Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, and the Bodleian Library, *Oxford. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 1123-28: see "Publius Virgilius Maro". Oxford Companion to English Literature. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature: concise biog. information. Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 113-15. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1367. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity ; see also the entry "Aeneas". Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 107: Aeneis [Aeneid], and poem "An Alexis" [To Alexis; "Second Eclogue"]. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 11074-76: The Aeneid "Several incidents. Many translations", Bucoliques et géorgiques, Paris: Henri Laurens, 1913, Eclogues and Minor Poems, "Many editions". Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 3953: The Pastoral Poems (The Eclogues), Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin, 1949. Cuaderno bibliográfico gay, 14: Bucólicas, Geórgicas, Madrid: Alianza Editorial, 1983. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Forberg, Manual of Classical Erotology. Eros: Die Männerliebe der Griechen, 116-18: "Second Eclogue". Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 40-43: "Second Eclogue" and from book five of The Aeneid (*Nisus and Euryalus episode). loläus (1902), 88-90 ("Second Eclogue"); 162-64 (Nisus and Euryalus). Men and Boys, 12 ("Second Eclogue"). Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 83-84: "Second Eclogue". Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 83-86: "Second Eclogue". Les Amours masculines, 45. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 171: trans. of "Eclogue 2"; biog., 164. "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen", 30-32: German trans. of the "Second Eclogue" Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 107-09: "Eclogue 2". Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 6-9: trans. of "Eclogue 2" and part of "Eclogue 8" by *John Dryden. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 199-200 (from The Aeneid, Book 9, lines 421-48, Nisus and Eurylus trans. John Dryden). Gaio verso: poesia latina per l'altro amore. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 65-68. Criticism in homosexual terms. Kiefer, Sexual Life in Ancient Rome, 193-98; p.193 he states: '"the character of Virgil was at least bisexual, if not completely homosexual". Lilja, Homosexuality in Republican and Augustan Rome, 62-70; index 157-58. Courouve, Ces petits grecs, 43. Figure in myth and religion from India in Sanskrit, Hindi, Bengali and Assamese and other *Indian languages. From 300. Vishni and Rama are other names for *Krishna. Rama is the hero of the *epic poem, the *Ramayana. Religious *hymns addressed to him may be relevant. He is frequently portrayed as a man of extremely *effeminate beauty. For *Vishnu see *Madhavadeva (poet writing in Assamese). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Hastings, Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics: see under *Vaisnavism p. 571. Encyclopedia of Religion: see "Rama". Poet from Argentina writing in Spanish. Active from 1988. See his book of poems: Block Potosí (Buenos Aires: Reino, 1988). Poet from Denmark writing in Danish. Active 1985. See his volume of poems Vokse Vaerk, 1985, 75 pp. Some poems are relevant; information from *Forbundet. Poet from the Netherlands who wrote in Dutch. Born 1932. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Naar vriendscaap zulk een mateloos verlangen, 88-90?: poem "Travesti" (i. e., *transvestite), "Soms and Engelen" from Guus Valleide, Een kleine luiheid, Amsterdam: De Narcissus pers, 1956, and Guus Valleide Fluities, Amsterdam: U. M. Holland, 1959 (books cited pp. 122-23). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 307: poem *"Angels". Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1940. A poet from California. A later book of poems is Sillycombs. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 11086: Logan, New York: Cowstone, 1969, "Story poem of boy love". Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 3955, 3959-60: Joy Rock Statue Ship, New York: Cowstone, 1968, Songs for the Revolution, New York: Cowstone, 1969 and Within the Rose, San Francisco: Panjandrum, 1976. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Angels of the Lyre, 211: Tine poems about *anal sex and another about *drugs; biog., 245. Criticism. Crew, Gay Academic, 193-99: critique of *Hart Crane in gay terms. Poet from Germany who wrote in German. Born 1898. Born in Leipzig and active as a writer from 1929, he has lived in *London since 1953. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Schwüle Lyrik, schwüle Prosa, 231-37; biog., 232, photo 231. Voices Against the Wilderness: The 1983 Black Cardinal Anthology of gay poets Anthology in English from the United States. Tucson, Arizona: Black Cardinal Press,1983, 59 pages. Compiled by *William L. Scurrah, this was the first *Afro-American gay poetry anthology and included two American Indian poets (*Will Inman and *Maurice Kenny). Poets (see entries): Eric Allyn, David Barton, Joseph D. Butkie, Stuart Byron, Jerah Chadwick, Anthony Fiala, Will Inman, Shelley Jones, Maurice Kenny (an Indian of the Mohawk nation), Robert Klein (possibly the poet *Robert Klein Engler), David T. Mason, Steven D. Maxey, Frederick Raborg, M. Shen-Barnidge, Daniel-Harry Steward, Lee Thorn, J. F. Yeager, Thomas Young. Extremely rare. Copy used: *Cornell University Library; the *Labardie Collection also has a copy. A copy of this work found in the United States on the *Research Libraries Information Network in 1995 at University of California, Berkeley was on open access in the student poetry reading lounge; it could not be found in 1995 and is suspected stolen. Poet from Germany who wrote in German. 1878-1948. A member of *George Kreis and published in Blätter für die Kunst. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature: died *Los Angeles. Critic from Italy who wrote in Italian. Active 1891. Author of "Il bel giovine nella literatura volgare dell secolo XV" (in Biblioteca della scuole italiane no. 15 vol. 3, Verona, 1891), 16 pp: a study of beautiful youths in Italian poetry in poems frequently written from a woman's persona, e.g., by the poets Simone Serdini (1360? - 1420) and Antonio Bonciani; also published as an offprint. Poem from Iceland in Norse. Ca. 1270. The story of Sigurd (Siegfried in German: see *Nibelundenlied). See the section "Loki's Flyting" (sexual sending up of gods). The story was used by *Wagner as the basis of his Ring cycle. See also *Thorkil Vanggaard. Voltaire, François-Marie Arouet de Philosopher, poet and historian from France writing in French. 1694-1778. He was a friend of *Frederick the Great of Prussia and wrote a book on Frederick's private life after they quarreled; he was responsible also for publicizing Frederick's gay poetry in French. For a poem (translated into English) see Robert Halsbrand, * Lord Hervey, 1973, p. 272 (describes *Francesco Algarotti having sex with the French Ambassador's male secretary at the court of Frederick the Great; source not given). His poem L'anti-Giton appears in several anthologies. Though Voltaire was ambivalent about homosexuality his writings contributed to a climate where it was legalized in France. To him is attributed the saying about homosexual anal sex: "Once a philosopher, twice a sodomite." See also *Libertinism. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Duroc, Homosexuels et lesbiennes illustrés, 151-52: re an *epigram accusing Freron of homosexuality. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1378-80: excellent article by *Warren Johansson. Gay Poetry Anthologies. L'amour bleu, 134-36. Les Amours masculines, 162-65. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 413 - from the poem The Anti-Giton ; biog., 387 - states he "remains an enigma regarding his sexual activities". Pour tout l'amour des hommes, 10104: includes extract from L'anti-Giton. Poet from the Netherlands. writing in Dutch. Active 1985. Gay Poetry Anthologies. David heeft ook een achterkant, 53; biog 61. Poet from Germany who wrote in German; translator from Greek and Latin to German. 1751-1826. One of the group called the *Gottinger Hainbund. See his poem "Der heilige Bund der Liebe und Freundschaft: ein landiches Gedicht in acht Gesangen". He translated into German *Homer's Iliad (published in 1879), the Greek poet *Theocritus (prior to 1808) and the Latin poet *Tibullus (1810). He wrote extensive poetry, letters and critical works in German. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Anthologist from Germany of works in German. Active 1979. He compiled the anthology * Milchsilber: see poems on pp. 53 and 63 (signed Lothar-Louise Voth); photograph, p. 218 (as a *transvestite with bleeding lip). He lives in *Berlin. Pseudonym of a poet from Germany who wrote in Czech. 1853-1912. A famous Czech writer and poet who composed eighty-one books of poems; he introduced modern forms and themes to Czech. The *British Library General Catalogue entry, which is large, discloses that the name is a pseudonym for Emil Bohus Frida. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Everyman Companion to East European Literature. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 11087: poem "Der *Hermaphrodit" in Der *Kreis 13: 10, 10 October 1945 (trans. German), illustrated with "Dancing Hermaphrodite" by Francesco Bartalozzi. Bibliography in Dutch from the Netherlands. From ca. 1988. An irregular bulletin of new gay books especially in Dutch. It lists poetry books (see *Peter Coret). The bookshop is in *Amsterdam. Lover from Great Britain relating to works in English. Active ca. 1593. "The onlie begetter" of *Shakespeare's sonnets, as is stated on the dedication page of the first printing of 1609. There has been much discussion as to whether this phrase refers to the young man to whom the poems are addressed or the person who ensured they were published. However, the onlie begetter's exact identity is unknown. He has been identified as William Herbert and *Henry Wriothesley, the Earl of Southampton, who is the most accepted male. For discussion, see The Works of Shakespeare: The Sonnets, edited by John Dover Wilson, second edition, 1967, "The identity of Mr. W. H.", pp. lxxxviii-xcii. *Oscar Wilde believed he was a boy actor in Shakespeare's company. *J. Z. Eglinton in an article in the International Journal of Greek Love states he was William Hostler a boy actor in Shakespeare's company, mentioned by name as such in the First Folio of Shakespeare's plays. Leslie Hotson, Mr. W. H., London: Rupert HartDavis, 1964, cited in Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, p. 1113 as one of the best books on the sonnets, states Leslie Hotson "shows conclusively that the youth was William Hatcliffe". Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature: see Sonnets of Shakespeare. Translator from Latin to English from Great Britain. 1889-1965. See Medieval Latin Lyrics (London, 1929; repr.), The Wandering Scholars (1927; repr. Harmondsworth, 1954) e.g., pp. 34-37, re Paulinus (her translations in Eros: An Anthology of Friendship come from this book). She was a pioneering scholar in making Latin homopoetry available in English (and thus to the general reader who did not read Latin). A graduate of *Oxford, she never married. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 3965: editor of Mediaeval Latin Lyrics, London: Constable, 1966. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 116-19: trans. of *Colman the Irishman, *Anonymous poet of Monte Cassino (see under Anonymous poets and poems - Latin), *Hrabanus Maurus, *Walafrid Strabo, *Peter Abelard ("David's Lament for Jonathan"). Hidden Heritage, 130: trans. of *"David's Lament" by *Peter Abelard. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 111-12, 114-15: trans. of *Paulinus, *Venantius Fortunatus and *Walafrid Strabo. Wade Giles and Pinyin romanization systems of Chinese There are two commonly used systems of *transliteration of Chinese. The Wade Giles system has been used by western scholars and libraries since 1859 (for example, used in Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature ). Pinyin (full name: Han-yu p'in yin - meaning "Chinese spelling") has been used from 1953 by the mainland Chinese (and is used in *Bret Hinsch, Passions of the Cut Sleeve). Chinese names have been entered in this Encyclopedia in the system in which they were found, so both systems have been used (the system used is usually stated). Wade Giles, devised in 1859 by Thomas Wade, was revised in 1892 by Herbert Giles. It is used for older materials. Pinyin is used for material emanating from the mainland and in more recent materials. Readers need to know both systems as material appears using both. See Hinsch, Passions of the Cut Sleeve, pp. xi-xii, for a table to convert from one to the other. See "Romanization" in The Cambridge Encyclopedia of China, edited Brian Hook, 1982, p. 352. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Active 1920. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 155: poem "I Bathed in Eurotas"; dated 1920. Poet from Iran who wrote in Persian. Active ca. 159Q. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A'in i Akbari anthology, 662 - homosexual love poem; biog., 662. Critic from Germany writing in German; editor of works in Arabic. Born 1927. Author of a major critical study of *Abu Nuwas: Abu Nuwas: Eine Studie zur arabischen Literatur, Weisbaden, 1965. He also edited the poems of Abu Nuwas in 3 volumes published in 1958-1988 titled Der Divan des Abu Nuwas: vol. 1, Weisbaden and Cairo, 1958, vol. 2, Wiesbaden and Beirut, 1972, vol. 3, Stuttgart and Beirut, 1988 (this work, due to its being published in so many places is hard to find complete). This is the most comprehensive edition yet. He wrote the article on Abu Nuwas in Encyclopaedia of Islam. He is a major expert on Arabic manuscripts, a meticulous scholar who has written several books on the subject. Biography: see European Biographical Dictionary, 8th edition, 1989-90. See Festschrift Ewald Wagner Zum 65. Geburtstag, edited by W. Heinrichs, Stuttgart and Beirut, 1994, pp. 1-17, for a list of his published works. Poet and letter writer from Germany who wrote in German. 1813-1883. Wagner is one of the most famous German classical composers of the late nineteenth century. He wrote the librettos of his own operas in poetry. His character seems to have had a strong homosexual component, though his love for his second wife Cosima was passionate and sexual. A major study of Wagner and homosexuality in relation to both his life and his works is by *Hanns Fuchs. *King Ludwig II of Bavaria fell in love with Wagner and passionate letters from Ludwig survive, as well as letters from Wagner about the closeness of the involvement of the two; see, as a sample, the letters in *Rictor Norton, editor, My Dear Boy: Gay Love Letters through the Centuries, 1998, pp. 144-48. *Nietzsche's relationship with Wagner has strong homosexual elements. On Wagner and Ludwig see *Edmond Fazy. For homosexuality and the early operas see Hanns Fuchs. In Tannhuaser (first performed 1845), Wolfram's 'friendship with Tannhauser has an element of homosexual love. Der Ring der Nibelungen (The Ring of the Nibelung) (1869-76) is Wagner's major achievement, consisting of four operas based on medieval German mythology. In the second opera of the series, Die Walküre (The Valkyrie), the dwarfs are sexually ambivalent. The Ring moves on many levels including a symbolic one: the ring itself is usually taken to symbolize power and to refer to an actual gold ring. (As an ancient symbol the ring may refer to the sun - and the full moon - especially as the sun is a source of power in the universe. Parts of the human body such as the eye are circular; the anus is a circular part of the body for instance while the vagina, which is elliptical in shape, becomes round in intercourse. The ring is a symbol in Australian Aboriginal cultures where it appears extensively on art. *Carl Jung dealt with the symbolism of the ring in his works.) Alberich in the first opera, Das Rheingold, renounces love for the ring. Sex and power are inherently linked in the operas. The heroine Brunnhilde has always been seen as mannish and therefore imputedly lesbianish. (The Ring has been translated e. g. into English by Andrew Porter, The Ring of the Nibelung, New York, 1976 and by Rudolf Sabor, 1997.) In Tristan und Isolde (1857-59) consider Tristan's relationship with Kurwenal and see the notes to the Bayreuth Ring program ca. 1977. (The story, concerning a tragic love affair, has exercised a powerful appeal on many homosexuals.) Parsifal (1882) is based on the work of *Wolfran von Eschenbach and *Arthurian material (see Oxford Companion to German Literature entry Parsifal for the plot); it contains strong homosexual symbolism in the relationships of the male group of knights. All characters are male except Kundry and the story concerns an angelic young man, Parsifal, who resists the temptations of the seductress Kundry in order to preserve the brotherhood of the Grail (compare the trope of Joseph): on this level the work could be read as a rejection of heterosexuality. On Parsifal see Richard Mohr, Gay Ideas, 1992, Chapter 6, pp. 129-220 and Max Heindel, Mysteries of the Great Operas, 1921 (repr.) re *Rosicrucianism. For Freedom Destined by Franz Winkler, New York, 1975, discusses levels of meaning in Wagner. Sexual symbolism appears in the spear symbolism in Wagner's works and is *phallic. On homosexuality, see the brilliant review of *Wayne Koestenbaum's book on homosexuality and opera in The New Yorker, 12 April 1993, 115-20 by Alex Ross; this also reviews Richard Mohr's book. JeanJacques Nattiez, Wagner Androgyne, Princeton, 1993, discusses the *androgyne trope in The Ring. *Jungian interpretations of Wagner are possible for instance in the symbolism of the ring and in ideas of masculinity and feminity, which the key figures represent, in the human psyche. Wagner wrote the librettos for The Ring, Tristan and Isolde and Parsifal and all are in poetry. Wagner's prose work Art of the Future praises love 'comradeship between men, as the loläus entry below notes; his last prose work was on maleness and femaleness (see his Collected Prose). There were and are homosexuals in the circles of those attending the Bayreuth Festival: see "Bayreuth und die Homosexualität" by Oskar Panizza in Die Gesellschaft 11 (1895), 88-92. Time magazine 25 August, 1997 states p. 61 that Wagner's son Siegfried was homosexual; this is also discussed in Gottfried Wagner, He Who Does Not Howl with the Wolf: The Wagner Legacy, 1997, a work written by Wagner's great grandson. Wagner's papers are in the Wagner Museum at Bayreuth, Germany where he established a festival to perform his operas and where he lived; the family archives are not open to public researchers. There have been many lives but none is satisfactory. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gay Histories and Cultures. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 108: Widmung an *Ludwig II (Dedication to Ludwig II) and Briefe an Ludwig II (Letters to Ludwig II) [no other details]. Herzer, Bibliographie zur Homosexualität, items 557, 1346. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 207: a poem to King *Ludwig II. Ioläus (1902), 153-57: from his letters and regarding Greeks from *Sparta from his The Art-Work of the Future. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 217: a poem to *Ludwig II of Bavaria entitled "Dedication" (possibly with an erotic pun on the word ring); biog., 194 - states he was "was by nature bi-sexual". Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1857-1942. A *Uranian poet. See R. A. Gilbert, A. E. Waite: A Man of Many Parts, 1987; bibl., pp. 199-201; manuscripts are listed pp. 210-02. Chapter 5, "Love that never told can be", pp. 38-46, describes the verse drama A Soul's Comedy, 1887, the story of the obsessive love of Jasper for the young acolyte Gabriel. See also his similar book of poems Israfel, 1886. After 1890 he wrote heterosexual poems. He was later involved in spiritualism in the Order of the Golden Dawn and still later in *magic and the *Kabbala and was regarded by *Aleister Crowley as his enemy: Crowley directed a string of invective against him in his journal The Equinox (1909-19). He published a Collected Poems in 1914. Autobiography: Shadows of Life and Thought, 1938. A bibliography on him exists by R. A. Gilbert. See also *Charles Williams. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology: fine survey of his career. Genre in Japanese from Japan. From ca. 700 in the work of Kakinomoto Hitomaro with gay reference; it exists from ca. 550 as a genre. The most famous classical form of Japanese poetry, waka is courtly poetry of 31 syllables of short lined syllables of 5-7-5-7-7. It was associated initially with poetry writing in the Japanese court and with the official collections, the * Man'yoshu and *Kokinshu. Waka are also called *tanka. * Iwatsutsuji has a collection. The *haiku form grew out of the waka. See *Ariwara no Narihira, *Uta, *Renga, *Kitamura Kigin, *Tsukamoto Kunio, *Yoshida Kenko, *Court poets, *Graffititi. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan: Princeton Companion to Classical Japanese Literature, 34144. Criticism. Schalow, The Great Mirror of Male Love, 7. Anthologist from Australia relating to a work in English. Born 1950. One of the compilers of the anthology *Edge City. She is also a lesbian poet who has published several volumes of poetry as well as a novel. She has a Ph. D. from the University of New South Wales, *Sydney, has been a high school teacher and lives with another compiler of Edge City, *Margaret Bradstock. She has two children. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Hurley, Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia. Poet from the Netherlands writing in Dutch. Active 19B5. Gay Poetry Anthologies. David heeft ook een achterkant, 54-57; biog 61 - states he works in Oegstgeest Poet possibly from Germany who wrote in Latin. Ca. 808-849. A pupil of *Rabanus Maurus, he was Abbot of the monastery of Reichenau and was involved in the Carolingian renaissance as tutor to Charles, the son of Louis the Pious. The entry form of his name is based on Stehling's anthology Medieval Latin Poems of Male Love and Friendship. Some gay poems are also trans. into English in Jan Oberg, Two Millennia of Poetry in Latin, 1987,161. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 118. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 114-15. Medieval Latin Poems of Male Love and Friendship, 16-19: two strong poems addressed to the cleric Liutger, stating he is in love with him though the love was not consumated, and a poem on friendship (with English trans.); biog., 145-46. Andere Lieben, 48-49: German trans. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 147. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 104-05. Poet from Saint Lucia writing in English; he lives in the United States. Born 1930. A Caribbean born poet and dramatist who lives in *Boston for half the year and Saint Lucia (an independent republic in the lesser Antilles in the Carribean Sea) for the other half. In Another Life, his long poem about Trinidad, 1973, there are subtle suggestions of homosexuality in the relations of some of the characters: see, for example, p. 20 ("bum-boatman"), p. 44 ("the lances of Uccello shivered him"), pp. 50-51 (Gregorias lives with a soldier), p. 60 ("I raved for/the split pears of their arses"). In Poems, 1951, see *"Hart Crane" (omitted from Collected Poems 194884, 1986). In The Arkansas Testament, 1987, see "Eulogy to *W. H. Auden". In Omeros, 1990, based on *Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, the relationship of the two main characters Achille and Philoctete is based on that of *Achilles and Patroclus in The Iliad; at one stage Achille dresses as a woman in Helen's dress, as Achilles does in The Iliad (see *transvestism). This work depicts a world of strong male relationships which appears aggressively heterosexual. There is a pun on homo (which means man in Latin) and the words Homer and Omeros in the title. He was awarded the *Nobel Prize for Literature in 1992. Three times married. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors New Revision Series volume 26. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1995. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Badboy Book, 257-62; biog., 392 - he lives in *San Francisco and the poems are his first poetry sales. Pseudonym of a poet from Germany who wrote in German. Active 1921. The author of several important critical articles on male love and literature. His real name was Ewald Tscheck. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 108-09: poem "Brückenlied. Einem schönen Knaben (Eine Brücke will ich...)" [no other details] and many articles in Der *Eigene and other gay German journals; it is unclear whether some are books or pamphlets; active 1921-25. Editor from the United States writing in English. Active 1969. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 3975: editor of The World Poetry Anthology, Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1969. Poet from Switzerland who wrote in Latin. Active 850? See *Salomo (with whom he wrote a poem addressed to *Notker). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Medieval Latin Poems of Male Love and Friendship, 20-21. Translator from Chinese to English from Great Britain; he also translated from Japanese to English. 1889-1966. A member of the *Bloomsbury group. Personal *friendship and intimate bonding was a high priority in their ethics. He is especially known for his translations of poetry from the Chinese and was well aware of the homoerotic nature of Chinese male friendships in poetry. It was through him that Chinese poetry became known to British audiences and in the sphere of influence of Great Britain - such as the former colonies of Australia, Canada, South Africa, New Zealand and South Africa. Compare *Witter Bynner for the United States. In a famous statement in the introduction to One Huundred and Seventy Chinese Poems, 1918 edition - which work introduced Chinese poetry to English readers - he stated that male-male friendship takes the place of heterosexual love in Chinese poetry (see pp. 4-5); this is reprinted in "Love and Friendship in Chinese Poetry" in the selection of his critical articles, Madly Singing in the Mountains, pp. 295-96 (an extract from the 1918 edition) where he writes "The Chinese ... [regarded] their wives and concubines simply as instruments of procreation. For love and sympathy they looked only to their friends... It would not be an exaggeration to say that half the poems in the Chinese language are poems of parting or separation." (This passage was reprinted in various printings until 1947 but not included in the new edition of One Hundred and Seventy Chinese Poems, 1962.) This volume of translation was much admired by the *Bloomsbury group (see One Hundred and Seventy Poems, new edition 1962, pp. 5-6). His Chinese poem translations were parodied in a ribald way by *Lytton Strachey (mentioned in One Hundred and Seventy Chinese Poems, new edition 1962, 6). He married late in life. Waley's exact sexuality is unknown (he seems very repressed). In a poem called "Biography" on p. vi of Alison Waley, A Life, ca. 1980, he calls himself "A celibate." Translations from Chinese: see *Shi jing, *Taoism, *Ch'u Yuan, *Yuan Mei, *Han-shan (pseud.), * Secret History of the Mongols. His favorite poet was *Po Chu-i who had an intimate friendship with *Yuan Chen. The Poetry and Career of *Li Po, 1950 (repr.) was a major critical work. Translations from Japanese. His famous translation of Lady *Murasaki's Tale of Genji omits the poems (some of which are relevant). He never visited China or Japan. Ainu. He translated into English one sixth of the Ainu epic *Kutune Shirka from the Japanese translation. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionary of National Biography: notes his "forty years" attachment to Beryl de Zoete and "high pitched voice" (p. 1044) - which homosexuals had. Criticism. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1007: re *friendship in Chinese poetry. Arabic poet from Iraq. Active ca. 780. The teacher of the poet *Abu Nuwas. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, volume 5, 778 (in the *Liwat article): states he is thought to have debauched Abu Nuwas. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Delight of Hearts, 21, 123-27, 137: poems. Poet from Syria who wrote in Arabic. Ca. 708-744. An *Umayyad Caliph, he was the author of *wine songs who led a profligate life according to some authorities. See Gaston Weit, Introduction à la littérature arabe, Paris, 1966, 49: stated to be the creator of libertine poetry and to have written of male homosexuality. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition, volume 4, 112-13. Poet from Australia who wrote in English. Born 1934. See "The Sixth Man" in Neither Nuked Nor Crucified, edited by Christopher Pollnitz, University of Newcastle, 1984, pp. 174-79 (on the homosexual spies Burgess and Maclean). His poem "Tongues of Fire" is dedicated to *Patrick White, in Patrick White: A Tribute, edited by Clayton Joyce, Sydney, 1991, pp. 115-16. He is Professor of Australian Literature in the University of Melbourne. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1606-1687. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 167: "On the Friendship Betwixt Two Ladies" - *lesbianism. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Born 1917. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 3979: Goldenhair and the Two Black Hawks, London: Salatticum Press, 1971. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 327: poem about *prostitution in the form of a *limerick. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 168. Criticism. Arcadie no. 1 (1954), 25-26: French trans. by Jacques de Richaumont of a poem titled "J'avais un ami " (I had a friend); he is stated to have been a diplomat at Alexandria and to have written three collections, Fortunate Hamlet, 1941, The Merry Ghosts, 1946, and The kiss of the stars, 1948. Walpole, Horace, Sir, Earl of Orford Letter writer, poet, critic, collector and publisher from Great Britain who wrote in English; poet writing in Latin and translator from Latin to English. 1717-1797. Horace Walpole was the son of a British Prime Minister and immensely wealthy. There is little doubt that he was temperamentally homosexual, though whether actively so remains to be proven (if it can be proven at this date). His house, Strawberry Hill, was a famous Gothic mansion and helped set the fashion for Gothic taste from 1747, his *private press *Strawberry Hill Press taking the mansion's name. He may have had a love affair with *Thomas Gray (they were at school at *Eton together and later Cambridge). *Richard West was a close friend of both Gray and Walpole (on his death Walpole wrote a moving poem: see the West entry for details). In 1739, Gray and Walpole toured the continent and stayed in *Florence for two years living with the English envoy Sir Horace Mann (with whom Walpole later corresponded for forty-five years until Mann's death in 1786); the two later quarreled and Walpole left for *Rome. Poems. In 1748, three poems were published in *Robert Dodsley's collection of his writings; see the various editions of his letters for poems written in letters (at least one directly relevant bawdy poem is in a letter - see discussion of the Letters below); other poems are mentioned in his "Short Notes" (see below). For the text of his poems, see Fugitive Pieces in Verse and Prose, 1758 (repr. ed W. S. Lewis, 1931) and The Works, 5 volumes, 1798, vol. 1 "Fugitive Pieces", pp. 1-124 and vol. 4, pp. 373-47, "Poems"; nothing of great interest was found in examining the poems in The Works except for "On the translation of *Anacreon", vol. 4, p. 404. (These works were authorized by the poet; other unpublished poems may exist which are relevant.) As a critic, he wrote a commentary on Mason's Satirical Pieces (edited by Paget Toynbee, 1926). He is most famous for his letters, a mine of information about his age. About four thousand survive, including one to Madame du Deffand in French. They have been published by *Yale University Press in 48 volumes, 1937-83, edited by W. S. Lewis, the most famous collector of his manuscripts, with an extensive index in volumes 44-48; they are arranged in volumes according to addressee (not chronologically) - for example, all the letters to Thomas Gray are in the Thomas Gray volumes. This text is the first fully uncensored text (see entries *Charles Churchill and *"Religion has now become a mere farce", a bawdy poem included in a letter). The letters to Thomas Gray (written 1734-1770) and Richard West (1735-1742) in volumes 13-14 (1948) and the bachelors George Montagu and Sir Horace Mann are the most important for this encyclopedia; they include poems written by Gray, West and Walpole. However, many letters to Richard West by Walpole were destroyed by Willian Mason. The edition by Paget Toynbee in 16 volumes (with index) 1903-05 is chronological unlike the Yale edition, though the Yale edition is more complete. Walpole sought out the letters and changed the text in many cases with a view to future publication. See the selection, Letters, edited W. S. Lewis, London, 1951 (with Walpole's "Short Notes" on his life, xix-xxxv). W. S. Lewis, the editor of his letters, assembled a collection of his letters which he left to Yale University. Lewis was born in 1895 (see his entry in Contemporary Authors, vol. 65-68) and his great achievement was the publication of all the letters with their full text; some of the letters had previously been censored (see *Charles Churchill). See his A Guide to the Life of Horace Walpole, Yale, 1969. Autobiography. See his Memoirs of the reigns of George the Second and George the Third (1822; 1845) and his "Short Notes" on his life in the Gray and West letters volume cited above pp. 3-51. Biographies. That by Austin Dobson, 1890, was the first. Horace Walpole by *R. W. Ketton-Kremer, 1940, is the standard life and states p. 21 "he had a queer feminine element" but he believed that Walpole and Thomas Gray were "natural celibates"; it includes an excellent bibliography. Walpole had a celebrated library: see Allen T. Hazen, A Catalogue of Horace Walpole's Library, 3 volumes, 1969. For a Latin poem by Walpole, see verses in Gratulatio Academiae Cantabrigiensis, 1736, on the marriage of Frederic, Prince of Wales. Translation of poems by Walpole. See Letters, edited by Paget Toynbee, 1903, vol. 1, 86-91 re a letter of 2 October 1740 to Richard West which includes translation of an important poem into Italian by *Bondelmonti on love and friendship which Gray translated into Latin and Walpole into English. The letters need to be comprehensively searched for other poems. Manuscripts have been collected by W. S. Lewis and are now at Yale. See also *Thomas Chatterton. The United States critic *G. S. Rousseau has written important articles on Walpole and his gay circle. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Men and Boys, 37-38: notes (p. 37) his biographer Austin Dobson talks of his "*effeminacy". Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 455-57. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Translator possibly from Great Britain from Turkish to English. Active 1978. Translater of the important homosexual *divan poets in * The Penguin Book of Turkish Verse, pp. 61-119. No information is given on him. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1985. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Not Love Alone, 119-21; no biog. information given. Strong poetry focusing on gay relationships. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born ca. 1975. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gents, Bad Boys, and Barbarians, 227-31; biog., 226. Walt Whitman: The Measure of his Song Anthology in English from the United States published in 1981. Minneapolis: Holy Cow Press!, 1981, 381 pp.; Introduction by *Ed Folsom, pages xxi-liii. An anthology of poems and prose tributes to *Walt Whitman compiled by Jim Perlman, Ed Folsom and *Dan Campion. The works are in praise of Whitman showing his profound influence technically, which has been wideranging: see *free verse, *projectivism, for instance. It is in four sections: 1855-1905, pp. 1-28; 1905-1955, pp. 29-122; 1955-1980, pp. 123-230; 1980s pp. 231-258. Though not a gay anthology in the strictest sense, this work is perhaps the finest work in English on a gay poet's influence on other poets. "The Poet's Respond: A Bibliographic Chronology 1855-1981", pp. 359-81, lists response to Whitman chronologically in poetry and is very valuable in charting the influence of Whitman on poets. It has a valuable critical essay pp. 359-62. However, Whitman's influence on gay liberation poets does not get the attention it deserves in this book. Biographical notes on contributors pp. 382-94. Compare *In Re Walt Whitman. Poet from France who wrote in Latin. Ca. 1135-died after 1184. A writer of *satire, amongst other genres. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Medieval Latin Poems of Male Love and Friendship, 81-83 (with English trs); biog., 155. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 168-69. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Active 1367. See A. G. Rigg, A History of Anglo-Latin Litarature 1066-1422, 1992, pp. 276-78; a monk of Revesby, Lincolnshire credited with three stanzas attacking a homosexual abbot (p. 278): "Tolle sodomiticum, deprecor, abbatem/ Qui tot tuos docuit tantam feditatem " - "God, please Tire this sodomite, please remove this abbot,/ Who has taught your many monks such a filthy habit" (trans. by A. G. Rigg). Poet from Germany who wrote in German. Ca. 1170-1230. A *Minnesinger involved in the Minnesinger cult of *friendship - see *Wolfram von Eschenbach. He wrote about happy love. His most famous poem "Under der linden" about making love is apparently, at first reading, written from a woman's point of view; but a gay examination reveals difficulties with a straight heterosexual reading and the poem could be written from a man's point of view and addressed to a man. Compare similar conventions in *Courtly love; see also *Love poems written in the persona of a woman. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Bibliographer from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1917. Deakin, Catalogi librorum eroticum , 20, mentions a three volume sexual bibliography said to be due for publication in 1963. The work was apparently not published. Some correspondence with *Alfred Kinsey exists, 1948-49, referring to trying to find a publisher for his 11 volume Bibliographica Sexualis, evidently completed in 1948 (information from the Kinsey Institute). He has written a study of aphrodisiacs - titled Aphrodisiacs - with fine bibliographical annotations. Biography: see the dust jacket to his edition of Havelock Ellis, My Life, London, 1967 (in the preface to this work he gives his address as Routs Green, Bledlow, Buckinghamshire; a letter sent to this address was returned in 1996). See also *al-Nafzawi, *Havelock Ellis. Editor from France of works in Greek. Active from 1928. Editor of Anthologie grecque (1928+), an edition of the Greek * Palatine Anthology with French translation. Book 12 (the * Mousa Paidike), supposedly being edited by *Robert Aubreton, has not yet been published. Poem in English from Great Britain. Before 940. The poem, of 115 lines, is from the Exeter Book, copied in 940 (see Oxford Companion to English Literature) and is one of the finest poems in *Old English. It shows a world of strong *male bonding and is about a man cast out of the society of his fellow men. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 8: lines 41-44 (with translation into modern English); the lines refer to strong male bonding between lord and squire. Poet from China who wrote in Chinese. 1877-1927. In Liu, Sunflower Splendor, p. 506, see "Immortal at the River" (*love poem written in the persona of a woman) and pp. 507-08 "Echoing Heaven's Everlastingness" (the woman with the "painted eyebrows" may be a male *transvestite prostitute); other love poems are *non gender specific. A literary theorist, historian and poet, he studied Japanese and European languages and was a critic who produced works on traditional Chinese poetry. He committed suicide in 1927. Twice married he had seven children. The name Wang Kuo-wei is spelt in *Wade Giles. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, vol. 1. Boorman, Dictionary of Republican China. Poet from China who wrote in Chinese. Ca. 669-ca. 759. See Stephen Owen, The Great Age of Chinese Poetry; The High T'ang, 1981, pp. 27-51: some poems are relevant. In Hans Frankel, The Flowering Plum and the Palace Lady, 1971, pp. 10-11, Poem 4, "Invitation to Indolence". He is one of the great *T'ang poets, very famous for his nature poems. Influenced by *Zen Buddhism (in Chinese called Ch'an), he wrote 400 poems of which only 150 have been translated into English (see Pauline Yu's translation). He was also a painter who illustrated his poems and, though no paintings survive, he founded the Southern School. He was very popular in later ages. After his wife's death he allegedly remained celibate. See also *Ian Young. Translation. English: G. W. Robinson (1973), Pauline Yu (1980; with commentary). Japanese. Ken'yu Harada (1967; also with Taiichiro Koyahashi 1964), Haruo Tsukuru (1958). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature, 880-82. Criticism. Van Gulik, Sexual LIfe in Ancient China, 91-92: cited as being one of four *Tang poets - including *Li Po, *Meng Hao-jan and *Tu Fu - whose close friendships have close homosexual undertones. Scribe from China who wrote in Chinese. Active ca. 250. See Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, p. 217: stated to be a master calligrapher who "fervently admired male beauty". All calligraphers in Chinese wrote poetry and master calligraphers copied his calligraphy. The name Wang Xizhi is in *Pinyin. Wang Yang-ming and Wang Yangming school Philosopher from China who wrote in Chinese. 1472-1528. An influential *Ming philosopher whose philosophy opened up unlimited possibilities for individual development and self-expression. His school of philosophy from a gay point of view is very close to *gay liberation in its aims. A later member was *He Xinyin (15171579). Contrast *Confucianism which was conformist. Biography: see L. Carrington Goodrich, editor, Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1976, vol. 2, pp. 1408-1416. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Duberman, Hidden from History, 79. Poet from Canada writing in English. Active 1980. Bibliographies. Young Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 989: Teotihuacan and Other Poems, Ottawa: Datwas Press, 1980. The title poem in this book refers to the Aztec city fifty miles north of *Mexico City. Trope in Greek from Greece, English and German from 700 B.C. Homosexuality linked with war begins in Greek with *Homer; see also *"The Trojan War". English. See *Beowulf, *Whitman, *Wilfred Owen, 'Georgians, *David Jones, *mateship, *Rupert Brooke, *Paul Fussell and the anthology *Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches. Homosexual *bawdry survives from World War Two (see *Martin Page, *Mess Songs and Rhymes, *Tom Inglis Moore and *Larrie [pseud.] regarding Australian material). *Konstantin Berlandt wrote a fine gay poem on the Vietnam War of the 1960s and 1970s. A major poem "Militerotics" (printed in A True Likeness, 202-05) has been written by *Charles Ortleb. Dark Somme Flowing: Australian Verse 1914-1918, Melbourne, 1987, is a collection of Australian poetry from the first World War: see *Larrie (pseud.). Return to Oasis, edited by Victor Selwyn and others, 1970, collects poems from the Middle East 1940-46; some works are homoerotic or even love poems which are *non gender specific ( e. g., pp. 25, 26, 35). For the second world war see Ian Hamilton, The Poetry of War 1939-1945, 1965 and Desmond Graham, editor, Poetry of th Second World War: An international anthology, 1995. See also Woods, Articulate Flesh: Male Homo-eroticism and Modern Poetry, 50-80. In Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage, see "War Literature". German: see 'Comradeship. See also *Magnus Hirschfeld, Sexual History of the World War, 1941 (trans. from German). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Gay Histories and Cultures. Bibliographies. Simes, Bibliography of Homosexuality, 305-07: "The Military". Poem in French from Greece. Ca. 1350. War of Troy is a translation of the French Roman de Troie of *Benoît made in Frankish Greece and which remains in manuscript; the author is unknown. It depicts a strong world of *male bonding (as with the French original). I am grateful to Professor Elizabeth Jeffreys, Professor of Byzantine and Modern Greek, University of *Oxford, for drawing this to my attention. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1955. A graduate of *Harvard, he published Crookshank (Philadelphia: Quincunx, 1981; with illustrations by Janyce Stefan) and * Vergil's Lovers (Quincunx, 1981). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Son of the Male Muse, 179-81 (with photo p. 179): strong sexual poetry; biog., 191. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1959. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 11088: Of Dust and Stars, New York: Exposition Press, 1959. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 3996: same book. Poet from Australia who wrote in English. Born 1929. See "Under the Skin" in Friendly Street Poetry Reader, No. 9, Adelaide, 1985, 112: source *Austlit Record 103921. Editor from Canada of works in English. Active 1971. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 3997: editor of The Cellar Book Anthology, Toronto: Peter Martin, 1971 - apparently an anthology containing a poem or poems of relevance. Translator from Greek to English from Great Britain. 1905-1986. A poet and novelist who was a close friend of *W. H. Auden; he married. See *George Seferis. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 3479: states "See Seferis, George". Item 3479 is a broadside poem written by Rex Warner and Seferis. The reason for inclusion is unclear. Poet from the United States who lived in Great Britain. 1860-1928. He used the pseudonym *Arthur Lyon Raile for works published in his lifetime. He was educated at *Oxford and lived at Lewes House, Lewes, England, for the latter part of his life, writing actively 1903-28. His partner was John Marshall. They were collectors of Greek vases and gave works to the Museum of Fine Art, Boston, where the homoerotic pieces, many very sexually explicit, were only recently put on display; gifts were also made to the Ashmolean Museum Oxford, Leipzig University Museum, Bowdoin College in the United States and important Greek vases were given to the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. His autobiography is included at pp. 1-66 in Oswald Burdett, Edward Perry Warren: The Biography of A Connoiseur, London, 1941. The autobiography is a major autobiography of a poet; see poems in this work on pp.18-19, 54-55 and 59; on p. 59 he notes his "yearning for a renewal of Greek love". (The book is rare since copies were destroyed in German air raids on London; information from *Timothy d'Arch Smith.) Biography: see David Sox, Bachelors of Art, 1991: an excellent survey of his life. Obituary: The Times, 7 January 1929, by J. D. Beazley; reprinted in expanded form as a pamphlet of 7 pp., ca. 1930 (copy sighted Museum of Fine Arts, Boston; no date) and noting especially in Greek poetry his interest in *Pindar (see pp. 3 and 7). See also *A. S. F. *Gow. Bibliographies. Murray, Catalogue of Selected Books, item 60: citing A. L. Raile (pseud. of Warren), The Wild Rose, 1909. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 10947-48: two volumes of poems using the pseud. *Arthur Lyon Raile - Itamos, London: Grant Richards, 1903 and The Wildrose, London and New York, 1909 (enlarged edition London: Duckworth, 1928). Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 3182 and 84: same books; both volumes of poems were written under his pseudonym Arthur Lyon Raile. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, item 1579. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 241-42: using the pseud. A. L. Raile. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 487-48; biog. note, 463. Criticism. Smith, Love in Earnest, bibl., 253. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1384. Paidika vol.1 no. 4 (Autumn 1988), 12-24: text of A Defense fo Uranian Love; 25-27: five poems. Geraci, Dares to Speak, 100-116: essay "The Boy-Lover"; 117-19: five poems. Pseudonym of a poet and diarist from the Netherlands writing in Dutch; translator from Greek to Dutch. Born 1921. A noted Dutch gay poet; as translator he has translated the Greek poet *Cavafy into Dutch with his lover *Mario Molengraaf, titled Gedichten, Amsterdam, 1986. His secret diaries (1943+) in Dutch have been published; to 1984 five volumes were published covering the years to 1953. English. See James S. Holmes, Dutch Interior, New York, 1984, pp. 94-97 (trans. of homoerotic poems into English by James S. Holmes, one "A Moorish Frigate: 2" with *gazelle trope); biog. note, p. 289: states his real name is Johannes Menne, he lives in the southwestern province of Zeeland, has been a literary critic for the leading newspaper in the area since 1951, is a keen birdwatcher and his poetry shows a close affinity with that of *Cavafy. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Naar vriendscaap zulk een mateloos verlangen, 73-76: six poems to 1978 including one on *Cavafy from Verzamelde Gedichten 1941-1971, Den Haag: Bert Bakker, 1972 and poems from Winter in Pompeii, Den Haag: Bert Bakker, 1975 and Een otter in Americain, Baarn: Erven Thomas Rap, 1978 (p. 123 gives the source of the poems). Het huis dat vriendschap heet, 231-39. Drobci stekla v ustih, 70-80; biog., 179. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 300-02: fine gay poem trans. English. Lover from the United States pertaining to works in English. Active 1959. Lover of *Frank O'Hara: during the two years they were together 1959-61 O'hara wrote 100 poems (see the biography of *Brad Gooch). Pseudonym of a poet from Australia who wrote in English. 1855-1911. His real name was William Astley. The poem, "Convict Oath", which first appeared in the author's story "The Liberation of the First Three" shows evidence of *mateship and strong homoaffectionalism amongst Australian convicts: "Hand to hand/ On Earth, in Hell/Sick or Well/On Sea or Land/On the Square ever". This partial text is given in Price Warung, Convict Days, Sydney, 1960, pp. 68-69; however, this only gives the first and last stanzas stating, p. 69, "the intervening lines dare not be quoted". The rest of the poem appears to have been *lost. It may derive from oral tradition. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature: see "Convict Oath". Poet from the Netherlands who wrote in Dutch. 1BB6-1967. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Naar vriendscaap zulk een mateloos verlangen, 4Q-43: poem "De droomdanser des konings" from Gedichten, Santpoort: C. A. Mees, 1929 (book cited p. 123). Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 2B3-B6: Tine poem "The King's Dream Dancer". Criticism. Paidika vol.1 no. 1 (Summer 19B7), 47: stated to be homosexual. City in the United States where English is the main spoken language. Washington is the federal capital of the United States, founded in 1790 on a deliberately chosen site and laid out symbolically to emphasize the fact that power lies with the President and the Congress (the federal parliament of the United States); relevant poems date from ca. 1865 when *Walt Whitman lived in the city. The city is situated in a special federal area called the District of Columbia (shortened to DC) and is sometimes called Washington DC to distinguish it from the United States state of Washington on the west coast just south of Canada. The city is situated close to the Chesapeake Bay and is extremely hot and humid in summer. The city houses the world's largest library, the *Library of Congress. The library houses many rare books and manuscripts (see *Laurence Housman, *A. E. Housman, *Robert W. Gordon). The Folger Library, nearby, specializes mainly in *Shakespeare and in English literature until 1800. Important *film and *aural materials are held in the Smithsonian Institute (though the Library of Congress also has aural material). The National Library of Medicine in nearby Virginia can be reached by subway from Washington and houses rare material on homosexuality from a medical viewpoint. The city has a large gay community. Bookstores include the gay bookshop, Lambda Rising, at Dupont Circle, a gay area, which publishes the *Lambda Rising Book Report. Poets associated with the city include: *Walt Whitman, *G. L. Fabian, *Ed Cox, *Nuki (pseud.), *Richard Harteis, *Bob Williams. See also *The Platonic Blow. There is a gay newspaper, The Washington Blade. Washington has a large black population dating from the era of slavery when slaves fled across the borders of southern states to a city which has always valued liberty. The city's population is over fifty percent black. Black poets include: *J. Coleman, *Harvey Lucas, *Craig Reynolds and *Essex Hemphill. Washington has some of the strongest gay rights laws in the United States. In general, for the contemporary period, see Betty and Pansy's Severe Queer Review of Washington, DC No. 1 (1993). A gay diary, Jeb and Dash: A Diary of Gay Life 1918-1945, edited by Ina Russell, 1994, gives a view of gay life in the city for the decades it covers. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1384-86. Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Washington D.C." and "Marches on Washington". Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1978. Gay Poetry Anthologies. We Bumped Off Your Friend the Poet, 6-7. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Born before 1971 -died 1991. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 132 - "In Five-Pound Cordovans" (about approaching death); biog., 184 - a *black poet who died of *Aids. Sexual practice in which peeing on another person occurs with erotic undertones. Known in gay English poetry from Great Britain from ca. 1994: see *Ann R. Soul. Poet from New Zealand writing in English. Born 1973. He lives in Wellington. Critic from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1971. A critic who first put forward the theory that *Thomas Gray's Elegy written in a Country Churchyard had a homosexual basis in inspiration in The Spectator 31 July, 1971, 171-74: this was the first gay reading of the poem. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Ca. 1557-1592. The figure of Love personified as a boy (*Cupid) appears in his Ekatompathia or Passionate Century of Love, which consists of eighteen line poems and was published in 1582 (the poems show the influence of the Italian sonnet especially *Petrarch and influenced Shakespeare). See also An Eclogue upon the death of Sir Francis Walsingham: a dialolgue between the shepherds Tityrus and *Corydon. Text: see Poems, edited by E. A. Arber, Manchester, 1870. He was an intimate friend of *Richard Barnfield. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1990. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Beyond Paradise, 18-19, 33, 50; biog. 80 - lives in Manchester. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1888-1950. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 4015: Lanterns in Gethsemane, New York: Dutton, 1918. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 79. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 503. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Born 1950. A *black poet educated at *Yale and *Harvard; he lives in *New York. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 134 - "Libedo/ Albedo"; biog., 184. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1832-1914. A solicitor who gave up law to write. He devoted himself to the care of the poet *Swinburne from 1879 until the poet's death in 1909. This relationship has a strong homosexual undercurrent though whether there was any physical basis to it is not known. Watts-Dunton married a woman much younger than himself in 1905. Biography: see James Douglas, Theodore Watts-Dunton, New York, 1920. Poems: see The Coming of Love and Other Poems, London: John Lane, 1898. The general tone of his poems is heterosexual but see "Nature's Fountain of Youth" pp. 4-5 and *"Apollo in Paris", pp. 232-237, and see the *sonnet "Friendship" ("Friendship is love's full beauty unalloyed"). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Novelist and poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1903-1966. A satirical novelist. His characters Ambrose Silk in Put Out More Flags (1942) and Anthony Blanch in Brideshead Revisited (1945) are largely modelled on the poet *Brian Howard; the possibility exists that the characters may also have been modelled on *Harold Acton who was a lover at *Oxford during Evelyn Waugh's homosexual phrase. He converted to *Catholicism and had six children. See the oral poem *"Crutwell dog" attributed to him and about an Oxford don when he was at Oxford. An autobiography exists titled A Little Learning: An Autobiography, the Early Years (London, 1964). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Howes, Broadcasting It: see "Brideshead Revisited" and "Waugh, Evelyn". Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1961. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 11089: "Philosophia", ONE Magazine, 9:9, 1012, September, 1961 We Bumped Off Your Friend the Poet Anthology from the United States in English. San Francisco: privately printed, 1978, 30 pages. An uncompromisingly gay liberationist anthology. The title refers to the murder of *Garcia Lorca and comes from the poem of the same name by Harold Norse, pp. 2-3. Poets (see entries): Steve Abbott, Guy Bishop, Mathew Breakey, Edward J. Camp, Dennis Dunn, Salvatore Farinella, Paul Mariah, Mede, Harold Norse, M. S. Ratcliffe, David Emerson Smith, Jim Washington. Highly rated by *Ian Young. Rare. A copy is in the library of *Homodok; another copy is in the Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley. It is illustrated with line drawings throughout by Steve Abbott, Peter Gonzales, Timothy Ingram and Larry Rice. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 4030: San Francisco: privately printed, 1978, 30 pp.; lists the contributors. Oral poem from Australia and possibly from the United States. Ca. 1991. "We're here,/ we're queer,/ and we're not going shopping". This *slogan was used at Actup demonstrations in 1991 in Australia; it probably comes from the United States. SInce it rhymes (at least initially) it is a poem. A variant is: "I'm here,/ I'm queer/ and I am going shopping." Poet from Australia writing in English. Born 1948. A *Melbourne poet. See poem "Charley" (for Robert Langford) in Descant, vol. 20 no. 3-4 (Fall-Winter 1989), 217-18: source *Austlit record 146758. In the London Review of Books 1987, vol. 9, no. 22, 10 December, 4, he published a letter protesting the tone of an *Aids poem by *Les Murray. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Poet from Australia who wrote in English. 1925-1973. Author of "Homosexual" in the Ward Two sequence, first published in 1959 (Collected Poems, Sydney, 1961, 227-29), regarding a homosexual man who has suffered a nervous breakdown. The poem has been frequently anthologized and has acquired the status of a known homosexual poem. Webb himself also suffered a series of nervous breakdowns in later life and his sexuality has not been discussed publicly. He did not marry and was a *Catholic. Biography. See Michael Griffith, God's Fool, 1991; this biography does not deal with the question of his sexuality. In the opinion of the Australian poet Craig Powell, who knew him closely, he may have been asexual. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Hurley, Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia. Poet from New Zealand writing in English. Active 1999. He lives in the capital *Wellington and is widely travelled. Gay Poetry Anthologies. When Two Men Embrace, 43; biog., 49. Editor of works in English and critic writing in English from Great Britain. Active 1989. Editor of the gay poets *E. E. Bradford and *J. G. F. Nicholson. He worked in Gay's the Word Bookshop, London in 1989. Critic from Great Britain who wrote in English; translator from Latin to English Ca. 1552-died after 1591. See Norton, Homosexual Literary Tradition, pp. 153-54, regarding Webbe's 1586 Discourse of English Poetrie where Webbe states that, in *E. K.'s glosse to *Spenser's Shepherd's Calendar, the pederastic reading "overshooteth the poet's meaning" (note: "overshooteth" could contain a subtle and witty reference to masturbation). The Discourse of English Poetrie, which relates the Elizabethan *pastoral tradition to the ancient Latin and Greek traditions, is the first critical discussion of homosexuality in English poetry apart from the glosse in Spenser (which dates from 1579). He translated the Latin poet *Virgil's first and second eclogues at the end. Text. Thomas Lever and Willliam Webbe, edited by E. A. Arber, Birmingham, 187O: see pp. 52-56 and especially p. 54 re "Pederistice" in Spenser's "First eclogue"; pp. 77-79 is a translation of the "Second Eclogue" of *Virgil. Biography: ibid., pp. 4-6. Webbe attended *Cambridge in 1572-73 and was afterwards a tutor who lived in the country. Not in Oxford Companion to English Literature. Translator from Greek and Latin to German from Germany. Active 1828. Translator into German of the Greek * Palatine Anthology titled Griechische anthologie, 1838-70 (with *G. Thudicum). He also translated the Greek poet *Theognis into German (Die elegischen Dichter [1826; repr. 1834]) and the Latin poet *Persius: Emigrant und stoiker - Die spruche des Theognis und die Satiren des A. Persius Flaccus, Bonn, 1834. The Latin poet Juvenal was translated by him into German (published 1838). Critic from the United States writing in English. Active 1962. Author of Dictionary of Erotic Literature, New York, 1962, 556 pages, with bibl. pp. 553-56. Though basically heterosexual in emphasis, this work contains some material of relevance (see *Tschoen Koeng Ise); sources are not given, which severely curtails its usefulness and the work is a compilation of knowledge from *H. S. Ashbee on. Entry categories are strange but sometimes suggestive e. g., "Etruscans and Sex". Poet from Germany who wrote in German. 1864-1918. A dramatist who, with Strindberg, is the father of Expressionism in drama. He published two volumes of poetry in 1905 and 1920. He wrote the libretto for the Berg opera Lulu, wrote a play Herakles (see *Hercules) and an erotic diary, Diary of an Erotic Life. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 220. Songwriter from Great Britain who wrote in English; he later lived in Australia. 1883-ca. 1953. A Bishop of the Liberal Catholic Church in Australia from 1915 and also a *Theosophist who is believed to have been gay. He composed *hymns: see the church hymn book The St. Alban Hymnal, Sydney, 1928, 255-56 (a hymn written with *C. W. Leadbeater whom he ordained). Information from a member of the Church. Biography: see *Gregory Tillett, The Elder Brother, 1982, 166-70. Biographer and book collector from the United States writing in English; he lives in Great Britain. Born ca. 1930. Author of a biography of *Frederick Rolfe titled Corvo (London, 1971); see p. 318 for an unusual poem by *Charles Kains Jackson on Rolfe's friend Masson Fox (whose name rhymes with "cocks": "you show/ Yourself an authority on cocks. / See Masson Fox"; the source of this poem is not given) and a poem by John Gambril Nicholson on Rolfe called "Sour Grapes". He is a major collector of Rolfe material and an authority on him. His biography is a determined effort to find out the truth about Rolf's homosexuality and personality. He may also have a large library of gay books. *Burton Weiss sold his *Uranian poetry collection. He is a United States citizen who, in 1995, lived in London and was formerly a journalist. Historian from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1945. He is an important *social constructionist historian whose books include Coming Out: Homosexual Politics in Britain from the Nineteenth Century to the Present, 1977, Sex, Politics and Society: The Regulation of Sexuality since 1800, 1981 (second edition 1989) and Against Nature: Essays, 1991. These books give the social and cultural background to homosexuality for the period from 1800 on. In Coming Out, see pp. 47-56 on John Addington Symonds, pp. 57-67 on *Havelock Ellis and pp. 68-83 on *Edward Carpenter. He has been influenced by *Edward Carpenter who figures extensively in his work. See also Duberman, Hidden from History, pp. 195-211: essay "Inverts, Perverts and Mary-Annes" (survey of 18th century gay *prostitution, also published in Journal of Homosexuality 6 [1980] and in the author's Against Nature: Essays, 1991, pp. 46-67). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Howes, Broadcasting It. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1961. A *black poet who is also a *Baltimore photographer. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 135 - "Trade Talk Can't Hurt" (Tine poem about meeting a potential lover); biog., 184-85. Poet from the Netherlands writing in Dutch. Active 1984. Author of Het Hemelse Gerief, Weesp: Uitgeverij Villa, 31 pp., 1984 - short poems with Tine homoerotic drawings by Jack Prince. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1599. See his *epigram "In Pontum" in his Epigrammes, edited by R. B. McKerrow, 1911; quoted in Susan Shapiro, "Sex, Gender and Fashion in Medieval and Early Modern Britain" Journal of Popular Culture, vol. 20 no. 4 (1987), 115: "Then when he weares a partlet, maske, and fan,/Is Pontus then a woman or a man?" Poet from Germany who wrote in German. 1886-1978. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 234: two Tine gay poems. Wei hsing shih kuan ch'i chu (pseud.), also spelt Weixingshi guanzhaizhu (pseud.) Pseudonym of historians from China writing in Chinese. Active 1964. The authors of the first known history of homosexuality in Chinese, titled Ching kuo t'ung hsing luan mi shih. It was published in Hong Kong by Chai-yue chu-pan-she, 1964-1965, in 2 volumes. The pseudonym of the authors Weixingshi guanzhaizhu means in English "Committee of Chinese scholars". The work was first published in installments in a Chinese newspaper in Hong Kong, whose Chinese title means New Life Evening News. It is a popular treatment of the subject focused on classical sources and relied on by *Sam Sha Sha (pseud.) and *Brett Hinsch. The scholars involved may have been from *Hong Kong but could have come from mainland China. Rare: a copy is at *Yale University Library. Spelt Wei hsing shih kuan ch'i chu (pseud.) in *Wade Giles and Weixingshi guanzhaizhu (pseud) in *Pinyin. Bibliographies. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide, item 1140: titled Ching kuo t'ung hsing luan mi shih (The Secret History of Chinese Homosexual Practices), Hong Kong: Chai-yue chu-pan-she, 2 volumes, 1964. Translator from German to Arabic from Germany. Active before 1899. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 90-92: trans. of the Arabic ' Thousand and One Nights into German including a poem, p. 92, which von Kupffer translated from Weil's prose translation. Historian from France who wrote in French. Active 19Q8. Author, with 'F.-P. Fische, of L'Homosexualité en Allemagne (Homosexuality in Germany), Paris, 19Q8, written in French. See especially pp. 268 - 85 re literature. Reviewed: Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, vol. 1Q no. S (19Q9 - 191Q), SSS - S6. Poet from the Czech Republic who wrote in Czech. 1884-1937. A gay Jewish poet, very complex, influenced by *Surrealism and who lived in Paris (information from Professor Alfred Thomas, Harvard University). He was translated into French. A 1929 book was entitled in Czech The *Baths Man. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Everyman Companion to East European Literature. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1946. country" in New York (p. 197); the poem was first published in Poetry (November 1977) when *Daryl Hine was editor; biog., 238: in 1983 he was a practising attorney in *Boston and his poems were published in several magazines. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1941. He lives and paints in County Down, Northern Ireland and has published several books of poetry, one of translations. See *Irish poets for other poets from Ireland. He has also written with James Jerman, Images of Lust: Sexual Carvings on Medieval Churches, London,1986. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Not Love Alone, 122-24: Tine poems about gay life in Ireland; biog., 144. Poet writing in English and bookseller from the United States. Born 1945. A major gay bookseller in *San Francisco, California; he purchased the entire *Donald Weeks collection of gay poetry in 1993 and onsold it (this collection is of *Uranian poetry and, from the catalog, it appears to have come originally from *Timothy d'Arch Smith but with additional items possibly from *F. E. Murray). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Male Muse, 98-99; biog., 124. Gay Poetry, 4: "Calling-card *haiku". Translator from German to English from Great Britain. Active before 1983. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 181-82: translation of *Goethe from East-West Divan, Book 9. Poet from Germany who wrote in German. 188Q - 194Q. A 'Catholic journalist and art critic who wrote 'mystical poetry. His name is written Konrad Weiß. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Bibliographies. Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen, items 11Q8 - Q9: Gedichte, two volumes, Munich: Segner-Bücherei m Kösel Verlag, 1948. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1951. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 4044: The Catch, New York: Twayne Library of Modern Poetry, 1951. Poet and diarist from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1915-1948. He is best known for his diary: The Journals, 1984. Two books of poems were published A Last Sheaf, 1951, and Dumb Instrument, 1976. After injury in an accident in 1935, he spent the rest of his life as an invalid and had a long affectional friendship with Eric Oliver from 1943 to his death. He is believed to have been homosexual; whether actively so has not been confirmed. See the review of Fragments of A Life Story: Collected Short Writings in Gay Times no. 102, April 1987, pp. 64-65. An illustrated edition of an erotic poem, In Scotland One NIght, was published in Great Britain with 3 drawings by J. Martin Pitts, exists: [London?]: Tight End Press, 1995 (13 copies only printed); the poem, from The Dumb Instrument, is about a young boy losing all his clothes and dancing with a group of sailors in a bar. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 4049: Dumb Instrument: Poems and Fragments, London: Enitharmon Press, 1976. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 376-84; prose. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 165: poem "The Fiddler's Boy". Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1968. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 10898: The Short Happy Sex Life of Stud Sorell [and 69 Other Flights of Fancy], San Diego: Greenleaf Classics, 1968, published under the pseudonym *Orlando Paris. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2965: same book; see also item 4056 (prose). Highly rated by *Ian Young. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Badboy Book, 279-88; biog., 390. Anthologist and critic from New Zealand of works in English. Born 1953. The compiler of Best Mates (1997), co-edited with Rex Pilgrim, the first anthology of New Zealand gay writing. It contains poems by two gay poets *David Herkt and *Witi Ihimaera. The introduction to this work, pp. 5-29, by Peter Wells constitutes the finest literary discussion of gay New Zealand writing to far and includes discussion of gay poets and *homophobia in New Zealand culture and in literary circles. He has written stories and a novel and is also a film maker. Biography: see Nigel Gearing, Emerging Tribe: Gay Culture in New Zealand in the 1990s (Auckland, 1997), pp. 152-53. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Howes, Broadcasting It. Oxford Companion to New Zealand Literature. Bibliographer from Germany of works in German. Active 1964. Author of the first comprehensive gay bibliography in German, * Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, Frankfurt: Dipa Verlag, 1964, 143 pp. It is mainly concerned with German gay culture but includes reference to works in other languages, mainly *European languages, translated into German. It includes detailed reference to poetry. The bibliography is based on the * Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen for the period to 1930 and incorporates material from German gay journals from the 1950s on; it also indexes earlier German gay journals to some degree. It is still the most comprehensive German gay bibliography and the only comprehensive bibliography relating to literature in German to date (*Manfred Herzer's bibliography is much more comprehensive for non-literary material but does not cover literary material, which will be in the projected second volume). It is apparent that Welter was very familiar with German gay journals and books from the * Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen on. The work is in five sections: one, Literature and Scientific works (poetry works are specifically marked poetry), two, Journals, three Paintings, Drawings, Photography, four Sculpture, five, Film. The work is reviewed in International Journal of Greek Love vol. 1, 6061. Very little is known of the author. The name used is believed to be a pseudonym. He gives his address on p. 19 in the Preface as Lorsbach im Taunus; a foreword is signed, p. 9, by Kurt-Werner Hesse (who also gives his address as Lorsbach im Taunus). He walked with a limp and involved with boy scouts and an unpleasant man according to Egmont Fassbinder, publisher of *Verlag rosa Winkel (visit to Berlin, 1995); there is a photograph of him in Andreas Sternweiler, Und alles wege der Jungs (1994) - a book on the life of an ordinary gay man, Heinze Dörmer (who knew him) - on p. 160. Wen Di, Emperor, also spelt Wen Ti Poet from China who wrote in Chinese. Active 179 B.C - died 157 B.C. A Chinese *emperor who ruled 179-157 B. C. in the *Han period. Spelt Wen Di in *Pinyin and Wen Ti in *Wade Giles. Criticism. Van Gulik, Sexual Life in Ancient China, 62: states he was *bisexual. Shasha, History of Homosexuality in China, xxi and 95-98: re his poem "Catamite" (Luan Tung) from *Yu-T'ai Hsin-Yung. Critic from the United States writing in English. Active 1974. See "The Denizens of Paradise", Humaniora Islamica, 2 (1974) 29-59: a study of houris in Arabic poetry. Houris are creatures who live in heaven (which is reputedly a sexual paradise) and some are male; they are similar to *cupbearers. The article cites several Arabic poems. Compare *angels. Poet from Germany who wrote in German. Active 1910. See his poem "Die Tage des *Endymion", in Blätter für die Kunst 9 (1910), the journal published by *Stefan George. Possibly he was in the *George Kreis. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active 1979. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Milchsilber, 12-13; biog., 219. Poet from Austria who wrote in German. 1890-1945. A writer especially known as a novelist. Of Jewish background he was attracted to the Roman Catholic faith and longed for the brotherhood of man. In 1929 he married Alma Mahler former wife of Gustav Mahler. He wrote Expressionist poems 1911-23. He lived in the United States, 1940-45. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 235: "The Kiss" - addressed to a man. Criticism. Shyberg, Walt Whitman, 289-91. Poet from Norway who wrotein Norwegian. 1808-1845. Norway's greatest poet hailed as the national poet. Twice married he led a stormy life and was a *Romantic. See the *A. E. Smith article "The Curious Controversy over Whitman's Sexuality", One Institute Quarterly, vol. 2 no. 1, Winter 1959, p. 16 - a comparison of him with *Whitman (as stated by *Frederik Schyberg). He held radical views and was noted for his love of freedom and love of nature. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Penguin Companion to World Literature. Criticism. Schyberg, Walt Whitman, 260-63: p 263 notes mysticism, "an overwhelming masculine erotic sensitivity", a *Calamus side in his play about friendship, The Venetians, and also notes in the poem "To Joy" the two friends drink each other's souls. Poet from Germany writing in German. 1923-1990. See *Hubert Kennedy in Journal of Homosexuality, volume 38, numbers 1/2, 2000, 61-64; on p. 61 he states nine poems appreared in *Der Kreis and other literary works by him also appeared. He was a journalist active in gay causes who later lived in Positano, Italy, with his friend Heinz Lehr and wrote novels with a boy-love theme. Anthologist from the United States writing in English. Active 1979. Editor with Jim Kernochan of the poetry anthology * Gay Bards. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 2098. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1707-1788. Ordained as an Anglican clergyman, with his brother John, who was also a clergyman, he founded a breakaway *Christian church from the Church of England, the Methodist church. He wrote many hymns: for example "Jesus, lover of my soul", which caused considerable distress when first published, and "Love divine, all loves excelling". Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica. Bookseller from Great Britain selling works in English. Active from ca. 1987. A London bookseller dealing in *decadent and *eighteen nineties material. Over forty catalogs listing many little known works of poetry and works relating to poets have been put out. The catalog "Oscar Wilde and his Circle" of 16 October 1997, marking Oscar Wilde's 143rd birthday contains 327 items. Address: 75, Camberley House, Redhill Street, London NWI4AX. Poet and songwriter from Australia writing in English. Born 1945. Author of "When We Are Old and Gay", a gay protest song printed in the author's and his brother Martin Wesley-Smith's, Songs of Australia, (no place or publisher), 1988, p. 9. This is a Tine poem with affinities to the protest *ballad. Songs of Australia was written for the 38th Intervarsity Choral Festival with assistance from the Literary and Performing Arts Boards. It has been recorded by Sydney University Musical Society. He is a law lecturer in *Hong Kong who has published several books of nonsense poetry, e.g., The Ombley-gombley, 1969, 46 pages. His brother, the composer Martin Wesley-Smith, wrote the accompanying music to "When We Are Old and Gay". West Coast and Californian United States poets and entries - English Area comprising the United States states along the Pacific Ocean; California in the south adjoining Mexico is the largest state and has Tine libraries. Poets of relevance writing in English date from 1867. *San Francisco and *Los Angeles, the two largest cities on the west coast, both in California, have been the major poetry centers. Output has been enormous - see the separate entries for each city for major poets. *C. W. Stoddard (active 1867) is the first poet of note. Compare *East Coast poets. See The *Advocate 342 (13 May 1982), 23-26: "In Search of a Muse: The Politics of Gay Poetry: West" by *Steve Abbott and "Some Recent California Poets", Boston Gay Review no. 9, Winter 1981, 16-18 by *Rudy Kikel; reprinted in Marie Harris, editor, A Gift of Tongues: Critical Challenges in Contemporary American Poetry, 1987, 267-85. This part of the United States formerly was one of the richest parts of the country in *Indian cultures. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1964. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 4066: The Snow Leopard, New York: Harcourt Brace and World, 1964. Poet and letter writer from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1716-1742. The son of a lawyer, at *Eton he became a close friend of *Horace Walpole and *Thomas Gray. With Thomas Ashton the four friends formed a group called the Quadruple Alliance. West went to *Oxford, the others to *Cambridge. Whether sexual relations occurred between members of the group is not known and may never be known; however, the sentiments exhibited for each other (and expressed in poetry) are strongly homoaffectional. See *R. W. Ketton-Kremer, Horace Walpole, 1940, p. 40, for a poem West wrote about their time at Eton. Richard West was an important correspondent of Walpole, who wrote a poem on his death: see Walpole's Letters, edited by Paget Toynbee, vol. 1, 1903, pp. 248-49. Thomas Gray also wrote a poem about West's death, "Sonnet on the Death of Mr Richard West", first printed 1775. Another selection of letters is: The Correspondence of Gray, Walpole, West and Ashton, edited Paget Toynbee, 2 volumes, 1915. See also the Richard West volumes in the Yale Edition of Walpole's Letters, edited by W. S. Lewis (1948), Volumes 13 and 14; these letters include those to Thomas Gray by West. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1901-1987 Best known as an expatriate novelist who lived in France in the 1920s and 1930s, he published two volumes of poems the deluxe *chapbook The Bitterns (Chicago, 1920) - published by his lifetime lover Monroe Wheeler - and Natives of Rock (New York, 1925); these show the influence of Imagism and *Yvor Winters. His late essays (see Images of Truth, 1962) are openly gay as is his posthumously published diary, Continual Lessons (1990), edited by Jerry Rosco. He wrote the 1919 poem found in his papers "Black Art" to Monroe Wheeler (first published in Chicago Review vol. 37 no. 1, winter 1990); reprinted in When We Were Three(1998; a tri-ography dealing with Westcott, Wheeler and the artist George Platt Lynes). This poem can be read as being about *homophobia when the context is known. He was at one time President of the American Academy. Jerry Bosco has completed a biography. He did not write much poetry later in flie and only one or two gay poems (information from Jerry Bosco). No entry in Contemporary Authors. Anthropologist from Finland who later lived in Great Britain and who wrote in English. 1862-1939. His The Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas, London, 1906 (repr. in enlarged editions) has a major survey of tribal cultures: see Chapter 43, "Homosexual Love", pp. 456-89: this is a major survey of the anthropological literatures for *African, *American Indian, *Australian Aboriginal, *Papua New Guinea and *Polynesian languages with literary reference including poetry. "Homosexualität" in Sexual Probleme no. 4 (May 1908), 248-79, is a translation into German of "Homosexual Love" (Chapter 43 of The Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas cited above). In Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 10 (1909-1910) 221-228, he discusses this translation. The same chapter on "Homosexual Love" is translated into French in Archives d'anthropologie criminelle vol. 25 no. 196, 295-305, and vol. 25 no. 197, 353-75. For a bibliography of his writings see Acta Philosophica Fennica no. 34 (1982). He also wrote A History of Human *Marriage, 1891. Biography: Rolf Lagerborg, Edward Westermarck: Festskrift tillegand Edvard Westermarck, Helsingfors, 1912, and Edvard Westermarck, Helsingfors, 1951. He lived in Morocco for periods of his life and taught in the University of London. Suspected of being gay. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1962. A *black poet raised in *New Orleans who is a graduate of *Yale and lives in San Diego. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 136 - "What's Happening" (about black life as it really is: "somebody's fucking your son"); biog., 185. Here to Dare, 46-58; biog., 45. Translator from Great Britain from Persian to English. 1747-1830. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 137-38: trans. of *Jami - a *non gender specific love poem. In Arberry, The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam and Other Persian Poems, 1954, see 82 (same poem); biog., 235. Anthology in English from New Zealand. Publishing Giant Press: Christchurch, 1999, 48 pages. A poetry anthology compiled by Jonathan Fisher consisting of nine male poets; Introduction pp. 8-9 and Contributor's Notes pp. 4748. It is part of a two volume set, The New Zealand Anthology of Gay and Lesbian Poetry. There is a similar lesbian anthology, each volume being published separately. For the most part these are tender, well crafted poems about relationships. The first gay poetry anthology from New Zealand. Poets (see entries): David Lyndon Brown, Fergus Collinson, Brent Coutts, Jonathan Fisher, David Herkt, Robert Leek, Shane Thompson, Gareth Watkins, Graeme Webb. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1972. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 4075: The *Green Table of Infinity, London: Anvil, 1972. Translator from Greek to English from Great Britain; he lived in Italy and the United States. Active 1975-died 1987. He translated the Greek poet *Meleager into poetry (about half of the total number of poems): see The Poems of Meleager, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1975, unpaginated (150 pages approximately), with introduction and prose translation by *Peter Jay. He also translated from Latin The Poems of *Catullus (Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin 1966; repr.). Biography. He lived in Great Britain, was largely self educated and moved to Italy in the 1960s to devote himself to writing; he then moved to San Francisco where he died in 1987. The author of two books of poetry. Information from the first page of the *Penguin Poems of Catullus. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 58, 61-82: epigrams from the * Palatine Anthology. Translator from Persian to English; editor in Persian. Active before 19Q2. Editor of the text of 'Omar Khayyam with a translation into English: The Quatrains of Omar Khayyam, London, 19Q2 (repr. 19BQ); 5QB quatrains with a biography of Khayyam. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Ioläus (19Q2), 111-12: translation from a 'masnavi of 'Rumi. Poems in English from Great Britain. Probably published in 1887 but with "1888" on the title page (see below). A publication which contains a number of homosexual *S/M *flagellation poems of which Charlie "Collingwood's Flogging" and "Frank Fane: A Ballad" have been attributed to *Swinburne. The title continues: A Collection of Contributions in Prose and Verse, chiefly of the author of "The Romance of Chastisement", London: 1888. See Ian Gibson, The English Vice, 1979, in the index under Swinburne and pp. 345-46 (this ascribes other poems in the book and in manuscript to Swinburne). Copies: in the British Library, the *Private Case contains two copies (one from the collection of T. J. Wise, an authority on Swinburne and a famous forger of pamphlets) - see description below; *Kinsey Institute (formerly in the collection of *Gershon Legman). Manuscripts of poems in the book are in the British Library, Ashley papers, MS Ashley 5271. Bibliographies. Kearney, Private Case, items 1876 and 1877 - the title of 1876 continues: A Collection of Contributions in Prose and Verse, chiefly of the author of "The Romance of Chastisement", London: 1888 (dated 1887 in Kearney and with the publisher given as Edward Avery), no. 10 of 250 copies with the *bookplate of T. J. Wise; item 1877 is on vellum with a note by H. S. Ashbee (this is an out of sequence copy). Movement in Persian, Turkish and Pashto from 1250. The Whirling Dervishes are a *Sufi order dating from the Persian poet *Rumi and long associated with homosexuality; they dance and sing songs usually in Persian and composed by Rumi - hence the name "whirling" (dervish comes from the Persian word darwish meaning poverty). See Surieu, Sarv e Naz: An Essay on Love and the Reception of Erotic Themes in Ancient Iran, p. 173, for poems associated with men in a Dervish monastery falling in love with a beautiful youth. Turkish: see *Yunus Emre, *Necati. They exist also in Urdu. See Ira Friedlander, The Whirling Dervishes, New York, 1975; bibl. pp. 158-59. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Religion: see "Darwish". Gay Poetry Anthologies. Ioläus (1902), 115-19: cites J. S. Buckingham, Travels in Assyria, Media and Persia re Dervishes and boy lovers. Concept and trope in Japanese from Japan. From ca. 1700. References to the *color white (e.g., snow) in Japanese *haiku poets (e.g., in Henderson, Introduction to Haiku) can carry subtle suggestions of eroticism in relation to semen, with the added complication that cherry blossom, a symbol of beauty in Japan is white. Dew may also be white and possibly linked by suggestion with eroticism: see the poet *Hattori Ransetsu (pseud.). Biographer and critic from the United States who wrote in English; he lives in France. Born 1940. A gay novelist who has written the first biography in English of the French writer Jean Genet: Genet, London, 1993. This is the only biography so far of Genet, a major gay French literary figure who wrote some poetry. He is the author of States of Desire, 1980, a famous book charting his homosexual travels around the United States. As a critic, see "The Inverted Type: Homosexuality as a Theme in James Merrill's Prophetic Books", Journal of Homosexuality, vol. 8 no. 3 & 4 (Spring/Summer 1983), 47-52, the first analysis of Merrill's trilogy in gay terms. In his collection of articles and criticism, The Burning Library, 1994, see pp. 43-55 re *Merrill, 115-24 re *Schuyler. He has also published a biography of *Marcel Proust in 1998 with new information not previously printed. Though short this contains new information revealing Proust had a live-in lover who was a waiter, information not in earlier biographies. He has confirmed he is HIV positive and lives in *Paris. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Howes, Broadcasting It. Dictionnaire Gay. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Poet, diarist and patron from the United States writing in English. 1936-1981. He left money in his will to ensure the publication of one of the finest United States gay journals publishing gay poetry, the * James White Review. The journal was named after him. After a career in dance he taught *Indian children. Biography: James White Review vol. 1 no. 1 (Fall 1983), 3. Diary: see extract in James White Review, vol. 2 no. 3, 5-6. Though his poetry is disappointing, he is a major gay literary patron. Book of poems: The Salt Ecstasies, 1982 - his fourth book; biog., p. 55. His poems in Salt Ecstasies are not openly gay (or very good) - see, for example, "Skin Poem", p. 35. Another book of poems is Del Rio Hotel, Territory Press, 1975 (some poems from it appear in James White Review vol. 3 no. 4, Summer 1986, 12 - five poems). There is a memoir of him by David Wojahn in James White Review vol. 13 no. 4, Fall 1996, 3-6 with tributes, including many in poetry, in the same issue, 9-13. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Brother Songs , 101,108-09; biog., 117. Son of the Male Muse, 182-85; biog., 191. Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, 378-79; biog., 378. Name of Love, 52-53; biog., 78. Word of Mouth, 213-17. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Born 1966. A *black poet who lives in Brooklyn, *New York. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 138-39 - "Last Rights" (reaction to a man's death); biog.,185. Gents, Bad Boys, and Barbarians, 233-36; biog., 232. Australian novelist, dramatist and poet, writing in English; he also lived in Great Britain. 1912-1990. The first Australian writer to win the *Nobel Prize for literature, Patrick White was best known as a novelist and also wrote short stories and plays. He was not openly gay at the time of winning the Nobel Prize but came out in his 1981 autobiography, Flaws in the Glass. He originally planned to be a poet and has had a fine biographer in *David Marr. His early life was spent in Australia and Great Britain, where he was educated at *Cambridge. He published two books of poems early in his career: Thirteen Poems, Sydney, ca. 1929, and The Ploughman and other Poems, Sydney, 1935. His first published poem was in The Tudorian, the school magazine of Tudor House School, Mossvale, Australia, September 1924 (see David Marr, Patrick White: A Life, Sydney, 1991, p. 65). Thirteen Poems (published by the author's mother Ruth White) survives only in two known copies in a public institution, in Rare Books, Fisher Library, University of Sydney (a microfilm exists) and in the New South Wales State Library, Sydney (purchase in 1995). A copy was sold by the Sydney book dealer Nicholas Pounder in 1992. The first poem, "A Rustic Eclogue" (ca. 1927), is in the *pastoral tradition and is based on the Latin poet *Virgil's homoerotic "Second Eclogue" and shows Patrick White to have been aware of the "Second Eclogue" from the age of fifteen (typically at this time Latin was taught in all secondary schools). "Orchard Row" (p. 18) is in *free verse. See Marr, Patrick White, pp. 54-55 and 70-88 on this book. The Ploughman and other Poems is in the manner of *A. E. Housman, whom White admired when he was studying at *Cambridge University (see Marr, Patrick White, p. 118). It is very negative and despairing, with some love poems which are *non-gender specific; the poems are illustrated with woodcuts by L. Roy Davies. See Marr, Patrick White, pp. 117-19, 128 for love poems in this volume written to a man called by David Marr "R" (with quotations from the poems); p. 123 re "The Ploughman" and "Meeting Again" being published in the London Mercury (edited by *J. C. Squire), June 1934, and the first publication of the title poem in Best Poems of 1935 (these publications marked White's professional debut as a writer). Marr, Patrick White, pp. 128-32, states publication was paid for by the author's mother in February 1935 and discusses the book's initial reception. Patrick White in later life commissioned the Australian book dealer Berkelouw to purchase all copies of this book (which Patrick White then destroyed since he did not think highly of the book). Marr, Patrick White, pp. 161-62, discusses and quotes from two love poems sent to a Spanish lover of White's, José Mamblas in 1937, which are now in the National Library of Australia, Canberra. Other poems are also unpublished in book form: Marr, Patrick White, p. 171 quotes from "The House Behind the Barricades", published in Geoffrey Grigson's New Verse No. 30 (Summer 1938), 9 and Marr, op. cit., p. 196 refers to "La grande amoureuse", a revue sketch song, 1938, and p. 219 quotes a poem on the fall of Greece published in the journal Australia, September 1941. A long surreal poem written in the 1950s was rejected by the Sydney Morning Herald and appears to have disappeared. Marr, Patrick White, p. 434 briefly quotes from "Urban Songs", some poems from the mid 1970s on the subject of housewives, given to the composer Moya Henderson who set them to music; they were published in the ABC concert program of the performance, Sydney 12, 14, 15 April 1986 and are not homosexual except for "Nights and Dreams". Patrick White regarded the short work Three Uneasy Pieces (1987) as a prose poem (David Marr to the author, letter, June 1997). Flaws in the Glass, in which Patrick White came out, is a major homosexual literary autobiography in which the author says he accepted his homosexuality from an early age; see also Marr, Patrick White, pp. 593-620. Because of its attacks on various people, the book was known as Claws in the Arse (Marr, Patrick White, p. 608). A German translation exists titled Risse im Spiegel (1994). Patrick White stated that he believed that "If I am anything of a writer it is through my homosexuality, which has given me additional insights.." (Marr, Patrick White, p. 602; from a letter to *Geoffrey Dutton). He is best known for his novels, as already pointed out, some of which have homosexual characters but are not written from a gay standpoint (regarding their critical reception in Australia see *A. D. Hope, *Douglas Stewart and Marr, Patrick White, p. 326 re hostility by Stewart). See especially The Twyborn Affair (1979), Memoirs of Many in One (1986), both of which explore gender issues and - as a putative homosexual allegory - The Solid Mandala (1966) which is about twin brothers but could be read allegorically as being about two homosexual partners and is a quasi coming out (the novel was the last novel written before Patrick White moved from the outskirts of Sydney to Centennial Park in the eastern suburbs). These works are some of the first *queer literary works. The novel Voss (1957) features a homosexual poet Le Mesurier as a character; in Riders in the Chariot (1964) the Rev. Timothy Calderon rapes the homosexual Aboriginal artist Alf Dubbo (an incident which can be read symbolically of the relationship of white Australian society to Aboriginal cultures) and there are Maurice Caldicott and Cecil Cutbush in The Vivisector (1970). The novels have been translated into Czech, Dutch, French, German, Hungarian, Italian, Polish, Norwegian, Portuguese, Romanian, Swedish, Turkish (Marr, Patrick White, p. 538). Patrick White refused to be known as "gay", insisting he was "a homosexual": see Marr, Patrick White, pp. 526-28. On the issue of homosexuality see the index to David Marr's edition of the letters. Patrick White remained a bitter homosexual in the perception of gay activists in Australia and wrote a letter to the Sydney Gay Mardi Gras repudiating the Mardi Gras; he did not publicly participate in efforts to legalize male homosexual acts. Bioaraphv: see *David Marr. Film. See The Burning Piano: this consists of interviews with people who knew him, made by Jim Sharman in 1993 and shown on ABC TV Australia, 3 March 1993. See also *Laurence Collinson, *Barry Humphries, *David Malouf. Obituary: Contemporary Literary Criticism, vol. 65 (Yearbook 1990), 272-77. Photographs of the author were taken by the gay photographer William Yang and published in the book titled Patrick White: The Later Years (Sydney, 1995). Manuscripts: a volume of early manuscript poems exists in the National Library, Canberra; the volume is in Patrick White's handwriting and contains some poems published in The Ploughman as well as some unpublished works as noted above. It dates from the 1930s. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Howes, Broadcasting It. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Hurley, Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Criticism. Woods, History of Gay Literature, 285-88: discussion of his novels. Translator from Spanish to English from the United States. Active 1988. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A Day for a Lay, 29-33 - translator of *Garcia Lorca: here the "Ode to *Walt Whitman". Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1924. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 69: poem "I Like Little Boys" - a poem on a *pedophile theme. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 513. Poet from the United States writing in English. 1819-1892. Whitman was the most famous openly gay poet of the United States before the contemporary period; the Dictionary of American Biography entry by Mark van Doren, cited below under Dictionaries, is still the best general introduction to his life and work. Whitman was something of a *dandy influenced by *Byron in his younger days, as the famous photograph opposite the title page of the first edition of Leaves of Grass published in 1855 shows. The Calamus poems, a section of the 1860 (second) edition of Leaves of Grass are his most famous homoerotic works and reveal him to have been gay (they could not have been written by a heterosexual); the Children of Adam section from Leaves of Grass is also relevant. Whitman was nearly prosecuted for the Calamus poems and lost his job as a government clerk in Washington over their publication in 1865; this led to the first written defence of the poet in book form by John Burroughs in 1867. Whitman continually issued Leaves of Grass in revised versions following its first publication in 1855 until the final editon of 1892. It consists of a number of *sequences and set a fashion for future poets who worked in sequences (such as *Edward Carpenter, *Horace Traubel, a major disciple of the poet, and Jack Spicer). It exemplified the idea of open form, promulgated in the twentieth century by *Ezra Pound whose long poem The Cantos was modelled on Leaves of Grass. Homoeroticism permeates Whitman's whole poetic oeuvre. "The Sleepers", first published in the 1855 edition of Leaves of Grass presages Calamus. In the United States Civil War, he was a male nurse and wrote the notable homoerotic sequence Drum Taps (1865). His *elegy "When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloomed", published in 1865, and based on the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln, shows the typical homoerotic tenderness for another male exemplified in Whitman's poetry. Another elegy to Lincoln is "O Captain, My Captain!" Passage to India, a late work, is based on Indian *mysticism (see Oriental Influence below). He greatly influenced *Edward Carpenter who met him on a visit to the United States (as did *Oscar Wilde), both in style of writing and as a positive gay role model. All modern writers of *free verse owe a debt to him. The Calamus poems. The Calamus section of Leaves of Grass as first published in 1860 consisted of forty-five poems. See Leaves of Grass, edited by *Harold W. Blodgett and *Sculley Bradley, New York, New York University Press, 1965 for the text (this is now the accepted edition). The Calamus plant is phallic shaped (see the illustration, plate 33 opposite p. 97, of Justin Kaplan, Walt Whitman, 1980). It is referred to by *Nonnus (a reference missed by the above editors of Leaves of Grass in their note, p. 112). The whole sequence should be read. Offered here is a reading bringing out the homosexuality; see *Robert K. Martin for another reading and sources of other critical readings. See below under Bibliography and Criticism for the complex reception history of the work and other sources of criticism; virtually everything written on it in English has been noted by bibliographers. On homosexuality, see the following poems and lines - "In Paths Untrodden" (where Whitman states his aim is "to celebrate the need for comrades" in line 18), "Whoever you are holding me now in hand" ("merely touching you is enough", line 25), "These I singing in spring" ("this calamus-root shall/ Interchange it youths with each other!", lines 20-21 ; explicitly homosexual and referring to *anal sex), "Not heaving from my ribb'd breast only" ("adhesiveness", line 16; this may be a phrenological term as in the editors' note to this line, but primarily, surely, it refers to male sperm sticking onto a lover's body after sex; phrenology is hardly relevant given the sensual context of the poem); "Of the Terrible Doubt of Appearances" ("my dear lovers, my dear friends", line 10); "The Base of All Metaphysics" (a crucial poem mentioning "The dear love of man for his comrade, the attraction of friend to friend", line 13); "Recorders Ages Hence" ("his dear friends, his lovers", line 6); "City of Orgies" (about *New York, the Manhattan of line 7: "Lovers, only continual lovers repay me", line 9); "I Saw in Louisiana a Live-Oak Growing" ("it makes me think of manly love", line 10); "To a Stranger", about *cruising; "I Hear It Was Charged" ("The institution of the dear love of comrades", line 6); "When I Peruse" ("the brotherhood of lovers", line 3); "We Two Boys Together Clinging" (used as the title and basis of a famous painting by the gay artist David Hockney, one of the artist's first openly gay works); "No Labor-Saving Machine" ("A few carols.../ for comrades and lovers"); "A Glimpse" ("a youth who loves me and whom I love"); "A Leaf for Hand in Hand" (addressed to boatmen and mechanics: "I want to see it common for you to walk hand in hand"); "Earth, My Likeness" ("an athlete is enamour'd of me, and I of him"); "I Dream'd in a Dream" ("the new city of Friends"); "What Think You I Take" (a man passionately kisses a man in public); "To the East and to the West" ("I believe the main purport of these States is to found a superb friendship"); "To a Western Boy" (the poet wishes him to be his lover). Strongly *mystical, the sequence shows the influence of the * Upanisads (and possibly the * Bhagavad Gita) as well as *Quakerism. On the composition and history of the manuscripts, see Fredson Bowers, Whitman's Manuscripts: Leaves of Grass (1860), 1955. Overall, the Calamus sequence still remains a high peak of gay poetry and much of its vision still remains unrealised. Letters and prose. Whitman's most prominent companion was *Peter Doyle. Their letters were published as Calamus: a series of letters to Peter Doyle, edited by *R. M. Bucke (1898). The publication of these letters after the *Oscar Wilde trial in Great Britain in 1895 (deliberately authorized by the poet's literary executors) was intentional. Other probable lovers (e.g., Harry Stafford) have been discussed by *Charley Shively who has written brilliantly on Whitman's companions and lovers. Whitman corresponded widely with disciples and readers: for instance *J. A. Symonds in Switzerland and, in Australia, *Bernard O'Dowd. The poet's letters constitute a major corpus of the letters of a gay poet: see the review of volumes one and two of the New York University edition by *A. E. Smith in One Institute Quarterly, no. 13, vol. 4 no. 2, Spring 1961, 63: this lists thirteen letters as being of gay interest: numbers 40, 43, 44, 60, 84, 98, 230, 308, 343, 346, 362, 367, 425. He reserved the word "darling" only for use in letters "for his mother and for young men alone" (source: Dictionary of American Biography entry p.146). Whitman's prose, especially Democratic Vistas (1871) was highly influential in promoting the idea of democracy and on the growing concept of *socialism. His diaries of the Civil War and prefaces to Leaves of Grass are also masterly while notes on the landscape of Timber Creek in Specimen Days (1882) show him to be a precursor of the *green movement and alternative society (with his compatriots, the possibly homosexual, *Thoreau and *Ralph Waldo Emerson who hailed the receipt of a copy of Leaves of Grass in a letter of 21 July 1855 with the words "I greet you at the beginning of a great career" stating that he found the work "the most extraordinary piece of wit and wisdom that America has yet contributed": reprinted in full in Gay Wilson Allen, Walt Whitman, New York, 1961, p. 58). Whitman's reception history and influence. It must be remembered that Whitman was an outsider in the nineteenth century, when *Longfellow was regarded as the greatest United States poet by the *Boston Brahmins. Only slowly has he come to occupy the place he now holds in United States poetry as a significant and central poet. In 1881, the Boston Society for the Suppression of Vice even stopped publication of a Boston printing of Leaves of Grass claiming it to be immoral (the plates had to be printed in Philadelphia). Whitman's homosexuality was accepted by his *disciples but was later downplayed by critics (see *Justin Kaplan); the homosexual critic *F. O. Matthieson was quite negative about Whitman's homosexuality even in 1941 (in accord with the times). *J. A. Symonds pressured him to admit his homosexuality (as if the Calamus poems did not display this sufficiently). Whitman finally wrote back stating he had fathered several children to put Symonds off. Admitting his homosexuality could have been used against him at a time when it was illegal to be so and could have provided evidence leading to imprisonment. In addition, Whitman was suffering the effects of a stroke and did not want any other worries; in any case, no children have been recorded in any way. Whitman's free verse influenced every modern poet who wrote free verse from *Horace Traubel, *Edward Carpenter, *T. S. Eliot and Ezra Pound onwards. The homosexual poet *Hart Crane in his long sequence The Bridge (1930) and later *Charles Olson in his Maximus Poems (1953-1960) show his influence and Whitman's book is the model for Ezra Pound's Cantos (from 1926) as noted above. As regards content, Whitman's daring for his time encouraged *Allen Ginsberg, a later epigone, to write more openly about homosexuality from 1955 on. Indeed Ginsberg stands to the twentieth century as Whitman does to the nineteenth as a gay poet: both took a cosmic view and were concerned with liberating the human personality. In many ways Ginsberg is a fulfiller of Whitman's hopes (see Whitman's poem "Recorders Ages Hence"). Whitman's influence on homosexual writers in non-English languages has also been extensive: for instance, *André Gide in French. His translation into German encouraged *Stefan George towards openness. His poetry has even been translated into Chinese and a Japanese group of disciples existed from the early twentieth century. In English poetry, the British Jesuit *Gerard Manley Hopkins once said he was closest in temperament to Whitman than any other man. Betsy Erkkila and Jay Grossman, Breaking Bounds: Whitman and American Cultural Studies, New York, 1996 is a series of essays discussing Whitman in the United States and abroad. Text of the poems. The 1892 "death bed" edition is to be avoided; Whitman was suffering from a stroke when preparing it and was seeking to understate the daring of his earlier works. The so-called Complete Writings, 10 volumes, 1902, edited by *R. M. Bucke, Horace Traubel and *T. B. Harned, Whitman's literary executors, is not complete. It is, nevertheless, a careful compilation of the major works by close associates of the poet; volumes 1-3 consist of Leaves of Grass, volumes 4-10 are the Complete Prose. In this edition, volume 5, called * Calamus and first published in 1898, consists of Whitman's letters to his lover *Peter Doyle. The inclusion of these letters highlights the poet's homosexuality, as already noted, and daringly so since the 1895 trial of Oscar Wilde had only just occurred. *Emory Holloway complied an edition of Leaves of Grass in 1924 (including the text in the variorum edition of the Bucke, Traubel, Harned); this became standard for Leaves of Grasss until The New York University edition of his works, edited by *Gay Wilson Allen and *Sculley Bradley, 22 volumes, 1961-84. This latter does not include Whitman's journalism. It consists of Leaves of Grass: Comprehensive Reader's Edition, 1965; Leaves of Grass: A Textual Variorum, 3 volumes, 1980 (the major text for serious study of Leaves of Grass); Prose Works, 2 volumes, 1963-64; The Correspondence, 6 volumes, 1961-77; Daybooks and Notebooks, 3 volumes, 1961-77; Notebooks and Unpublished Manuscripts, 6 volumes, 1984. His Journalism is being published by Peter Lang in New York (volume 1, covering 1834 to 1846, appeared in 1997). The most accessible readable edition of his poetry and prose is the Library of America edition, edited by Justin Kaplan in one volume, Complete Poetry and Collected Prose, 1982. Sam Abrams, editor, The Neglected Whitman, 1993, 200 pp., is a selection of scarce pieces emphasising his homosexuality. Walt Whitman's Blue Book: The 1860-61 edition of Leaves of Grass Containing his Manuscript Additions and Revisions, edited by Arthur Golden, 1968, publishes Whitman's revisions for Leaves of Grass. *William Michael Rossetti published the first edition of his poems in Great Britain in 1868. However it was expurgated and omitted the Calamus poems (as did Rossetti's 1886 edition) and the titles of many poems were changed. This edition was the edition sold in the British empire (e.g. India, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa). The omission of the Calamus poems meant that there was little knowledge of Whitman's homosexuality in these countries (nevertheless some poets such as *Swinburne in Great Britain and *J. le Gay Brereton in Australia obtained a United States edition). Some editions had homoerotic illustrations: for instance, Leaves of Grass illustrated by Margaret C. Cook, 1913 (reproduced in the anthology * Art of Gay Love [1995], pp. 30-31). A contemporary example is David Groff, editor, Whitman's Men: Walt Whitman's Calamus Poems Celebrated by Contemporary Photographers, New York, 1995 (illustrated with photographs by seven late twentieth century photographers). Duane Michals, Salute, Walt Whitman, 1999, is an illustrated edition by a gay photographer. Musical settings of the poems. Some of Whitman's poems have been set to music e.g. "When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloomed" by the German composer Paul Hindemith and "The Wound Dresser" (1988) by the US composer John Adams, a work inspired by *Aids care (which Whitman prefigured in his Civil War poems detailing his nursing of wounded soldiers). A recording of musical settings of the poet was made by Thomas Hampson: To the Soul: Poetry of Walt Whitman (1997). Biographers. Jerome Loving's entry in American National Biography is very guarded on homosexuality stating "Whitman never married". The Dictionary of American Biography coverage by Mark van Doren, p. 152, lists the major biographers to the date of its writing and states that Whitman "loved men more than women" (p.146). Whitman's homosexuality is the central issue and has at times been denied or suppressed: see *A. E. Smith for a brilliant article dealing with the issue to 1959. An annotated list of biographical writings to 1962 with very valuable comments is in *Gay Wilson Allen, Walt Whitman Handbook, 1962, pp. 96-103. It should be noted that Whitman was actively involved in the writings of all biographies up to his death as well as the biography in the Complete Writings of 1902. The legend of Whitman as a modern Jesus Christ dates from *W. D. O'Connor's defence of the poet and is central to the early biographies (a photograph of Whitman existed in which he was said to resemble Jesus Christ by R. M. Bucke: see photograph 17 in Justin Kaplan, Walt Whitman: A Life, 1980, between pp. 96 and 97). Important lives are: John Burroughs (1867; written with Whitman's help), R. M. Bucke (1883; by a major disciple), *J. A. Symonds (1893; by a major British disciple), Introduction to The Complete Writings, volume 1, pp. xiii-xcvi, by the editors *Maurice Bucke, *Horace Traubel and *Thomas B. Harned (this constitutes the last official biography), *Bliss Perry (1906; the first scholarly biography and still excellent), *Leon Bazalgette (1908; the first biography in French), *Edgar Lee Masters (1937; frank treatment showing absolute tolerance), *Gay Wilson Allen (1955) whose work is a standard life though it is not adequate from a gay point of view, Justin Kaplan (1980) which is disappointing from a gay stand though Whitman's sexuality is approached. Philip Callow, From Noon to Starry Night: A Life of Walt Whitman (1992) is adequate but there is "an absence of any discussion of Whitman's sexual orientation" (see review in Walt Whitman Quarterly Review vol. 10 no. 4, Spring 1993, 215). Gary Schmidgall, Walt Whitman: A Gay Life (1997) has a chapter on his gayness. Jerome Loving, Walt Whitman: The Song of Himself, 1999, maintains that there is not sufficient evidence to judge whether he was homosexual. Arnie Kantrowitz discusses the issue of his gayness in his article "How gay was Walt Whitman" in The Harvard Gay and Lesbian Review, Spring 1998, pp. 7-9. Paul Zweig's Walt Whitman: The Making of a Poet, 1984, is probably the best biography available for the years 1840-64 but is still inadequate from a gay point of view (review: The Advocate no. 404, 2 October 1984, 53-54). *Charley Shively's two books are very fine but unfortunately his work only deals with some years of the poet's life. There is no satisfactory recent life of Whitman which accepts his gayness (material in the *Library of Congress in the *Feinberg collection and the material in the New York University edition needs to be taken into account in dealing with this issue). As late as 1956 an article, "Towards Destroying a Myth" by Fraces Noakes, appeared in the Walt Whitman Newsletter denying his homosexuality. In French and German, a controversy about Whitman's sexuality occurred in the early part of the twentieth century. For French see *Mercure de France, *Leon Bazalgette; for German see *Eduard Bertz, Johannes Schlaf, Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 10 (1909-10), 420-21. A biography in Chinese was written by *Li Yeguang (1988); this appears to be quite puritanical judging from its review in Walt Whitman Quarterly Review. Unfortunately, Whitman the homosexual still awaits an adequate modern biography. His grave is at Harleigh Cemetery, Camden (see the photograph opposite p. 321 of Justin Kaplan, Walt Whitman: A Life, 1980). Two anthologies in English on him are * In Re Walt Whitman (tributes to the poet), edited and published by his executors *Horace L. Traubel, *Richard Maurice Bucke and *Thomas B. Harned in 1893 and *Walt Whitman: The Measure of his Song, 1981 compiled by Jim Perlman, *Ed Folsom and *Dan Campion; both are exceptionally important. The collector *Charles E. Feinberg assembled a fine collection of Whitman material - including the most comprehensive collection of photographs ever - which he gave to the Library of Congress before his death in 1988. The poet's birthplace in Huntington, Long Island, New York is now a museum. Also a museum is the house where he spent his last years, in Camden at 330 Mickle Street (opposite a prison); Camden is across the river from *Philadelphia. Bibliography. The first substantial bibliography is in volume 10 of Complete Writings of 1902, pp. 135-233; it was compiled by Oscar Lovell Triggs. To 1918 see Emory Holloway and *H. S. Saunders, in The Cambridge History of American Literature, volume 2, 1918: "[Bibliography of Walt] Whitman", pp. 551-81. For 1918-1942, see *G. W. Allen. *William Sloane Kennedy compiled a list of Whitman's writings in 1926. For 1838-1939 overall, *Scott Giantvalley has compiled a brilliant reference guide. *Donald D Kummings has covered the period 1940 to 1975. After this date check computer *databases and *PMLA. *Roger Asselineau compiled a fine annotated bibliography to 1972. Joel Myerson has compiled a bibliography of all Whitman's writings. Criticism. See the Appendix to the Walt Whitman entry in the *British Library General Catalogue for a list of critics who wrote books to 1975 (note: this omits east Asian works in languages such as Chinese and Japanese). Edwin Haviland Miller, A Century of Walt Whitman Criticism, 1969, is a concise selection of criticism to 1969. Walt Whitman: A Critical Anthology, edited by Francis Murphy, Penguin, 1969, is an excellent selection of articles. Charles Borromeo Willard, Whitman's American Fame (Providence, 1950) charts the growth of Whitman's reputation in America after 1892 to the time of F. O. Matthiessen. *Robert K. Martin, Homosexual Tradition in American Poetry, pp. 3-89, is a recent gay critical study which is commendable. Nineteenth century critics recognised Whitman for what he was - a gay poet - a realisation that extended as far as Australia (see *J. Le Gay Brereton). Early to mid-twentieth century English critics were notably *homophobic especially in the 1940s and 1950s. In the 1950s this was partly because of attacks on minorities, including homosexuals, in the United States Senate by Senator Joseph McCarthy. Milton Hindus, Walt Whitman: The Critical Heritage, London, 1985, is an excellent selection of criticism to 1914. Early critical books include: John Burroughs (1867) and William Douglas O'connor (1866), early disciples who wrote the first books of relevance, and R. M. Bucke, a fervent admirer, who wrote a notable volume hailing Whitman as a saviour. John Addington Symonds, Whitman's keenest British disciple - who however lived in exile in Switzerland - used him in A Problem in Modern Ethics (1891) and wrote Walt Whitman, A Study (1893). The novelist *Henry James reviewed Whitman's letters to *Peter Doyle when first published in 1897. The homosexual *F. O. Matthiessen barely touches on Whitman's homosexuality in his famous work American Renaissance (1941). The publication of the New York University Press Edition 1961-84, edited by *Gay Wilson Allen and others was a landmark in making Whitman's complete text available and criticism from 1961 takes on a new complexion. Robert K. Martin wrote the first extended contemporary study from a gay viewpoint. His work marks a new trend of criticism bringing homosexuality to the fore in discussing Whitman's text. (Whitman's homosexuality is now taken for granted by almost all critics.) *Rictor Norton wrote a gay introduction and *Charley Shively has written two major extended gay studies from a gay liberation perspective. *Byrne S. Fone's book is the most substantial recent survey brilliantly analysing the 1855 edition of Leaves of Grass with emphasis on the poem "The Sleepers" in homoerotic terms. *M. Jimmie Killingsworth substantiates the centrality of homosexuality to Whitman's text and *Michael Moon has written a similar study. On criticism of the Calamus Poems, crucial works in Whitman's oeuvre, see the *Robert Martin entry, the Martin reference above and Joseph Cady, "Homosexuality and the Calamus Poems", American Studies vol.19 no. 2 (Fall 1978) (with bibliographical references). See also Scott Giantvalley, "Recent Whitman Studies and Homosexuality", Gay Books Bulletin no. 12 (Spring 1985), 14-16. Joann Krieg, "Walt Whitman: here and now", 1985, also examines recent trends. *Robert Peters reviews four books in James White Review vol. 7 no. 4, 18. A gay reading of Whitman's whole oeuvre, including prose, is still awaited; M. Jimmie Killingsworth perhaps comes closest to what is a huge topic. Ed Folsom, Walt Whitman: The Centennial Essays, 1994, gives the latest trends. See also David Cavitch, My Soul and I: The Inner Life of Walt Whitman, 1985, and "Criticism in homosexual terms" below. Criticism in other countries apart from the United States and in other languages. English. Great Britain. In Great Britain *Edward Carpenter was his most ardent disciple; see also John Addington Symonds, *Gregory Woods. Australia and New Zealand: *Alan Mcleod has surveyed his reception. In Australia, *J. le Gay Brereton in Sydney and *Bernard O'Dowd in Melbourne were early disciples and in New Zealand *W. H. Trimble. South Africa: see J. C. Smuts. See also the section influence on English poets below. Other languages. Esperanto: see *Nukina Yosita. Whitman was very popular in German, French, Italian and Spanish with translations also in Russian, Chinese and Japanese. German: see *Edward Bertz, Johannes Schlaf, *Hans Reisiger. See also "Walt Whitman und seine Phallus-poesie" by Walter Schone in the journal Sexual-Probleme, edited by Max Marcuse, Mach, April and May of either 1912 or 1913 (reviewed in Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 13, 1912-13, 238-40) and the article by *Numa Praetorius (pseud.) in Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 17 (1917), 68-75. For French criticism see *Andre Gide, *Léon Bazalgette, *Roger Asselineau. See also the section below Journals devoted to Whitman. Walt Whitman Quarterly Review (1969+, edited by *Ed Folsom) contains the latest research and contains a bibliography of the latest criticism; see *Donald Kummings for others devoted to Whitman which date from 1948 (e.g., the Walt Whitman Newsletter). Oriental influence on Whitman. Whitman was influenced in Leaves of Grass, as already noted, by both the * Upanishads (see *Edward Carpenter) and the *Bhagavad Gita (see the critical study by Dorothea Frederica Mercer, Leaves of Grass and Bhagavad Gita, unpublished Ph. D. thesis University of California, 1933). The *Transcendental writers were also influenced by these works. Whitman's voice. A recording believed to be of Whitman's voice is accepted by *Ed Folsom and was broadcast from an old record on NBC radio in the early 1950s (however this remains controversial). Larry D. Griffin, "Walt Whitman's Voice", Walt Whitman Quarterly Review vol. 9 no. 3 (Winter 1992), 125-33, states a recording said to date from 1890 could be of his voice; this work was remastered on Audio-Text Casettes in Leon Pearson, narrator, Voices of the Poets: American Literary Voices from Walt Whitman to Robert Frost (14026), 1974. Film and video. A one hour documentary was presented by CBS on US television March 9, 1976, called Song of Myself The documentary presented him as being openly gay: see the review by Vito Russo in The Advocate no. 185 (10 March, 1976). A film and video was made under the supervision of Justin Kaplan in 1986 titled simply Walt Whitman. Whitman's influence. *Walt Whitman's influence on world literature since 1855 has been enormous, both in the content of his poetry (the idea of *comradeship, for instance, and of open gay writing) and technically with the introduction of *free verse into other languages as well as English following from knowledge of his poetry in many cases. For gay poets he still remains an inspiration. His ideas greatly influenced the emerging ideology of *socialism. He was later taken up by *Marxist governments and was widely translated into such languages as Russian and Chinese. *William Sloane Kennedy, The Fight of a Book for the World, 1926, was the first comprehensive study of his influence and is still a work of major importance. *Frederik Schyberg wrote a major work in Danish in 1933 on Whitman's influence, later translated into English in 1951. For a discussion of this complex subject, see Chapter 6 of *G. W. Allen, Walt Whitman Handbook, New York, 1962: "Walt Whitman and World Literature", pp. 442-538; there is a bibliography, pp. 538-45, dealing with his influence in languages including German, French, Danish, Italian, Russian and Spanish and in English in the Great Britain. (This work omits his Australian and New Zealand influence for which see below.) *Gay Wilson Allen's The New Walt Whitman Handbook, New York, 1975, also has an overview, "Walt Whitman and World Literature". See Jim Perlman below for bibliography to 1981 relating to English. For European influence see *Roger Asselineau and William White, editors, Walt Whitman in Europe Today, Detroit, 1972. It cannot be to strongly stressed that all poets who wrote or write in free verse are indebted to Whitman. Influence on English poets. Perhaps the most comprehensive work showing his influence on English poets is the anthology by Jim Perlman, *Walt Whitman: The Measure of His Song. The anthology *In Re Walt Whitman (1893) was an early work of homage. Australia and New Zealand. *Alan McLeod, Walt Whitman in Australia and New Zealand, Sydney, Wentworth Press, 1964, is a series of articles and booklets on Whitman's reception in the two countries. Many of the articles (e.g., those of the poet *Bernard O'Dowd) stress Whitman's emphasis on democracy but the article by the poet *J. Le Gay Brereton (pp. 65-73) stresses the sexual side of his work. New Zealand: *W. H. Trimble was a disciple. Canada. See Cyril Greenland and John Robert Columbo, Walt Whitman's Canada, 1992, 245 pp. (reviewed in Walt Whitman Quarterly Review vol. 10 no. 4, Spring 1993, 218-220) which reprints material on and by Whitman in Canada. *Whitman's major Canadian disciple was *R. M. Bucke who wrote a major work on his influence. See also Michael Lynch, "Walt Whitman in Ontario", Body Politic no. 67, October 1980, 29-31. Great Britain. *A. C. Swinburne shows Whitman's influence from 1862. For later poets see Sedgwick, Between Men, pp. 201-17 - she discusses his influence on *J. A. Symonds, *Edward Carpenter, *Oscar Wilde and *D. H. Lawrence. Harold Blodgett, Walt Whitman in England, 1934, is a definitive study (with bibl.). United States. The poet *Kahlil Gibran (who wrote in Arabic as well as English and lived for a time in the United States) was strongly influenced, especially in his use of the long free verse line. *Henry S. Saunders compiled a book of Whitman *parodies, another form of influence. The poets of *gay liberation were greatly indebted to him especially *Allen Ginsberg. *Neeli Cherkovski has written a brilliant book on his recent influence including on three gay poets John Weiners, James Broughton and *Harold Norse as well as having a section on *Allen Ginsberg. Charles Williard, Whitman's American Fame, 1994, is self explanative. Influence on non-English language poets. Bengali: see *Nazrul Islam. Catalan: see Cebria Montoliu, Walt Whitman, 1913. Danish: an article appeared in 1872 (see Dictionary of American Biography entry cited below); *Frederik Schyberg wrote a major work. French: see Betsy Erkkila, Walt Whitman among the French, 1980, 296 pp., regarding *Baudelaire, *Rimbaud, *Mallarmé, Marcel Schwob, Blaise Cendrars, *Apollinaire etc. Whitman had a marked influence on *symbolism. See also *Léon Bazalgette, *Gide, *Roger Asselineau. German. Influence was strong from 1868 (see Whitman's entry in Dictionary of American Biography cited below in Dictionaries); see also *Edward Bertz, Johannes Schlaf. He was translated into German from 1889. Harry L. Robertson, Whitman in Deutschland, 1935, and *Walter Grunzweig, Walt Whitman: Die deutschsprachige Rezeption als interkulturelles Phänomen, 1991, 301 pp., are major studies. Overall for German, see "Whitman and his Germanic Critics", Journal of English and Germanic Philology, vol. 4 no.1 (when checked, however, this article was not found at this reference). In French and German to 1916 see *Numa Praetorius. See also *Robert K. Martin. Hungarian: an article first appeared in 1872; see the Whitman entry in Dictionary of American Biography Dictionaries below. Norwegian: see Jiri Karasek ze Lvovic regarding influence on the dramatist Ibsen. Puniabi: see *Puran Singh. Russian: see *G. W. Allen. He was popular as a poet in the Marxist period after 1917 because of his espousal of socialism and was championed by *Kornei Chukovsky, an influential literary figure. Serbo-Croat: see Antun Nizeteo, Whitman in Croatia, 1971, 47 pp. Spanish. See *Gay Wilson Allen. The homosexual poet *Federico Garcia Lorca (who visited the United States) and the poet *Luis Cernuda were both strongly influenced. The heterosexuals *Vallejo and *Pablo Neruda were greatly influenced by him in their writing of free verse and Whitman's espousal of comradeship, *Neruda being a member of the *Communist Party. For South and Central America see *Fernando Alegria, Walt Whitman en Hispanoamérica, 1945. Swedish: see *Artur Lundkvist. Chinese. Influence dates from about 1918. *Kuo Mo-Jo introduced Whitman to China and he was linked with the emergence of modernism and the use of free verse. *Ai Ch'ing was an important conduit from ca. 1940. Japanese. Whitman was influential from the early twentieth century through Carpenter and translation. A group of poets called the Popular Poets was inspired by his works in 1917 to reform Japanese poetry away from Chinese influence: see *Tomita Saiko, *Arishima Takeo. The journal Calamus: Walt Whitman Quarterly: International (1969 +) is published in *Tokyo. *Takahashi Mutsuo shows his influence. See Whitman's entry in Dictionary of American Biography, p. 150, for basic discussion. Translation. Translation into European languages began initially into Italian in 1881, followed by German in 1889, Dutch in 1898, Czech in 1906 and then French in 1909. For translation to 1955 see "Translations" in Walt Whitman: A Catalog Based Upon the Collections of the Library of Congress (Reference Department, Washington, Library of Congress, 1955); however, not all known translations to 1955 are included in this work. All translations listed below are either substantial selections of poems, are of Leaves of Grass or are of Song of Myself unless otherwise stated; prose is not listed nor are smaller translations in French and Spanish (e.g. selections). In a few cases prose works translated into particular languages are listed since they are thought important in making Whitman known in that language. Catalan: Cebria Montoliu (Barcelona 1909, repr. 1910), Trans, not known, Barcelona, 1981 (see Cuaderno bibliográfico gay, 14); Chinese: Kao Han (Shanghai, 1947), Zhao Luo Rui (Shanghai, 2 volumes, 1991); Czech: Emanuela SI. z Lezehradu (1905; selection; repr.), Emil Bohuslav Frida (1906), Pavel Eisner (1945; Democratic Vistas), Jiri Kolar and Zdenek Urbanek (1955), Ivan Skala (1983); Danish: J. V. Jensen (1919) Bourge Houmann (1929), *Frederik Schyberg (1933), P. E. Seeberg (1950); Dutch: Maurits Wagenvoort (1898, 1917); Esperanto: Yoshitaka Nukina (Kobe, Japan, 1975); Finnish: Viljo Laitinen (1954); French: Léon Bazalgette (1909; published by *Mercure de France), Jules Laforgue, Luis Fabulet, *André Gide and others (1918; repr.; highly rated), (1919; Calamus poems), Paul Jamati (1948; repr.), Pierre Messiaen (1951; see National Union Catalog ), *Roger Asselineau (1972), Louis Fabulet (ca. 1992); German: See Schyberg, Whitman, pp. 277-80 for discussion of early translations. A study of the German translations exists: Walt Whitman's Leaves of Grass in deutschen Ubersetzungen, Bern, 1976, by Monika Schaper. *Karl Knortz and *T. W. Rolleston (1889; the complete Song of Myself), Karl Federn (1904), Wilhelm Scholermann (1904), Johannes Schlaf (1907; Reclam edition; repr.), Franz Blei (1914; selection), *Hans Reisiger (1919+; 1922, complete; the main German translator), Trans. not known with lithographs by Willi Jaeckel (1920), *Max Hayek (ca. 1920), E. P. Tal (1921), Gustav Landauer (1921), *Walther Kuchler with Elisabeth Derelman-Kuchler (1947), Georg Geyert (1948); Greek: Nikos Preostopoulos (1936; Leaves of Grass; a later expanded edition exists); Hebrew: Louis Miller (1940), *Simon Halkin (1952; complete); Hungarian: Arpad Pasztor (1921), Keszthelyi Zoltán (New York, 1947), Trans, not known (1964; complete; see *British Library General Catalogue); Italian: *Luigi Gamberale (Milan, 1881; 1907 repr.; complete Leaves of Grass ), V. U. S. (1907), Enzo Giachino (1950, Torino); Japanese *Tomita Saiko (1919), Shiratori Shogo (1919; complete translation), *Arishima Takeo (1923), Shigetaka Naganuma (1929), Seitaro Furudate (1930; Whitman's essays), Trans. not known (1934), Leaves of Grass, trans. not known, but titled Hoittoman shishu (1939); Norwegian: Per Arneberg (1947); Polish: Stanislaw de Vincenz (1921; Three Poems, 57 pp.), Stefan Napierskiego (1934); Portuguese: Mario D. Ferreira Santos (1945), Romanian: A. Busuioceanu (1925), Marguerite Sterian (1945, 38 pp.); Russian: *K. J. Chukovskii (1907, a selection; 1923; 1944), 'Konstantin Bal'mont (1911), Trans. not listed (1955, selection; see * British Library General Catalogue ), M. L. Mendelsona (1970) (see *British Library General Catalogue ); Spanish: Armando Vasseur (Valencia, 1912; Montevideo, 1939; repr.), Léon Felipe Camino Galicia (Buenos Aires, 1941; using the name Léon Felipe), Pepita Turina (Santiago, 1943), Concha Zardoya (Madrid, 1945; repr.; complete), Francisco Alexander (Quito, 1953), Miranda Alvaro (Montevideo, 1981); Swedish: K. A. Svensson (1935); Turkish: Suat Taser (Leaves off Grass, Ankara, 1951, 19pp.); Ukrainian: Victor Koptilov (1969; see * British Library General Catalogue ); Yiddish: Abraham Asen (1934). The * National Union Catalog and * British Library General Catalogue were consulted. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of American Biography : excellent biography, discussion and bibliography by Mark van Doren (published in 1936), noting "that he loved men more than women was a fact" (p.146). Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 608-12. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature : also excellent. Encyclopedia Britannica; concise introduction with bibl. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1387-89. Howes, Broadcasting It: see "The Wound Dresser" (radio program based on Whitman sequence) and "Walt Whitman". Dictionnaire Gay. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. American National Biograhy (2000); by Jerome Loving; states, p. 287, "Whitman never married". Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 111: Grashalme (Leaves of Grass) (citing poems "An einen Knaben aus dem Westen", "Ein Traum", "Ruhm der Helden") Teubner edition, no date. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 11091-92: Leaves of Grass, New York: Heritage Reprints - with a note "many editions", The Tenderest Lover, edited and selected by Walter Lowenfels, New York: Delcorte, 1970. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 4083-88: Calamus: A Series of Letters Written During the Years 1868-1880, Boston: Maynard 1897, The Complete Poems Harmondsworth UK: Penguin, 1975, Leaves of Grass, New York: Modern Library, no date; edition of 1891-1892, Specimen Days and Collect, Philadelphia: Rees Welsh, 1882, The Tenderest Lover, New York: Delacorte 1971, Walt Whitman's Civil War, New York: Knopf, 1960. Cuaderno biograpico gay, 14: Translation into Catalan, translator not known, Barcelona, 1981. Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen, items 1125-27: two German translations of Leaves of Grass by Johannes Shlaf and Hans Reisiger and Tagebuch (Diary; trans. into German by Götz Burghardt), Leipzig: Reclam, 1985. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Ioläus (1902), 177-81 : Whitman as "the inaugurator of a new era to mankind" (p.177); with poems from Leaves of Grass concluding the extracts. The anthology concludes with the words "The institution of the dear love of comrades." Men and Boys, 61-62. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 290-97. In Homage to Priapus. L'amour bleu, 194-95. Gay Poetry, 1, 8. Rosen, Gay Life and Gay Writers, 24-26. Digte om mænds kærlighed til mænd. Frà mann til mann, 11-15. Hidden Heritage, 183-87. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 203-05. Les Amours masculines, 224-25. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 138-40. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 474-79: excellent selection of poems; biog. note, 462-63. Name of Love, 6-7. "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen ", 88-90. Art of Gay Love, 30. Poems of Love and Liberation, 11. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 30-31, 44, 102, 142, 209-18. Pour tout l'amour des hommes, 13435: trans. by Renaud Camus from Gai Pied no. 60 (12 mars 1983). Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 531-67. Criticism in homosexual terms. Raffalovich, Uranisme et unisexualité, 301-05. Mayne, The Intersexes, 377-82: Whitman as "one of the prophets and priests of homosexuality". Hirschfeld, Die Homosexualität, 672. Ruitenbeck, Homosexuality and Creative Genius, 111180. Katz, Gay American History, 337-65: correspondence with J. A. Symonds and Edward Carpenter. Katz, Gay/ Lesbian Almanac, 332 re *Xavier Mayne; 388-91 re the article "Walt Whitman's Love Affairs" in The Dial, 1918, by *Emory Holloway. Woods, History of Gay Literature, 154-59. Poet and biographer from the United States who wrote in English. 1945-died before 1995. His book Eighteen Poems from Getting Gay in *New York and other poems, New York, 1973, was one of the first gay books of poems in that city; it is somewhat *camp in parts but was a notable book for its time (the work was republished with the title Getting Gay in New York in 1974 and 1976). The 1976 Free Milk Fund Press, New York, edition states it is published in Canada by *Catalyst. Review: Boston Gay Review no. 3 (1977), 1. In Jim Levin, The Gay Novel, 1991, the author stated George Whitmore had *Aids and has written prose about it; see also European Gay Review no. 4, 112. Interview: The Advocate, no. 498, 10 May 1988, 42-44, also states he has Aids. He wrote a biography of *Thoreau which was published by the Gay Academic Union and a novel Nebraska (reviewed in James White Review vol. 5 no. 2, 1213). He is the author of Someone Was Here: Profiles in the AIDS Epidemic, 1988. He died of Aids (*Wayne Dynes to the author, 1995). Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 4090-94: Eighteen Poems from Getting Gay in New York and Other Poems, New York: Free Milk Fund Press, 1973, Getting Gay in New York, New York: Free Milk Fund Press, 1976, Getting Gay in New York and Other Poems, New York: Free Milk Fund Press, 1974, The Silkscreen Pulled Posthumously, New York: Free Milk Fund Press, 1978 (poster) and Tricking, New York: Free Milk Fund Press, 1974. Highly rated by *Ian Young. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 535. Criticism. Gay Saber, vol. 1 no. 2 (Summer 1977), 104-11: article *"Friendship in *New England: *Henry Thoreau". Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1807-1892. A nature poet, very religious and a *Quaker. See Anne Lyon Haight, Banned Books, 1970, p. 53: states he reacted negatively to *Whitman's first edition of Leaves of Grass, 1855, which he threw into the Tire. One of the *Boston Brahmins. Anthologies. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Anthologist from Great Britain writing in English. Active 1990. Editor of The *Faber Book of *Blue Verse, 1990, an anthology including a Tine selection of erotic gay poems. Bibliography in English from the United States. From 1982. Published by *Lambda Rising Bookshop in Washington, this is a catalog of new gay books with a poetry section. It was published in 1984 and contained 114 pages; in 1984 it consisted of 102 pages and ca. 1987 it consisted of 110 pages. Rare. Copies were not collected by libraries in the United States. Copies sighted: *Quatrefoil Library. This work is important for the bibliography of new gay poetry. Poet from Great Britain writing in Gaelic and English. Born 1952. He has published a book of poems in Gaelic and English: Uirsgeul/Myth, 1991. Educated at *Cambridge and *Perugia he lived in Italy for eleven years and returned to Scotland where he teaches *Scottish literature in *Edinburgh. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Take Any Train, 52-54; biog., 64. And Thus Will I Freely Sing, 167-75 - note: the poem in And This Will I Freely Sing is bi-lingual, Gaelic and English; biog., 191-92. Of Eros and Dust, 50 - poem from Country Lover (trans. from Gaelic); biog., 88. Whyte, Hamish A gay *Scots poet who interviewed *Edwin Morgan. Books: apple on an orange day (1973); Rooms (1986). Poet from Sweden writing in Swedish. Active 1976. Bibliographies. Hansen, Nordisk Bibliografi, 14: book of poems Ärtag, sakta..., Göteberg: Zinderman, 1976, 51 pp. Poet from Australia writing in English. 1947-1999. Author of the first published book of openly gay poems referring to physical homosexuality published in Australia. The front cover reads: The Homosexual Love Poems of David Widdup. No publishing details are given but it is believed to have been published in Sydney by the author, ca. 1972. 15 pages, 1 blank. There are four erotic photographic illustrations to the poems (one showing *analingus on p. 10 illustrating the poem wittily titled "An Obscure Passage"); they are from illustrations first published in the *journal Campaign (information from *John Willis). The book can be dated to circa 1972 when the writer stood for Federal Parliament (as an out of the closet gay) against the then Prime Minister, Billy McMahon, with the slogan, "I've got my eye on Billy's seat". It is extremely rare. A copy is in Rare Books, Fisher Library, University of Sydney; another is in the John Willis collection, Melbourne. Another copy in a private collection in Australia is in the collection of John Fletcher, Glebe, Sydney (inscribed "To Bill, with love from David"). Biography: see Interview in William and John no. 7, November 1972, 22-23. He wrote the column Minnie Drear in the journal Camp Ink and later became a sociologist in Canberra, publishing several books after obtaining a PhD. He attended Sydney and Monash Universities. Obituary: The Australian, 17 November 1999 (by Graham Willett); notes he is survived by his lover Graeme. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, first edition, item 2768: The Homosexual Love Poems of David Widdup, Sydney, no date. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 4096: same book - states it was "privately printed, no date". Poet and dramatist from Germany and Switzerland who wrote in German. Born 1733. A writer of verse plays and some poetry who had several affairs with women. He wrote a novel * Agathon. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Andere Lieben, 120-24. Criticism. Derks, Der Schande der heiligen Päderastie, 232-46. Poet from the United States writing in English. 1934-2002. A poet who achieved fame as a gay poet in 1958 with the sequence The Hotel Wentley Poems, including the famous "A Poem for Cocksuckers" (Selected Poems, 1986, p. 36). His 1975 volume Beyond the State Turnpike, Boston: Good Gay Poets, has been called "outrageously gay" by Rudy Kikel (see reference below); it was reviewed in Gay Sunshine no. 25 by Charley Shively and has collage illustrations based mainly on photographs. The best selection of his poems to date is Selected Poems: 1958-1984, Santa Barbara: Black Sparrow, 1986, (reviews: The Advocate no. 458, 28 October, 86 by *Rudy Kikel, by Kevin Killian; James White Review vol. 4 no. 2, Fall 1987, 17-18; New York Native by *Allen Ginsberg, date not known). The Selected Poems includes two interviews by Robert von Hallberg and *Charley Shively. Stylistically his poetry shows the influence of *Frank O'Hara. The poems in Cultural Affairs in Boston: Poetry and Prose 1956-85, 1988, are unsourced and appear to be works largely unpublished in book form. Criticism: see *Neeli Cherkovski. The journal Mirage for 1985 is a special John Weiners issue. A pioneer of openly gay poetry from the late 1950s, and a major gay poet, John Weiners has had a number of nervous breakdowns and suffered from addiction to drugs. His poetry is notable for its humanity. He published the journal Measure and lives in *Boston, a city to which he is devoted. Interview: see Leyland, Gay Sunshine Interviews, volume 2, pp. 259-77. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 11093-97: Beyond the State Capitol, or Cincinnati Pike, Boston: *Good Gay Poets, 1975, The Hotel Wentley Poems, [San Francisco: Haselwood,]1958, Nerves, New York: Cape Golliard Press/ Grossman, 1970, with photographs by *Gerard Malanga, six poems in Gay Sunshine 17:4, March/ April, 1973 "Three previously unpublished" and Selected Poems, New York: Grossman [and London: Cape], 1972. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 4100-07: the four books in Bullough plus Ace of Pentacles, New York: Phoenix Bookshop, 1964, Hotels, New York: Angel Hair, 1974, Invitation, Unicorn Press, no date, Pressed Wafer, Buffalo: New York: The Gallery Upstairs, 1967; highly rated by Ian Young. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Male Muse, 100-02; biog., 124. Angels of the Lyre, 212-23; biog., 245. Orgasms of Light, 230-39; biog., 262. Digte om mends kerlighed til mend. Fra mann til mann, 86-88. Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, 380-82; biog., 380. Drobci stekla v ustih, 110; biog., 182. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 640-43. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 710. Word of Mouth, 174-84. Critic from the Netherlands writing in Dutch. Active 1988. Author of a thesis in Dutch: Homofiele erotiek in de Arabische liefdespoezie en de miskenning daarvan door Westerse onderzieckers (unpublished doctoral thesis, Leiden University), 1988. A study of homophile erotic poetry in Arabic love poetry. Not sighted. Source: listed in the bibliography in the thesis of *Maarten Schild. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1991. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 140-41; biog., 185 - a *black poet who is a prominent member of the *Aids organization Act Up. Poet and diarist from the United States writing in English. 1631-1705. A *Puritan poet from *New England whose most famous poem, The Day of Doom, 1662, is full of angst; United States school children were required to memorize the poem for decades and it was being printed as late as 1929. Extracts from his diary reveal that, while a tutor at *Harvard, he was tormented by sexual feelings for his male students: see Katz, Gay/Lesbian Almanac, pp. 94-100. He married three times and had eight children but was in ill health from 1657 to 1686 (see his Dictionary of American Biography entry). Article: "To be a Man in Early Modern Society: The Curious Case of Michael Wigglesworth", History Workshop Journal, no. 41 (Spring 1996), 55-105. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Dictionary of American Biography . Wilamowitz-Möllendorff, Ulrich von (also spelt Wilamowitz-Moellendorff) Critic, poet, historian and editor from Germany who wrote in German. 1848-1931. The most famous scholar of ancient Greek in Germany of his time. Wilamowitz was a professor of Greek in *Berlin from 1897, after teaching initially in *Berlin, Griefswald and *Göttingen. For an excellent overview of his life and career see his entry in Briggs and Calder, Classical Scholarship (states p. 503 "He hated prudery"). He wrote A History of Classical Scholarship in which he gives his views on previous scholars very candidly. (The English translation by Alan Harris, London, 1982, has excellent notes on sources for the lives of the scholars discussed. They were compiled by Hugh Lloyd-Jones, Professor of Latin at Oxford. These notes cite references to *Sandys and other sources.) There is an important bibliography, pp. 179-81. Wilamowitz was a polemicist. He had a celebrated row with *Nietzsche over the nature of Greek civilization, which may have had an antecedent in their schooldays together: Nietzsche maintained that if ancient Greek civilization was properly understood people would be horrified, so irrational and violent was it; Wilamowitz took the opposite view, that ancient Greek civilization epitomized rationality and civilized values. Wilamowitz defended the gay anthology of *Elisar von Kupffer (see Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, p. 669). He wrote and edited over 70 books, supervised 88 dissertations and is believed to have written some 67,000 letters. As a poet he wrote three *parodies of *Stefan George: see "Wilamowitz as Parodist of Stefan George" in Studies in Comparison by Ulrich K. Goldsmith, New York, 1989, pp. 163-72. His critical books include an edition of *Theocritus and the *Bucolic poets and one on the textual history of Greek Bucolic poetry (Textgeschichte der griechischen Bukoliler, Berlin, 1906), three books on *Homer, one on *Pindar (Pindaros, 1922), one on the poetry of the *Hellenistic age, one volume on *Sappho (Sappho und Simonides, 1913), two volumes on *Plato and a history of Greek literature. Homosexuality, as it appears in ancient Greek literature in his books, has not been analyzed by any scholar. He seems to have been fairly hostile if his remarks in his Plato study are any indication. Plato's erotic theory, Wilamowitz stated according to Halperin, "is rooted in pederastic feelings that remain alien to us because they are contrary to nature" (Platon, second edition, 1920, vol. 1, p. 44 quoted in David Halperin, "One Hundred Years of Homosexuality", Diacritus 16 [1986], 44). In this remark Wilamowitz is echoing the conventional sentiments of his time about homosexuality. In Staat und Gesellschaft der Griechen und Römer (State and Society of the Greek and the Romans,1910; repr.) he discusses *pederasty pp. 91-93. Biography: see entry in Encyclopedia Britannica ; see also Wilamowitz-Moellendorf, History of Classical Scholarship, op. cit., xiv-xix (by Hugh Lloyd-Jones) and Rivista Storica Italiana, 84 (1972), 746-55. He wrote an autobiography: Erinnerungen, 1848-1914 (English translation: My Recollections, 1848-1914, London, 1930). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 28: regarding his writing a "witty" small book on *Bacchylides. Poet from Argentina who later lived in Italy (from 1953); he wrote in both Spanish and Italian. 1919-1978. In Italian he wrote Italienisches Liederbuch. He went into exile in Italy from Argentina due to his homosexuality. It Italy he had a considerable reputation as a poet and was a friend of *Pasolini. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Foster, Latin American Writers on Gay and Lesbian Themes. Bibliographies. Leggere omosessuale, item 335: Italienisches Liederbuch, 34 poesie d'amore (Italian Song book, 34 poems of love) called "splendid" in annotation; republished in his Poesie, Milan, 1980. Critic, designer and illustrator from Great Britain. Active 1991. Author of the introduction and illustrator for of *Edmund John's, The Flute of Sardonyx in the edition of 1991. The book reproduces sixteen pencil images of nude boys. Illustrations show *pedophile themes. This is one of the finest of all illustrated gay books of poems. Poet, dramatist, critic and letter writer from Great Britain writing in English. 1B54-19QQ. Oscar Wilde is famous as a writer imprisoned under unjust laws decriminalizing consenting male homosexual behavior: two years' imprisonment with hard labor for homosexual offences precipitated by his love for the son of the Marquis of Queensberry, 'Lord Alfred Douglas. His The Ballad of Reading Goal (1B9B), the tragic poem he wrote after imprisonment, alone guarantees him a place of the highest importance in homosexual poetry. Translated into many languages, it's influence has been extraordinary and it has been read as an expression of the experience of all people who have suffered imprisionment; see 'Robert Merle for a detailed study of the poem. Otherwise, however, his poetry was conventional, even mundane. De Profundis (published in part in 19Q5), a long letter he wrote to Alfred Douglas in prison, is one of his other best known gay works. It was written when he was a broken man. The complete text was only published in his Letters in 1962. He was a famous dramatist at the time of his three trials in 1B95, his works having brought him great acclaim on the 'London stage. He was born and educated in 'Dublin before going to university at Trinity College, Dublin and Magdalen College, 'Oxford. His father was an eye surgeon and his mother, a major figure in his life, was a literary figure. He married Constance Lloyd in 1BB4 and produced two childred, Cyril and Vyvyan, in 1BB5 and 1BB6. He was convicted only in his third trial (the charge was gross indecency, a charge only added to British law in 1BB5 under the Labouchère amendments); the texts of the trials have been published by 'Montgomery Hyde. His imprisonment came about when he sued the Marquess of Queensbery for criminal libel after the Marquess left his card at Wilde's club addressed "To oscar Wilde posing somdomite" [sic: the word he meant to write was "sodomite" but in his anger misspelled the word]. In the ensuing trial it emerged that Wilde had consorted with male prostitutes and charges were laid (Wilde was urged to flee Great Britain but decided to stay). Wilde went to jail for two years and the cost of the trials led to bankruptcy. Because of his 'Irish background many saw his trial and imprisonment in England as yet another example of persecution of the Irish. A speech by Wilde at his first trial in which he mentioned 'David and Jonathan, 'Plato, 'Michelangelo and 'Shakespeare, shows him well aware of gay history. The period after the 1B95 trial was a bleak one in British gay history; 'A. E. Housman's poetry caught the mood of homosexuals of this time. However reaction to the trial was not all negative: for reaction in Australia supporting Wilde see Humphrey McQueen, Tom Roberts, Sydney, 1996, pp. 4QQ-4Q4, which notes, p. 4Q2, that "By early June some forty correspondents has written [to The Bulletinmagazine] to lament Wilde's disgrace". The short lived Australian journal The Scorpion even talked about the "the Oscar Wilde's of Sydney". A 'dandy and man about town, with many 'disciples among 'eighteen-nineties poets and literateurs, Oscar Wilde was the most influential homosexual figure of the eighteen-nineties in Europe (and beyond, in Russia, the United States, South America and Australia). 'Charles Ricketts and Charles Shannon designed and illustrated some of his books, which he took great pains to publish in Tine editions. He was the most famous homosexual of his time whose influence was enormous, in literature, in art and in fashion. His novella The Portrait of Mr. W. H. (first version 1BB9; 1BB9-95 version published in 19Q1) was the first story in English to reach a general audience involving romantic homosexuality; it deals with 'Shakespeare's sonnets. He argues that the Mr. 'W. H. of the dedication was the person to whom the sonnets were addressed and that he was a boy actor of Shakespeare's company. (Compare 'Alfred Douglas's later work on the Sonnets.) He also wrote the 'decadent novel, The Picture of Dorian Gray (1B9Q magazine publication; 1B91 published in book form - see the edition edited by Donald Lawler, New York, 19BB, which has both texts). This is one of the seminal 'eighteen-nineties works in English, influenced by 'Huysmans. His letters (not published until 1962) are some of the most brilliant in English. Wilde died in 19QQ in 'Paris in exile and poverty. Wilde's poems. Brought up in *Dublin and educated at *Oxford where he studied Greek and Latin, Wilde was well aware of the great homosexual traditions in those literatures as his only book of poems apart from The Ballad of Reading Gaol, Charmides and other Poems (1BB2), shows: see the poems "Charmides", '"Endymion", '"Pan", "In the Forest". His poems, apart from The Ballad, are otherwise the least interesting of his works and Alfred Douglas was much the finer poet, openly gay poet in his early poems. The sheets of the 1BB2 printing were kept and rebound until as late as 1B92, so the many apparent early editions are really one and the same. This volume shows Wilde working within the 'pastoral tradition of English poetry which so deeply involved homosexuality. "The Sphinx" published in 1B94 (about "amours frequent and free", as is noted in his entry in the Dictionary of National Biography) is also of interest. He also wrote 'prose poems: published as Poems in Prose (19Q5). The concept of the 'femme fatale forms the basis of his drama Salomé (1B94). Intimate companions included 'Alfred Douglas, 'Robert Ross (who became his literary executor and is believed to have been one of his earliest lovers) and 'John Gray, reputedly a lover. Text. His Collected Works, 1908, in 14 volumes, was edited by *Robert Ross (repr. 1909). His Letters, edited by Rupert Hart-Davis, 1962, was the first collection of what are also brilliant literary works (a corrected edition was issued in the same year and is thus the second edition); reviewed Gay News no. 165 (1979), 21-22. More Letters of Oscar Wilde, edited by Rupert Hart-Davis, 19B5, contains letters found since 1962. The Selected Letters, 1979 (repr.), edited by Rupert Hart-Davis, includes the text of De Profundis. A revised edition of the Letters edited by Merlin Holland, his grandson and Rupert-Hart Davis was published in 2QQQ; it has an excellent index. Many manuscripts of the letters are in the 'William Andrews Clark Library, 'Los Angeles. Bibliography. That by 'Christopher Millard (1914; 1967 repr.) is a brilliant work which took ten years to compile and is still unsurpassed. 'Norbert Kohl has compiled a Tine work (especially good for German translations). Thomas A. Mikolyzk, Oscar Wilde: an annotated bibliography, Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1993, 4B9 pp. is the most complete to date; the Preface pp. vii-viii is an excellent concise survey to Wilde biography and scholarship. See 'Abraham Horodisch on the complex bibliography of The Ballad of Reading Goal which includes translations. For criticism and comment to 1975 see the Appendix of the 'British Library General Catalogue entry; Wilde has inspired an enormous number of books in many languages. Biographies in English. *Frank Harris (1916 - not reliable), Hesketh Pearson (1946), *Philippe Jullian (1969; trans. from the French 1967 edition; with excellent concise bibliography in English and French), Montgomery Hyde (1976 - excellent; Montgomery Hyde's writings on Wilde have as their primary focus the last years of Wilde's life), 'Richard Ellmann - the most comprehensive and best biography, a work which is itself a masterpiece. The biographies of Wilde, as of Lord Alfred Douglas, are case studies in the difficulties of writing gay biographies. Biographies in other languages exist: consult the 'British Library General Catalogue entry on Wilde in the Appendix. In Spanish Alberto N. Delmar published Vida de Oscar Wilde, in Madrid in 1993. See also Gary Schmidgall, The Stranger Wilde: Interpretating Oscar, London and New York, 1994, and Alan Sinfield, The Wilde Century: Effeminacy, Oscar Wilde and the Queer Moment, 1994. For Oscar Wilde on film see "Shooting Wilde: Oscar on the Screen", Gay News B9 (1976), 21 and the references in Howes, Broadcasting It cited below. The British film Wilde(1997) is the latest film on his life. Collectors of Wilde material include 'Mary Hyde, 'William Andrews Clark (a major collector of Wildeana who founded the William Andrews Clark Library in Los Angeles, now attached to the University of California) and 'Donald Kaufmann. John B. Stetson was an early collector whose collection was dispersed on 23 April 192Q in New York at the Anderson Galleries. The Robert Ross Memorial Collection in the Bodleian Library, 'Oxford University, is a collection of more than one thousand volumes on Wilde formed by Walter Ledger and given in 1932. Wilde was a collector of gay books and especially encouraged design of Tine poetry books - see 'Aubrey Beardsley, 'Charles Ricketts. The Wild About Wilde Newsletter is published from her home in Maryland, United States by Carmel McCaffrey. An Oscar Wilde Literary Society exists, 14 Syke Ings, Richings Park, Iver, Buckinghamshire, SLO 9ET. Influence. For a concise overview of his achievement and influence see the collection of essays edited by Peter Raby, The Cambridge Companion to Oscar Wilde, 1997; select bibliography pp. 295-9B. Ian Small, editor, Oscar Wilde Revalued, 1993, has an extensive commentary on the literature about Wilde. C. George Sandulescu, editor, Rediscovering Oscar Wilde, London, 1994, reprints the papers of the 1993 Wilde conference in Monaco. Robert Tanitch, Oscar Wilde on Stage and Screen, 1999, deals with performances of his plays on stage and in films. For his reception history in Australia see 'John Willis. Forgery. Sonnets of Oscar Wilde (Paris, ca. 1923) is ostensibly by him and the novel Teleny has been ascribed to him but not conclusively proven to be by him, while a translation of 'Petronius published in Paris has also been inconclusively ascribed to him. Parodies and caricatures. English. Caricatures and parodies of Wilde appeared from the opera Patience by *W. S. Gilbert in 1881. For poems about him see 'Lloyd Lewis (whose Oscar Wilde in America includes some poems), the poem '"Aesthete of Aesthetes", 'Stuart Mason (pseud.), 'Brendan Behan, 'John Betjeman. Not all the parodies of Wilde's style or all poems about him have come to light by any means. Wilde's manner and portly bearing were such as to invite parody. A memorable ode to him recited ca. 195Q could not be traced. His clothes, which were provocative, also attracted attention. Dutch: see Jacob Israel de Haan. See also *Century Guild. Translation. Oscar Wilde's various works have been translated into many languages. Some selections of works may include his poems and, in particular, The Ballad of Reading Goal. Complete Editions, Poems, Poems in Prose and The Ballad of Reading Goal are listed here in that order; the 'British Library General Catalogue and 'National Union Catalog were consulted. The British Library General Catalogue is easier to consult than the National Union Catalog with entries being arranged with Complete Works, then the title of the work with translations of the work following; the National Union Catalog entry is arranged alphabetically by title. Some selections of works may include his poems and/or The Ballad of Reading Goal; these selections of his works are not included here. The Ballad of Reading Goal appears to have been banned by the 'Nazis in World War II in Europe when many surreptitious translations appeared in Western Europe. It gives powerful expression to the experience of imprisonment so would appeal to many persons living under the 'Nazis. The novel The Portrait of Dorian Gray (1B91) and the letter De Profundis (19Q5) and other individual works have been extensively translated; many translations of Dorian Gray exist in German - see 'Norbert Kohl. Complete works. German: Otto Hauser (1906-08), Arnold Zweig (1930), Hans Wolf, Eike Schönfeld, Susanne Luber, Georg Deggerich and Bernd Eilert (1999; 5 volumes); Hungarian: Osszes Muvei (19.. - date not given in National Union Catalog entry); Russian: Trans, not known, 1912 (see British Library General Catalogue entry); Spanish: Ricardo Baeza (1917 - may not be complete), Julio Gomez de la Serna (1943). Poems. French: Albert Savine (1907), German: Gisela Etzel (1907), Otto Hauser (1913), Greek: "Panthea" and other Poems, trans. Elizabeth Psara, Alexandria, 22 pp. (1944); Polish: J. Parandowskiego (1924). Poems in Prose (see British Library General Catalogue Wilde entry p. 101). French: Charles Grolleau (1906; repr.), Georges-Bazile (1911); Italian: F. W. von Tigerstrom (Firenze, 1914; repr.'): Portuguese: Dilermando Duarte (1966); Romanian: Alexandru Theodor Stamatiad (1919); Spanish: Riccardo Baeza (1911). Ballad of Reading Goal (listed separately in the British Library General Catalogue Wilde entry p. 95). Bulgarian: E. A. Mindov (ca. 1912), Chr. Siljanov (1920) - for details of both see *Horodisch, Ballad , 30; Czech: Jiri Zivny (1919), Frantisek Vrba (1964); Danish: Oskar v. Andersen (1910; repr.); Dutch: Ch. van Ballenjr (1911), Leo vaan Breen (1930), Eduard Verkade (1944), A. Marja (pseud, of Arend Theodor Mooy born 1917 - see the National Union Catalog ) (1945; repr.); Finnish: Yrjo Jylha (1929) - see Horodisch, Ballad, 31; French: Henry D. Davray (1898, *Mercure de France; repr.), Jacques Bour (1922); German: Arthur Holitscher (1896), O. A. Shroder (1907), Felix Grafe (1917; repr.), Albrecht Schaeffer (1929); Hungarian: Rado Antal (1908), see British Library General Catalogue entry (1912), Toth Arpad (1921); Greek: K. Karthaios (1933); Hebrew: Hanania Reichman in Ni-Shirat Ha-Olam, Tel Aviv, 1942, 105-77; Italian: G. Vannicola (1907), Carlo Valini (Milano, 1920); Japanese: Hinatsu Kainosuke (1923 - in vol. 4 of of his trans. of Wilde's Collected Works; repr. 1936, 195Q), Teiichi Hirai (before 1954 - see 'Horodisch, Ballad, 31); Norwegian: V. Tvedt (1915); Portuguese: Elysio de Carvalho (1919); Russian: *K. D. Bal'mont (1904), (1919 - see British Library General Catalogue), (1928 - see British Library General Catalogue); Serbo-Croat: Svetislav Stefanovic (1923) - see Horodisch, Ballad, 31 : Spanish: Ricardo Baeza (1909), Jacinto Cardenas (1925) Guillermo Valencia (1932), Mariano de Vedia y Mitre (1934; repr.), Francisco Moran (1952), Enrique Uribe White (1952); Swedish: B. Gripenberg (1907); Ukrainian: Mihas Dubrouski (Minsk, 1926) - see Horodisch, Ballad, 31, where the language is called White Russian; Yiddish: Harry Rosenblatt (1910), Aaron Karlin (1925). Note: the languages of some translations of the Ballad are hard to determine; see the National Union Catalog for completeness. See 'Abraham Horodisch, the bibliographer of The Ballad for the most wide reaching discussion of translation of The Ballad. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of National Biography (signed "T. S."). Garde, Jonathan to Gide, 654-62. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 13B9-91. Howes, Broadcasting It: see under "Ballad of Reading Goal", "Each man kills the thing he loves", "On Trial", " The Picture of Dorian Gray" and "Oscar Wilde". Dictionnaire Gay. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 111. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 111QQ: Poèmes, Paris, 1BB1. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 4114: The Poems of Oscar Wilde, New York: Nichols, 1916. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, 27-2B (extract from his trial), 267-7Q ('Gide visits), 332-35. Reade, Sexual Heretics, 145-46, 362-417 (The Portrait of Mr. W. H. ). L'amour bleu, 177-B6. Hidden Heritage, 194-97. Les Amours masculines, 266-6B. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 66-6B; biog., 11B. "Matrosen sind der Liebe Schwingen", 94. Art of Gay Love, 2Q: letter of January 1B93 to Alfred Douglas. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 35-36 (from Charmides), 193 (sonnet "On the Sale by Auction of Keats' Love Letters"). Pour tout l'amour des hommes, 159-62: prose, including extract from De Profundis. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 235-44 (poems, letters and transcript from the trial). Criticism in homosexual terms. Raffalovich, Uranisme et unisexualité, 241-79. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 3 (19Q1), 265-91. Mayne, The Intersexes, 362-64. Ruitenbeck, Homosexuality and Creative Genius, 61-B3. Woods, History of Gay Literature, 173-76. Wilhelm, Eugen He compiled the bibliography for 1899 in Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 2 (1900) and continued the bibliographies in the following years. He wrote articles also for the * Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, e.g., on *Georges Eekhoud in Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen vol. 2 (1900), 268-77. Eugen Wilhelm is the real name of *Numa Praetorius (pseud.) which was the pseudonym with which he signed his bibliographical lists. A bibliography of 116 items of his work, mostly articles, has been compiled by Hartmut Walravens, Eugen Wilhelm: Jurist und Sexual wissenschaftler, Hamburg: C. Bell Verlag, 1984, 15 pp., preceded by a note on his life; some articles are critical articles on poets. He wrote articles on homosexuality from 1892. Bibliographies. Herzer, Bibliographie zur Homosexualität, items 0459-61 and see Index, 254. Anthologist of a work in English and translator from Greek and Latin to English from the United States; critic writing in English. Active 1995. He edited *Gay and Lesbian Poetry: An Anthology and wrote critical introductions to the Latin poetry in several sections. He translated the Greek poems in the work, notably all the poems of *Straton; most Latin poets in this work (e. g., *Catullus, *Tibullus) were translated by him. Gay Poetry Anthologies. WIlhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry: An Anthology: ancient Greek and Latin and *Medieval and *Renaissance Latin works are translated by him. Editor from the United States of works in English. Active from 1983. One of the founding editors of * James White Review (with *Greg Baysans and others). He worked closely with the journal until its sale in the late 1990s. See James White Review vol. 1 no. 4 (Summer 1984), 16. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1951. His first book of poems was Pasts (1979) and he lives in Derry, northern Ireland. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 69-70; biog., 241. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1891-1917. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 124-25, 178 (a pair of poems about his strong comradeship with Leslie Hossell); biog., 244. Poet from the United States writing in English. 1945-1991. *Black poet and short story writer; he lived in *Washington and died of *Aids. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 142: "Them Boys in Bubba's Bahba Shop" (about having haircuts); biog., 185. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1886-1945. An *Oxford University writer associated with the Oxford University Press, he was the author of over forty books, including thirty volumes of poetry. He is a very complex poet and writer. On his life, see the introduction to Letters to Lalage, 1989, edited by *Glen Cavaliero pp. 3-14 (these are letters to a female disciple); *Glen Cavaliero has also written a study of his life and work. Charles Williams was a Christian who wrote theological works but who was also involved in a long study of the *Kabbala, alchemy, *magic and *Rosicrucianism. Some sources suggest he joined The Order of the Golden Dawn in 1917, then under the control of *A. E. Waite (however, he may have only been on the periphery). In his book He Came Down from Heaven, second edition, 1950, p. 14, he wrote of love as "He in us and we in Him". This was his doctrine of co-inherence, a *mystical interpretation of Christianity with obvious homosexual undercurrents (his Dictionary of National Biography entry states that "romantic love and the co-inherence of all human creatures" were the two main concerns of his writing). Exchange was another key word in his vocabulary. He married and was strongly attracted to women. He had strong *disciple relationships with men and women around him; and there are hints in Letters to Lalage of *S/M activities, pp. 7 and 11, though these seem to have occurred with women. He was a member of *C. S. Lewis's Inklings group on which group *Humphrey Carpenter wrote a book; Lewis called him a "masculine *angel" (Essays Presented to Charles Williams, 1947, p. ix). Sexual sublimation played a great part in his life. His most famous poem Taliessen Through Logres, 1938, is based on the relationship of King *Arthur and his poet Taliessen (with whom Williams identified); later he completed a second series of Arthurian poems, The Region of the Summer Stars, published with Taliessen Through Logres as The Arthurian Poems, 1982; these poems are very complex. A gay reading of this poem, which works on many levels, is needed; however the Arthurian Poems are strongly heterosexual on the surface. *W. H. Auden stated that his explicit homosexual poem *The Platonic Blow was modelled stylistically on Taliessen Through Logres. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Dictionary of National Biography 1941-50. Contempoary Authors, vol. 104. Dictionary of Literary Biography, vol.100. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1973. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 1795: Cream Dreams, no place or publisher, 1973 (bound with a book of poems by *Dick Higgins). Critic and lexicographer apparently from Canada writing in English. Active 1993. Author of A Dictionary of Sexual Language and Imagery in Shakespearean and Stuart Literature, 3 volumes, 1993. This is a major work with entries on such words as *buggery. The entries are in the form of essays on the words and give detailed reference to Shakespeare's work. He teaches English at St. Joseph's College, Lampeter. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1991. A *black poet who lives in New Jersey. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 143 - poem titled "brother malcolm: malcolm x speaks to history"; biog., 185. Here to Dare, 46-58; biog., 45. Poet from the United States (?) writing in English. Active before 1982. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 4133: Androgynous Child, privately printed, no date. Poet from the United States writing in English; he lives also in Great Britain. 1929-2008 Jonathan Williams is one of the finest living gay poets writing in English. His published work is enormous and, in a note in Contemporary Poets, fourth edition, he states that he has given over 850 poetry readings. Educated at *Princeton he was at *Black Mountain where he came under the influence of *Charles Olson and now lives partly in Great Britain and partly in the United States with his lover *Thomas Meyer (see Gay Sunshine Interviews, volume 2, 281-82: this discusses their sex life). His poetry is *postmodernist in inspiration and shows the influence - and absorption - of Olson's technical departures; word puns and unusual punctuation are a feature. Compare *Robert Duncan. He has experimented with many styles of free verse. His press The Jargon Society has published gay poetry (e.g., by Tom Meyer and *Lou Harrison). As a gay poet, his poems are very Tine and he is aware of the great gay literary tradition and gay tropes such as the *Ganymede figure in his poems. The Loco Logo-Daedalist in Situ, London, 1971, has *camp overtones. In Elite/Elate Poems/Selected Poems 1971-75 (Jargon Society, 1979), see pp. 62, 64, 132, 142. Major gay books include GAy BCs, Champaign, Illinois, 1976, which has erotic drawings by Joe Brainard, and (April 19) Lexington Nocturne , Rochester, New York, 1993, about sex with a young man, with Tine illustrations by Keith Smith; the latter book has the lines ""Men are men's joy"/ means what it says" (this refers to the Norse poem *Havamal; the book has no pagination, but the quotation is about half way through the book); also quoted is the poet *Tram Combs ("Tramb Combs used to say:/ NEVER FUCK YOUR FRIENDS". (April 19) Lexington Nocturne, is brilliantly illustrated and a major gay work of the poet, alone guaranteeing his status as a major gay poet. NO-NO NSE-NSE, Mt Horeb, Wisconsin: Perishable Press, 1993, is an illustrated book finely printed with many brilliant gay limericks - amongst the finest of gay books. Other books of gay relevance are listed in Bibliographies below. A gay reading of his work overall is needed. He has a Tine internet homepage. See also *Guy Davenport. As a critic, see The Magpie's Bagpipe: selected essays, edited by Thomas Meyer, San Francisco, 1982. Bibliography: see James S. Jaffe (who is a book dealer). Manuscripts. His manuscripts, with those of the Jargon Society, are in the Poetry Collection of the *State University of New York, Buffalo; 600 boxes exist. The Library of Congress has a tape of him reading. Interview: see Leyland, Gay Sunshine Interviews, volume 2, 280-88. He is also a photographer. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Contemporary Authors, vol. 9-12. Contemporary Authors New Revision Series, vol. 8. Contemporary Literary Criticism, vol. 13. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 11098: Adventures with a twelve-inch pianist beyond the blue horizon, New Mexico: Xerox edition, 1973; "Selections of this appeared in the summer 1974 combined edition of Fag Rag/Gay Sunshine, p. 25". Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 4134-41: same book as in Bullough plus An Ear in Bartram's Tree, Selected Poems, 1957-67, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1969, gAy BCs [thus titled; compare the title given above], Champaign, Illinois: Finial Press, 1976, Gists from a Presidential Report on Hardcorn-poneography, privately printed, no date (*broadside), Glees... Swarthy Monotonies... Rince Cochon... & Chozzerai for Simon. Poems 1979, Roswell NM: DBA Editions, 1980, Homage Umbrage Quibble & Chicane. Poems 1980, Roswell, NM: DBA Editions, 198, The Loco Logodaedalist in Situ, London: Cape Goliard, 1971, Untinears & Antennae for Maurice Ravel, St. Paul, MN: Truck Books, 1977; highly rated by Ian Young. Gay Poetry Anthologies. In Homage to Priapus. Male Muse, 103-06; biog., 124-25. Angels of the Lyre, 224-30; biog., 245. Orgasms of Light, 240-47; biog., 263. Not Love Alone, 125-29; biog., 144. Gay Roots: Twenty Years of Gay Sunshine, 616-17. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 525: selection from "Excavations from the Case Histories of Havelock Ellis" (from The Locodaedalist in Situ: Selected Poems 1968-70 ); biog. note 465-66. Word of Mouth, 123-31. Poet from Australia writing in English. Born 1958. Book of poems: A Crowd of Voices, Melbourne, Pariah Press, 1985: poems in the manner of the *generation of 68 (see the witty "Ode to John Tranter", pp. 49-53). This book is not openly gay but can be recognized as such when the context is known (e.g., see "Love", pp. 54-55). In Walking the Dogs: The Pariah Press Anthology, edited by Mal Morgan, 1994, see "Mostly there is just this [13 February 1988]", p.151, which is an openly gay sexual poem. He is a *Melbourne poet who has been assistant editor of the journal Meanjin. In The Ninth Satire, 1993, which consists of poetry, fiction, biography, see the Tine *sequence pp. 65-83 (with gay poems); see his entry in Hurley Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia below for reviews. In Overland 120 (Spring 1990) see 74-76: two poems on *Aids. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Hurley, Guide to Gay and Lesbian Writing in Australia. Criticism. See Cargo 7 (December 1989), 4. Poet and autobiographer from the United States writing in English; he was most famous as a playwright. 1911-1983. A gay *southern dramatist, much admired, who was found dead, apparently having choked on his vomit after an alcoholic episode. His real name was Thomas Lanier Williams. He wrote two books of poems: In the Winter of Cities 1954 (revised 1964) and * Androgyne, Mon Amor, 1977 (in the latter see "Tangier: The Speechless Summer" pp. 89-91; the frontispiece of this book is a reproduction of an original oil painting by the author of a naked youth and there was a special signed edition of 200 copies). Not all his poems may have been published. Autobiography. His Memoirs, 1975, were homosexually explicit, detailing his relationship with his lover Frank Merlo. Interview: Leyland, Gay Sunshine Interviews, volume 1, 309-25. Biography: see Donald Spoto, The Kindness of Strangers, 1985. Manuscripts are in the *Humanities Research Centre. On his time in *Tangier, see Mohammed Choukri, Tennessee Williams in Tangier, 1981. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1392-93. Howes, Broadcasting It. Dictionnaire Gay. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Malinowski, Gay and Lesbian Literature. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 11099: In the Winter of Cities. Collected Poems, New York: New Directions, 1964. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 4142, 4147: Androgyne, Mon Amour, New York: New Directions, 1953 and In the Winter of Cities, New York: New Directions, 1964. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Male Muse, 107-108; biog., 125. L'amour bleu, 291: prose. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 326-27. Drobci stekla v ustih, 74. Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, 382-84; biog., 382. A Day for a Lay, 54-58. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1960. Of Welsh background, he was married with two daughters, lives in London with his boyfriend. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Take Any Train, 55; biog., 64. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1883-1963. A *modernist poet opposed to *T. S. Eliot whom he regarded as negative and life denying; the two poets are frequently seen as showing different courses in English poetry of the twentieth century, Eliot being negative, Williams positive. "Part Four" (1951) of his *long poem Paterson includes the complete text of a letter to him from *Allen Ginsberg, then living in the same town as Williams (Paterson, New Jersey): see Paterson, 1963, pp. 173-75. The letter shows Williams had a great influence on the young Ginsberg. Williams's profession was a medical doctor. He corresponded extensively with *Harold Norse, who was one of his disciples. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Gay Histories and Cultures. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1951. A *black poet, born in Atlanta in the *South who has spent twelve years in *prison. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Black Men/ White Men, 202 - prose piece with poem. Gay and Lesbian Poetry in Our Time, 386; biog., 386 - with photo (uses the pseud. *Shahid). Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. He served in France and published two volumes 1919-21. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 122-24 ("To My Mate"), 213-14; biog., 245. Book collector, bibliographer and editor from Australia of works in English. Born 1931. A *Melbourne gay book collector with a large collection of English language gay literature (over 7,000 items) containing many rare books and some manuscripts. The collection is being cataloged on computer in conjunction with the Baillieu Library, University of Melbourne, and is one of the largest known in private hands; annotations are being added with a view to publication of the Australian material. Some works have been given to the University where they are being kept in a special collection. This includes one of the largest collections of gay poetry titles in Australia in English, and of poets of the *gay liberation period, especially poets from the United States. Many rare works are held. Many poets in the collection are not well represented in Australian public libraries, especially since copyright and cultural links have led to overrepresentation in Australian public libraries of British literary works and underrepresentation of United States and Canadian works. These comments also hold for the magnificent coverage of novels in the collection, which are its main strength. After the Second World War he lived overseas in the United States. On returning to Australia in the 1960s he worked in retailing and became active in the Gay Rights Movement, including founding Christ's Community Church and was also involved with the *Australian Gay and Lesbian Archives, Melbourne. He has compiled an unpublished annotated bibliography of Australian gay books. In 2001 he published Oscar Wilde and the Antipodes, 29 pages (rare: 20 copies only printed), a study of references to *Oscar Wilde in relation to Australia and his the reception history in Australia; it includes a bibliography pp. 28-29. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1806-1867. A graduate of *Yale, he was later a journalist and prolific author. In Poems, New York, 1850, see "Baptism of *Christ" pp. 35-37 and "On Seeing a Beautiful Boy at Play", pp. 233-35. Twice married, he was something of a dandy. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Dictionary of American Biography. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 4166: The Poems, Sacred, Passionate, and Humorous of Nathaniel Parker Willis, New York: Clark and Maynard, 1865. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 471: "On Seeing a Beautiful Boy". Criticism. Foster, "Beauty's Purple Flame: Some Minor American Gay Poets", Gay Books Bulletin no. 7 (1982), 15, 18; on the poem "On Seeing a Beautiful Boy at Play" which compares the boy to *Ganymede (from Poems of Early and After Years, 1848). Paidika vol. 1 no. 1 contains the text of "On Seeing a Beautiful Boy". Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Active 1924. Nothing more is known of this poet Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 78: poem "The Mess Boy". Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 510: same poem. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 677; see also note page 676 where it is called "the most arresting poem" in * Men and Boys. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1991. A *black poet who is a graduate of New York University and London University; also a writer of plays. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 144-53 - "One Rawdog Night" (story poem about life in the gay demi-monde); biog., 185. Here to Dare, 18-30; biog., 17. Poet from Canada writing in English. Active 1977. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Larkspur and Lad's Love. Critic from Great Britain writing in English. Active ca. 1970. Author of The Misfits (1989; reprinted), a study of *de Sade, *Byron and *Mishima among others. A critic whose works are wideranging. Poet and publisher from Canada writing in English. Active 1977. He was the publisher of Stubblejumper Press, a gay press in Canada which took over from 'Catalyst in the nineteen-eighties: see 'Ian Young, 'Jordan Rand. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 419Q. Homosexuality in Canada, first edition (1979), 16. Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (19B4), 142. All entries cite the same book The Myth of the Boy, Saskatoon: Stubblejumper Press, ca. 1977, 31pp. - reviewed in The Body Politic, October 1977, 22. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 541. Translator from Korean, Japanese and Chinese into English from Great Britain. Active from 1988. As a translator from Korean, he has translated gay poems by *Yi Ching-bo and *Yi Che-hyon. He has translated ikkyu from Japanese. Other translations remain in manuscript (copies in the collection of *Paul Knobel). In letters to the author he has pointed out that "all Far Eastern love-poetry is notoriously difficult to pin down as to its intrinsic nature... there are thousands of poems of men writing as women" which may be "an expression of an inherent homosexuality" (letter of 29 February 1988). *Bisexuality of many east Asian poets is also mentioned in another letter (2 January 1989). Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Born ca. 1975. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gents, Bad Boys, and Barbarians, 239-43; biog., 238. Badboy Book, 363; biog., 392 - published in various journals. Poet writing in English. Active ca. 1982. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gay Poetry, 5. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1991. A *black poet who is Aids Director for the city of *Los Angeles and the founder of the Black Gay and Lesbian Forum. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 154-56 - "When Your Lover Has *Aids" (Tine *prose poem); biog., 185-86. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Active 1919. Bibliographies. Murray, Catalogue of Selected Books, item 82: Magpies in Picardy, 1919. The *British Library General Catalogue states this work was published in London by the Poetry Bookshop (on which see *Harold Munro). Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1945. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 4196-97: Boning Up, Washington, DC: Some of Us Press, 1973 and The Beautiful Indifference, New York: O Press, 1975. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Angels of the Lyre, 231 - a *prose poem; biog., 245. Letter writer from Germany who wrote in German. 1717-1768. A gay art critic whose homosexuality has been long known. He was murdered by a male prostitute in Trieste, Italy. His main achievement was the elevation of ancient Greek art and culture - in which homosexuality held a central place - to the center of cultural debate at the commencement of the *Romantic period. Comments on homosexuality appear in his letters (see references cited below). His death inspired a number of poems; see Johann Eichler for an example. Biography. See Wolfgang Leppmann, Winckelmann - Ein leben für Apoll, 1971 (repr. 1996) - with bibl.; English translation, Winckelmann, 1971), Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1393-95. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 111-12: cites from his letters. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Ioläus (1902), 148-49: "Friendship without love is mere acquaintanceship" (from his Letters). L'amour bleu, 132-33. Forum 5 (1988), 42: list of poems inspired by him and his death in German and Latin. Criticism. Derks, Der Schande der heiligen Päderastie, 174-231 Trope commencing in poetry in Greek from Greece from ca. 390 B. C. (see *Symposium); later a trope in other languages. Greek. In ancient Greek literature, wine, which is a *drug, is frequently associated with homosexuality, e.g., in *Plato's * Symposium (ca. 390 B.C.) and in the poems of the * Mousa Paidike (e. g., Palatine Anthology xi 51,131) of which *Straton was the compiler and is also the author of the largest number of poems. A famous *scholium on *Alcaeus of Mytilene was "wine, dear boy, and truth". The god *Dionysus, frequently mentioned in the * Mousa Paidike, was associated with wine drinking. See also *Douglas Young. Latin. Wine figures frequently in the Odes of *Horace and in *student songs of the *middle ages. The wine-drinking trope in islamic languages. Persian. See *Omar Khayyam, *Ehsan Yarshater. Rypka, History of Iranian Literature, p. 86 states: "wine [in Persian poetry] means ecstasy" (see also pp. 85-87 on homosexuality in general). Wine - and drinking it - may be associated with semen and ejaculation. Turkish: see *Baki, *Nedim. Arabic. *Abu Nuwas was famous for his love of wine. See Woods, Articulate Flesh: Male Homo-eroticism and Modern Poetry, p. 25. See also *Dar al-Tiraz. Philip F. Kennedy, The Wine Song in Classical Arabic Poetry: Abu Nuwas and the literary tradition, Oxford, 1988, is a detailed study. See Wright, Homoeroticism in Classical Arabic Literature, pp. 210-32, re wine in Al-Ma'arri. Hebrew. It appears in the work of *medieval Hebrew poets in a homosexual context as a theme taken from Arabic poetry. See *Arie Schippers. English. See *Edward Fitzgerald, *Victor Daley. Chinese. See *Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove. Wine drinking of poets in the company of other poets is a frequent motif of traditional Chinese poetry. It is very possible that there is a continuous and interconnecting tradition of wine drinking and homosexual poetry in the Middle East from ancient Greek records onwards. Translations of all the poets mentioned above are relevant in carrying the trope into the translated languages. Poem in Korean from Korea from before 1499. See Lee, Poems from Korea, pp. 60-61: a *non gender specific love poem (at least in English) mentioned in Songjong Annals, 1499, as vulgar in content and pleasing men and women - "I will do anything, anything you say/ The this and the that, whatever you ask of me". A *Kisaeng song sung by female interpreters (male *transvestite prostitutes have to be considered as well). Critic and poet from the United States writing in English. 1900-1968. A critic who taught English at Stanford University, California, from 1928; he is frequently grouped with the *New Critics. His critical work Primitivism and *Decadence, 1937, attacked obscurantism and *Hart Crane and reflects homophobia; this work was later reprinted in his book In Defence of Reason, 1947. He wrote an *elegy for Crane titled "Orpheus": see Collected Poems, Carcanet, 1978, p. 142. The poet *Thom Gunn studied under him. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Criticism. Martin, Homosexual Tradition in American Poetry, 136: concerning a negative review of *Hart Crane's The Bridge in the journal Poetry. Poet from Germany who wrote in German. Born 1956. Book: Ich rufe die Wolfe, Berlin, Weimar: Aufbau, 1993, 78 pages; see p. 37 (poem about love in the age of *Aids). Bibliographies. Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen, items 1160-61: two copies of the above book; 1162 lists poems in the journal Zifferblatt, Heft 14, 1991, 5-13. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Milchsilber, 17-19; biog., 220. Schreibende Schwule. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1960. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 11103: "A dream one, in the night, all and everything", ONE Magazine, 8;2, 16-17, February 1960. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1588-1667. A *pastoral poet of the school of *Spenser. He wrote The Shepherd's Pipe with *William Browne. Educated at Magdalen College, *Oxford. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 4213: re The Shepherd's Hunting, London: T. Snodham for G. Norton, 1615. Criticism. Norton, Homosexual Literary Tradition, 210-11: noting a major theme is "masculine love." Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1947. *Black poet from *New York. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Black Men/ White Men, 63; biog., 238. Road Before Us, 157: poem *"Haiku"; biog., 186. Philosopher from Austria who wrote in German; he later lived in Great Britain. 1889-1951. His homosexuality was only revealed in biographies from the 1970s. As a philosopher he was concerned with words, the basis of all poetry, and was much influenced by *Freud. His major published work was Tractatus Logico-Positivus, 1921. Various notebooks were published after his death such as Philosophical Investigations, 1953. Influence on *T. S. Eliot needs investigation and his work formed the background to United States writers of *open form works. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1398-1400. Howes, Broadcasting It. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Criticism. Sodoma no. 4 (Summer 1989), 5-9: "Wittgenstein e l'omosessualità" by William Warren Bartley. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Born ca. 1920. He wrote poems for the British journal Radio Times on topical subjects, including some on homosexuality (about five of six), from about 1974 (*Keith Howes to the author). Poet from Germany who wrote in German. Ca. 1170-ca. 1220. Author of the Middle High German *epic poem Parzival (1200-ca. 1210), the source of *Richard Wagner's opera Parsifal. (The source of Parzival is itself the French Li contes di Graal of *Chretien de Troyes.) Close *male bonding is a feature of the knightly world of this work. It tells the story of Parsifal until he becomes the Grail King and only incidentally relates to the court of *King Arthur. The story has been subjected to various interpretations. It was a very popular work: more than seventy manuscripts survive, of which 15 are complete. He was a *minnesinger involved in their cult of *friendship. His works were first edited by *K. Lachmann, 1833. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Oxford Companion to German Literature. See also the Oxford Companion to German Literature entry "Parzival". Poet and letter writer from Germany who wrote in German; he later lived in Italy and New Zealand. 1869-1948. A disciple of *Stefan George and in the *George Kreis. He was Jewish and in 1933, with the rise of the *Nazis, moved to Italy and in 1938 to New Zealand, where he died. See Noel McCainish, "Brennan and Berlin", Southerly 49 (1987), 83-84; this letter quotes a letter of Wolfskehl to the probably homosexual *Ralph Farrell (whom it seems he knew and who was a *Stefan George expert) comparing *Christopher Brennan with *Cavafy. Margot Ruben (his companion in New Zealand), wrote reminiscences of his life in New Zealand published as "Karl Wolfskehl, Exile Emeritus: Memories of New Zealand", Islands 9 (1981), 65-77; this states p. 66 "he kept silent about many things"; bibl., p. 77. In New Zealand he was close friends with the homosexual story writer, *Frank Sargeson. He wrote Ten Years Exile: Letters from New Zealand 1938-1948 (1959). He married in 1898 and had a child. Whether he was actively homosexual in a physical sense at any stage of his life is not known. He wrote many translations. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Oxford Companion to New Zealand Literature. Historian and poet from Germany who wrote in German. 1876-1930. One of the *George-Kreis, he published two collections of poetry in 1911 and 1924 and was later a Professor of History at Marburg and Kiel. He published * Stefan George und die *Blätter für die Kunst, 1930, a major study which, however, was put out to stifle rumours of homosexuality and does not touch on this subject. It is still the major study of its subject. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. "Women's Complaint To Venus, The" Poem from Great Britain written in English. Printed 1698. A *broadside *ballad distributed in 1698 while Edward Rigby was in the pillory for attempted sodomy: "But now we find to our Sorrow/ We are overrun/By sparks of the Bum/And peers of the land of Gomorrah." Gay News 118 (1977), 23, prints the text. "Women-Hater's Lamentation, The" Poem in English from Great Britain. Printed in 1797. The poem is reproduced in photocopy in Sodomy Trials (New York and London, 1986); it is also reproduced in Eighteenth Century Life, vol. 9. It is a *broadsheet *ballad which, as the title states, is to be sung "To the Tune of, Ye pretty Sailors all". It is one of the the earliest surviving English homosexual ballads, inspired by the death of a Mr. Grant, a woollen-draper, and others who committed suicide on being compromised for *sodomy. The poem states that women-haters (i.e., homosexuals) come to a bad end and equates homosexuality with *misogyny. It features three woodcuts, one showing two men kissing. See Foxon, English Verse 1701-50, item W549 (lists one copy in the London Guildhall library; apparently a unique copy). The title recalls a play by *Francis Beaumont, The Woman Hater (ca. 1605). Poet from the United States who wrote in English. 1855-1930. Educated at *Harvard, he later taught at Columbia University, New York, where he fostered the teaching of comparative literature. In later life he travelled much in Europe. Books of poems: The North Shore Watch, 1890 (an *elegy), Wild Eden, 1899, Ideal Passion, 1917, a collection of *sonnets, and The Roamer and other poems, 1920. The sonnet sequence At Gibralter in The North Shore Watch shows the influence of *Platonism. Ideal Passion shows the influence of *Shakespeare, *Petrarch and *Dante with an idealized lady who may personify Love: for homosexual poems see poems vi (*chameleon reference line 9), xiii, xv, xviii ("Pour, Persian boy!" - influence of *Omar Khayyam), xxx (*Eros trope), xxxii (*Antinous), xxiii (*Narcissus and *Hyacinth), *xli (*Adonis). In The Flight and Other Poems, 1914, see "To an Ionian boy" pp. 107-113, a homoerotic work showing works on themes of pederasty. = Criticism: see *Louis V. Ledoux. He wrote a biography of *E. A. Poe whose works he co-edited, 1894-95, with *E. C. Stedman. He was influenced by *Transcendentalism particularly its rebellious nature. See also John Erskine. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. Dictionary of American Biography: noting p. 479 "a certain feminine sensibility" and "perhaps some tormenting inner problem", p. 480. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 484: poem "Comrades". Criticism. Mayne, The Intersexes, 382: stating his poem "The North-Shore Watch" is "a poem hellenically passional". Foster, "Beauty's Purple Flame: Some Minor American Gay Poets'", Gay Books Bulletin no. 7 (1982), 16: "the supreme American *calamite poet" and the only other poet discussed by *Xavier Mayne apart from Whitman; also quoting from the poems "Comrades", "Flowers of Etna" (Mount Etna is in *Sicily) and "Dirge". Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1009. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1888-1957. Educated at *Oxford he served in World War I, becoming an English master; he was a friend of the homosexual artist and poet *H. S. Tuke. *Boy love poems. Bibliographies. Murray, Catalogue of Selected Books, item 83: A Crown of Friendship and other Poems, [Taunton: Woodley, Williams and Dunsford], 1921. Young. Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 4225: same book. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 73. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 294-95. Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 134 (refers to "the boy I loved"), 207; biog., 245. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 150. Poet from the United States writing in English. 1957-1992. A *black poet from *New York who presented his poetry as performance in many settings. The Space is a ten poem portfolio of his work published in 1989 (see *broadsides). Gay Poetry Anthologies. In the Life , 104-05, 122-24, 157; biog., 254. Road Before Us, 158-62 - "We Be Young" (about young black gays); biog., 186. Brother to Brother, 64-67; biog., 274. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 811-17. Critic and poet from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1953 in Egypt. He was born in *Cairo and lectures at the University of Nottingham Trent. He is the author of the critical study Articulate Flesh: Male Homo-eroticism and Modern Poetry, Yale University Press, 1987. The book deals with the poetry of *D. H. Lawrence, *Hart Crane, *W. H. Auden, *Allen Ginsberg, *Thom Gunn and other poets and also various *tropes (*Narcissus, *Ganymede, *Saint Sebastian, *Orpheus) and the subject of *war; it is reviewed in James White Review vol. 5 no. 2, 15-16 by *Robert Peters and The Advocate no. 50, 64-66. The readings of the poets are very close and careful readings and the book contains some of the finest gay poetry criticism in English (with very detailed references pp. 232-53 and important bibl. pp. 254-73). Compare *Robert K. Martin. He is also the author of A History of Gay Literature - the Male Tradition, 1997; bibl. pp. 421-45. Despite its title, this book mainly deals with European literature. * Gilgamesh gets only a brief mention and the book has only one chapter titled "The Orient" on Asian literatures while Arabic gay poetry is confined to *Abu Nuwas. It does not include *Anthony Reid's anthology *The Eternal Flame in its bibliography and the major British gay poet *Ivor Treby is not discussed. On the other hand, *Christopher Marlowe gets a whole chapter along with *Shakespeare and *Proust while *A. E. Housman is only briefly mentioned. Over half the 400 pages of the book is on gay literature from 1900. Chapter 26 deals with "Black African Poetry" and is the first detailed discussion of English language gay poetry from Africa (an earlier version of this chapter is in perversions, no. 1 Winter 1994, 22-37). Of literatures in English, only British and United States literature is dealt with apart from African English language poetry. The work is overall disappointing for its discussion of poetry though displays scholarship and is well written. Review: Journal of Homosexuality vol. 39 no. 2 (2000), 170-76 (by Claude J. Summers). A review by Adam Mars-Jones is available on the internet. His first book of poems is: We Have the Melon, Manchester, 1992; it was reviewed Times Literary Supplement, no. 4672, 16 October, 1992, 26 by *Neil Powell (highly praised); it was also reviewed by James Kirkup who did not like the book and found the poems "at times prompt an erective stir, but no more" (P N Review, March-April 1993, 55). Gregory Woods has written a Tine critique of Kirkup's gay oeuvre in a reply to Kirkup's review in P N Review July/ August 1993, 11. We Have the Melon includes a *sequence of fifty twelve line poems, pp. 53-64, which is a gay sexual autobiography. May I Say Nothing, 1999, is his second book of poems and contains some excellent poems (review: Lambda Book Review, April 1999, 12-13, 15). A collection of review essays, This is No Book - A Gay Reader was published in Nottingham, Great Britain, in 1994; this includes essays on *Harold Norse, *Patrick White, *Umberto Saba, Jean Genet, *Camille Paglia, *Pasolini and others. He wrote the first study of African gay male poets: "Poems of African Manhood". Perversions, vol. 1, no 1 (1994). In the European Gay Review no. 8-9 (1992) 88-98, he wrote an essay on homoeroticism in the Greek poet *Yannis Ritsos discussing many poems on this theme and especially poems about beautiful working class men. He has also written an essay on the *Harlem writers. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Take Any Train, 56-57; biog., 64. Language of water, 9-10; biog., 80. Of Eros and Dust, 56-57; biog., 88. Badboy Book, 365-78; biog., 392. Eros in Boystown, 43-44; biog., 62. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 39, 124, 160-61. Bibliographer, editor and publisher from Great Britain of works in English. Active from 1954. A *London bookseller with a *bookshop in Cecil Court, Tottenham Court Road. A Corvo Library, 1964, is a catalog assembled by Rabbi Bertram Korn, sold by him. He was the editor of the poems of *Frederick Rolfe, 1974, and compiled Corvo 1860-1960, 1961 (with *Brocard Sewell). As bibliographer, see his * Norman Douglas, 1954, and *Frederick Rolfe, 1977. As a publisher see *Terence Deakin, *Eric Stenbock. See also John Gray. See Smith, Love in Earnest, p. 268. Word of Mouth: An Anthology of Gay American Poetry Anthology in English from the United States. New York: Talisman House, 2000, 480 pages. Compiled by *Timothy Liu. A selection of poets from those publishing after 1950 including established poets of gay liberation as well as newer poets, all all from only the United States. The editor had trouble getting the best poems due to copyright fees as a result of which the poems chosen are not the best examples; some are prosaic. Preface by Timothy Liu pp. xiv-xviii and Afterword pp. 448-50 by Rodney Phillips of the Berg Collection, *New York Public Library; bibliography of relevant volumes of poets pp. 451-53 and list of recommended reading p. 454. There is no biographical information except for the dates of birth and death. Several poets who had recently died are include who were not previously known to have been gay e.g. *William Bronk. All poets have been entered in this Encyclopedia. Poets include John Ashbery, Mark Bibbins, Rafael Campo, Justin Chin, Allen Ginsberg, John Giorno, Gerrit Lansing, Frank O'hara, D. A. Powell, Reginald Shepherd, Jack Spicer and David Trinidad. A review from the Boston Review is on the internet. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English; translator from Italian to English. 1770-1850. A *Romantic nature poet who lived in the country with his sister and near *Coleridge, with whom he wrote the seminal work Lyrical Ballads (1798): their relationship has been discussed in homosexual terms by *Wayne Koestenbaum. Wordsworth called Coleridge "the most wonderful man" he had ever known. He had a heterosexual love affair in France in 1791 with Annette Vallon and they had a child. In 1802 he married Mary Hutchinson and they had five children. He is most famous for his *long poem The Prelude (published, 1850): there are some homoerotic overtones in Book 7, "Love of Nature Leading to Love of Man". From being a radical in youth he turned Conservative in old age and became *Poet Laureate in 1843, following *Southey. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 182-83: poem on the ladies of Llangollen (*lesbianism). Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 190: sonnet "No mortal object did these eyes behold" translated from the Italian of *Michelangelo. of works in Arabic from the United States; translator from Arabic to English; critic and historian in English. Active from 1974. Editor and translator of *Abu Nuwas; he compiled two translations: The Diwan, 1974 (327 poems), 133 pp. and The Diwan (with Arabic text and English translations), 1974, 92 pp., both with the imprint William Penn College (Oskaloosa, Iowa). There is also a 1989 printing of Abu Nuwas's poetry (see Abu Nuwas entry). These are the first two extensive translations into English of this major gay poet. For editions of relevant Arabic poets edited by him see *Ibn Sahl, *Ibn Shuyayd, *Abu Hayyan, *Yusuf III of Granada. Criticism. See Gay Books Bulletin no. 4, 23-25: a very fine survey of Arabic homosexual poetry called "Classic Arabic Poetry" supplementary to *Marc Daniel dealing with *Abu Tammam, *al-'Abbas ibn al-Ahnaf, *al-Babbaga (pseud.) *al-Farazdak, *al Mutannabi, *al-Sanuaubari, *al-Tanisi, *al-Tha'alabi, *al-Wasani, and *Djarir (all poets mentioned have been entered in this encyclopedia). Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, pp. 193-94: brief critical discussion of medieval gay Arabic poetry in Spain; pp. 195-235 has translations of Arabic poets from Spain. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1957. He lives and works in London. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Not Love Alone, 130-32; biog., 144. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Active 1924. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Men and Boys, 76: refers to "my love" as "he". Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 513. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1961. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Gents, Bad Boys, and Barbarians, 245-48; biog., 244. Pseudonym of a poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1991. A *black poet from *Philadelphia who lives in *Los Angeles; author of one chapbook: The Horrors of Humanity. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 163 - "Discipline" (Tine *S/M poem about racial and gay bigots being subjected to what they inflict on others); biog., 186. Brother to Brother, 108-9; biog., 274 - a fellow poet is quoted as saying a reading by Wrath is tantamount to "being mugged by poetry". Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1871-1933. His "To a Sicilian *Boy" was a famous poem in its time, probably inspired by a photograph taken by the German photographer Von Gloeden who lived in Sicily in Taomina. An openly gay poem, it concludes with the words "the dull ennui of a woman's kiss". His book Caprices (repr. New York, Garland, 1984) was finely bound, featuring yellow tulips on the cover which was designed by *Gleeson White (tulips, with orchids, symbolized delicacy and are an example of *flowers as a trope in gay poetry). See also the poem "Orchids" in Orchids, London: Gay and Bird, 1896 (repr. New York, 1984). Both his books were published by the same firm that published *The Chameleon. His poetry is a good example of *decadent poetry. His * Oscar Wilde: A Memoir, with introduction by Karl Beckson, London: *Eighteen Nineties Society, 1979, contains in Beckson's introduction, an outline of Wratislaw's life; review: Gay News 186 (1980), 20, by *Timothy D'arch Smith - states he "was apparently not homosexual though mixing with a literary clique that was". Wratislaw, who married three times, certainly wrote homosexual poems. Bibliographies. Murray, Catalogue of Selected Books, item 84: Caprices, no date [1893]. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Reade, Sexual Heretics, 306: poem "To a Sicilian Boy" (first published in * The Artist and Journal of Home Culture, 1 August, 1893). Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 268-69. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 91. Criticism. Rowse, Homosexuals in History, 109. Trope in poetry in Greek from Turkey from 700 B.C. A trope later in Latin and possibly in Turkmen. Uzbek and Taiikfrom Uzbekistan and Tajikstan. In *Turkestan languages (Turkmen languages, Uzbek and Tajik) see Geoffrey Wheeler, The Modern History of Central Asia, 1964, 208, regarding oral poems about wrestling matches recorded from the nineteenth century - these need investigating for homoerotic sentiment. For the wrestling trope compare similar wrestling matches in the Greek poet *Homer's Iliad and in Latin in *Virgil's Aeneid. Poet from the United States writing in English. A *black poet who lives in *New York. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 164 - "m." (brief lyric); biog., 186. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1991. A *black poet who is also a playwright and fiction writer. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 165 - " Miracle" (Tine poem about dancing with a man); biog., 186. Name of Love, 19 - same poem; biog.,79. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Active 1918. See the homoerotic poem "Mood" (with *Pan trope) in J. Unterecker, Voyager: The Life of Hart Crane, 1969, p. 114, first printed in the journal The Pagan in 1918. Bill Wright was a childhood friend of *Hart Crane. Whether he published a book of poems is not known. Bill is a short form of William. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1935. See poem 13 from his series Tattoes in Helen Vendler, Faber Book of Contemporary American Poetry, 1986, p. 336 - a poem about a man masturbating with him in 1940 as a child. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1899-died after 1922. Wright seems to have been a High Church Anglican who wrote about choirboys and also wrote a poem stating Jesus Christ was homosexual (see Smith, Love in Earnest, p. 142: referring to a choirboy he says "Jesus, still a boy/ In Galilean times loved one like you."). Compare *Ralph Chubb. One of the poets in Blue Boys. In One Way of Love, London, 1915, see "On Boston Common", p. 66, and "To a Schoolfellow", pp. 14-16. Bibliographies. Murray, Catalogue of Selected Books, item 85: One Way of Love, [London: Elkin Mathews], 1915. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 4238: same book; highly rated. Criticism. Smith, Love in Earnest, 141-43 (quotes poems and notes the "unequivocal" *Uranian quality of his poems p. 141 and notes a portrait of him in 1922); 253 (bibl.). Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1009: states One Way of Love was completed when the poet was sixteen and was published in the United States and Great Britain. Poet from New Zealand who wrote in English; he later lived in Australia. 1869-1928. See the ballad on the theme of *mateship "While the Billy Boils" in Ian Wedde and Harvey McQueen, The Penguin Book of New Zealand Verse, Auckland, 1985, pp. 103-04. His poems celebrate a masculine world and mateship is a major theme. He was something of a Bohemian and his last decade was spent living in the Blue Mountains near Sydney with the novelist Zora Cross. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to New Zealand Literature. Translator from Great Britain; he translated works from Greek and Latin to English. Born 1869. He translated from Greek into English The complete poems of *Meleager of Gadara, London, 1924. From Latin to English he translated *The twelve books of Martial, London and New York, 1924 with *J. A. Pott (a dull translation but nevertheless complete). He translated *Catullus into English in 1926. Poet from the United States writing in English. Born ca. 1970. A *black poet who is in the theater. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Road Before Us, 166 - 71 - "The Heathen" (rhymed poem with a vivid description of *anal sex after the author takes the advice given him to "Git yourself a heathen"); biog., 186. Gents, Bad Boys, and Barbarians, 251-55; biog., 250. Poet from the United States who wrote in English; translator from German. 1927-1980. In Collected Poems, 1971, see "To a Troubled Friend" p. 21, *"Sappho" p. 33 (from The Green Wall, 1957); "Anacreon's Grave" (trans. from the German of *Goethe) 108; "As i step over a puddle in winter, I think of an ancient Chinese governor", p. 111, based on the Chinese poet *Po Chu-i and, in the words of the poem, "the friend you loved", *Yuan Chen). Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 11104: The Green Wall, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1957. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, item 4240: same book. Poet from Australia writing in English. 1915-2000. She was the partner of the philosopher Jack McKinney and her work shows the influence of *Plato and her poetry frequently moves on the level of *symbolism. Some love poems are *non gender specific e.g. "The Company of Lovers" from her first book The Moving Image (1946). "The Twins" in her second book Woman to Man (1949) could be read by a gay person as referring *allegorically to a gay relationship; "The Other Half" from The Other Half (1966) could also be read in a similar way. "Remembering Michael" in Fourth Quarter and other poems (1976), pp. 24-25, is about Michael Dransfield. Her last volume Phantom Dwelling shows the influence of *Hafiz and Persian poetry and the title poem comes from *Basho. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to Australian Literature. Wriothesley, Henry, Earl of Southampton Possible addressee and possible lover relating to works in English from Great Britain. 1573-1624. The possible addressee and lover of *Shakespeare and the young man of his Sonnets; however the evidence is not conclusive. He was the patron of Shakespeare who dedicated Venus and Adonis (1593) and The Rape of Lucrece (1594) to him. The third earl of Southampton, he was a close friend of the Earl of Essex and was involved in the Essex rebellion, imprisoned in the Tower of London, and condemned to death. This was later converted to life imprisonment but he was released on the accession of James I. For information on him see Sidney Lee, Life of Shakespeare, third revised edition, 1915 in the index under Southampton. Sidney Lee states (ibid., p. 205), he was the young man of the sonnets but that sex was not involved. Biography. *A. L. Rowse, Shakespeare's Southampton, 1965. Criticism. See Martin Green, Wriothesley's roses in Shakespeare's sonnets, poems, and plays, Baltimore, 1993. There is portrait of him opposite p. 225 of Sidney Lee, Life of Shakespeare, 1915 (possibly from the 1590s) showing him as effeminate and devilishly. Shakespeare Criticism vol. 10, 293 has another portrait of him in the Tower of London, 1601-03. Compare David Hilliard's portraits especially "The Young Man Among Roses". Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica. Writing has been the basis of recorded poetry for most of human history until the invention of *aural recording in the nineteenth century and *film at the end of the century. Poetry of relevance dates the Egyptian poem *"Go forth plant thyself on him" (before 2,175 B.C.). The earliest known writing so far, the Indus script (in an unknown Dravidian language), ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics and Sumerian cuneiform date from before 3,000 B.C., about 3,100 B.C.; texts of relevance may date from the Sumerian version of Gilgamesh from ca. 2,150 B.C. Cuneiform (in which the Sumerian, Hitttite and Akkadian versions of Gilgamesh exist) survived until the early centuries of the Christian era. The Indus script from Harappa, in the Indus valley in Pakistan, has so far not been completely deciphered though it is known to be in a *Dravidian language and has been dated from 3,500 B.C. Pottery with Chinese characters dates from 2,800 B. C.; the characters for "south", "ordinary" and "enjoy" have been discovered in Juxian County in Shandong. (Information from the internet where the latest research developments can be checked.) The principle of the alphabet, that a written symbol could represent a single sound, was invented in the middle east apparently about 2000 B.C.; by 1100 B.C. it was actively in use in Syria. On the early development see Joseph Naveh, Early History of the Alphabet, 1982. All alphabets in the world are related. *Homer may have been able to write though his works were delivered orally. The western European alphabet is based on the Latin alphabet, as are all alphabets in Asia as far as Indonesia. The invention of the alphabet allowed for a quick way of recording oral literature, thus ensuring that such works could be passed on to future generations. The Chinese script is very ancient and dates from before 1500 B.C.; each character has to be learned individually and some 1,200 are needed for basic competence. Some scripts such as the scripts from Meso-America (e.g., the *Aztec script) are not alphabetic. The *scribes who transcribed homosexual poems in the form of manuscripts or other written means of circulating texts are important transmitters of gay culture. Sexual readings of alphabets and Chinese. The letters of some alphabets can be read in a sexual way and this occurs in several languages; it also occurs in languages without alphabets such as Chinese. With sexual meanings possible in a letter or character, homosexual meanings are also a possibility. Arabic. The Arabic letter for "Allah" can be read in a sexual way. There may be secret traditions in relation to homosexuality and Arabic calligraphy. The various Arabic letters have names e.g. "the love letter". See "Khatt" (writing) in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition. Turkish. Persian and Urdu are written in Arabic script. See the separate entry *Scribes and Calligraphy - Arabic, Persian. Hebrew. Secret traditions of writing Hebrew relate to the *Kabbala tradition. In Sanskrit and Hindi foliation of letters is common and sexual readings of letters relate to *Tantrism. In Tibetan, written in a script related to Devanagari, the script of Sanskrit, *Tantric traditions exist. In Chinese, secret traditions of erotic interpretations of calligraphy exist. The Chinese characters were also used for writing Japanese. Korean and Vietnamese: see *Scribes and calligraphy - Chinese. See also *Hermetic readings of poems. For references see works listed in the Tantrism entry. John Stevens Sacred Calligraphy of the East, London, 1995, is an introduction; bibl. pp. 203-04 - this bibliography is the most up to date bibliography on this esoteric subject. The *Library of Congress *subject heading "Calligraphy - Technique" should enable other works to be found. Literacy. Literacy is 75% overall for persons above the age of 15 in 1999; see the World Bank Group's publication World Development 2000: this states that the illiteracy rate for 1999 for adults (defined as persons over 15) is 24.33% and 24.88% for 1998. For further information on literacy rates see Unesco's World Education Report 1998 or later edition (also available on the Internet). Literacy is defined here as the ability to read and write a simple sentence. (In some countries literacy means simply the ability of a person to write their name.) As late as 1949 literacy was only 20% in China: see Witold Rodzinski, The Walled Kingdom, New York, 1984, 395. A concise reference is "Writing Culture" in David Levinson, editor, Encyclopedia of Cultural Anthropology, New York, 1996, pp. 13841391 by Joyce Marcus (includes bibliography). James G. Février, Histoire de l'écriture, Paris, 1984 is a comprehensive study of world writing systems. Peter T. Daniels and William Bright, The World's Writing Systems, Oxford, 1996, is a recent study. An earlier overview is I. J. Gelb, A Study of Writing, Chicago, second edition 1963. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics : the article "Writing: Overview of History" is a concise introduction with bibliography; see also "Cuneiform" and "Sumerian Writing". Poet from China who wrote in Chinese. 469-520. No entry in Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature. His name is spelt Wu Jun in *Pinyin and Wu Chun in *Wade Giles. Gay Poetry Anthologies. New Songs from a Jade Terrace, 165; biog., 363. Criticism. Shasha, History of Homosexuality in China, xxi and 95-98. Hinsch, Passions of the Cut Sleeve, 75-76: trans. of poem about homosexual *prostitution by Anne Birrell from New Songs from a Jade Terrace. Poet from China who wrote in Chinese. Active before 1B5Q. A 'Ch'ing dynasty poet. See Shasha, History of Homosexuality in China, p. xxiv, pp. 217-1B. Wu Lanxian is in 'Pinyin. Poet from China who wrote in Chinese. Active before 1B5Q. 'Ch'ing poet. See Shasha, History of Homosexuality in China, p. xxiv and pp. 21Q-17. His name is spelt Wu Meicun is in 'Pinyin. Poet from China who wrote in Chinese. 1609-1671. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Hummel, Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period (1644-1912). Criticism. Journal of Homosexuality vol. 14 no. 3-4 (1987), 21: a scholar and poet who praised the beautiful gay man Wang Lang (1640-ca.1660). Poet from the United States writing in English. Born 1968. Book of poems: The Anchorage, 1999 (review: Lambda Book Report, October 1999, 27-28). He lives in California. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A Day for a Lay, 287-90; biog., 287. The World in Us: Lesbian and Gay Poetry of the Next Wave, 345-52; biog., 373. Word of Mouth, 430-32. Poet from Iran who wrote in Persian. Active ca. 159Q. Gay Poetry Anthologies. A'in i Akbari anthology, 66Q-61; biog., 66Q - states his name is Sharif. Poet and anthologist from German of works in German. Active 1979. He compiled the antholgy * Milchsilber. See also Jürgen Ebel. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Milchsilber, 61-62; biog., 221 (lists several names, perhaps friends and lovers). Poet from Germany writing in German. Born 1949. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Schwüle Lyrik, schwüle Prosa, 239-48; biog., 240: he has lived in *Berlin since 1970. Poet from Germany writing in German. Active 1978. This name seems to be the combination of two people's names. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Schreibende Schwule. Poet from Great Britain writing in English. Born 1964. He came out in 1990 after returning to poetry. Lives in Hertfordshire. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Language of water, 53 - Tine *dramatic monologue about having a gay son; biog., 80. Of Eros and Dust, 17, 73; biog., 88. Powell, Gay Love Poetry, 129, 170; biog., 240. Philosopher from Germany writing in German. 1875-1964. Wyneken was an educationist who founded a school in which pupil teacher relationships were encouraged along the lines of *Plato. He was convicted of homosexual acts in 1921 and spent a year in prison. His book * Eros, 1921, was a defence of *pederasty (though denying the sensual element). This created a great controversy in the German homophile movement. See the article on him by Thus Maasen, in Schwulenreferat im Allgemeinen Studenternausscchuß der FU (editor), Homosexualität und Wissenschaft, Berlin, 1992, pp. 169-92. As a young man, *Walter Benjamin knew him. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Hafkamp, Pijlen van naamloze liefde, 175-79: biography. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 140607. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Die Bedeutung der Freundesliebe, 2: highly recommends his work Eros. Critic from Spain writing in Spanish. Active 1986. Author of an article on gay Arabic poetry in the journal Gay Hotsa no. 30 (Invierno 1986): discusses amongst others *ar-Rusafi, *Omar Khayyam, *Ben Guzman and *Abu Nuwas. Historian from Greece who wrote in Greek. Ca. 428 B.C.-ca. 354 B.C. In his * Symposium, viii 28-31, he cites a catalog of homosexuality, the first known list of gays: *Achilles and Patroclus, *Zeus and *Ganymede, *Hercules, *Castor and Pollux, *Orestes and Pylades, *Theseus and Pirithous; however the speaker is making the point that they should not be taken as examples of physical homosexuality but of emotional bonding. In this section he also mentions *Pausanias being the lover of *Agathon and various *songs relating to Orestes, Pylades, Theseus and Pirithous, some of which are lost. In Symposium ii 1 to iii 1 a *dancing boy sings and dances in a homosexual context. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 1141: Xenophon (1). Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Courouve, Ces petits grecs, 44. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Eros: Die Männerliebe der Griechen, 59-61, 64-66, 112-14. Ioläus (1902), 59-61 (trans. *Edward Carpenter). L'amour bleu, 28. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 47-53. Poet from China who wrote in Chinese. Active before 1B5Q. See Shasha, History of Homosexuality in China, p. xxiv and pp. 21Q-16; possibly a 'Ch'ing poet. Relationship with Wang Zijia. Xi Zhilu is spelt in 'Pinyin. Poet from China who wrote in Chinese. Active before 545. See Shasha, History of Homosexuality in China, pp. xxi and 95-98: poem "Remembering You". Xing Shao is spelt in *Pinyin. Poet from Vietnam who wrote in Vietnamese. Ca. 1910-died before 1997. He wrote poems with homosexual themes (information from a Vietnamese gay artist who stated he is now dead). Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Active 1050. Not in Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Orgasms of Light, 16: fine love poem. Poet from Albania who wrote in Turkish; he later lived in Turkey. Ca. 1495-ca. 1575. Taken as a child from his native land, Albania (where he was a Christian), he became a janissary in *Istanbul, where his talent as a poet was recognized. He became part of the *court poets around *Suleyman the Magnificent. He was the author of a * mathnavi, The Shah and the Beggar, about the love of the King (whose real name is not given) for the beautiful boy Ahmed (Gibb, History of Ottoman Poetry, vol. 3, pp. 122-25 and trans. into English p. 128). In this poem the At Maydani (or Horse Square) in Istanbul is mentioned as a favorite resort or *meeting place of beautiful youths (Gibb, History of Ottoman Poetry, vol. 3, p. 123). The At Maydani is a square built on the site of the former Hippodrome, where horse races were held. It is adjacent to the palace. The Hippodrome has been completely destroyed. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Türk ansiklopedisi. Criticism. Gibb, History of Ottoman Poetry, volume 3, 116-32. Poet from Iraq who wrote in Arabic. Active before 1250. See in the translation of *Ibn Khalikan's Biographical Dictionary of Baron Mac Guckin de Slane, 1842, vol. 4, pp. 39-40: cites a gay love poem which he wrote. Poet from Turkey who wrote in Turkish. 1553-1682. Somewhat *mystical love poetry (which uses the colloquial language of *Istanbul) with possible homosexual interpretation. Not in Dictionary of Oriental Literatures. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Turkish Verse, 100-01; biog., 11. Poet from Turkey who wrote in Turkish. Died 15B2. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Turkish Verse, BB: 'non gender specific love poem (trans. English); biog., 9. Pseudonym of a poet from Japan who wrote in Japanese. Active ca. 1840. The author of a very interesting example of a homosexual poem on a scroll (assuming the poet was a man, which seems reasonable). The poem is on a scroll and is entitled "Young Man Seated on a Bench" and is by the Japanese painter Katsushika Hokusai, dated 1840; the poem is signed yakko ("your servant" - these words relate to the young man) and ilustrated in Timothy Clark, Ukiyo-e Paintings in the British Museum, London, 1992, 151. The scroll shows a young man dressed as a woman and may have been done for a homosexual patron. University in the United States where English is the spoken language. The University, at New Haven in Connecticut, is one of the oldest in the United States. Gay material is relevant from 1701. It has a magnificent library with many rare books and important manuscripts (see *Edward Taylor, *Horace Walpole). The Rare Books Library is especially excellent in manuscripts of *twentieth century authors in English. Poets: see *Timothy Dwight, *J. G. Cooper, *N. P. Willis, *E. C. Stedman, *H. A. Beers, *J. D. McClatchy and *Paul Monette; recent black poets who are graduates are *David Watts, *Robert Westley, *L. D. Abrams, *Brad Johnson. The critic *F. O. Matthiessen attended Yale and the brilliant gay scholar John Boswell was the first openly gay man given tenure; *Wayne Koestenbaum, a gay poet and critic, works there. The University organizes a gay studies colloquium annually. There is a secret club the Skull and Bones club where, as part of the initiation ceremony, the members must give a complete history of their sex lives (compare the *Cambridge *Apostles at Cambridge University); the former United States President George Bush was a member of this club. *Harvard University and Yale have traditionally been rivals. For alleged *homophobia see *J. D. McClatchy. The critic *Harold Bloom has had provocative things to say about gay poetry. Yaraana: Gay Writing from India Anthology from India in English. New Delhi: Penguin Books, 1999, 212 pages. An anthology solely of gay male writings compiled by *Hoshang Merchant it has an impassioned Introduction pp. xi-xxv and Afterword, pp. 204-06, by him, with a list of Contents and Biographical Notes pp. 207-11. The Introduction gives much information on gay literature in India as well as background social information. The autobiographical piece by Achok Row Kavi is especially good on the recent social background. Eleven poets are included and three others are quoted in the Introduction, some translated from Urdu and Marathi; other works are translated from Hindi and Gujarati. The word yaraana means "male friendship or bonding". The anthology is an excellent introduction to the gay poetry and prose heritage of India. Poems chosen are quietly gay without being shrill. Critic from the United States writing in English. Active from ca. 1989. A critic of Persian poetry who has done more than any other to reveal the extent of homosexuality in the poetry before the twentieth century. Author of "The Theme of *Wine drinking and the concept of the beloved in early Persian poetry" Studia Islamica 13 (1960), 43-53. This is a detailed study of the trope of wine drinking, a major theme in early Persian poetry. The author notes, p. 48, that the *saki was either male or female, but very often, p. 52 "the beloved, as a type, is very often a young soldier-cup bearer". The article makes clear that the Persian tradition of classical poetry can be read as a homosexual one and the sex of the saki is at most ambiguous, but mostly male. See also his article "Persian Poetry in the Timurid and Safavid Periods [1335-1736]" in Peter Jackson, editor, Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 6, 1986, pp. 965-994 especially pp. 973-73, "The beloved is not a woman". See entries for *Lutf-Allah 'Arifi, *Anthologies - Persian, *Cup bearer, *Down on the face, *Husain Gazurgahi, *Hafiz, *Amit Humayun, *Katibi, *Saqi-nama. He is an academic at Columbia University, New York, who has edited a major Persian encyclopedia and one of the finest encyclopedias ever, the Encyclopedia Iranica, Teheran, 1982+ (only to the initial E in 1994). He edited a series of essays on Persian literature, Persian Literature, New York, 1988, which is the best survey in English to its date. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Ca. 1893-1915. Bibliographies. Murray, Catalogue of Selected Books, item 86: War Lyrics, 1919. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 143 - poem on *friendship; biog., 245 - educated at *Oxford, he was killed in the war. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1983. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Voices Against the Wilderness, 16-18; a black poet from Walla Walla. Poet from Ireland who wrote in English; translator from Sanskrit to English. 1865-1939. The most distinguished *Irish poet of the early twentieth century. He was a member of the Rhymers Club and a secret male society, The Order of the Golden Dawn (see the article on this group under "Golden Dawn" in Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology), of which *Aleister Crowley and *A. E. Waite were also members. There was a major conflict between Crowley and Yeats 1898-1900. His early poetry was written in the early *eighteen-nineties and he wrote several esoteric works relating to *magic. He was awarded the *Nobel Prize in 1923. His poetry is heterosexual and he wrote love poems to women. He is included because of strong *male bonding (see, for example, the poem "In Memory of Alfred Pollexfen" in Collected Poems, second edition, 1950, pp. 175-77) and interest in the occult (see *Rosicrucianism, *magic). It is possible he knew members of the magic circles without knowing of their homosexuality but this seems unlikely. He helped translate the * Upanishads into English (edition published in 1937). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Biographer in Chinese from China. Active 1988. Author of A Critical Biography of Walt Whitman (in Chinese), Shanghai, 1988, 477 pp. This is the first biography of *Whitman in Chinese. See the review in Walt Whitman Quarterly Review vol. 10 no. 1 (Summer 1992), 86-90 - states it shows Marxist influence but is not overly political and that he "avoids discussing Whitman's homosexuality" (p. 90). Poet from Korea who wrote in Korean. 1287-1367. See his poem titled "Snow-dawn at the Temple": translated into English by *Graeme Wilson (letter to the author) - suggestion of having sex with a youth in a temple. Poet from Korea who wrote in Korean. 1693-1766. A scholar who remained at court for thirty-five years. Seventy-eight of his poems appear in The Songs of Korea. See the English translation of a poem by Graeme Wilson, "That Lad Who Last Night Slept Here", in Quadrant vol. 27 no. 2 (November 1983), 42 - about the joy he got from a sexual encounter with a youth. A fine * sijo poem. The translator, *Graeme Wilson, has suggested (letter to the author, 29 February 1988) that this *love poem may have been written in the persona of a woman. Text of this poem: see Sijo Munhak-Sajon, edited by Chong Pyong-uk, 1972, Poem 64, page 19. He wrote mostly in Chinese. Biography. See Father Kevin O'Rourke, The Siji Tradition, Soeul, ca. 1985, for information. See Lee, Poems from Korea, p. 147. Poet from Korea who wrote in Korean. 1513-1550. See *Peter H. Lee, Anthology of Korean Literature, 1981, p. 155, "To a Drunken Guest " - *cut sleeve trope, strongly homosexual; about a drunken guest not wanting to leave him. He seems homosexual. Poet from Korea who wrote in Korean. 1535-15B4. See Lee, Poems from Korea, pp. B4-64; biog., B4 - "Nine Songs of Mt. Ko" (trans. English). Poems of strong friendship in the manner of the Chinese 'Tang poets. A celebrated 'Confucian poet. Myth and trope in Chinese from China. From 200. In Chinese thought Yin and Yang are two complementary principles which make up the universe, for instance, the masculine and the feminine. This is an idea which permeates Chinese culture from the third century B.C. Another way of expressing this is that each thing has its opposite. Thus the Chinese characters which aproximated to homosexuality (but mean "same sex love") were conceived in opposition to others meaning opposite sex love, an idea which carried over into Japanese by use of Chinese characters: see *Nanshoku. Yin and Yang need to be taken into account in reading poems: what appears to be the surface meaning may be only one meaning and the opposite may be a hidden meaning (see also *gender switching), especially as *indirect language is used. *Louis Crompton in his 1987 Amsterdam Gay History Conference paper on China, p. 32, cites *Van Gulik (source not given) as saying that, to the Chinese, loss of Yang in sexual intercourse by a man was to be avoided and two men having sex did not result in loss of Yang and was therefore not a bad thing. See *Bei Jinhang, *Po Hsing-chien, *Francis King and compare *Tantrism to which Yin and Yang relate. Compare *Hermaphrodite, *Androgyny. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Critic from the United States writing in English. Active 1990. Author of *Hart Crane and the Homosexual Text, Chicago, 1990 (review: James White Review vol. 9 no. 1, Fall 1991, 16, by Raymond-Jean Frontain). He locates a great deal of the gayness in Crane's style and attempts a homosexual reading of Crane's major *long poem The Bridge. However, the work is very difficult to read. The book is also reviewed in Lambda Book Report vol. 2 no. 6 (1990), 38 - states the book is difficult and a major disappointment is lack of a homosexual reading of "The Tunnel" section of The Bridge. Poet from Spain writing in Catalan. Active 1987. Apparently a pseudonym. Bibliographies. Cuaderno bibliográfico gay, 14: Cimas, Simas, SIDA, Barcelona: El autor, 1987. About *Aids (which is SIDA in *Romance languages). Philosophy from India with records in Sanskrit and other *Indian languages, in Chinese, and latterly in English. From 200 B.C. The word yoga is Sanskrit for yoking or union and derives philosophically from the * Upanishads from where the date has been taken. It usually involves bodily exercises, with a *narcissistic element being involved (the question of the sex - or lack of sex - of the supreme spirit being symbolically embraced needs to be considered). The basic texts are the Yoga Sutras. The practice is very ancient and there are Tibetan and Chinese schools. Chinese. Douglas Wile, Art of the Bedchamber: The Chinese Sexual Yoga Classics, 1992; bibl. pp 275-80. English. *Aleister Crowley wrote a book on it and *Allen Ginsberg has practiced it. Tantric yoga is a sexual form of yoga involving release of a latent power, kundalini (the earringed one, a name for the goddess Kali), at the base of the spine: see Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology entry. See also *Tantra, *Hinduism. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica; see also Yoga Sutras under "Indian Philosophy" in Encyclopedia Brittanica, Macropaedia, vol. 9, 320-21. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, vol. 2, 23: "a school of practical philosophy which strove to enable the human spirit to unite completely with the Supreme Spirit". Encyclopedia of Religion. Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology: see "Hatha Yoga". Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion: see "Yoga". Kindlers neues Literatur Lexikon, vol.19: see "Yogasutras". Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1560-1612. A poet who travelled in Spain 1578-80 and translated the Spanish romance Diana by Montemayor. See * England's Helicon. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to English Literature. Poet from Spain who wrote in Hebrew. 1Q75-1149. A religious judge and philosopher from 'Cordoba. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 24Q-43: trans. English. Criticism. 'Jefrim Schirmann, "The Ephebe in Medieval Hebrew Poetry", Sefarad I5 (1955), 59, footnote 13: probable poem. 'Norman Roth, " 'Deal Gently with the Young Man': Love of Boys in Medieval Hebrew Poetry of Spain", Speculum 57 (19B2), 32-33 - brilliant Hebrew homosexual 'muwashshahah with a Spanish and Arabic 'kharja. Poet and philosopher from Japan who wrote in Japanese. Ca. 1283-ca.1352. A *Buddhist monk, *aesthete and poet best known for his Essays in Idleness (trans. English by Donald Keene, 1967). *Saikaku attributed homosexuality to him. He wrote 280 * waka. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan. Criticism. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 635: states he "wrote in Essays in Idleness about his sexual attraction for boys". Schalow, The Great Mirror of Male Love, 11 : notes the homoerotic quality of parts of his essays. Poem in Igbo from Nigeria. Active ca. 1971. See in the poems "You!/ Your head is like a drum" pp. 55-56 in Igbo Traditional Verse, edited and and translated into English by Romanus Egudu and Donatus Nwoga, 1971, the section called "Satires". "Satires" is a satirical poem which concludes "Your buttocks are like a mountain top" (i.e., ready to be climbed on and penetrated). Igbo is an *African language, one of the Niger-Congo group and one of the most important in Nigeria. Concept in English from Great Britain. From at least 1890. The use of the *non gender specific "you", instead of "his", in a love poem by a gay poet to conceal his homosexuality. It is one of the most important strategies for concealment of gay sexuality. While "you" can be used by heterosexuals such a poem written by a heterosexual can be read homosexually, whether intended or not (unless the writer is a woman); see also *Love poems written in the persona of a woman. Gay Poetry Anthologies. And Thus Will I Freely Sing, 13. Poet from the United States who wrote in English. Active 1973. He wrote a book on gays in Cuba, Gays Under the Cuban Revolution, 1981, showing the extent of persecution. Bibliographies. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 11105: "Cuban gay boy" in Gay Sunshine 19:3, September/ October 1973. Editor of works in Greek, autobiographer and critic writing in English from Great Britain; translator from Greek to English. 1913 - before 1996. The most important expert on the manuscripts of *Theognis. He is also a poet who is *Scottish. He is the author of Chasing an Ancient Greek, London, 1950, the witty reminiscences of the author's efforts to examine forty-three manuscripts of *Theognis in Europe, in 1949 ("less than half had been studied before", p. 3); see the title page for what is apparently the reproduction of a scene of *wine drinking on an ancient Greek vase (see *symposium) setting the flavor of the book. Chapter 26, pp. 189-200, "The Ancient Greek Caught", discusses his views on Theognis and translates some poems: he states that Theognis's "main political position was that of a Tory Reformer" (p. 190), his general philosophy "is simple and secular, to enjoy life while you can and let others do likewise" (p. 195) and "he apparently had a wife" (p. 198). As this book shows, much work remains to be done on the editing of ancient Greek manuscripts even today. Douglas Young edited an edition of *Theognis in the *Teubner series (Leipzig, 1961; repr. 1971) with, in the 1971 edition, a bibliography pp. xxi-xxviii. Articles of relevance. "A Codicological Inventory of Theognis Manuscripts", Scritporium 7 (1953), 3 ff, raises the total number of manuscripts known to Young to forty-five and describes the Mutinensis manuscript (the only manuscript to contain Book 2) on p. 4, noting that it contains "Latin glosses" (on which point see *J. M. Edmonds) and that "its location is unknown till Scipione Maffei gave it, sometime after 1732, to the Biblioteca Capitolare at Verona, whence the French with habitual discrimination, conveyed it in 1797 to Paris, where *Immanuel Bekker used it for his 1815 edition, mistakenly dubbing it 'Mutinesis'". Other articles: "On *Planudes Edition of Theognis", La Parola del Passato 42 (1955), 197 ff; "Borrowings and Self-adaptions in Theognis", Miscellanea Critica 1, Teubner, Leipzig, 1964, 307-90. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors, vol. 17-18. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. 1879-1960. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches, 205 - a *non gender specific love poem; biog., 245. Poet from Great Britain who wrote in English. Active 1914. An author of over ten books. Bibliographies. Murray, Catalogue of Selected Books, item 87: Freedom, 1914. The *British Library General Catalogue entry confirms that this is Freedom. Poems., London: Smith, Elder and Co., 1914. Poet anthologist, bibliographer, translator and critic and historian from Britain writing in English; he has lived mostly in Canada. Born 1945. He was the compiler of the anthologies * The Male Muse (1973), the first gay liberation anthology, and * Son of the Male Muse (1983). Born in the United Kingdom, he has lived alternatively in Canada and the United Kingdom and he holds joint British and Canadian nationality. He also compiled the bibliography * The Male Homosexual in Literature (1975; second enlarged edition 1982), the single most comprehensive gay literary bibliography in English (before this encyclopedia). He was a book reviewer for The *Body Politic and his column The Ivory Tunnel appeared from issue 21 onwards. He wrote a monthly book review column for Torso from October 1991 to February 2000. He also founded *Catalyst Press, the first Canadian gay publisher which published mainly gay poetry. Books of poetrv. His first book, White Garland: 9 Poems for Richard (1969), contains fine gay poems as does his next Year of the Quiet Son (1969). His major books are Common or Garden Gods, Toronto, Catalyst, 1976 (reprinted 1977), 79 pages, (reviews: * Gay Sunshine no. 28 by James Kirkup and * Boston Gay Review no. 1) and Sex Magick, Toronto: Stubblejumper Press, 1986, 84 pages (review: * Christopher Street, no. 111, 62-63 by David MacLean). Sex Magick's title poem is about magical sex with his boyfriend including *cock lashing. He has also published several chapbooks and *broadsheets. Something of an *anarchist, his best poetry is amongst the finest of the *gay liberation period. There is considerable *S/M interest in some work unpublished in book form (e.g., his 1976 New Year Card; rare: a copy is in the collection of *Paul Knobel; *Cornell University may also have a copy). His work shows continual interest in *magic. For works of criticism by him see Bibliographies below. He wrote the article *"Sado-Masochism" in Len Richmond, editor, New Gay Liberation Book, 1979, pp. 4553. Lovers include *Richard Phelan (his first lover: the two met in 1977), Jamie Perry (from 1978) and Wulf (see * Not Love Alone cited below). As an historian he has written a pamphlet, Gay Resistance, 1985, partly referring to the *George Kreis. He has translated two poems of Jacques d'Adelswärd Fersen from French titled Curieux d'amour, London: privately printed, 1970, 10 pages (illustrated by Gaston Goor), in a limited edition with five copies on Japanese paper lettered A-E and 75 copies on Swedish ingres paper; in addition the statement of limitation at the end states that 50 copies on Swedish ingres paper were published by Ian Young. The two poems are from Fersen's Hymnaire d'Adonis (Paris, 1902). As a translator from Greek see Sex Magick, pp. 58-59 (translation of *Cavafy) and Anthologies below. As Italian translator see Anthologies below. For a Chinese adaptation, see Sex Magick, p. 60: "Poem on Chinese Notepaper" (adapted from a poem by *Wang Wei). Biography. See the note in * Ian Young: a bibliography. He has lived in *Toronto, *New York and *London and in 1995 - see the *Badboy Book biographical reference below - he splits his time between the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Alberta. Interview: *Gay News no. 71, 3-14. He has an internet web page. Criticism. See Robert E Hawkes, "The Poetry of Ian Young", Margins 20 (May 1975) 54-56 (cited in Homosexuality in Canada, second edition, 142). Bibliography. See *lan Young: a bibliography (1962-80) - an exhaustive work to 1980 and the most thorough bibliography of any gay English poet of the gay liberation period to date (except for works on Allen Ginsberg); there is no author and the work, compiled by the Canadian Gay Archives, relied on records from Ian Young himself (letter to the author from Ian Young, 1996). Ian young has also self published an Autobibliography 1962-2000 (2001), 76 pages, which lists all publications to 2000. He has also edited a selection of poems of *Richard George-Murray. A collection of his books is at *State University of New York, Buffalo, in the Poetry Collection; many are now very rare. Half of his gay poetry collection is in *Cornell University Library (435 books, broadsheets and journals). Manuscripts are in the * Canadian Lesbian and Gay Archives. Some biographical and bibliographical information was supplied from Ian Young for this entry. Translation. German. His poems have been translated by Joachim S. Hohmann (1978). A few of his poems have been been translated into Greek (see Anthologies below). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contemporary Authors, vol. 29-32. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History. Bibliographies. Young, The Male Homosexual in Literature, first edition, items 2905-2914: Don (a poster), no date, Double Exposure, Trumansburg, New York: New Books, 1970 (new enlarged edition Trumansburg, New York: Crossing Press, 1974), Invisible Words, Scarborough, Ontario: *Catalyst, 1974, The *Male Muse (gay poetry anthology; 1973), Some Green Moths, Scarborough: Catalyst, 1972, White Garland: 9 Poems for Richard, Scarborough, Ontario: Cyclops, 1969 (with additional poem by *Richard Phelan), Year of the Quiet Sun, Toronto: House of Anasi, 1969, Yuletide Story (poem card), privately printed, no date, Cool Fire (with *Richard Phelan), Scarborough: Catalyst, 1970, Lions in the Stream (with Richard Phelan), Scarborough: Catalyst, 1971; also the translation of *Fersen cited above. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, items 11106-10: same items as preceding plus Common or Garden Gods, Scarborough, 1976. Homosexuality in Canada, first edition (1979), 9 (translation of *Fersen); 16-17 - same items as preceding plus Whatever Turns You on in the New Year (poem card), Scarborough, Ontario: Catalyst, 1976, and Yuletide Story (poem card), privately printed, no date; brief annotations of items; 18 (see "Note" listing his publications in Canadian anthologies). Young, The Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 425771: same items as in the preceding bibliographies; see also his essay in The Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, "The Poetry of Male Love" on pp. 259-76 and on pp. 290-94, "Some Notes on Gay Publishing". Homosexuality in Canada, second edition (1984), 142-43: books listed in prior bibliographies plus a printing of Lions in the Stream, San Francisco: privately printed, no date plus the poems "Japanese Boy" Dragonfly, no. 5, no date, unpaginated and "The Moth Boy" One 15, no. 4 (May 1967): 6. Some of the preceding bibliographies also list poems published in journals. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Male Muse, 109-17; biog. note, 125. Angels of the Lyre, 232-36; biog. note 245. Orgasms of Light, 43: translation of the Greek poet *Cavafy; 173-75: translation of the Italian poet *Sandro Penna; 243-47; biog., 263. Larkspur and Lad's Love. Gay Bards. Gay Poetry, 3, 7, 8. A True Likeness, 274-87. Amerikanike homophylophile poiese , 61-66; biog., 72. Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse, 372-73. Son of the Male Muse, biog., 191. Fra mann til mann, 96-97. Not Love Alone, 133-39 - *S/M *cowboy poem; biog., 144. Drobci stekla v ustih, 137-38; biog., 185. Badboy Book, 379-82; biog., 393. Eros in Boystown, 20-30; biog., 62. Gay Roots, 177-89: "Gay Resistance" (article on homosexuals in the anti-Nazi underground and especially Claus von Stauffenberg and *Stefan George); 637: poems based on *Yukio Mishima poems. Reid, The Eternal Flame, volume 2, 533; biog., 466. A Day for a Lay, 9 (translation from Greek of *Cavafy); 36-39 (translator with *Marsha Jill Shakley from Italian of *Sandro Penna); 162-73. Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1983. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Voices Against the Wilderness, 25-27; a *black poet from Sacramento. Poet from Australia writing in English. Born 1943. Of Chinese descent he is best known as a photographer, using the name William Yang and has published a book of photographs, Sydney Diary 1974-84, Sydney, 1984, containing photos of many gay identities and gay parties in Sydney. In 1992 he gave an illustrated slide show, "Sadness", on the death of friends from *Aids and his mother's death. In 1997 he had a brilliant exhibition of gay photographs in Sydney called Friends of Dorothy and a book of photographs was published with the same name. A book of photographs of *Patrick White, who was a friend, has also been published. In February 1998 a retrospective of his work was held at the State Library of New South Wales as part of the Mardi Gras festival. He appears to have published little poetry. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Edge City, 212-14; biog., 223. Yourcenar, Marguerite (pseud.) Pseudonym of a translator from Greek to French from France; she later lived in the United States. 1903-1987. The pseudonym of Marguerite de Crayencour, a lesbian who lived with her partner in Maine, in the *New England area of the United States and became a United States citizen in 1939. She was later given French citizenship by Presidential decree and in 1980 became the first woman admitted to the French Academy, the Académie Française. She was the translator of the Greek poet *Cavafy into French (with C. Dimaras): Présentation Critique de Constantin Cavafy (Paris, 1968; repr. 1978). She is also a novelist who wrote in French Memoirs of Hadrian, a novel on the Roman emperor *Hadrian (1951; English trans. New York, 1954). The "Author's Note" of the Memoirs of Hadrian (English trans. pp. 307-320) is the finest survey of the literature on *Hadrian and *Antinous and their representation in art to ca. 1954 (see also *Pancrates). Obituary: The Advocate, no. 492, 16 February 1988, 38 and 58; see also the article on her in The Advocate, June 1982, no. 344. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1409. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Tyrkus, Gay and Lesbian Biography. Gay Histories and Cultures. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity. Bibliographies. Young, Male Homosexual in Literature, second edition, items 4273-75 (novels). Yrsalun, Olaf Gay Poetry Anthologies. Die Bedeutung der Freundesliebe, 26: poem beginning "Tragst Du noch als liebes Mal"; his strange surname may be Turkish, his first name Swedish. Poet from Norway who wrote in Norwegian. Active 1982. Author of a volume of poems Zenith (1982). Criticism. Gatland, Mellom linjene: homofile tema i norsk litteratur, 259: a poem from Zenith (1982), p. 29. Lover from Argentina relating to works in French; he later lived in France. 1864-1905. The partner of *Count Robert de Montesquiou; they lived together for twenty years and are buried in a common grave at the Cimetière des Gonards, Versailles, near *Paris, with a sculpture of an angel on it. He was a youth whose parents allowed him to be educated abroard by an English clergyman, Reverend Kenelm Vaughan, and by English Dominicans in *Lisbon, from where he made his way to Paris. See Edgar Munhall, Whistler and Montesquiou, 1995, 39-40 (includes a photograph of the pair together and lines to Yturri in the dedication of the 1906 edition of Montesquiou's Les Hortensias bleus) and p. 57 (photograph of the grave). He was installed in a flat by Montesquiou initially and appeared at public functions as his secretary. Anthology in Chinese from China Ca. 545. It was compiled by Hsu Ling (507-583 - see the Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature entry for the anthology) for crown prince Hsiao Kang, ca. 545, and consists of 656 poems of 105 identifiable poets, organized chronologically. There are other poets of relevance apart from those listed in Shasha below in Criticism - *Wu Jun, *Liu Xiaochao and possibly Emperor Wen Di and Xing Shao (see also *Juan Chi, *Liu Hang, *Emperor Jianwen - i.e. *Hsiao Kang). Yu-T'ai Hsin-Yung is spelt in *Wade Giles. It is an anthology of erotic poems from the second century B.C. to 545 (i.e., 200 B.C.-545) which contains some homosexual poems along with the predominantly heterosexual poems comprising the body of the work. Hsaio Kang, for whom it was compiled, was Emperor 549-551. It shows that homosexual poems were not especially separated out in the period and that homosexual love was accepted as natural in Chinese society at the time. It is the earliest Chinese anthology with explicit homosexual reference. Translation. English: Anne M. Birrell, New Songs from A Jade Terrace, London, 1982 (with valuable biog. notes, pp. 348-64). Japanese: see Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature, p. 946 - trans. by Torao Suzuki (1953-56; revised edition 1970), Sennosuke Uchida (1974-75). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature, 944-46. Criticism. Shasha, History of Homosexuality in China, xxi, lists poems by *Wu Jun, *Liu Xiaochao and possibly Emperor Wen Di and Xing Shao. Poet and critic from China who wrote in Chinese. 1716-1798. Yuan Mei was a famous literati *scholar and poet who was something of an *aesthete and iibertine. He built a famous garden, the Sui Yuan in Nanjing (South capital). He was a lover of the theater who presided over a troupe of *actors and went on travels with some of the most handsome of them, to whom he wrote poems. He was *bisexual, married and had female concubines as well as male *lovers. He left a large oeuvre which includes a cook book; he was also a critic. Yuan Mei is written in *Wade Giles. Biography. See Yuan Mei by *Arthur Waley, 1956 (includes trans. of poems into English) - see pp. 27 and 109 re his falling in love with actors. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Hummel, Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period (1644-1912), 955-57. Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature. Criticism. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 2, 443; no poems cited. Hinsch, Passions of the Cut Sleeve, 88-89, 151 - poem about homosexuality in Zhou times, 155-56 (re affection for the beautiful *actor *Xu Yunting). Yuan Zhen, also spelt Yuan Chen Poet from China who wrote in Chinese. 779-831. Close friends with *Po Ch-i (in *Wade Giles); they exchanged poems for twenty years: see poems in the form of letters in My Dear Boy: Gay Love Letters through the Centuries, pp. 29-32. A noted *T'ang poet. He married in 802. See also James Wright. Yuan Zhen is spelt in *Pinyin and Yuan Chen in *Wade Giles. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature: Yuan Chen. Criticism. Hinsch, Passions of the Cut Sleeve, 81-83. Poet from Korea who wrote in Korean. 1587-1671. See Lee, Poems from Korea, pp. 124-42; biog., pp. 124-25; see especially poems "To a Friend" p. 131 and "Sunset" pp. 128-29. He is regarded as the greatest poet in the *sijo form and in the Korean language. Suspected of homosexuality. He led a turbulent life. Influence of the Chinese *T'ang poets. Anthology in Chinese from China. Published in 1927. An anthology of poems and prose about the homosexual *actor *Hsu Tzu-yun compiled and printed in Shanghai in 1927 by Mao Kuang-Sheng. It is a defacto homosexual anthology since all the poems were inspired by a homosexual. Source: Hummel, Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period (1644-1912) - article on *Chen Wei-Sung. Critic and historian writing in English from the United States. Active 1987. Author with *Fang-fu Ruan of a survey of homosexuality and Chinese literature in English: "Male Homosexuality in Traditional Chinese Literature", Journal of Homosexuality, vol. 14 no. 3-4 (1987), 21-33; bibl., 33. This is a concise survey with many fine points raised. He is Professor of Sociology at Texas Tech University and has presented papers at the American Sociological Association. Poet from Turkey who wrote in Turkish. Ca. 1250-1320. A *mystical poet whose life is shrouded in legend. In the corpus of poems attributed to him many poems are *non gender specific *mystical love poems in the manner of *Rumi. He was the first poet to express the religion of *Sufism in Turkish. He refers to houris in his poetry - beautiful boys in the Muslim heaven - (*Arno Schmitt to the author, 1989). *Oral poems of his were widely recited. Text. There are problems with the text with many poems being attributed to him which are by other poets (compare * Anacreontea). Translation. English: *Eduard Roditi (1987), Kabir Helminski and Refik Algan (1989); French: Yves Regnier (1963). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures. Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion. Mitler, Ottoman Turkish Writers. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Turkish Verse, 44-45: a *dervish poet and stated to be one of the finest poets in Turkish; biog., 13. Gibb, History of Ottoman Poetry, volume 1, 164-75. Criticism. Babilonia no. 34, p. 13: poem. De Bary, Guide to Oriental Classics, 62-63. Lover from Lithuania who lived in Russia relating to poetry in Russian. 1895-1938. Lover of *Mikhail Kuzmin. He was from Lithuania, married a woman at one stage but was living with Kuzmin at his death in 1936. He was arrested in 1938 and apparently shot. His mother inherited Kuzmin's estate. He was the second major passion in Kuzmin's life. Details are from the biography of Kuzmin by John Malmstad: see his entry for references. Poet from Spain who wrote in Arabic. Active ca. 1050. Apparently not the same poet as *al-Ramadi. Gay Poetry Anthologies. In Praise of Boys, 29: about a young *slave having his head shaved. Poet from Spain writing in Arabic. Active 1408. The ruler of *Granada 1408-1417. Text: see *Arthur Wormhoudt, Arabic Translation Series, no. 120 (1989). Gay Poetry Anthologies. Wilhelm, Gay and Lesbian Poetry, 225-34. Pseudonym of a poet from Japan writing in Japanese. 1955-1994. He died of *Aids in 1994: see "Aids spotlight turns on Japan's dark secret", Sydney Morning Herald 6 August 1994, 28; possibly gay but the context does not make this clear. He was the first person to lead a public campaign about Aids. This is his penname. Historian and critic from Turkey writing in Turkish. Born 1950. Author of the first historical study of homosexuality in Turkey: Turkiye'de Escinsellik, Istanbul, 1986, 536 pp.; bibl. in Turkish pp. 53436. He gave a paper with an English abstract at the 1987 Amsterdam Conference, "The Fact of Homosexuality in Turkey and the Problems Confronting Turkish Homosexuals"; this contains some discussion of homosexuality and poetry. See also "Homosexuality and Police Terror in Turkey", Journal of Homosexuality, vol. 24 no. 3-4 (1993), 159 ff. with historical summary pp. 159-61. He lives in *Istanbul and has written a book of short stories published and a book about travel in Europe published in 1988. Poet from the Netherlands writing in Dutch. Active before 1980. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Mannenmaat, 10. Zale, Patrick Poet from the United States writing in English. Active 1993. Book of gay poems How to Dream, Amherst Writers and Artists Press, 1992, 43 pp.; reviewed James White Review vol. 10 no. 3 (Spring 1993), 17. Poet from Canada writing in English. Active 1977. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Larkspur and Lad's Love. Poet from Germany who wrote in German. Active 1921. Not in the Oxford Companion to German Literature. The 'British Library General Catalogue entry shows he was a writer on culture and history. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 11S: "David", dramatic poem, Munich: G. Müller, 1921. Bullough, Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, volume 2, item 11111: David, dramatische dichtung, Munich: G. Müller, 1921. Bestandsverzeichnis der August von Platen-Bibliothek Siegen, item 1174: David. Ein dramatischen Gedicht in fünf Akten, München: Müller, 1921. Poet from Japan writing in Japanese. Active before 171S. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Partings at Dawn, 117 - poem to 'Renchu Hoshi (from the anthology 'Iwatsutsuji). Poet from Turkey who wrote in Turkish. 1477-1546. He had a large oeuvre. The entry in Encyclopedia of Islam, first edition, states none of his works has been printed. He is one of the most important *Ottoman poets of the pre-classical period. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition. Mitler, Ottoman Turkish Writers. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Penguin Book of Turkish Verse, 78: mystical poem, possible gay relevance; biog., 8-9. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 372 - re a massage boy (see *bathhouse). Criticism. Gibb, History of Ottoman Poetry, volume 3, 47-59. Poet who wrote in Urdu. Active ca. 1850?; the date is uncertain. Criticism. Rahman, "Boy love in the Urdu ghazal", Paidika vol. 2 no. 1 (1989), 17: poem about *down on the face. Critic from Japan who wrote in Japanese. 1363-1443. The founder of the classical Noh *theatre; he was also a critic who wrote an important treatise Fushikaden (Teachings in Style and the Flower, 1400-02). His relationship with the homosexual *shogun, Ashikaga Yoshimitssu was possibly homosexual. He married. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan. Princeton Companion to Classical Japanese Literature. Religion from China and Japan and latterly in the United States and other western countries; poetry in Chinese, Japanese and English is relevant. From 740. A form of *Buddhism especially strong in China and Japan, Zen emphasises contemplation as well as reaching the highest state of consciousness in sudden enlightenment; freedom is also emphasized (see Alan Watts below). It has a zany side (many practitioners, especially monks, poets and painters were noted for their bizarre behavior): see illustrations of Zen practitioners on pp. 80, 105, 109 in Lucien Stryk and others, The Penguin Book of Zen Poetry, 1977. Another example of this is the famous rock garden at Ryoanji in Kyoto which is entirely of stone and lacks a single living plant. In zaniness it has applicability to homosexuality, since homosexuality can be seen in the sexual act (whichever way this is conceived) as a zany form of heterosexual sex, that is, as a parody of heterosexual sex. Emphasis in Zen is on master and *disciple transmission. The name comes from the Chinese word Ch'an and it was imported into Japan from China. From the twentieth century onwards Zen has had an impact in the west via Japan, especially after the closure of Chinese Zen monasteries with the *Communist takeover in 1948. Zen Buddhistic monasteries undoubtedly had homosexual monks. Poetry written in them needs to be considered. Zen inspired much *Haiku poetry. Alan Watts, author of The Way of Zen, 1957, was the most famous practitioner of Zen this century. In Monica Furlong, Zen Effects: The Life of Alan Watts, 1986, p. 143 notes "the freedom that lies in Zen", p. 113 discusses homosexual experiences of Watts at school and p. 159 re Zen Buddhism among *Beats. Heinrich Dumoulin, Zen Buddhism, 2 volumes, 1988, is a major study. Chinese poets: see *Wang Wei (active 740), *Han-shan (pseud.; active ca. 780), *Ryokan. Japanese: see *Kozan, *Zen Master Ikkyu. See also Leupp, Male Colors: The Construction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan, 40-41 (includes a poem). English: James Kirkup. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan: see "Zen". Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion: see "Zen". Other references. Leyland, Queer Dharma: voices of Gay Buddhists, 213-222 and 247-52. Editor from Italy of works in Greek. Active 1759. His Meleagri Gadareni in Ver idyllion, Rome, 1759, 32 pp. was the first separate printing of *Melager (possibly with Latin translation). Source: *British Library General Catalogue. Myth and trope in Greek from Greece and later in Latin and French from 700 B.C. Zeus was the chief Greek god. The most important manifestation of him homosexually was his abduction - or *rape - of the youth *Ganymede, an incident first referred to in *Homer's * Iliad. The abduction in Homer is not explicitly homosexual but it became so in later poetry references: e. g., in the * Mousa Paidike. For the ancient artistic depiction see the entry in * Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae in volume 7, part 1 and the plates in part 2. In Latin. Zeus was called Jupiter by the Romans; see *Ovid for homosexual reference. French: see *Ronsard and see Buffiere, Eros adolescent, 351-57. Poet from China who wrote in Chinese. Active before 420. See Hinsch, Passions of the Cut Sleeve, 71-72: fine poem with translation into English (about love for the *prostitute and *actor *Zhou Xiaoshi). A Jin dynasty poet active 265-420. Zhang Hanbin is in *Pinyin. Critic from China who wrote in Chinese. Active before 1790. See Hinsch, Passions of the Cut Sleeve, p. 16: he was the first scholar to note in English that the phrase "beautiful person" (mei ren) in the *Shih ching may refer to a man and have homosexual connotations - see the source footnote 3, p.181 (from an edition of his work of 1790). *Ch'ing scholar. Compare *Hans Frankel. Poet from China who wrote in Chinese. Active before 1850. See Shasha, History of Homosexuality in China, p. xxiv, pp. 202 ff. - a *Ch'ing painter poet and painter; he probably illustrated his own poems. Not found in Hummel, Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period (1644-1912). Zheng Bao Qiao is in *Wade Giles. Zhou Xiaoshi He was the lover of the poet *Zhang Hanbian and was a male *prostitute and *actor of the Jin dynasty (active somewhere between 265 and 420). Later he became a homosexual trope for a beautiful man used by *Liu Zun and Emperor Jianwen. See Hinsch, Passions of the Cut Sleeve, pp. 71-74. Zhou Xiaoshi is in *Pinyin. Poet from Turkey who wrote in Turkish. Ca. 1829-1880. His name is given in French transliteration. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Mitler, Ottoman Turkish Writers. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Anthologie de l'amour turc : trans. French. Criticism. Duroc, Homosexuels et lesbiennes illustrés, 540: trans. French - states he is a poet and politician of the nineteenth century. Gibb, History of Ottoman Poetry, volume 4, 40 ff. Poet possibly writing in English. Active 1986. Anthologies. Fra mann til mann, 93: poem titled "Pink Floyd" (the name of a rock group) in Norwegian and possibly translated from English. Critic and historian from the United States writing in English. Active 1966. Author of The American 1890s, Life and Times of a Lost Generation, New York, 1966: a major study of the *eighteen nineties. See especially Chapter 14, pp. 306-333, "The *Harvard Poets and Edwin Robinson" (discusses *George Santayana, *Trumbell Stickney, *George Cabot Lodge and *William Vaughan Moody). "Zip a dee do dah, zip a dee day" Oral poem in English from Australia. 1997. The full text is: "Zip a de do dah, zip a de day/ If you think the crab looks gay/ Then take a look at Barker boys on a soccer day." Barker College is a private boys school in the northern suburbs of *Sydney. Heard on ABC radio 702, Sydney, on 20 August, 1997; no author given. There is a Sydney saying, referring to the all boys Cranbrook School in the eastern suburbs: "If you can't get a woman, get a Cranbrook man". (There is also a variant on the Cranbrook saying in *Melbourne). Poet from the United States writing in English. Ca. 1960 - ca.1990. Author of Hypoglycemia & the Need to Practice It, Baltimore; New Poets Series, 1993, 64 pp. (review: James White Review, vol. 11 no. 5, fall 1994, 21 by *George Klawitter - characterized as sad poems concerned with loveless sex in the gay bar scene). Poet who wrote in Greek. Active 80 B.C. He appears in the * Palatine Anthology. His family name was Diodorus and some epigrams in the Palatine Anthology under this name may be his. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Classical Dictionary, 1147-48. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Garland of Meleager. Garland of Philip. Reid, Eternal Flame, volume 1, 133, 135. Poet from Spain writing in Spanish. 1817-1893. A famous Spanish dramatist who wrote a play on Don Juan, the most popular in Spanish theater (on Don Juan see the *Byron entry). With him Spanish *Romanticism reached its greatest height. His first wife was nineteen years older than him. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 113: "Zum Andenken an den unglücklichen Dichter Don Mariano José de Larra (Die Glockentöne...)" [no other details]. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe, 145-46: trans. by *Graf von Schack. Zoroaster, also called Zarathustra, and Zoroastrianism Poet and religion from Iran in ancient Persian; it has now spread to India and other countries. From ca. 628 B.C. Zoroastrianism was the ancient Persian religion founded by Zarathustra (628 B.C.-551 B.C.) which was dualistic, dividing the world into two, good and evil, light and dark (compare * Vedas, *Yang and YIn). It is sometimes called the religion of the Parsees (as followers of Zoroaster are known). It has had an influence on Judaism and *Christianity in that they, too, have depicted the world as conceived in terms of gods and *devils, of good and evil. It has also strongly influenced *Manichaeism. All these religions are monotheistic, with believers believing in one *God. Ultimately this conceptualization may have also been influenced by the construction of the world as male and female and and even the related view of the world as having homosexual and heterosexual aspects (see the comment below in Criticism which states the religion arose out of orgies). Zoroaster's hymns The Gathas are strongly homoerotic and are the first works in the strongly homosexual Persian poetry tradition; they have heavily influenced *Indian philosophies and almost certainly *Sufism. The religion was known to the Greeks and the homoeroticism may have influenced *Platonism and later *Christianity. The Zend Avesta is the name for the entire corpus of works of Zarathustra - of which The Gathas are only one part. They influenced in particular the Sanskrit * Rigveda. Poems in The Gathas are in the form of strophic *chants. Text. See R. C. Zaehner, Dawn and Twilight of Zoroastrianism, 1961; see the bibliography at the end for sources. The German text of the Avesta by K. F. Geldner (1895) is the most reliable translation. J. Duchesne-Guillemin has written numerous books on the religion. Translation. Both the Gathas and the Avesta are in poetry. Gathas. English: Maria Wilkins Smith (1929), M. Henning (1952; trans. from the French of J. Duchesne-Guillemin), Dastur F. H. Bode and Piloo Nanavutty (1952 - contentious trans. by two Parsees which shows Hindu influence); French: J. Duchesne-Guillemin (1948). German: Chr. Bartholomae (1905), J. Wackernagel (1909-13), H. Lommel (1934-35), H. Humbach (1959). Avesta. Danish: K. Barr (1954 - selection); English: J. Darmesteter and L. H. Mills (1883-87 - Sacred Books of the East, vol. 4); French: J. Darmesteter (1892-95), German: F. Wolf (1910), K. F. Geldner (1926). Yashts. English: I. Gershevitch (1959). German: H. Lommel (1927). Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Britannica. Dictionary of Oriental Literatures, vol. 3: see "Zarathustra", "Avesta". Eliade, Encyclopedia of Religion: see "Zarathushtra" and "Zoroastrianism". Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 1417-18: "Zoroastrianism". Kindlers neues Literatur Lexikon, vol. 18: see "Awesta". Criticism. Rypka, History of Iranian Literature, 5-7: p. 5 notes that the religion arose in opposition to orgies. Yarshater, Persian Literature, 41-56. Poet from Switzerland who wrote in German. 1771 - 1848. A prolific Swiss writer who apppears to have been gay and never married. He wrote a collection of devotional poetry: Stunden der Andacht (18Q9 - 16). His 1821 novel 'Eros inspired 'Heinrich Hössli to compile the first gay anthology in a modern European language. Manuscripts: see Dictionary of Literary Biography entry for sources. On his life see also the biographical note in Andere Lieben, pp. 67 - 68. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Oxford Companion to German Literature. Dictionary of Literary Biography, vol. 94. Bibliographies. Welter, Bibliographie Freundschaftseros, 11S: cites Eros and Gesprach über die Liebe (apparently prose) [ no other details]. Gay Poetry Anthologies. Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature, 244 - 5Q (from Der Eros, 1821). Criticism. Derks, Der Schande der heiligen Päderastie, 454 - 78. Poet from Indian writing in Persian; anthologist of works in Persian. Died 1615. See Rypka, History of Iranian Literature, pp. 724-25: a *court poet at the time of Akbar he lived at the court of Bijapur where he composed a *Saqi-nama and wrote an essay "Khan-i Khalil" ("The Table of the Friend") named after anthologies drawn up by himself and Malik Qummi (these anthologies seem to contain significant homoerotic content - see *Anthologies - Persian). Poet and critic from the United States who wrote in English; translator from Latin to English. 1904-1978. The founder of the poetic movement Objectivism. With his wife Celia, he translated the Latin poet *Catullus: Catullus, London, Cape Goliard, 1969; this is a very daring translation into contemporary English - see the translation of the famous homopoem "Poem 16". His critical work Bottom: On *Shakespeare, 1963, is a brilliant reading of Shakespeare based on a lifetime of research. He lived in *New York. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Contermporary Authors vol. 77-80. Contemporary Poets, fourth edition. Poet from Columbia writing in English. Active 1976. See Gay Books Bulletin no. 12 (Spring 1985), 9: "To a Boy" (1976) trans. into English by *Stephen Wayne Foster. He founded the first gay group in the country and was subsequently murdered. Translator from Tamil to English. Born ca. 1935. Author of Tamil Literature (Weisbaden, 1974); see here pp. 28 (poem by Tanimakanar), p. 90 (poem by Tirumuruku), p. 94 (poem by Appar), p. 96 (*Bhakti poem) and pp. 98-99. These poems are all strongly homoerotic and are written under the influence of *Saivism. He is a Czech scholar who worked at Leiden and Utrecht Universities in 1973: see the biographical note on the back cover of his The Poets of the Powers (1973). He is the editor of Lexicon of Tamil Literature, Leiden,1994, a literary encyclopedia of the major writers and works in Tamil and the major work in a *European language to date; references to it have been incorporated in this Encyclopedia. |